    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                   /-Gila

                                  CO ST L ZONE
                                              PROTECTION

                                  CONSERV TION
                                                          ELEMENT

                                                           COASTAL ZONE

                                                       INFORNIAT!ON C-El-,TTER

                                                     BROWARD COUNTY
                                               COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

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                     B76                             MARCH 1981
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                           THE COASTAL ZONE PROTECT ION/CONSERVAT ION ELEMENT

                                                   OF THE

                                    BROWARD COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

                                                  Prepared By

                                       Broward County Office of Planning
                                                   March 1981

                            This element has been prepared in conformance to the Local
                                 Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975.
                                         chapter 163, Florida Statutes.

                                    BROWARD COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS

                                       Gerald Thompson                           District No.  1
                                       Marcia Beach, Vice Chairman               District No.  2
                                       Howard Craft                              District No.  3
                                       Anne Kolb, Chairman                       District No.  4
                                       Howard Forman                             District No.  5
                                       Fran Gross                                District No.  6
                                       Jack Fried                                District No.  7

                                            OFFICE OF THE COUNTY ADMINISTRATOR

                                               Graham Watt, County Administrator

                                                         OFFICE OF PLANNING

                                                   Norman R. Standerfer, Director

                                    PROJECT STAFF (COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING SECTION)

                                                 Ronald Meckler, Chief Planner
                                                 Aria Bernstein, Associate Planner/Project Supervisor
                                                 Jeffrey Kiss, Associate Planner
                                                 Howard Glassman., Associate Planner
                                                 Hank    Graham, Broward County Urban Forester
                                                 Vicki   Silver, Associate Planner
                                                 Marsa Levy, Planning Intern
                                                 Anita   Colaner, Secretary
                                                 Bette   Catone, Draftsperson

                                          Cartographic   Section:

                                                 Frank Bayle
                                                 Robin   Hechler
                                                 Pearl Oban

                                         With Support from:

                                                 Building & Zoning Word Processing Center

                                                              Adopted by County Ordinance No. 81-13

                                                ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                        Support has been provided by the Broward County Technical Advisory
                        Committee (TAC) and the Broward County Urban Wilderness Advisory
                        Board. The project staff of the Office of Planning would like to also
                        recognize the following individuals and organizations:

                               Mr. William Slaymaker, State Division of Forestry
                               Mr. Karsten Rist, Broward County Audubon Society-
                               Mr. Jim Goodwin, Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
                               Mr. Bryan Steinberg, University of Florida Agricultural
                                   Extention Service
                               Mr. Larry Gore, Sierra Club
                               Mr. Pete Rhoades, South Florida Water Management District
                               Mr. Wesley Sarvis, Florida Wildlife Federation
                               Mr. Lew Watson, Broward County Agriculture Division
                               Mr. Donald Stone, Broward County Parks and Recreation Division
                               Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
                               Broward County 208 Project Team
                               South Florida Regional Planning Council
                               Broward County Environmental Coalition
                               FAU-FlU Joint Center for Environmental and Urban Problems
                               Soil Conservation Service

                        With special thanks to:

                               Mr. Wally George, Broward County Audubon Society
                               Mr. Fred Griffin, Broward County Audubon Society

                                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

                              PREFACE      ......................................................

                              INTRODUCTION          ...............................................                 INTRO-1

                                              Scenario of A Coastal County           ......................         INTRO-3
                                              Purpose of the Coastal Zone Protection/
                                               Conservation Element        .............................            INTRO-4
                                              Federal and State Coastal Management Programs                  ....   INTRO-4
                                              Delineation of the Coastal Zone          ....................         I NTRO-6
                                              Population and Development Trends             ...............         INTRO-9
                                              Footnotes    ........................................                 INTRO-20

                              GOALS and       OBJECTIVES       .....................................                G-3

                              PART 1:         ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: ISSUES, POLICY
                                              GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
                                              IM.PLEMENTATION        .........   ** *-**-**********                 1-1
                                              Environmental Concerns in the County               ............       1-3
                                              Offshore Energy Impacts          .........................            1-3
                                              Beach Erosion      ....................................               1-5
                                              Coastal Recreation through Public Access             .... I ....      1-9
                                              Air Quality    ......................................                 1-.10
                                              Noise Abatement      .................................                1-13
                                              Water Resources      .................................                1-15
                                              Flood Plain Management         ..........................             1-21
                                              Soils  ............................................                   1-27
                                              Wetlands    ........................................                  1-29
                                              Vegetation    .......................................                 1-33
                                              Wildlife  ..........................................                  1-36
                                              Footnotes    .......................................                  1-39-

                              PART 2:         LOCAL AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN                        ......       2-1

                                              Definition and Criteria.... 2-3
                                              Proposed Areas by Subregion            ...................            2-11
                                              Environmental Protection of LAPC's            ..............          2-46
                                              Alternative Implementation Techniques             ............        2-47

                           PART 3:    INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION
                                      AND IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES           ....................      3-1

                                      Intergovernmental Coordination: Preparation and
                                      Policies  ............................................        3-3
                                      Intergovernmental Coordination: Implementing
                                      Agencies   ...........................................        3-3

                           APPENDICES

                                 A.   Legislation  .........................................        App 1
                                 B.   Broward County Environmental Impact
                                      Statement Requirements     ............................       App 2
                                 C.   Ecological Plant Communities of
                                      Broward County     ....................................       App 3
                                 D.   Animal Species of Broward County       .................      App 4
                                 E.   Site Check List: Urban Wilderness
                                      Advisory Board    ....................................        App 5

                                                          LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

                              Figure

                                    1.   Red Mangrove Swamp: Coastal Wetland             .............       1-2
                                    2.   Everglades Conservation Area: Interior Wetland             .....    J-2
                                    3.   Population Trends 1950-1979: Broward County              ......     1-11
                                    4.   Population Projections for Broward County            ..........     1-12
                                    S.   Land Use in Broward County         ..............   -  ' **'****    1-15
                                    6.   Acreage of Farm Land in Broward County             ...........      1-19
                                    7.   Hollywood Beach Dune Restoration Project           ...........      1-2
                                    8.   LAPC Site Selection Criteria       .........................        2-6
                                    9.   Deerfield Sand Pine Site      .............................         2-8
                                   10.   West Lake Mangrove Area         ............................        2-8
                                   11.   Pine Island Ridge Site      ...............................         2-9
                                   12.   Everglades Buffer Strip       .............................         2-9
                             Map    1.   Coastal Zone Municipalities      ..........................         1-8
                                    2.   Estimated Center of Population        .....................         1-:13
                                    3.   Broward County Center of Population           ..............        1-14
                                    4.   Estimated Saltwater Intrusion for
                                         Southeastern Florida     ................................           1-19
                                    S.   Flood Zones    .........................................            1-25
                                    6.   Generalized Landfill Requirements         .....................     1-26
                                    7.   Seven Planning Subregions of Broward County               .......   2-7
                                    8.   Northeast Subregion      ................................           2-10
                                    9.   East Central Subregion       .............................          2-15
                                   10.   Southeast Subregion      ...............................            2-18
                                   11.   Northwest Subregion      ...............................            2-25
                                   12.   West Central Subregion       ............................           2-31
                                   13.   South Central Subregion        ...........................          2-35
                                   14.   Southwest Subregion..                                               2-38
                                   15.   Broward County Conservation Areas            ................       2-41

                                                          PREFACE

                          The Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element has been prepared
                          under the guidelines of the Broward County Charter, the Broward
                          County Land Use Plan, the Local Government Comprehensive Planning
                          Act (Chapter 163, Florida Statutes), and Broward County Ordinance
                          76-4. The objectives, policies ana recommendations cited herein are to
                          be followed in the protection of Broward County's Coastal Zone and the
                          conservation and environmental management of the County's natural
                          resources.
                          The Coastal Zone Protection /Conservation Element shall' be legally
                          binding and enforced in the Unincorporated Area of Broward County and
                          shall also be legally enforceable countywide whenever the County's min-
                          imum standards protecting the environment are more stringent than
                          those of municipalities, in accordance with the parameters set forth
                          in Sections 8.04 and 8.17 of the Broward County Charter.
                          It also shall serve as a guide in a countywide approach to addressing
                          environmental issues and planning principles. Local governments are
                          encouraged to utilize its contents in total, in part, or with applicable
                          modifications in designing municipal plans and elements. All coastal
                          zone protection and conservation elements of comprehensive plans
                          drafted by municipalities within Broward County shall be reviewed by
                          the Broward County Office of Planning for coordination with this
                          element of the County's Comprehensive Plan.

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                                                          Om ilz=                          L6

                                    Fig. 1 and 2. These two sites, the Red Mangrove Swamp (top) and the
                                    Everglades Conservation Area (bottom) represent a major environmental
                                    issue in the County-the wetland protection vs development conflict.
                                    Both coastal wetlands and interior-wetlands are vulnerable to develoo-
                                    ment pressure.

                                             SCENARIO OF A COASTAL COUNTY

                          The post World War 11 era has witnessed the massive influx of the
                          nation's population toward coastal areas. A report of the Southern
                          Demographic Project notes that between 1940 and 1970, "the number of
                          people living within fifty1miles of the four coastal shorelines has in-
                          creased by 47.8 million."     This shift from the center of the country
                          to the coasts can be expected to continue. Such rapid growth strains
                          the capabilities of local governments to provide support services such
                          as roads and sewers. Competing demands for land uses in coastal areas
                          may result in significant environmental degradation, thus threatening
                          the quality of the resources which attracted growth originally.

                          Consistent with these nationwide trends, many communities in South
                          Florida have experienced high rates of in-migration. Broward County,
                          situated between Dade and Palm Beach Counties, was reporteo to be the
                          fastest growing county in the nation between 1960 and 1970    .   New
                          residents generated intensive demands for residential development along
                          the Atlantic coastline, thus competing with the recreational uses which
                          are a major component of the County's economic base. At the same
                          time, local communities found it difficult to provide the service needs of
                          new developments. Consequently, they were challenged to develop more
                          effective strategies to accommodate growth while maintaining the quality
                          of life in Broward County.

                          The continuing population   shift to coastal areas increases consumer
                          demand for new housing,    employment opportunities, and public
                          services. Since the competition for coastal lands is keenest in urban
                          areas, developmental pressures on the County's undeveloped land
                          becomes intensified.   In many cases the remaining vacant land is often
                          wetlands. Dredge and fill techniques are usually then needed to make
                          this land suitable for development. As a result, canal dredging and
                          the subsequent landfill has typified much of the newer developments
                          throughout South Florida.    For the consumer, this technique provides
                          not only housing but also access to the sea and water-adjacent living.

                          Canal-type developments might not cause alarming problems in and of
                          themselves, except that the nation has lost over one-half million acres
                          of wetlands through dredge and fill operations. Although navigation is
                          the principal purpose for this dredging, commercial and housing de-
                          velopment is second. The wetland preservation development conflict.is
                          a key example of the land-water relationship which is the heart of the
                          Coastal Zone Management Program.

                          The fundamental concern of coastal zone management and conservation
                          is that the components of the environment are interdependent and
                          functionally related. There is also an ethical consideration behind the
                          concept of management and conservation in that every user of land is,

                                                            INTRO-3

                        in fact, a trustee responsible for future generations which will depend
                        upon the same land. Decisions of one generation create the environ-
                        ment of the next. These decisions concerning the utilization of land
                        and coastal resources are made invariably in an atmosphere of con-
                        flicting societal pressures pursuing a broad spectrum of community
                        objectives.

                                          PURPOSE OF THE COASTAL ZONE
                                        PROTECT I ON/CONSERVAT ION ELEMENT

                        The purpose of the Coastal Zone Protection-Conservation Element is to
                        serve as a resource protection and management guide for the County.
                        The Element should aid local officials, planners and citizens in the
                        decision-making process which allocates the County's natural resources
                        to particular uses and controls the manner in which resources are
                        utilized.

                        The Element approaches the problem of resource management on two
                        levels: one addressing specific environmental issues, the other iden-
                        tifying particular sites which are unique and/or significant geographic
                        areas. The basis of the approach to protection and management of the
                        County's resources is the identification of various competing and con-
                        flicting goals and objectives. The diverse goals, objectives and policies
                        stated in this Element should serve as a framework for the management
                        of the County's essential and fragile resources-land, air and water.
                        The recommendations for implementation represent some of the
                        alternative mechanisms for accomplishing these objectives and policies.

                        The preparation of an implementable plan or program requires the
                        consideration of both environmental concerns and socioeconomic needs.
                        The manner in which each local jurisdiction decides to address these
                        issues, concerns and needs will vary according to the political, legal,
                        administrative and socioeconomic composition of the community.

                              FEDERAL AND STATE COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

                        The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 represents the first
                        piece of comprehensive land and water management legislation passed by

                                                        INTRO-4

                        Congress. The national policy expressed in the Act includes the
                        following goals: "To preserve, protect, develop, and where possible,
                        to restore or enhance the res
                                                     .gurces of the nation-s coastal zone for this
                        and succeeding generations."     The Act provides financial assistance
                        to those states which participate in the CZIVI program, since the im-
                        plementation of the national policy is viewed by the Federal government
                        as a state responsibility.

                        The State's voluntary participation in the Federal Coastal Zone Manage-
                        mient Program was extended to the local level when the 1975 Local
                        Government Comprehensive Planning Act (Chapter 163, Florida Statutes)
                        mandated coastal planning and management at the local level.   In accord-
                        ance with this Act, local governments in the Florida Coastal Zone, as
                        defined by the 1978 Florida legislature, must propose techniques for the
                        management and regulation of coastal resources. The basic requirements
                        of the Coastal Zone Protection and Conservation elements of the Compre-
                        hensive Plan are spelled out in the Florida Statutes, Ch. 163.3177(6):

                              (d)  A conservation element for the conservation, development,
                                   utilization, and protection of natural resources in the area,
                                   including as the situation may be; air, water, estaurine
                                   marshes, soils, beaches, shores, flood plains, rivers, lakes,
                                   harbors, forests, fisheries and wildlife, minerals, and other
                                   natural and environmental resources, and

                              (g)  for those units of local government lying in part or in whole
                                   in the coastal zone as defined by the Coastal Zone Manage-
                                   ment Act of 1972, Title 16, United States Code s.1453(a), a
                                   coastal zone protection element, appropriately related to the
                                   particular requirements of paragraphs (d) and (e), including
                                   surveys of existing vegetation types which need to be pre-
                                   served for natural control of dune and beach erosion and
                                   surveys of traditional patterns of public access and use of
                                   beach resources, setting out the policies for:

                              1.   Maintenance, restoration, and enhancement of the overall,
                                   quality of the coastal zone environment, including, but not
                                   limited to, its amenities and aesthetic values.

                              2.   Continued existence of optimum populations of all species of
                                   wildlife.

                              3.   The orderly and balanced utilization and preservation, consist-
                                   ent with sound conservation principles, of all living and
                                   nonliving coastal zone resources.

                              4.   Avoidance of irreversible and irretrievable commitments of
                                   coastal zone resources.

                                                         INTRO-5

                              5.    Ecological planning principles and assumptions to be used in
                                    the determination of suitability and extent of permitted
                                    development.
                              6.    Propcsed management and regulatory techniques.

                         The Local  Government Comprehensive Planning Act also requires that
                         the CZP/Conservation Element address consistency with other County
                         elements such as land use, recreation, and open space. Consistency.
                         with the Federal and State Coastal Zone Management Program and the
                         State's Comprehensive Plan are important considerations in the prepara-
                         tion of the County's Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element. The
                         consistency of local plans with State policies will be one of the require-
                         ments that the State will use in determining the allocation of program
                         funding. Programs or projects which are awarded funds will be eligible
                         for fifty percent of the cost of public acquisition of lands for public
                         access to beaches and other public-coastal areas.

                         Additional funds have been authorized by the Federal CZM Program to:
                         (1) help encourage state and local governments plan for Coastal and
                         Outer Continental Shelf energy development, (2) provide public facilities
                         and services connected with OCS development, and (3) help to mitigate
                         any unavoidable impact on environmental or recreational resources. The
                         source of this additional funding was the 1976 Amendments to -the
                         National Coastal Zone Management Act. The CZMA required that the
                         states develop planning processes related to beach and public coastal
                         area access, energy facility siting and shoreline erosion. These Amend-
                         ments also increased the level of Federal funding available to states.for
                         coastal zone protection planning.

                         The Coastal Zone Management Act fully recognizes the competitive
                         nature of the uses of coastal areas. The Act calls for a coastal
                         management system which oermits "conscious and informed choices among
                         developed alternatives... 1,4  In order to identify competing objectives
                         and needs for the resources of the County, it is necessary that we
                         understand the population and development trends which have occurred
                         in the past and are expected to occur in the future.

                         The section "Population and Development Trends" addresses this topic
                         and some of the growth impacts which have occurred as a result of
                         urban development.

                                           DELINEATION OF THE COASTAL ZONE

                         The delineation of Braward County's coastal zone was determined by
                         boundary criteria outli ned in the State of Florida Coastal Management

                                                            INTRO-6

                           Program Threshold Draft.  5   As required in the Coastal Zone Manage-
                           ment Act, the boundary of the coastal zone must be broad enough to
                           include those uses and activities which have a direct and significant
                           impact on coastal waters.   It must include transitional and intertidal
                           areas, salt marshes and wetlands, beaches, islands, and all state waters
                           with a measureable quantity of salt. The seaward limit of the coastal
                           zone is the limit of the State's jurisdiction as described by law.

                           The 1978 session of the Florida State Legislature identified the coastal
                           zone as an area composed of those cities and counties which abut the
                           Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic Ocean, or which include or are con-
                           tiguous to waters of the State where marine species or vegetation listed
                           by rule pursuant to Chapter 403.817 Florida Statutes, constitute the
                           dominant plant community. Based upon guidelines established by the
                           State of Florida, the following units of local government in Browa   re
                           County are required to complete Coastal Zone Protection Elements.

                               Broward County    (Unincorporated)            Hollywood
                               Dania                                         Lauderdale- By-The-Sea
                               Deerfield Beach                               Lighthouse Point
                               Fort Lauderdale                               Oakland Park
                               Hallandale                                    Pompano Beach
                               Hillsboro Beach                               Sea Ranch Lakes
                                                                             Wilton Manors

                           Map 1. identifies the coastal zone municipalities involved in the Coastal
                           Zone Management Program. Only those cities listed above are eligible
                           for state financial assistance to develop coastal zone protection elements.

                           Nevertheless, the Legislature by realizing the intricacy of hydrological
                           systems requires all lands within the State to be subject to existing
                           statewide policies and authorities as applied.    It is also within the
                           entire state area that technical assistance and   other program benefits
                           may occur. Thus, for example, financial and       technical assistance could
                           be provided to a water management district for an inland project that
                           might affect estuarine resources.

                           Based upon the objectives of the State Coastal Zone Management Program
                           and the intricate hydrology of Broward County, the goals and objectives
                           of this Coastal Zone Protection-Conservation Element are to be observed
                           countywide.

                                                             INTRO-7

                                                                                                                            Map I*
                                                                        COASTAL ZONE MUNICIPALITIES

                                                                                                                                                                          PALIN BEACH COUNTY

                                                                                                                    ..................
                                                                                                                                                                                                            $1111FIELD   EA91

                                                                                                                               .......................................

                                                                                                                   ............................................ ...............

                                                                                                                                             ...............

                                                                                                                                                      .........................
                                                                                                                                                                                  COCO
                                                                                                                                                                                   CREEK
                                                                                                                         CORAL SPRINGS
                                                                                                                                                         MARGATE

                                                                                                                                                                                                               All BEACM
                                                                                                                                                    NORTH
                                                                                                                                    TAMA RAC LAUDERDALE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       SEA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       RANCH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      LAKES

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     LAUDERDALE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     BY-THE-SEA

                                                                                                                                             LAUDERHILL                                                 AND

                                                                                                                                                                LAUDEE    E
                                                                                                                                                                        LAKES
                                                                                                                                                                                                       W1
                                                                                                                    SUNRISE

                                                                                                                ......... ..................... ... . ..... ........

                                                                                                                   PLANTATION
                                                                                                                                                                                              IFT.LAINERIALE

                                                                                                         DAVIS
                                                                                                                                              ........ .

                                                                                                                         COOPER CITY                                                           0   NIA   -9-                 ANI"A

                                                                                                         COOPER
                                                                                                          CITY

                                                                                                             PEMBROKE PINES

                                            ...................... ............................ .................... .............            ........... ..-
                                                                                                                                                                                              %ALLASBUI
                                                                                       MIRAMAR
                                                                                                                   F
                                                                                                                         OAK COUNTY

                                      - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

                                                                      COASTAL CITIES REQUIRED TO PREPARE
                                                                      COASTAL ZONE PROTECTION ELEMENTS

                                         POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

                          Broward County's rapid population growth has changed much of its
                          original character and brought new demands to its economy and en-
                          vironment. As stated in the Broward County Land Use Plan, the
                          growth explosion saw the population quadruple to 333,946 by 1960,
                          making Broward County the fifth most populous county in Florida. By
                          1970, the population had doubled again to 620,000 ranking the County's
                          population second only to Dade. During the decade of the 1960's,
                          Broward Coun@y   was reported to be the fastest growing county in the
                          United States.   Figure 3 lists population estimates by municipalities and
                          the unincorporated area for 1960, 1970, 1975 and 1978. As indicated on
                          Figure 3, over half (seventeen) of the municipalities in Broward County
                          increased in population by over 50 percent between the years 1970 to
                          1978.

                          Various estmates for future growth of the County do predict continued
                          population growth. Figure 4 graphically displays the University of
                          Florida population ranges projected for Broward County. Although both
                          the high projection and the low projection are considered possible, the
                          University of Florida believes that the medium projection is the most
                          likely course of the County's future population. The population range
                          predicted for the County is dependent upon many factors. These
                          factors are addressed in the Land Use Plan.

                          The University of Florida projections are based on certain assumptions
                          about the level of growth that is likely to occur in the future. How-
                          ever, these assumptions do not consider the effect that governmental
                          actions may have on future levels of growth and, therefore, may not
                          accurately reflect the growth potential of Broward County. The
                          Broward County Land Use Plan includes a Land Use Plan Map that
                          denotes land uses and densities for all of Broward County. The
                          number of dwelling units likely to be built under the plan is estimated
                          to be between 880,000 and 920,000 (see page 67 of Housing and Resi-
                          dential Uses). Considering a 5% vacancy rate and an average household
                          size of 2.2 persons per household, the probable buildout population of
                          Broward County is between 1.84 and 1.93 million. Unlike the
                          University of Florida projections, the potential population figures of the
                          Land Use Plan are based on occupancy of the permanent housing stock
                          whether the occupants are permanent or secondary residents. The rate
                          of growth, or how soon Broward will reach its ultimate population, will
                          depend largely on the availability of services as determined byPe
                          development review requirements of the County Land Use Plan.

                          The rapid growth rate of South Florida has had a pronounced effect in
                          Older localiti'es experienced unprecedented growth and many new com-
                          munities expanded in population to levels requiring incorporation as
                          separate units of local government. While higher residential densities
                          remained concentrated along the beach area, the outlying western
                          communities experienced sprawling residential and commercial
                          development.

                                                           INTRO-S

                       Today, the development pressures upon the County's remaining vacant
                       land continue to be strong. - And among many civic leaders there is a
                       growing con6ern that those pressures often conflict with the goals and
                       policies of a sound coasta,' zone protection and conservation program.

                       Population Shifts

                       As indicated on Map 2, projections by the South Florida Regional Plan-
                       ning Council indicate that by 1985 the center of growth in the south-
                       eastern region will shift from Northern Dade to Southern Broward
                       County. Furthermore, Map 3 indicates anticipation that the shift into
                       Broward County will be most pronounced in the County's western    half
                       where the majority of all remaining vacant land presently exists.-

                       Excluding the County's three western Conservation Areas and Indian
                       Reservations, single family unit residential development is the largest
                       land use in the County, comprising 23.2 percent of the land area
                       (Figure 5). Most of the lower density housing is in the eastern half
                       of the developable part of the County, with some relatively scattered
                       developments in the western portions. Multifamily residential uses
                       account for only 2.3 percent of the coastal zone, and the "open and
                       other" category about 11 percent.   Each of the other built classifi-
                       cations account for less than three percent. The total for all urban
                       or built-up uses is approximately 47 percent.

                                                       INTRO-10

                                                 Figure 3.      POPULATION TRIENDS 1950-1979

                                                                     Broward County, Florida
                                                                     -----------------------

                                                                                                                             Percentage
                                                   19so*       1960*        196SO        1970*        19766       19796       Increase
                                                   POP.        E2p.        Est.Pop.      Pop.       Est.Pop. Est.Pop. 1970-79
                               Ft.Lauderdle        36,328    83,648        116,700     139,590      1S4,000       158,000        +13.2
                               Hollywood           14,3SI    3S,237         72,200     106,873      122,400       124,800         16.8
                               Pompano Bch         5,682     1S,992         25,100       38,587       S4,2SO      58,700         +S2.1

                               Plantation            -         4,772        11,200       23,S23       42,200      47,600       +102.4
                               D'Field Bch         2,088       9,S73        14,700       16,662       30,000      40,300         145.S
                               Lauderhill                         132        1,9SO        8,46S       31,600      38,400         3S3.6
                               Hallandale          3,886     20,483         16,600       23,849       34,100      37,S00          S7.2
                               Sunrise               ---        -            2-,300       7,403       28,S30      37,400         40S.2
                               Margate               ---       2,64S         5,200        8,867       28,9SO      34,000         283.4
                               Pembr.Pines           ---       1,429         8,000       1S.496       26,700      32,130         107.3
                               Miramar               ---       S,485        13,900       23,997       29,9SO      30,7SO          28.1
                               Tamarac               ---        ---             300       S,078       24,300      29,500         480.9
                               Coral Springs         ---        ---               10      1,489       20,200      27,SOO       1,746.9
                               L'Dale Lakes                     ...          4,300       10,577       24,SSO      2S,900         144.9
                               Oakland Park        1',29S      S.331         9,400       16,261       22,200      24,100          48.2
                               Davie                 ---                     1,900        S'8Sq       16,OSO      18,900       +222.6
                               N.Lauderdale          -                            40      1,213       10,280      16,480     --j,2S8.6
                               Wilton Man.             883     8,,2,,S7     10,100       10,948       14,250      14,720          34.5
                               L'House Pt.           ...       2,4S3         6,400        9,071       12,150      12,S30          38.1
                               Dania               4.S40       7,06S         8,230        3,013       10.700      12,240          3S.8

                               Cooper City           ...          SS0           7SO       2,S3S        S'S50        7,640      +201.4
                               Coc.Creek                        ---            ---        1,3S9        4,1-80       S,700        319.4
                               Pemb.Park                          S69        1,070        2,949        4,4SO)       S,280)        79.0
                               H'Wood RidgeFmst      ---          108           224          302

                               L'Dale by Sea           234     1,327         2,200        2,879        3,000        3,150         +9.4
                               Hillsboro    Bch         84        437           920       1,181        1.6SO        1,9SO         6S.1
                               Sea Rch Lakes         -            170           375          660          670         690           4.S
                               Parkland                         ---               so         16S          320         3SO        112.1
                               Hacienda Vil.         ---          125           165            3S         110         190        442.9
                               Ferncrest Vil.#       ---             93         los       1,029         -            ---          ...
                               Lazy Lake             ...             49           so           48           so           so       +4.2
                               Lakeview              ---             20           27       ---                       ---          ---

                               Indian Res.           ---                                     32S          3SO         3SO         +7.7

                               Unincorp.          14,462)    137,79S)      129.982)    123,812      1SO,110       160,100        +29.3
                               Areas

                               TOTAL               83,933    333,946       46S,000     620,100      907,800     1,007,500        +62.St
                               Broward Co.

                                                 U. S. Census of Population
                                               0* Broward County Area Planning'Board
                                               a Research Dept. - Broward County Planning Council
                                               4 Ferncrest Village - Disincorporated July 1, 1970
                                               t Hollywood Ridge Farms - Disincorporated July 1, 1970
                                                                                Annexed to Pembroke Park July 1, 1970

                                                     Figure 4.
                               POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR
                                         BROWARD COUNTY

                POPULATION

                2,200,000-

                111900,000-
                                                                                       1,743,9834

                1,800,000-                                                 1,596,300
                                                                              10       1,522,73?
                                                                 1,444,400
                                                                                     1,418,500
                1,300,000-                                        -                    1,293.648
                                                       i,273,300,4r,      1,310,900
                                                                                     1,225,300

                                                                1,186,800
                                              1,047,10        -A          1,154,100
                1,000,000-                    1,016.100        Ili-.0i3,800
                   940,000-                          57,500
                                         929,5840"

                  700,000

                            19-0         5       1980         as       ISE                     00
                                           JUL. 11978     YEAR

                      LEGEND:

                               LOW RANGE
                               MEDIUM RANGE
                               HIGH RANGE

                                         SOURCE: University of Florida
                                                  Bureau of Economic andBusiness Research
                                                 4
                                                 '00
                                                   0
                                                    9 7, @5O 0

                                             THE CENTER OF POPULATION IN THE THREE COUNTY REGION IS MOVING NORTH INTO

                                                                                                                  BROWARD COUNTY.

                                                                                                                                             LAKE

                                                                                                                                  OKEECHOBEE

                                                                                                                                            ............
                                                                                                                                                                               ..................
                                                                  LEE CO.                             HENDRY CO.                                                   'BEA"C'M Co.*":""****"**'**'*@:i:i@:::i:

                                                                                                                                           .:::ii:::@::;::::.,::::::::::::: XXX

                                                                                                                                                                                      :X:
                                                                                                                                                                           .. ..........

                                                                                                                                                                                                 X

                                                                                                                                                                               -%X.:
                                                                                                                                                                                               .X.: X:
                                                                                                                                                  BROWARD              CO
                                                                                                                                                             .....................
                                                                                                COLLIER CO.                                                                                               1985
                                                                                                                                                .........................

                                                                                                                                                                           X

                                                                                    %                                                          ......     .............
                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                                                                           .....                          1970

                                                                                                                                                                       ::X"' "'XXXX

                                                                                                                  MONROE CO.                            DADE         Co.

                                                                                                                                                                                           no
                                                                                                                                                                      .............

                                                                                                                                              x

                                                                                                                            000@     OS                                 0       5       10       15 20

                                                                                                                                                                                   MI.LES

                                                      ESTIMATED CENTER OF POPULATION

                                                                                                                              Map 2.

                                            SOURCE: Broward County Overall Economic Development Plan, 1976
                                                               Community Development Division

                      PALM Agacm covolv
                              counry
                      enow&*o---

                                                                                                                  BLVD.

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                                                           oil

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                                                                 .................                                   I    a
             It
                                                                  Map 3.                                            SCA&S IN MILES
                                                BROWARD COUNTY
                                                                            Wel.

                                                                     @@A 1. D
                                                                               Me

                                                                               Me

                                                                        8'a.,o

                                           CENTER OF POPULATION

                                                               Figure 5

                                                 LAND USE IN BROWARD COUNTY

                                                                         Acres                 Percent

                           1.   Single-Unit Residential                  62,560                23.2
                           2.   Multi-Unit Residential                    6,170                 2.3
                           3.   Commercial                                6,600                '2.4
                           4.   Industrial                                4,320                 1.6
                           5.   Extractive                                2,930                 1.1
                           6.   Transportation, Comm. Util.               3,880                 1.4
                           7.   Institutional                             3,470                 1.3
                           8.   Mixed                                     6,460                 2.4
                           9.   Open and Other                           31,235                11.6

                           A.   Cropland and Pasture                     53,680                19.9
                           B.   Groves, Orchards, Bush,
                                Hortic., Vinery                                 0                  0
                           C.   Citrus Goves                              5,980                 2.2
                           D.   Confined Feeding Areas                          0                  0
                           E.   Other Agriculture                        49,160                18.2

                                Natural Cover                              33,587              12.4

                                TOTALS                                   270,032               100.0

                           Source:    South Florida Regional Planning Council, Analysis of
                                      Coastal Land Use, May 1976, p. 34.

                           Recent plat and site plan approvals support the continuation of this new
                           trend with approximately an equal distribution of development projected
                           for the northwest, southwest, and west-central portions of the County.
                           A recent County study of major residential development in 1979 identifies
                           where a total of 50 or more dwelling units are forcisale or rent, under
                           construction, or planned for construction in 1979.           Of a potential
                           29,003 approved dwelling units included within the study's threshold, it
                           is expected that 71 percent or 20,552 units will be constructed west of
                           the Florida Turnpike. Unincorporated Broward (4,077), Pembroke Pines
                           (3,086), and Sunrise (2,772) represent nearly one-half of the potential
                           1979 residential development west of the Turnpike.

                           The resulting figures from this study become further inflated upon
                           adding projects of less than 50 dwelling units (Note: Health Department

                                                                 INTRO-15

                        permitting regulations foridseptic tanks and wellfields includes a 50
                        dwelling unit threshold),    or anticipated projects such as Arvida's
                        Indian Trace Community now scheduled for western Broward County.
                        In addition, throughout the unincorporated and incorporated western
                        portions of the County, platted development projects of less than 50
                        dwelling units each are commonplace. For example, along Griffin Road,
                        between S.W. 178th Avenue and U.S. 27, residential plats of less than
                        50 dwelling units entered beneath the Health Department threshold.
                        Only recently did the County Commission mitigate this problem by en-
                        acting Ordinance 7850 which establishes stricter development guidelines.
                        Nevertheless, the result of previous developments are sprawling sub-
                        divisions having large scale composite impacts.

                        Spread of Suburban Development

                        The proliferating sprawl associated with the County's western growth
                        poses many environmental, conservation, and energy costs. Service
                        delivery systems of local governments are affected by certain types of
                        housing unit construction. Generally, lesser operating and maintenance
                        costs occur in higher density planned development compared to a low
                        density, single-family sprawl community. Savings can be attributed to
                        less road and utility pipe legqths and reduced electric consumption in
                        the high density community.

                        Development of the County's    western vacant land will continue to have
                        noticeable impacts upon our environmental and economic base. Of
                        particular concern are the impacts which past and future development
                        will have on; (1) environmentally sensitive lands, (2) the agricultural
                        industry, and (3) open spaces, scenic vistas, and wildlife habitats.
                        The significance of these impacts have been brought to light from
                        studies by the Health Department, South Florida Regional Planning
                        Council, and the South Florida Water Management District. In each
                        study there arises concern that development in the western county
                        poses significant impacts to water quality, water storage, and flood
                        discharge.

                        Flooding

                        A Water Management District Study of the Southwest County defines
                        much of  Western Broward County as a "floodway" and states that
                        11extensive fill in this area should be termed encroachment and will have
                        the effect of displacing flood water storage, creating higher poncling    ,12
                        stages and forcing water eastward creating higher stages in the east.
                        The mandate for local government to address floodplain management
                        stems from the Unified National Program for Floodplain Management
                        (U.S. Water Resources Council 1976) which sets forth a conceptual
                        framework and recommends Federal and State actions for a continuing
                        unified program for planning and action at all levels of governTgnt to
                        reduce the risk of flood losses through flood  plain management.

                                                          INTRO-16

                          Flood Hazard Boundary Maps produced by the Department of Housing
                          and Urban Development have identified much of the western county as a
                          floodplain. In this document, the term "floodplain" refers to any land
                          area susceptible to being inundated from any source of flooding, in-
                          cluding those which can be flooded from small and often dry water
                          sources.

                          Reduction of Agricultural Land

                          Sprawling urban development has also had a pronounced effect upon the
                          County's agricultural industry. Since 1956, there has been a steady
                          decline in agricultural productivity and acreage. The 1970 U.S. Census
                          of Agriculture indicated only 61,000 acres remained in farmland in 1969
                          and the Broward County Agricultural Extension Service estimates that
                          46,890 agricultural acres existed in 1978. This represents a 24 percent
                          reduction during the last ten years alone.

                          Other factors affecting the County's agricultural acreage are existing
                          zoning ordinances and regulations. Within Agriculturally zoned        14
                          property multiple uses besides agriculture are presently permitted.
                          In fact, single-family homes can be constructed in agriculturally zoned
                          districts providing they meet basic property size requirements.      In
                          many other instances, the active agricultural businesses remaining in
                          Broward are located on tracts designated for estate land use. The
                          overlapping situation between the estates, and agricultural land use
                          categories and the respective zoning permitted in each, is compounded
                          further by the differences in local zoning regulations.   In order to slow
                          the future urbanization of agriculturally designated lands, the Broward
                          County Commission has recently made this category more restrictive.
                          The density requirement for all agricultural land uses was altered to
                          one dwelling unit per gross two-and -one-half acres. This county-wide
                          policy change will affect the unincorporated area as well as portions of
                          the cities of Parkland and Miramar. This resulting amendment will
                          mandate zoning conformance within one year for these jurisdictions and
                          encourage the reevaluation of what constitutes adequate services upon
                          exurban areas.

                          Specifically, the sensitive ecological balance inherent in these agri-
                          cultural greenbelts should be reflected in down-zoning.     Character-
                          istics of this land which hinder development are the inadequate traffic
                          circulation system and the probability of flooding. The development of
                          future quarrying areas, and the necessity of protecting aquifer recharge
                          areas should be considered for land use plan and zoning amendments
                          as well.

                          The preservation of the County's agricultural industry will depend upon
                          the County's ability to protect sufficient usable acreage and the industry's
                          ability to adapt to new agricultural products and marketplaces. The
                          growth of the ornamental horticulture, horse ranching and bee-honey
                          industries are indicative of such changes. These changes will be
                          needed to offset losses in the cattle and produce segments of the in-
                          clustry.  Figure 6 identifies the change in farmland acreage between
                          1940-1978.

                                                            INTRO-17

                       Park, Recre2tion and Open Space Demands

                       Development trends in Broward County have also had a significant
                       impact upon open spaces, scenic vistas, and wildlife habitats. The
                       population influence on the County has not only resulted in a loss of
                       open space acreage but has also created new open space demands in the
                       urbanizing portions of the County. These demands may be in the form
                       of passive or active recreational uses and beach access sites.

                       In 1975, analysis of the amount of public nelgh@borhoocl parks and play-
                       grounds reveals that Broward County provides only 52.3% of  the neigh-
                       borhood open spige recommended by the standard of 2 acres   per thou-
                       sand population.   Utilizing today's land use standard of 3 acres per
                       thousand population, the severity of this problem becomes even more
                       magnified.

                       Neighborhood, Community and Regional parks represent a vital part of
                       an overall Coastal Zone Protection-Conservation program. Equally
                       important are the County's coastal resources, native vegetation, and
                       wildlife habitats. The successful County bond referendum which included
                       the funding for,the acquisition of over 2,100 acres of future park lands
                       provides an important first step in preserving the county's natural
                       habitat. An additional 1500-2000 acres may be added should the negotia-
                       tions on the West Lake Mangrove Site be successful. These sites will
                       play an important role in helping the County attain an adequate supply
                       of regional and subregional parks as outlined in the Broward County
                       Land Use Plan.

                       Disappearing Wildlife Habitats and Wooded Areas

                       Development intrusion into wildlife habitats is another prime concern of
                       the County Land Use Plan and its subsequent elements. The Florida
                       Everglades is one of the few great nationally preserved wetlands in the
                       United States and seasonally harbors hundreds of species of wildlife.
                       Broward County's Conservation Areas, to be discussed later in the Ele-
                       ment, provide the link to South Florida's rechargeable supply of fresh
                       water.

                       Broward County was once a sparsely populated expanse of coastline,
                       sawgrass marshes, and praires. Following the decline of the tomato
                       farming industry in eastern Broward County during the mid-1940's,
                       urbanization has steadily moved westward. Today, just over 200 acres
                       of Pine Forest exist in the Cji@jnty which represents only four percent
                       of the original Pine Forests.  Survey results of the Florida Division
                       of Forestry indicate that between 1943 and 1976 Cypress trees have
                       been reduced from 3,200 acres to 1,223 acres.

                       It is apparent that Broward County's rapid growth rate has signifi-
                       cantly impacted its natural environment. The Broward County Land-
                       Use Plan as adopted is the first step in controlling and managing these
                       associated impacts. The Coastal Zone Protection-Conservation Ele-
                       ment and subsequent elements of the Comprehensive Plan will provide
                       county and municipal decision-makers the additional framework needed
                       to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible restore the natural
                       resources of Broward County.

                                                       INTRO-18

                                                                    Figure 6.

                                              ACREAGE OF FARM LAND IN BROWARD COUNTY 1940-1978

                                                                     (year)

                                             1940       1945        1950      1955      1960     1965      1970     1975     1978.

                          Beef (Pastures)     160,000     60,785    74,417     70,000   60,000   50,600     45,000    25,000    30,000
                          Dairy (Pastures)     5,000      10,000    15,000     30,000   20,000     7,500    7,000     6,000     5,000
                          Horses (Pasture)     1,000         850       600       500     1,000     1,000    1,000     1,000     1,000

                          Poultry & Misc.      1,000      1,200        800       800       600       800      400        200        40

                          Citrus               3,500      6,500       7,000     6,000    6,000     5,600    5,000     3,300     3,000

                          Nursery                   5         17       102       466       550       600      750        850    1,000
                          Sod                      50     2,000       3,000     5,060    4,800     3,700    2,000     1.000         50

                          Vegetables           35,000     40,000    28,500     30,000   11,000   10,400     8,500     12,000    6,800

                          Total Acres                   108,111    139,235    129,872   74,200   84,050     61,000    46,000    46,890

                          Total Farms                     1,104        423       408       257       312      291

                                              Source:   Florida Cooperative  Extension Service, University of Florida,
                                                        Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences

                          Information for these categories not available at this time.

                                                     FOOTNOTES

                       INTRODUCTION

                        1   Robert B. Ditton, John L. Seymour, and Gerald C. Swanson,
                            Coastal Resources Management: Beyond Bureaucracy and the
                            Market , Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1977, p. 45.

                        2.  South Florida Regional Planning Council, Population Analysis
                            of the Coastal Zone in Region 10, Miami, Florida, 1976, p. 12.

                        3.  National Coastal Zone Management Act.

                        4.  Ibid.

                        5.  State of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, The
                            Florida Coastal Management Program Threshold Draft, October 1978,
                            pp. 25-30.

                        6.  Note: Pursuant to the Local Government Comprehensive Planning
                            Act of 1975 all units of local government are required to complete
                            Conservation Elements.

                        7.  Broward County Land Use Plan, prepared by Broward County
                            Planning Council, November 1977, p. 26.

                        8.  Ibid, p. 29.

                        9.  Broward County Planning Council, Broward County Majoc Residential
                            Development of 1979, February 1979.

                        10. State of Florida, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services.
                            Chapter 1OD-6. Standards for individual Sewage Disposal Facilities.
                            Section 100-6.23(5)(b) - Subdivisions of 50 or less lots, each lot
                            having a minimum of at least one-half acre and a minimum dimension
                            of 200 feet may be developed with private well and individual sewage
                            disposal provided that satisfactory ground water can be obtained
                            and all distance and setbacks, soil conditions, water table eleva-
                            tions and other related requirements of Chapter 1OD-6 are met.

                        11. Real Estate Research Corporation, Costs of Sprawl, April 1974.
                            p. 21.

                                                       INTRO-20

                       12.  South Florida Water Management District, Water Management Plan
                            for the Western C-9 Basin, August 1976, pp. 21 and 40.

                       13.  U.S. Water Resources Council Floodplain Management Guideline for
                            Implementing Executive Order 11988. 43 FIR 6030. February 10, 1978,
                            p. 7.-
                       14.  Broward County Planning Council. Abstract of Permitted uses and
                            Densities as Adopted in the County Land Use Plan November 9, 1977.
                            Permitted Uses and Densities in Agricultural Areas, p. 28.

                       15.  Broward County Planning Council, Open Space Study 1975, p. 168

                       16.  Florida Division of Forestry, A Vegetation Inventory for Broward
                            County. November 1977, p. 3.

                                                       INTRO-21

    I
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    I      GOALS AND 'OBJECTIVES

    I
    I

                                                          GOALS

                             A    To maintain, restore and enhance the environmental quality of
                                  Broward County.

                             B.   To ensure the environmental, social and economic benefits of
                                  coastal and inland resources to the public.

                             C.   To provide for a coordinated intergovernmental management
                                  approach for the protection and proper utilization of land
                                  and water resources.

                                                       OBJECTIVES

                             A.   LAND USE/DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

                                  1.   To encourage a balanced, diversified pattern of land
                                       uses compatible with the important environmental
                                       systems, whether coastal or inland.

                                  2.   To provide the opportunity for coastal -dependent land
                                       uses to locate in appropriate areas within the coastal
                                       zone.

                                  3.   To diversify the economic base by encouraging
                                       appropriate locations of environmentally compatible
                                       industry.

                                  4.   To protect the present and future economy by main-
                                       taining the environmental quality of the Region.

                                  S.   To direct development to locations that are advantageous
                                       for development with the least undesirable impact on
                                       both the natural and the built environment.

                                  6.   To encourage coordination and consistency between
                                       County and municipal comprehensive plans.

                                  7.   To protect those geographic areas which provide unique
                                       or significant habitats for a productive biological/ or
                                       hydrological system.

                                                        GOALS-3

                             B. WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY

                                  1.   To encourage a balanced distribution of water resources
                                       among uses to ensure a viable, long-term existence for
                                       both man and nature.
                                  2.   To maintain a high level of water quality throughout the
                                       region to insure both a sustained yield of water for
                                       urban and agricultural use and perpetuation of the
                                       natural systems that are essential to the well-being of
                                       all people in the region.

                                  3.   To encourage coordination and consistency between
                                       state, regional and local water resource planning and
                                       management agencies.

                             C. AIR    QUALITY AND NOISE

                                  1.   To preserve South Florida's invaluable natural resource
                                       of clean air by supporting laws and programs to minimize
                                       air pollution emanating from automobiles, and industrial
                                       and energy  facilities.

                                  2.   To mitigate the impacts of noise from highway traffic,
                                       airports and industrial facilities.

                             D. FLOOD AND OTHER HAZARD PROTECTION

                                  1    To protect life and property from natural and man-made
                                       hazards, such as flooding, windstorms and oil spills.

                                  2.   To manage surface waters to provide for reasonable
                                       beneficial uses while maintaining and, where necessary,
                                       storing biological and hydrological systems to the
                                       greatest degree practical.

                             E.   VEGETATION AND SOILS

                                  1.   To protect, preserve and, where possible, restore native
                                       vegetative species so as to enhance the aesthetic and
                                       environmental quality of the urban environment.

                                  2.   To encourage conse rvation practices which prevent
                                       erosion of soils.

                                  3.   To protect, preserve and, where possible, restore native
                                       vegetative species which support native and endangered
                                       wildlife of the region.

                                                        GOALS-4

                             F.  RECREATIONAL/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY

                                 1.   To protect natural areas which provide recreational
                                      and educational opportunity.

                                 2.   To provide adequate beach access to serve public needs.

                                 3.   To provide adequate shoreline protection so as to
                                      preserve beach resources.

                                 4.   To increase public awareness and knowledge concerning
                                      Broward County's environment and the need for the pro-
                                      tection of natural systems as well as the prioritization of
                                      uses in the coastal zone.

                                                       GOALS-5

    I
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    11
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    I                    I.
    i
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                m
          PART In
    I     ENVIRONMENTAL
    I     CONCERNS mo I'SSUES,
    I    -POLICY GUIDELINES AND
    I     IMPLEMENTATION
    I
    I      -.

                                                                                         -e-

                                  Fig. 7.   Hollywood Beach Dune Restoration Project: This photo demonstrates
                                  that coastal protection measures (such as dunes) and recreational opportunity
                                  are compatible.
                                                                                               0'@
                                                                                         MM
                                                                                         MIM
                                                                   . , -!%.               I
                                                                   X@-

                                      ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN THE COUNTY

                         The purpose of this chapter is to identify environmental concerns in
                         Broward County which are generally countywide in scope and cannot
                         be adequately examined on a site specific basis. These concerns are
                         outlined and discussed within the following categories:

                                         Offshore Energy Impacts
                                         Beach Erosion
                                         Coastal Recreation Through Public Access
                                         Air Quality
                                         Noise Abatement
                                         Water Resources
                                         Flood Plain Management
                                         Soils
                                         Wetlands
                                         Vegetation
                                         Wildlife

                         Each section of this chapter includes policy guidelines and recom-
                         mendations for implementation. The identification of specific sites or
                         areas of particular environmental concern will be addressed in the
                         following chapter entitled "Local Areas of Particular Concern."

                                               OFFSHORE ENERGY IMPACTS

                         The issues related to  offshore energy development and transport hold
                         cruciN impacts for the coastal areas of Southeast Florida and the Florida
                         Keys.    The inevitable growth of increased energy activity off the coast
                         falls outside the bounds of local jurisdictions. Municipalities, -port
                         authorities and counties, though regulated by state and federal environ-
                         mental legislation to deal with onshore impacts, must begin to address
                         the potentially adverse problems associated with offshore energy facilities.
                         While offshore oil development does not apply to the Gold Coast Region,
                         the transportation of petroleum products represents a serious concern
                         to the economic vitality of Broward County.

                         The economic benefits resulting from Broward's coastal area depend on
                         the quality of the air, water and beach amenities. The possibility of an
                         oil spill in the waters off the coast would have serious consequences to
                         the health of the tourist market.   Realizing that Broward lies only three
                         miles from the Atlantic shipping lanes strengthens the argument for
                         additional local involvement in offshore activities.

                                                           PART 1-3

                         Unlike onshore development which can be controlled through a variety
                         of mechanisms in Florida-local land use plans, land development regu-
                         lations, the Development of.Regional Impact process, local pollution
                         control ordinances, dredge and fill permit requirements, etc.-the re-
                         liance of these local management tools on offshore energy impacts may
                         be tenuous. A spill disaster similar to the Amoco Cadiz, which has
                         devastated the beaches of Northern France, might disrupt Broward's
                         tourism lifeline for at least a decade. The destruction to marine life
                         and the fragile reef system caused by a super tanker accident alone
                         would be severe over and above the fiscal impacts to the resident
                         population.

                         in order to minimize the negative externalities associated with offshore
                         energy development and transport, local governments should examine
                         methods for increasing their involvement. One such program being de-
                         veloped is the State/Local OCS program, the purpose of which is to
                         address issues associated with oil and gas activities on the outer Con-
                         tinental shelf which can impact environmental and recreational
                         resources.

                         Policy Guidelines

                              1.   Guide the growth and development of Port Everglades with
                                   policies which recognize the importance of conservation of the
                                   natural resources within the Port area.

                              2.   Encourage coordination between the County, the business
                                   community and the Port in dealing with the Port's environ-
                                   mental and economic relationships.

                              3.   Encourage risk management planning associated with oil spills
                                   and tank explosions.

                         Recommendations for Implementation

                              1.   Coordinate local disaster plans with the Port Everglades
                                   Spillage Committee and the U.S. Coast Guard contingency
                                   plan for the cleanup of oil spills along the coast of Broward
                                   County.

                              2.   Reexamine the Pollutant Spill Prevention and Control Act
                                   (Ch. 376.12, F.S.) to determine the legality of enacting local
                                   oil spill liability provisions to recover costs of cleaning up an
                                   .oil spill.

                              3.   Support  the involvement by the Florida Division of Local
                                   Resource Management and the County in the State and Local
                                   Outer Continental Shelf Program.

                              4.   Support the participation by Broward County in the inter-
                                   governmental committee of the "Oil Spill Shoreline Priority
                                   Protection Response Strategy" project.

                                                           PART 1-4

                                                         BEACH EROSION

                           Broward County's beaches represent our single most important natural
                           resource. Their protection as a valuable resource for aesthetic and
                           economic reas*ons should be given a high priority. As reprinted from
                           the*Broward County Land Use Plan:

                                The beaches are composed generally of fine sand and shell
                                fragments formed by marine organisms. Ocean waves,
                                generated by offshore winds, strike the shore at an angle
                                and set up an alongshore current.       Beach sand is almost in
                                constant motion, stirred up by this     wave action and carried
                                along by the current.     In order for a beach to remain stable,
                                it must receive as much sand by way of the alongshore cur-
                                rent as it loses.   If more is carried away than is deposited,
                                there is a net loss of sand, resulting in beach erosion.
                                Erosion problems are the most severe when the sand-carrying,
                                alongshore current is interrupted, thus shutting off the supply
                                of sand on the downdrift side of the obstruction. A major case
                                of such current interruption in Broward County has been the
                                inlets at Boca Raton, Hillsboro and Port Everglades.

                                Broward County Beach Erosion Prevention District

                                The Broward County Beach Erosion Prevention District was es-
                                tablished in 1963 by the Florida Legislature (F.S. 63-1175).
                                Its main purpose and function is to prevent and control beach
                                erosion in Broward County.

                                The entire area of Broward County, east of the dikes, is con-
                                sidered as part of the District for funding purposes. The main
                                source of revenue for the Erosion Prevention District is an ad
                                valorem tax levied on all Broward property owners in both
                                the incorporated and the unincorporated areas. The District
                                has the authority to levy a 3/16 mil tax on all property in
                                Broward County; however, current funding requires only a
                                tax of .051 mil.   The power to initiate byd issues, granted
                                by the legislation, has never been used.

                           The  Erosion Prevention District, which operates under the Environmental
                           Quality Control Board, is developing data gathering programs to enhance
                           the staff ability to understand the natural erosion forces and beach re-
                           sponses within Broward County. The District has received authority to
                           expand its resources to provide surveying and biological monitoring
                           expertise. The addition of these personnel will allow timely surveys of
                           storm events, annual projections of erosion and accretion, and immediate
                           response to beach nourishment project needs.

                           The beach nourishment programs accomplished and projected by the
                           Erosion Prevention District include the entire shoreline of Broward
                           County. The Erosion Prevention District is presently monitoring the
                           final phase of the Hollywood/Hallandale beach nourishment project. The

                                                              PART 1-5

                         Pompano Beach Phase I I project was initiated in 1978 and is estimated to
                         be complete in late 1982.  Following the completion of this project, the
                         program will be directed to periodically nourishing those areas of the
                         County shoreline experiencing erosion beyond the established design
                         beach profile.

                         The beach renourishment projects and maintenance programs in the
                         County are:

                                     PROJECT                              LOCATION

                              Pompano Beach Phase If         Hillsboro Inlet south to the southern
                              John U. Lloyd                  limit of Lauderdale-by-the-Sea
                                                             Port Everglades Inlet south 1@ miles
                              Hollywood/Hallandale           Balboa Street south to county    line
                              Maintenance                    Countywide

                         The  Environmental Quality Control  Board is also completing a beach
                         survey. This survey will provide    essential beach maintenance data and
                         will update the Beach Condition Report completed by the State Depart-
                         ment of Natural Resources in 1973. The Countywide Survey contract,
                         when completed, will provide a monumental base line from which all
                         future beach surveys will be based. The program also allows the first
                         countywide comparison of the existing shoreline to the 1963 Army Corps'
                         Study authorizing the County's undertaking of beach nourishment pro-
                         jects on a federal reimbursement basis.

                         In order to supplement artificial renourishment with the benefit of
                         natural forces, it is important for the County to encourage the redesign
                         of current beaches into modified dunes to protect existing buildings
                         east of State Road AlA. By revegetating dunes along wider beach
                         areas, a protective barrier can be stabilized. Currently, the cities of
                         Dania, Hollywood and Fort Lauderdale are experimenting with this type
                         of reduning. The Soil Conservation Service has offered its assistance
                         to the cities in dune restoration projects by means of supplying plants
                         and technical assistance to the projects.

                         The Erosion Prevention Division has also been involved in many aspects
                         of erosion prevention and environmental protection of the offshore reef
                         ecology. The development of an artificial reef system in Broward County
                         began in 1972. The combined objective of the Erosion Prevention and
                         Solid Waste Divisions were to create a reef to attract an increased amount
                         and variety of fish to the depleted coral reef system along Broward's
                         coast and to recycle used tires rather than dispose of them through a
                         merged -landfill site. Since 1972 over 200,000 bundled tires have been
                         submerged approximately one mile east of Sunrise Boulevard off the Fort
                         Lauderdale Beach in sixty-five feet of water. The project terminated
                         last year due to cost considerations. While this experiment in artificial
                         reef construction has not produced the desired results, erojack con-
                         structed reefs have proven to be more successful for atiracting fish in
                         deeper water and in mitigating sand transport offshore.       Ba.rring
                         further damage to the existing coral reefs and the artificial reefs from
                         the sedimentaticn effects of dredging, the growth of new organisms

                                                          PART 1-6

                         and, possibly, hard coral will eventually occur. The monitoring of the
                         present artificial reef system is divided between in-house and contrac-
                         tual studies by the Erosion Prevention District.

                         Coastal Construction Control Lines

                         The State of Florida has enacted coastal construction control lines to
                         protect shoreland resources from destruction (Chapter 161.053 F.S.).
                         Coastal construction control lines delineate a building line imposed to
                         protect beaches and dunes and to control or prevent development in
                         erosion-prone or otherwise unstable areas.

                         According to State Statute (161.052) "No person, firm, corporation,
                         municipality, county, or other public agency shall excavate or construct
                         any dwelling house,... building,... seawall .... or other structure within
                         fifty (50) feet of the line of mean high water at any riparian coastal
                         location...". The Act also directs the Department of Natural Resources
                         (DNR) to determine the need of coastal construction control lines based
                         upon "comprehensive engineering study and topographic survey."
                         Following a determination of need and ample public hearings DNR shall
                         set and establish a coastal control line which considers "ground elevations
                         in relation to historical storm and hurricane tides, predicted maximu,
                         wave uprush, beach and offshore   ground contours, the vegetation line,
                         erosion trends, the dVne or bluff line, if any exist, and existing.
                         upland development."

                         Coastal construction control lines delineate that portion of the beach-
                         dune system which is subject to a 100-year storm surge or other
                         predictable weather conditions and may be used in conjunction with
                         coastal construction building and zoning codes. These codes may be
                         established by local authorities, but must be approved by the Depart-
                         ment of Natural Resources. The Department is meeting with represen-
                         tatives from each municipality and the County to establish a line and a
                         model Coastal Construction Building Code which could be adopted by
                         local authorities.

                         The significance of the codes in terms of coastal construction lies not
                         only in undeveloped coastal areas, but also in the reconstruction of
                         existing structures, should existing buildings be storm damaged.   In
                         other words, an important aspect of the Act is its development limita-
                         tions upon existing structures located east of the coastal line. Enlarge-
                         ment of an existing foundation is prohibited within this area and a
                         penalty clause for violators is stipulated in the act.

                         Although the County's jurisdiction in terms of enforcement of zoning
                         and building codes is virtually limited to the unincorporated area (of
                         which there is only a small portion along the coast), the County does
                         have an important function in coordinating the Coastal Construction
                         Control Line Program between the State, the municipalities and itself.
                         In addition, if the South Florida Building Code is to be revised for the
                         purpose of effectively implementing Chapter 161.053(3), the County's
                         Board of Rules and Appeals is the agency empowered to do so. The
                         Broward County Erosion Prevention Division is the County agency

                                                         PART 1-7

                         which has been involved in establishing the Coastal Construction Con-
                         trol line for Broward County.   In addition, their Advisory Committee
                         makes recommendations to the Pollution Control Officer regarding the
                         approval or denial of Class 11 Coastal Construction permits.

                         Policy Guidelines

                              1.   Encourage the preservation and restora   tion of sand dune
                                   systems within the Coastal Zone.

                              2.   The County should continue to serve as an important co-
                                   ordinating link between the State and the municipalities in
                                   terms of implementing the Coastal Construction Control Line
                                   legislation (Chapter 161.053, F.S.)

                              3.   Encourage the Coastal municipalities to establish and enforce
                                   coastal construction control lines which will protect the beach
                                   areas from erosion and flood damage.

                              4.   The monitoring of beach nourishment projects in terms of
                                   their cost and benefits, both financial and environmental,
                                   should be continued.

                              S.   Future consideration of artificial reef projects.to attract fish
                                   and decrease offshore transport of sand should be encouraged.

                         Recommendations for Implementation

                              1.   Examine the potential for reduning and revegetating beach
                                   areas in Broward County.     If determined to be feasible,
                                   formulate a County Dune   Restoration/ Beach Enhancement Plan
                                   which will provide beach and upland protection complementary
                                   with recreational access and opportunity. A possible funding
                                   source is the State Coastal Management Program.

                              2.   The County should review the State's Model Coastal Con-
                                   struction Code and consider possible revisions to the
                                   South Florida Building Code, as deemed appropriate by
                                   the County's Board of Rules and Appeals.

                              3.   Identify by municipality those structures and portions of
                                   vacant land parcels along the oceanfront which fall to the
                                   east of the Coastal Construction Control Line (when it is
                                   established. )

                              4.   Proposals for future beach nourishment projects should be
                                   evaluated in light of cost-benefit analysis of current projects.

                              5.   Prior to local government approval of future nourishment
                                   projects, the impact of past and current dredging projects
                                   on reef systems and associated marine life inhabiting
                                   Broward County must be thoroughly examined.

                                                          PART 1-8

                                    COASTAL RECREATION THROUGH PUBLIC ACCESS

                         Texas and Oregon h  9 ve passed the strongest state legislation to protect
                         public beach rights.    In the remaining states, the burden of providing
                         adequate public beach access inevitably falls upon local government.
                         While the public has the right to use the beaches of most coastal areas,
                         this right encompasses only the area between the mean high and low
                         tide county, a guaranteed right of access to the beaches and rights to
                         use the dry-sand area above the high tide line.

                         Federal efforts in the problem of public beach access is reflected in the
                         1976 enactment of comprehensive amendments to the Coastal Zone Manage-
                         ment Act. A new provision requires state coastal planning programs to
                         include "a definition of the term 'beach' and a planning process for the
                         protection of, and access to, public beaches and other public coastal
                         areas of environmental, historical, aesthetic, ecological, or cultural
                         value." The amendments provide for an overall allocation of $25,000,000
                         per year, for five years, to cover up to 50 percent of the cost of
                         acquiring lands needed for "access to public beaches and other public
                         coastal area. . . 11

                         In the State of Florida, under the Outdoor Recreation and Conservation
                         Act- (Ch. 375. 011 F. S. ), the Divisio'n of Recreation and Parks of the
                         Department of Natural Resources may exercise the power of eminent
                         domain to acquire any and all rights which may be necessary for the
                         use and enjoyment of public waterways. The Department is also author-
                         ized to assist local governments financially in the acquisition of local
                         beach properties, and is urged by the Legislature to give priority to
                         applicigions relating to the acquisition of public beaches in urban
                         areas.

                         Beach access represents an expensive undertaking for local government;
                         for this reason there is more and more interest in the acquisition of
                         easements, rather than fee-simple acquisition in beach lands.

                         Another method of beach acquisition is through mandatory dedication.
                         State and local legislation throughout the nation has sought to condition
                         subdivision approval upon the developer's consent to certain dedication.
                         The required dedication of essential community ser  *vices such as streets,
                         sidewalks, water and sewer lines is now a well accepted aspect of sub-
                         division regulation. Local government in Broward County should
                         consider beach access dedication as a requirement to plat or replat
                         approval along coastal areas.

                         According to a 1971 study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
                         private interests owned 15.6 miles of Broward County's 24-mile ocean
                         front. The state government and local municipalities owned 8.2 miles,
                         and the federal government owned one-fifth of a mile (the mouth of Port
                         Everglades).

                                                          PART 1-9

                       Local governments in Broward must assess the long:-range shoreline
                       recreation needs of their communities as compared to the e>@sting
                       supply of public beach and access points. A recent report prepared
                       by the Joint Center for Environmental and Urban Problems at Florida
                       Atlantic University examined the beach activity patterns of the 40-mile
                       coastline between Hollywood and Palm Beach. This study relates the
                       problems of traffic congestion, limited parking and mass transportation
                       to the development of a beach access program. Local governments must
                       look not only at the supply and location of beach access sites, but also
                       the accessibility of those sites to various transportation systems.

                       The initial phase in providing future beach access sites will result from
                       ongoing beach renourishment programs.. As federal government funds
                       are involved in this project, federal guidelines require that an ample
                       beach access and parking plan be added to the renourishment program.

                       Policy Guidelines

                       1.   To the extent feasible, Broward County beaches should be
                            preserved for the enjoyment of residents and tourists.

                       2.   Local governments should attempt to maximize public ownership of
                            beaches to ensure their conservation and recreational opportunity.

                       3.   Transportation plans should include beach access considerations.

                       Recommendations for Implementation

                       1.   Local governments should initiate a Comprehensive Beach Access
                            Needs Analysis based upon existing and future populations of
                            Broward County.

                       2.   Local governments should encourage donations of coastal land
                            through tax incentives.

                       3.   Local governments should consider beach access dedication as a
                            requirement to development plat or replat approval along coastal
                            areas.

                       4.   The County should pursue funding for either fee-simple or
                            easement acquisition of beach areas.

                       S.   Mass Transit programs should include provisions for transportation
                            to beach areas.

                                                    AIR QUALITY

                       The Broward County Metropolitan Area experiences very good air quality
                       despite the growing number of people and the increasing automobile

                                                       PART 1-10

                         traffic that has occurred over the past decade. While this essential
                         natural resource is overlooked by many residents and nonresidents
                         alike, air quality represents one of the major amenities of the unique
                         South Florida environment. Through the combined efforts of local,
                         state and federal law, especially in the field of transportation planning,
                         the legal authority exists to ensure the maintenance of clean air
                         standards in Broward County.

                         The Environmental Quality Control Board (EQCB), established under
                         Section 8.17 of the Charter of Broward County, possesses the authority
                         to regulate the Air Quality Control process mandated by the Clean Air
                         Act of 1970 (42 USC et. seg.) and provided by Chapter 65-1338 of the
                         Laws of the State of Florida. The air quality program operated by the
                         EQCB consists of two major facets:

                         (1) a monitoring system which samples actual air quality data from
                              various sources according to these three categories:

                              (a)  Area Sources - small point pollution sources (1% of all
                                   pollutants);

                              (b)  Major Point Sources - large industrial and/or municipal
                                   pollution sources (149.1 of all pollutants); and

                              (c)  Mobile Sources - transportation pollution emissions (85%
                                   of all pollutants).

                         (2)  a permitting system which requires actual and potential sources
                              of air pollution to be reviewed to ensure compliance with air
                              quality standards.

                         A joint report published by the Broward County Metropolitan Planning
                         Organization (MPO) and the EQCB in January of 1979 describes trans-
                         portation -related emissions (mobile sources) as the major contributor to
                         air pollution. Based on this nationwide fact, transportation -related
                         pollution should be given primary consideration. The report states the
                         following:

                              Each year in Broward County, Florida, over 70,000 tons of
                              hydrocarbons are produced and released into the atomosphere
                              where they react chemically with other elements in the presence
                              of sunlight to form ozone. Burning gasoline in internal com-
                              bustion engines produces the majority of hydrocarbon emissions.
                              Evaporation of volatile fuels and solvents also contributes sub-
                              stantially to the presence ofdozone in the atmosphere as do
                              certain industrial processes.

                         The Clean Air Act of 1970 established National Ambient Air Quality
                         Standards to protect human life, vegetation, and property from the pos-
                         sible harmful effects of air pollution. The State of Florida has adopted
                         a State Implementation Plan designed to enable Florida to attain the clean
                         air standards.

                                                         PART 1-11

                        The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has analyzed the results of
                        ongoing air quality monitoring and determined that Broward County,
                        along with 14 other urban areas in Florida and nearly all urban areas in
                        the United States, has riot attained the clean air standards for ozone.
                        Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Broward County is re-
                        quired to attain standards by December 31, 1982. This period may be
                        extended to December 31, 1987 by the USEPA if it can be shown that
                        the standards cannot be attained by 1982 and that an extension is
                        warranted.

                        Each unit of state and local government, including special authorities,
                        has certain powers established in State Law for planning and im-
                        plementing publicly financed transportation improvements. Because of
                        the complexity of transportation problems and the nature of political
                        unit boundaries, local governments in Broward County have joined with
                        the Florida Department of Transportation to form the Broward County
                        Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) whose purpose is to advise its
                        members concerning transportation problems and solutions. This agency
                        satisfies the Federal Requirements under the Federal Aid Highway Act
                        (23 USC, 134) and the Urban Mass Transportation Act (49 USC, 1604)
                        for continuing comprehensive, cooperative urban transportation planning.

                        Authority and responsibility for implementation and operation of trans-
                        portation plans rests with the appropriate units of state and government    .
                        Although the Federal government does not directly implement or operate
                        transportation improvements, responsible state and local government may
                        receive Federal Financial Assistance for those improvements which are
                        consistent with the recommendations of the MPO.

                        Polity Guidelines

                        1.   Local and regional transportation policies should continue to
                             address air quality standards.

                        2.   Future energy resource development or power generation facilities
                             should be carefully managed so as to balance energy needs with
                             air quality attainment standards.

                        Recommendations for Implementation

                        The preliminary strategies for improving air quality in Broward County
                        are also depicted in the previously cited report, Transportation Control
                        Plan for Air Quality.   In order to satisfy the emi.ssions reduction re-
                        quirements, the recommendations include:

                             (1)   Identifying mobile and stationary sources of Hydrocarbon

                             (2)   Predicting changes in the stationary and mobile source
                                   inventories through the years 1982 and 1987.

                             (3)   Determining the allowable emission levels which will enable
                                   Broward County to achieve the National Ambient Air Quality
                                   Standard.

                                                          PART 1-12

                             (4)  If required, implementing a series of commitments for
                                  attaining air quality goals (i.e.,-vehicle inspection/
                                  maintenance, alternative transportation control measures,
                                  and public transit improvement).

                             (5)  Future County energy plans should address air quality
                                  standards as they relate to energy resources and utilization.

                                                   NOISE ABATEMENT

                         Environmental noise represents agrowing problem in residential areas
                         across the United States. Community noise has become recognized as
                         the leading undesirable neighborhood condition among residents in a
                         national survey conducted by HUD in 1976. The survey sample size
                         involved 74,000 homes. Twenty-five percent of the population surveyed
                         ranked noise as the number one community problem.

                         The leading noise source indicated through a survey of 2,500 people in
                         San Francisco was motorcycles in local streets. Traffic ranked third,
                         while domestic animals ranked fourth overall. Aircraft was number
                         eight and neighbors' music ranked thirteenth: By comparison, industry
                         ranked eighteenth out of twenty in importance as a source of sound.

                         The negative effects of excessive noise exposure on the individual
                         ranges from distraction and irritation to more serious conditions such
                         as a permanent loss of hearing. However, poor urban planning with
                         regard to incompatible land uses can create long-term noise pollution in
                         residential neighborhoods.

                         An Urban Noise Study of Broward County in 1976, completed by
                         Dr. Stanley E. Dunn of Florida Atlantic University, stated that
                         Broward County represents a typical urban residential community.
                         The predominant noise sources found throughout the County consisted
                         of vehicle and aircraft noise. Similarly, a 1977 statewide survey con-
                         ducted in Florida disclosed that noise from motorcycles annoyed more
                         people (41 percent) than any other noise source.

                         Since 1978 the Planning and Administrative Systems Division (now the
                         Office of Planning) and Aviation Division of Broward County have
                         undertaken an Airport Noise Compatibility and Land Use Control
                         (ANCLUC) Study dealing with Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood International
                         Airport. The interference of human activity due to aircraft noise in
                         most metropolitan areas has encouraged the Environmental Protection
                         Agency (EPA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to sponsor
                         such a program for local communities.  The overall objectives of airport/
                         land use planning are to minimize the noise impact through the operations
                         of the airport and to recommend changes in existing land uses, in-

                                                         PART 1-13

                       cluding vacant parcels, which are more compatible to the airport and
                       its environs. The completed ANCLUC Study will serve as a coordi-
                       nating mechanism for improved land use planning at the local level.

                       A comprehensive noise control program involving all governmental
                       entities in Broward County should emphasize public education and
                       support. Transportation problems and fixed sources of noise such as
                       industry, construction, etc., usually involve the best application of
                       engineering principles; however, many annoying noise sources such
                       as barking dogs should rest with the pet owner. The awareness that              40
                       -their pet is causing an annoyance must be accomplished through a
                       countywide awareness program. Methods of control through personal
                       training or obedience school is encouraged. This is but one example  of
                       how annoying noise, which affects so many, can be controlled and
                       reduced through awareness, education and involvement. This type of
                       action has produced immediate relief while other approaches to noise
                       control will not produce tangible effects for years to come.

                       Still, many of these problems involving long-range solutions must be
                       addressed through engineering principles, architectural solutions and
                       the definite involvement of law enforcement personnel in many instances
                       (i.e., vehicular noise). Some communities have set up task forces to
                       control noise problems. These are comprised either of Police Depart-
                       ment or other governmental agencies and divisions. The training of
                       environmental personnel at law enfoi-cement academies has become more
                       popular in some municipalities. Other local governments have purchased
                       11noise control vehicles" to enforce regulations addressing mobile sources
                       of noise pollution.

                       In Broward County, many noise sources are presently monitored by the
                       Environmental Quality Control Board. To improve the noise control
                       efforts of EQCB, countywide cooperation with local law enforcement
                       agencies is necessary since disturbances created by vehicles, residential
                       units, and commercial establishments are best handled through the use
                       of police powers.  In addition, public awareness and education repre-
                       sents another significant aspect of the abatement program. Through
                       these combined efforts and the determination of attainable goals and
                       agency responsibilities, noise abatement and control can be achieved.

                       Policy Guidelines

                       1.   Noise impact from highway traffic, airports and other sources
                            should be a guiding factor in land use decisions.

                       2.   Native vegetation to diminish noise impacts should be encouraged
                            whenever possible.

                       Recommendations for Implementation

                       1.   Incorporate the land use strategies recommended in the ANCLUC
                            Study through amendments to the Broward County Land Use Plan
                            for noise impacted 'areas.

                                                       PART 1-14

                         2.   Through the Environmental Quality Control Board, Broward County
                              should develop an updated and improved noise abatement and
                              control program.

                         3.   Native vegetation to diminish noise impacts should be a
                              consideration in the site development review process.

                                                   WATER RESOURCES

                         Water resource problems in the County consist of two, int6rrelated
                         types: water quantity and water quality. The major water quantity-
                         or sufficient supply-problem lies in the water storage vs. positive
                         drainage conflict. In order to protect developed and developing areas
                         from flooding there are a series of canals which drain the land; how-
                         ever, in doing so, much of the potential water source is diverted from
                         recharging the groundwater of the Biscayne Aquifer-the sole source of
                         freshwater for the County.

                         Aside from the positive drainage by canals and storm sewers, a related
                         problem associated with development is that of fill encroachment. Filling
                         of areas which previously held water results in both a loss of surface
                         storage area (potential recharge source) and also a displacement of water
                         which must raise the flood water elevation of adjacent lands. When low-
                         lying interior areas are filled too extensively, the flood stage (level) is
                         increased to the point of endangerment for previous development. Con-
                         sequently, it is vitally important that the extent of area filled in interior
                         portions of the County be limited.

                         An effective and advantageous measure for allowing development without
                         totally displacing water storage capacity is the management practice
                         known as on-site detention /retention. These techniques have beneficial
                         and cumulative effects by mitigating peak runoff and total short-term
                         runoff. "If fully applied on an areawide basis, they would reduce the
                         necessity for investments in major public facilities required to prevent
                         flood hazard to structures and to dev%lop additional water supplies,
                         while minimizing ecological sacrifices."

                         The other aspect of the water resource issue is water quality, of which
                         the major concerns for the County are surface water pollutants, salt-
                         water intrusion, wastewater pollution, solid waste pollution and areas of
                         special concern, such as wellfields and surface water bodies.

                         The ecological link between surface water quality and the preservation
                         of an adequate groundwater supply in South Florida has been pro-
                         foundly documented.   Due to the water recharge function of the canals
                         and other freshwater bodies to the Biscayne Aquifer, the occurrence of
                         abnormally dry conditions or deteriorating water quality would pollute
                         the shallow aquifer.  In order to protect this indispensable freshwater
                         supply, specific state and federal programs serve to coordinate its
                         resource management.

                                                         PART 1-15

                        The consistency provision of the Florida Coastal Zone Management Act
                        requires that local coastal zone protection elements be compatible with
                        existing state laws and program. In line with this directive are the
                        goals and program objectives of the South Florida Water Management
                        District Water Use and Supply Development Plan, the Broward County
                        (201) Facility Plan on Wastewater Management Systems, and the Broward
                        County (208) Areawide Clean Water Management Plan. The goals and
                        objectives of these programs provide the basic references of this
                        section.                        10
                        As stated in the Facility Plan:

                             The Biscayne Aquifer, managed and protecte-d by South Florida
                             Water Management District, is the sale source of municipal water
                             supply in Broward County. Use of this groundwater has generally
                             proven to be more economical than local surface waters, which
                             have similar characteristics but would require additional treatment
                             to ensure removal of contaminants. The Floridan Aquifer in
                             Broward County contains water too saline for all but a few uses.

                        The quality of water from the Biscayne Aquifer is generally suitable for
                        municipal, agricultural, and domestic uses.    Except for the relatively
                        high hardness (100 to 300 mg/1) and occasionally high iron content, the
                        chemical quality of this aquifer water is good. Additional details of
                        water quality within the Biscayne Aquifer are given in Chapter Five      of
                        the Facility Plan.

                        The overall objective of the Areawide Clean Water Management Plan of
                        Broward County is to meet the 1983 water quality goal of fishable-
                        swimmable waters by developing a plan and selecting (a) management
                        agency(ies) to implement the plan. Section 208(b)(2) of P.L. 92-500
                        states the following objectives:

                             "(b)(2) Any plan prepared under such process shall include, but
                             not be limited to--

                                   (A)  the identification of treatment works necessary to
                                        meet the anticipated municipal and industrial waste
                                        treatment needs of the area over a twenty-year
                                        period ...

                                   (B)  the establishments of construction priorities for
                                        such treatment works...

                                   (C)  the establishment of a regulatory program...

                                   (D)  the identification of those agencies necessary to
                                        construct, operate, and maintain all facilities
                                        required by the plan ...

                                                          PARTI-16

                                    (E)  the identification of the measures necessary to carry out
                                         the plan (including financing), the period of time
                                         necessary to carry out the plan, the costs of carrying
                                         out the plan within such time, and the economic, social,
                                         and environmental impact of carrying out the plan within
                                         such thre...

                                    (F)  a process to (i) identify, if appropriate, agriculturally
                                         and silviculturally related nonpoint sources of
                                         pollution ...

                                    (G)  a process to (i) identify, if appropriate, mine-related
                                         sources of pollution ...

                                    (H)  a process to (i) identify construction activity related
                                         sources of pollution ...

                                    (1)  a process to (i) identify, if appropriate, saltwater
                                         intrusion into rivers, lakes, and estuaries resulting
                                         from reduction of freshwater flow from any cause...

                                    (J)  a process to control the disposition of all residual waste
                                         generated in such area which could affect water quality;
                                         and

                                    (K)  a process to control the disposal of pollutants on land or
                                         in subsurface excavations..."
                          The South Florida Water Use and Supply Development Plan     11  has also
                          identified the growing problems of saltwater intrusion in Broward
                          County. As stated in that report:

                               Problems with saltwater intrusion in Broard County are in general
                               associated with finger canals without salinity barriers.   Un-
                               controlled canals caused saltwater intrusion in Pompano    Beach.
                               These finger canals provide the means for continuously     lowering
                               freshwater heads and for direct incursions of seawater    to more
                               inland locations (Tarver, 1964) ....

                               The same conditions basically existed in the area of Fort
                               Lauderdale's Prospect wellfield until salinity control structures
                               were installed on the major canals, and feeder canals were con-
                               structed to convey freshwater into the upstream side of those
                               structures (Sherwood, et al, 1973) ....

                               A similar situation also exists in the Hollywood area where the
                               chief threat to the freshwater supply is saltwater intrusion from
                               the Hollywood Canal. Obviously, care must be exercised to pre-
                               vent lowering of water levels in the wellfields (Bearden, 1974).

                          Map  4 shows the extent of saltwater intrusion as of March 31, 1976.

                                                            PART 1-17

                       To prevent the further encroachment of saltwater and to recharge
                       freshwater wellfields along the coast, the South Florida Water Manage-
                       ment District operates salinity barriers and higher than mean sea level
                       (msI) stages in its canals. This insures minimum groundwater leve!s
                       and holds back the intrusion of saltwater during the dry season.   In
                       the wet season precipitation will naturally recharge the aquifer through
                       interior wetland areas and maintain the freshwater head.

                                                       PART 1-18

                                                                                              Map- 4.

                                              ESTIMATED SALTWATER INTRUSION LINE FOR SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA
                                                                                                   EL RIO CANAL      27         5        BOCA RATON
                                                                   PALM BEACH COUNTY                   CANAL                   15       DEERFIELD
                                                                                       R6__ - - - __
                                    MONTH-END CHLORIDE                                 B WARD COUNTY                 5       180             -S=H
                                  CONCENTRATION IN CANALS,                                                       70         200     IL
                             LOWER EAST COAST OF FLORIDA
                                  FROM SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY                           POMPANO CANAL          15                                     BEACH
                                   TOTAL PUMPAGE368Mgol/d                                A 100 3                         Io loo
                                        DECEMBER 31, 1978                                          20
                                                                                       MIDDLE RIVER                      10,500 'L
                                  GENERALIZED SECTION                                         CANAL                      15
                                                                                       PLANTATION
                                  LAND S                                                                                 50
                                  MEAN SEA @L!V                                               4    15                    11
                                           110! 1 EL                              13                                     120       FORT LAUDERDALE
                                                                                         RIVER                           260
                                                            SOUTH NEW             130
                                  APPROXIMATE INLAND
                               EXTENT 0   F SALT-WATER                                        5                                DANIA
                               INTRUSION  ( 1000 MG/L) AT
                               BASE OF AOUIFER 1977                                                19                          HOLLYWOOD
                                                                                                   3
                                   BROWARD COUNTY           SNAKE CREEK                                                       HALLANDALE
                                                                                                                     9850
                                    DADE 6OUNTY                                        30b 110
                                                                                       BISCAYNE      10              90     A
                                                                     cl                CANAL                         1050
                                                                                       LITT                          1.     A
                                                                                                                     1480
                                                                                       CA L                                                 100
                                                                                         108                                                                                110
                                                       TAMIAMI CANAL             COP4         IAMIII                                                     6 R                  zlqu
                                                                          51

                                                          4
                                                  BLACK                     CA AL                  60                                                                  140
                                                                                                                                                                       140
                                                                                              70 A
                                                                                              990

                                                                                         45
                                                     L - IW

                                                                                       60     A
                                                                                       1 840         A@
                                   F40MESTEA                                                                                        EXPLANATION
                                                                                         In,                  ---    4-     CANAL AND CONTROL
                                                                                 440               V*                       CHLORIDE SAMPLING POINT
                                              6                                        40     A              F-i 0-0---l     UPSTREAM OF CONTROL (MG/L)
                                                                                       45                                  DOWNSTREAM OF CONTROL(MG/U
                                                                                                                     A      OPEN,PARTLY OPEN OR SPILLING
                                                                                                                     A      CLOSED
                                     15                                                                    40               MAJOR WELL FIELD. PUMPAGE, IN MILLION
                               A     20                                                                                     GALLONS DURING LAST DAY OF MONTH
                                                                                                                              0               5               IOMILES

                                                                                A
                                                                       200

                       Another factor involved is the location of future wellfields by municipal
                       and private interests. Wellfields lower the freshwater head by creating
                       depression cones. These cones of depression can eventually pull salt-
                       water into the area of the withdrawal. Several years ago, it was dis-
                       covered that at least four wellfields in Broward and Dade Counties were
                       lying eastward of the saltwater intrusion line. This has resulted in
                       saline groundwater withdrawals in eastern areas of Hollywood and
                       Hallandale.

                       While other Broward wellfields have not been contaminated by encroach-
                       ment, the vast majority of wellfields are situated along the coastal
                       poplulation centers. As the demand for water to meet the additional
                       urban uses has increased tremendously over the past decade, new
                       wellfield development has remained concentrated in the eastern portions
                       of the County. Saltwater intrusion is encouraged by the proliferation
                       of wells within a limited wellfield area. In order to maintain a freshwater
                       mound between the point source of withdrawal and the line of saltwater
                       encroachment, the location of new wellfields must not draw down the
                       interface excessively. To adequately prevent the combined effect of
                       overlapping withdrawal sources, future wellfield development should be
                       synchronized throughout western Broward County.

                       Policy Guidelines

                       1.   Land use decisions, including location and type of use, should be
                            consistent with protection of areas with high aquifer recharge
                            capacity.

                       2.   Encourage proposed developments to have water recharge areas
                            sufficient to meet the water resource demand created by the
                            development. Encourage an site retention /detention technigues
                            to satisfy both drainage and recharge requirements.

                       3.   Ocean outfalls should be designed to ensure adequate dilution and
                            dispersion of treated effluent and avoid adverse impacts.

                       4.   Where practical, treated effluent should be recycled to serve other
                            needs.

                       5.   New developments around or along fresh or saltwater bodies should
                            incorporate sufficient water quality management practices so that
                            the integrity of the water will in no way be impaired.

                       6.   Land uses within cones of influence of public drinking water
                            supplies should be strictly regulated-to prevent chemical or
                            biological contamination of such wells.
                       7.   Water basin studie 12s uch as the Water Management Plan for the
                            Western C-9 Basin.    by the South Florida Water Management
                            District should provide water management guidelines for land use
                            decisions.

                                                        PART 1-20

                           8.    Limit the extent of fill allowed in water recharge/storage areas.

                           9.    Mitigate water quality degradation by utilizing vegetative cover to
                                 retard overland flow and filter pollutants from the water.

                           Recommendations for Implementation

                           1.    Local government in Broward County should commence a county-
                                 wide wellfield development program to locate wells further inland
                                 and encourage improved management of the Biscayne Aquifer.

                           2.    Encourage the use of alternatives to direct stormwater outfalls
                                 such as grassy swales, retention ponds, pavers, and berms to
                                 filter runoff waters and improve the surface water quality in
                                 canals and open-water bodies.

                           3.    Encourage the increased use of and include new water quality
                                 provisions in existng nonstructural water management pracices
                                 .(i.e., laws, ordinances) on the local and regional level.     Encour-
                                 age the adoption of new regulations where necessary. (See #4 and
                                 5)

                           4.    Allow for flexible zoning and site planning which encourage on-site
                                 groundwater recharge by cooperating with developers in the use of
                                 PUD and cluster zoning districts.

                           5.    Establish cones of influence area regulations. Wellfields, cones of
                                 influence areas, and aquifer recharge areas of local significance
                                 may be nominated for designation as Local Areas of Particular Con-
                                 cern (see Part 2:    LAPC section of this document).

                           6.    Sanitary landfills for solid waste disposal should be appropriately
                                 monitored for negative impacts on groundwater quality.

                                                   FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT

                           The completion of the   Water Use and Supply Development Plan in 1978
                           provides an excellent   summary of the flood control functions and related
                           responsibilities of the South Florida Water Management District. The
                           design of the water management system in the sixteen-county area de-
                           picts the extensive coordination between the U.S. Army Corps of En-
                           gineers and the SFWMD in controlling the surface hydrology in South
                           Florida. The relatively recent alteration of historic surface water and
                           drainage patterns by man has proved to be necessary to provide con-
                           sistent flood piain management. More than any other factor, the devel-
                           opment of this modified hydrologic system has allowed the growth and
                           urbanization of the lower East Coast.

                           In Broward County, flood plain management represents the principal
                           land use management technique. Without the consideration of adequate
                           flood elevation precautions, development would be prohibited. The

                                                               PART 1-21

                        National Flood Insurance Program, operated through the U.S. De-
                        partment of Housing and Urban Development and established by the
                        Flood Disaster Protection Act, affects conventional sources of con-
                        struction financing in flood-prone areas. The regulations require cities
                        and counties to enforce minimum ground floor elevations through
                        adopted building codes. Local subdivision regulations base floor ele-
                        vation criteria on the minimum difference between the floor elevation
                        and that of the road centerline. While this difference is usually between
                        one-half foot and two feet, the current mandate of the Federal Flood
                        Insurance Administration requires that floor elevations for new housing
                        be above the one-hundred (100) year flood elevation.

                        Within Broward County, flood plain management programs are im-
                        plemented by individual drainage districts under the Water Management
                        Division and the SFWMD. A synopsis of the flood plain conditions and
                        its management in the County was compiled from the (201) FacilityPlan
                        on Wastewater Management Systems as follows:

                             ... Broward County was originally a swamp subject to flooding
                             and standing water in many areas. Following the development
                             by the Central and South Florida Flood Control District
                             (CSFFCD)-now called the South Florida Water Management
                             District (SFWMD)-of large-scale projects for drainage, flood
                             protection, and aquifer recharge during the 1950's and 1960's,
                             the majority of Broward County was adequately protected from
                             freshwater runoff. Based on data from the SFWMD, areas of
                             adequate flood protection are concentrated in the urbanized
                             eastern half of the County.

                             Three areas are subject to flooding, however.   Inland areas
                             in southwest and northwest parts of the SFWMD are subject
                             to flooding from canals which have exceeded the designed
                             drainage capacities. Since 1970, no further canals have been
                             dredged pending development of a water management plan for
                             SFWMD.

                             Additional lowlands along the coastline, the Intracoastal Waterway,
                             and inland as far as the salinity control structures on Cypress
                             Creek, Middle River and New River are subject to flooding from a
                             different source, daily fluctuations in the tide and tidal flooding
                             from tropical storms. Map 5 illustrates flood zones within the
                             County with the probability of occurrence in each zone.

                             Three canals draining Broward County have reached their design
                             developing areas from regular flooding. Basically, the problem
                             results from the rapid increase of urban areas, which have less
                             permeable ground surfaces and thus produce greater amounts of
                             surface water runoff than the agricultural areas they replace.
                             For example, the SFWMD generally considers a canal removal rate
                             of 0.75 inches of rain from the drainage area in a 24-hour period
                             to be acceptable for agriculture, 1.5 in/day for estate density and
                             2.0 to 2.5 in/day for urban density.

                                                        PART 1-22

                              Portions of the northwest portion of the County are subject to
                              flooding from the Hillsboro Canal. Orginally designed to accept
                              1.0 in of runoff per day from its drainage area, the canal does
                              not have adequate capacity for anticipated urban growth in its
                              drainage area. Currently, the SFWMD has no plans to increase
                              its capacity or to backpump to the Everglades.

                              In the southwest part of the Study Area [Broward County], the
                              South New River Canal (C-11) and the Snake Creek Canal (C-9)
                              could also cause flooding. The South New River Canal currently
                              has a capacity for 0.75 in/day of runoff and is the only section of
                              the primary network which is backpumped to the Everglades
                              Conservation Areas. The low design capacity is sufficient only
                              for agriculture. SFWMD plans to increase capacity to 1.25 in/day,...
                              [the improvements to the C-11 drainage area will be completed
                              through Arvida Corporation's covenant provisions which are
                              essential to the safe development of the area]. The Snake Creek
                              Canal, designed for 1.25 in runoff per day, is also nearing its
                              capacity.

                              The Broward County Planning Council has     considered the impli-
                              cations of the adequacy of flood protection on land use.   Basically,
                              the Council, the SFWMD, 'and the South Florida Regional Planning
                              Council concurred that developments in limited drainage basins
                              should be evaluated differently than those in adequately-protected
                              areas. The SFWMD requires that all storm runoff in excess of the
                              0.75 in or 1.5 in/day used for canal design be retained on the
                              property, which necessitates that 50-70% of the development sites
                              remain in lakes, canals, and flo'odable land. Another SFWMD
                              requirement is 100% recharging of the aquifer.    Both requirements
                              serve to limit the density and degree 9@clevelopment within the
                              southwest portion of the Study Area.

                         The  flooding potential within Broward County has been addressed
                         through several techniques. To meet the one-hundred (100) year flood
                         criteria, general landfill requirements for road crowns and building
                         foundations were established. Map 6 displays the generalized landfill
                         requirements.

                         A second protective measure was the preparation of a set of com-
                         prehensive maps delineating the minimum road grade elevations and
                         finished floor elevations throughout the County. These provide the
                         developer with elevation information adequate to design a subdivision
                         with the appropriate level of flood protection required by law.

                         The most dramatic test of Broward's flood plain management system
                         accompanied the recent severe storm of April 25-26, 1979 which dumped
                         fourteen inches of rain over a twenty-four hour span.      Extensive
                         flooding occurred to roads and rights-of-way, older urbanized sections
                         and some newer neighborhoods experienced the flooding of buildings.
                         The latter flooding was due for the most part to a failure in the
                         secondary drainage'system or lack of an adequate storm sewer system.

                                                          PART 1-23

                       Overall, the system handled this 100 year storm very well with certain
                       exceptions.

                       Policy Guidelines

                       1.   Land use planning should continue to recognize problems associated
                            with flooding, especially in coastal and western areas of the
                            County.

                       2.   Septic tank development in lowlying areas should be carefully
                            monitored and restricted to prevent (or at least minimize)
                            contamination of surface and groundwaters due to tank overflow
                            during flooding.

                       Recomendations for Implementation

                       1.   Broward County should review the design performance of those
                            secondary and tertiary systems which flooded during the April 1979
                            storm.

                       2.   Evaluate the ongoing basin studies for western Broward County
                            and incorporate those recommendations into the Land Use and
                            Drainage Elements.

                       3.   Broward County should coordinate their local contingency/evacu-
                            ation plans with the Coastal Evacuation Study underway by the
                            U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

                                                       PART 1-24

                                        LEGEND

                                  FLOODED AREA WIT" P-0011AMILITY OF
                                  OCCuRmE
                                        ,jNC9 ANOUT ONCE IN 10 YEARS.
                                  OURAT    of, FLOO0 I TO go DAY*.                              CIO

                                  ILOOCIK- AREA WITH PWOSADILITV OF
                                  OCCUR. CNCC ^SOUT ONCE IN Is YEARS
                                  WITH EXISTING SECONDARY WORK (I*
                                  VK^ftS FLOOD FREE WITH ADEQUATE
                                  sKr-cmo^ny WORMS).

                                  AooITIOm^L;LOQOcO AREA WITHPM9-
                                  'CURREN a 0 MAXIMUM FLOOD OF
                                                               or
                                                               ir

                                  DEVELOPMENT. PRO&AIIILITY OF
                                        C
                                  RECORD WIT" EXISTING DRAINAGE
                                  occlimm"Mcc ^VIOUT ONCE in 30 voll.                                       0

                                            TIDE WIT" POOVIAGILITV
                                  -0-r-c-C.-cunamcc ^GOUT ONCIcIN
                                  Is YEARS.

                                 .... .. .... ..
                                 .................
                                 ............ .... ....... .
                                 ........ ......
                                 ... ........
                                 .................. ........... . ... . . ...... ....

                                 ......................
                                        .......... .. . . .

                                  ...... ......              . .......
                                 ............ .. .....

                                                                             . .. ..........

                                 ..........

                                                                                                                   0

                                                                            Map 5.
                                                                     FLOOD ZONES

                          FEET OF FILL REQUIRED

                              0-4 FEET

                              f--2 FEET

                              2-3 FEET
                              3--4 FEET                                        a

                              4 FEET AND OVER

                                                                                            0

                                      GENERALIZED LANDFILL REQUIREMENTS

                                                             Map 6.

                                                        SOILS

                         In 1972, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) completed a Soil Survey of
                         the Broward County Area. The guide consists of soil maps with
                         boundary lines to designate general soil associations existing throughout
                         western and northern Broward County.    In addition, the soil survey
                         contains information that can be applied in:

                             1)   managing farms, ranches and woodlands;

                             2)   selecting sites for roads, ponds, buildings and other
                                  structures; and

                             3)   judging the suitability of tracts of land for farming,
                                  industry, and recreation.

                         The original area of the survey is bounded by Dade County on the
                         south, Conservation Areas 2A, 2B and 3A on the west, Palm Beach
                         County on the north, and is generally west of the Sunshine State
                         Parkway and north of Oakland Park Boulevard. The remaind95 of
                         Broward County, most of which was defined as "urban land,"     will be
                         surveyed over the next two years and incorporated into the Soil Survey
                         document when completed.

                         The information gathered by soil scientists is based upon a soil profile.
                         The profile is determined by core sampling to display the sequence of
                         natural layers, or horizons, in a soil type. Soils having similar charac-
                         teristics (horizon thickness, sequence arrangement, etc.) are grouped
                         into a series. Named for a town or geographic feature near the original
                         site of observation, the soil series evident in Broward County is mapped
                         on aerials in the Soil Survey. In addition to these specific mapping
                         units, a general soils map o? the county is also shown in that report.

                         The general soils map provides an overview of the individual soil series
                         of a large area. These soil associations describe a distinct proportional
                         pattern of soils. In the Broward County Area the major soil associations
                         include the following:

                             (1) Paola-Urban Land-St. Lucie Association;
                             (2) Immokalee-Urban Land-Pompano Association;
                             (3) Hallandale-Margate Association; and
                             (4) Lauderhi I I -Dania Association.

                         Soil Surveys and Land Use Planning

                         Detailed soil surveys can be extremely helpful in land use planning.
                         It is recommended that farms, transportation engineers, developers,
                         planners and land management authorities sh.ould consult with the Soil
                         Conservation Service and the Soil Survey during the consideration of
                         land use and site planning.  Building and road construction, dredge
                         and fill operations, construction of flood and erosion control structures,

                                                        PART 1-27

                        solid waste landfill siting, agricultural uses, water and sewer systems,
                        and septic tank instai'lations are all affected by soil characteristics and
                        limitations. "Soil characteristics that help in determining possible limi-
                        tations for a particular land use include slope, water content, perme-
                        ability, depth to rock, susceptibility to erosion, drink-swell potential,
                        bearing strength (a4i ity to support a load, such as a building), and
                        corrosion potential."'

                        In addition to the limitations by soil characteristics on land use, the
                        impacts of land use on soils include erosion and subsidence. Erosion,
                        including coastal erosion, is caused by-the breakdown and movement of
                        earth materials at the surface. Agents of erosion include water (such
                        as from flooding), wind (during storms) and gravity (from buildings
                        and other structures).  The removal of vegetation from the land in-
                        creases the vulnerability of soils to erosion, which in turn creates
                        problems of situation of our surface waters.

                        Subsidence is a sinking, settling, or otherwise lowering of parts of the
                        crust of the earth. Subsidence can and has occurred due    to withdrawal
                        of fluids (such as groundwater, oil and gas) from subsurface reservoirs
                        or collapse of surface and near surface soil and rocks over subter-
                        ranean voids. "Subsidence is also caused when subterranean earth
                        materials are removed .... Rock such as limestone and dolomite are
                        .soluble, and subterranean voids often form. Lack of support for
                        overlying rock may lead to collapse and the formation of large sink-
                        holes,....One near Tampa, Florida collapsed suddently in 1973,
                        swallowing part of an orange -orchard."0  Although a disaster of this
                        magnitude is rare, more common problems are those associated with the
                        settling of buildings, particularly on or near canal banks. Subsidence
                        problems can be controlled by the following of engineering principles.
                        Erosion problems can be controlled both by engineering principles and
                        vegetation protection and landscaping.

                        Policy Guidelines

                        1.   Land use planning and site development review must continue to
                             include and expand upon soil limitations and runoff control
                             (erosion and sedimentation) criteria.

                        2.   The policy guidelines listed under the "Vegetation" section and
                             numbers 1-3 under the "Beach Erosion" section are important for
                             soil conservation.

                        Recommendations for Implementation

                        1.   The County and municipalities should continue and expand upon
                             the utilization of the expertise of the Soil Conservation Service in
                             such matters as site development planning, coastal erosion control
                             and agricultural preservation,

                        2.   The use of sedimentation and erosion controls., as recommended by
                             the Areawide Clean Water Management Plan (208), should be im-
                             plemented as part of the development review process.

                                                        PART 1-28

                                                           WETLANDS

                          The issue of wetlands management represents an important aspect of the
                          Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element. As discussed in the
                          Introduction of this text, the consistency provision of the Federal CZM
                          Act of 1972 can aid local governments address wetland protection. The
                          consistency of local plans with approved state policies will be one of the
                          considerations the state will use in determining the allocation of local im-
                          plementation funding under Section 306 of the Federal CZM Act. Programs
                          eligible for funding include grants to pay half the cost of buying land for
                          access to public beaches and other public coastal areas. Once the State
                          of Florida's Coastal Zone Management Plan has been approved by the
                          Office of Coastal Zone Management, Broward County may wish to apply
                          for state funding to document and officially research potential wetland
                          areas.

                          The expressed national interest in wetlands by specific Federal Legis-
                          lation includes the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (FWPCA)
                          and National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). The FWPCA
                          discusses wetlands as they relate to the discharge of dredged or fill
                          material into waters of the United States. Section 404 of the Act pro-
                          hibits such actions in all wetlands above and below the mean high water
                          level of "navigable waters" without a permit from the U.S. Army Corps
                          of Engineers.   Presently, this regulation provides some support at the
                          local level due to its flexible focus on varied scale point source pol-
                          lution problems. Similarly, NEPA requires federal environmental impact
                          statements (EIS) to encourage environmental protection and/or restor-
                          ation. on a project basis. Although state, regional and metropolitan area
                          government agencies review impact statements through local clearing-
                          houses the process usually would'not apply to wetland determination
                          and protection.

                          At the state level, a number of Florida laws only tentatively address
                          wetlands within the purpose of each Act. The lack of a functional
                          "wetlands" definition in any of the Florida Statutes reviewed limits the
                          potential use of these regulations for local purposes. The following
                          lists those State Statutes which consider wetlands as a natural resource:

                          (1)   Chapter 163.3177, F.S. - Intergovernmental Programs

                                A required Conservation element of the Local Government Com-
                                prehensive Planning Act of 1975, includes "the conservation,
                                development, utilization, and protection of natural resources in
                                the area, including, as the situation may be, air, water,
                                estuarine marshes, soils, beaches, shores, flood plains, rivers,
                                lakes, harbors, forests, fisheries and wildlife, minerals, and
                                other natural and environmental resources."

                          (2)   Chapter 253.123, F.S. - Land Acquisition Trust Fund

                                This law relates generally to restrictions on dredging and filling
                                lands bordering on, or being in the navigable waters of, the state

                                                             PART 1-29

                             and would in the vast majority of cases apply to natural marine
                             habitats or tidal wetlands (i.e., West Lake). One area where this
                             Act would pertain to freshwater Wetlands is along the shores and
                             submerged bottoms of-the New River.

                        (3)  Chapter 258.21, F.S. - State Parks and Preserves

                             In defining the types of natural lands which may be designated as
                             state wilderness areas, wetlands appear to be included within: (a)
                             natural water storage areas, (b) groundwater recharge areas, and
                             (c) preservation areas of estuarine and marsh systems. The
                             Urban Wilderness Ordinance #77-36 of Broward County, provides
                             the same language for the determination of local urban wilderness
                             areas.

                        (4)  Chapter 258.21, F.S. - State Parks and Preserves

                             In the acquisition of real property, the South Florida Water
                             Management District is empowered to acquire real property for
                             flood control and water storage to be necessary for the public
                             health and welfare.   Under this section, the "preservation of
                             wetlands" is explicitly mentioned as it pertains to flood control
                             protection and water storage conservation.

                        (5)  Chapter 374.139, F.S. - Outdoor Recreation and Conservation

                             The State Division of Recreation and Parks of the Department of
                             Natural Resources may acquire any land, water areas or other
                             related resources including ... wetlands to preserve and protect
                             recreation and conservation areas and projects.
                        (6)  Chapter 403.062, @.S. - Environmental Control

                             Through the Department of Environmental Regulation, the     Act
                             establishes the public policy of the State to conserve, maintain,
                             and improve the quality of public water supplies (Class I waters).
                             Realizing that natural wetland areas serve an important water
                             recharge function for all underground water reserves, especially
                             aquifers, the law provides that no wastes be discharged into these
                             waters of the state without the proper degree of treatment
                             necessary to protect the public water supply.

                        The State Statutes, while providing impetus for the acquisition of wet-
                        lands or other environmentally endangered lands at the state level,
                        offer minimal support to county and municipal governments to do the
                        same locally. A foundation is offered for preserving wetlands through
                        Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and under
                        Chapter 255 and 373 of the Florida Statutes. The "permitting" pro-
                        cedures and regulations of these laws can be arbitrary and inconsistent
                        from site to site but do provide some leverage in protecting saltwater
                        wetlands and, to a lesser extent, freshwater wetlands.    Locally the of-
                        ficial designation of specific lands as "wetlands" may only occur at the
                        request of the property owner or upon the presentation of a De-

                                                         PART 1-30

                           velopment Application to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.           In the
                           latter case the local agency reviewing the project usually requests the
                           Corps' evaluation of lands in question.     if appropriate, the wetland
                           determination is then made by the Corps in conjunction with the per-
                           mitting office of the State Department of Environmental Regulation.

                           With regards to the Broward County Property Appraiser, no special
                           assessment is now granted based on the positive evaluation of "Wetlands"
                           on a landowner's property. Barring exemption statu       s, the land is
                           assessed at its "highest and best use" unless a special covenant has
                           been applied for and granted by the Board of County Commissioners
                           stating otherwise. The assessment of special classes of property is
                           covered by Chapter 193 of the Florida Statutes and furnishes a sound
                           basis for qualifying certain lands as "environmentally endangered."

                           Part 11 of s. 193, dealing with the Assessments of Special Classes of
                           Property, was revised substantially during the 1978 Legislative Session.
                           Among the changes to s. 193.501 was the inclusion of a covenant pro-
                           vision for "environmentally endangered lands" as defined herein:

                           6(h) ... "Qualified as environmentally endangered" means land which
                                has unique ecological characteristics, rare or limited combinations
                                of geological formations, or features of a rare or limited nature
                                constituting habitat suitable for fish, plants or wildlife, and which,
                                if subject to a development moratorium or one or more conservation
                                easements or development restrictions appropriate to retaining such
                                land or water areas predominately in their natural state, would be
                                consistent with the conservation, recreation and open space, and,
                                if applicable, coastal protection elements of the comprehensive plan
                                adopted by formal action of the local governing body pursuant to
                                the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975,
                                s. 163.3161; or land subject to regulation by the Department of
                                Environmental Regulation and defined as sul@n?ergecl lands in
                                regulations adopted pursuant to s. 403.817.

                           (7)  The property appraiser shall report to the department the just
                                value and the classified use value of property assessed as environ-
                                mentally endangered land pursuant to this section separately from
                                property assessed as outdoor recreational or park land.          (effective
                                January 2, 1979).

                           Prior to the amendment changes to s. 193.501, the conveying of de-
                           velopment rights to the governing     *board of the county by the land-
                           owner for not less than ten years applied only to outdoor recreational
                           or park lands. Since the specified meaning of "recreational or: park
                           lands" did not depict a wetlands definition, this is the first year
                           whereby wetlands may be classified as a special assessment under
                           s. 193.501.

                           The procedure for receiving a special assessment for wetlands based
                           upon the "environmentally endangered lands" definition would be
                           initiated by the landowner. Through an application to the Board of
                           County Commissioners, the subject property could be evaluated by the

                                                              PART 1-31

                        Broward County Urban Forester and a Tax Appraiser as to its special
                        status.  If the land was judged to be "environmentally endangered," a
                        covenant running with the land would then be established on an in-
                        dividual basis. Under Paragraph (7) of s. 193.501, the property and
                        its valuations would be reported to the Department of Environmental
                        Regulation by the Office of the Broward County Property Appraiser.
                        As a condition of the covenant, a deferred tax liability would be due if
                        the land were removed from its special status in less than ten years.

                        The use of this statute by a "qualified" property owner seeking 4
                        special tax assessment has not been utilized to -date. One method for
                        determining an "environmentally endangered land" or wetland area  would
                        be to apply the "Ecological Plant Communities" Section of the Appendix.
                        These plant communities may be used to associate wetland vegetation
                        with site specific locations or habitats. The verification of these pro-
                        cedures would then fall to the Broward County Urban Forester for
                        preliminary approval for each site.

                        Due to the fact that the Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977 estab-
                        lished no category of use for wetlands or environmentally endangered
                        lands, the potential for a wetland designation initiated by the County
                        would be limited. To remedy this deficiency the former list of "unique
                        natural areas" has been revised and updated to be included as Local
                        Areas of Particular Concern in the next chapter.  In addition, the Local
                        Areas of Particular Concern reflect consistency with those Urban
                        Wilderness Areas compiled by the Urban Wilderness Advisory Board and
                        other environmentally endangered lands determined by Broward
                        municipalities.

                        Policy Guidelines

                        1.   Protect and, where possible, preserve wetland areas of sufficient
                             size to maintain a productive biological and hydrological system.

                        2.   Wetlands are valuable as water recharge and purification areas;
                            .therefore, development within these areas should be designed to
                             maximize natural water storage potential.

                        Recommendations for Implementation

                        1.   Amend the Broward County Land Use Plan to include a land use
                             category for "environmentally endangered lands."

                        2.   Where development occurs, provide for flexible zoning and site
                             planning to maximize open space.               ..                          1

                        3.   Encourage coordination between the County and the U.S. Army
                             Corps of Engineers in the determination of wetlands.

                        4.   Encourage the utilization of preferential tax assessments for
                             wetlands and other environmentally-sensitive open spaces.

                                                       PART 1-32

                                                          VEGETATION

                          The Significance of Vegetation in the Urban Environment

                          Vegetation has a significant role in urban, as well as, agricultural
                          areas.   In addition to providing food and ornamental pleasure, we
                          should recognize its ability to reduce air and water pollution, moderate
                          temperatures, alter wind patterns and attenuate sound.        In addition to
                          the psychological pleasure associated with gardening and an aesthetic
                          environment, vegetation contributes a variety of advantages to our
                          physical environment.

                          Vegetative cover has the ability to assimilate residual s/pol I utants in the
                          air and attenuate noise levels, and is therefore very beneficial as a
                          buffer along roadways. Vegetation also serves a crucial role in terms
                          of controlling water pollution and decreasing energy needs. These two
                          advantages will be elaborated upon in the following discussion.

                          Vegetation works as a cleansing medium for urban runoff. Water
                          quality can be improved (i.e. pollutants reduced) by interaction of
                          water with vegetation. Vegetative cover intercepts urban runoff,
                          allowing suspended solids to settle out of the water and permitting
                          water to slowly infiltrate the surface soils and under-lying bedrock.
                          As infiltration occurs, nutrients are abosrbed into the plants and
                          returned to the soils. This continuous cycling of nutrients associated
                          with water pollution provides a natural water purification system.

                          Another major advantage of vegetation is its role as a reducer of energy
                          needs. Vegetation serves as a natural cooling medium in micro-climates.
                          Energy-efficient landscaping reflects. the sun 'and directs prevailing
                          breezes in a manner which keeps structures cooler in warm weather.
                          The cooling effect of vegetation also encourages bicycling and walking.
                          During cooler weather, deciduous trees drop their leaves, allowing the
                          sun to reach buildings and the ground surface.

                          The pr6/ious examples of the advantages of vegetation illustrate its
                          desirability in the urban environment.     However, the paradox exists
                          that as urbanization occurs and population impacts increase, thereby
                          increasing the need for vegetation, vegetation is frequently diminished.

                          The following discussion depicts the nature of the problem, and the
                          problem description is followed by guidelines and implementation
                          strategies for alleviating at least part of the problem.

                          Urbanization Problems and Remedies

                          The rapid urbanization of Broward County has steadily depleted the
                          natural vegetation of1hhe area.    According to the Division of Forestry's
                          Vegetation Inventory      for Broward County and the Broward County
                          Land Use Plan 1977, vast portions of the natural landscape have been
                          altered by the imposition of urban uses. This has left much of the
                          native woodland vegetation concentrated in the northwestern sector of
                          the County.

                                                             PART 1-33

                       Consequently, Broward County presently experiences an extremely low
                       tree canopy cover. Tree canopy refers to the percentage of shade tree
                       coverage, which occupies approximately five (5) percent of the overall
                       land area in the County.  Comparative figures for the cities of Coral
                       Gables in Dade County and Boca Raton in Palm Beach County are 22%
                       and 23%, respectively.

                       Several reasons for this low canopy percentage can be given. Over the
                       past decade, palm tree vegetation has been devastated by the lethal
                       yellowing disease. Seventy percent of all Jamaican coconut palms have
                       been lost due to lethal yellowing. In addition, tWenty-five different
                       species of palm vegetation are also vulnerable to the disease. While
                       progress has been made in developing hybrid vegetation that is not
                       susceptible to lethal yellowing, the disease will continue to lower the
                       canopy level for the next several years.

                       Secondly, the improper selection of the original tree species along major
                       roadways has forced their removal. One example of this was the re-
                       moval of Australian pine (Casurina spp.) trees on State Road 84 due to
                       safety considerations. Other undesirable exotic vegetation which will
                       continue to be removed for various reasons include Brazilian Pepper
                       (Schinus terebinthin folius), Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinqueria), Poison-
                       wood (Methopim toxiferum , Castorbean and Bishop's Wood (Bishofia-
                       javania). While the removal of undersirable vegetation is a sound
                       objective, these should be replaced. with the appropriate type(s) of
                       native tree species.

                       To remedy the situation, local landscaping and tree protection ordinances
                       have been initiated by most cities and the County. Larger local govern-
                       ments have also- become involved in tree planting and nursery develop-
                       ment programs. Due to staff and budgetary constraints, many of the
                       smaller municipalities look to the County for guidance in reforestation
                       programs. While the County utilizes the services of an Urban Forester
                       loaned by the State Division of Forestry, the development of a refore-
                       station plan for Broward County has not received adequate attention.

                       Unfortunately, the sizable County nursery located near Copans Road in
                       the northern portion of Broward is understaffed and underfunded. A
                       strong commitment by the County Commission to hire a full-time urban
                       forester and supply adequate funding to expand the existing nursery
                       would provide the necessary impetus. For example, the City of Fort
                       Lauderdale has established a very productive nursery over the past
                       several years through improved maintenance practices and increased
                       budgetary support. An investment of the County into their existing
                       nursery would also decrease the dependence upon private nurseries to
                       supply landscaping for the numerous public projects planned for the
                       next decade.

                       Policy Guidelines

                       1.   Encourage the protection and use of suitable native vegetation in
                            both public and private development.

                                                       PART 1-34

                          2.   Encourage the sharing of expertise and equipment between County,
                              .municipal and university forestry programs.

                          Recommendations for Implementation

                          1.   Establish and maintain a full-time County urban forestry position,
                               possibly through the existing County nursery budget and the
                               Office of Planning.

                          2.   Develop a countywide management plan for reforestation with the
                               objective of providing available tree planting material for all future
                               public projects in conjunction with the landscaping requirements of
                               the development review process for private projects.

                          3.   Reevaluate City/County discrepancies within individual ordinances
                               to establish more consistent planting guidelines along road rights-
                               of-way (i.e., swales, medians, etc.).

                          4.   Update the Broward County Vegetation Inventory at least every
                               five years to serve as a guide for land use planning and the
                               development review process.

                          5.   Redraft the existing Landscape Code and Tree Protection Ordi-
                               nance to reflect the goals and objectives of this element.

                          6.   Establish a countywide goal of replacing the tree canopy cover at a
                               given rate for the next five years.

                          7.   Encourage maximum emphasis on species diversification in planning
                               the reestablishment of vegetative cover including the use of shrub-
                               bery and herbaceous cover to help mitigate pollution problems
                               associated with urban runoff.

                                                           PART 1-35

                                                         WILDLIFE

                        The wildlife present in Broward County today presents only a remnant
                        of the original native fauna. Many species of birds, mammals, and
                        reptiles which thrived in the South Florida area less than fifty years
                        ago are now considered rare. These include the Brown Pelican, the
                        Manatee and the Green Sea Turtle to name but a few. Due to the con-
                        tinued growth and sprawl of urban centers in the region, the habitats
                        of many species have been substantially altered or destroyed. While
                        some of these animals may have adapted to urbanization, the vast major-
                        ity of wildlife have retreated into the Everglades or into smaller wilder-
                        ness areas which have been protected. Generally speaking, the overall
                        protection of these habitats is the most critical factor to improving the
                        plight of the rare, threatened or endangered species of South Florida.

                        In addition to the 'twelve ecological plant communities discussed in the
                        Appendix, four other environmentally related communities are found
                        below. Each is important to Broward County in terms of the fauna
                        which are supported by    these environs:

                        (1) Ocean Surface -       The ocean surface reflects a separate habitat
                                                  which is crucial to the Brown Pelican and
                                                  Commo.n Loon.

                        (2) Open Spaces       -   These areas would include golf courses,
                                                  airports, campuses and pastures which may
                                                  attract the Burrowing Owl or the Meadow
                                                  Lark.

                        (3) Urban             -   Urbanized portions of Broward County
                                                  such as Port Everglades offers a distinct
                                                  environment to certain types of wildlife.

                        (4) Suburban          -   Many backyard. environments provide very
                                                  viable communities to bird and animal species.

                        The Broward County Audubon Society has offered their expertise in
                        determining a list of bird species which can be found in the County.
                        The matrixes compiled in the Appendixes were based upon the annual
                        Christmas Bird Count records from 1958 through 1977. The BCAS Bird
                        county data covers a circle centered at the junction of Sunrise Blvd.
                        and the Sunshine State Parkway, with a radius of 712 miles. The species
                        observed were then categorized by the twelve ecological plant com-
                        munities plus the four additional habitats previously mentioned.

                        In terms of birdlife, Broward County attracts numerous species through-
                        out the year. The Conservation Areas serve as the major feeding
                        ground in the fall and winter months for many annual and migratory
                        birds.

                        As estimated by the Broward County Audubon Society, the existing
                        breeding species within the County number at least sixty. This figure

                                                          PART 1-36

                         represents approximately one-third of the total bird species sighted in
                         Broward County. Broward County ranks as one of the 20 counties in
                         the United States with. the largest diversity in bird life. Other wildlife
                         considerations which augment the considerable natural resources found
                         in the Conservation Areas are those related to the sea. The interface
                         of the beach with the ocean has proved to be a crucial nesting site for
                         a variety of turtles. Of special concern is the Atlantic Green Sea
                         Turtle (Chelonia myclas) which is found on the endangered species list
                         and nests occasionally on Broward's beaches. More frequently nesting
                         in this area is the Atlantic Loggerhead Sea Turtle which is a threatened
                         species. Within Broward County, major nesting areas occur along the
                         beaches of John U. Lloyd State Park.

                         Another seasonal animal unique to the South Florida area is the Manatee
                         or Sea Cow (Trichechus mantus latirostris). This mammal numbers
                         approximately one-thousand throughout the entire eastern Atlantic Coast
                         and migrates to the warmer waters of South Florida during the winter
                         months. The slow moving, docile creature, which may grow to over
                         ten-feet long and weigh in excess of one-thousand pounds, enjoys the
                         warm currents flowing from the outfall canals of accessible power plants.
                         Unfortunately, in Broward County, the Florida Power and Light Com-
                         pany canals along the South Fork of the New River and at Port Ever-
                         glades have attracted the manatee into waters crowded with power
                         boats. Due to the slow maneuverability of the animal, the manatee has
                         fallen prey to man-made creations which it has difficulty avoiding. The
                         harm inflicted to manatees, though not deliberate, can be traced to two
                         major causes:   Rq@M@@ various sizes and flood control structures.
                         The propellers of power boats have produced the greatest threat to
                         these animals especially in the vicinity of the Port.

                         According to sightings made of these animals by the Florida Audubon
                         Society during the past two Ki@ters, both sites have recorded an in-
                         creasing number of manatees. '    During the 1977-78 winter one-hundred-
                         fourteen (114) manatees were sighted at Port--Ev--e-rglades on January 31,
                         1978. This was the largest number ever recorded on any one day until
                         the 1978-79 winter. On January 29, 1979, one-hundred-twenty-five
                         (125) manatees were spotted at the same site.

                         The consistent sightings of the animal at Port Everglades has led to the
                         establishment of that portion of the Port as a Manatee Sanctuary under
                         the Florida Manatee Protection Act of 1978 (Chapter 370.12, F.S.)
                         While the Endangered Species Act (P.L. 93-205) and the Marine Mammal
                         Protection Act (P.L. 92-522) has offered some Federal safeguards to the
                         manatee, the Florida legislation provides for reduced power boat speeds
                         in recognized sanctuaries throughout the State. Currently, the Florida
                         Marine Patrol under the Department of Natural Resources enforces this
                         Act between November 15th and March 31st of the year.

                         The South New River area does not fall under any type of protection
                         category for manatees at the present. - Depending upon the coldness of
                         the water along the coast, manatees may congregate in large numbers
                         along the F.P.& L. outfall to the River. As many as thirty-six animals
                         were counted in this section of the South Fork of New River on January
                         22, 1978. The knowledge of their westward migration patterns in

                                                          PART 1-37

                        Broward wate  rways will help prevent further boating accidents in the
                        future. Presently, the Florida Power and Light Company is working
                        with the Florida Audubon Society to monitor the manatee records at
                        these two sites.   In terms of enforcement, local governments can be of
                        assistance to the Florida Marine Patrol by posting slower speed boat
                        signs along these waterway habitats of the manatee.
                        Policy Guidelines

                        1.    Development activities which may degrade, destroy or severely
                              impact productive areas for wildlife should be required to-assess
                              possible means of protection from, or abatement of impacts on,
                              wildlife habitat.

                        2.    Improvement of habitat through encouragement of native vegetation
                              which would give desirable species the best chance to flourish
                              should be supported and encouraged.

                        3.    Intensive development should be directed away from the habitat of
                              rare, threatened or endangered species.

                        Recommendations for Implementation

                        1.    The County should continue to seek assistance from various groups
                              such as the Audubon Society involved in wildlife conservation and
                              management in maintaining an up-to-date inventory of the County's
                              wildlife resources. This inventory should accompany the Vege-
                              tation Inventory of Broward County as a guide in the development
                              review process.

                        2.    Public adquisition of Local Areas of Particular Concern, including
                              significant wildlife habitat (See LAPC's Section), should be en-
                              couraged and funding sources for such acquisition explored.

                        3.    Special resource management techniques, such as Transfer of
                              Development Rights and tax relief methods (see LAPC's Section),
                              should be considered where feasible to prevent development in
                              designated sensitive areas.

                        4.    Any major development project should be reviewed to assess its
                              impact on wildlife habitats and adequate protective measures should
                              be a required condition of the development order.

                        5.    The proposed development review ordinance, as it is finalized,
                              should maintain Section 10.10 "Con@ideration of Impact on Environ-
                              mentally Sensitive Lands" with adequate provisions for protection
                              of urban wilderness areas, including those containing significant
                              wildlife habitat.

                        6.    Recommendatons 1-7 under Section "Vegetation" provide protective
                              measures for native vegetation and encouragement of revegetation,
                              both of which are important to maintaining and attracting wildlife
                              in an urban area.

                        7.    Broward County government will participate in a local government
                              effort to post slower speed boat signs along known waterway
                              habitats of the manatee.
                                                         PART 1-38

                                                                                                FOOTNOTES

                                          PART 1:               ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

                                            1.      John Corbett and R.D. Woodson, "Local Control Over
                                                    the On-Shore Impacts of Off-Shore Energy Development
                                                    in Florida," Marine Advisory Program, April 1979.

                                            2.      Broward County Land Use Plan, prepared by the Broward
                                                    Planning Council, 1977, pp. 213-215.

                                            3.      D.E. Britt Associates, Inc., Report of Investigation of Broward
                                                    Artificial Reef, June, 1974, pp. 6-7.

                                            4.      Florida Statutes, Chapter 163.053

                                            S.      Frank E. Maloney and Dan Fernandez, Development of County
                                                    and Local Ordinances Designed to Protect the Public Interest
                                                    in Florida's Coastal Beaches, University of Florida College of
                                                    Law, July 1977, p. 1.

                                            6.      Ibid, p. 13.

                                          ..7...    Joint Center for Environmental and Urban Problems, Florida
                                                    Atlantic University, Increasing Beach Access in Urban Areas:
                                                    The South Florida Experience, November- December 1978, p. 10.
                                                                                               i

                                            8.      Transportation Control Plan for Air Quality, prepared jointly by
                                                    the Broward Metropolitan, Planning Organization and the Environ-
                                                    mental Quality Control Board, 1979.

                                            9.      1979 Revisions to the Dade County Comprehensive Development
                                                    Master Plan, prepared by the Metro-Dade County Planning Dept.,
                                                    p. 32.

                                          10.       James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Facility Plan on
                                                    Wastewater Management Systems, March 1978: Volume 1:
                                                    pp. 3-18.

                                          11.       South Florida Water Management District, -Water Use and Supply
                                                    Development Plan, April 1977: Volume IB: Part 5, p.4.

                                          12.       South Florida WMD, Water Management Plan for the Western C-9
                                                    a@@, August 1976.

                                          13.       Montgomery, Facility Plan on Wastewater Management Systems.

                                          14.       Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Broward County Area,
                                                    1972.

                                                                                                     PART 1-39

                                 15.     Keller, Edward A          "    Environmental GeologY., Columbus, Ohio:
                                         Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1976, p. 401.

                                 16.     lbid, p. 118.

                                 17.     Florida Statutes, Chapter 403.817 deals with the method used
                                         by DER to determine the natural landward extent of waters for
                                         regulatory purposes.

                                 18.'    1979 Revisions to the Dade County Comprehensive Development
                                         Master Plan, PP 35-37.

                                 19.     American Planning Association, Energy- Efficient Land Use,
                                         PAS report #341: May 1979; and Joint Center for Environmental
                                         and Urban Problems at Florida Atlantic University, Green
                                         Technology: Landscaping and Energy Conservation, February 1979.

                                 20.     Florida Division of Forestry, A Vegetation Inventory for Broward
                                         County, April 1977 (revised November 1977).

                                 21.     Pat Rose, Aquatic Biologist, Florida Audubon Society, conver-
                                         sation on September 7, 1979.

                                                                                  PART 1-40

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    1    LOCAL AREAS OF
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                                               DEFINITION AND CRITERIA:
                                        LOCAL AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                         The State Coastal Management Program encourages local government to
                         identify and establish management policies for "Local Areas of Particular
                         Concern." Such areas would be identified by local government in order
                         to recognize or protect their conservation, recreational, ecological,
                         development and aesthetic values.   Potential areas would include parks,
                         ports, historic sites, aquifer recharge areas of local significance, or
                         unique local environmental features.  Local Areas of Particular Concern
                         are primarily managed through local government comprehensive plans
                         and regulations. However, upon review and acknowledgement by the
                         State Department of Environmental Regulation, such sites could become
                         eligible for special management funds as a result of the Florida Coastal
                         Management Program.

                         The Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element of the Broward County
                         Comprehensive Plan identifies six categories of Local Areas of Particular
                         Concern. Categories of Local Areas of Particular Concern which will be
                         considered environmentally sensitive are: Marine Resources, National
                         Landforms and Features, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife Areas of Parti-
                         cular Concern. Each area is based upon planning criteria outlined as
                         follows:

                         A.   MARINE RESOURCES AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                              Criteria for Designating Areas of Particular Concern:

                              1.   Areas of unique, scarce, fragile, or vulnerable natural habitat,
                                   physical feature and scenic importance;

                              2.   Areas of high natural productivity or essential habitat, for
                                   living resources, including fish, wildlife, and the various
                                   trophic levels in the food web critical to their well-being;

                              3.   Areas of substantial recreational value and/or opportunity;

                              4.   Areas needed to protect, maintain, or replenish coastal lands
                                   or resources, including coastal flood plains, coral and other
                                   reefs, beaches, offshore sand deposits and mangrove stands.

                         B.   NATURAL LANDFORMS AND FEATURES AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                              Criteria for Designating Areas of Particular Concern:

                              1".  A geological, hydrological or physiographical feature confined
                                   to a small area of Broward County and considered quite rare
                                   locally or regionally.

                              2.   A representative natural ecosystem and/or its units existing
                                   in a few isolated locations but extirpated from most of the
                                   County.

                                                              PART  2-3

                       C.    NATURAL VEGETATION AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                             Criteria for Designating Areas of Particular Concern:

                             1.   Areas containing plant communities of unique character and/
                                  or rare, threatened or endangered species.

                             2.   Vegetative communities exceptionally outstanding in growth,
                                  structure, and/or variety.

                             3.   Isolated communities or we 11 developed natural vegetation in
                                  urban or rapidly urbanizing areas.

                             4.   Areas of substantial recreational and/or educational value
                                  and/or opportunity.

                       D.    WILDLIFE AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                             Criteria for Designating Areas of Particular Concern:

                             1.   Existing wildlife refuges, reserves, and sanctuaries.

                             2.   Known habitats of rare and endangered species as defined by
                                  the U.S. Department of Interior, the Florida Game and
                                  Freshwater Fish Commission, or the Florida Department of
                                  Natural Resources.

                             3.   Major wildlife intensive use areas such as well developed
                                  hammock communities, highly productive coastal tidelands and
                                  mangroves.

                             4.   Areas used for scientific study and research concerning
                                  wildlife.

                             5.   Areas of substantial recreational and/or educational value
                                  and/or opportunity.

                       E.    ECONOMIC RESOURCE AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                             Criteria for Designating Areas of Particular Concern:

                             1.   Existing ports, marinas, piers, energy resources, and
                                  artificial reefs.

                             2.   Areas which act to benefit the Broward County economy.

                             3.   Areas noted for scientific study and research concerning
                                  economic development.

                       F.    CULTURAL RESOURCE AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                             Criteria for Evaluating the Cultural Significance of a Site: (To be,
                             used for future designation of historical and archeological sites).

                                                            PART 2-4

                              1    How does the site relate to the general development of the
                                   local area, the regional area, the State, and perhaps even the
                                   Nation? Does it represent a trend, a movement, a departure
                                   from the typical, etc.?

                              2.   If a building Is an important architectural design example of
                                   its period: Why is this the case? Does it retain enough of
                                   its significant design to be recognizable?

                              3.   Is the site associated with the life/lives of any important
                                   persons(s), or social, political, cultural, or economic move-
                                   ment(s) or with any important historic event(s)? Can the
                                   associative value(s) be identified and documented?

                              4.   If an archeological site has, or could it yield, useful
                                   information?

                              5.   Are there any important engineering or technological
                                   features (apart from design)?

                         Although  an inventory of historical and archeological sites is not included
                         in this document, the various County and municipal historical commis-
                         sions have prepared inventories which may be included and supplemented
                         in the future Historic Preservation Element of the County's Comp@ehensive
                         Plan.

                         Table on  the following page summarizes the significant features (in
                         relation to the above criteria) of the Local Areas of Particular Concern
                         which are discussed in this section.

                                                            PART 2-5

                                           FIGURE 8: SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

                                                    Particular Concerns

                                                     Marine     Natural    Natural    Wildlife Economic
                                Site               Resources Landform Vegetation        A rea   Resources

                       1.   Deerfield IsI. Park         x                    x          x
                       2.   Deerfield Sand Pine Site             x           x          x
                       3.   May Site                             x           x          x
                       4.   Rookery Site                                                x
                       S.   Port Everglades             x                    x          x         x
                       6.   Red Mangrove Site           x        x           x          x
                       7.   West Lake Site              x        x           x          x
                       8.   Hollywood Beach Strand      X        x           x
                       9.   South Fork New River Site            x           x          x
                      10.   Holmberg Road Site                   x           x          x
                      11.   Holmberg Pond Apple Slough           x           x          x
                      12.   Swamp 22 Site                        x           x          x
                      13.   Leitner Site                         x           x          x
                      14.   Rumors Site                          x           x          x
                      15.   Palm Aire Site                       x           x          x
                      16.   Inverrary Site                                   x          x
                      17.   Pine Island Ridge Site               A           x          x
                      18.   Everglades Buffer Strip Site         x           x          x

                               Any site which enhances the environmental quality of Broward County
                               is actually of economic benefit to the County. However, of particular
                               interest are those sites which might offer recreational or tourist
                               facilities to the public. In addition, Port Everglades has a special
                               function as an energy facility as well as a tourist facility.

                                                                PART 2-6

                                                                                                                                                                                  PALM BEACH COUNTY
                                                                MAP 7.                                                           HOLMBERG RD                                HILLSBORCILLVO
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                       Fig. 9.   Deerfield Sand Pine Site: A remnant of the disappearing sand       Fig. 10. West Lake Mangrove Area: The only substantial estuarine
                       pine scrub plant community in Broward County.                                community remaining in Broward County.

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                                           Fig. 11. Pine Island Ridge Site! The highest land form elevation in
                                           the County provides a unique hardwood hammock setting in a low-lyinq
                                           environment.

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                                           Fig. 12. Everglades Buffer Strip: An essential water recharge area
                                           needed to Buffer the Conservation Areas from intense development.

                                                               Map 8 Northeast        Subregion

                           PALM BEACH COUNTY

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                                            PROPOSED AREAS BY SUBREGION

                         Within the following sections Local Areas of Paricular Concern are iden-
                         tified within each of the planning subregions.   In order to facilitate
                         planning efforts, the Planning Area of the County was divided into
                         seven subregions plus the Conservation Areas. These subregions were
                         established based on various similarities in development patterns, avail-
                         ability of services, natural or man-made barriers, municipal boundaries
                         and other similar criteria. The boundaries for the subregion were
                         selected based on major roads or waterways. Map 7 illustrates the
                         seven subregions which are referenced throughout the text of this
                         element. The LAPC's discussed here are based on proposals by
                         various municipalities, state agencies, environmental groups and field
                         inventories. However, the list is not meant to be final in that future
                         sites may become designated as additional information becomes available.

                         Northeast Subregion

                         The Northeast Subregion extends north of Cypress Creek Road to the
                         Palm Beach County line and lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the
                         Sunshine State Parkway. This subregion contains a mixture of old and
                         new developments encompassing some of the wealthiest and poorest neigh-
                         borhoods within Broward County. As the building patterns in the estab-
                         lished eastern residential communities moved west, the former agricultural
                         land uses have been altered to accommodate future industrial growth.

                         The municipalities located in the Northeast Subregion include Deerfield
                         Beach, Hillsboro Beach, Lighthouse Point, Pompano Beach and portions
                         of unincorporated Broward County. The Pompano Airport offers
                         general aviation services to this subregion while the road and rail
                         transportation provides excellent north-south routes through the entire
                         area. In addition to the two railway systems, the Sunshine State Park-
                         way, Powerline Road, Interstate 95, Federal Highway (U.S. Route 1)
                         and AIA have encouraged the growth of the overall economic base of
                         northern Broward County. Hillsboro Inlet also plays an important role
                         to boaters as the only harbor access to the Intracoastal Waterway be-
                         tween Port Everglades and Boca Raton in Palm Beach County.

                         The Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977 has depicted this Subregion
                         of Broward County as the heart of the industrial corridor between
                         Interstate 95 and the Sunshine State Parkway. The relative abundance
                         of vacant property in northern Broward has produced many intensive
                         land uses such as landfills, borrow pits, and various utility franchises.
                         Compatible land use planning for these growing industrial centers as
                         well as ensuring adequate service delivery are significant concerns for
                         local gov ernments in these areas.

                         Presently, the commercial businesses are mostly stripped along major
                         highways. Commercial centers such as the Pompano Fashion Square and
                         the Pompano Harness Track are important attractions to the older resi-
                         dents and seasonal visitors.

                                                              PART 2-11

                         Newer residential- developments of large scale, such as Palm Aire and
                         Century Village, have provided alternative living styles to the ex-,
                         clusive beachfront development. Other unincorporated neighborhoods
                         represent prime targets for future residential and commercial redevelop-
                         ment.  Initiating the historic preservation of downtown Pompano Beach,
                         one of South Florida's oldest communities, has become a long-range
                         conservation goal of the city.

                         In the Northeast Subregion, coastal zone management must reflect t   he
                         need to protect and improve surface water quality and to enforce a
                         floodplain management program, especially for the eastern urbanized
                         areas. Similar to the other coastal subregion, the establishment of
                         coastal construction control lines and the maintenance of beach areas
                         exist as vital environmental concerns.

                              1. Deerfield Island Park Site

                         The Deerfield Island Park Site is situated adjacent to the Intracoastal
                         Waterway just south of the Broward-Palm Beach County border in the
                         City of Deerfield Beach. The County-owned property covers approxi-
                         mately 48 acres and is currently being developed as a park by the
                         Broward County Parks and Recreation Division. In the 1920's, Al
                         Capone, among others, utilized the Island as a drop-off station for his
                         bootlegging operations. During the last year the name was formally
                         changed from its original namesake.

                         The vegetation covering the man-made Island is a combination of exotic
                         species (65%), such as Australian Pine and Brazilian Pepper, with Red,
                         White and Black Mangrove (25%) also present. Other tree species
                         include Gumbo-Limbo (Bursera simaruba) and Cabbage Palm (Sabal
                         palmetto). Wax Myrtle, Cocoplum, and Scrub Palmetto are also
                         scattered throughout the higher ground.

                         Deerfield Island is a very suitable habitat for migrating birds like
                         Warblers. Cardinals and Western Kingbirds are among some of the
                         identified bird species inhabiting the site. Gray squirrels and raccoons
                         are also prevalent.

                         According to the Parks and Recreation Division, the Park is scheduled
                         to be completed by Autumn. Located on the Island will be a boat
                         docking area along the southwestern shore, a picnic shelter,'a rest
                         room area, a ranger station and several small observation towers near
                         the water.

                              2. Deerfield Sand Pine -Site

                         The Deerfield Sand Pine Site is located east of 195 and north of South-
                         east 10th Street in the City of Deerfield Beach. This site is approxi-
                         mately 85 acres in size and is bordered by the Natura Development to
                         the north and by an unimporved portion of Southwest 3rd Avenue. No
                         other area along the coastal ridge of Broward County holds a Sand Pine
                         stand of this quality and size.

                                                              PART 2-12

                          The scrub pineland plant community is relatively rare in Broward County.
                          Characteristic of scrub associations, this area is dominated by Sand Pine
                          (Pinus Clausa), Myrtle Oak (Quercus myrtifolia), and Chapman Oak
                          (Quercus champanii) as well as other scrub oak species.       Pine flatwoods
                          vegetation such as Slash Pine (Pinus elliotii) and Saw Palmetto   (Serenoa
                          repens) replaces the scrub pine associations along the western    area.
                          Gopher ApIle (Licania michauxii), Prickly Pear Cactus (Opuntia stricta)
                          and Pennyroyal (Satureja rigida) are also found in this pineland plant
                          community.

                          The State Division of Forestry noted this area in the Vegetation In-
                          ventory (1977) and the Urban Wilderness Advisory Board has nomi-
                          nated it as an Urban Wilderness Area. The present owner, Chase
                          Manhattan Bank, is actively marketing the land which was once under
                          a PUD designation through the City. The allowable residential density
                          stands at 10 units per acre and the area has yet to be platted by both
                          the City and the County.

                               3. May Site

                          The May Site is located directly north of the Cypress Creek Road exit
                          and abuts the west side of Interstate 95. The twenty-two acre site is
                          bordered by the Andrews Avenue Extension on the west and by the
                          Cypress Creek Canal to the north in an unincorporated portion of
                          northwestern Broward County. The wide variety of native vegetation
                          coupled with the site's excellent accessibility provide a valuable environ-
                          mental resource to the residents of the County.

                          Although the site is presently under private ownership, it has been
                          recommended for purchase as a park site in the Broward Coun44
                          Land Use Plan, 1977 as well as in the 1975 Open Space Study.          To
                          the northwest and southwest of the property, development has boomed
                          in the Gateway Industrial Area. This has left the May Site as     one of
                          the few undeveloped parcels in the entire area.

                          The site itself is a lowlying wetland with substantial muck associations
                          measured up to forty feet at some points. An impressive variety of
                          large native vegetation exists which is in good to excellent condition.
                          Predominant Aree species include Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)      I
                          Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and Strangler Fig (Ficus aurea). The site
                          also contains numerous Cabbage or Sabal Palm (Sabal palmetto) on the
                          eastern portions of the property. Shrub species present include Wild
                          Coffee (Psychotria undata), Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco), Marlberry
                          (Ardisia escallonioides), and Lancewood (Nectandra coriocea). The
                          ground cover noticed were comprised of       ston, Leather, and Strap
                          Ferns, Arrowheads, Virginia Creeper and Grape Vines. Bromeliads, are
                          also abundant such as Mealy Wild Pine (Catopsis berteroniana) and
                          Cardinal Air Plants (Tillandsia fasciculata).  In addition, the site
                          possesses one endangered plant species called the Shoestring Maple.

                          Various birdlife inhabit the site and offer a unique setting unlike other
                          natural parks in Broward County. Species such as the Blue Heron,
                          Limpkin, White Ibis, Green Heron, Cattle Egret, Snowy Egret, Coot,

                                                                PART 2-13

                       Snake Bird, Double-crested Cormorant, nesting Alligators, a Bobcat,
                       and the Osprey have been recorded at this site.

                       The present land use designation for the May Site is industrial,
                       according to the Broward County Land Use Plan, and the site is
                       zoned agricultural (A-1).

                                                          PART 2-14

                                                                        Map 9 East Central Subreglon

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                         East Central Subregion (EC)

                         The East Central Subregion represents the metropolitan core of Broward
                         County. The area described is located between the Atlantic Ocean and
                         U.S. Route 441 (State Road 7) and from State Road 84 to Cypress
                         Creek Road. The City of Fort Lauderdale, the largest municipality in
                         the county, represents an important focal point in Broward's historical
                         population growth. The completion of the Florida East Coast Railway
                         through to Miami in 1896 brought the initial influx of residents and
                         trade to the coastal ridge of the County. Today, this highly active
                         urban area serves as the hub of Broward's tourist-oriented economy.

                         Bordering the city of Fort Lauderdale are other municipal governments
                         of the East Central Subregion including Lauderdale-by-the- Sea, Sea
                         Ranch Lakes, Oakland Park, Wilton Manors, and portions of unincorporated
                         Broward County, Lauderdale Lakes and Tamarac. The transportation
                         routes which grid this subregion are among the most utilized in the
                         County. Interstate 95 and Federal Highway (U.S. Route 1), for example,
                         provide local residents two highly accessible north-south roadways.
                         Rail facilities, including the Florida East Coast and the Seaboard Coastline
                         Railroads also offer parallel north-south service through the East Central
                         Subregion. This combined with the close proximity of Port Everglades
                         and the Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood International Airport as major trade
                         facilities has encouraged the steady growth of construction, retail, and
                         light industrial businesses to the west of Interstate 95. The Fort
                         Lauderdale Executive Airport, located to the south of the expanding
                         Gateway Industrial area, services an increasing amount of the general
                         aviation traffic from western and northern Broward County interests.

                         The higher density residential (and uses in this sector are concentrated
                         along the Intracoastal Waterway and the oceanfront. Numerous condominium
                         developments, hotels, motels and apartment houses account for a large
                         proportion of the toal housing stock in this portion of the County.
                         This has made the East Central Subregion a favorite spot for vacationers
                         and retirees.

                         Commercial land uses in the East Central Subregion are stripped adjacent
                         to the jamor arterial roadways. Other centers of business and retail
                         trade are found in the abundant number of shopping plazas and malls
                         which cater to the residents as well as the seasonal population.

                         Coastal zone planning for this area of Broward must consider the possible
                         evacuation of the beach area in the case of a hurricane threat. Being
                         the most urbanized sector of the County, the potential impact of flooding
                         and storm surge would be the greatest in the East Central Subregion.
                         Similar to the other coastal regions, other significant environmental
                         concerns include saltwater intrusion and the maintenance of adequate
                         coastal construction control lines.

                              4. The Rookery Site

                         The Rookery Site is located at the northeastern corner of West Com-
                         mercial Boulevard and DeBlois Road (N.W. 31st Avenue) in the City       of

                                                             PART 2-16

                        Fort Lauderdale. This seventeen acre area contains an inactive borrow
                        pit which in the past has been a favorite roosting spot for waterfowl.

                        The Rookery possesses few natural species of vegetation due to the
                        previous disturbance of the site. Australian Pines dominate the fringes
                        of the property which was purchased by Broward County three years
                        ago. Future plans for the Rookery, which has been renamed the
                        William T. Kelley Park, include an observation platform and an improved
                        access road.

                        The site was previously mentioned in the Broward County Land Use Plan,_ 1977
                        as a unique natural area.

                                                            PART 2-17

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                         Southeast Subregion (SE)

                         The Southeast Subregion comprises an area of diverse land uses of a
                         highly urbanized character. Specifically, this subregion stretches
                         south from State Road 84 to the Dade County line and east from the
                         Sunshine State Parkway to the Atlantic Ocean. Similar to the other
                         coastal subregions of the County, the competition for location along the
                         oceanfront between commercial, industrial, residential, and tourist uses
                         has produced linear urbanization. This unique pattern of contiguous
                         development close to the ocean is interrupted only by the last remaining
                         mangrove wetland in Broward County.

                         The municipalities of Dania, Hallandale, Hollywood, Pembroke Park and
                         portions of unincorporated Broward County cover the Southeast Sub-
                         region. Other political jurisdictions include the Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood
                         International Airport, portions of Port Everglades and the Seminole
                         Indian Reservation.   Interstate 95 bisects the subregion from north to
                         south and is situated adjacent to the Southeast Coast Railroad. To the
                         east, the Florida East Coast Railroad parallels Federal Highway (U.S.
                         Route #1), the main artery of travel for local residents.

                         Residential land use varies substantially within the Southeast Sub-
                         region. The high-rise and condomimium development along the beach in
                         Hallandale include some of the highest densities in Broward County.
                         Multi-family dwelling units are clustered east and west of Federal Highway,
                         1-95, and State Road 7 (U.S. 441) transportation corridors. The
                         remaining residential land uses represent a variety of single-family and
                         duplex style development with newer, western neighborhoods displaying
                         relatively larger lot areas.

                         Commercial land uses such as retail businesses and office buildings
                         border every major arterial road.   Industrial land uses are generally
                         concentrated in the northern third of the Southeast Subregion. While
                         much of this area has been designated industrial on the Broward
                         County Land Use Plan due to its proximity to the Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood
                         International Airport, Port Everglades and the proposed Port Expressway
                         (State Road 84), much of this land is unsuitable for development.
                         Moreover, portions of these industrial lands have been noted to be
                         unique natural areas which are recommended for acquisition or preservation.

                         Within the coastal zone of the Southeast Subregion, the municipalities of
                         Dania, Hallandale, and Hollywood will be preparing Coastal Zone Pro-
                         tection Elements under the Local Government Comprehensive Planning
                         Act guidelines. Beach renourishment, saltwater intrusion and the
                         establishment of sound coastal construction control lines entail the most
                         demanding environmental challenges facing this section of Broward
                         County.

                              5.   Port Everglades

                         Port Everglades, the second largest   seaport on the east coast of Florida
                         and the deepest harbor in the state, occupies approximately 1,840

                                                               PART 2-19

                        acres. Situated between the cities of Fort Lauderdale and Hollywood,
                        the Port is of special interest because of its coastal value. Due to its
                        diverse character, in terms of its energy importation, economic base
                        and the existing land use configuration, the entire jurisdiction is re-
                        garded as a Local Area of Particular Concern (LAPC).

                        Within the Port Everglades boundaries, numerous examples of significant
                        concerns exist to justify the Local Areas of Particular Concern designa-
                        tion: (a) Environmentally sensitive areas include the manatee habitat
                                  and the mangrove swamp. These Wildlife and Natural Vegetation
                                  Areas are:

                                  1.   The Florida Power and Light Discharge Canal which was
                                       designated as a "manatee sanctuary" by the Florida State
                                       Legislature in 1978, in the Florida Manatee Sanctuary
                                       Act, Chapter 370, Subsection 370.12(2) Florida Statutes;

                                  2.   The approximately sixty-one and one half (61.5) acre
                                       mangrove swamp immediately south of the eastern portion
                                       of the Discharge Canal; and

                                  3.   A buffer extending fifty (50) feet beyond the Canal's
                                       banks.

                             (b)  As an Economic Resource, the Port is most readily recognized
                                  for its economic benefits to the County and the Region.
                                  Imported commodities, passenger traffic, product distribution
                                  and related services generate many employment opportunities.
                                  In addition, the Port serves as the major South Florida supply
                                  point for petroleum importation, storage and shipment.

                        The future economic growth of Port Everglades is contingent on the
                        sound management of competing land uses. The close proximity of the
                        Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood International Airport provides regular passenger
                        and airfreight service. Railroad facilities combined with direct access
                        to State Road 84 (eastwest), Federal Highway (U.S. 1), Interstate 95
                        and Florida's Turnpike offer an excellent transportation network to and
                        from the Port.  Recognizing these important support services, the
                        recent establishment of the Foreign Trade Zone will insure economic
                        growth within the Port jurisdiction in the coming years. Due to the
                        finite land resources available for the expansion of current operations,
                        Port Evergaldes must accept environmental concerns in resolving its
                        future economic growth.

                             6. Red Mangrove Swamp Site

                        The Red Mangrove Swamp Site is situated between the Dania Cut-off
                        Canal and Dania Beach Boulevard in the City of Hollywood. The site
                        covers approximatly 300 acres west of the Intracoastal Waterway and
                        contains the only expansive remaining Red Mangrove swamp in Broward
                        County. As a wetland area., this mangrove swamp once functioned as a

                                                            PART 2-20

                          The isolation of this area from development pressures has helped to
                          preserve the natural vegetative and wildlife amenities of-a mangrove
                          swamp. The importance of the mangrove wetlands in the food chain of
                          saltwater fish and shellfish have been well-documented during the past
                          decade. Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Black Mangrove (Avicennia
                          germinons), and White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa goet-n) are
                          present. Red Mangrove can grow in saltwater by dropping air roots to
                          prop themselves above the mean high tide level and are      protected by
                          Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.

                          The Broward County Land Use Plan has designated this entire area as
                          residential (Low-5 dwelling units per acre).

                               7. West Lake Mangrove Area

                          The West Lake Mangrove Area is located in the City of Hollywood, south
                          of the Dania Beach Boulevard, north of Johnson Street and west of the
                          Intracoastal Waterway. The total land and water area covers approxi-
                          mately 1,500 acres and contains the only substantial mangrove estuarine
                          community remaining in Broward County. As an open space in a densely
                          populated section of the County and as a unique wildlife area of mangrove
                          wetlands, the site represents an indispensable natural resource.

                          Research within the past decade has established the contribution of
                          mangrove wetlands to shoreline stabilization and, most importantly, to
                          supporting the-food webs for Florida's rich finfish and shellfish popu-
                          lation. Found only on the lower and middle coastlines of the state, the
                          three species of woody plants mostly known as mangroves are: Red
                          Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans)
                          and White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa goetrn). Mangroves have
                          the unique ability to exist and grow in saltwater by dropping air roots
                          to prop themselves above the mean high tide level.

                          The mangrove food chain is highly efficient in the production of protein
                          from the leaf matter through fungi, bacteria, nematodes, small crust-
                          aceons, mollusks and shrimp to a wide variety of small and large fish.
                          Realizing that nearly all of the commercial and sport fishing species of
                          fish and shellfish depend on this nutrient-rich, protein environment
                          during their life cycle, these mangrove wetlands are protected by
                          Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.

                          The major types of tree vegetation in the West Lake area tan be grouped
                          into three separate zones.    In the wetland zones, species of mostly Red
                          and White Mangrove flourish in the low-lying saltwater marsh. The
                          relatively higher transitional zones are populated with species of Sea
                          Oxeye (Conocorpus erecta). Vegetation in the upland zones has mostly
                          been invaded by Australian Pine (Casuarina spp.) due to the gradual
                          drainage of.these areas by mosquito control canals.

                          Many species of wildlife are found in the West Lake area.      Fishing birds.
                          recorded here include Anhingae, Cormorants, Ospreys, Louisiana Blue
                          Herons, Yellow-crowned Night Herons, Green Herons, American Egrets,
                          White Ibis, and Great White Herons to name only several of      the 56 bird

                                                                 PART 2-21

                        species sighted at West Lake. Periwinkle Snails, Fiddler Crabs, Killifish,
                        Mullet, Needlefish, Snook and Tarpon are very abundant in the area.
                        As a feeding and nesting sanctuary for numerous types of wildlife, the
                        West Lake area provides an irreplaceable habitat for migratory birds.

                        In September of 1978 the voters of Broward County pledged $7,500,000
                        toward the acquisition of the West Lake site in the Bond Issue Referen-
                        dum. Local officials intend to match this money with state and/or
                        federal grants to help purchase the property in the near future.

                        Prior to this mandate, the County purchased the Miller Tract, abutting
                        West Lake to the southwest, to buffer the existing wetlands from po-
                        tential development to the west. Currently, alternatives are being
                        explored to preserve the West Lake area as a state recreational area.
                        The present land use designation for the West Lake area is residential
                        (Low-5) which allows five (5) dwelling units per acre according to the
                        Broward County Land Use Plan.

                             8. Hollywood Beach Strand Site

                        The Hollywood Beach Strand Site is located between AlA and the Atlantic
                        Ocean and is bordered by Franklin Street on the north and Charleston
                        Street to the south. This 20-acre strip contains the last remaining,
                        environmentally stable sand dune in Broward County.

                        The beach habitat area of Hollywood was once'a portion of a natural
                        functioning ecosystem stretching throughout South Florida. The Beach
                        Strand Site has been altered somewhat by a paved one-way road running
                        north behind the foredune and three connector streets which allow
                        public parking to the west. Boardwalks extend from the roadway over
                        the remaining dune system to the beach. These serve to protect the
                        fragile grasses which colonize the seaward or foredune face of the
                        dunes. This vegetation is critical to dune stabilization which in turn
                        provides a natural obstruction against storm surge.

                        The existing foredune vegetation found on the Hollywood Beach Strand
                        Site include Sea Oats (Unioloa paniculata), Sea Purslane (Sesuvium
                        portulacastrum) and bune Panic Grass (Panicum amarulum).      In the
                        scrub zone area, larger vegetation such as Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera)
                        and Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) are abundant.

                        The present owner of the property does plan to develop the    Beach
                        Strand and is currently in litigation with the Cit y of Hollywood concerning
                        the use-of the property. The land use designation, according to the
                        Broward County Land Use Plan 1977, is Medium to High Residential
                        (16-25 units per acre), but the future density of the property is one of
                        the issues to be resolved under negotiation between the owner and the
                        city.

                        This LAPC provides local residents with a unique vestige of the natural
                        beach system which once existed throughout Broward County; it is
                        hoped that the owner will develop the property, if he must develop it,
                        in a manner which provides maximum feasible protection to the dunes

                                                            PART 2-22

                          and dune vegetation on the site (see Sections "Beach Erosion" and
                          "Coastal Construction Control Lines.")

                                9. South Fork New River Site

                          The South Fork New River Site is located south of State Road 84 and
                          one-quarter mile east of State Road 7 (U.S. 441) in the unincorporated
                          area of Broward County. Bordered on the south by the South Fork of
                          the Middle River, this environmentally sensitive area is approximately
                          120 acres in size. It offers the lone remaining example of a forested,
                          non-tidal wetlands system in the eastern regions of Broward County.

                          This privately-owned site has recently received attention due to the
                          proposed Port Everglades Expressway to be constructed over the existing
                          State Road 84 directly to the north. Environmentalists and local officials
                          fought to protect the area from extensive ecological damage which would
                          have resulted from a southern realignment of the Expressway. South
                          Fork New River is now being studied by the State Department of Natural
                          Resources for possible acquisition as a recreation or natural preserve
                          area. Years earlier the site had been designated as a State Forest by
                          the Florida Division of Forestry and very recently the Urban Wilderness
                          Advisory Board of Broward County has requested this site be named as
                          an urban wilderness area.

                          Major plant species are in good to excellent condition with a large
                          variety of tree, shrub and ground cover species. Tree species include
                          Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sabal
                          Palm (Sabal palmetto) and, Strangler Fig (Ficus aurea). Cypress trees
                          dominate the southern portion of the site which give rise to the hundreds
                          of cypress knees scattered within the area. Scrub vegetation is scattered
                          throughout the site which is comprised of predominantly Wax Myrtle and
                          Wild Coffee (Psychotria undata) plants. Ground cover is also abundant
                          with Boston, Leather and Swamp Ferns the most noticeable. Undesirable
                          species and exotics are limited to the western and northern fringes.
                          Few of these invading species- -Brazi I ian Pepper (Schinus terebinthinfolius),
                          Melalueca (Melaluca quinquenervia) and Austrialian Pine (Casuarina
                          lepidoph loia) --have been able to penetrate the thick native vegetation.

                          Animal life surveyed in the area include the Gray Squirrel, Marsh
                          Rabbit, Oppossum, Land Crab, Raccoon, and numberous bird species
                          such as the Pileated Woodpecker, Barn and Screech Owls. The many
                          Cypress ponds throughout the interior provide freshwater habitats for
                          the existing wildlife.   In addition, the Middle River Shore zone offers a
                          rare riverine wetland area for Blue Herons and other wading birds.
                          Threatened or endangered animal species supported here are the Southeastern
                          Kestrel and the American Alligator.

                          While this site was not included as a unique natural area in       the Broward
                          County Land Use Plan, the South Fork New River Site has           been noted
                          by the State Division of -Forestry and by the Fish and Wildlife Service
                          of the U.S. Department of the Interior as a unique and extensively
                          vegetated wetland. Considering the proximity of development'to the
                          west and north of the site, very urgent action is needed to preserve
                          this lowlying area from being adversely affected.

                                                                  PART 2-23

                        The present land use designa tion for the South Fork New River Site is
                        industrial according to the Broward County Land Use Plan. The site is
                        zoned agricultural (A-1) with the exception of the frontage,on State
                        Road 84 which is zoned commercial (B-3).

                                                           PART 2-24

                                                      Map 11 Northwest Subregion

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                       Northwest Subregion (NW)

                       The Northwest Subregion contains that portion of Broward County
                       which is north of the Pompano Canal (C-14), west of the Sunshine State
                       Parkway, south of the Palm Beach County line and east of Conservation
                       Area 2-A. Active agricultural interests once dominated the land use
                       configuration of this Subregion. A low-density, single-family style
                       pattern has replaced most of the "bonafide" farming business. Today,
                       only the northwestern tip of the Subregion falls within the agricultural
                       green belt.

                       Coconut Creek, Coral Springs, Margate, Parkland and areas of unincor-
                       porated Broward County comprise the political jurisdictions. Of these
                       cities, Coral Springs and Margate account for nearly ninety percent of
                       the population. Within the next few years, Coconut Creek will receive
                       a substantial boost in new residents due to the recently approved
                       Development of Regional Impact (DRI), the Tartan Development.

                       The lag in new road construction in the Northwest Subregion has slowed
                       the growth pattern. Sample Road and U.S. 441 (State Road 7) presently
                       comprise the only major thoroughfares. The proposed University-Deerfield
                       Expressway, which was designed to provide an inner belt commuting
                       system for western Broward, may not be constructed due to financial
                       constraints. While other roadways are scheduled for improvements, the
                       overall transportation routes for the subregion will be slow in developing.

                       The relatively low growth rate in this Subregion has left much land in
                       an open space category. This has made the Northwest Subregion a
                       significant area for studying some of the natural ecosystems still re-
                       maining in Broward County. Development of these unique natural sites
                       should be avoided whenever possible.

                       In addition, the suitability of existing drainage patterns should be
                       reexamined. Surface water management and improved. drainage systems
                       pose immediate challenges to controlling urban runoff. The affected
                       municipalities are encouraged to work together to relieve flood-prone
                       areas so as to limit the need for backpumping into the adjacent Con-
                       servation Areas.
                            10. Holmberg Road Site

                       The Holmberg Road Site is located in the northwestern municipality of
                       Parkland. The designated area contains a mixture of pine and cypress
                       stands covering approximately 185 acres. Lying generally north of
                       Holmberg Road, east of N.W. 66th Avenue, south of N.W. 72nd Street
                       and west of the drainage canal, this site provides a potentially valuable
                       educational and recreational resource.

                       The State Division of Forestry had previously recommended the subject
                       site as a preservation area in the Vegetation Inventory of Broward
                       County. Similarly, the Holmberg Road site was also referred to in the
                       Broward County Land Use Plan as a unique natural area which should
                       be considered as a preservation site.

                                                          PART 2-26

                          The many different plan communties found on this site provide a fine
                          variety of tree, shrub and ground cover species. Major tree species of
                          excellent quality include Slash Pine (Pinus elliotti), Bald Cypress
                          (Taxodium distichum); Palmetto (Serenoa repens), Gallberry (Ilex
                          glabra), Stagger Bush (Lyonia ferruginea), Gopher Apple (Licania
                          michauxii), and Myrsine (Myrsine guianensis) comprise the most abundant
                          shrub types. Ground cover vegetation such as Bromeliads, Wild Flowers,
                          Tick Seed, Love Vines, Royal and Leather Ferns offer a lush habitat
                          for various types of wildlife.

                          Although paved roads divide the Holmberg Road site into parcels of
                          approximately fifty acres, invasion by exotic species has been limited to
                          the roadsides.  Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthinfolius), Australian
                          Pine (Casaurina spp.), and Guava (Psidium guajava) can be found
                          along these corridors.

                          Over the years the area has undergone change due to the gradual
                          drainage of the wetlands and the paving of residential access roads.
                          However, the site offers the coexistence of differing ecological com-
                          munities such as dry pine flatwoods and wet cypress head areas. This
                          area has been used in the past as a study area for students from
                          Broward Community College and Florida Atlantic University. This
                          refuge is also part of the territory of the Florida Panther, a mammal
                          whose statewide status is considered "rare".   Due to the diversity of
                          the vegetation, the land receives a high priority as a unique natural
                          park setting.

                          The present land use designation for the Holmberg Road Site is resi-
                          dential (estate) which allows up to one dwelling unit per acre.

                              11. Holmberg Pond Apple Slough Site (Deerf ield- Expressway Site)

                          The Deerfield Expressway Site is located south of Holmberg Road in the
                          City of Parkland. Similar to the Holmberg Road Site, the area gener-
                          ally consists of pure flatwoods intermixed with a variety of wetland
                          vegetation. The site covers approximately 126 acres and is dissected
                          by three paved roads between N.W. 75th Way and N.W. 69th Way. Due
                          to the preliminary alignment of the proposed Deerfield Expressway
                          which was to border the site an the south, the area is so named.
                          Unlike the Holmberg Road Site, single-family development is actively
                          occurring in the Deerfield Expressway Site and threatens to destroy one
                          of the finest Slash Pine hammocks remaining in the County.

                          In the Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977 and on the map accompanying
                          the text, the Deerfield Expressway Site is recommended as a future
                          park site. The State Division of Forestry has also noted this land for
                          preservation in A Vegetation Inventory for Broward County. Currently,
                          the area is being studied by the Urban Wilderness Advisory Board for
                          consideration as an urban wilderness site.

                          The major tree species found on this land are consistent with the Holmberg
                          Road Site; Slash" Pine (Pinus elliotti), Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum),
                          Cabbage or Sabal Palm (Sabal palmetto), and Strangler Fig (Ficus

                                                               PART 2-27

                       aurea).   In addition, the swampy portions of the area harbor Pond
                       Apple or Custard Apple trees (Annona glabra) which are rela tively
                       rare. Shrub vegetation includes trees Coastal Willow (Solix caroliniana),
                       Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens), Gallberry Olex galbra), Stagger Bush
                       (Lyonia ferruginea), Gopher Apple (Licania michauxii), and (Myrsine
                       guianensis). Leather, Royal and Bracken Ferns are scattered throughout
                       the site along with numerous types of vines and bromeliads. Abundant
                       wildlife including squirrels, raccoons, a variety of birdlife, opossums,
                       and the panther have been sited here.

                       Guava (Psidium quaiava) and Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthin-
                       IaL!yj) represent the only recorded species of undesirable vegetation.
                       These are generally located along the paved roadways which split the
                       Deerfield Expressway Site into four separate tracts.

                       The recent drainage of the area has lowered the surface waters in the
                       cypress head plant communities which has encouraged the filling of
                       individual parcels for single-family home construction. While it appears
                       that the majority of the land in the Deerfield Expressway Site will be
                       developed into a traditional estate-type subdivision, there exists one
                       portion of the site which should be preserved for several reasons.
                       This 18-acre, rectangular piece of land lies at the southwest corner of
                       the site between N.W. 75th Way and N.W. 72nd Way. It contains one of
                       the largest strands of Slash Pine in the entire County and would provide
                       an excellent open space facility for future residents living south of
                       Holmberg Road.

                       The present land use designation for the Deerfield Expressway Site is
                       residential (estate) which allows up to one dwelling unit per acre.

                            12. Swamp-22-Site

                       The Swamp-22 Site is located in the City of Coral Springs to the north
                       of Wiles Road and approximately one miles west of U.S. 441. Covering
                       14 acres in size, the area is one of the finest freshwater swamps re-
                       maining in Broward County. Due to the small size and the outstanding
                       quality of this wetland, the site should receive priority for conservation
                       as an educational open space -facility.

                       The Swamp was originally identified in the State Division of Forestry's
                       Vegetation Inventory and is currently under consideration as an Urban
                       Wilderness Area. The Broward County Chapter of the Audubon Society
                       has also endorsed this site as an excellent preserve for future residents.

                       Vegetation abundant in this lowlying wetland include Bald Cypress
                       (Taxodium districhum), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Pond Apple (Annona
                       glabra), Cabbage Palm (Sabal palmetto), Strangler Fig (Ficus aurea),
                       and Slash Pine (Pinus elliotti). The,Wild Coffee plants are complemented
                       by a large variety of ground cover including Royal, Boston and Leather
                       Ferns. The Swamp is bordered by several small drainage canals to the
                       east side of the site which has insured sufficient water retention to the
                       area. Several bird species such as Blue Heron and Common Egret were
                       also noticed in this habitat.

                                                           PART 2-28

                         The Swamp is surrounded by fallow farmland which represents the
                         Butler Farms Development of Regional Impact (DRI) of several years
                         ago. Since last year, an unincorporated portion of the Butler Farms
                         Property, including Swamp-22, was annexed into the City of Coral
                         Springs and has received plat approval from the municipality. How-
                         ever, according to Ch. 171, F.S., for a period of two years since the
                         effective annexation date, the Board of County Commissioners remains
                         responsible for altering land use and zoning on that land.

                         In view of the fact that this property will require plat approval by the
                         Board of County Commissioners, the preservation of this lowlying wet-
                         land should be insured through this process. The residential land use
                         for the area is presently Low-5 according the Broward County
                         Land Use Plan, 1977.

                              13.  Leitner Tract

                         The Leitner Property is located north of Wiles Road and South of the
                         Pinetree Canal between Godfrey Road and N.W. 79th Way. The 320-acre
                         tract is situated in unincorporated Broward County to the   'south of
                         Parkland and north of Coral Springs. The forested site consists of a
                         fine mixture of South Florida flatwoods which might serve as an ex-
                         cellent natural recreation area for northwestern Broward County.

                         Major vegetation on the Leitner Property such as Slash Pine (Pinus
                         elliotti) and Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) are among the largest
                         species recorded in this area. Other native tree species include Pond
                         Apple (Annona glabra), Cabbage Palm (Saba[ palmetto), and West Indies
                         Mahogany (Swietenia mahogoni).

                         The Leitner Property has been recognized in the Vege ation      Inventory
                         by the State Division of Forestry and is currently being considered by
                         the Urban Wilderness Advisory Board as an Urban Wilderness Area.
                         Although the land is relatively higher in elevation than the surrounding
                         area--13 feet above mean sea level--several man-made impediments to
                         the natural drainage system have caused flooding on the property.
                         Once these drainage problems are resolved, the land would be an at-
                         tractive acquisition for the future residents of the area.

                         The Leitner Tract is presently designated Residential (Low-3) according
                         to the Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977.

                              14. Rumors Site

                         The Rumors Site is located in the City of Coral Springs north of Sample
                         Road between the Coral Springs High School and west of State Road 7
                         (U.S. 441) by approximately one-half mile. Totalling nearly 100 acres,
                         this heavily forested area contains a variety of natural vegetation
                         including one lowlying wetland area found near the center of the land.

                         The site was initially mentioned in the Vegetation Inventory by the
                         State Division of Forestry.   In addition, the Rumors Site is presently

                                                               PART 2-29

                       being considered as an Urban Wilderness Area by the Urban Wilderness
                       Advisory Board. While the Land Use Plan of Coral Springs has desig-
                       nated a small section of this parcel for a future park site, the majority
                       of the Rumors Site would be lost to development.

                       Major tree vegetation includes Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum),
                       Slash Pine (Pinus elliotti), Cabbage Palm (Sabal palmetto), Red Maple
                       (Acer rubrum) and Po@_d Apple (Annona g7fia-bra). Shrub vegetation is
                       abundant in the form of Wax Myrtle, Cocoplum, Marlberry and Myrsine.
                       Leather and Royal Ferns complement a wide mixture of ground cover
                       such as Virginia Creeper and Pennygrass. Surrounding the central
                       wetland community are Pond Apple and willow trees along with. numerous
                       bromeliads and several aquatic plant species.

                       Although the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Florida Department
                       of Environmental Regulation (DER) have determined that the property is
                       exempt from their "wetland" permitting process, it has been recom-
                       mended that this lowlying parcel be preserved within the drainage plan
                       of the development.

                       According to the Coral Springs Land Use Plan the allowable density for
                       residential development is currently in the moderate range, or 2-9
                       dwelling units per acre.

                                                          PART 2-30

                                                        Map 12 West Central Subregion.

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                        West Central Subregion (WC)

                        The West Central Subregion includes that area north of State Road 84,
                        west of State Road 7 (U.S. 441) and the Sunshine State Parkway, south
                        of the Pompano Canal and east of Conservation Area 2-B. The urbaniza-
                        tion of western Broward during the past decade has made this County
                        one of the fastest growing in the United States. The boom of com-
                        mercial and residential development in this area outstripped the urban
                        service livery capacities of the cities and County during this period.
                        Even.today, road construction and improvements to relieve overcrowded
                        trafficways continues to fall far behind the transportation needs of the
                        existing residents of the West Central Subregion

                        The member cities of this subregion are Lauderhill, North Lauderdale,
                        Plantation, Sunrise, Tamarac, and portions of Lauderdale Lakes and
                        unincorporated Broward County. Since 1975, building permit activity       in
                        these municipalities has accounted for nearly half of the total number
                        issued for the entire County. The University Drive corridor has re-
                        ceived the bulk of this construction activity.  In providing the main
                        north-south arterial highway for western Broward, University Drive      has
                        absorbed traffic far beyond its capacity.   Until additional routes such
                        as Pine Island Road can be improved, the traffic congestion on University
                        Drive will only worsen.

                        The residential land use pattern in the West Central Subregion gener-
                        ally reflects a single-family character. Several zones of higher density
                        development are scattered along the east-west highways of Commercial
                        Boulevard, Oakland Park Boulevard, Sunrise Boulevard and Broward
                        Boulevard. Those multi-family projects located west of University Drive
                        have attracted thousands of retirees from the northeastern part of the
                        country.

                        Commercial and industrial land uses are situated or are proposed along
                        major access routes. The establishment of strip commercial business
                        along U.S. 441 has forced large retail centers to western sites. For
                        example, the new Broward Mail, at the intersection of University Drive
                        and Broward Boulevard, offers regional shopping opportunities to
                        residents from northern Dade and south Palm Beach Counties as well as
                        from all parts of Broward.

                        The proposed construction of the University Expressway at the western
                        limit of the West Central Subregion would help to alleviate future traffic
                        problems and stimulate industrial development in this area. Major
                        employment centers are planned at the Expressway intersections of State
                        Road 84 and Commercial Boulevard. The relative shortage of prime
                        industrial land in western Broward should encourage the utilization of
                        these sites in the very near future.

                        Water qua-lity considerations are crucial to this area of the County. In
                        terms of surface water management, drainage, and potable water avail-
                        ability, local officials within the West Central Subregion need to examine
                        the services required for the continued build-out of the area.    En-
                        vironmental trade-offs, such as backpumping urban runoff into the
                        Conservation Areas in emergency situations, will inevitably cause higher
                        costs for water treatment in the future.

                                                             PART 2-32

                             15. Palm-Aire Site

                        The Palm-Aire Site (now known as Fern Forest) is located northwest of
                        the Sunshine State Parkway, south of the Cypress Creek (C-14) Canal,
                        east of State Road 7 (U.S. Route 441) in the municipality of Coconut
                        Creek. The 254-acre parcel, composed of an excellent variety of natural
                        vegetation, was approved for acquisition in the Bond Issue Program,
                        and has since been acquired as a County park. Due to its ecological
                        significance and widespread aesthetic appeal, the Palm-Aire Site provides
                        a valuable asset-to the residents of Broward County.

                        The site contains a mix of hydric hammock (50%), tropical hammock
                        (49&), and pine flatwoods vegetation (17%). Also evident are numerous
                        limestone rock outcroppings and scattered solution holes. The remain-
                        Ing acreage (22%) includes former dairy cattle land and some encroach-
                        ment by undesirable exotics such as Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebin-
                        thinfolius). The overall diversity of plant communities is marked by
                        the recording of twenty-one tree species and twenty-eight fern species
                        on this site.

                        The hydric hammock plant community includes tree species such as Red
                        Maple (Acer rubrum), Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) and Cabbage Palm
                        (Saba[ palmeft-o-).Shrub vegetation is dominated by Wild Coffee (Psychotria
                        unclata) and Marlberry (Ardisia escallonioides). Royal Ferns (Osmunda
                        regalisvar spectabilis), Sword Ferns (NephFo-lepis biserrata), Boston
                        Ferns (Nephrolepis cordifoiia) and Swamp Ferns (diechum serralatum)
                        are prevalent.

                        In the pine flatwoods, several Slash Pine (Pinus elliotti) remain, how-
                        ever much of this land was originally cleared for pasture land. The
                        tropical hammock community is dominated by tall Bald Cypress (Taxo-
                        dium districhum) trees in the southern section of the site. Other sub-
                        tropical species include Gumbo-Limbo (Bursera simaruba), Strangler Fig
                        (Ficus aurea), Wild Lime (Zanthoxylum fagara) and Paradise Tree (Simarauba
                        glauca).

                        The Palm-Aire Site has been impacted by drainage canals and a high
                        voltage powerline which runs through the property from north to south.
                        Despite encroachment by man and exotics, over sixteen species of
                        birdlife and seven species of mammals are native to the area.

                        The Vegetation Inventory and the Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977
                        have both regarded the Palm-Aire Site as a unique natural area.   In
                        addition, the area has traditionally been utilized by naturalists, con-
                        servationists and university professors as an environmental classroom.

                             16.  1 nverrary _Site

                        The  Inverrary Site is situated southeast of the Commercial Boulevard
                        and  University Drive intersection in the municipality of Lauderhill. T-he
                        200-acre site is bordered by Inverrary Boulevard on the south and by

                                                            PART 2-33

                       Woodlands Village on the east. The ideal location of the area has pro-
                       duced interest in preserving it as an open space acquisition.

                       The vegetation consists predominantly of tropical and hydric hammock
                       tree species such as Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum), Red Maple
                       (Acer rubrum) and Saba[ Palm (Sabal palmetto). Other tree species
                       include Strangler Fig (Ficus aurea) and Slash Pine (Pinus elliotti).
                       Various types of ferns and native shrubs such as Cocoplum, Red Bay,
                       Wild Coffee and Pond Apple are also present.

                       The Iriverrary Site was originally noted in the Vegetation Inventory and
                       the Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977. The area has already been
                       platted according to a single-family subdivision pattern at five dwelling
                       units per acre.  In addition, the northwest corner of the site is cur-
                       rently being developed as a shopping center. While the Inverrary Site
                       is considered a unique natural area of Broward County, it would appear
                       that much of the area will be lost to urbanization in the near future.

                                                           PART 2-34

                                                                   Map     13 South Central Subregion

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                        South Central Subregion (SC)

                        The South Central Subregion encompasses the fastest growing suburban
                        area of Broward County. Bordered on the east by the Sunshine State
                        Parkway and on the west by Flamingo Road, this Subregion extends
                        from State Road 84 to the Dade County line. The predominant develop-
                        ment in this area over the past decade has been residential in nature.
                        Based opon the future land use patterns of the municipalities, the
                        South Central Subregion will continue to serve as a suburban bedroom
                        community for the employment centers in Eastern Broward and Northern
                        Dade Counties.

                        Included in the South Central Subregion are the cities of Cooper City,
                        Davie, Hollywood (western part), Miramar, Pembroke Pines and portions
                        of unincorporated Broward County. A small segment of the Seminole
                        Indian Reservation, the Broward Community College and the North
                        Perry Airport comprise some of the more diverse land uses. Also of
                        significance is the Pine Island Ridge formation which is located to the
                        south of State Road 84 in unincorporated Broward County and overlooks
                        the surrounding countryside.

                        The traditional single-family subdivision construction in the South
                        Central Areas is complemented by an increasing number of multi-family
                        development. Over the past several years much of the active agri-
                        cultural land, consisting of mostly citrus groves, have been converted
                        to more intensive land uses. The tremendous growth of strip com-
                        mercial development along University Drive has helped push the urban
                        fringe further west. Subsequently, the east-west transportation corri-
                        dors or the area have been plagued with substantial traffic congestion.
                        Improvements to the roadways in the South Central Region through the
                        Road Bond Issue will offer relief to Taft Street, Sheridan Street, Stirling
                        Road and to Southwest 100th Avenue.

                        Improvement of the surface water quality and flood plain management
                        practices in the South Central Subregion provide major considerations
                        for the municipalities of this area.

                            17. Pine Island Ridge Site

                        The Pine Island Ridge Site extends from one-half mile south of South
                        Road 84 to approximately one mile north of Orange Drive (SW 45th
                        Street) in unincorporated Broward County. The Ridge attains the
                        highest land form elevation in the County and provides a unique hard-
                        wood hammock setting in a lowlying environment-.

                        Multi-family development by Pine island Ridge Inc. has occurred along
                        the northern stretch of the Ridge. By court order 3,612 units may be
                        developed on their property which covers. approximately 567 acres.
                        Some single-family construction has also been planned west of the
                        Ridge.

                        To the south of this development, the Ridge winds through citrus
                        groves. This portion of the site is relatively undisturbed.   Indigenous

                                                            PART 2-36

                        iaurifolia), Live Oak (Quercus virginiana), Strangler Fig (Ficus aurea),
                        Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simaruba) and Mastic (Mastichodendron Foeti-
                        dissiumum). Some of these oak trees range up to two feet in diameter
                        and are over forty feet in height. Few undesirable species or exotics
                        were found along this portion of the Ridge.

                        This site was included as a unique natural area in the Broward County
                        Land Use Plan, 1977 and also noted in the Vegetation Inventory com-
                        piled by the State bivision of Forestry. Adjacent to the southern
                        boundary of the Ridge, the Snead Tract was included for acquisition in
                        the approved Bond Issue Program. Due to the central location of these
                        two excellent hardwood hammocks to the growing western municipalities
                        of Broward County, the Pine Island Ridge site would serve as a natural
                        complement to the Snead Tract.

                        Presently, the Pine Island Ridge property in Section 17-50-41 is desig-
                        nated residential (medium density) by the Broward County Land Use
                        flan; however, the buildout has been predetermined by the court
                        order and zoning, which includes the preservation of the Ridge in this
                        section. The land use classification for Section 20-50-41 is residential
                        (estate) and the entire area is zoned agricultural (A-1).

                                                            PART 2-37..

                           Map 14 Southwest Subregion

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                          DADE COUNTY

                          Southwest Subregion (SW)

                          The Southwest Subregion, relative to the remainder of the County, is
                          the least developed subregion. Located west of Flamingo Road to the
                          Conservation Areas and between State Road 84 and the Dade County
                          Line, the area represents a dichotomy to Broward residents. The
                          lowlying, flood plains of southwestern Broward County provide a vast
                          water recharge source for the Biscayne Aquifer. Yet, within the
                          Subregion, several of the largest Broward developments are planned.

                          The municipal jurisdictions of this subregion include large portions of
                          unincorporated Broward County and the western extensions of the
                          municipalities of Davie, Miramar and Pembroke Pines. The main trans-
                          portation routes currently running north and south are limited to U.S.
                          Route 27 and Flamingo Road. Other major roadways are Hollywood
                          Boulevard, Griffin Road, and State Road 84 which divide the area from
                          east to west. In addition to the planned improvements to these roads,
                          the construction of the Port Expressway and Interstate 75 will insure
                          the continued urbanization of southwestern Broward.

                          According to the Broward County Land Use Plan, 1977, major com-
                          mercial and industrial land uses are envisioned along the 1-75 corridor.
                          While the commencement of its construction is not expected until the
                          early 1980's, right-of-way acquisition for this federal ly-f uncled project
                          is being coordinated by the Florida Department of Transportation.
                          When completed, the proposed 1-75 will connect the Port Expressway
                          and State Road 84 with the Palmetto- Expressway (Route 826)-in Dade
                          County.

                          The recent approval of two Developments of Regional Impact (DRI's) in
                          the northern half of this Subregion have raised many service delivery
                          and environmental ly-related questions. Both the 84 South Development
                          and Arvida Corporation's Indian Trace Development must remedy problems
                          such as flood plain and drainage constraints in this most sensitive
                          environmental Subregion of Broward County. For example, the primary
                          drainage system for the Southwest Subregion will be the C-11 canal
                          which was orginally designed for only agricultural land use runoff.
                          The increased urban development brought by these DRI's must provide
                          accompanying improvement to the drainage network to limit flooding in
                          these exurban communities and to eliminate any potential for backpumping
                          urban runoff into the Conservation Area.

                          To the south of.the C-11 Basin, the C-9 Basin sits very low with an
                          average elevation of only from (4) feet above mean sea level. With no
                          effective slopes present, the C-9 tends to accumulate water from the
                          higher South Central Subregion. The natural poncling of water in this
                          area acts as a direct recharge to the Region's underground freshwater
                          supply, the Biscayne Aquifer. Flooding would become a serious problem
                          with an increased amount of intensive land uses and the resulting urban
                          runoff. To ameliorate this hazard, local governments are urged to
                          adopt the guidelines established in the Water Management Plan for the
                          Western C-9 Basin. Most importantly, in order to minimize the degradation
                          of both surface and ground waters, the Southwest Subregion must be
                          able to provide the basic urban services and utilities (public water

                                                                PART 2-39

                        supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and solid waste collection
                        and disposal) to permit any future development.

                             18.   Everglades Buffer Strip

                        The Everglades Buffer Strip is located west of U.S. 27, east of Con-
                        servation Area 3A and south of State Road 84. The Buffer Strip has
                        been recommended as a Local Area of Particular Concern (LAPC) by the
                        Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission due to its proximity to
                        the Everglades Water Conservation Areas. This large expanse of land
                        serves as the westerm limit of potential development in Broward County.
                        Of the 4,160 total acres encompassed by the Buffer Strip, approximately
                        700 acres are situated in the City of Miramar. The remainder of this
                        land, or over 85% of the total acreage to the north of the proposed
                        alignment of Pembroke Road, lies partly in the City of Pembroke Pines
                        and partly in unincorporated Broward County.

                        The major vegetation found in this Buffer Strip is comprised of Saw-
                        grass, Melaleuca, Willow and Wax Myrtle. Exotic trees (Melaleuca) have
                        propagated extensively along U.S. Route 27, especially through the
                        southern half of the strip.   Permanent structures to the west of U.S.
                        27 include a mobile home trailer park, a Florida Power and Light Com-
                        pany Substation, and the Holiday Park recreation area.      In addition, a
                        six-hundred foot wide Florida Power and Light easement bisects the
                        Buffer Strip to the north of the substation. Several rockpits have also
                        been developed within the northern half of the area.

                        The present improvement and widening of U.S. 2      7 will affect the pattern
                        of development on both sides of the roadway. According to the Broward
                        County Land Use Plan and a recent amendment, the Buffer Strip may
                        only be developed under the agricultural density of one unit per two-and-
                        one-half acres. Unfortunately, this type of sprawl land use would not
                        be compatible with the limited access design proposed for U.S. 27.
                        Water quality would definitely be impacted from the septic tanks and
                        runoff of single-family type development bordering so close to the
                        Everglades Conservation Area.

                        In order to resolve these important issues it is recommended that such
                        development in the Buffer Strip be handled on a special exception
                        basis. The development of a comprehensive growth strategy for this
                        remote area of Broward County is necessary to adequately address the
                        environmental hazards of allowing certain types of land uses to the west
                        of U.S. Route 27.

                                                              PART 2-40

                                                                                    08 dW AM) W AM dW AM W W

                                                                                                                 MAP 15
                                                                  BROWARD COUNTY CONSERVATION AREA8

                                                                                                 PALM IIIEACH COUNTV

                                                                                                                                                                   . . . . . . . . . .
                                                0
                                                      SEMINOLE
                                                         INDIAN
                                                   RESERVATION                                                                    CONSERVATION AREA
                                                                                                                                              ZA

                                                                                                                                                                          ... .........
                                                                                                                                                                           ..........

                                                                                                                                      /consenvATion      AREA
                                                    MICCOSUKEE
                                                                                                                                                  to                        . .........
                                                3o
                                                it    INDIAN                                       SR 94
                                                  RESERVATION

                                                                                         CONSERVATION AREA
                                                                                                   SA

                                                                                                                                             ... ..... ....... . .....

                                                                                                                                                   ..........

                                                                                                                       DADE COUNTV
                                                                                 @@S @RO 4
                                                            ;N
                                                            iATION

                        Everglades Water Conservation Areas

                        The Everglades Water Conservation Areas comprise the last remaining
                        expanse of freshwater wetlands existing in Southern Florida. An in-
                        tricate web of levees, dikes and canals running from Lake Okeechobee
                        to South Dade County directs water into these large storage reservoirs
                        to control flooding and to provide a water recharge area for the coastal
                        cities of Southeast Florida. Broward County-is currently covered by
                        approximately 790 square miles of Water Conservation Area or roughly
                        two-thirds of the total County area west of levees 33, 35, 35A, 36 and
                        37.

                        Historically, the Everglades Region was a "river of grass" which flowed
                        southward from the banks of Lake Okeechobee into two natural drainage
                        systems, the Shark River Slough and the Taylor Slough. Due to the
                        potential for agricultural land development, a drainage program began
                        in the early 1900's to lower the water level of the entire Everglades
                        ecosystem. Canals were constructed to the ocean which caused signif-
                        icant environmental damage such as saltwater intrusion along the coast
                        and drought conditions in the Everglades during the dry season.
                        Despite these efforts, flooding continued to occur in the rainy season.
                        The flood conditions of 1947 prompted the United States Congress to
                        promulgate House Document 643, 80th Congress, second session, which
                        created the federally authorized project for central and southern Florida.
                        This project included the construction of levees and canals by the U.S.-
                        Army Corps of Engineers, which would create the three Water Conservation
                        Areas to provide for flood control, water storage and conservation, and
                        protection against saltwater intrusion.

                        The Water Conservation Areas (WCA) provide for a flow of water from
                        north to south subject to a Regulation Schedule. This schedule pro-
                        vides for storage of water during the rainy season in order to provide
                        adequate supplies of water for the dry season in the winter and spring
                        months. The operation and maintenance of the main spillways, designed
                        for control of water levels in the Water Conservation Areas, remains
                        with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The remainder of the system,
                        including structures and pump stations, is operated and maintained by
                        the South Florida Water Management District. For the purpose of
                        wildlife management, Water Conservation Area 1 has been leased by the
                        Water Management District to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the
                        remainder to the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission to manage
                        subject to consideration of flood control and water storage requirements.

                        The western portion of Broward County includes Water Conservation
                        Areas 2A (partial), 213, and 3A (partial). The Seminole and Miccosukee
                        Indian Reservations occupy the westernmost 105,000 acres of the County
                        which abut Collier and Hendry Counties. The Indian tribes of Florida
                        received the right to use certain lands located within the Water Conser-
                        vation Areas as reservations through Chapter 285, F.S. Their use is
                        subject to the property interests and statutory obligations and authority
                        authority of the South Florida Water Management District. Only two
                        major roadways transgress the Water Conservation Areas in western
                        Broward County-Alligator Alley (Everglades Parkway) and U.S. Route
                        27 (north -south)-thus limiting vehicular travel in this sensitive environment.

                                                            PART 2-42

                         Water Conservation Area 1 is located wholly within the southwestern
                         portion of Palm Beach County. As a surface water storage facility,
                         Water Conservation Area 1 releases water to the larger Conservation
                         areas to the southwest. This area covers approximately 221 sq. miles
                         and is leased to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as the Loxahatchee
                         Wildlife Refuge.

                         Water Conservation Area 2A, totalling 173 square miles, is situated
                         north of Water Conservation Area 2B. This area abuts the urbanized
                         eastern third of Broward County as well as Water Conservation Area 2B
                         to the south and Water Conservation Area 3A to-the west. The water
                         bearing capacity of Water Conservation Area 2A has promoted surface
                         water storage for many years. This has altered the ecological charac-
                         teristics of the area's sawgrass environment into a wetter, aquatic-oriented
                         habitat. The planned drawdown of the surface water levels in Area 2A,
                         recently proposed by the South Florida Water Management District,
                         would serve to compact flocculant material accumulating as a thick layer
                         on the bottom of the area. The drawdown would simulate a dry period.
                         However, the area would still be managed as an impoundment with a flat
                         water level pool and without the continuous flow that characterized the
                         virgin Everglades. The drawdown will also attempt to bring back
                         certain species of plants which have disappeared from the area. The
                         drawdown would not result in a loss of an excellent fishing and recreational
                         facility; however, it would mean a temporary inconvenience while the
                         area was drawnclown.

                         Water Conservation Area 2B (37 sq. miles) lies south of Water Conser-
                         vation Area 2A. It is bordered by the urbanized third of Broward
                         County to the east and south by the Water Conservation Area 3A to the
                         west. Water Conservation Area 2B was created because prior to the
                         construction of L-3513, water losses as a consequence of seepage were
                         considerable due to the high permeability of the Biscayne Aquifer in
                         this area.  L-35B was created to reduce seepage losses and, consequently,
                         hold water in WCA 2A for a longer period of time. Any seepage impact
                         of this area on the abutting municipalities of Sunrise, Tamarac and
                         unincorporated Broward County is handled and diverted by Canal 42
                         and Canal14.

                         Water Conservation Area 3A covers a total acreage larger than all the
                         other storage areas combined (787 sq. miles). Occupying the remainder
                         of Western Broward County which is west of U.S. Route 27, Water
                         Conservation Area 3A also extends southward to the Tamiami Trail
                         (U.S. Route 41) in Dade County. Due to its extremely large size, the
                         area is divided into Water Conservation Area 3A and 3B. Water Con-
                         servation Area 3A provides the Biscayne Aquifer with a tremendous
                         water recharge area. Generally, the flowage of water across this Water
                         Conservation Area occurs according to the schedule set by the Army
                         Corps of Engineers. South of Water Conservation Area 3A, water is
                         regularly released into Everglades National Park in order to maintain a
                         consistent ecology.  in 1968, a tentative agreement was reached between
                         the National Park Service, the State of Florida and the Army Corps of
                         Engineers to deliver a specific amount of water to the Park annually.
                         Passed in 1970, Public Law 91-282 authorizes the South Florida Water
                         Management District to deliver "not less than 315,000 acre feet of water

                                                               PART 2-43

                       annually" to the Everglades National Park.  Realizing the overall com-
                       plexity involved in providing this service, as well as ameliorating flooding,
                       and maintaining a water supply for the coastal metropolitan areas, the
                       significance of the Water Conservation Areas is crucial to the vitality of
                       the South Florida economy.   In addition, the natural systems embodied
                       in these areas are a unique remnant of the orignial Everglades Drainage
                       Systems prior to the intervention of man.

                            Geology

                       The unique nature of the Everglades basin, which covers approximately
                       4,000 square miles from Lake Okeechobee on the north to Florida Bay
                       on the South and from the Coastal Ridge on the east to the Big Cypress
                       Swamp on the west, can be traced to its geological origins. The gradual
                       emergence of southern Florida's peninsula created various layers of
                       limestone deposits of differing types. The impact of rising and failing
                       sea -levels and the deposition of limestones created three distinct formations,
                       the Ft. Thompson, Tamiami and Miami Limestone. These formations
                       underline the Everglades system and conduct interrelated ground and
                       surface water storage functions.

                       Western Broward County provides an interface for all three of these
                      .geological formations above the Aquifer. The Fort Thompson formation
                       south into Northwestern Broward County, the marl layers of the Fort
                       Thompson formation display low permeability in holding surface water.
                       In the Southern Everglades. the formation becomes increasingly porous
                       especially where it combines with Miami Oolite to form the Biscayne
                       Aquifer. The wedge shape of Fort Thompson formation increases in
                       thickness from western Broward County toward the Atlantic Coastal
                       Ridge.

                       In the Western-central area of Broward County, Water Conservation
                       Areas provide surface water storage which recharges the Biscayne
                       Aquifer, particularly in Water Conservation Area 3B. As the Fort
                       T,hompson formation moves south into Broward County, this less permeable
                       limestone mixes with the Tamiami Limestone to the west and Miami Limestone
                       to the south. The higher permeability of these latter deposits alter the
                       hydrologic characteristics of the overlying Water Conservation Areas.
                       Water Conservation Area 3A, for example, is underlain by sandy limestone
                       perforated by numerous solution holes. Referring to this recharge
                       capability, the Biscayne Aquifer has excellent permeability. It includes
                       the Miami Limestone, Fort Thompson formation and the Tamiami formation.
                       The Hawthorne formation serves as the aquiclude separating the Biscayne
                       Aquifer from the Floridan Aquifer. A review of these geological patterns
                       proves significant to managing the hydrology in each of the Water
                       Conservation Areas as well as for the entire Everglades drainage basin.

                            Vegetation & Soils

                       The vegetation found in the Water Conservation Areas is, in part,
                       characterized by the surface water levels maintained in each storage

                                                           PART 2-44

                         basin. The majority of the region is covered with sawgrass marsh and
                         wet prairie. Tree islands are scattered throug0out these wetland and
                         are referred to as willow heads, bayheads, palm glades or tropical
                         hardwood hammocks, based upon the dominant tree vegetation. The
                         elongated tree islands are aligned north to south with the rounded head
                         facing the surface water flow to the north. Shrub vegetation including
                         Wax Myrtle, Mrysine, Cocoplum and Dahoon Holly are present as well as
                         numerous ferns and bromeliads. Slightly lower and wetter hammocks may
                         display Water Oaks, Sabal Palms, or Strangler Figs while relatively
                         higher areas may sustain Slash Pine and Palmetto.

                         In those areas where fresh water stands during the entire year, pond
                         vegetation such as Pickerel Weed, Sagittaria, Water Lilies, Bladderwort
                         and Cattail flourish. The thick muck and peat soil produced result
                         from the slow decay of aquatic plant remains. If these unstable organic
                         soils are exposed to the warm air due to drought or drainage, they
                         begin to dry and can be gradually dispersed by the wind. This ex-
                         perience has plagued the drier agricultural lands south of Lake Okeechobee
                         where compaction and oxidation of the organic deposits are subsiding
                         the soil at the rate of one inch per year.

                         The peat and muck soils of the Water Conservation Areas become very
                         susceptible to burning over prolonged dry conditions or drought.
                         Usually fires started by lightning provide a valuable service by burning
                         off the tops of the sawgrass to encourage new growth. However,
                         during dry periods, these fires may burn through to the finely grained
                         peat, destroying the soils and exposing bare limestone rock. Only when
                         the rainy season returns can these "muck fires" be extinguished.
                         Unfortunately, replacing the lost organic matter takes years of soil
                         rebuilding and aquatic plant decay.

                              Animal Life

                         The Water Conservation Areas support an enormous and varied amount
                         of wildlife. Over one-hundred-seventy-five birds species and at least
                         forty species of fish have been observed in these freshwater wetlands.
                         In addition, many mammals such as deer, wild hog and raccoon, as well
                         as reptiles like the American Alligator, Softshell Turtle and Water Moca-
                         sin are found in the Water Conservation Areas. The Appendix includes
                         a listing for fish, mammals and reptiles native to the Water Conservation
                         Areas.   For information on birdlife characteristics in these Areas,
                         please refer to bird species matrices under "Ecological Plant Communities"
                         in the Appendix.

                         Wildlife research in the Water Conservation Areas, and the Everglades
                         region generally, has produced a greater awareness of the complex
                         ecology governing this freshwater habitat. The seasonal propagation of'
                         fauna is synchronized by the South Florida wet season lasting from May
                         through October. As the Water Conservation Areas fill with water
                         during this period, plant germination and   animal regeneration flourish
                         in the tropical summer climate. When the waters recede in the dry
                         season, the smaller aquatic organisms are  concentrated to sustain the
                         larger fish, birds, mammals and reptiles. This enormous food web is

                                                              PART 2-45

                        partially responsible for the seasonal migration of birdlife to the Ever-
                        glades.  Due to the fact that only a portion of the original Everglades
                        basin remains intact-within the three*Water Conservation Areas, the
                        East Everglades Study Area in Dade County, and Everglades National
                        Park-the protection of this unique habitat is essential for the resident
                        wildlife and migratory characteristic of South Florida.

                                           ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF
                                      LOCAL AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                        It is necessary to protect and preserve certain environmentally signifi-
                        cant sites or areas of the County in order to ensure that the health
                        and welfare of the public will be maintained. When total preservation
                        or conservation of a site is not possible, land development and environ-
                        mental regulations should be established (and enforced) which will
                        control man's activity in the development of an LAPC.

                        In addition to the policy guidelines listed under the various "Environmental
                        Concerns" sections which would apply to the protection of environmentally
                        significant and sensitive sites, the following recommendations are directed
                        towards the protection of these sites:

                             RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

                        1.   A continued and expanded effort should be encouraged to integrate
                             and coordinate the planning and implementation of this element,
                             particularly in reference to LAPC's, with the activities of the
                             Urban Wilderness Advisory Board.

                        2.   The County should undertake a feasibility study to determine the
                             use of the transfer of development rights process to protect environ-
                             mentally sensitive areas, possibly as a complement to the promul-
                             gation of low and moderate income housing.

                        3.   The County should continue to pursue funding from state and
                             federal sources for the acquisition of environmentally significant
                             lands.

                        4.   The County should continue the effort to protect natural vegetation
                             areas under private ownership and development through the site
                             planning process including the updating of the vegetation inventory
                             and the landscaping and tree protection ordinances.

                        5.   The County should redraft the existing zoning regulation for the
                             Flood Control (F-1) District to adequately reflect the importance of
                             the Water Conservation' Areas in providing water storage for supply
                             to coastal well fields, replenishment of the Biscayne Aquifer and
                             prevention of saltwater intrusion. The scope and purpose of the
                             revised F-1 District should be clear with regards to those per-
                             mitted uses within the Water Conservation Areas which are     con-
                             sistent with the South Florida Water Management District.

                                                             PART 2-46

                        6.   The County should examine the potential impact of constructing
                             1-75 across Alligator Alley upon the natural systems characteristic
                             of the Everglades Water Conservation Areas.

                        7.   An integrated land use/water resource study of the Southwest
                             Subregion of the County, similar to that of the East Everglades
                             Resources Planning Project of Dade County, would serve as a
                             land/ water management guide for future decision-making regarding
                             this environmentally sensitive area.

                                    ALTERNATIVE IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

                        The major techniques for conservation and protection of natural re-
                        sources are embodied in five major governmental powers: police power,
                        eminent domain power, spending power, proprietary power and taxing
                        power.

                        These techniques or tools can be categorized according to three major
                        governmental activities: (a) public acquisition, (b) land development
                        regulations, and (c) taxation. Any combination of these activities may
                        be applicable to a particular site, and each technique has advantages
                        and disadvantages.

                        Public Acquisition

                        This technique affords the highest degree of manageability to the
                        governmental body which owns the land. There are basically two types
                        of acquisition-11fee-simple" and "less-than-fee-simple.11 Fee-simple
                        acquisition means acquiring full title to land for a public purpose such
                        as a park or open space. This provides the public with the highest
                        degree of manageability of the site, but it is the most expensive method
                        of acquisition. Less-than-fee-simple acquisition allows for the purchase
                        of conservation easements or development rights. Easement gives the
                        local government a less-than-fee interest in the land, such that the
                        landowner may have partial or no use of the land for a specified period
                        of time.  Easements protect open space from untimely or uncontrolled
                        development. The advantages to the public of easement acquisition
                        include the following: (1) the easement is maintained by the owner at
                        the owner's expense; and (2) the land is afforded some measure of
                        protection.

                        An important mechanism for the public acquistion and management of
                        particular sites within the County is the Urban Wilderness System:

                             Broward County Urban Wilderness Advisory Board

                        The Broward County Urban Wilderness Advisory Board was created by-
                        County Ordinance #77-36 in order to establish an Urban Wilderness Park
                        System in Broward County. The objective of the system is to set aside
                        "wilderness areas" in permanent preserves which will be protected from
                        incompatible human activity. The role of the Urban Wilderness System
                        occupies an important function within the scope of the Broward County
                        Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element.

                                                            PART 2-47

                          Through the guidance of the Urban Wilderness Advisory Board, as ap-
                          pointed by the Broward Board of County Commissioners, a comprehensive
                          inventory of potential sites has been developed during the past two
                          years. The list of potential Urban Wilderness Areas is not unlike the
                          intent of designating Local Areas of Particular Conern (LAPC).        In the
                          determination of Wilderness Areas, close coordination evolved between
                          the staff of the Planning and Administrative Systems Division and the
                          Urban Wilderness Advisory Board. This working relationship has
                          culminated in the designation of certain LAPC's as top priority Urban
                          Wilderness Sites. Realizing that different methodologies and criteria
                          were utilized in the identification of each list, it is significant to note
                          that  eight (8) Urban Wilderness Sites* out of an original inventory of
                          over  fifty (50) areas are identical to those LAPC's shown on Page 2-6      of
                          this  report. A site checklist of methodology used by the Urban Wilder-
                          ness Advisory Board is shown in the Appendices.

                                Urban Wilderness Areas

                          Below  are. listed those Urban Wilderness Areas by    priority ranking:

                           1.    West Lake*
                           2.    South Fork New River Site*
                           3.    Hollywood Beach Strand Site*
                           4.    Deerfield Sand Pine Site*
                           S.    Golden Shoe Hammock Site
                           6.    Holmberg Road*
                           7.    Woodside Village
                           8.    Pine Ridge Nature Trail
                           9.    North New River Bend
                          10.    May Tract*
                          11.    Holmberg Pond Apple Slough Site*
                          12.    Cypress Lake
                          13.    Pompano Airport Natural Arboretum
                          14.    Knox Village
                          15.    Lauderhill- Inverrary*
                          16.    Hager Hills

                          The acquisition of specific Local Areas of Particular Concern for Coastal
                          Zone Protection/Conservation purposes remains a key objective within
                          this Element. Several of the sites on the priority list have been designated
                          as Urban Wilderness Areas by the Board of County Commissioners and
                          their management policies are being drafted by the Wilderness Board.
                          Other sites are under consideration.

                                Broward County Urban Wilderness Ordinance

                          Through the Broward County Urban Wilderness Ordinance (#77-36),
                          Sections 9-12, the implementation of this acquisition program is described
                          as follows:

                                                                 PART 2-48

                             Section 9. Acquisition of Lands

                             The acquisition of lands within Broward County to be established
                             and maintained as wilderness areas is hereby declared to be a
                             necessary public purpose, and the Commission, after consideration
                             of the recommendations of the Board, may acquire title to, or an
                             interest in, lands located within Broward County by any lawful
                             means.

                             The Commission may, after consideration of the recommendations of
                             the Board:

                             (a)  accept any and all instruments conveying land or the de-
                                  velopment right of land located within Broward County; or

                             (b)  enter into covenants, for a term of not less than ten (10)
                                  years, with the owner of land located within Broward County
                                  that the land will not be used for any purpose other than for
                                  wilderness park purposes; or

                             (c)  purchase, or lease for a term of not less than ten (10) years,
                                  land or the development right of land located within Broward
                                  County. Rental for such a lease shall be payable only from
                                  sources other than ad valorem taxation; and

                             (d)  accept donations of property from public and private sources
                                  to be held in trust by the County for the use and benefit of
                                  the Urban Wilderness Park System.

                             Whenever a person conveys land or the development right in land
                             to the County, the Commission-may take such action as may be
                             necessary to transfer the development rights in the conveyed land
                             to other lands owned by the same person in a manner consistent
                             with the provisions of the County Land Use Plan.

                             The owner of lands which have been conveyed or leased and the
                             donor of proper'ty to the County for the use and benefit of the
                             Urban Wilderness Park System shall be entitled to such ad valorem
                             tax, estate and gift tax, income tax and other tax advantages and
                             benefits as may be provided by law.

                             Any conveyance, covenant or lease of land or an interest in land
                             pursuant to this Ordinance shall be evidenced by written instru-
                             ment and recorded in the official records of Broward County. The
                             Commission shall have the power and duty to enforce the pro-
                             visions of each conveyance, covenant or lease agreement and shall
                             have the power to terminate or modify a covenant or lease agree-
                             ment only if the termination or modification is determined to be in
                             the best interest of the Urban Wilderness Park System.

                             Section 10.   Establishment of Wilderness Areas

                             The Commission shall, after consideration of the recommendations
                             of the Board, and after due public notice and public hearing,

                                                             PART 2-49

                             establish wilderness areas by ordinance formally setting aside such
                             areas for inclusion within the Urban Wilderness Park System.

                             The ordinance establishing a wilderness area shall include the
                             following:

                             (a)  A legal description of the area; and

                             (b)  A dedication of the interest in the area possessed by the
                                  County to the public as a wilderness area; and

                             (c)  A designation of the type of wilderness area being established
                                  and a general statement of what is being sought to be pre-
                                  served; and

                             (d)  A clear statement of the management responsibilities for the
                                  area.

                             Lands, submerged or otherwise, owned by the County may upon
                             recommendation of the Board be included within the Urban Wilderness
                             Park System.. Upon the request of the Commission, lands owned by
                             other governmental agencies may be included within the Urban
                             Wilderness Park System after specific approval by formal action of
                             the governmental agency owning an interest in the land and acceptance
                             by the Commission.

                             Section 11. Rules and Regulations

                             The Board shall prepare and propose general rules and regulations
                             prescribing a uniform set of management criteria covering all
                             wilderness areas and. special rules and regulations as may be
                             necessary for each wilderness area- to be adopted after due notice
                             and public hearing by the Commission and to be implemented by
                             the County Administrator.

                             Section 12. Withdrawal of  Lands from System

                             No part of any wilderness  area may be withdrawn from the Urban
                             Wilderness Park System except by ordinance adopted by at least
                             f ive (5) members of the Commission and only after:

                             (a)  the Commission has held at least two (2) public hearings with
                                  due public notice; and

                             (b)  the Commission has considered the recommendation of the
                                  Board; and

                             (c)  the Commission has determined that the withdrawal is in the
                                  best interests of the Urban Wilderness Park System.

                        Land Development Regulations

                        There is a variety of special zoning and design techniques which can be
                        included in local ordinances for the purpose of natural resource pro-

                                                            PART 2-50

                               tection. These include, but are not limited to, flexible zoning, resource
                               managemdnt districts and performance controls.-

                                      PUD Zon1n2

                               This type of zoning allows for flexibility in design which encourages the
                               preservation of large areas of open space and on-site drainage techniques.

                                      Resource    Management District

                               This technique provides for the designation of certain land areas as
                               environmental ly-sensitive through either the Land Use Plan, zoning, or
                               both. Designated areas may be protected by means of (1) special
                               performance controls which are identified in subdivision regulations,
                               such as for drainage or wastewater plans, or (2) use restrictions, such
                               as land uses permitted or special density provisions.

                                      Transfer of Development Rights

                               Although the TDR process i          s not currently used between two property
                               owners in Broward County, the transfer of development rights process
                               may permit the transfer of unused development rights of one parcel to
                               another in exchange for the payment of a fee as determined by market
                               value. An example of this process is that of the owner of land designated
                               for open space being allowed to sell his/her development rights to other
                               property owners. This technique may be used not only to preserve
                               open space, but also to provide an incentive to builders of low and
                               moderate income housing on the recipient parcel.

                               In order to use the TDR concept, certain steps must be taken by the
                               local  government to evaluate its feasibility in a particular jurisdiction:

                               1.     Identify areas to be preserved; determine private ownership and
                                      acreage of these parcels.

                               2.     Identify those areas most suitable for future, development and
                                      determine acreages and private ownership of these parcels.

                               3.     Determine original and potential dwelling capacity for these
                                      parcels, according to environmental and service delivery factors.

                               4.     Determine the marketability of the development rights available.

                                      Cones of Influence Area Regulations

                               The    cone of influence is the depression, roughly conical in shape, pro-
                               duced in the water table by the pumping of water from a well at a
                               given rate.      In order to protect public water supply wellfield cones of
                               influence from degradation by development, special regulations can be
                               adopted to amend pollution control, building, and subdivision regula-
                               tions. These regulations should include provisions regarding the siting
                               of potentially polluting land use activities. Any land uses which gener-
                               aie pollutants or facilitate the movement of contaminants into the Biscayne
                               Aquifer should be more stringently controlled for areas within the cones
                               of influence.

                                                                              PART 2-51

                        Tax Relief

                        As discussed under the Section "Wetlands," Florida Statutes Chapter
                        193 provides the basis for special assessment of parks or environ-
                        mentally endangered lands.

                                                            PART 2-52

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    I    PART 30
    1 .  INTERGOVERNMENTAL
    I    COORDINATION AND
    I    IMPLEMENTING
    I    AGENCIES
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                                          INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION:
                                               PREPARATION AND POLICIES

                          During the preparation of  this element, various County, Regional and
                          State documents served as a guide for the formulation of coastal zone
                          protection and conservation policies. In.addition., the selection process
                          for Local Areas of Particular Concern included input from the Urban
                          Wilderness Advisory Board, the County's Urban Forester (Division of
                          Forestry), various environmental groups and the municipalities.

                          Policy Guidelines

                          1.   The County shall support the adoption of the Florida Coastal
                               Management Program, and shall participate in its implementation at
                               the local level.

                          2.   The County's Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element shall, to
                               the extent appropriate, be consistent with the State's Coastal
                               Management Program and State Comprehensive Plan.

                          3.   The County's Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation Element shall be
                               consistent, to the extent appropriate, with the South Florida Re-
                               gional Planning Council's policies as stated in the Regional Plan.

                          4.   The County shall coordinate with the municipalities in the prep-
                               aration and implementation of both the County's and municipalities'
                               Coastal Zone Protection (for coastal cities) and Conservation
                               Elements.

                          The  following section summarizes the intergovernmental aspects of plan
                          implementation. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION:
                                                  IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES

                          The legal and organizational structure necessary to manage the natural
                          resources of Broward County presents a complicated scenario.      A mix-
                          ture of Federal, State, Regional and Local authorities have direct re-
                          sponsibilities for the sound utilization and/or protection of the environ-
                          ment. In order to simplify the regulatory framework, a comprehensive
                          list of pertinent Federal and State legislation may be found in the
                          Appendix. The laws are classified by resource area (i.e., water, air,
                          solid waste, coastal, fish and wildlife, etc.) and by governmental   level.
                          A brief description of each piece of legislation is also provided.

                          The following section discusses the roles and responsibilities of the key
                          Federal, State, Regional and Loca-I authorities involved in the manage-
                          ment of natural resources in Broward County.

                                                               PART   3-3

                          A.   FEDERAL AGENCIES

                          At the Regional and Local  government level, the Federal responsibilities
                          relating to environmental control and protection are administered by
                          several key agencies: the 'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S.
                          Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of In-
                          terior, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Coast Guard.

                          1.   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

                          The Army Corps of Engineers reviews dredge and fill-related projects
                          under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Activities
                          which fall under the permitting jurisdiction of the Corps include ex-
                          cavating, dredging, filling, constructing piers, levees, canals, jetties,
                          beach restoration, cables, pipes or wires over or under the water,
                          dumping of material, etc. In conjunction with the Florida Department of
                          Environmental Regulation (DER), the Corps issues permits for dredge
                          and fill operations based on the probable impact of the proposed activity
                          in the public interest. While DER is mainly concerned with the impact
                          of the proposed project on the waters of the state (rivers, streams and
                          tributaries, bays, bayous, sounds, estuaries, the Atlantic Ocean and
                          the Gulf of Mexico), the evaluation by the Corps is based on a combina-
                          tion of factors (conservation, economics, general environmental concerns,
                          historic values, fish and wildlife values, flood damage prevention, land
                          use classification, navigation, recreation, and overall welfare of the '
                          community). Wetland determination is a significant responsibility of the
                          Corps when related to a specific project. Activities which would impact
                          valuable wetlands are usually discouraged by the Corps as being contrary
                          to the public interest. However, such determinations can be arbitrary
                          in terms of the size and location of the wetland resource. Recognizing
                          that the natural boundary of these water resource areas may be difficult
                          to

                          establish due to seasonal fluctuations in water levels, the Corps also
                          utilizes a vegetative index for periodically submerged lands. Wetland
                          areas which are decidely isolated from a recognizable water body are
                          regarded as uplands and excluded from the permitting process.

                          2.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

                          Pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, the Environ-
                          mental Protection Agency holds jurisdiction over those activities which
                          may discharge pollutants into the waters of the United States. Pollutant,
                          according to the Act, is defined as 11 ... dredged, spoiled, solid waste,
                          incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical
                          wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or dis-
                          carded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal,
                          and agricultural waste discharged into water..." (502 [sic], FWPCA).

                          EPA's extensive permitting procedure for point and nonpoint source pol-
                          lutants coordinates with the Florida Departmen 't of Environmental Regulation
                          in reviewing specific projects and activities. Through the National
                          Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), effluent limitations for
                          pollutants are established by the State according to stringent water

                                                               PART 3-4

                        quality standards.   In addition, the State water plans must be con-
                        sistent with the goals and objectives of EPA. Among these goals is
                        included the "protection and propagation of fish, shellfish and wildlife
                        and recreation in and on the water."

                        In terms of air quality, EPA has established national ambient air quality
                        standards and emission standards pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments
                        of 1970 (P.L. 91-604). The State government through the Department
                        of Environmental Regulation is responsible for the implementation and
                        enforcement of the national standards. At the local level, the Broward
                        County Environmental Quality Control Board and the Metropolitan Plan
                        ning Organization aid in monitoring and administering the State program
                        according to local conditions.

                        3.   U.S. Department of the Interior

                        The Department of the Interior has the responsibility for the enforce-
                        ment of the Endangered Species Act (P.L. 92-522). The Secretary of
                        the Interior is required to determine endangered and threatened species
                        and provide rules and regulations for their protection and conservation
                        within a designated area..

                        Within Broward County, the Department of the Interior's jurisdiction
                        would most likely coincide with the Everglades Conservation Areas.
                        Endangered species such as the Florida Kite and Florida Sandhill Crane
                        tend to select these undeveloped areas for their habitats.

                        4.   U.S. Department of Commerce

                        Through the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, the Office of Coastal
                        Zone Management (OC;tM) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                        (NOAA) under the Department of Commerce is responsible for
                        administering the program. The guidelines of the Florida CZM program
                        are structured according to existing State regulation. Once the State
                        program is approved by OCZM, local governments with completed CZM
                        elements or plans will qualify for implementation funding under Section
                        306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Eligible programs for
                        funding include grants to subsidize half the cost of buying land for
                        access to public beaches and other public coastal areas.

                        5.   U.S. Coast Guard

                        The U.S. Coast Guard acts as the multi -jurisdictional coordinator for
                        the clean up of oil spills along the coast of Broward County. Under
                        the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Coast Guard is designated
                        as the lead agency for investigating the cause of the accident and filing
                        charges against the responsible party. A contingency plan, describing
                        the procedural coordination between the appropriate local agencies such
                        as the Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board, is being
                        prepared by the Coast Guard Office. At such time when the Coast
                        Guard plan is completed, the local Coastal Zone Protection/Conservation
                        Element should be amended to include these emergency provisions.

                                                             PART 3-5

                         B. STATE AGENCIES

                         State agencies which reaulate and enforce both state and federal environ-
                         mental legislation-include the Department of Environmental Regulation
                         (DER), and the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Within the
                         State's network of permitting, several regional agencies have the re
                         sponsibility in the monitoring of special environmental law. The South
                         Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), and the South Florida Re-
                         gional Planning Council (to be discussed in the Regional Agency Section),
                         assist in implementation with regards to Chapter 373 and Chapter 380,
                         Florida Statutes, respectively.

                         1.   Florida Department of Environmental Regulation  (DER)

                         The Florida Department of Environmental Regulation   (DER) is respon-
                         sible for the permitting legislation developed under Chapters 253, 373,
                         and 403, F.S. Created under, and pursuant to, the authority of the
                         "Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act of 196711 (Chapter 403),
                         DER was given the broad duties to control and prohibit water and air
                         pollution. These powers include, but are not limited to, planning,
                         legislative drafting, permitting and enforcement.

                         The Florida DER maintains "water" jurisdiction over the rivers, lakes,
                         streams, impoundments, canals, ditches, underground waters, coastal
                         waters, and all other waters or bodies of water, including fresh, brac-
                         kish, saline, tidal and surface waters of the State of Florida. The DER
                         also establishes ambient air and water quality standards for the State as
                         well as standards for the abatement of excessive and unnecessary noise
                         levels. Pollutant discharges, pertaining to any of the above categories,
                         which are emitted in such quantities as to be harmful or injurious to
                         human health. and welfare, or animal, plant or aquatic life or property,
                         are in violation of Chapter 403. Local activities involving domestic and
                         industrial waste facilities, drainage facilities or dredge and fill development
                         which may be a source of water pollution would fall under the jurisdiction
                         of DER.   In addition, the Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning now operates
                         within the general purview of DER, which functions as the key permitting
                         agency for implementing the Coastal Zone Program.

                         2.   Florida Department of Natural Resources (DNR)

                         The Florida Department of  Natural Resources (DNR)   is generally in
                         charge of the supervision, development and conservation of the State's
                         "living" natural resources. As a result of Florida's Environmental
                         Reorganization Act of 1975, the Coastal Coordinating Council was abolished
                         and its functions originally transferred to DNR. Under the Bureau of
                         Coastal Zone Planning, DNR utlizes a broad array of management powers
                         to assist in implementation. These activities include: (a) the establishment
                         of the coastal construction control line (Chapter 161 ); (b) the management
                         of the Aquatic Preserve System and the Wilderness System (Chapter
                         258); (c) the lease and sale of State lands in conjunction with the
                         Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund (Chapter
                         253); (d) the development and acquisition of park and recreation areas
                         (Chapter 375); (e) the planning and coordination of all plans and
                         activities relating to erosion control, beach preservation and hurricane

                                                             PART 3-6

                         protection (Chapter 161); (f) the development of the State Lands Plan,
                         including the acquisition of environmentally endangered lands (Chapter
                         259); and (g) the management of mineral and living marine resources
                         (Chapter 370).

                         DNR is also responsible for the development of a comprehensive plan for
                         submerged lands owned by the State. These submerged lands would
                         include sovereign waters to the line of mean high water, including
                         man-made bodies of water connecting to naturally navigable waters.
                         Similar to the Federal role of the U.S. Coast Guard, the DNR Marine
                         Patrol is responsible for enforcing State law in the territorial waters of
                         Florida. in addition, the Marine Patrol is charged with enforcing the
                         Florida Manatee Protection Act (Chapter 370.12) in sanctuary areas such
                         as Port Everglades and its environs.

                         3.   Florida Department of Community Affairs (DCA)

                         The Department of Community Affairs (DCA) has assumed some of the
                         responsibilities of the now defunct Division of State Planning. DCA
                         presently reviews comprehensive plans and elements submitted by local
                         governments pursuant to Chapter 163. Through close coordination with
                         DER and DNR, DCA monitors consistency with the CZM program through
                         the following planning and management authorities: (a) the Development
                         of Regional Impact (DRI) process; (b) facility ten-year plan requirements;
                         (c) the review of the State budget; (d) the State Comprehensive Plan;
                         and (e) the Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP).

                         C.   REGIONAL AGENCIES

                         Two regional agencies operate as important branches of the State govern-
                         ment in the South Florida area. The South Florida Water Management
                         District (SFWMD) and the South Florida Regional Planning Council
                         (SFRPC) play significant roles in the regulation of larger scale developments
                         in Broward County. Additionally, these multi-jurisdictional agencies
                         provide environmental expertise and technical assistance to the participating
                         local governments.

                         1.   South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD)

                         The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) is responsible for
                         the control and management of all significant freshwater users and
                         waterways in the sixteen-coun'ty area. SFWMD reviews proposed works
                         for the diversion and storage of surface waters and issues permits for
                         their construction and operation. The authority granted to the SFWMD
                         via DER is provided in the Water Resources Act of 1973 (Chapter 373).

                         The SFWMD has also developed the Water Use and Supply Development
                         Plan (1977) for the South Florida area which will be incorporated in the
                         State Water Use Plan. The regulation of the use, transfer and consumption
                         of water by the SFWMD has a crucial impact on numerous environmental
                         issues in Broward County.    For instance, the close relationship between
                         saltwater intrusion and aquifer recharge through the County's canal
                         system is controlled by the SFWMD. In terms of land use, the SFWMD
                         holds flowage easements in areas of Broward County. During the next

                                                              PART 3-7

                          decade, water conservation, in addition to improved flood protection in
                          developing communities, will encompass a major focus of the SFWMD.

                          2.   South Florida Regional Planning Council (SFRPC)

                          The South Florida Regional Planning Council (SFRPC) serves as the
                          coordinating agency in formulating regional policy for   Broward, Dade,
                          and Monroe Counties. As a regional body created under Chapter 160,
                          F.S., the SFRPC acts in an advisory capacity to the constituent local
                          governments. Technical assistance in planning activities such as housing,
                          help provide counties and municipalities with the expertise to make
                          improved decisions.

                          Since 1975, the Regiona I Planning Councils  across the State have been
                          involved in the Statewide Coastal Zone Management Program to incorporate
                          regional differences into local plans. The SFRPC also coordinates their
                          A95 Review and Development of Regional Impact (DRI) processes with
                          those participating local, state and federal agencies. Other responsibilities
                          undertaken by SFRPC include the Areawide Housing Opportunities Plan
                          (AHOP), the Comprehensive Community Energy Management Program
                          (CCEMP) and the review of local comprehensive plans or elements under
                          Chapter 163, F.S. The multi -jurisdictional authority which rests with
                          the SFRPC within these monitoring activities varies accordingly. However,
                          in most cases, the functions of the agency are limited to identifying
                          conflicts in the planning process between different units of government.
                          Through the A-95 Review process and the DR[ process (Chapter 380,
                          F.S.), the SFRPC may affect significant alterations in development
                          plans or proposals at the local level.

                          Under the requirements of Chapter 380.04(l), the determination of any
                          development as meeting the threshold criteria for a Development of Re-
                          gional Impact (DR[), pursuant to Chapter 22F-2, Florida Administrative
                          Code, must apply to the County Commission for approval. Following
                          notification by the County, the SFRPC would prepare and submit to the
                          local government a report of recommendations on the regional impact of
                          the proposed development. Based upon these evaluations, the decision
                          of the local governmental entity is subject to appeal to the Florida Land
                          and Water Adjudicatory Commission. Through this process the SFRPC
                          may affect regional policy at the local level in terms of large-scale
                          development.

                          D.   LOCAL AGENCIES

                          The role of local government in the management of the Coastal Zone
                          Protection/Conservation Element identifies the most diversified, and
                          indispensable link in managing the natural resources of the State.
                          Cooperation between the cities and the county is needed to achieve.
                          consistency in the direction of growth and development throughout the
                          metropolitan area.

                          Without the positive involvement of local entities, the voluntary basis of
                          the State CZM Program would depend only on the amount of incentives.
                          and benefits offered to participating jurisdictions.  By coordinating the
                          enforcement of environmental permitting and sound land use planning

                                                                PART 3-8

                          through compatible countywide plans, Broward local governments become
                          more directly involved in the existing state permitting process.

                          Projects which are consistent with adopted Coastal Zone Protection/
                          Conservation Elements and meet approval at the local level will receive
                          more favorable consideration at the state permitting stage. Besides
                          reducing permit delays and costs, this process serves as an effective
                          local check against inappropriate projects of state and federal agencies.

                          Under the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter
                          163, F.S.), all local governments are required to develop comprehensive
                          plans. Included in the scope of mandatory elements is the Conservation
                          Element as well as the Coastal Zone Protection Element; the latter required
                          of all cities or counties abutting salt-influenced waters. Within the text
                          of this countywide element, a listing of those local governments required
                          to complete coastal zone protection elements may be found (p. INTRO-7).
                          Coupled with the land use zoning regulations governing these local
                          municipalities, several county wide boards and agencies enforce
                          environmental ly- related functions; the Board of Broward County
                          Commissioners, the Environmental Quality Control Board, the Broward
                          County Health Department and the Broward County Planning Council.

                          1.    The Board of County Commissioners:

                          Through the powers vested in the Charter of Broward County, the
                          Board of County Commissioners serves as the leading implementor of
                          countywide policies and controls. The Board is aided in its land use
                          and environmental decision-making by the recommendations and reports
                          of the following County Departments and Divisions: Office of Planning,
                          Community Services Department, Transportation Department, and Utilities
                          Department. The Charter also grants certain agencies and departments
                          the specific responsibility for enforcing environmental controls (i.e.,
                          Environmental Quality Control Board).

                          The Broward County Land Use Plan (BCLUP) mandated by the Charter
                          and the Plat Ordinance (#77-43) provide the most significant local
                          mechanisms for protecting coastal zone and conservation interests. The
                          implementation procedures of the BCLUP (Section 5.01) establish the
                          following development review requirements prior to the issuance of a
                          certificate of occupancy:

                                (a)  adequate potable water service;
                                (b)  available wastewater treatment and disposal services;
                                (c)  available solid wa'ste disposal ser.vice;
                                (d)  adequate drainage to protect new structures from a one-hundred
                                     year flood;
                                (e)  adequate regional transportation capacity to serve the pro-
                                     posed development;
                                (f)  adequate local transportation access;
                                (g)  adequate fire protection service;
                                (h)  adequate police protection service;
                                (i)  adequate parks and recreation facilities;
                                (j)  adequate school sites and buildings.

                                                                 PART 3-9

                          In conjunction with the BCLUP development requirements, the existing
                          Plat Ordinance (#77-43) creates a uniform review procedure for engi-
                          neers, surveyors and developers and, most importantly, creates a
                          standard design criteria for all forms of developments. Through the
                          implementation regulations of the BCLUP and Ordinance #77-43, all plats
                          as well as site plans within the unincorporated areas are evaluated by
                          the Plat and Site Plan Review Committee. Based upon the recommenda-
                          tion of the Committee and upon the decision of the County Commission,
                          the plat application is denied, approved, approved with conditions or
                          deferred by the Board within ninety days from the time it is accepted
                          for review.

                          At the County level, the review process is handled by a number of
                          authorized divisions, agencies and service companies including:

                                (a)  Office of Planning
                                (b) Engineering Division
                                (c) Parks and Recreation Division
                                (d)  Water Management Division
                                (e)  Water and Wastewater Division
                                (f)  Building and Zoning Enforcement Division
                                (g)  Traffic Engineering Division
                                (h)  Broward County School Board
                                (i)  Broward County Urban Forester
                                (j)  Soil Conservation Service
                                W    Florida Power and Light Company
                                (1)  Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board
                                (m)  Broward County Health Department
                                (n)  Broward County Planning Council

                          At the local level, other forms of municipal plat approval may exist
                          which must occur prior to County action on said plat. In those munici-
                          palities where platting regulations do not exist, the County Plat Ordinance
                          takes precedence.

                          The Zoning Code of Broward County provides several guidelines for
                          meaningful environmental review for unincorporated Broward County.
                          Smaller projects are addressed through Section 3.41 of the Code which
                          outlines specific site plan review requirements. The Landscape Manual,
                          Section 3.42, including the existing Tree Protection Ordinance, also
                          encourages and monitors the creation of healthful environments; for
                          example, the planting of exotic vegetation (i.e., Australian Pine, Brazilian
                          Pepper, Melalucea, etc.) is prohibited. Also considered as beneficial to
                          the overall environment that specific native trees not be removed without
                          a tree removal permit. The actual administration of the Zoning Code is
                          the responsibility of the Broward County Building and Zoning Enforcement
                          Division.

                          Currently, the Plat Ordinance is being rewritten. The proposed De-
                          velopment Review and Plat Ordinance includes the consideration of the
                          impact on Environmental ly-Sensitive Lands. Section 10.10 states that
                          "if a proposed development includes all or any part of any lands identified
                          as a unique natural area on the County Land Use Plan or recommended
                          for establishment as an urban wilderness area by the Urban Wilderness

                                                                  PART 3-10

                        Advisory Board, then the County Administrator or his designee shall
                        prepare an environmental impact statement identifying the effects that
                        the proposed development would have on the unique natural qualities
                        and resources of the area." Pending the adoption of this ordinance to
                        replace the existing Plat Ordinance, the environmental review of various
                        developments will be limited to: (a) those projects within the unin-
                        corporated area of Broward County which must receive site plan or
                        platting approval; (b) those plats received from municipalities requiring
                        approval by the Board of County Commissioners; and (c) rezoning ap-
                        plications over one-hundred acres in size.

                        The latter condition reflects the Impact Statement Requirements of
                        Section 52.10(3)(b) of the Zoning Code of Broward County. This Section
                        states that as a condition of the rezoning application the petitioner must
                        submit

                             ... an impact statement describing the anticipated impact of the
                             development proposal, or the maximum development permissable
                             under the requested zoning, upon the natural environment, the
                             economy, the housing market, and upon existing and programmed
                             public facilities and beyond the subject property. The Office Qf
                             Planning shall enumerate the specific items to be included.
                        A copy of the environmental impact statement (Section 2) is contained in
                        the Appendices.    In terms of environmental considerations, the County-level
                        EIS review represents the mb@t comprehensive planning safeguard
                        available at the present time for large-scale developments, rezoning
                        applications greater than one-hundred acres, and projects located in the
                        C-11 or Hillsboro Canal Basins. Through these various reviews, pro-
                        cedures, zoning and land use regulations, the Board of County Com-
                        missioners controls the impacts of local development upon the sensitive
                        South Florida environment.

                        2.   Broward County EnviEonmental Quality Control Board (EQCB)

                        The Broward County Environmental Quality Control Board (EQCB) was.
                        created by the Broward County Charter. All functions, duties and
                        responsibilities of the former Pollution Control Board of the County
                        were transferred to EQCB. The authority of the Erosion Prevention
                        District, as provided by Chapter 63-1175, Laws of Florida, Special Acts
                        of 1963, are also vested in the EQCB. The Advisory Committee of the
                        Erosion Prevention District reports to the EQCB. The latter is directly
                        responsible to the Board of County Commissioners.

                        In addition to the indirect review of erosion control projects, the EQCB
                        is responsible for the review of coastal construction setbacks and access
                        to public beach areas. Within the Broward County Plat Ordinance No.
                        77-43, Section 4.06 states:

                             The design of the proposed plat and the required improvements
                             shall not interfere with the existing legal rights of the public to
                             access to and use of the public beach area seaward of the mean
                             high water line and shall not unnecessarily interfere with the
                             natural uses of the beach in areas seaward of the Coastal Construction
                             Setback Line.

                                                             PART 3-11

                        Examples of the EQCB staff duties are the review of applications for the
                        construction of groins, seawalls, revetments, breakwaters, boardwalks,
                        and the biological monitoring of the artificial reef.

                        The overall water and air quality responsibilities of the EQCB also
                        includes the abatement of noise pollution. Pursuant to the adoption of
                        the unincorporated Noise Abatement Ordinance as Regulation 78-3, the
                        EQCB monitors noise levels in excess of specified decibel limitations.

                        In coordination with the State DER and the Federal EPA air and water
                        quality standards, EQCB's major functions are comprised in the surveil-
                        lance and enforcement of these regulations. The charter specifies that
                        County ordinances shall prevail over municipal ordinances whenever the
                        County sets minimum standards protecting the environment by prohibiting
                        or regulating air or water pollution, or the destruction of the resources
                        of the County belonging to the general public (Section 8.17). The
                        maintenance of the air pollution standards and the improvement of
                        surface water quality represent significant countywide challenges. The
                        accurate assessment and analysis of these conditions by EQCB are
                        essential services in the implementation of this Element.

                        3.   Broward County Health Department (HRS)

                        The Broward County Health Department operates as a quasi-public
                        agency with severai* important controls over the timing and service
                        requirements of new subdivisions. The Health Department is actually a
                        branch of the State Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS) Department
                        serving District #10 in South Florida in addition to its semiautonomous
                        role within the charter government of the County.

                        The Environmental Engineering Section of the Department contains.a
                        surveillance program over the construction and operation of drinking
                        water and supply plants and systems of public swimming pools and of
                        septic tank and water distribution lines. The bacteriological sampling of
                        private systems is also undertaken upon request.

                        In conjunction with the Environmental 'Health Section, permits are issued
                        subsequent to an inspection of the completed development activity.
                        Compliance with local subdivision regulations is achieved through
                        participation by the Health Department on the Plat and Site Plan Review
                        Committee of the County. Subdivisions which may create health problems
                        relating to potable water supply or individual sewage disposal facilities
                        would be prohibited by the Health Department. In terms of environmental
                        planning, these are very crucial considerations in southwestern Broward
                        County where a vast number of future residents will depend on private
                        well and septic tank systems.

                        4.   Broward County Planning Council (BCPC)

                        The Broward County Planning Council (BCPC)       was created in the
                        County Charter to replace the Broward County Area Planning Board
                        (APB). The BCPC was charged with all the functions and responsibilities
                        of the old APB plus the preparation of the Land Use and Potable Water
                        Elements of Broward's Comprehensive Plan. Within the controls and

                                                              PART 3-12

                       provisions of the Land Use Plan which was adopted by the County
                       Commission on November 22, 1979, all units of local government must
                       adopt municipal zoning in substantial conformance with the permitted
                       uses and densities provided for in the Countywide LUP. At the time of
                       this writing, twenty-four of the twenty-nine jurisdictions have received
                       land use Certification approval from the Planning Council. Other duties
                       of the Planning Council include the development of the 208 Areawide Clean
                       Water Management Plan and the A-95 Review Process. Through the
                       latter procedure, countywide projects involving federal funding are
                       reviewed to ensure the coordination of planning and development activities
                       at the local level. The BCPC also receives 11701" funding through the
                       Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department. The "701"
                       Comprehensive Planning Assistance Program provides a major funding
                       source for housing research and related planning activities.

                       The 208 Plan not only addresses the water quality problems associated
                       control the workings of the remaining sections of the FWPCA (see pages
                       41-43 of Chapter G). The 208 staff is currently working on several
                       implementation tasks designed to: reduce or mitigate stormwater runoff
                       into Broward's surface waterways, designate the agencies and munici-
                       palities responsible for implementing the final water quality tasks, and
                       locate proper areas to use as sludge disposal sites.

                                                           PART 3-13

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    I     APPENDICES
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                                                APPENDIX A: LEGISLATION

                         A. WATER: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                              1.    WATER RESOURCES PLANNING ACT (P.L. 89-90):
                                    Ttates that Congress must encourage federal, state, and local
                                    public and private agencies and organizations to conserve,
                                    develop, and utilize water and related land resources to the
                                    fullest extent possible.

                              2.    WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (P.L. 92-500):
                                      jective is "to maintain the chemical, physical, and biological
                                    integrity of the Nation's waters." The Act authorizes the
                                    preparation or development of comprehensive programs to
                                    prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution of ground waters;
                                    maintain a water quality surveillance system; control of oil
                                    pollution and pesticides; administration and funding of waste
                                    treatment plants; lists of toxic pollutants are to be periclically
                                    complied; establishes a Water Pollution Control Advisory Board
                                    within the Environmental Protection Agency, and the National
                                    Marine Water Quality Laboratory.

                              3.    NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (P.L. 91-190):
                                    reports on waterways and their conditions, and examines them
                                    in terms of environmental characteristics. The Agency acts
                                    t07 review programs of other federal, state, and local govern-
                                    mental and non -governmental entities or individuals. NEPA
                                    establishes the Council on Environmental Quality.

                              4.    SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT (P.L. 93-523):
                                    requires the maintenance of health standards of drinking
                                    water, especially when concerning federally-owned or operated
                                    water systems. The protection of underground water
                                    resources has also received increased attention due to this
                                    legislation passed in 1974.

                              5.    RIVER AND HARBORS ACT (P.L. 91-611):
                                    limits excavation and landfilling of waterways if such con-
                                    struction alters its course. The Act recognizes the fact that
                                    waterways are a pollutable resource.

                              6.    NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE ACT OF 1968 (P.L. 90-448):
                                    is established "to make available to residents of flood-prone
                                    areas flood insurance at reasonable premium rates through the
                                    means of a Federal subsidy, and to require local jurisdictions
                                    to enact land use and control measures designed to guide the
                                    rational use of the flood plains as a condition for the avail-
                                    ability of federally subsidized flood insurance." The Act
                                    requires "the agreement by communities to adopt and enforce
                                    land-use control measures consistent with designed criteria."
                                    In addition, the Act involves the upgrading of existing struc-
                                    tures not in conformance to flood program specifications.

                                                            App 1-2

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                              3.    Chapter 370 -  SALT WATER FISHERIES AND CONSERVATION:
                                    delineates the role of the Department of Resource Management
                                    to "coordinate the activities of all public bodies, authorities,
                                    agencies, and  special districts;" responsible for carrying out
                                    Chapter 378.   The Division of Marine Resources of the
                                    Department of  Natural Resources is given exclusive power and
                                    control over water bottoms, while D.N.R. is responsible for
                                    dredge and fill activity.

                              4.    Chapter 373 - WATER RESOURCES:
                                    gives the Department of Environmental Regulation the re-
                                    sponsibility to accomplish the conservation, protection,
                                    management, and control of the waters of the state, through
                                    t1ke delegation of appropriate powers to the various water
                                    management districts. in addition, the act requires form-
                                    ulation of a state water use plan, including emergency pro-
                                    visions in event of water shortages. DER must also regulate
                                    surface retention and runoff/dam construction, as well as
                                    construction, repair, and abandonment.

                              5.    Chapter 375 - OUTDOOR RECREATION AND CONSERVATION:
                                    provides for the acquisition of land and water areas for
                                    recreation and conservation, under the domain of the De-
                                    partment of Natural Resources.

                              6.    Chapter 376
                                    POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND CONTROL:
                                    identifies water as a pollutable resource.

                              7.    Chapter 377 - ENERGY RESOURCES:
                                    Mentifies oil as a possible pollutant.

                              8.    Chapter 380 -
                                    ENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT:
                                    requires coordination of local decisions relating to growth and
                                    development. The Act establishes two tools to accomplish
                                    this: the identification of Areas of Critical State Concern,
                                    and Developments of Regional Impact. Both forms of review
                                    act to limit and/or modify development within the specified
                                    boundaries.

                              9.    Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                    prohibits water pollution, of both surface and underground
                                    water resources. A program of Pollution Control Awards is
                                    established and -includes water as an eligible resource. Within
                                    the Department of Environmental Regulation, a Division of
                                    Environmental Programs is formed to monitor water quality
                                    and quantity.

                              10.   Chapter 582 - SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION:
                                    establishes the Soil and Water Conservation Council of the
                                    Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

                                                            App 1-4

                                 B       RIVERS AND LAKES:                     FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                                         1.      RIVER AND HARBOURS ACT (P.L. 91-611):
                                                 Prevents the construction of any structure that appears as an
                                                 obstruction to rivers/harbours.

                                         2.      FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT (P.L. 92-500):
                                                 to protect rivers and lakes for fish and wildlife.

                                         3.      WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (P.L. 92-500):
                                                 encourages the maintenance of water quality conducive to
                                                 fish, shellfish, and wildlife protection and propagation;
                                                 promotes protection of lakes'from pollution; mandates the
                                                 identification and classification of lakes according to eutropic
                                                 condition.

                                         4.      NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (P.L. 91-190):
                                                 requires the maintenance of environmental quality standards.

                                 1313.   RIVERS AND LAKES:                     STATE STATUTES

                                         1.      Chapter 258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                                                 rivers and lakes as they qualify as wilderness areas.

                                         2.      Chapter 342 - BEAUTIFICATION OF WATERWAYS:
                                                 includes     rivers and lakes as waterways.

                                         3.      Chapter      370 - SALT WATER FISHERIES AND CONSERVATION:
                                                 concerns rivers and lakes as they pertain to saltwater fish-
                                                 eries.

                                         4.      Chapter 372 - GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH:
                                                 specifies fishing licensing for freshwater lakes.

                                         5.      Chapter 376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND
                                                 CONTROL:
                                                 prohibits the pollution of rivers and lakes.

                                         6.      Chapters 380 - ENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER
                                                 MANAGEMENT:
                                                 discusses rivers and lakes as areas of critical state concern.

                                         7.      Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                                 prohibits/prevents the pollution of rivers and lakes.

                                 C.      FLOOD PLAINS AND BASINS: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                                         1.      RIVER AND HARBORS ACT (P.L. 91-611):
                                                 concerns the construction of harbors and redirection of rivers
                                                 and the impacts made upon flood plains/basins.

                                                                                    App 1-5

                            2.  COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (P.L. 92-583):
                                the maintenance of plains and basins and their effects on the
                                coastal zone.

                       CC. FLOOD PLAINS AND BASINS: STATE STATUTES

                            1.  Chapter 298 - DRAINAGE AND WATER MANAGEMENT:
                                establishes water management districts to protect flood plains
                                and basins, " .... to effect the drainage, protection, and
                                reclamation of the land.

                            2.  Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                determines that protection of flood plains and basins is
                                essential to maintain the public water supply; retain wildlife,
                                ecological, industrial, agricultural, domestic, recreational,
                                etc. uses of water. This act also concerns the pollution and
                                contamination of flood plains and basins.

                            3.  Chapter 591 - FOREST DEVELOPMENT:
                                stresses the importance of plains/basins as applied to for-
                                estry..

                       D. WETLANDS: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                            1.  COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (P.L. 92-583):
                                includes wetlands in the coastal zone description, thereby-
                                protecting such areas under the Act.

                            2.  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (P.L. 92-500):
                                discusses wetlands as affected by pollution and discharges.

                            3.  NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (P.L. 91-190):
                                requires an Environmental Quality Report by the Council on
                                Environmental Quality, to include the wetlands.

                       DD. WETLANDS:      STATE STATUTES

                            1.  Chapter 253 - LAND ACQUISITION TRUST FUNDS:
                                establishes the Board of Trustees to administer state lands
                                including tidal, submerged or fresh water land areas plus
                                determines restrictions on dredging and filling.

                            2.  Chapter 258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                                includes wetlands as areas which may be designated as wil-
                                derness areas.

                            3.  Chapter 298 - DRAINAGE AND WATER MANAGEMENT ACT:
                                relates to wetlands in as much as affected by drainage and
                                filling.

                                                      App 1-6

                              4.   Chapter 373 - WATER RESOURCES ACT:
                                   provides for the management of water and related   land uses
                                   to promote the conservation, development and proper
                                   utilization of surface and ground water.

                              5.   Chapter 376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND
                                   CONTROL:
                                   concerns the pollution of marine areas-includes spill pre-
                                   vention and control.

                              6.   Chapter 380 - ENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER
                                   MANAGEMENT ACT:
                                   protects wetlands as identified under or within an Area of
                                   Critical State concern.

                              7.   Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                   recognizes the wetlands as a pollutable resource and parti-
                                   cularly susceptible to sewage discharge.

                        E.    COASTAL REGION: BEACHES, SHORES, AND REEDS - FEDERAL
                              LEGISLATION

                              1.   COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (P.L. 92-583):
                                   provides for management programs that are designed to retain
                                   the integrity of coastal areas.

                              2.   WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (P.L. 92-500):
                                   prohibits coastal pollution.

                         EE. COASTAL REGION: STATE STATUTES

                              1.   Chapter 161 - BEACH AND SHORE PRESERVATION ACT:
                                   purpose of which is the aversion and prevention of erosion,
                                   hurricane, and storm damage; concerns coastal construction
                                   and excavation; establishes the Erosion Control Trust Fund.
                                   The Act attempts to analyze public access to beaches, and
                                   establishes a beach nourishment and restoration program.

                              2.   Chapter 177 - FLORIDA COASTAL MAPPING ACT OF 1974:
                                   recognizes the importance of the coastal zone for public
                                   purposes, and the integral role that coastal mapping plays;
                                   Department of Natural Resources is responsible for the map-
                                   ping.

                              3.   Chapter 258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                                   6stablishes aquat.ic preserves of submerged lands and asso-
                                   ciated waters; establishes a system for identifying state
                                   wilderness areas.

                              4.   Chapter 259 - LAND CONSERVATION ACT:
                                   determines that "beaches or areas within the state which have
                                   been eroded or destroyed by natural forces or which are

                                                          App 1-7

                                  threatened, or potentially threatened, by erosion or
                                  destruction by natural forces," are environmentally
                                  endangered lands.

                             5.   Chapter 370 - SALTWATER FISHERIES AND CONSERVATION:
                                    fines the duties of the Division of Marine Resources in-
                                  cluding beach erosion prevention and control, beach pre-
                                  servation, beach protection, establishes an interdepart-
                                  mental /intergovernmental advisory council to study and
                                  issue recommendations concerning action on coastal zone
                                  issues.

                             6.   Chapter 375 - OUTDOOR RECREATION AND CONSERVATION:
                                  expresses a goal of the Department of Natural Resources for
                                  the establishment of public beaches to encourage public use of
                                  shores.

                             7.   Chapter 376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND CONTROL.
                                  "The highest and best use of the seacoast of the state is as
                                  a source of public and private recreation." Prohibits "the
                                  discharge of pollutants into or upon any coastal waters,
                                  estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, and lands adjoining the
                                  seacoast...".

                             8.   Chapter 380 - ENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER
                                  MANAGEMENT:
                                  contains the Florida Coastal Management Act of 1978;
                                  establishes Florida D.E.R. as the lead agency.

                             9.   Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                  concerns the pollution of the coastline.

                       F.    FISH AND WILDLIFE: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                             1.   FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT (P.L. 85-624):
                                    clares that fish and wildlife conservation must be con-
                                  sidered equally with other features of water resource
                                  development programs.

                             2.   WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS ACT
                                  provides for the preservation of rivers to insure maintenance
                                  of fish and wildlife maintenance.

                             3.   COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (P.L. 92-532):
                                  requires planning with consideration given to fish and wildlife
                                  maintenance.

                             4.   MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH AND SANCTUARIES ACT
                                  T-P.L. 92532).
                                  defines marine sanctuaries and provides for their establish-
                                  ment; determines that ocean dumping is hazardous and
                                  prohibited by law.

                                                         App 1-8

                         FF. FISH AND WILDLIFE:         STATE STATUTES

                              1.   Chapter 258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                                   provides for the establishment of aquatic preserves.

                              2.   Chapter 342 - BEAUTIFICATION OF WATERWAYS:
                                   prohibits the use of poisons determined to be detrimental to
                                   fish and wildlife.

                              3.   Chapter 370 - SALTWATER FISHERIES AN6 CONSERVATION:
                                   establishes the licensing of fisherman, food dealers, ets, in
                                   essence, the chapter seeks to protect fish, shellfish, and
                                   other marine life. There are also regulations for marine
                                   animals-specifically, turtles, manatees or sea cows, dolphins
                                   (porpoise), manta rays.

                              4.   Chapter 372 - GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH:
                                   Ts-tablishes rules and regulations for the taking of fishes and
                                   wildlife, under the Department of Natural Resources' juris-
                                   diction. The Chapter also establishes the Endangered and
                                   Threatened Species Advisory Council. The Game and
                                   Freshwater Fish Commission is assigned the responsibility for
                                   maintenance of freshwater/upland species. The chapter
                                   further provides for licensing of fishermen; regulates
                                   exotic/foreign wildlife, through the Florida Aquatic Weed
                                   Control Act.

                              5.   Chapter 375 - OUTDOOR RECREATION AND CONSERVATION:
                                   provides for the acquisition of land deemed appropriate for
                                   wildlife management.

                              6.   Chapter 376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND
                                   CONTROL:
                                   provides for the preservation of natural (including fish and
                                   wildlife) resources from pollution spills.

                         GG. FORESTS AND VEGETATION          STATE STATUTES

                              1.   Chapter 161 - BEACH AND SHORE PRESERVATION:
                                   stresses th-e importance of vegetation in beach nourishment
                                   and restoration.

                              2.   Chapter 258* - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                                   authorizes the Department of Natural Resources    to purchase
                                   land to be designated as state wilderness areas; including
                                   biological preserve which may be set aside to promote certain
                                   forms of animal or plant life or their supporting habitat.

                              3.   Chapter 342 - BEAUTIFICATION OF WATERWAYS:
                                   legitimizes the use of registered poisonous substances in
                                   eradicating obnoxoius vegetation.

                                                           App 1-9

                            4.   Chapter 370 - OBNOXIOUS SALTWATER FISHERIES AND
                                 Z-ONSERVATION ACT:
                                 prohibits the harvesting of sea oats and seagrapes due to
                                 their erosion prevention function on the beaches and shores of
                                 the state.

                            S.   Chapter 372 - GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH:
                                 establishes the Florida Aquatic Weed Control Act - assigns to
                                 the Department of Natural Resources the responsibility of
                                 removing noxious aquatic weeds.

                            6.   Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                 discusses forests and vegetation as relating to water supply
                                 and quality; pollution control awards or provide for the
                                 restoration and maintenance of the environment.

                            7.   Chapter 589 - FORESTRY ACT:
                                 creates the Florida Forestry Council of the Division of For-
                                 estry, "to disseminate information in regard to forests, their
                                 care and management, to prevent and extinguish forest fires,
                                 and enforce all laws pertaining to forests and wood; co-
                                 operates in growing refurbishing forests and in the planting
                                 of indigenous trees."

                       H. AIR: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                            1 .  CLEAN AIR ACT (P.L. 91-604):
                                 requires the Environmental Protection Agency to establish
                                 primary and secondary air quality standards; leaves the
                                 implementation of the regulations to the individual states. The
                                 Act also establishes the Air Quality Advisory Board and the
                                 Council on Environmental Quality.

                            2.   SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT (P.L. 91-512):
                                 requires conformity with Federal Air Quality standards.

                       HH. AIR: STATE STATUTES

                            1.   Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                                 Rates that air pollution "constitutes a menace to public health
                                 and welfare, creates public nuisances, is harmful to wildlife,
                                 fish, and other acquatic life, and impairs domestic,
                                 agricultural, industrial, recreational, and other beneficial
                                 uses of air and water." The chapter expresses the need   for
                                 regional and local agencies designed to control air and water
                                 pollution; the Department of- Environmental Regulation has
                                 the ultimate state authority over air and water pollution
                                 control. The Pollution Control Awards Program, established
                                 at the local level, includes the area of air pollution, awards
                                 are distributed to agencies, municipalities, counties and other
                                 governmental units or primate organizations, institutions,
                                 industries, communication mediums, or residents of the state.

                                                       App 1-10

                       I   NOISE:   FEDERAL' LEGISLATION

                           1.   NOISE CONTROL ACT - (P.L. 92-574):
                                Rates that the individual federal agencies are responsible for
                                noise pollution control within their respective domains.

                       11. NOISE:   STATE STATUTES

                       J. WASTE WATER:        FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                           1.   WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (P.L. 92-500):
                                provides assistance in the development of treatment works
                                (Section 201); encourages the development of areawide treat-
                                ment facilities (Section 208); establishes effluent limitations
                                (Section 301), including the discharge of hot water (Section
                                316). Section 401 requires permits and licensing of treatment
                                plants.

                           2.   MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT
                                (P.L. 92-532):
                                concerns ocean dumping of wastewater.

                       JJ. WASTE WATER:       PUBLIC HEALTH:

                           1.   Chapter 381  PUBLIC HEALTH:
                                To'cal health officials concurrent with the Department of Health
                                and Rehabilitation Services shall supervise all private water
                                systems, and individual sewage disposal systems.

                       K.  SOLID WASTE: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                           1.   MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT
                                (P.L. 92-531):
                                prohibits the dumping of solid wastes into the ocean, requires
                                the issuance of permits for ocean dumping.

                       KK. SOLID WASTE: STATE STATUTES

                           1.   Chapter-376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND
                                CONTROL:-
                                seeks to control the spill of solid waste, as a pollutant.

                           2.   Chapter 380 - ENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER
                                MANAGEMENT:
                                prohibits the dumping of solid waste'an land to be used for
                                development.

                                                      App 1-11

                        3.  Chapter 403 - (Part IV) RESOURCE RECOVERY:
                            seeks to enhance the quality of the environment, conserve
                            and recycle our natural resources through a statewide
                            recovery and management program.

                    L.  HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES:
                        FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                        1.  NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT    (P. L. 91-190):
                            emphasizes the preservation of "important historic, cultural,
                            and natural aspects of our natural heritage," and "assure...
                            aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings.'

                        2.  HISTORIC PROPERTIES-PRESERVATION ACT(P.L.
                            To- insure that there is an authority body "to insure future
                            generations a genuine opportunity to appreciate and enjoy the
                            rich heritage of our nation."

                        3.  COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT      (P. L. 92-583):
                            requires the preservation, restoration, and revitalization of
                            coastal aesthetic and scenic resources.

                        4.  PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE
                                      ENVIRONMENT:
                            (Executive Order 11583):
                            determines that the federal policy is consonant with the above
                            legislation - a reaffirmation of dedication of resources
                            (monetary) for the maintenance of National Register sites.

                    LL. HISTORICAL, CULTURAL,-AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES:
                        STATE STATUTES:

                        1.  Chapter 258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                            establishes the state wilderness system for public enjoyment;
                            also provides for aquatic preserves - those lands set aside to
                            maintain certain scenic qualities and amenities.

                        2.  Chapter 266.501 - HISTORIC BROWARD COUNTY
                            PRESERVATION BOARD:
                            establishes a Board of Trustees to acquire, restore,
                            preserve, reconstruct and operate certain historic landmarks
                            or sites.

                        3.  Chapter 267 - FLORIDA ARCHIVES AND HISTORY ACT:
                            @-rovides for the acquisition, restoration and operation of
                            historic sites and properties, and archaeological sites.
                        4.  Chapter 372 - GAME 'AND -FRESHWATER FISH: establishes
                            rules and regulations concerning game and fish, and the
                            preservation of these resources.

                                               App 1-12

                         5.  Chapter 375 - OUTDOOR RECREATION AND CONSERVATION:
                               termines that recreational areas, such as public beaches,
                             are cultural resources'.

                         6.  Chapter 377 - ENERGY RESOURCES:
                             requires that while extracting resources, the aesthetic re-
                             sources remain intact and/or are enhanced.

                         7.  Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:
                               ncerns the pollution of public resources.

                         8.  Chapter 592 - PARKS AND RECREATION:
                             permits and encourages the dedication of land for parks for
                             the preservation of natural resources.

                    M.   PARKS AND RECREATION:    FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                         1.  COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT       (P.L. 92-583):
                             establishes that the coastal areas are recreational areas.

                         2.  FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT    (P.L. 85-624):
                             restricts certain areas for fish and wildlife, as parks.

                     MM. PARKS AND RECREATION:    STATE STATUTES

                         1.  Chapter 161 - BEACH AND SHORE PRESERVATION:
                             preserves the public beaches and shores for public
                             recreation.

                         2.  Chapter 193.501 -
                             TAX ASSESSMENTS OF SPECIAL CLASSES OF PROPERTY:
                             provides for a special tax break for private property quali-
                             fying as outdoor recreational or park lands or environmentally
                             endangered lands which is left in an open space use for a
                             minimum of ten years.

                         3.  Chapter 258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                             establishes a state wilderness system for public enjoyment, to
                             set aside areas that have exceptional biological, aestetic, and
                             scientific value as preserves.

                         4.  Chapter 259 - LAND CONSERVATION ACT: involves the
                             ecquisition of land for conservation purposes.

                         5.  Chapter 37Q - SALTWATER FISHERIES AND CONSERVATION:
                             encourages the use of land -for recreational purposes.

                         6.  ChaLpter 589 - FORESTRY:
                             discusses the dedication of land for state parks, specifically
                             forests.-

                                                 App 1-13

                               7.    Chapter 592 - PARKS AND RECREATION:
                                     specifies that the Department of Recreation and Parks of the
                                     Department of Natural Resources controls parks - that is,
                                     monuments, memorials, historic sites, and archaeological sites.

                          N.   LAND RESOURCE: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                               1.    C-OASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT                (P. L. 92-583):
                                     involves the conservation of coastal land.

                               2.    NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT (P.L.
                                     concerns the preservation of land as an historical resource.

                         NN.   LAND RESOURCE: STATE STATUTES

                               1.    Chapter 161 - BEACH AND SHORE PRESERVATION includes
                                     beaches 'and shores as they relate to land-use that is,
                                     coastal construction, revitalization, restoration, etc.

                               2.    Chapter  258 - STATE PARKS AND PRESERVES:
                                     pertains to the acquisition of land for parks and preserves.

                               3.    Chapter  259 - LAND'CONSERVATION ACT:
                                     involves conservation of the land resource.

                               4.    Chapter  267 - FLORIDA ARCHIVES AND HISTORY ACT:
                                     provides for the preservation of historical sites/land.

                               5.    Chapter  298 - DRAINAGE AND WATER MANAGEMENT:
                                     involves the drainage, protection, and reclamation of land.

                               6.    Chapter  380 - ENVIRONMENTAL LAND AND WATER
                                     WANAGEMENT ACT:
                                     seeks to coordinate local decisions relating to growth and
                                     development; also distinguishes areas of critical state
                                     concern and establishes requirements for D.R.I.s.

                               7.    Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL: involves the
                                     Tt-ipulation for environmentally sound use of land.

                               8.    Chapter 582 - SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION: discusses
                                     soil as an integral factor in the determination of the relative
                                     value of land.

                               9.    Chapter 592 - PARKS AND RECREATION: also concerns the
                                     acquisition of land for parks.

                         0.    S01 LS:    FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                               1.    COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT                (P.L. 92-583):
                                     relates soil condition to coastal erosion.

                                                              App 1-14

                       00. SO I LS:  STATE STATUTES

                            1.   Chapter 161 - BEACH AND SHORE PRESERVATION: discusses
                                 soil as relating to beach and shore erosion, and the quality of
                                 landfill.

                            2.   Chapter 370 - SALTWATER FISHERIES AND CONSERVATION:
                                           i
                                 concerns soil and erosion.

                            3.   Chapter 381 - PUBLIC HEALTH: requires consideration of the
                                 public health and well-being in-soil analysis.

                            4.   Chapter 403 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL: involves soil
                                 types and quality, and Section-208. Prior to plant siting,
                                 soils must be analyzed for foundation purposes.

                            S.   Chapter 582 - SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION: discusses
                                 soil as an integral factor in the determination of the relative
                                 value of land.

                            6.   Chapter 591 - FOREST DEVELOPMENT: deals with soils and
                                 ?o-rest development.

                       PP.  MINERALS:     STATE STATUTES

                            1.   Chapter 377 - ENERGY RESOURCES: establishes the.
                                 Interstate Oil Compact - to conserve oil and gas.

                            2.   Chapter 533 - WASTES FROM MINES: requires county
                                 enforcement of regulatory waste legislation, concerning wastes
                                 resulting from the mining process.

                            ENERGY RESOURCES:      FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                            1.   DEEPWATER PORT ACT (P.L. 93-627): provides for the
                                 construction of deepwater ports as "transfer stations" for
                                 imported oil (and their products).

                            2.   ENERGY REORGANIZATION ACT        (P.L. 93-438): establishes
                                 a research and development administration and a regulatory/-
                                 licensing council within the Nuclear Regulatory commission.

                       QQ. ENERGY RESOURCES:       STATE STATUTES

                            1.   Chapter 290 - NUCLEAR CODE: establishes the Southern
                                 Interstate Nuclear Compact (and the Southern Interstate
                                 Nuclear Board) to insure the proper employment of nuclear
                                 energy, facilities, materials, and products.

                            2.   Chapter 376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PRESERVATION AND
                                 CONTROL: involves the prevention of energy resource
                                 pollution.           App 1-15

                              3.   Chapter 377 - ENERGY RESOURCES: discusses the interstate
                                   compact to conserve oil and gas; the policy is to conserve
                                   energy, prevent waste, provide protection for the people
                                   owning land from which the resources are obtained. The De-
                                   partment of Resource Management of the Department of
                                   Natural Resources has authority over the determination of
                                   waste. This chapter also is concerned with the regulation of
                                   wells, and pollution of land or water due to drilling
                                   (extraction of energy resources).

                        R.    PORTS AND HARBORS: FEDERAL LEGISLATION

                              1.   RIVER AND HARBOR ACT          (P.L. 91-611): prohibits
                                   coastal construction without expressed permission - so as not
                                   to obstruct and/or alter waterways.

                              2.   DEEPWATER PORT ACT (P.L. 93-627): construction of
                                   off-shore ports for oil transportation.

                              3.   MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT
                                   (P.L. 92-532): as ports and harbors affect ocean dumping
                                   and pollution.

                              4.   WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT             (P. L. 92-500):
                                   involves ports and harbors, and to  what degree they
                                   contribute pollution.

                        RR. PORTS AND HARBO       RS: STATE STATUTES

                              1.   Chapter 315 - PORT FACILITY FINANCING LAW: empowers
                                   municipalities with ability to purchase land, and contruct
                                   and/or have constructed any type of port facility.

                              2.   Chapter 376 - POLLUTANT SPILL PREVENTION AND
                                   (fONTROL: concerns ports and harbors and water pollution.

                              3.   Chapter 380 - ENVIRONMENTAL LAND WATER MANAGEMENT:
                                   restricts development in areas of critical state concern;
                                   required under section 22F -2.09 = D.R.I. for Port Facilities.

                              4.   Chapter 252 - DISASTER PREPAREDNESS encourages local
                                   disaster prevention measures to be taken for areas which are
                                   particularly susceptible to flooding or other catastrophic
                                   occurrances, manmade or natural.

                                                          App 1-16

                                                APPENDIX B

                                     BROWARD COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
                                      STATEMENT REQUIREMENTS SECTION 2
                                    (AUTH. SEC. 39.100 (d), ZONING REGS.)

                     A. AIR  QUALITY:

                          1.  List averages and peak emissions. by type (i.e.; CO,
                              Particulates, etc), amount, source, and specific location for
                              sources other than automobiles.

                          2.  Specify measures that will be taken to avoid air quality
                              conditions that exceed federal or state standards.

                     B.   WATER QUALITY:

                          What is the impact of the proposed development on the water re-
                          sources.of the area?

                          1.  Discharges into surface waters. State the initial and final
                              receiving body of water and provide current dry-season
                              (January - May) and wet season (August - November)
                              nutrient analysis of receiving waters using total P., total
                              Kjeclahl N. NO 3, NH 41 Ortho-PO 4, total dissolved solids, and
                              BOD.

                              (a) detergents and solvents
                              (b) fuel and oil
                              (c) sediment and silt from (1) dredge and fill,
                                  (2) erosion
                              (d) surface runoff
                              (e) thermal discharges
                              M   central sewer system effluent

                          2.  Creation of water bodies

                              (a) wastewater treatment or polishing lagoons
                              (b) borrow pits
                              (c) lakes
                              (d) canals
                              (e) storm water impoundments

                          3.  Discharge of seepage into ground water

                              (a) liquid waste
                              (b) solid waste

                          4.  Ground water

                              (a) ground water recharge areas and water retention or
                                  pounding areas.

                                                   App 2-1

                                    (b) withdrawals from ground water and subsequently from
                                         surface waters.

                         C. OTHER EFFECTS:

                              1.    Noise

                                      a) Specify how applicable federal, state, or local noise
                                         control standards or regulations will be met both during
                                         and after construction.
                                    (b)  Provide data on the increase in noise over the ambient
                                         noise background both during construction and after
                                         completion.   Include specific location information on noise
                                         sources in relation to persons both on and off site.
                                    (c)  Specify methods to be used to minimize noise during
                                         construction.
                                    (d)  Specify the construction and landscaping materials and
                                         design techniques used to reduce noise sources or buffer
                                         them.
                                    (e)  Specify whether the development is within NEF-30 con-
                                         tour of an existing or proposed airport.    if so, provide
                                         a map of the area showing the surrounding NEF contours
                                         and the specified anticipated noise level of the site.
                                         What specific measures. will be taken to lower the noise
                                         level?

                              2.    Radiation

                                    (a)  Specify the location and type of any radioactive materials
                                         that will be used during or after development.

                                    (b)  Specify any radioactive by-products or wastes that will
                                         result from activity in the development area, including
                                         their degree of radioactivity and the method and location
                                         of disposal.

                         D. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS:

                              1.    La kes, Rivers, Streams, Creeks, Swamps, Marshes and
                                    Strands:

                                    (a)  Outline the boundaries of any of the above aquatic sys-
                                         tems and their flood plains that occur in or adjacent to
                                         the proposed development.

                                    (b)  Identify any of the above areas that will be altered by
                                         the proposed development.
                                    (c)  How will such alteration affect associated ecosystems?

                              2.    Historical or Archeological Sites:

                                    (a) Show the location and describe the signifigance of any
                                         such site on or adjacent to the proposed development.

                                                             App 2-2

                              3.   Specify the planning and design procedures that will be used
                                   to minimize the amount of clear-cutting or elimination of
                                   existing natural areas and to restore, either by landscaping
                                   or reintroduction of native vegetation, any areas that are
                                   necessarily or inadvertantly cleared. Specify the methods
                                   and procedures that will be used during development to
                                   minimize unplanned damage or elimination of natural areas.

                        THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS NEED ONLY BE ANSWERED IF THE DE-
                        VELOPMENT IS LARGER THAN 100 ACRES OR LIES IN THE C-11 OR
                        HILLSBORO CANAL BASIN

                        E.    DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
                              ON THE FOLL  OWING:

                              1.   Topography (as shown on the topographic map)

                              2.   Natural vegetation (use existing terrestrial and aquatic
                                   vegetation map, site plan showing areas to be maintained
                                   in natural condition, and the landscaping plan).

                                   (a)  What effect will change in hydrology due to the pro-
                                        posed development, including alteration of natural
                                        drainage patterns and changes in ground water levels
                                        have on natural vegetation and on maintenance needs
                                        for landscaping?

                                   (b)  What quantity of erosion is likely due to removal
                                        of natural vegetation?

                                   (c)  What type and extent of buffer areas are provided
                                        between natural and developed areas?

                                   (d)  What effect will alteration of existing aquatic vegetation
                                        have on water quality and nutrient uptake?

                              3.   Animal life:

                                   (a)  Include information on mammals, reptiles and birds.

                                   (b)  For each of the three types of animals, list the species
                                        that inhabit or frequent the area and identify any feed-
                                        ing, breeding or nesting sites.

                                   (c)  What measures will be taken to insure or enhance the
                                        survival and reproduction of indigenous species?

                              4.   Aquatic Life (include fish, amphibians and aquatic inverte-
                                   brates and insects):

                                                           App 2-3

                                     (a)  What species currently exist in the area under con-
                                          sideration?   Use acceptable scientific taxonomy and treat
                                          the benthic, littoral, limnetic and tidal zone populations
                                          separately.

                                     (b)  Identify and show the location of those wetland and
                                          water areas on or near the site that will be modified in
                                          any way by the proposed development.

                                     (c)  What new and additional chemical or biological elements
                                          will be introduced to aquatic environments as a result of
                                          the proposed development and what is the effect of the
                                          resultant new concentrations in relation to the tolerance
                                          levels of aquatic life in the receiving areas?

                               5.    Endangered Species:

                                     (a)  Answer the questions under Ani.mal Life and Aquatic life
                                          for any species of those listed in Attachment-I that
                                          frequent, breed, nest, feed or are resident in the area.
                                     (b)  What action will be taken in the proposed development .                  I
                                          area to maintain or enhance the existence of any species
                                          identified in (a) above.

                          F.   SO I LS:   (the detailed soils series map specified in the appendix
                                          should be used In answering this question)

                               1 .   Describe each soil series in terms of:

                                     (a)  Dust potential
                                     (b)  Erosion potential
                                     (c)  Depth to bedrock
                                     (d)  Corrosion potential
                                     (e)  Shrink-swell potential
                                     (f)  Permeability and percolation rate
                                     (g)  Depth of wet season water table
                                     (h)  Duration of wet season water table
                                     (i)  Presumptive bearing value
                                     (j)  Reservoir embankment suitability.
                                     (k)  Specify the source of information for each item,
                                          A thru J; provide detailed results of soils percolation
                                          tests by a registered or licensed soils testing firm
                                          determining steady percolation rate capability of the
                                          soils in the project area.

                               2.    Analysis and conclusions on the development suitability of the
                                     soils.

                                                               App 2-4

                        ATTACHMENT 1 - SECTION 2 (E) ENDANGERED SPECIES - Page (7)

                        LIST OF ENDANGERED SPECIES AND SPECIES OF. FLORIDA CONCERN

                        This is a list compiled from the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Com-
                        mission and the United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
                        publications in accordance with Section 1 (C) of the Endangered Species
                        Preservation Act of October 15, 1966 (80 Statute. 926; 16 U.S.C. 668
                        aa(c) 1968 Edition. An asterisk (*) indicates those not on the Federal
                        list, but of concern to Florida officials.

                        Those whose range extends into South Florida include:

                        MAMMALS

                             Florida Panther (Endangered)
                             Florida Manatee (Endangered)
                             Everglades Mink (Undetermined)
                             Key Deer (Endangered)
                            *Bear
                            *White-tailed Deer

                        BIRDS

                             Florida Great White Heron (Rare)
                             Everglade Kite (Endangered)
                             Southern Bald Eagle (Endangered)
                             Florida Sandhill Crane (Rare)
                             Ivory-Billed Woodpecker (Endangered)
                             Cape Sable Sparrow (Endangered)
                             Reddish Egret (Peripheral)
                             Wood Ibis (Peripheral)
                             Roseate Spoonbill (Peripheral)
                             Florida Mangrove Cuckoo (Peripheral)
                             American Burrowing Owl (Undertermined)
                            *Eastern Glossy Ibis
                            *Flamingo
    1W                      *Eastern Brown Pelican
                            *Florida Scrub Jay
                            *Mississippi Kite
                            *Caracara
                            *Limpkin

                        REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

                             American Crocodile (Peripheral)
                            *Alligator (Florida protected)

    -4

                                                           App 2-5

                                                        APPENDIX C:

                                ECOLOGICAL PLANT COMMUNITIES OF BROWARD COUNTY

                         The relationship between soil type and the species of native vegetation
                         present on the site vary directly. Climate plus the availability of fresh
                         water and the type of vegetation can indirectly influence the kinds of
                         wildlife that may inhabit a site. The interrelated nature of an
                         ecological community can even be utilized to explain and predict which
                         kinds of animal and plant life would be the most susceptible to dis-
                         turbance or change.

                         The following pages describe those ecological plant communities native to
                         South Florida and Broward County in particular. The twelve ecological
                         plant communities are utilized by the Soil Conservation Service to
                         correlate soil types with natural vegetation.   In this document, re-
                         visions have been made to the SCS Technical Guide by the County's
                         Urban Forester so as to make the discussions specific to Broward
                         County.    For the purposes of the Coastal Zone Protection /Conservation
                         Element,  these communities offer:

                              (1)   an educational function in terms of environmental manage-
                                    ment; and
                              (2)   a method for identifying the unique natural areas (marine
                                    resources, natural land forms, vegetation and wildlife char-
                                    acteristics) of a rapidly urbanizing metropolitan county.

                         The twelve ecological plant communities are listed,below with a brief
                         synopsis of each found on the following pages:

                              1.    South Florida Coastal Strand Plant Community
                                    a.   Beach Environment
                                    b.   Saltwater Edge Environment
                              2.    Sand Pine Scrub Plant Community
                              3.    South Florida Flatwood Plant Community
                              4.    Cabbage Palm Hammock Plant Community
                              5.    Tropical Hammock Plant Community
                              6.    Oak Hammock Plant Community
                              7.    Cypress Swamp Plant Community
                              8.    Salt Marsh Plant Community
                              9.    Mangrove Swamp Plant Community
                                    a.   Mudflat Environment
                              10.   Sawgrass Marsh Bog Plant Community
                              11.   Freshwater Marsh and Pond Plant Community
                              12.   Slough Plant Community

                         Relative to these twelve ecological plant communities, a previous section
                         (in the "Environmental Concerns" section) entitled "Wildlife" considers
                         four additional environments which are crucial to bird and animal life.
                         These more generalized environments include: (1) Ocean Surface; (2)
                         Open Spaces; (3) Urban; and (4) Suburban.

                                                              App 3-1

                                   SOUTH FLORIDA COASTAL STRAND PLANT'COMMUNITY

                          OCCURRENCE

                          This ecological community occurs along the Atlantic Ocean in Broward
                          County. Individual communities are generally large in size, being
                          narrow and long, parallel to the coastal beaches. Small, isolated com-
                          munities can also be found along some bays or sounds. This community
                          generally encompasses the area affected by salt spray from the ocean,
                          salt water bays and would include two special environments which are
                          important in attracting certain species of wildlife. The Beach Environ-
                          ment, the narrow tidal area along the water's edge, provides a crucial
                          habitat for sandpipers. The second type of environment actually sub-
                          sumes the entire Coastal Strand Community in addition to the Intra-
                          coastal Waterway and Port Everglades. These Saltwater Edge areas
                          attract numerous gulls and terns.

                          DESCRIPTION

                          This community occurs on nearly level to strongly sloping land. It is
                          easily identified by its location adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean and by
                          plants that are adapted to or influenced by the salty environment. Small
                          areas of Upland Hardwood Hammock may occur on the more inland parts
                          of this community.

                          1.@   Soi I

                                The soils are nearly level to strongly sloping, and mostly well to
                                excessively drained with some moderately well drained or somewhat
                                poorly drained. They are coarsely'textured throughout. Repre-
                                sentative soils include: Canaveral and Palm Beach.

                          2.    Vetetation

                                The natural vegetation of this community is low growing grasses,
                                vines, and herbaceous plants with few trees or large shrubs.
                                These trees and shrubs often occur in stunted form due to the
                                action of the wind. The natural forces of wind, salt, and blowing
                                sand make plant establishment difficult an the foredunes. Plants
                                which do establish here are well adapted to disturbance and are
                                pioneer species. The backdunes will often have vegetation similar
                                to the sand pine scrub ecological community. Plants which charac-
                                terize this community are:

                                TREES:          Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto; Common seagrape,
                                                Coccoloba uvifera;

                                SHRUBS:         Bay Cedar, Suriana maritima; Coco plum,
                                                Chrysobalanus icaco; Inkberry, Scaevola        plumieri;
                                                Marshelder, Iva imbricata; Saw palmetto,       Serenoa
                                                repens; Silverleaf croton, Croton punctatus;
                                                '9panish bayonet, Yucca aloifolia;

                                                                 App 3-2

                              HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES:

                                        Bay bean, Canavalia maritima; Beach morning-glory,
                                        lpomoea pes-caprae; Cucumerleaf sunflower,
                                        Helianthus debilis; Sea purslane, Sesuvium
                                        portulacastrum

                              GRASSES   AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS:

                                        Bitter panicum, Panicum amarum; Sandbur, Cenchrus
                                        spp.; Seaoats, Uniola paniculata; Seashore paspalum,
                                        Paspalum distichum.

                        3.    Animals

                              A variety of shorebirds, terns, and gulls can be found on or near
                              the beach. This community provides a good food source as well as
                              meeting sites. Small mammals can also be found on the coastal
                              dunes. Larger mammals also occur behind the foredunes. Gulls,
                              terns', shorebirds, mice, and crabs are the most commonly found
                              animals. Others that may occur are racoons, rabbits, bobcats,
                              foxes, skunks, pelicans, American kestrel, other predatory birds,
                              alligators, lizards, skinks, and frogs. This area also serves as
                              nesting grounds for sea turtles.

                        4.    Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                              a.   The following endangered or threatened plants may occur in
                                   this Community:

                                   HERBACEOUS:          Beach star, Remirea maritima;
                                                        Four o'clock, Okenia hypogaea;

                                   SHRUBS:              Sea lavender, Mallotonia gnaphalodes;
                                                        Beach Jacquemontia, Jacquemontia
                                                        reclinata; Beach creeper, Ernodea
                                                        littoralis; Wild Cotton, Gossypium
                                                        hirstutum

                              b.   The following endangered or threatened wildlife species may
                                   be found in or around this community.

                                   BIRDS:               Peregrine Falcon, Falco perigrius;
                                                        Osprey, Pondion h-ariaetus carolinensis;
                                                        Royal Tern, Sterna maxima; Least Tern,
                                                        Sterna albifrons antillarum; Black
                                                        Skimmer, Rynchops a@a@; American
                                                        Oyster catcher, Haematopus palliatus;
                                                        Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis
                                                        carolinensis

                                                             App 3-3

                                   REPTILES:      Atlantic hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys
                                                  imbricata, Atlantic loggerhead turtle,
                                                  Caretta caretta caretta; Atlantic Ridley
                                                  turtle, Lepitochelys kempii; Gopher
                                                  tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus; Green
                                                  turtle, Chelonia myclas (Atlantic
                                                  coast only);

                        5.    Environmental Value as a Natural System

                              The coastal strand is highly endangered. Areas privately,owned
                              but undeveloped are in demand for residences, hotels and motels.
                              This urban development can have serious effects on the com-
                              munity.

                              Coastal strands are important in regulating wave action along the
                              coast. This action tends to break away part of one beach and
                              build up another. Unplanned structures and development which
                              alter this process accelerates beach and coastal dune erosion.

                              Clearing and leveling of dunes for development also cause erosion
                              through removal of native vegetation, which helps hold the dune
                              together, and by removal of sand from the offshore transport
                              system.

                              Recreational use and wildlife values on the coastal strand are im-
                              portant. Recreation is much in demand in these a.reas but can
                              cause damage due to trampling and destroying vegetation. When
                              these plants die, their extensive root systems are no longer avail-
                              able to hold the soil together and build the dune. Occasional use
                              may also degrade this fragile community, without the construction
                              of walkovers to replace dune cuts caused by foot traffic.

                                                             App 3-4

                                        SAND PINE SCRUB PLANT COMMUNITY

                        OCCURRENCE

                        The Sand Pine Scrub ecological community occurs in the northern
                        portions of Broward County along Old Dixie Highway and Executive
                        Airport. It typically has a few smaller communities of wetland types
                        interspersed throughout.

                        DESCRIPTION

                        This community occurs on nearly level to sloping  land. Water movement
                        is rapid through the soil.  It is easily identified by the even-aged
                        stands of sand pine.

                        1.    SOIL

                              The soils are nearly level to strongly sloping, deep, acid, well to
                              excessively drained and coarse textured throughout.   Representa-
                              tive soils include: Paola and St. Lucie.

                        2.    VEGETATION

                              The natural vegetation of this community is typically even-aged
                              sand pine trees with a dense understory of oaks, saw palmetto,
                              and other shrubs. Ground cover under the trees and shrubs is
                              scattered and large areas of light colored sand are noticeable. In
                              some cases, the sand pine are scattered with oaks being the domi-
                              nant vegetation. Plants which characterize this community are:

                              TREES:         Chapman oak, Quercus chapmanii;
                                             Myrthe oak, Quercus myrtifolia; Sand
                                             Live oak, Quercus virginiana geminata;
                                             Sand pine, Pinus clausa

                              SHRUBS:        Gopher apple, Licania michauxi;
                                             Rosemary, Caratiola erociodes;
                                             Runner oak, Quercus pumila;
                                             Saw palmetto, Seranoa repens;
                                             Tallowood, Ximenia

                              HERBACEOUS     PLANTS AND VINES:

                                             Common prickly pear, Opuntia drummondii;
                                             Grassleaf golclaster, Heterotheca graminifolis;
                                             Reindeer Moss, Pilophoron rangiferina;
                                             Smilax, Smilax spp.

                                                            App 3-5

                             GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS:

                                            Bluestem species, Andropogonspp.;
                                            Indiangrass, Sorghastrum secunclum

                        3.   Animals

                             Animals found in this community are adapted to high temperatures
                             and droughty conditions. The wildlife food production is low.
                             Dense vegetation provides good escape cover and deer utilize this
                             community frequently. The various species of oaks provide good
                             food when they are fruiting. Gopher apple is also a good wildlife
                             food plant.

                             Typical animals of the sand scrub are: deer, gopher, tortoise,
                             gopher frog, scrub lizard, sand skink, black racer, Florida
                             mouse, towhee, Great crested flycatcher, and scrub jay.

                       4.    Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                             a.   The following endangered or threatened plants may occur in
                                  this community: .

                                  HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES:

                                                 Large-leaved jointweed Polygonella macrophvlla;
                                                 Lewton's polygala, Polygala lewtonii.

                             b.   The following threatened wildlife species may be found in or
                                  around this community:

                                  BIRDS:         Cooper's Hawk, Accipertar*cooperii;
                                                 Florida Burrowing Owl, Athena cunicularia
                                                 floriclana; Florida Scrub Jay, Aphelocoma
                                                 coerulescens coarulescens; Hairy Woodpecker,
                                                 Picioles villosus aucluboni

                                  MAMMALS:       Florida mouse, Peromyscus floridanus

                                  REPTILES:      Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyplyphemus;
                                                 Gopher Frog, Rana areolata aesopus; Eastern
                                                 Indigo Snake, Drymarchon corais couperi;
                                                 Florida Scrub Lizard, Sceloporus woodi

                       S.-   Environmental Value as a Natural System

                             The sand pine scrub is a fire-based community.. Understory vege-
                             tation is dense and fuel supplies build up in the trees due to a
                             minimum of leaf fall. The thick understory creates a pathway to
                             the tree crowns when fire occurs. Fire normally occurs every
                             20-40 years. Sand pines have a low resistance to fire and the
                             high density, even-aged stands make fire devastating. Cones of

                                                           App 3-6

                             the sand pine require the heat of a fire to open and release
                             sands' This method of regeneration helps to form even-aged
                             stands. Without occasional fire this community would become a
                             type of upland hammock community.

                             The sand pine scrub is a valuable ecological community. The
                             coarse textured, excessively and well drained soils make the com-
                             munity important in aquifer recharge. It is a unique ecosystem
                             which gives it an important scientific value. Heat and drought
                             stress response by plants and animals are often studied on these
                             sites. Uncontrolled fire and damage to vegetation by excessive
                             foot or vehicle travel are adverse effects on the community. Sand
                             scrubs are good producers of sand pine and some areas are
                             utilized for commercial woodland.

                             This community has fair to good wildlife values, especially with
                             proper management. It is especially important as an escape area
                             and for wildlife cover.

                             Areas of sand pine scrub communities are rapidly declining. Favor-
                             able conditions for residential use and proximity to the coast make
                             them prime sites for real estate development.

                                                           App 3-7

                             SOUTH FLORIDA FLATWOOD PLANT COMMUNITY

                   OCCURRENC  E

                   This community is found throughout Broward County. The highest
                   concentration is in the Parkland area (N.W. Broward). Typically it is
                   interspersed with smaller communities of other types, especially wetlands.

                   DESCRIPTIONS

                   South Florida Flatwoods ecological community occurs on nearly level
                   land. Water movement is very gradual to the natural drainageways,
                   swamps, ponds and marshes associated with this community. During
                   the rainy season, usually June-September, this community may have
                   water on or near the soil surface.

                   1.  Soil

                       The soils are usually nearly level, poorly to somewhat poorly
                       drained, deep, and coarse textured throughout or coarse textured
                       in the upper part and moderately coarse textured or moderately
                       fine textured in the lower part. Representative soils include:
                       Hallandale, Boca and Immokalee.

                   2.  Vegetation

                       The landscape position of this community affects plant-water re-
                       lationships and causes slight differences in plant composition from
                       wetter to drier areas. Although these differences are recognized,
                       they are not significant enough to delineate as separate com-
                       munities.

                       The natural vegetation of this community is typically scattered pine
                       trees with an understory of saw palmetto and grasses. Plants
                       which characterize this community are:

                       TREES:       S. Florida Slash pine, Pinus elliottii var. dense

                       SHRUBS:      Dwarf huckleberry, Gaylussacia clumosa;
                                    Fetter bush, Lyonia lucida,
                                    Gallberry, Ilex glabra;
                                    Saw palmetto, Serenoa repens;
                                    Tarflower, Befaria racemosa;
                                    Shining sumac, Rhus copalrina;
                                    Partridge pea, Cassia fasciculatap;
                                    Runner oak, Q    plumila;
                                    Wax myrtle, Myrica cerifera;

                       HERBACEOUS   PLANTS AND VINES:

                                    Creeping beggarweed, Desmodium canum;
                                    Dog fennel, Eupatorium, capillifolium;

                                                App 3-8

                                                    Grassleaf goldaster, Heterotheca
                                                    graminifolia; Milk pea, Galactia elliottli;
                                                    Smilax, Smilax spp;

                               GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS:

                                                    Chalky bluestem, Andropogon capillipes;
                                                    Indiangrass, Sorghastrum secundum;
                                                    Threeawn (wi    rass), A@isticla spp.;
                                                    and Sedges, Cyperus spp.
                         3.    Animals

                               The South Florida Flatwoods is host to a diverse and numerous
                               wildlife population. Many larger animals are found in areas where
                               the flatwoods join other communities. These ecotones provide
                               nesting sites, den sites, food and cover.

                               Typical animals of the flatwoods are deer, bobcat, raccoons, gray
                               fox, fox squirrels, cottontail rabbits, cotton rats, Eastern dia-
                               mondback rattlesnakes, pygmy rattlesnakes, oppossums, skunks,
                               bobwhite quail, meadow larks, redbellied woodpeckers, and pileated
                               woodpeckers. Introduced feral hogs have long inhabited much of
                               the community.

                         4.    Endanger@d and Threatened Plants and Animals

                               a.   The following endangered and threatened plants are not
                                    common in this community, -but may occur in some instances:

                                    PLANTS          Silver palm, Coceothrinax argentata;
                                                    Fall-flowering Ixia, Nemastylis floridana;
                                                    Tiny polygala, Polygala smallii; Florida
                                                    coontie, Zamia floridana

                               b.   The following endangered and threatened wildlife species may
                                    be found in or  around.this community:

                                    BIRDS:          Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii
                                                    Short-tailed hawk, Butelo brachynrus;
                                                    American kestrel, F7__
                                                                       alco @parverius paulus;
                                                    Hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus'auduboni;
                                                    Florida Burrowing owl, Athena cunicularia
                                                    f loriclana

                                    MAMMALS:        Florida black bear, Ursus americanas floridanus

                                    REPTILES:       Eastern Indigo snake, Drymarchon corais
                                                    couperi; Gopher frog, Rana areolata aesopus;
                                                    Miami black-headed snake, Tantilla oolicata

                                                              App 3-9

                       5.   Environmental Value as a Natural System

                            Fire and water are the major stress conditions of this community.
                            Fire is important in control of hardwoods and natural regeneration
                            of pine. Removal of fire will cause a successional evaluation to a
                            hardwood community, the kind of which depends on soil drainage.

                            Native forage production is good with proper management. Use for
                            rangeland has only a slight effect on the community if properly
                            managed. Chopping and similar range practices results in more
                            grasses and fewer shrubs. With sufficient cover left, the re-
                            sulting increase in diversity usually leads to an increase in types
                            and amount of wildlife.

                            This community has good wildlife values, expecially with proper
                            management. It is especially important as a wildlife buffer zone
                            between urban areas occurring on better drained sites.

                                                         App 3-10

                              CABBAGE PALM HAMMOCK PLANT COMMUNITY

                    OCCURRENCE

                    Cabbage palm hammocks occur predominantly in the N.W. portion of the
                    county. An example of this would be in the area of the Florida Turn-
                    pike's Pompano Service Plaza known as the Palm Aire tract.

                    DESCRIPTION

                    This community is easily identified by the occurrence of thick stands of
                    cabbage palm with a few scbttered oak. It occurs on slightly elevated
                    areas within the Slough and South Florida Flatwoods Communities.

                    1.   Soils

                         Soils are on low-lying, poorly drained ridges or- flats and consist
                         of Hallandale and Margate. Most of the soils are coarse textured
                         and calcareous in nature.

                    2.   Vegetation

                         Tree species consist predominantly of cabbage palms. Plants that
                         characterize this community are:

                         TREES:     -Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto;
                                     Laurel oak, Quercus laurifolia;
                                     Live oak, Quercus virginiana;
                                     Florida Strangler fig, Ficus aurea;
                                     Red mulberry, Morus rubra

                         SHRUBS:     Amercian beautyberry, Callicarpa americana;
                                     Saw palmetto, Serenoa repens;
                                     Wax myrtle, M@@ricacerifera;
                                     Shining sumac, Rhus copallina;
                                     Wild coffee, PsyZh-otria spp.

                         GRASSES     Bluestems, Andropogon spp;
                                     Low panicums, Panicum spp.;
                                     Threeawn, Aristida

                    3.   Animals

                         Wildlife species include deer, turkey, wild hogs, armadil.lo, raccoons,
                         oppossums, skunk, bobcat, grey squirrel, owls, woodpeckers, red-
                         shouldered hawk and numerous songbirds and snakes.

                    4.   Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                         .a. PLANTS: Birds nest spleenwort, Asplenium serratum;
                                     Silver palm, Coccothrinax argentata.
                                     Twisted air-plant, Tillandsia flexuosa;
                                     Hand fern, Ophioglossum palmata

                                                 App 3-11

                            b.   Endangered and threatened animals are:

                                 BIRDS:         Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii;
                                                American kestrel, Falco sparverius paulus;
                                                American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla;
                                                Hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus auduboni

                                 MAMMALS:       Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus

                                 REPTILES:      Eastern Indigo snake, Drymarchon corais couperi

                      S.    Environmental Value as a Natural System

                            Prominent in the landscape of South Florida, cabbage palm hammocks
                            lend a certain natural amenity not found elsewhere in the state.
                            They offer resting cover for both migratory and resident wildlife
                            and serve as refuges during wet cond itions.

                                                         App 3-12

                                  TROPICAL HAMMOCK PLANT COMMUNITY

                     OCCURRENCE

                     This community is confined to South Florida. It occurs on elevated
                     areas in the Everglades. Individual communities range in size from less
                     than an acre to several acres in Broward County. An example of this
                     is located west of Pompano Beach Service Plaza known as the Palm-Aire
                     tract.

                     DESCRIPTIOU

                     Tropical hammocks generally appear as thick clumps or strands of small
                     to medium-sized trees. On the better sites where disturbance has not
                     occurred for several years, a more "jungle-like" appearance is observed
                     A heavy canopy closure, causing deep interior shade is prevalent. This
                     condition serves to moderate temperatures a.nd conserve moisture. Char-
                     acteristically, trees of the tropical hammocks have dense, heavy strong
                     wood and shallow spreading root systems which adapt them to a harsh
                     environment of wind, periodic droughts and salt spray.

                     1.   Soils

                          Soils are shallow to rock with only a few inches.of organic material
                          overlying porous limerock and marl. Characteristic soils were
                          mapped in an older reconnaissance type soil survey and have not
                          been classified into the current soil classification system.

                     2.   Vegetation

                          Tropical hammocks typically have a very high plant diversity.
                          Most of the vegetation is probably of West Indies origin. The
                          following species are characteristic:

                          TREES:       Gumbolimbo, Bursera simaruba;
                                       Pigeonplum, Coccoloba diversifolia;
                                       Florida poisonwood, Metopium foxiferum;
                                       Florida Strangler fig, Ficus aurea;
                                       Mastic, Mastichodendron fostidissimum;
                                       Paradise tree, Srmarouba glauca;
                                       Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto;
                                       Black ironwood, Krugiodentron ferreum;
                                       Wildlime, Zanthoxylum fagara

                          SHRUBS:      Marlberry, Ardisia escallonmides;
                                       Snowberry, Chiococca alba;
                                       Wild coffee, Psychotria spp.;
                                       White stopper, Eugenia axillaris;
                                       Silverpalm, Goccothinax argentata

                                                   App 3-13

                             HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES:

                                                  Golden serpent  fern, Phlebodium aureum;
                                                  Resurrention fern, Polypodium polypodioides;
                                                  Cardinal airplant, Tillandsia fasciculata;
                                                  Spider ordhic, Brassia caudate;
                                                  Strap-leaved bromeliad, Gusmania monostachia

                             GRASS AND GRASSLIKE SPECIES:

                                                  Paspalum, Paspalum fluitans;
                                                  Sour paspalum, Paspalum conjugatum

                        3.   Animals

                             Tropical hammocks serve as habitat for a variety of wildlife
                             species.

                        4.   Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                             a.   Threatened or endangered plants of the tropical    hammocks are:

                                  TREES:          Silver palm, Coccothrinax argentata;
                                                  Slander splee7nwort, Asplenium dentatum;
                                                  Bird's nest spleenwort, Asplenium serratum;
                                                  Star-scale fern, Pleopeltis revoluta

                                  SHRUBS:         Yellowheart, Zanthoxylum flavum

                             b.   Rare, threatened, endangered, or fauna of special concern are:

                                  BIRDS:          Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii;
                                                  Short-tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus;
                                                  Black whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus

                                  MAMMALS:        Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus

                                  REPTILES:       Miami black-headed snake, Tantilla oolitica;
                                                  Eastern Indigo snake, Drymarchon corais
                                                  couperi

                        5.   Environmental values as a Natural System

                             Tropical hammock communities are probably the most endangered
                             ecological type in Florida. Such endangerment lies in the fact that
                             the communities are not widespread in occurrence and have re-
                             ceived considerable pressures for other land uses. Special con-
                             sideration should be given to incorporating all existing tropical
                             hammocks into an overall land use plan. Such a plan would insure
                             the continued use of these communities as landscape and greenbelt
                             areas, parks, and wildlife habitat in an area under tremendous
                             population growth pressures.

                                                            App 3-14

                                     OAK HAMMOCK PLANT COMMUNITY

                      OCCURRENCE

                      Oak hammocks occur throughout Broward County. Typical examples of
                      this community occur along the Pine Island Ridge and in the Riverland
                      neighborhood near the New River.

                      DESCRIPTION

                      This community is readily identified by the dense canopy of pre-
                      dominantly Live Oak trees on nearly level to rolling topography.
                      The understory is usually sparse.

                      1.  Soils

                          Soils are somewhat poorly to poorly drained. Some have limestone
                          rocks occurring on or near the surface. Representative soils
                          include: Adamsville, Lochloosa, Nobleton and Panasofkee.

                      2.  Vegetative

                          Tree species consist of mostly Live Oaks associated with other oaks
                          and pine. There are few understory plants. Plants that charac-
                          terize this community are:

                              TREES:   Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto;
                                       Laurel oak, Qu    laurifolia;
                                       Live oak, Quercus virginiana;
                                       Slash pine, Pinus elliotii;
                                       Water oak, Quercus njM;
                                       Florida strangler fig, Ficus aurea

                          SHRUBS:      American beautyberry, Callicarpa americana;
                                       Palmetto, Serenoa repens;
                                       Wax myrtle-, Myrica cerifera;
                                       Wild coffee, Psychotria spp.

                          VINES:       Greehbriar, Smilax spp.;
                                       Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans;
                                       Muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia

                          GRASSES:     Sedges-, Cuperus spp.;
                                       Low paspalum, Paspalum spp.;
                                       Low panicum, Panicum spp.;
                                       Hairy panicum, Panicum rhizomatum;
                                       Longleaf uniola, Chasmoanthium sessilifolorum;
                                       Bluestems, Andropogon spp.;
                                       Indian grass, Sorghastru!D secundum

                                                    App 3715

                          HERBACEOUS PLANTS:

                                       Resurrection fern, Polypolium polypodioides;
                                       Spanish moss, Dendropogon usneoides;
                                       Strap-leaved bromeliad, Guzmania monostachia;
                                       Wild pine, Tillandsia utriculata

                     3.   Animals

                          The most common animals of this community are: deer, squirrels,
                          bobcat, foxes, skunks, raccoons, oppossums, rabbits, armadillos,
                          turkey, woodpeckers, owls and songbirds.

                          Endangered and Threatened Plant is:

                                       Twisted airplant, Tillandsia xuosa

                          Fauna which are considered rare, threatened, endangered, or of
                          special concern include:

                          BIRDS:       Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii;
                                       American Kestrel, Falco sparverius paulus;
                                       American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla; Hairy
                                       Woodpecker, Picoides villosus auduboni,

                          MAMMALS:     Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus

                          REPTILES:    Gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus
                                       Eastern Indigo snake, Drymarchon corais
                                       couperi

                     5.   Environmental Value as a Natural System

                          Oak hammocks add considerably to the quality of the landscape.
                          Spreading, stately oaks in many hammocks offer desirable sur-
                          roundings for homesites and were used extensively for this
                          purpose by many early settlers. They are also important wildlife
                          areas. This community offers both food and cover to various
                          species.

                                                    App 3-16

                                          CYPRESS SWAMP PLANT COMMUNITY

                         OCCURRENCE

                         The Cypress Swamp Community occurs along rivers, lake margins,
                         slough and strands or interspersed throughout other communities such
                         as flatwoods and slough. In Broward County the existing Cypress
                         Swamp Communities are very limited in size and number.

                         DESCRIPTION

                         This community is poorly drained and water is at or above ground level
                         a good portion of the year. Bald cypress is the dominant tree and is
                         often the only plant which occurs in significant numbers. Cypress
                         swamps growing on sand, rock and shallow mucky pond areas are not
                         as productive as those found on alluvial floodplain soils. As the soil
                         depth in muck ponds increases, so does the growth rate of cypress.
                         The submerged or saturated condition of the soil and general absence of
                         fire help reduce competition and keep the community from a successional
                         change to a swamp hardwood community.

                         Fire is a stress factor, primarily on the drier areas, but water is
                         important in all areas. Water enters the swamp directly from rainfall
                         or runoff. The water level is highest in summer and peak productivity
                         occurs in early spring. Stagnant water will result in slower tree
                         growth especially if it occurs during the growing season.

                         Natural regeneration of cypress requires fluctuation of the water.
                         Water must be available to germinate the seeds, it provides natural
                         stratification. When the seedling starts to grow its top must be
                         maintained above water.

                         1.   Soils

                              Soils commonly associated with this community are level or depres-
                              sional, poorly drained and have loamy subsoils and sandy surfaces.
                              Representative soils include: Bassinger, Margate, Pompano and
                              Surrency.

                         2.   Vegetation

                              Bald cypress, along lakes and stream margins, is dominant and
                              often is the only plant found in large numbers. Pond cypress
                              occurs in cypress heads or domes which are usually found in
                              flatwoods and prairies. The diversity of trees is low in the
                              cypress heads but increases in the strands and stream margins.
                              Plants which characterize this community are:

                              TREES:         Bald cypress, Taxodium distichum;
                                             Pond cypress, Taxodium ascendens; Red maple,
                                             Acer rubrum; Willow, Salix spp.; Sweet Bay,
                                             Magnolia virginiana; Red bay, Persea borbonia

                                                            App 3-17

                                SHRUBS:               Common button bush, Cephalanthus
                                                      occidentalis; Carolina ash,     Fraxinus
                                                      caroliniana; Wax mrytle, Myrica cerifera;
                                                      Wild coffee, Psychotria spp.; Mrysine,
                                                      Mrysine guianensis; Saltbush, Baccharis
                                                      halimifolia

                                VINES:                Smilax �M.; Muscadine grape, Vitis
                                                      Fo-t-undifolia,

                                HERBACEOUS:           Sawgrass, Cladium Jamaicensis;
                                                      Maidencane, Panicum hemitom@n;
                                                      Stringlily, Crinum americanum; Boston
                                                      fern, Nephrolepis biserrata; Arrowhead,
                                                      Sagittaria lancifolia

                          3.    Animals

                                Wildlife species include: deer, black bear, mink, raccoon, Herons,
                                egrets, wood stork, pileated woodpecker, barred owl, anhinga,
                                limpkin, purple gallinue, alligator, and a variety of water snakes,
                                turtles, frogs and salamanders.

                          4.    Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                                a.   The following plants of this community are considered
                                     threatened or endangered:

                                     PLANTS:          Bird's nest spleenwor.t, Asplainium serratum;
                                                      Twisted air-plant, Tillandsia flexuosa; Climbing
                                                      day flower, Commelina 2jaas

                                b.   Rare, threatened, endangered birdlife or those of special
                                     concern may be found in or around this community.

                                     BIRDS:           Wood Stork, Mycteria americana
                                                      Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii; Osprey,
                                                      Pandion haliaetus carolinensis; Limpkin,
                                                      Aramus quarauna Hairy Wookpecker, Piciodes
                                                      villosus aucluboni Short-tailed hawk, Buteo
                                                      brachyurus

                                     MAMMALS:         Everglades mink, Mustela vison
                                                      arvergladensis; Florida black, bear,
                                                      Ursus amariceanus floriclanas

                                     REPTILES:        American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis;
                                                      Eastern Indigo snake, Drymarchon corais
                                                      couperi

                                                                 App 3-18

                        5.    Environmental Value as a Natural System

                              Cypress swamps are an extremely valuable resource. They can be
                              used for environmental educational study, scientific research, and
                              recreation. They have a high value for use as wildlife habitat.
                              This community has a low diversity of plant species due to the
                              fluctuating water levels and low nutrient availability. Both drastic
                              changes in the water level and a stabilized water level may change
                              the plant community. Often this will occur when man builds dams,
                              dikes or drainage channels. Flooding of a cypress swamp during
                              the dry season will prevent the cypress trees from reproducing.

                              When ditched and drained, these areas may be used for pine
                              production, although they are not as productive as the sur-
                              rounding pine lands.

                              Cypress swamps provide water storage areas by holding excess
                              water and slowly releasing it into the water table. Along river-
                              banks Cypress communities serve as excellent floodplains.

                              Water quality is enhanced by the community which functions as an
                              environmental sink by absorbing nutrients from the water and
                              recycling the water through the system.

                                                            App 3-19

                                           SALT MARSH PLANT COMMUNITY

                       OCCURRENCE

                       Salt marshes occur along the Atlantic and inland along tidal rivers. A
                       very viable area occurs along portions of the Westlake Mangrove Area   in
                       Southeastern Broward County.

                       DESCRIPTION

                       This community appears as an open expanse of grasses, sedges, and
                       rushes. Usually there is a matrix of interconnected shallow natural
                       channels that aid tidal influx.

                       1.   Soils

                            Soils commonly associated with this community are level, very
                            poorly drained, muck or sandy clay loams underlain by loamy sand or
                            organic soils underlain by clay or sand. Some are clayey throughout.
                            Many of the soils have a high sulfur content. Many of them are soft
                            and will not support the weight of a man or large animal. Tidal
                            action causes saturation of the soil with salt water and inundation
                            to a depth of a few inches. Representative soils are: Bassinger
                            Variant and Hallandale Variant.

                       2.   Vegetation

                            Vegetation often occurs in zones within the salt marsh complex as a
                            result of water levels from tidal action and salinity concentra-
                            tions in water and soils.

                            Some species have a wide tolerance range and may be found through-
                            out the grass marsh. Plants in this group are needlegrass rush and
                            seashore saltgrass. Smooth cordgrass is more indicative of low
                            marsh while the high marsh supports salt myrtle, marshelder, salt-
                            wort and sea oxeye. Along the North Atlantic Coast, smooth cord-
                            grass is usually dominant. Additional plants that occur in the
                            salt marsh community are:

                            SHRUBS:        Christmas berry, Lycium carolinianum

                            HERBACEOUS     PLANTS AND VINES:

                                           Sea blite, Suaeda linearis;
                                           Sea purslane. Sesuvium portulacastrum;
                                           Leather fern, Acrostichum aureum;
                                           Seaside goldenrod, Soliclago sem-
                                           pervirens var. maxicana

                                 GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS:

                                           Big cordgrass, Spartina cynosuroides;
                                           Smooth cordgrass, Spartina aiterniflora;

                                                          App 3-20

                                        Needlegrass rush, Juncus roemerianus;
                                        Seashore paspalum, Paspalum veginatum;
                                        Common reed, Pharagmites communis; Saltmarsh
                                        bulrush, Scripus robustus; Seashore saitgrass,
                                        Distichlis spicata; Sawgrass, Cladium jamaicensis

                    3.  Animals

                        The salt marshes support a variety of wildlife. Raccoons, deer,
                        otter, rails, coots, egrets, gulls, terns, brown pelicans, and many
                        forms of waterfowl are dependent upon this community for habitat.
                        The diamondback terrapin, alligator, and salt marsh snake are
                        among the reptiles found here.

                    4.  Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                        a.  There are no known endangered or threatened plants that
                            would occur in this community.

                        b.  Rare, threatened, endangered fauna or those of special
                            concern may be found in or around this community:

                            BIRDS:      Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea;
                                        Osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis;
                                        Great Egret, Casmerodius albus;
                                        Louisiana Heron, Egretta tricolor;
                                        Roseate Spoonbill, @@ 2j@!@; Yellow
                                        Crowned Night Heron, Nyctricorax
                                        violacea; White Ibis, Eudoci-mus albus;
                                        Wood Stork, Mycteria americana

                            MAMMALS:    West Indian Manatee, Trichechus manatus
                                        latirostris; Round-tailed muskrat, Neofiber
                                        alien!

                            REPTILES:   Hawksbill turtle, Eretmachelys imbricata;
                                        Eastern Indigo snake, Drymarchon corais

                    5.  Environmental Value as a Natural System

                        The functions of salt marshes are probably the most important yet
                        least understood and recognized of all ecological communities.
                        Along wetland coastlines and estuaries, the marsh functions as a
                        transition zone from terrestrial to oceanic life.

                        Nutrients, sediments and detritus from upland systems are re-
                        distributed by tidal action, making the marsh one of the most
                        productive natural ecological -systems. The area serves as a
                        habitat for the early life stages of numerous ocean species as
                        they feed on countless invertebrate organisms. Many wildlife
                        forms overlap normal ranges at least seasonally to become har-
                        vesters, and in many cases part of, the natural food chain.

                                                App 3-21

                                 Salt marshes perform an important function in the stabilization
                                 and  protection of shorelines, especially during storm tides.

                                 Salt marshes are good habitat for a variety of wildlife. The habitat
                                 type is usually maintained by natural forces and influences such as
                                 tidal action and periodic hurricanes. Storms usually cause the crea
                                 tion of "open" water in salt and brackish marshes and also may
                                 change salinities. The resulting effect is that plant succession is
                                 set back and more favorable habitat may be created for waterfowl,
                                 fur bearers and some other forms of wildlife such as wading birds.
                                 Artificially created dikes to control salinity are used in managing
                                 marsh plants for wildlife. Prescribed burning is also a technique
                                 used in marsh management.

                                 Today, Broward County lacks an extensive saltmarsh habitat since
                                 the majority of local estuarine habitats are open water bodies.

                                                                    App 3-22

                                           MANGROVE SWAMP PLANT COMMUNITY

                          OCCURRENCE

                          Mangrove swamps occur primarily along saltwater shorelines in South
                          Florida. Coastlines that host this community normally have mild wave
                          action in the form of backbays and estuary fringes.      In Broward
                          County only several mangrove swamp communities remain. The
                          Westlake area in Hollywood is a good example of a mangrove swamp.

                          DESCRIPTION

                          Mangroves appear as a medium-height (10-20 feet) thicket of fleshy-
                          leaved woody plants in coastal areas.    in most areas of its range, the
                          red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, is the most seaward emergent plant.
                          Prop-roots are characteristic of this plant while the black and white
                          species send up modified vertical roots to facilitate in respiration.

                          1.    Soils

                                Representative soils include: Basinger Variant, Hallendale
                                Variant.

                          2.    Vegetation

                                The.most frequent species found in this community are the three
                                mangroves: red   " black and white. However, depending on ele-
                                vation and resulting tidal influx, considerable variation occurs in
                                the composition of these three species as well as associated species.

                                Plants which characterize this community are:

                                TREES:         Red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle;
                                               Black mangrove, Avicennia nitida; White mangrove,
                                               Languncularia racemosa; Pond apple, Annona
                                               glabra; Buttonwood, Conocarpus erecta

                                SHRUBS:        Saltbush, Baccharis halimifolia L. var angustior;
                                               Coin vine, Dalbergia ecastophyllum

                                HERBACEOUS     PLANTS:

                                               Leather fern, Acrostichum aureum;
                                               Sea oxeye, Borrichia fratescens; Perennial
                                               glasswort, Salicornia virginica; Sea purslane,
                          3.    Animals        Sesuvium portulacastrum

                                Animals inhabiting mangrove communities include: Mangrove cuckoo,
                                Roseate spoonbill, Osprey, Wood stork, Southern bald eagle, Great
                                white heron, Everglades mink, Brown pelican, Wood ibis, Little blue
                                heron, Little green heron, Louisana Heron, Anhinga, Frigate Bird,
                                Scarlet Ibis, Rat Snake, Raccoon.

                                                               App 3-23

                     4.   Endangered and Th reatened Plants and Animals

                          a.  With the exception of the various mangrove species, no
                              endangered plants are known.

                          b.  The following wildlife may occur in this community which are
                              considered rare, threatened, endangered or of special concern:

                          BIRDS:       Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea;
                                       Osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis;
                                       Worm-eating Warbler, Helmitheros vermivorous;
                                       Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus,
                                       Great Egret, Casmerodius albus;
                                       Snowy Egret, Egretta thula;
                                       Lousiana Heron, Egretta tricolor;
                                       Yellow Crown Night Heron, Nyctricorax violacea;
                                       White Ibis, Eudocimus albus;
                                       Roseate Spoonbill, @@ AiA!@;
                                       Wood Stork, Myeteria americana;
                                       Black Whiskered Vireo, Vireo ailfiloquus;
                                       Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis;
                                       Florida Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor paludicoia

                          REPTILES:    American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

                          MAMMALS:     West Indian Manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris

                     5.   Environmental Value as a Natural System

                          The mangrove community is extremely important to shoreline pro-
                          tection and stabilization. There is some evidence that mangroves
                          serve a function in land-building by trapping sediments. Definitely,
                          this community acts as buffer of wind and waves during storm
                          tides.

                          Wildlife is best served by assuring that the mangrove community is
                          not destroyed. Mangrove plants themselves seem to be quite
                          hardy appearing as specially adapted pioneer plants in a tenacious,
                          but yet fragile ecosystem. The mangroves are extremely valuable
                          as nesting sites for many birds.

                          Probably the most important function of this ecosystem is that of
                          changing a detrital base that accumulates underneath into estuarine
                          production and higher marine life.

                          Competition between land uses has caused many mangrove swamps
                          to be lost or altered by dredge and filling for development.
                          Adjacent perturbations may also cause changes in water flow
                          patterns and affect the plant composition of this community.

                                                    App 3-24

                             The Westlake Mangrove Area also includes a separate but related
                             Mudflat Environment referred to as the Sheridan Flats which is
                             located just to the north of the Sheridan bridge. The Mudflat
                             Environment provides a periodic tidal habitat for sandpipers,
                             yellowlegs and other small wading birds.

                             Mangrove estuarine systems provide valuable "nursing grounds"
                             for various animals, including fish species significant in commercial
                             and sport fishing. Some important fish species require the man-
                             grove habitat for reproduction since they cannot propagate in the
                             open ocean. The reduction of mangrove swamp communities dimi-
                             nishes these commercially significant fish species.

                             Additionally, mangrove systems, like other shallow estuarine habi-
                             tats, have exceptionally high primary productivity. This pro-
                             ductivity makes possible the "nursing grounds" function mentioned
                             above. Mangrove swamps can also serve as nutrient sinks allowing
                             biological recycling of materials (inorganic and organic) that might
                             otherwise build up and become "pollutants."

                                                           App 3-25

                                SAWGRASS MARSH BOG PLANT COMMUNITY

                    OCCURRENCE

                    This community occurs south of Lake Okeechobee and comprise a vast
                    portion of the existing Conservation Area. While individual com-
                    munities vary widely in size, the larger communities are many thou-
                    sands of acres in size. Sawgrass marsh outside the Everglades are
                    included in the Freshwater Marsh & Ponds Plant Community.

                    DESCRIPTION

                    This community appears as an open expanse of sawgrass in an area where
                    the soil is saturated or covered with surface water during part of the
                    year.

                    1.  Soils
                        Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level and
                        very poorly drained with marly or organic surfaces underlain by
                        limestone. Representative soils are Plantation and Sanibel.

                    2.  Vegetation

                        The natural vegetation of this community is dominated by sawgrass.
                        In south Florida, Muhly grass increases and becomes obvious when
                        the sawgrass is repeatedly exposed to fire and the hydroperiod
                        is shortened. With natural conditions, the vigorous sawgrass is
                        6 to 10 feet tall and of such density that few other plants can
                        survive. Other marsh plants invade the sawgrass where marginal
                        conditions occur for sawgrass growth. These conditions include
                        shallow organic soils and areas where the period of water sub-
                        mergence is short.

                        Trees are not characteristic of this community, but a few may occur
                        on the banks of gator holes.

                        Plants that characterize this community are:

                        SHRUBS:          Wax Myrtle, Myrica cerifera;
                                         Coastal Willow, Salix caroliniana;
                                         Saltbush, Baccharis halimifolia

                        GRASSES:         Sawgrass, Cladium jamaicensis;
                                         Muhly grass, Muhlanbergia filipes;
                                         Plume grass, Erianthus gigandus;
                                         Maidencane, Panicum hemitoman;
                                         Sand Cordgrass, Spartina bakarri

                        HERBACEOUS:      Arrowhead, Saggitoria lancifolia;
                                         Common cattail, Typha latifolia;
                                         Pickeral weed, Pontederia lanceolata;
                                         Yellow Water lilly, Nuphar luteum;
                                         White Water lilly, Nymphaea odorata

                                                  App 3-26

                        3.    Animals

                              The extensive sawgrass community supports very few mammals.
                              Numerous birds and waterfowl use this community for wintering
                              or year around. This community provides an excellent habitat
                              for waterfowl and also is suited for aquatic animals and reptiles.

                              Animals that commonly occur in this community are: Red-winged
                              blackbirds, egrets, herons, ibis, bitterns, kites, alligators, water
                              snakes, frogs, snails, deer and crayfish.

                         4.   Threatened or Endangered Plants and Animals

                              a.   Threatened or endangered plants do not normally occur in
                                   this community.

                              b.   Fauna which are considered rare, threatened, endangered,
                                   or of special concern include:

                                   BIRDS:         Everglades Kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
                                                  plumbeus; Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
                                                  carolinensis; Great Egret, Casmerodius
                                                  albus; Snowy Egret, Egretta thula;
                                                  Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea;
                                                  Black Crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax
                                                  nycticorax; Yellow Crowned Night Heron,
                                                  Nycticorax violacea; Louisiana Heron,
                                                  Egretta tricolor; Least Bittern, Ixobrychus
                                                  S?i@; Wood Stork, Mycteria americana;
                                                  White Ibis, Eudocimus albus; Roseate
                                                  Spoonbill, Aj2j2 k2j2

                                   MAMMALS:       Everglades mink, Mustela vison evergladensis;
                                                  Florida panther, Felis concolor SaEy!

                                   REPTILES:      American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis;
                                                  Eastern Indigo Snake, Drymarchon coraid
                                                  couperi

                         5.   Environmental Value as a Natural System

                              The sawgrass marsh bogs serve as filter systems for water by
                              decreasing the nutrient loadings within the plant community.
                              Marshes will retain water during drought and also help slow down
                              water at flood times. Their principal environmental values are
                              related to water quality and quantity.

                              Tall, dense sawgrass oc curs in deep organic soils and requires
                              water coverage of the rhizomes for most of the year.    It also forms
                              extensive but shorter and less dense stands on mar[ soils in South
                              Florida. Drainage, organic soil subsidence, and fires have reduced
                              the amount of sawgrass and promoted the growth of other plants in
                              many areas.

                                                             App 3-27

                            The sawgrass community is one of the most resistant communities
                            to change under natural conditions. Fires and water quantity
                            reductions can completely alter the community's -characteristics
                            within 10 to 20 years.

                                                          App 3-28

                             FRESH WATER MARSH & PONDS PLANT COMMUNITY

                     OCCURRENCE

                     This community occurs throughout Florida. Individual-communities vary
                     widely in size. The largest communities, several thousand acres in
                     size, generally occur in Western Broward

                     DESCRIPTION

                     This community appears as an open expanse of grasses, sedges, and
                     rushes, and other herbaceous plants in an area where the soil is
                     usually saturated or covered with surface water for two or more months
                     during the year. The sawgrass marsh that occurs in the Everglades is
                     not included within this community.

                     1.  Soils

                         Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level and
                         very poorly drained with coarse textured or organic surfaces
                         underlain by clay or sand. Representative soils are: Basinger,
                         Dania, Okeelanta and Pompano.

                     2*  Vegetation

                         Within Florida, eight different types of freshwater marshes have
                         been described. Any one marsh may be composed of sections of
                         different major types. There is also intergrading of these types.
                         The types are: Flag -marshes dominated by pickerelweed; Arrow-
                         head marshes; Fire flag and other non-grass herbs marsh; Cattail
                         marsh; Spike-rush marsh; Bulrush marsh; Maidencane marsh; and
                         Sawgrass marsh.

                         Plants that characterize this community are:

                         GRASS:           Sawgrass, Cladium jamaicensis;
                                          Spike rush, Eleocharis cellulosa;
                                          Maidencane, Panicum hemitomon;
                                          Soft stem bulrush, Scirpus validus

                         HERBACEOUS:      Arrowhead, Saggitaria lancifolia;
                                          Prairie iris, Iris savannarum;
                                          Common cattail, Typha geniculate;
                                          Pickerelweed, Pontederia cordata;
                                          Slender spikerush, Eleocharis acicularis;
                                          Arrowroot, Thalia geniculata;
                                          Common cattail, Typha latifolia

                     3.  The freshwater marshes and ponds provide excellent hab itats for
                         many wildlife species. Numerous birds and waterfowl use this
                         communtiy for wintering or year-round. Animals that commonly

                                                   App 3-29

                        occur in this community are: Herons, egrets, bitterns, ibis, sand-
                        hill cranes, rails, limpkins, gallinules, snipe, Killdeer, Florida
                        duck, red-winged blackbirds, caracara, marsh hawk, red-shouldered
                        hawk, swallovv-tailed kite, amphiums, dwarf salamander, sirens,
                        frogs, cricket frogs, bullfrog, leopard frog, turtles, mud turtle,
                        red-bellied turtle chicken turtle, snakes (horn, water, swamp,
                        brown, cottonmou@h, ribbon), alligator,' otter, mink, raccoon,
                        marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer, Florida water rat.

                    4.  Endangered and Threatene d Plants and Animals

                        a.  No threatened or endangered plants.

                        b.  Fauna which are considered to be rare, threatened,
                            endangered or are of special concern include:

                            BIRDS:      Osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis;
                                        Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea;
                                        Louisiana Heron, Egretta tricolor;
                                        Black Crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax
                                        nycticorax; Yellow Crowned Night Heron,
                                        Nycticorax violacea; Least Bittern, Ixobrychus
                                        t@ia; White Ibis, Eudocimus albus; Roseate
                                        Spoonbill, Ai�@ k@@                          0
                            MAMMALS:    Everglades mink, Mustela vison evergladensis;
                                        Round-tailed muskrat, Neofiber alleni

                            REPTILES:   American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis;
                                        Eastern Indigo Snake, Drymarchon corais couperi

                   S.   Envi ronmen tal Value as a Natural System

                        The freshwater marshes and ponds serve as a filter system for
                        rivers and lakes. This protects the rivers and lakes from eutro-
                        phication and provides the marsh with nutrients that are used in
                        the vegetative growth. Marshes will retain water during drought
                        and large marshes also help slow down water flows at flood times.

                        Fire and water level fluctuation are the major factors affecting
                        these wetland areas. Variations in the water pattern on the marsh
                        will change the diversity and productivity. Marsh-prairie systems
                        will eventually move to a woody community with exclusion of the
                        fire or permanent water level changes.

                        Recreational use of this community may cause much disturbance. In
                        fact, recreational vehicles when used a great deal, will change the
                        plant community found in the area.

                        The freshwater marsh community is highly endangered. Many have
                        been destroyed or at least degraded. Drainage of this community
                        has caused most of this damage. An example of areas where
                        drainage has occurred for reclamation of land and for agricultural
                        interests is the Everglades.

                                                App 3-30

                                        SLOUGH PLANT COMMUNITY

                     OCCURRENCE

                     This community occurs throughout South -Florida. Individual communi-
                     ties vary widely in size. Most are relatively long and narrow and serve
                     as drainageways for water during periods of heavy and prolonged rain-
                     fall. These areas are found primarily in western Broward County.

                     DESCRIPTION

                     This community appears as an open expanse of grasses, sedges, and
                     rushes in an area where the soil is saturated during the rainy season.
                     Most sloughs are relatively long and narrow and slightly lower in ele-
                     vation than the surrounding flatwoods or hammocks.

                     1.  Soils

                         Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level and
                         poorly drained with coarse textured surfaces underlain by clay or
                         sand.

                         Representative soils are: Basinger and Pompano.

                     2.  Vegetation

                         Grasses are the most common plants found in sloughs. Sedges and
                         rushes also occur along with scattered shrubs in some locations.
                         Plants that characterize this community are:

                         SCRUBS:           Wax Myrtle, Mycica cerifera;
                                           Coastal Willow, Salix caroliniana;
                                           Saltbush, Baccharis halimifolia

                         HERBACEOUS-:      Pickerelweed, Pontederia lanceolata;
                                           Common cattail, Typha latifolia

                         GRASSES:          Blue maidencane, Amphicarpum muhlenber-
                                           gianum;Sand cordgrass, Spartina bakeri;
                                           Panicgrass, Panicum niticlum; Beak rushes,
                                           Rhynchospora spp.

                     3.  Animals

                         Sloughs are host to a diverse wildlife population. Many larger
                         animals occur where sloughs join flatwoods and hammocks. Typical
                         animals of the sloughs are: Deer, bobcat, raccoon, gray fox, marsh
                         rabbit cotton rat, oppossum, frogs, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake,
                         pigmy rattlesnake, water snakes, cotton mouth moccasin, ringneck
                         snake, meadowlark, bobwhite quail, egrets, herons, craines, ibis,
                         red-shouldered hawks and snipe.

                                                   App 3-31

                       4.   Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals

                            a.   No threatened or endangered plants.

                            b.  Those which are considered to be rare, threatened,
                                endangered or of spec, ial concern include:

                            BIRDS:        Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea;
                                          Great Egret, Casmerodius albus;
                                          Snowy Egret, Egretta thula;
                                          Lousiana Heron, Egretta tricolor;
                                          Black Crowned Night Heron, t!ycticorax nvcticorax;
                                          Yellow Crowned Night Heron, NVcticorax vioiacea;
                                          Wood Stork, Mycteria americana-
                                          White Ibis, Eudocimus albus;
                                          Osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis

                            MAMMALS:      Round-tailed muskrat, Neofiber alleni;
                                          Everglades mink, Mustela vison evergladensis

                            REPTILES:     American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis;
                                          Eastern Indigo Snake, Drymarchon corais couperi

                       5.   Environmental Value as a Natural System

                            Sloughs serve as natural drainageways during high water periods.
                            As such, they have treat value in improving water quality by
                            natural processes. They also retain water, help slow down water
                            flows, and thereby increase water quantity.

                            Fire and artificial water level fluctuations are the major factors
                            affecting these areas. Variations in the natural sequence of either
                            event will change the slough's diversity and productivity. With
                            the exclusion of fire or permanent water level changes, the plant
                            succession will be to a woody community.

                            Native forage production is good with proper management. Use for
                            rangeland has only a slight effect on the community if properly
                            managed. The community has good wildlife values, expecially with
                            proper management.

                                                         App 3-32

                                                           FOOTNOTES

                          1     Harrar, E.S. and Harrar, J.G. 1962. Guide to Southern Trees.
                                709.

                          2.    Leithead, H.L. et al. 1971. 100 Native Forage Grasses in 11
                                Southern States. Agricultural Handbook No. 389
                                216 P.

                          3.    Little, E.L. 1978. Atlas of United States Trees; Volume 5;
                                Florida Miscellaneous Publication No. 1361: U.S. Department of
                                Agriculture.

                          4.    Long, R.W. and Lakela, 0. 1971. A Flora of Tropical Florida
                                216 P.

                          5.    Mathews, R. 1975. A Manual of the Common Dune Plants in the
                                City of Hollywood: Their Identification and Management.
                                39 P.

                          6.    Steinberg, Bryan, 1980. "Vegetation of the Atlantic Coastal
                                Ridge of Broward County, Florida based on 1940 imagery",
                                Florida Scientist 430):    F-12.

                                   @ I
                          7.    Rare & Endangered Biota of Florida, University Presses of
                                Fl., Gainesville.

                                1978 Volume   1:  Mammals; Layne, J.N.; 52 P.
                                1978 Volume   2:  Birds; Kale, H.W.; 122 P.
                                1978 Volume   3:  Amphibious & Reptiles; McDaarmid, R.W.; 74 P.
                                1978 Volume   4:  Fishes; Gilbert, C. R. ; 58 P.
                                1978 Volume   5:  Plants; word, D.B.; 175 P.

                                                                 App 3-33

                          Endangered, Threatened, or Rare Plant Species in Broward County*

                        Endangered:

                                 Asplenium serratum (Bud's Nest Spleenwort)
                                 Gossypium -R-i-r-sutum (Wild Cotton)
                                 Jacquemontia reclinata (Beach Jacquemontia)
                                 Ophioglossum palmatum (Hand Fern)
                                 Okenia Hypolgaea (Burrowing Four O'clock)
                                 Polygala smallii (Tiny Polygala)
                                 Remirea maritima (Beach Star)

                        Threatened:

                                 Asplenium dentatum (Slender Spleenwort)
                                 Coccothrinax araentata (Silver Palm)
                                 Commelina cd2as (Climbing Dayflower)
                                 Ernodea littoralis (Beach Creeper)
                                 Mallotonia gnaphalodes (Sea Lavender)
                                 Nemastylis floridana (Fall-Flowering lxia)
                                 Tillandsia f-lexuosa (Twisted Air Plant)
                                 Zamia floridana (Florida Coontie)

                        Rare:

                                 Drosera intermedia (Water Sundew)

                        *Ward, D.B. 1979. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida, Volume 5:
                            Plants. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville. 175 p.

                                                          App 3-34

                                                ""4WM0*4ft go" *moo$= A040

                                                  APPENDIX D: ANIMAL SPECIES OF BROWARD COUNTY

                                                                             C
                   BIRD SPECIES
                       OF                    NOL
                 BROWARD COUNTY             YEARS
          (RESIDENT & MIGRATORY)            SEEN
          Common Loon                        12
          Horned Grebe                         5
          Pied-billed Grebe                  20
          Brown Pelican                      20                                                              AL                Threatened
          Gannet                             12
          Double-crst. Cormorant             19
          Anhinga                            20                                                 A'   A,
          Magnificent Frigatebird            15                                                                                Threatened
          Great Blue Heron(wh. form)           4
          Great Blue Heron                   20                                   A    A    AL@                        AL
          Green Heron                        20                                   A    A    A            A             A
          Little Blue Heron                  20                                   A                  A   A             A       Special  Concern
          Cattle Egret                       20   A,       A A                                                    A    A
          Great Egret                        20   A                               A    A    A   A    A   A             A       Special  Concern
          Snowy Egret                        2o   A                               A    A    A   A    A   A             A       Special  Concern
          Louisiana Heron                    2o   A                               A    A    A   A    A   A             A       special  Concern
          Blk-crnd Night Heron               19                                   A             A    A   A                     Special  C ncern
          Ylw-crnd Night Heron               19                                   A    A    A   A    A   A             A       Special  Concern
          Least Bittern                      17                                                 A    A                 A       Special  C ncern
          American Bittern                   19                                                 A    A
          Wood Stork                         10                                             A   A        A                     Endangered
          Glossy This                        2o   A                                             A        A
          White This                         2o   A                               A    A    A   A    A   A             A       Special Concern
          Scarlet  This                        5                                            A                          A
          Scarlet  Ibis X white This           1                                               1
          Roseate  spoonbill                   1                                       A                                      IRare
          Fulvous  Tree Duck                   3
          Mallard  Duck                        9                                                     A
          mottled  Duck                      is                                                     -A

                                                       SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AUDUBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT RECORDS; 1958 THROUGH 1977 INCLUSIVE.

                   BIRD SPECIES
                       OF
                                             NO,
                 BROWARD COUNTY             YEARS                                                             CO
           (RESIDENT*& MIGRATORY)            SEEN
           Clapper Rail                        8                                       A    A
           Sora Rail                          16                                                 Al  A    A
           Purple Gallinule                   17   A                                             A   A
           Common Gallinule                   20   A                                             A   A    A            A
           American Coot                      20   A                                   A    A.   A   A    A       A    A
           Semipalmated Plover                12                                       A                                        Mudflats
           Wilson's Plover                    10                                       A                                        Mudflats
           Killdeer                           19                                       A:                              A        Mudflats
           Black-bellied Plover               20        A                              A                                        Mudflats, Beach
           Ruddy-Turnstone                    20        A                              A                                        Mudflats,  Beach
           Common Snipe                       20                                                 A A A
           Spotted Sandpiper                  20        A                              A A                             A        iMudflats, Beach
           Solitary Sandpiper                  6        A                              A   A                           A        mudflats,  Beach
           Willet                             12                                       A                                        Mudflats,  Beach
           Greater Yellowlegs                 20                                                 A                              mudflats
           Lesser Yellowlegs                  20                                                 A                              Mudflats
           Pectoral Sandpiper                  I                                                 A                              Mudflats
           Least Sandpiper                    17        A                              A                                        IMudflats, Beach
           Dunlin                             12        A                              A                                        Mudflats,  Beach
           Short-billed Dowitcher             17        A                              A                                        Mudflats,  Beach
           Stilt Sandpiper                     3                                       A                                        Mudflats
           Semipalmated Sandpiper             10        A                              A                                        Mudflats,  Beach
           Western Sandpiper                  11                                       A                                        Mudflats
           Sanderling                         20        A                              A                                        Mudflats,  Beach
           Black-necked Stilt                  2   A                                   A         A                              Mudflats
           Great Black-backed Gu  .11          5        A                                                                       Saltwater  Edge
           Herring Gull                       19        A
           Ring-billed Gull                   20        A
           Laughing Gull                      20

                                                        SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AUDUBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRO COUNT RECORDS; 1958 THROUGH 197T INCLUSIVE.

                 W" mew 001"Mammoosaw $=imam M man

                                                                                0
                    BIRD SPECIES                                                       Cd)        K, 1;
                        OF                     NQ                                                                               G
                                             YEARS                                                           v 31 V
                 BROWARD COUNTY
           (RESIDENT & MIGRATORY)             SEEN
          Red-head woodpecker                    4
          Yellow-bellied Sapsucker             20            A                  A A           A
          Hairy Woodpecker                       5  A                                                                              Special Concern
          Downy Woodpecker                     16   A        A    A        A    A    A        A                           A
          Eastern Kingbird                       2  A                                              A                      A
          Gray Kingbird                          4  A                      A                                              A
          Western Kingbird                     18                                                                         A
          Scissor-tld. Flycatcher              10                                                                         A
          Great Crstd. Flycatcher              17                          A         A        A                           A
          Eastern Phoebe                       20                 A                  A                  A                 A
          Tree Swallow                         20       A A       A    A   A    A    A   A    A    A    A    A        A   A
          Rough-winged Swallow                 is                                                  A    A    A
          Barn Swallow                           1      A    A    A    A   A    A    A   A    A    A    A    A        A   A
          Purple Martin                          3  A   A A       A    A   A    A    A   A    A    A    A    A        A   A
          Blue Jay                             20            A    -A   A   A    A    A        A       I               A   A
          Fish Crow                            16   A        A    A    A   A    A    A A      A    A    A    A        A   A
          House Wren                           20            A    A    A   A    A    A                                A   A
          Carolina Wren                        20   A             A    A   A    A    A                                    A
          Long-billed Marsh Wren                 8                                                 A
          Short-billed Marsh Wren                6                                                 A
          Mockingbird                          20   A   A    A    A    A   A    A    A   A    A    A    A    A        A   A
          Catbird                              20       A    A    A    A   A    A    A   A    A    A    A A           A   A
          Brown Thrasher                       19   A   A         A        A    A                                        IA
          Robin                                18       A    A    A    A   A    A    A   A    A    A    A A           A.1 A
          Hermit Thrush                        15       A         A        A         A                                    A
          Swainson's Thrush                      5      A                  A    A    A
          Veery                                  1                         A    A    A
          Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                20       A A       A A      A    A    A        A                       A A
          Ruby-crowned Kinglet                 20       A              A   A    A    A        A

                                                        SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AUDUBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT RECORDS; 1958 THROUGH 1977 INCLUSIVE.

                   BIRD SPECIES
                       OF                    NQ                                                X                    C16
                 BROWARD COUNTY             YEARS
           (RZ31-,DE11TT & MIGRATORY)        SEEN
          Wilson's Warbler                      6          A        A                      A I     I                   A      'Rare
          American Redstart                  17        A A A        A   1A A      A  I     A                           AF_
          House Sparrow                      20   A                                                               A    A
          Eastern Meadowlark                 20   A                                                                    A   A Pastures
          Red-winged Blackbird               20   A                                    A         A                     A
          Spot-breasted Oriole               17   A       I              A A                                      A    A
          N. (Baltimore) Oriole              17            A A      A    A  'A A           A                      A    A
          Boat-tailed Grackle                20  'A A      A A      A    A   A A       A   A  I A   A A           A    A
          Common Grackle                     2o   A A      A    A   A    A   A    A              A  A A           A    A
          Brown-headed Cowbird               16.                                                                       A   A Pastures
          Summer Tanager                        2       A  A A      A        A    A        A                           A
          Cardinal                           20   A     A  A    A   A    A   A A       A   -A    A  A A           A    A
          Rose-breasted Grosbeak                2                        A        'A                                   A
          Indigo Bunting                     20           1A A      A    A                                             A
          Painted Bunting                    20            A    A   A A      A Al                                 A    A
          American Goldfinch                 20            A    A   A A      A Al          A       I                   A
          Rufous-side Towhee                 20            A    A                                                      A
          Savannah Sparrow                   20                                                                            A   Pastures
          Grasshopper Sparrow                19                                                                            A_  Pastures,Endangered
          Vesper Sparrow                     11                                                                            A   Pastures
          Lark Sparrow                       11                                                                            A   Pastures
          Bachman's Sparrow                     3               A
          Chipping Sparrow                   13                                                                            A   Pastures
          Swamp Sparrow                      19                                   A
          Song Sparrow                       10                                                                            A   Pastures
          Cory's Shearwater                                                                                  A
          Greater Shearwater
          Leach's Petrel                                                                                     A
          Wilson's Petrel                                                                                    A

                                                      SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AUDUBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT RECORDS; 1988 THROUGH 1977 INCLUSIVE.

       Oft 00 400 @00 1@"_ 00 90 4W
                                                                   @ 90 WINJ 40, ON 00 IM 10 tW W& as I"

                                                          M am me                  600660" imam

                   BIRD SPECIES
                       OF                      NQ                                                   K@
                 BROWARD cnUNTY              YEARS
          (RESIDENT & MIGRATORY)              SEEN
          Pintail                               6           1
          Green-winged Teal                    13
          Blue-winged Teal                     18
          American Widgeon                     12
          Shoveler                              7
          Wood Duck                             7
          Redhead                               5
          Ring-necked Duck                     20
          Canvasback                            7
          Lesser Scaup                         19
          Ruddy Duck                           12
          Hooded Merganser                     12
          Red-brst Merganser                   15
          Turkey Vulture                       20   A              AL
          Black Vulture                        20   A         A    A   -A   A    A    A    A        A    A    A
          Evekglade Kite                        a                                                   A                                Endanciered
          Sharp-shinned Hawk                   16        A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A        A    A
          Cooper's Hawk                        12        A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A             A        SE)ecial Concern
          Red-tailed Hawk                      20        A    A    A    A-  A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A             A
                                                         A    A    A                                                        A
          Red-shouldered Hawk                  20                       A   A    A    A    A-  A    A    A    A
          Broad-winged Hawk                    li        A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A   A    A    A    A             A
          Marsh Hawk                           20        A                                 A        A    A    A             A
          Osprey                               20   A    A    A    A    A   A- A      A    A   A    A    A    A    A A      A        Threatened
          Peregrine Falcon                      6        A                                     A                                     Endangere
          Merlin                               17        A    A    A    AJA A         A    A   A    A    A    A             A
          American Kestrel                     20        A A       A    A   A              A   A    A    A    A             A        Threatened
          Bobwhite                             20   A        JA    A    A                                                   A
          Limpkin                              15   A                                 A             A    A    A             A
          King Rail                            17                                   1               A-] A     A

                                                         SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AUDUBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT  RECORDS; 1968 THROUGH 1977 INCLUSIVE.
                                                                                              @
                                                                                                    @A
                                                                                               A A

                    BIRD SPECIES
                         OF                   NQ
                  BROWARD COUNTY             YEARS
            (RESIDENT & MIGRATORY)           SEEN
           Bonaparte's Gull                   16
           Forster's Tern                     15                                                                               Threatened
           Least Tern                           I                                                                              Special Concern
           Royal Tern                         19                                                                               Svecial Concern
           Caspian Tern                       13                                                                               SW, Edo S12ec. _Cozj er12
           Black Skimmer                      18
           Rock Dove                            5
           White-winged Dove                  10
           Mourning Dove                      20   A    A   A    A                                                A    A
           Ground Dove                        20   -A  A    A    A A      A   A                                   A    A
           Moa Parakeet                         4  A                                                              A    -A
           Canary-winged  Parakeet              5  A                                                              A    A
           Budgerigar                           4
           Red-crowned Parrot                   4  A                                                              A    A
           Yellow-billed Cuckoo                 5           A    A   A    A   A                                        A
           Smooth-billed And                  20   A        A    A   A    A   A    A   A     A                         A
           Barn Owl                           2o   A        A    A        A   A                                   A    A
           Screech Owl                        ig   A        A    A   A    A   A                                   A    A
           Great Horned Owl                   13   A             A        A   A
           Burrowing Owl                      20   A                                                                   A   A   Special  Concern
           Barred Owl                         11   A                      A        A
           Chuck-will's-widow                 16   A        A    A   A    A   A    A
           Whip-poor-will                     15            A    A   A    A   A    A
           Common Nighthawk                     5  A A      A    A   A    A   A    A   A A      A    A   A        A    A
           Ruby-thrtd. Hummingbird            20                          A   A           I       -                    A
           Belted Kingfisher                  20                                   A   A A JA        A   A             A
           Common (Yel.-sh.) Flicker          20   A        A    A   A    A   A    A         A                         A
           Pileated Woodpecker                16   A                      -A                                           A
           Red-bellied Woodpecker             2o   A        A    A   A A      A    A         A                    A    A
                                                             ILI
                                                                                      P
                                                                                       A

                                                                                       A

                                                       SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AUDUBON SOCIETY; CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT RECORDS; 1958 THROUGH 197T INCLUSIVE.

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                @qw aws"Wonew MGM mom "MAW am MOMAN

                  BIRD SPECIES
                      OF -                  NOL                                             EPP,         v
                BROWARD COUNTY             YEARS
          (RU .91DENT & MIGRATORY)         SEEN
         Cedar Waxwing                       10
         Loggerhead Shrike                   20
         Starling                            15
         White-eyed Vireo                    20                              AL
         Yellow-throated Vireo               12       A    A   A    A
         Solitary Vireo                      20       A        A    A   A
         Red-eyed Vireo                        1
         Black & White Warbler               19
         Worm-eating Warbler                   7               A    A   A    A   A                                            Special Concern
         Tennessee Warbler                     1      A    A   A    A   A    A   A
         Orange-crowned.Warbler              18       A    A   A    A   A    A   A
         Parula Warbler                      18       A    A   A    A   A    A   A
         Yellow Warbler                        3      A    A,  A    A   A    A   A
         Magnolia Warbler                      7      A    A   A    A   A    A  IA                                    A
         Cape may Warbler                      4      A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A  I    I                   A
         Black-thrtd.Blue Warbler            15       A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Yel-rmpd. (Myrtle) Warbler          19       A    A   A    A   A    A   A                                    A
         Black-thrtd. Green Warbler          11       A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Blackburnian Warbler                  2      A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Yellow-thrtd. Warbler               19       A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Chestnut-sided Warbler                2      A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Bay-breasted Warbler                  4      A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Pine Warbler                        19       A    A   A    A   A    A-  A        A                           A
         Prairie Warbler                     20       A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Palm Warbler                        20       A    A   A    A   A    A            A                           A
         Ovenbird                            19       A    A   A    A   A    A            A                           A
         N. Waterthrush                      20       A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Common Yellowthroat                 2o A     A    A   A    A   A    A   A        A                           A
         Yellow-breasted Chat                10       A    A   A    A   A   -A   A        A                           A

                                                      SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTYAUDUBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT RECORDS; 1958 THROUGH 1977 INCLUSIVE.

                 BIRD SPECIES
                    OF
                                        NOL
               BROWARD COUNTY          YEARS
          (RESIDP.NT & MIGRATORY)      SEEN
         Swallow-Tailed Kite                                               A           A       A
         Bridled Tern                                                                              A
         Black Whiskered Vireo                A                                    A                               Rare
         Blackpoll                                A   A   A   At  AL  A    AL      AL                       A
         Hooded Warbler                           A   A   A   A   A   A    A       A                        A
         Connectcut Warbler                       A   A   A   A   A   A    A       A                        A
         Swainson's Warbler                       A   A   A   A   A   A    A       A                        A
         Scarlet Tanager                          A   A       A   A   A    A

               ianfrequently observed
               during the Christmas
               bird coiLits but common
             .in other seasons.

                                                                                                         44- F

                                                  SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY AunuBON SOCIETY, CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT RECORDS; 1958 THROUGH 1977 INCLUSIVE.

                                                                                                             Ism im         'go *a Im

                                       FISHES FOUND IN THE CONSERVATION AREAS

                                    OF DADE, BROWARD AND PALM BEACH COUNTIES

                                  Largemouth Bass                                    Golden Shiner
                                  Bluegill Sunfish                                   Golden Topminnow
                                  Redear Sunfish                                     Starhead Topminnow
                                  Spotted Sunfish                                    Marsh Killifish
                                  Warmouth                                           Goldspotted Killifish
                                  Black Crappie                                      Bluefin Killifish
                                  Dollar Sunfish                                     Seminole Killifish
                                  Bluespotted Sunfish                                Flagfish
                                  Everglades Pygmy Sunfish                           Brook Silverside
                                  Chain Pickerel                                     Mosquitofish
                                  Redfin Pickerel                                    Least Killifish
                                  Bowfin                                             Sailfin Molly
                                  Florida  Gar                                       Gizzard Shad
                                  Longnose Gar                                       Threadfin Shad
                                  Tadpole Madtom                                     Darter
                                  Yellow Bullhead                                    Pirate Perch
                                  Brown Bullhead                                     Needlefish
                                  Channel Catfish                                    Tarpon
                                  White Catfish                                      Snook
                                  Lake Chubsucker                                    Black Acara

                             MAMMALS-AND REPTILES FOUND IN THE CONSERVATION AREAS

                                      REPTILES                                    MAMMALS

                                  American Alligator                                 Deer
                                  Cooter Turtle                                      Wild Hog
                                  Softshell Turtle                                   Otter
                                  Mud Turtle                                         Raccoon
                                  Rattlesnake                                        Oppossum
                                  Green Water Snake                                  Marsh Rabbit
                                  Brown Water Snake                                  Florida Water Rat
                                  Mud Snake                                          Cotton Rat
                                  Rat Snake                                          Florida Panther
                                  Corn Snake                                         Black Bear
                                  Garter Snake                                       Exotic Cats
                                  Frogs (Many    varieties)

                           Source:    Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission

                                                                App 4-9

                                                                      APPENDIX E

                                                                     SITE CHECK LIST

                                                                                           SITE:
                                URBAN-WILDERNESS ADVISORY BOARD                            FILE:
                                                                                           DATE:

                                A. Priority: Areas which meet      any of the following  criteria will be given primary
                                                consideration.

                                     Wilderness areas which:
                                       a) Are in close proximity   to urban or rapidly developing areas, (YES NO  ). or
                                       b) Are in  imminent danger  from some other source, (YES   NO__), or
                                       c) Protect, rare or endangered species or other unique features, (YES_NO_), or
                                       d) Constitute the last vestiges of natural conditions in Broward County,
                                           (YES_NO_).

                                B. Characterization of wilderness area type:

                                     Biological type -  a wilderness area set aside to promote certain forms of animal
                                                        or plant life or their supporting habitats.

                                     Aesthetic type -   a wilderness area set aside to preserve certain scenic
                                                        qualities or amenities.

                                     Scientific type -  a wilderness area set aside to preserve certain features,
                                                        qualities or conditions which may or may not include biolog-
                                                        ical and aesthetic, for scientific and educational purposes.
                                QUALITY FACTORS                            BIOLOGICAL       AESTHETIC        SCIENTIFIC
                                                                              TYPE             TYPE             TYPE

                                1.   Ecosystems
                                     a) Rarity
                                     b) Variety

                                2.   Flora
                                     a) Variety
                                     b) Rarity
                                   *c) Threatened                                              N/A              N/A
                                   *d) Endangered                                              N/A              N/A
                                 **e) Protected

                                3. Fauna
                                     a) Variety
                                     b) Rarity                                                 N/A
                                   *c) Threatened                                              N/A
                                   *d) Endangered                                              N/A              N/A
                                 **e) Protected                                                N/A

                                4.   Condition
                                     a) Exotic invasion
                                       (1-100%, 5-20%)                                         N/A              N/A
                                     b) Disturbance by man
                                       (low or No - 5)
                                     c) Natural reproduction                                   N/A

                                5.   Geological Features
                                     a) Rock
                                     b) Water
                                     c) Soil
                                     d) Dunes
                                     a) Other        SUB-TOTALS

                                RATING SCALE:   1-5 (5 highest)
                                5 - Outstanding features; 4 - Feature(s) of special importance.
                                3 - Few individually important features, but the whole is significant.
                                7 - a Areas of value due to adjacent features; 1 - Area of low significance.
                                *Refer to State or Federal lists.     **Refer to State law
                                (NUMERICAL SUB-TOTAL RATING IS NOT CONCLUSIVE AS TO WILDEPNESS DESIGNATION)

                                                                   - --       -- - -     -4- -- -
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