    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

              Connecticut's Draft
              Coastal Manage ent Plan
              Volu e

                  HT
                   393
                   -C8
                   D57
                   1979

                                     STATE OF CONNECTICUT
                           DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

                                       COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                             71 CAPITOL AvENUE - HARTr-ORD, CONNECTICUT 06115 (203) 566-7404

                                                     February 26, 1979

                 Mr. Robert W. Knecht
                 Assistant Administrator for
                    Coastal Zone Management
                 NOAA, Office of Coastal Zone Management
                 3300 Whitehaven Street, N.W.
                 Washington, D.C. 20235

                 Dear Bob:

                      Enclosed are three (3) copies of Connecticut's Section 305(d) program
                 document as required for preliminary approval of our proposed management
                 progam and for funding for a fifth year. As part of our current grant
                 agreement with yoUr office, this document is a "draft" and has not been
                 reviewed outside the CAM Program. It is our intent to revise this document
                 based on OCZM staff review prior to release to the CAM Advisory Board.
                 Following their review, the document will be used as the foundation for our
                 306 program document which will be prepared for submission during the
                 fall of 1979 (September, 1979 target).

                      This document precedes our grant application for next ear, which will
                                                                            y
                 be submitted by April, 1979. The grant application will address those
                 deficiencies in the program previously identified in consultation with your
                 staff, and any other deficiencies that may be identified and agreed to in
         Lok     the review of this document. The major deficiency, of course, is lack of
                 adequate statutory authority to implement a "technique a" program. Ade-
                 quate authority, previously reviewed and negotiated with your staff, is
                 currently pending in the Connecticut General Assembly. In addition,
                 we are currently negotiating with your staff on the adequacy of existing
                 authorities for an interim "technique V approval, should that approach
                 be necessary.

                      Because there will be no program implementation during the coming year
                 due to lack of legislation, an environmental impact assessment is not
                 enclosed with this document. Such an assessment will be completed and sub-
        ry-@     mitted with the 306 program document in September.

                      If you would like further information or if you have any questions,
                 please call me.

                                                     Si erel
                                                    ar J. Rocque, Jr.
                                                     Program Manager
                 AJR/dd
                 Enclosures

                                     DISCISSION DRAFT

                                            CONNECTICUT
                                   COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
                                           FEBRUARY, 1979

                                         State of Connecticut
                                Department of Environmental Protection
                                   Coastal Area Mana@,,ement Program
                                          71 Capitol 'Avenue
                                     Hartford, Connecticut 06115

                                                                                      asl
                                                                                       r
                                                                                   coastal
                                                                                     area
                                                                                     management

                                    TABLE 0 F CONTENTS

                     LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

                     SECTION I     INTRODUCTION  TO CONNECTICUT'S COASTAL AREA              1
                                     MANAGEMENT  PROGRAM

                     SECTION II    DESCRIPTION OF CONNECTICUT'S COASTAL                     3
                                     ENVIRONMENT

                                         Natural Environment                                3

                                         Air Quality                                       15

                                         Water Quality                                     17

                     SECTION III   MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS                          21

                     SECTION IV    GOALS AND POLICIES                                      25

                     SECTION V     BOUNDARY                                                54

                     SECTION VI    LEGAL AUTHORITIES,  USES TO BE MANAGED AND              57
                                     PROGRAM ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION

                                         Introduction                                      57

                                      i' The,;Connecticut Coastal Management Act           58

                                         Existing State and Municipal Regulatory,          60
                                           Development and Planning Authorities
                                           Subject to the Coastal Management
                                           Act's Requirements

                                         Uses Subject to Control and Regulation           100
                                           Under the Coastal Management Act

                                         Legal Authorities for Areas of Particular        109
                                           Concern

                                         Legal Authorities for Areas for Preservation     112
                                           or Restoration

                                         Functional Roles and Organization Structure      113
                                           of the Coastal Management Program

                                         Plan Coordination                                125

                                         Federal Consistency                              130

                                   Resolution of Conflicts Concerning                144
                                     Coastal Development

                SECTION VII   SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREAS                               146

                                   Geographic Areas of Particular Concern            146

                                   Areas for Preservation or Restoration             157

                SECTION VIII SPECIAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS                           158

                                   National Interest                                 158

                                   Uses of Regional Benefit                          163

                                   Energy Facilities                                 165

                                   Shorefront Access and Protection Planning         180

                                   Erosion Planning Process                          191

                SECTION IX    PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND FEDERAL AGENCY                204
                                CONSULTATION

                                   Public Participation                              204

                                   Federal Consultation                              209

                APPENDICES

                                        LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

                      Tables                                                                 _Page

                      1       Shoreline Statistics                                                5

                      2A      State Regulatory Authorities Subject to Coastal                   61
                                Management Requirements

                      2B      State Development Projects Subject to Coastal                     67
                                Management Requirements

                      2C      State Plans Subject to Coastal Management Requirements            70
                      3A      Municipal Ordinances and Regulations Subject to Coastal           73
                                Management Requirements

                      3B      Municipal Plans Subject to Coastal Management Requirements        87

                      4       Uses Subject to Coastal Management Requirements                   102

                      5       Legal Authorities for Areas of Particular Concern                 110

                      6       Shoreline Composition and Erosion Statistics                      193

                                                                                             Appendix

                      A-1     Excluded Federal Lands                                              A

                      H-1     Federal Activities and Development Projects Subject                 H
                                to a Consistency Determination

                      H-2     Federal Licenses and Permits Subject to Consistency                 H
                                Review

                      H-3     Federal Assistance Programs Subject to Consistency                  H
                                Review

                      I-1     Federal Navigation Projects                                         I

                      K-1     Shore Protection Projects                                           K

                      L-1     1976 Coastal Town Meetings                                          L

                      L-2     CAM Regional and Cooperative Extension Service Workshops            L

                      L-3     CAM Meetings with Local Officials and Municipal                     L
                                Commissions

                      L-4     CAM Meetings with Organizations and.Special Interest                L
                                Groups

                 Tab] es                                                                Appendix

                 L-5     CAM Meetings with State and Regional Planning Agencies            L

                 L-6     CAM Interstate Meetings                                           L

                 L-7     CAM Meetings with Federal Agencies                                L

                 L-8     Public Hearings on CAM Draft Legislation                          L

                 L-9     CAM Advisory Board Meetings                                       L

                 L-10    Federal Consultation                                              L

                 Figures                                                                 L@ge

                 1       ECO Regions of Connecticut                                        4

                 2       Distribution of Shoreline Features and Districts                  6

                                                                                        Appendix

                 A-1     Coastal Boundary Map                                              A

                 F-1     Soils Map                                                         F

                 F-2     Coastal Resources Map                                             F

                 F-3     Regulated Tidal Wetlands Map                                      F

                 F-4     Shellfish Concentration Areas Map                                 F

                 F-5     Shoreline Change Map                                              F

                 F-6     Littoral Sediment Systems  and Surficial Geology                  F

                                           S E C T 1 0 N I

                       I N T R 0 D U C T I ON TO CONNECTICUT' S

                     C OASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                          Long Island Sound has been frequently characterized and described
                     as an "Urban Sea." The image raised by this description is appropriate
                     for Connectitut's coastal area which has historically been the center
                     of intense industrial, commercial and residential activity. While
                     residential usage of the Connecticut shoreline in other than the
                     vicinity of the ports of Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport, New Haven,
                     New London and Norwich began as seasonal dwellings, changes in land
                     use patterns following World War II and the corresponding residential
                     and corporate exodus from the New York metropolitan area have changed
                     the residential mix from seasonal to permanent. Vacant shorefront
                     land and open space in Connecticut's heavily developed coastal area
                     is at a premium. Recent studies of population growth and correspond-
                     ing industrial, commercial and residenti,al activity along Connecticut's
                     coast completed under contract to the Coastal Area Management (CAM)
                     Program indicate that this trend will continue for the forseeable
                     future.

                          Because of historical growth patterns along the coast, a signi-
                     ficant number of traditional public safety and welfare oriented police
                     power regulatory programs have been implemented at both the state
                     and municipal level for coastal lands. For example, planning and
                     zoning began in Connecticut in the early 1930's and the state's
                     regulatory program for coastal structures was underway by 1940. To-
                     day all of Connecticut's coastal municipalities exercise full plan-
                     ning and zoning authorities with most communities retaining professional
                     support staff. The notable exception is in the lower Connecticut
                     River estuary which remains largely undeveloped. Municipalities in
                     this region;generally rely on the capabilities of the Connecticut
                     River Estuary Regional Planning Agency which also provides staff sup-
                     port to the Connecticut River Gateway Commission, established as
                     part of the lower Connecticut River Conservation Zone.

                          While land use regulatory programs at the state and municipal
                     level,complimented by a variety of federal coastal regulatory programs, have
                     provided complete regulatory coverage of development activities in
                     the coastal area, it was not until passage of Connecticut's tidal wet-
                     lands act in 1969 anddcreation of the Department of Environmental
                     Protection in 1971 that the management of coastal resources became
                     part of the statut&y mandate. Using the initiati-ve established
                     during the early 1970's by the Committee on Coastal Management headed
                     by State Senator George Gunther and the U.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff
                     sponsored New England River Basins Commission's Long Island Sound
                     Regional Study, the CAM Program of the Department of Environmental
                     Protection has developed a comprehensive coastal management program
                     for statewide implementationAt both the state and municipal level
                     of government.

                        The recommended program utilizes the significant array of
                  existing state and municipal regultatory programs as its foundation
                  and has two central purposes; first, to assure that adequate con-
                  sideration of the impacts of development on coastal resources is
                  given by both the state and coastal municipalities and, second,
                  to increase the level of intergovernmental coordination through
                  planning and regulatory programs affecting the coast by providing
                  common, statewide policies to guide federal, state and municipal
                  agencies. To achieve these purposes, Connecticut is not proposing
                  additional regulatory programs nor are existing regulatory juris-
                  dictions being significantly altered.     Rather coastal management will
                  be implemented through a coastal site plan review as part of
                  municipal planning and zoning programs and through statewide coastal.
                  policies to guide federal, state and municipal planning and
                  investment programs. Coastal municipalities are also encouraged to
                  develop municipal coastal programs by revising existing town plans of
                  development for their coastal areas. Existing state regulatory pro-
                  grams will be required to be consistent with the same coastal resource
                  definitions, policies and impact criteria proposed for the municipal
                  coastal site plan review.'and coastal municipalities are given a
                  formal role in state regulatory actions.

                       Because of the highly developed nature of Connecticut's coast and
                  the resultant loss and degradation of critical coastal resources, the
                  focus of the management program is first, the resources at the land-
                  water interface significantly affecting or affected by natural coastal
                  processes and second, adjacent land and water resources. This focus
                  is critical if Connecticut is to protect, restore and enhance remaining
                  coastal resources. For example, CAM surveys indicate that, except
                  for urbanized port areas, over 50% of the remaining undeveloped shore-
                  front property is classified as tidal, wetland. In addition, much of
                  the remainder is in flood or erosion hazard areas. To assure a con-
                  centrated effort in protecting those endangered resource areas,
                  critical resources and the natural processes that they support have
                  been identified as in the "national interest." Further, tidal wet-
                  lands and shellfish concentration areas have been nominated as "areas
                  of particular concern" along with the activities that most significantly
                  affect them, dredging and spoil disposal. To assist in better
                  regulatory decisions at all levels of government, coastal resources
                  and adverse impacts have been defined by statute in the amendments to
                  Connecticut's Coastal Management Act and a comprehensive set of coastal
                  resource maps have been    prepared for the entire coastal area.       Fund-
                  ing through the federal Coastal Zone Management Act will be used to
                  provide a continuing state overview through the Department of Environ-
                  mental Protection's CAM Program and to provide needed technical and
                  financial support to state and municipal coastal regulatory programs.

                                           S E C T 1 0 N  I I

                         D E S C R I P T 1 0 N 0 F C 0 N N E C T I C U T ' S

                                  COASTAL ENV I RONME NT

                                           NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

                          The coastal seaboard and waters of the Long Island Sound estuary
                     and their resource systems form an integrated coastal ecosystem that
                     is unique and fragile. Long Island Sound occupies a basin, 113 miles
                     long and 21 miles wide, located between Lono Island and the Connecticut-
                     Westchester County, New York region. The Connecticut coast bordering
                     the Sound is 98 miles long, but total shoreline frontage, including
                     tidal rivers and embayments, is 458 miles. Offshore islandscomprise an
                     additional 90 miles.

                          Forty percent of Connecticut's population lives in the 36 coastal
                     towns; however, seventy-five percent of that population, or nearly
                     910,000 residents,lives in the 17 southwestern towns (west of Guilford).
                     This population pattern reflects the proximity of these towns to New
                     York city and its markets. This pattern of development and the dense
                     urban areas surrounding many harbors have significantly affected the
                     quality of nearshore water and its ability to support both recreational
                     interests and healthy marine resources. Although most of the Sound's
                     offshore waters are of acceptable quality, the westernmost waters show
                     deteriorated characteristics. These characteristics are a result of
                     the cultural effluents and urban runoff from the western Long Island,
                     Westchester County, and southwestern Connecticut urban environments.
                     The most notable cause is the East River, which is joined to New York
                     Harbor and run@ through sections of New York city.

                          Connecticut's coastal seaboard, which is the coastal part of the
                     New England Uplands, is a glaciated zone underlain by crystalline bed-
                     rock which slopes southward at 50 feet per mile,.   In contrast the
                     Connecticut Lowland Valley at New Haven is'comprised of shales,
                     sandstones, and limited exposures of trap rock. Elevations vary from
                     sea level to a maximum of 400-500 feet inland, but shoreline relief is
                     maximal where the rocky uplands intersect with the coast. Low, rolling
                     hills and occasional rocky lands interposed by level to undulatory
                     sand and gravel plains characterize the coastal landscape.

                          Biophysical Zone V, depicted in Figure 1., embodies two or three
                     ecoregions that are virtually coextensive to the seaboard. The moderat-
                     ing effect of seabreezes, penetrating 5-10 miles inland, produces a
                     cooling trend in spring and summer and a warming one in fall and winter.
                     The mean annual temperature is 51 degrees F, and precipitation averages
                     44-48 inches a year. The coast experiences one of the longest frost
                     free seasons in the state, 180 days in duration. The maritime climate,
                     and the recurrent pattern of landforms and glacial inceptsolic soils,
                     create a vegetation zone called the coastal hardwoods zone.

                                                (Mass.)

                                   I-A
                           I-A

                              I I-A
        (N. Y.
                                                                                        (R. I.)

         III-D

                                                             f;ilc

        IV-D

                                                       Long Island Sound

                                Fig. 1. Ecoregions of Connecticut

                         I. Northwest Highlands-Northern Hardwoods zone
                              A. Northwest Highlands ecoregion

                        II. Northern Uplands-Transitional Hardwoods zone
                              A. Northwest Uplands ecoregion
                              B. Northeast Uplands ecoregion
                              C. Northern Marble Valley

                       III. Northern Hills-Central Hardwoods-White Pine zone
                              A. Northwest Hills ecoregion
                              B. North-Central Lowlands ecoregion
                              C. Northeast Hills ecoregion
                              D. Central Marble Valley

                        IV. Southern Hills-Central Hardwoods zone
                              A. Southwest Hills ecoregion
                              B. South-Central Lowlands ecoregion
                              C. Southeast Hills ecoregion
                              D. Southern Marble Valley

                         V. Coastal Hardwoods zone
                              A. Western Coastal ecoregion
                              B. Eastern Coastal ecoregion

                                               4

                                        The Connecticut shoreline is subject to the forces of wave action,
                                and sea level rise presently averaCing approximately one to-ore and one-half
                                fp_@t !)er centur@y.'These forces-act in con@ert on Conn-e                                'cticut'    -s shore (85"" of
                                which is composed of potentially erodible materials) and the result
                                is a retreating and submerqing shoreline. This shoreline has an ir-
                                regular geometry with many headlands, embayments, and islands. The
                                following composition stati5tics illustrate the diversity of resources
                                along the shore interface: sandy beach - 18.9%; glacial drift - 15%;
                                artificial fill - 10.9%; bedrock - 9.6%; salt marsh - 6.5%; and
                                undifferentiated tidal river shoreline - 39%. The variety of coastal
                                landforms, and the variable marine processes affecting them, preclude
                                a simplistic management treatment of the coast. In addition, seven
                                complex districts, each representing a recurrent pattern of coastal land-
                                forms that are mixed or uniform in nature, can be discerned along the
                                coast.       The following district composition statistics fn Table I togdth'er
                                with the descriptions below.show the characteristics of each distri a
                                (see Figure 2).

                                                                               TABLE I

                                                                   Shoreline Statistics

                                                    SANDY          GLACIAL                         ARTIFICIAL TIDAL                   TOTAL       LINEAR
                                DISTRICT            BEACH          DRIFT          BEDROCK          FILL                MARSH          MILES       MILES

                                     A              17.7%          29.3%          22.40/10         22.2%                  5.8%        68.9           15

                                     B              37.0%          20.0%            0.67%          28.30/10            13.8%          60.0           20

                                     C              50.0%          14.8%             3.90/0'       30.5%                  0.8%        12.8           8

                                     D              13.2%          10.2%          56.5%               9.0%                3.7%        33.3           12

                                     E              54.4%          18.9%             1.8%          10.0%               14.3%          34.9           22

                                     F              27.7%          36.40/10       12.70110         13.0%               10.2%          39.3           13
                                     G              16.@O%         41.0%          16.5%            10.0%               16.5%          18.2           8

                                        (1) Mixed Districts (A,                   F, G)     are    embayed and         have an        irregular
                                geometry controlled by the preponderance and distribution of the least
                                erodible materials: bedrock and till. Surficial resources are mixed,
                                but central to district F are the three tombolos: Black Point Spit,
                                Bushy Point Beach, and Groton Long Point.
                                         (2) Outwash Districts (B, E). Salient features in these wave-
                                straightened, linear to arcuate districts, are the extensive stretches
                                of sandy (predominantly fringing) beaches fronting two broad zones
                                of sandy outwash.

                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                          C. Glacial drift and Fock

                                                                       B. Glacial drift and beaches
                              A. Rock and drift- much artificial fill                                                          0. Rock and marshes

                                                                                 LONG ISLAND SOUND

                                                                                                                                A

                                                                  0                                                                       SHORE

                                                                                                                                          13edroc

                                                                                                                                          Glacial

                                                                                                                                          sand or
                                                                                 F. Glacial d ift and Fock                                Tidal rn
                                          E. Glacial drift and beaches                                   G. Rock and marshes              Artificia

                                                                                         LONG ISLAND SOUND

                                    low       In       4M,

                          (3) Mixed Drift District (C) has a scalloped shoreline controlled
                     by recurrent but limited outcrops of bedrock. Conspicuous in this
                     district of mixed till and outwash are the largest sea cliffs in
                     Connecticut ranging upwards to 40 feet.

                          (4) Bedrock District (D). Rocky headlands that have been stripped
                     of their veneer of drift and residuum by wave erosion essentially
                     account for this irregular district of rocky headlands shorefront,
                     limited pocket beaches, and tidal wetlands. The many small rocky islands
                     and reefs in the Thimble Island system are an unique characteristic of
                     this district.

                          (Note: The preponderance of artificial fill in districts A through
                     C reflect the intense urbanization of southwestern Connecticut.)

                          The Long Island Sound basin is an asymetric , preglacial valley
                     situated between the bedrock of southern New England and the coastal
                     plain sediments of Long Island. The estuary is unusual in that two
                     independent and restricted passages to the ocean exist at opposite ends
                     of the Sound. They are the Race, which links the Sound with Block Is-
                     land, and th6 East River, a tidal strait connected with New York Harbor.
                     The Mattituck sill and the Hempstead sill are submarine ridges, with
                     minimum elevations of 10 and 20 meters respectively, which delimit the
                     eastern and western boundaries of the main central basin (averaging 26
                     meters) and its water mass. West of the Hempstead sill to the Throgs
                     Neck lies the westernmost basin. Its waters are a mixing zone with an
                     estuarine circulation that shunts lower density East River water into
                     the western basin. The chain of morainal islands between Orient Point,
                     Long Island and southwestern Rhode Island demarcate the eastern boundary
                     of the Sound and the irregular eastern basin. Its waters are connected
                     with the Block Island Sound. These cold, saline waters, dominated by
                     an estuarine circulation pattern coupled to the ocean tides entering
                     the Race, influence the overall water and salt budget of the central
                     basin. Volume exchange rates at the Race are 60 times that of the
                     western passage.

                          Tides and currents are dominated by semi-diurnal lunar tides.
                     Basin geometry amplifies the ocean tides such that they increase
                     progressively from east (2.5') to west (7.8'). The scouring effect
                     of the turbulent tidal exchange at the Race has sculptured the irregular
                     bathymetry in the eastern basin, and caused sediments predominantly
                     of medium sands to collect in sheltered regions, and coarse sands,
                     gravel, and cobble to settle in the main channels. Concurrent with the
                     net westward motion of the bottom waters in the eastern basin is the
                     conveyance of medium and fine sands to the Mattituck sill. The sedi-
                     ments in the central basin and western basin, regions of low tidal cur-
                     rents, are characterized by a non-uniform veneer of marine silts and
                     fine sands over deposits of glacial sands and gravels. Extraction of
                     these valuable glacial sediments in the main is economically unfeasible
                     and not without severe environmental impacts.

                       Coastal waters are defined as those waters containing a measurable
                  quantity of seawater, which in this instance includes all coastal waters
                  with a salinity at or above 0.5 parts per thousand. Freshwater drain-
                  age from the five major drainage basins fronting on the Sound and
                  its estuaries contain countless small streams and creeks. Principal
                  to the chemical properties of the Sound are the three tidal rivers:
                  the Housatonic, the Connecticut, and the Thames. Secondary are the
                  Saugutuck and Quinnipiac Rivers. In fact, the Connecticut River, dis-
                  charging into the eastern basin, accounts for more than seventy percent
                  of the Sound-wide runoff. The low salinity plumes at the mouths of
                  the Housatonic and Connecticut Rivers are frequently visible from the
                  air. The net transport of low salinity surface waters eastward, and
                  dense, saline bottom waters westward in the eastern basin, has the pro-
                  pensity to conserve essential nutrients in the central basin, parti-
                  cularly when surface waters are depleted of nutrients by phytoplankton.
                  Reputedly, nitrogen limits phytoplankton blooms. Average salinities
                 ,in the western and central basins are 26 parts per thousand and 27-28
                  parts per thousand respectively. Waters in the central basin are
                  highly mixed, except during prolonged periods of calm that promote
                  vertical stratification. Residence time of water in the eastern basin
                  is on the order of one week, but the renewal rate increases westward to
                  the point that the westernmost waters have limited capacities to
                  assimilate cultural pollutants.

                       The enriched estuarine waters of Long    Island Sound support a variety
                  of marine finfish and shellfish. More than 100 species of fish inhabitat
                  Connecticut's coastal waters, although significant commercial and re-
                  creational species number fewer than one dozen. The otter trawl com-
                  mercial fishing industry harvests blackback and yellowtail flounders,
                  porgy, butterfish, and to a lesser extent mackerel and herring. The
                  anadromous American Shad supports the most valuable commercial industry
                  in the lower reaches of the Connecticut River. Principal commercial
                  shellfish species are hardclams, scallops, and mussels, but especially
                  important are the oyster and American lobster. The western region of
                  the Sound supports the largest populations of both oyster and lobster.
                  Bluefi.sh is the most important recreational fish, followed by striped
                  bass, flounder, blackfish, porgy, mackerel, and weakfish.

                       The Sound functions as an important resting and feeding area-for
                  migratory waterfowl and shorebirds in the Atlantic Flyway. Numerous
                  bay-marsh complexes function as critical waterfowl staging areas. The
                  intertidal flats at New Haven Harbor and the Great Meadows also con-
                  centrate large numbers of shorebirds.    Large rafts oT waterfowl frequent
                  the Sound in winter, particularly Black Duck, Greater     Scaup, Canada
                  Geese, Red-breasted Mergansers, Scoters, and Golden-0\Q. A few orishore
                  beaches and offshore islands support small localized breeding colonies
                  of terns. These habitats are more important than ever because many
                  suitable habitats have been destroyed along the entire eastern sea     *board.
                  Rare and declining coastal avifauna include American bittern, Common
                  Egret, Little Blue Heron, Yellow-Crowned Night Heron, Black Rail, Piping
                  Plover, Willet, and the endangered Osprey. The recreational value of
                  coastal wildlife, save the hunting aspect, is predominantly an aesthetic
                  one.

                                            COASTAL RESOURCES

                          The coastal area and each of its component resources form an
                     integrated but fragile ecosystem. The coastal management area en-
                     compasses (1) all coastal waters, (2) all nearshore lands with the
                     potential to significantly impact coastal waters, (3) lands prone to
                     coastal flooding, and (4) unique resources found nowhere else in the
                     state. In principle, these are composite resources, each with their
                     own distinct abilities to assimilate impacts or their own unique
                     intrinsic properties with respect to the welfare of the larger coastal
                     ecosystem. A detailed treatise of the 13 resources is beyond the scope
                     of this document but the cursory treatment below will suffice to de-
                     limit their physical attributes and to function as a foundation for
                     discussion of the issues. General definitions of each resource ac-
                     company the goals and policies, see Section IV.

                     Coastal Waters

                          Long Island Sound is composed of discrete water masses and sub-
                     strates including countless tidal estuarine streams and creeks which
                     collectively form an integrated, continuous, and composite water
                     system. Each component differs in chemical and physical properties
                     and overall significance to the coastal water ecosystem or ppecific
                     biota. Most notably they contain different capacities to assimilate
                     anthropogenic impacts and cultural pollutants. Offshore waters,
                     nearshore waters, and estuarine embayments, are the principal resource
                     elements in this system. The texture and pattern of benthonic sediments
                     in addition to topography in the offshore, below the 10 meter bathymetric
                     contour, in the madn, are not influenced by wind-waves occurring during
                     either normal conditions or storms. The nearshore zone is distinquished
                     by coarse sediments, predominantly coarse to fine sands, and a well-mixed
                     water column. In fact, the turbulence in the shore and upper shoreface
                     creates unstable substrate conditions which preclude all but the most
                     active marine organisms. This zone varies considerably in width from
                     0.5 miles contiguous to rocky shorelines, to a maximum of 4 miles where
                     the broad, sandy outwash plains intersect with the shore. The average
                     southward slope is 1:200. The offshore, however, slopes more gently
                     southward, and its waters are moderately stratified to well-mixed by
                     tidal currents and waves, The role of the turbulent tidal exchange at
                     the race is an important one for both the coarse nature of the sediments,
                     and the rapid flushing rate in the eastern basin.

                          Estuarine embayments are small, confined waters encircled by land
                     that are semi-enclosed with a restricted tidal passage to the Sound.
                     Fringed by vital tidal wetlands and flats, embayments represent an
                     indispensable and highly productive resource. B@sin geometry varies, and
                     depths average 6 feet but range to over 20 feet in tne principal tidal
                     rivers. Turbidity is higher than nearshore waters and salinity ranges
                     from 0.5 to 28 parts per thousand. Sediments are predominantly fine-
                     textured. An important characteristic of these sheltered environments
                     is the submerged flats of eelgrass (Zostera marina) which enhance pro-

                                                       9

                  ductivity, transfer essential nutrients from the sediments to the
                  water column, mitigate the impact of wave energy on the shoreline,
                  trap and stabilize sediments, and are an essential substrate to the
                  life cycle of the scallop for brief periods of time. It is, therefore,
                  not unusual that the preponderance of scallops coincides with the
                  distribution of eelgrass which is essentially restricted to the eastern-
                  most embayments, and to the protected Fishers Island Sound. Embayments
                  are particularly susceptible, more so than nearshore waters, to pol-
                  lutants because of their small volume, fine-textured sediments, and
                  limited circulation.

                  Intertidal Resources

                       Tidal Wetlands -- Tidal wetlands have a significant role in the
                  estuarine environment. Notably, these grassy coastal floodplains are
                  highly productive. Salt and brackish marshes are the two primary
                  tidal wetland systems that occur in the coastal area. In southern
                  New @ngland, tidal marsh soils are predominantly organic. However,
                  suspended riverine silts are essential to marsh maintenance and growth.

                       There are four vegetation zones in the salt marsh. These zones
                  run in progression from the low to high marsh: (1) the lower slope
                  marsh comprised of a belt of sa:lt marsh cordgrass, (Spartina alterniflora)
                  (2) the upper slope dominated-by either salt marsh hay-(Spartinaipatens)or     Spike
                  grass (Distichlis spicata) or an intricate mosaic of bot-h_,_(7T_The
                  lower border of the rush, Black Grass (Juncus gerardi), and (4) upper
                  border transition between the marsh and G-p-land'which is inundated
                  by extreme annual storms and supports a grassy belt of switchgrass
                  (Panicum  virgatum). Historically, impacts, particularly dredging and
                  filling,  have irreversibly destroyed more than 50% of Connecticut's
                  marshes.   In addition, certain activities, particularly the construction
                  of tidal  gates that significantly alter hydrology, flood frequency and
                  salinity  of the upstream estuary, have culminated in the conversion of
                  acres of  salt marsh to brackish reed (Phragmites communis) marshes.
                  Only a small percentage of Connecticut's salt marshes are in a natural
                  state. Most contain a complex network of mosquito ditches that have
                  altered drainage and vegetation patterns.

                       Progressing upstream, as salinities diminish, salt marsh species
                  are @eplaced by a plethora of brackish water taxa, predominantly the
                  brackish water reed and the brackish water cattail (Typha angustifolia).
                  Lesser in importance are the bulrushes (Scirpus americana, Scirpus oT-neyi,
                  S. validus and S. fluviatilis).

                       Intertidal Flats -- Intertidal flats are level to gently seaward
                  sToping areas, restricted to protected, low energy embayments, that
                  are subjected to alternating tidal inundation and dessication incidental
                  to exposure. Substrate characteristics range from mud to sand in the
                  more exposed cases. These flats average less than 1,000 - 2,000 feet.
                  They function as temporary nutrient traps, act as limited sinks for
                  pollutants, are specialized habitats for certain marine invertebrates,
                  and are particularly important feeding and resting areas for migratory
                  shorebirds.

                                                       10

                     Coastal Land Resources

                          Beach Systems (Beaches and Dunes) -- The beach composed of un-
                     consolidated sands and gravels, in addition to landforms of wind
                     deposited sands, constitutes an integrated but complex resource system.
                     Along Connecticut's shore these systems develop under conditions of
                     low wave energy and are therefore narrow features, generally less
                     than 200 feet in width. The generic classes of beach systems are
                     interspersed between a multitude of headland and rocky shoreline which
                     preclude lateral continuity of the littoral transport system. Fring-
                     ing beaches fronting glacial drift uplands, and barrier beaches surround-
                     ed by water are two classes of beach systems on the coast. Fringing
                     beaches generally lack aeolian landforms and border escarpments or
                     seacliffs (bluffs). Aeolian landforms, however, are conspicuous on
                     Connecticut's few barrier beach systems.

                          Generally, in Connecticut, dunes are rare aeolian landforms.
                     A single dune ridge, averaging less than 1-2 meters in relief, and
                     level to undulatory sand flats leeward, typify the. nature of aeolian
                     systems at the coast. Sufficient breadth and elevation of these
                     deposits to support a freshwater table and marshes do not exist.
                     Ridges and flats support a one-layered coastal grassland dominated
                     by Beach Grass (Ammophila breviligulata) an 'd Poison Ivy (Rhus radicans),
                     the two most important sand dune and ridge stabilizers. Limited in
                     occurrence are dunes which provide sufficient protection from the rigors
                     of salt spray to permit development of a coastal scrub woodland of
                     Wild Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) and Shadbush (Amelanchier species).

                          Beach systems are valuable coastal resources in Connecticut.
                     However, because of the encroachment of development, notwithstanding
                     natural 1imitations, most are only of local'importance from either.a
                     natural or a recreational perspective. Few beaches are devoid of
                     structural devices built to mitigate the impacts of erosion, particular-
                     ly groins and seawalls. 'Aeolian landforms and their biotic communities
                     have all but been obliterated by low to moderate residential development
                     and concurrent pedestrian traffic. Notable exceptions are Griswold
                     Point, Bushy Point Beach, Black Point Spit, Milford Point and Long Beach,
                     representing virtually the only significant and unaltered beach systems
                     in the state.

                          Coastal Bluffs and Escarpments -- Bluffs and escarpments are
                     steep, seaward sloping coastal cliffs etched into glacial drift head-
                     lands. Nearshore bathymetry is also steep, permitting the maximum
                     expenditure of wave energy on these shorelines. These shorelines have
                     dynamic slopes that adjust to the rate of erosion of the lower slope
                     as mediated by waves, substrate composition, drainage and degree of
                     plant cover. Seacliffs range from small marine escarpments with a
                     relief of 0.5 to I meter upwards to a maximum of 40 feet fronting the
                     most prominent headlands. Concurrent with slope failure and wave
                     action is the formation of narrow headland beaches of cobble stone
                     mixed with boulder. Like rocky shorefronts, these landforms are less
                     than 100 feet in width. Today, most bluffs and escarpments are modified by
                     seawalls and riprap.

                       Resulting from the stabilization of bluffs and escarDments, an
                 invaluable sediment source to the contiguous beaches, is accelerated
                 downdrift erosion. Inevitably, the stabilization influence of structures
                 is a temporary one, and if fetch limitations were not imposed by the
                 Sound on wave energy, many of these structures would have been under-
                 mined and destroyed long ago. The few natural bluffs support a diverse
                 variety of herbaceous vegetation and scattered shrubs. This vegetation
                 provides natural stability but does not interfere with the function
                 of these sea cliffs to nourish beaches with sand.

                       Coastal Islands -- The former seaward extent of Connecticut's coast
                 is marked by the distribution of coastal islands, representing upland
                 hills with sufficient elevation to preclude inundation, which have not
                 yet succumbed to wave erosion. These islands are chiefly composed of
                 bedrock, mantled with a thin veneer of droughty soils, and have rocky
                 shorelines (e.g., the Thimble Islands). In addition, abutting the
                 shore are numerous islands of till. The Norwalk Islands and the two
                 islands;south of Guilford, Falkners.and Goose, which are reputedly
                 morainal in origin, are less common. The shorelines on both till and
                 morainal islands are replete with a variety of resource types, in-
                 cluding boulder shorefront, seacliffs, salt marshes on sheltered shores,
                 and stony or cobble beaches. Sandy beaches, dune ridges and sand flats
                 are rare elements. Less than 20% of these islands exceed 10 acres
                 with the average areal extent of 7 acres.

                       Physical parameters such as salt spray, habitat diversity and
                 acreage affect the structure and floristic composition of island
                 vegetation. Small islands often support scant vegetation consisting
                 of herbs and salt pruned shrubs. Dry coastal woodlands of oak and,
                 locally, pitch pine (Pinus rigida) occur on the larger islands.

                       Certain islands support wildlife not found on the mainland    coast
                 because of the limited development commonplace to islands. Two islands
                 merit mention. The first, Chimon Island in the Norwalk group, contains
                 one of the few Northern heron rookeries of Black Crowned Night Herons,
                 Snowy Egrets, and state rare taxa, the Little Blue Heron, Cattle Egrets,
                 and Great Egret. Although Chimon Island is the largest heron rookery
                 in Connecticut, it represents an extreme Northern habitat for the rare
                 species (which are more common to the South) that nest there. The
                 second, and of regional and perhaDs national importance, is the Roseate
                 tern breeding population on Falkner's Island which is owned by the
                 U.S. Coast Guard. Not only does the island contain the largest Con-
                 necticut Common and Roseate tern colony, but it also contains one of
                 the largest of the few remaining Roseate tern colonies on the eastern
                 seaboard. In 1978, 160-180 pairs nested on this island. Historically,
                 this island served as a refuge for terns during periods of disturbances
                 at the main regional colonies such as Great Gull Island, New York.
                 In fact, at one time, Falkners and the nearby island, Goose, supported
                 1,600 pairs of Roseate Terns.

                            Rocky Shorefront      This category entails both intertidal and
                      supralittoral shorefront of gently to steep sloping rockland, and
                      dense aggregations of boulder armoring the shore. Rocky shorefront
                      constitutes a relatively erosion stable shoreline, and is an insignifi-
                      cant sediment source to downdrift landforms like beaches. Beyond the
                      reach of the tides, the rock is exposed, devoid of vegetation, and
                      rarely exceeds 100-200 feet in width. Intertidal rocky shorefront
                      functions to provide a stable substrate for a plethora of specialized
                      marine plant and animal communities. Barnacles, mussels, snails and
                      rockweed are prevalent here.

                            Shorelands -- Shoreland elevations exceed the still water flood
                      level of the 100 year coastal event thereby precluding coastal flooding.
                      Activities initiated on shorelands may significantly impact coastal
                      waters. These lands are replete with a variety of upland landforms
                      including drumlins, rocky lands, glacially rounded till hills and plains,
                      each with their own conspicuous and characteristic sequences of soils.
                      Coastal vegetation in both the shorelands and coastal hazard areas
                      are differentiated by the preponderance of oaks, particularly scarlet,
                      black and white, and the absence of northern species. Rich silty loams
                      and lower concave slopes support a rich, fast growing forest dominated
                      by oaks.

                            Coastal Hazard Area -- These nearshore lands are subject to coastal
                      flooding and concurrent erosion incidental to normal or extreme coastal
                      events upward to the 100 year event, as identified by HUD-FIA mapping.
                      This zone embodies beach systems, rocky shorefront, bluffs and escarp-
                      ments, tidal wetlands, occasionally freshwater wetlands, and uplands of
                      low elevation. The biotic communities here are markedly similar to
                      those inhabitating shorelands. However, plant communities contiguous
                      to the shore can be markedly pruned by the dessicating action of salt
                      spray.

                            Freshwater Wetlands and Watercourses -- The definition of this
                      compound category conforms to the Wetlands and Watercourses statute
                      which defines wetlands on the basis of certain soils that are poorly
                      drained, very poorly drained, alluvial, or flood plain types as
                      designated by the soil conservation service. At least 20 different
                      wetland soils exist in the coastal area reflecting these categories.
                      Watercourses include rivers, streams, brooks, waterways, lakes, and
                      ponds. Flood mitigation, recharge, filtration of pollutants and
                      important wildlife habitat are included in the functional role of
                      these indispensible and fragile resources.
                            Wetland vegetation on both mineral and organic soils is primarily a
                      swamp type, dominated by Red Maple.      There 8re,.however, local occurrences
                      of Atlantic White Cedar. Floodplains and alluvial deposits are
                      scarce.

                            Urban Shorefront -- These nearshore lands have been so highly
                      engineered and developed'that the natural landscape and systems
                      relationship to contiguous resources are functionally impaired and
                      irreversibly altered. In principle, these lands are the major coastal
                      economic centers. Their land use types are light to heavy industry,

                                                        13

                 commercial, institutional, and high density residential areas. The
                 former natural structure and function of the soils have been sub-
                 stantially altered by grading, capping with artificial fill and
                 impervious surfaces. The shoreline is generally rectilinear with
                 a host of seawalls, wharves and docks to accommodate shipping activities.
                 As a result of urban runoff, groundwater contamination, oil spills,
                 discharges from municipal treatment plants, and certain industrial
                 uses, water quality in these harbor areas may be significantly degraded.

                                                14-

                                                   AIR QUALITY

                            While significant progress has been made in improving Con-
                       necticut's air quality, violations of the National Ambient Air Qual-
                       ity Standards continue to occur. The state has met the national
                       standards for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, but a determin-
                       ation of non-attainment has been made for total suspended partic-
                       ulates (TSP) and photochemical oxidants. Current ambient pollution
                       levels are the result of three general categories of source emis-
                       sions: 1) natural sources, 2) out-of-state sources, and 3) in-
                       state sources. Natural sources are essentially uncontrollable and
                       their impact considered minor. Out-of-state sources consist of an
                       air mass portion and an urban plume portion. The general air flow
                       from west to east brings pollutants from across the country to Con-
                       necticut. Located just a few miles to the southwest of Connecticut,
                       the New York City/New Jersey Urban Complex is one of the state's
                       largest emiss@ions sources. In fact, DEP studies show that on cer-
                       tain southwest wind days up to two-thirds (2/.3) of elevated photo-
                       chemical oxidant (ozone) levels are assignable to this complex.
                       At other times, however, levels of both photo-chemical oxidants and
                       total suspended particulates are attributable to instate sources and
                       intrastate air pollutant transport. The major instate emission
                       source is the automobile and associated traffic congestion.

                            The coastal area lies within three of the four Air Quality
                       Control Regions (AQCR) established for the state. For the most
                       part, ambient air pollutants can more readily be attributed to a
                       generic source than a specific source. However, several points
                       directly associated with the coastal area can be noted.

                            Non-attainment of the primary standard for total suspended
                       particulates (TSP) in AQCR 43 has been related to the coal fired
                       Cos Cob Power Plant in Greenwich. The violation was caused by re-
                       duced stack height. The stack has been replaced and the station is
                       converting to oil which should eliminate the violation. AQCR's
                       42 and 43 have been determined non-attainment for the 8 hour car-
                       bon monoxide (CO) standard. The primary cause here is traffic con-
                       gestion in urban areas. The coastal area not only houses many of
                       Connecticut's urban areas but several major traffic routes including
                       Interstate 95 which runs along the length of Connecticut's coast-
                       line.

                            The coastal area contributes to intrastate air pollutant trans-
                       port through both mobile and stationary sources. In a sense, the
                       coastal location contributes to the transport of out-of-state
                       sources 6f- -air pollutants. Winds are a dominant factor in TSP trans-
                       port. The land-sea breeze affects the direction of prevailing winds.
                       The frequent occurrence of land and sea breezes along coastal Con-
                       necticut, especially in spring and summer, accounts for the transport
                       of out-of-state and in-state emissions beyond the coastal area to
                       inland areas.

                        The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection prepared
                  its first State Implementation Plan (SIP) for air quality in late
                  1971 and received EPA approval in May 1972. Under existing state
                  regulations new or modified stationary sources must obtain permits
                  .from DEP for the construction and operation of a facility. A
                  Transportation Control Plan was submitted to EPA in 1976 as a revision
                  to the original SIP which did not meet standards for auto-related
                  pollutants. This Plan has not yet received approval from EPA.

                        The DEP is in the process of formal revision to the State Im-
                  plementation Plan For Air Quality. The strategies proposed in this
                  plan are oriented toward achieving federal emissions goals and stand-
                  ards. DEP projections show probable attainment of emissions stand-
                  ards by 1987 since the federal government revised the .08 ppm oxidant
                  standard to a .12 ppm oxidant standard.

                        Six of the fifteen proposed strategies deal with mobile sources
                  which mostly affect hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide levels. The
                  nine remaining strategies deal with stationary sources to reduce
                  volatile organic compound emissions (non-methane hydrocarbons).

                        It is important to note that if the State Implementation Plan
                  is not approved the Environmental Protection Agency may impose
                  sanctions. Were these sanctions to take the form of the state's
                  loss of sewer construction grants, serious set backs to the im-
                  provement of water quality in Long Island Sound would result.

                        The Department of Environmental Protection is responsible for
                  both Air Quality and Coastal Management. This has facil.itated con-
                  sultation and coordination between the two programs and helps en-
                  sure the continuation of similar efforts. Coordination during both
                  coastal management program development and SIP revision has oc-
                  cured (See Section V.1 Plan Coordination) and resulted in com-
                  patible programing.

                        The Coastal Management program incorporates by reference all
                  state,and federal requirements established in accordance with the
                  1977 Clean Air Act Amendments. In-addition, CAM's Coastal Goals
                  and Policies (Section IV) address air quality on two levels. Gen-
                  erally, CAM's policy is "to achieve and maintain a level of air
                  quality consistent with the requirements of the Connecticut State
                  Implementation Plan and the Federal Clean Air Act". Specifically
                  CAM's policy is "to achieve, maintain, or preserve, a level of air
                  quality which is healthy, visually unobtrusive, and consistent
                  with economic and urban development needs, and which minimizes        pro-
                  perty damage". Since mobile sources account for 60% of total non-
                  methane hydrocarbon emissions, it is appropriate to refer to CAM's
                  transportation related goals and policies. Other coastal uses
                  which have the poten  -tial to pollute the air are subject to individual
                  coastal use goals and policies as well 'as the pol-i-cies for air
                  quality under coastal site plan review requirements.

                                         WATER QUALITY

                          Connecticut has long been in the forefront of water quality
                     control. Significant progress has been and continues to be made
                     toward the Federal goal of fishable-swimmable waters by 1983.
                     The offshore waters of Long Island Sound are suitable for all sea-
                     water uses (class SA). The harbors and nearshore waters of the state
                     have, for the most part, been upgraded in quality since the incept-
                     ion of the state's water pollution control programs. However, the
                     dynamics of "water" preclude quality control as a purely coastal
                     matter. It is an interstate, as well as intrastate, concern.

                          Historically, heavily settled areas coincide with river basins
                     and thus, the location of most of the existing sources of water
                     contamination. The Sound is the recipient of waters from eleven
                     river basins. Three of these (the Housatonic River Basin, the
                     Connecticut River Basin, and the Thames River Basin) drain areas
                     which extend beyond Connecticut's political boundaries and empty
                     directly into the Sound. Waters of degraded quality enter the state
                     from drainage areas which include Canada, New Hampshire, Vermont,
                     New York, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. For example, the major
                     source of high PCB levels in the Housatonic is located in Has-
                     sachusetts. Typical problems in all three basins have been low
                     dissolved oxygen concentrations, and high levels of coliforms,
                     solids, nitrogen and total phosphorus. Over 50% of the state's
                     river miles do, however, meet state water quality standards and
                     86% are expected to be Class B-fishable/swimmable or better by
                     1983. The major in-state impediments to water quality control are
                     combined sewers, municipal and residential discharges, and non-
                     point sources.

                          Combined sanitary and storm sewer systems overload treat-
                     ment facilities during heavy rains. This overflow of untreated
                     waste water causes pollution problems in the Thames River
                     downstream of Norwich, and in coastal waters of New Haven and
                     Bridgeport.

                          According to DEP statistics, municipal sewage effluent is 80%
                     of the problem of water quality. The sewage collectors and treat-
                     ment facilities in Connecticut discharge approximately 200 million
                     gallons per day of secondary effluent. Significant reduction in
                     this source of pollution is expected through expenditure of funds
                     now available for facilities. Municipal wastewater also enters
                     the Sound from the Upper East River in New York.

                          Non-point source pollution is also of concern. PolTutants
                     enter coastal waters from various non-specific sources. These
                     general sources include: stormwater runoff, rainfall and wind-
                     borne contaminants, resuspension of previously deposited pol-
                     lutants, seepage from contaminated ground water and leaching from
                     dumps and landfills. Erosion, sedimentation and flooding carry
                     and deposit pollutants of unknown sources. Control of these non-
                     point sources is often problematic.

                      Oil as a water pollutant results from accidental spills,
                 discharge of oily bilge water, inadequately treated municipal
                 and industrial wastewater, overflow of combined sewers, and runoff
                 from land. Though the coastal area contains no refineries, it is
                 a major transportation route for tankers and oil barges. Oil un-
                 loading and storage facilities are major coastal activities with
                 over 50 associated hazardous material storage areas. Oil spills
                 occur most commonly during the unloading process.

                      Recreational and commercial vessels contribute untreated or
                 inadequately treated wastes to Long Island Sound. The mobility of
                 these sources is an additional detriment, as the discharge is not
                 limited to specific areas. The U.S. Coast Guard presently controls
                 vessel discharges via sanitary device requirements and over-side
                 discharges. (The DEP is drafting regulations for state control of
                ,vessel discharges, including the establishment of "no discharge
                 zones", for inclusion in the 1980 update of State Water Quality
                 Standards.)

                      The Department of Environmental Protection administers all
                 state water pollution control programs. Connecticut's Water
                 Pollution Control Program is considered one of the best in the
                 United States. Its success is evidenced by the significant im-
                 provement made in water quality statewide.

                      In fulfilling the Federal Clean I-later Act requirement (303)(e),
                 Connecticut has developed a "Conti'nuing Planning Process"
                 for water pollution control. This includes the preparation of
                 Water Quality Management Plans, Water Quality Standards, a Water
                 Quality Strategy and an annual Water Quality Inventory Report.

                      State Water Quality Management Plans coordinate and direct
                 water quali-ty decisions on a river -basin scale by identifying
                 water quality problems and proposing measures (including efflu-
                 ent limitations and revision of water quality standards) to cor-
                 rect those problems. Phase I of these plans focused primar-
                 ily on point source pollution.  Phase II will deal further with point
                 sources and also develop non-point source pollution control strategies.

                      State Water Quality Standards were approved most recently
                 by the EPA in November 1977. The overall goal is for "fishable/
                 swimmable" (classes B,SB or better) waters and includes a non-
                 degradation policy for waters with existing quality better than
                 established standards. An update of standards is due in Novem-
                 ber 1979.

                      Using the EPA delegated National Pollutant Discharge Elim-
                 ination System (NPDES) program supported by state statutes, the
                 state is controlling point source discharges. Most industrial
                 permits issued in 1�74 were reissued in 1978, some with modifica-
                 tion, Since most municipal discharges met secondary treatment
                 requirements, or were su6ject to state modification orders, no

                                            18

                     municipal sewage treatment permits required reissue in 1978.
                     New permits continue to be issued for acceptable new discharges.
                     Monitoring and enforcement of NPDES compliancehave been stressed.
                     DEP also administers "4DI" Certification requirements for act-
                     ivities such as dredging, which may result in discharge into nav-
                     igable waters.

                          Connecticut's "208" program began, in June 1976, as a plan-
                     ning process to assess non-point sources' contribution to the state's waters
                     and to develop a program to control non-point sources. The culmin-
                     ation of the 208 program is the implementation of a management
                     system to control non-point sources of pollution to the degree
                     necessary to'acheive swimmable/fishable waters. An inventory of
                     existing regulations and controls at the local,regional, state,and
                     federal levels, has been conducted by the regional planning agen-
                     cies. Management strategy recommendations will be made once stud-
                     ies of specific problem areas are completed. -Detailed studies of
                     groundwater, industrial sites and sludge disposal sites, erosion
                     and sedimentation, and urban and agricultural runoff are in their
                     second year with completion expected by the end of 1979. These
                     studies are being carried out by the regional planning agencies,
                     the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Soil Conservation Service.
                     Recommended water quality controls are expected to include amend-
                     ments to existing DEP regulations, zoning changes and adoption of
                     municipal ordinances, and, to some degree, newly drafted DEP reg-
                     ulations. Work efforts of Phase II of the aforementioned State
                     Water Quality Management Plan are coordinated with ongoing 208 studies.
                     Coordination with the Municipal Sewer Avoidance Program is being
                     evaluated by a committee of the 208 Board. The voluntary sewer
                     avoidance program has been established as a compliment to state
                     water pollution control efforts by State statute (CGS Sec 7-245
                     to 7-273). Through this program (and existing state and federal
                     funding) municipalities are encouraged to find alternatives to
                     sewers and incorporate community growth plans with plans for
                     sewered and non-sewered areas. A requirement of this program is
                     development of a plan which would include information which already
                     has been compiled and mapped by the RPA's under the 208 program.
                     This information includes: water quality data, zoning, population
                     density projections, soils, wetlands, and other natural resource
                     data. (Note: DEP Deputy Commissioner of Environmental Quality
                     Melvin J. Schneidermeyer is the Chairman of the 208 Board and
                     a principal coordinator of DEP's water quality management plan-
                     ning and areawide 208 planning.  Deputy Commissioner 'Schneidermeyer
                     also serves as the DEP representative on the CAM Advisory Board
                     and heads the DEP Division containing both the Water Compliance
                     Unit and the CAM Program.)

                          The DEP also licenses the design, construction and operation
                     of oil and chemical terminal facilities, collection and disposal
                     of oil or chemicals. Through this Oil and Chemical Handling
                     Facility Licensing Program DEP is authorized to set bond for
                     potential clean-up costs of oil and chemical carriers, and to sup-
                     ervise and coordinate containment and clean-up of oil and chem-
                     ical discharges.

                                                Iq

                      Connecticut's Water Pollution Control Program and Coastal
                 Area Management Program are both housed within the Department of
                 Environmental Protection. Consultation and coordination between
                 the two programs have occurred during program development and are
                 an ongoing process (see Section VI-Plan Coordination.) CAM's gen-
                 eral policy "to improve the quality of the coastal waters to a
                 level consistent with Connecticut water quality standards and the
                 requirements of the Federal Clean Water Act" is supplemented by a
                 specific policy and several coastal use policies directly related
                 to water pollution control. The spedific policy toward water
                 quality is "to restore or maintain the coastal water of the state
                 to a quality consistent with its use for the perpetuation and pro-
                 pagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife including breeding,
                 feeding and nursery grounds, and with its use for recreation in
                 and on the water; and specifically to attain at least a quality
                 consistent with the standards 'for Class SB" (see Section IV).
                 Furthermore, coastal uses with the potential to pollute the waters
                 of the state will be subject to water quality goals and policies
                 under coastal site plan review.

                                          120

                                          S E C T 1 0 N   I I I

                     M A N A G E M E N T  ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

                                            INTRODUCTION

                          Under the existing management structure, many agencies at all
                     levels of government, local, state and federal, influence the
                     conservation and development of the Connecticut coastal area
                     through a variety of planning, regulatory, funding, construction,
                     acquisition, and other management authorities (see Section'u,
                     Authorities). Counting relevant agencies at the state and federal
                     level, and relevant commissions and their counterparts in each
                     of Connecticut's thirty-six coastal municipalities, literally hundreds
                     of agendies are.involved in the management of the Connecticut coast@
                     often with conflicting responsibilities or overlapping jurisdiction.
                     Historically, these numerous authorities and agencies were establish-
                     ed to solve or address various public problemsand issues that arose
                     or were anticipated as the state and the coastal area grew, develop-
                     ed, and became more urbanized. For example, the state regulatory
                     authority over coastal structures was established almost forty years
                     ago in response to severe devastation and destruction of the Con-
                     necticut coast caused by the hurricane of 1938. More recently, the
                     state regulatory authority over tidal wetlands was established in
                     1969 as an increasing number of wetlands were being destroyed by the
                     continuing urbanization of the stateand as the general public be-
                     came more aware of the value of tidal wetlands and the important role
                     that tidal wetlands play in the functioning of the coastal enviroh-
                     ment.

                          Given the existence in Connecticut of these individual authorities
                     that address many specific problems and issues of the coast, the
                     Connecticut Coattal Management Program has been designed to correct
                     two fundamental shortcomings of the present management system. These
                     shortcominqs are 1) lack of overall coordination and guidance of the
                     authorities that are al,ready in existence, and 2) inadequate considera-
                     tion of coastal resources in the coastal decision-making process.
                     Correction of these basic management deficiencies should, in turn,
                     greatly facilitate the solution of many specific problems and issues
                     which are either perpetuated or caused by these major management problems.

                                        INADEQUATE COORDINATION

                          As noted above, Connecticut's impressive array of existing manage-
                     ment authorities ha5 been instituted gradually over the years in
                     response to specific needs and problems. However, under the current
                     management structure, there is a notable lack of overall coordination,
                     guidance, uniformity or long range direction given to the application
                     of these authorities. For example, neighboring municipalities which
                     share common resources ma use the same authorities to manaqe these
                     common resources in greatTy different and often contradictory ways.
                     Overlapping or complimentary permit authorities at the state, local,
                     and federal level are largely uncoordinated resulting in needless
                     duplication of applications, hearings and other regulatory proceedings,
                     unnecessary time delays and occasional conflicting decisions (see CAM
                     Planning Report #21). Necessary commerical and industrial uses are

                 being constructed in lo cations which are harmful to coastal re-
                 sources such as tidal wetlands, intertidal flats and shellfish
                 beds, while suitable, vacant urban shorefront goes begging for
                 development or redevelopment. Water-de.pendent or water enhanced
                 uses such as marinas and port and harbor facilities are being
                 converted to non-water dependent or non-water enhanced commercial,
                 industrial, and residential uses which do not require valuable
                 shorefront sites. Power plants, federally maintained dredged
                 channels, and state or federally owned marine related recreational
                 facilities and other facilities and resources of regional and
                 national importance are actively solicited by some towns and shunned
                 by others.

                      Compounding these coordination problems under the existing
                 management structure is a critical absence of continuous oversight,
                 monitoring, and evaluation of the effectiveness of existing
                 authorities. For example, CAM analysis of the state-administered
                 coastal structures, dredging, and tidal wetlands regulatory programs
                 has revealed          violation rates in excess of 80% for the period
                 under study (see CAM Planning Report #21).     These problems are
                 just a few examples of the management difficulties.that have resulted   from
                 lack of adequate coordination and monitoring of existing authorities.

                         INADEQUATE CONSIDERATION OF COASTAL RESOURCES

                      Historically in Connecticut, coastal resources and hazards have
                 not been given adequate consideration in the coastal decision-making
                 process. This situation has largely resulted from three interacting
                 factors: 1) a historical lack of public awareness regarding the
                 importance of coastal resource and hazard considerations in determin-
                 ing land and water use patterns (see Planning Reports #13 and 17),
                 2) inexplicit and unclear legal authority at the state and local level
                 to consider coastal resources and hazards in making public decisions
                 (see Planning Reports # 11, 14, and 18), and 3) a lack of avdflable technical
                 assistance and expertise in the area of coastal resource management
                 to make effective resource based decisions (see Planning Report # 13).

                      Many specific problems and issues have resulted from this manage-
                 ment deficiency. For example, over half of Connecticut's original
                 tidal wetlands have been destroyed by encroaching development.
                 Highly productive shellfish beds have been closed to harvesting and
                 a number of large recreational beaches have been closed to swimming
                 as a result of degraded water quality due in large part to inadequately
                 treated domestic and industrial effluent and other non-point water
                 pollution sources. Houses and other vulnerable buildings have been
                 constructed in hazardous coastal flood and erosion prone areas and
                 could be subject to considerable damage or destruction in the likely
                 event that another storm as severe as, or more severe than, the 1938
                 hurricane should occur. Public access to the Connecticut'shorefront
                 has been impeded by a pattern of dense shorefront land use which
                .makes it physically difficult to get to the water in many places and,

                     because of the pattern of small, highly valued lan.d parcels,
                     difficult to manage or develop the shorefront for public recreation-
                     al use. Valuable plants and wildlife species have disappeared or
                     all but disappeared from the Connecticut coast largely as a result of
                     natural habitat destruction. Shorefront erosion has in many cases
                     been accelerated or aggravated by the construction of shoreline
                     stabilization structures. These are just a few of many examples of
                     specific problems and issues that have resulted from inadequate con-
                     sideration of coastal resource capacities and limitations by
                     decision-makers at all levels of government: federal, state and local.

                              RESOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

                          Connecticut's shared state-local coastal management program has
                     been specifically designed to address and resolve the two fundamental
                     management problems and i@ssues discussed above. To resolve the
                     problem of inadequate cooOdination, Connecticut has pursued an
                     approach to coastal management which creates an active partnership
                     between all levels of government: local,state and federal (see
                     Section VI). A set of uniform, consistent, and comprehensive goals
                     and policies have been developed to guide and coordinate decision-
                     making at all levels of government (see Sections IV and VI).
                     The responsibility for overall coordination of Connecticut's manage-
                     ment program is assigned to the State Department of Environmental
                     Protection within which a permanent coastal management unit will be
                     established in the Office of the Commissioner. Specific provisions
                     have been included in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act
                     which require the DEP to coordinate all of its planning and regulatory
                     programs for the coastal area based on the coastal goals and policies
                     as promulgated by the Commissioner in administrative regulations
                     (see Appendix C ). In addition, the amendments to the Coastal Manage-
                     ment Act give DEP the authority to coordinate its coastal regulatory
                     programs with those of the federal Army Corps of Engineers, Coast
                     Guard, and other applicable federal agencies.  In addition, the CAM Act
                     amendments require other state agencies to coordinate, and if necessary,
                     revise their plans and programs to be consistent with the coastal
                     goals and policies. The Department of Environmental Protection is
                     also required to continuously monitor the effectiveness of the
                     coastal management program and to propose revisions to the program
                     as necessary to ensure that the authorities are coordinated and that
                     the program operates effectively to solve specific coastal problems
                     and issues and manage coastal resources.

                          At the local level, coastal municipalities are given the authority
                     in the CAM Act amendments to revise their municipal plans and ordinances
                     based on the coastal goals and policies. In addition, they are re-
                     quired to review coastal site plans and to apply the coastal goals
                     and policies in making applicable permit, funding, and construction
                     decisions (see Section-ff , Authorities).

                       Under this management structure, the Department of Environmental
                  Protection in its capacity as a central coordinating body for      the
                  coastal management program will also function as 1) a central      source
                  of information, expertise and technical assistance on coastal      re-
                  sources, issues      problems and needs, 2) a planning body to     conduct
                  long-range planning and research into the future needs of the      coastal
                  area, inc'luding major long-range planning needs in such areas     as
                  shorefront access and protection, shorefront erosion, coastal      energy-
                  related facilities, tidal wetlands, shellfish areas, and dredging
                  and dredge spoil disposal,       3) an advocacy voice in state govern-
                  ment for the coastal area, and 4) a body to coordinate public
                  participation in the coastal decision-making process.

                       To resolve the problem of inadequate consideration of coastal
                  resources in coastal decision-making processes, the amendments to
                  the Coastal Management Act refine and clarify existing statutory
                  authorities to allow,tand require       coastal resources and hazards to
                  be considered in decision-making processes at the state and local
                  level. Coastal municipalities are explicitly given the authority
                  to prepare municipal coastal programs through which municipal plans
                  and ordinances would be revised to consider coastal resource capabilities
                  and limitations. In addition, coastal municipalities are required to
                  review coastal site plans, and to base their regulatory decisions
                  in part on an assessment of the impact of the activity on coastal'
                  resources and hazards.

                       Under these refined, coordinated andi'focused authorities, relevant
                  municipal agencies and state agencies will explicitly have the
                  authority to address and correct specific management problems and
                  issues related to environmental degradation and resource management.
                  For example, municipalities will be able to make planning and
                  regulatory decisions based on considerations such as the impact of
                  the proposed plan or activity on tidal wetlands, beaches and dunes,
                  water quality, shellfish productivity, or flooding and erosion.

                      While, as noted, there are many specific problems and issues to
                  be managed by Connecticut's coastal management program, generally
                  these problems and issues are     one      specific component
                  of the two basic management needs identified above. One specific
                  issue and probl.-em common to many other coastal states is notable
                  by its absence from the preceding discussion. While the impact
                  related to the Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas exploration and
                  development is an important issue in many coastal states, it is
                  not expected to be a major issue in-Connecticut largely because of
                  major transshipment problems in the-shallow Long Island Sound basin,
                  the lack of large vacant parcels of shorefront property, the distance
                  to lease areas of high interest, and on-shore air pollution problems
                  (see Section II) which could preclude the construction of any major
                  oil or gas processing facilities or major support bases.

                        S E C T 1 0 N I V.    GOALS AND POLICIES

                          This section presents Connecticut's coastal goals and policies.
                     These goals and policies were refined from the draft version presented
                     in Planning Report No. 26 based on comments received from the Office of
                     Coastal Zone Management, from state, local, and federal agencies, and
                     from members of the general public. A summary of comments received
                     from federal agencies on the goals and policies contained in Planning
                     Report No. 26 i s avai I abl e f rom the CAM of fi ce.

                          Connecticut's coastal goals and policies are grouped under four
                     major headings: Coastal Uses, Coastal Land and Water Resources, Environ-
                     mental Quality, and Coastal Management Program Implementation. When
                     backed by the authority of existing statutes for both state and local
                     programs (see Section VI) and the added authority contained in the
                     amendments to the Coastal Management Act (see Appendix C ), these goals
                     and policies will serve as the basis for making uniform and coordinated
                     management decisions at all levels of government: state, local, and
                     federal.

                          One goal statement is presented for each major heading. For most
                     categories under the maJor heading, both -generaT and a' specific -policy
                     statement(s) are presented except in cases 'where one policy statement
                     isIadequate. The general policy states the intent of the policy without
                     including details. The specific policies elaborate on the general
                     policy statements providing additional detail appropriate for use by
                     managers and decision makers. Statewide policies currently in effect
                     covering such areas as economic development, general environmental quality,
                     energy, housing, and transportation are not repeated in this set of
                     coastal specific policies, although these coastal goals and policies were
                     developed to be consistent with the overall statewide policies.

                          Following each policy, the primary state and municipal authorities
                     that will be used to implement that policy are noted. For a thorough
                     review and discussion of Connecticut's relevant coastal authorities
                     and the management program organization, see Section VI.

                        . In using these coastal goals and policies to guide planning, regula-
                     tory, and administrative decisions made pursuant to the management program,
                     it is important to note that one or more policies from any of the four
                     major headings may apply. For example, in making a regulatory decision
                     about a proposed coastal structure in a tidal wetland, both the use policy
                     for coastal structures and the resource policy for tidal wetlands would
                     be considered. In addition, depending on the nature of the specific
                     proposal, policies on coastal dredging, boating, coastal access, coastal
                     hazard areas, water quality and circulation might also apply and would
                     also be considered in making a balanced decision on the proposal.

                                       A   COASTAL USE POLICIES

                       The policies contained in this section address major existing
                 and potential uses in the Connecticut coastal area. These policies
                 were developed for the management program or selected from existing
                 state policies for inclusion in the management program based on the
                 following considerations: 1) the existing or potential importance of
                 the use in the Connecticut coastal area, and 2) the potential of the
                 ,use to cause a major favorable or adverse impact on the resources and
                 environmental quality of the coastal area. Where applicable, the sources
                 of existing goals and policies are noted in parentheses.

                 Goal:   To insure that the development, preservation or use of the land
                         and water resources of the coastal area proceeds in a manner
                         consistent with the capability of the land and water resources
                         to support development, preservation or use without significantly
                         disrupting either the natural environment or sound economic
                         growth (CGS Section 22a-92)

                 1.  General Development

                     a.   Policy: To manage uses in the coastal boundary through existing
                          municipal planning, zoning, and other existing regulatory authori-
                          ties and through existing state structures, dredging, wetlands,
                          and other state siting and regulatory authorities, giving high
                          priority and preference to uses and facilities which are dependent
                          upon, or enhanced by location in or in proximity to, marine or tidal
                          waters. Uses and facilities which are dependent upon location in
                          or p'roximity to marine and tidal waters are defined as those uses
                          or facilities which require direct access to or location in marine
                          and tidal waters and that cannot reasonably be located inland.
                          Such water dependent uses include but are not limited to marinas,
                          recreational and commercial fishing and boating facilities, finfish
                          and shellfish processing plants, waterfront dock and port facilities,
                          shipyards and boat building facilities, water based recreational
                          uses, navigation aides, basins, and channels, an.d industrial uses
                          requiring large volumes of cooling or process water which cannot
                          reasonably be located or operated at an inland site. Uses which
                          are enhanced by location in or in proximity to marine or tidal
                          waters are defined as those uses which do not functionally require
                          direct access to marine or tidal waters but which are enhanced by
                          location in or adjacent4o marine or tidal waters. Water enhanced
                          uses include but are not limited to non-water based recreational and
                          commercial uses and facilities;-,multiple family residential uses;
                          hotel, tourist, convention and resort facilities; and uses which provide
                          general public access to marine or tidal waters.

                     b.   Policy: To resolve conflicts between competing uses on the shorelands
                          adjacent to marine and tidal waters by giving preference to uses
                          that minimize adverse impacts on natural coastal resources while
                          providing long term and stable economic benefits.
                          (CGS Sect-ion 22a-92)

                             IMPLEMElITATION-- Policies a and b will be implemented at the
                             'local level through municipal planning, zoning and other agencies
                             under their existing regulatory authorities and through the
                             additional authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                             Management Act whith enable municipalities to prepare municipal
                             coastal management programs and to review coastal site plans. At
                             the state level, these policies will be implemented by DEP and
                             other state agencies through existing planning and regulatory pro-
                             grams, as required by the amendments to the Coastal Management Act.

                    2. Sewer and Water Lines

                        a.   General Policy: To locate public sewer and water lines so as
                             to encourage concentrated development and to discourage develop-.
                             ment of sensitive coastal resources.

                        b.   Specific Policy: To locate and phase sewer and water lines so
                             as to encourage concentrated development in areas which are
                             suitable for development; and to disapprove extension of sewer
                             and water services into developed and undeveloped beaches,
                             barrier beaches, and tidal wetlands, except, when necessary to
                             abate existing sources of pollution, sewers that will accommodate
                             existing uses with limited excess capacity may,be provided.

                             IMPLEMENTATION--- Policies a. and b. will be implemented at the
                             local level by municipalities through their sewer and water
                             service control authorities and at the state level by DEP through
                             existing approval and funding authorities over construction or
                             extension of public and private sewer service systems.

                    3. Ports and Harbors

                        a.   'General Policy: To promote, through existing state and local
                             planning, development, promotional and regulatory programs,
                             the use of existing urban ports and harbors for marine related
                             uses, including but not limited to commercial and recreational
                             f i shi ng, boati ng and other water rel ated or water 'enhanced c6mmerci al ,
                             industrial and @ecreational uses, and to minimize the risk of oil
                             and chemical's-pills at port facilities.
                        b.   Specific Policy: (1) To promote, through existing state and local
                             planning, development, promotional and regulatory authorities,
                             the development, reuse, or redevelopment of existing urban ports
                             giving high priority and preference to water dependent and water
                             enhanced uses including but not limited to commercial and re-
                             creational fishing and boatinq uses, (2) to disallow uses which
                             unreasonably congest navigation channels, or unreasonably pre-
                             clude,boating support facilities elsewhere in the port or harbor.
                             Water dependent uses are defined as those uses and facilities
                             which require direct access to,or location in,marine or tidal

    go

                          waters and which cannot reasonably be located inland. Water
                          dependent uses include but are not limited to marinas, re-
                          creational and commercial fishing and boating facilities,
                          finfish and shellfish processing plants, waterfront dock and
                          port facilities, shipyards and boat building facilities, water-
                          based recreational uses, navigation aides basins, and channels,
                          and industrial uses requiring large volumes of cooling or pro-
                          cess water which cannot reasonably be located or operated at
                          an inland site. Water enhanced uses are defined as those uses
                          which do not functionally require direct access to marine or
                          tidal waters but which are enhanced by location in or adjacent
                          to marine or tidal waters and which provide general public
                          access to marine or tidal waters. Water enhanced uses include
                          but are not limited to non-water based recreational and commercial
                          uses and facilities; multiple family residential uses; hotel,
                          tourist, convention and resort facilities; and other uses which
                          provide general public access to marine or tidal waters.

                          IMPLEMEINTATION-- Policies a. and b. will be implemented at the
                          local level by municipalities under planning, zoning, port,
                          harbor, development and redevelopment authorities, and through
                          the authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal Manage
                          ment Act which provide for preparation of municipal coastal pro-
                          grams and review of coastal site plans. At the state level, these
                          policies will be implemented by the Department of Environmental
                          Protection under the regulatory authorities for the coastal
                          structures, dredging, and tidal wetlands programs, by the
                          Department of Economic Development under authorities for economic
                          planning and promotion of business and commerce, and by the
                          Department of Transportation under funding authorities for
                          municipal harbor improvement projects and under DOT jurisdiction-
                          al authority over harbors and navigable waterways.

                      c.  Specific Policyi (1) To encourage, through existing local and
                          state planning, promotional, development and regulatory programs,
                          the consolidation of petroleum product receiving systems in the
                          state's major ports,if economically feasible, (2) to disallow
                          offshore oil receiving systems that have the p6tential to cause
                          catastrophic oil spills in the closed Long Island Sound estuary.

                          IMPLEMENTATION--- Part (1) of policy c. was a recommendation of
                          the Long Island Sound Regional Study, a three year federal,
                          level B water resources planning study completed in 1975 by
                          the New England River Basins Commission. This recommendation
                          needs further investigation to determine overall feasibility
                          and to develop a specific implementation strategy involving both
                          the public and private sectors. Public sector authorities that
                          could be used to implement this policy include the Department of
                          Environmental Protection coastal structures, dredging and terminal
                          licensing authorities, the Department of Economic Development
                          planning and promotional authorities, existing municipal planning
                          and zoning authorities and the authority contained in the amendments
                          to the Coastal Management Act which enable coastal municipalities

                                                   .18

                              to prepare municipal coastal programs.   In addition, the
                              Department of Environmental Protection could provide funding
                              for the feasibility study under funding authority contained
                              in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act. Part (2) of
                              policy c. will be implemented by the Department of Environmental
                              Protection under the regulatory authorities for oil and chemical
                              terminal and handling facilities.

                         d.   Specific Policy: To minimize the risk of spillage of petroleum
                              products and hazardous substances, to provide effective contain-
                              ment and clean-up facilities for accidental spills, and to re-
                              quire onshore deballasting facilities to receive any fouled
                              ba llast water from tankers.

                              IMPLEMENTATION--- Policy d. will be implemented by the Department
                              of Environmental Protection under the regulatory authority for
                              oil and chemical terminal and handling facilities.

                     4. Coastal Structures (tidal, intertidal and navigable waters)

                         a.   General Policy: To discourage the filling of intertidal lands
                              and to require that coastal structures be built so as to minimize
                              interference with neighboring properties and to minimize ad-
                              verse impacts on coastal resources.

                         b.   Specific Policy: To require that structures in tidal wetlands
                              and coastal water be designed, constructed and maintained so
                              that they minimize impacts on coastal resources, circulation and
                              sedimentation patterns, water quality, and fl*ooding and erosion,
                              and so that they reduce to the maximum extent practicable the
                              use of fill.and reduce conflicts with the riparian rights of
                              adjoining and adjacent landowners.

                         c.   Specific Policy: To disallow any filling of tidal wetlands and
                              nearshore, offshore and intertidal waters for the purpose of
                              creating new land from existing wetlands and coastal waters which
                              would otherwise be undevelopable, unless it is found that there
                              is no feasible alternative and the adverse impacts on coastal
                              resources are minimal.

                              IMPLEMENTATION-- Policies a ., b., and c. Will. be implemented by
                              the Department of Environmental Protection under the tidal
                              wetlands and coastal structures regulatory programs and by
                              the Department of Transportation under general DOT authority
                              over Connecticut harbors and navigable waterways.

                     5. Coastal Dredging

                         a. General Policy: To encourage the maintenance and enhancement of
                              existing federally maintained navigation channels, to reduce the
                              need for future dredging by long range planning, and to require

                                                     J-9

                           the consideration of natural sedimentation patterns prior to
                           allowing new dredging.

                      b.   Specific Policy: (1) To encourage, through the state permitting
                           program for dredging activities, the maintenance and enhancement
                           (i.e. minor alterations such as deepening or widening) of exist-
                           ing federally maintained navigation channels, basins and anchorages
                           and to discourage the dredging of new or expanded federally
                           maintained navigation channels, basins and anchorages, (2) to
                           only provide state funding assistance for dredging projects
                           which serve the general boating public.

                           IMPLEMENTATION- Policies a-and b-will be implemented by the
                           Department of Environmental Protection under the authority for
                           the dredging regulatory program and by the Department of Transporta-
                           tion under the authority for funding harbor improvement projects
                           and the authority granting DOT jurisdiction over harbors and
                           navigable waterways. In addition, these policies will be implemented
                           by the Commissioner of the Department of Environmental Protection
                           under authority contained in the amendments to the Coastal Manage-
                           ment Act which direct the Commissioner to represent the state in
                           all matters concerning the consistency of federal activities, pro-
                           jects, or proposals with Connecticut's coastal management program.

                      c.   Specific Policy: To reduce the need for future dredging by
                           requiring that new or expanded navigation channels, basins and
                           anchorages take advantage of existing water depths, circulation
                           and siltation patterns and the best available technologies for
                           reducing controllable sedimentation.

                           IMPLEMENTATION--- Polfcy c-will be implemented by the Department
                           of Environmental Protection under the authority for the dredging
                           regulatory program.

                      d.   Specific Policy: To disall  *ow new dredging in tidal wetlands
                           except where no feasible alternative exists and where adverse impacts
                           to coastal resources are minimal.

                           IMPLEMENTATION--- Policy d will be implemented by the Department
                           of Environmental Protection under   the authority for the dredging
                           and tidal wetlands regulatory program.

                      e.   Specific Policy: To initiate in cooperation with the federal
                           government a long range planning program for the maintenance
                           and enhancemant of federally maintained navigation facilities
                           in order to effectively and efficiently plan and provide for
                           environmentally sound dredging and disposal of dredged materials.

                           IMPLEMENTATION--- Policy e. will be implemented by the Department
                           of Environmental Protection through existing coordination authori-
                           ties and the authority contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                           Management Act which provides for DEP coordination with federal
                           agencies and programs.

                     6.  Fuel and Chemical Storage Facilities

                         a.  Policy: To discourage the siting of new tank farms and other new
                             fuel and chemical storage facilities within the coastal boundary
                             which can reasonably be located inland. To require any new
                             storage tanks that must be located within the coastal boundary
                             to abut existing storage tanks or to be in an urban industrial
                             area and to be adequately protected against floods and spills
                             in accordance with applicable standards.

                             IMPLEMENTATION--- Policy a will be implemented by the Department
                             of Environmental Protection through the oil and chemical terminal
                             and handling facility regulatory authorities and by municipalities
                             through planning and zoning authorities and the authorities
                             contained in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act which
                             enable municipalities to prepare municipal coastal programs and
                             to review coastal site plans.

                     7. Energy Facilities

                         a.  General Policy: To qermit construction Df power generating
                             and storage facilities, transmission facilities for electricity
                             and fuels, and telecommunication towers after balancing the need
                             for such facilities with the protection of the environment, and
                             by requiring a determination that the need for the facility out-
                             weighs adverse impacts.

                         b.  Specific Policy: "To provide for the balancing of the need for
                             adequate and reliable public utility services at the lowest
                             reasonable cost to consumers with the need to protect the environ-
                             ment and ecology of the state and to minimize damage to scenic,
                             historic, and recreational values; to provide environmental
                             quality standards and criteria for the location, design, construc-
                             tion and operation of facilities for the furnishing of public
                             utility services at least as stringent as the federal environmental
                             quality standards and criteria, and technically sufficient to
                             assure the welfare and protection of the people of the state; to
                             encourage research to develop new and improved methods of generat-
                             ing, storing and transmitting electricity and fuel and of trans-
                             mitting and receiving television and telecommunications with
                             minimal damage to the environment and other values described above;
                             to require annual forecasts of the demand for electric power,
                             together with identification and advance planning of the facilities
                             needed to supply that demand and to facilitate local, regional,
                             state-wide and interstate planning to implement the foregoing
                             purposes." (CGS Section 16-50g)

                     c.   Specific Polic y: "The power facility evaluation council shall
                          not arant a certificate /of environmental compatibility and public
                          need/, either as proposed or as modified by the council, unless
                          it _@hall find and determine: (1) A public need for the facility
                          and the basis of the need; (2) the nature of the probable environ-
                          mental impact, including a specification of every significant
                          adverse effect, whether alone or cumulatively with other effects,
                          on, and conflict with the policies of the state concerning the
                          natural environment, ecological balance, public health and safety,
                          scenic, historic and recreational values, forests and parks, air
                          and water purity and fish and wildlife; (3) why the adverse effects
                          or conflicts referred to in subdivision (2) of this subsection are
                          not sufficient reason to deny the application; (4) in the case of
                          an electric transmission line, (A) what part, if any, of the
                          facility shall be located overhead, (B) that the facility conforms
                          to a long-range plan for expansion of the electric power grid of
                          the electric systems serving the state and interconnected utility
                          systems and will serve the interests of electric system economy
                          and reliability, and (C) that the overhead portions of the facility,
                          if any, are consistent with the purposes of this chapter, with
                          such regulations as the council may adopt pursuant to subsection (a)
                          of section 16-50t, and with the Federal Power Commission "Guidelines
                          for the Protection of Natural Historic Scenic and Recreational
                          Values in the Design and Location of Rights-of-Way and Transmission
                          Facilities" or any successor guidelines and any other applicable
                          federal guidelines; (5) in the case of an electric or fuel trans-
                          mission line, that the location of the line will not pose an
                          undue hazard to persons or property along the area traversed by
                          the line." (CGS Section 16-50p)

                          IMPLEMENTATION--- Policies a.,b.,and c.are being implemented by the
                          state Power Facility Evaluation Council under the regulatory
                          authority and criteria established by the Connecticut Public
                          Utility Environmental Standards Act (CGS Chapter 277a).

                     d.   Specific Policy: To allow non-electric related energy facilities,
                          including but not limited to gas processing plants and oil re-
                          fineries to locate in the coastal boundary only if it can be
                          demonstrated that such facilities (1) are water dependent,
                          (2) cannot reasonably be located outside of the coastal boundary,
                          (3) meet all applicable environmental standards, and (4) do not
                          impose significant adverse impacts on resource uses in the
                          national interest as defined in the amendments to the Connecticut
                          Coastal Management Act. Water dependent facilities are defined
                          as facilities which require direct access to or location in
                          marine or tidal waters -Jhd which cannot re@sonably be located
                          inland.

                          IMPLEMENTATION--- Policy d.will be implemented at the state level
                          by the Department of Environmental Protection through the air
                          quality, water quality and coastal structures regulatory programs,
                          through the oil and chemical terminal and handling regulatory

                                                   .5.9,                                                 1

                            program and through the authority of the Commissioner of the
                            Department of Environmental Protection to represent the state
                            in all matters concerning the consistency of federal activities,
                            projects, or proposals with Connecttcut's coastal management
                            program. At the local level, this policy will be implemented
                            by municipalities through existing planning and zoning authorities
                            and the authority contained in the amendments to the Connecticut
                            Coastal Management Act which enable municipalities to prepare
                            municipal coastal programs And to undertake coastal site plan
                            reviews.

                    8. General Transportation Policy

                        a.  Policy: To make use of rehabilitation, upgrading, and improvement
                            of existing transportation facilities as a primary means of pro-
                            viding for transportation needs in the coastal area.

                            IMPLEMENTATION--- Policy a.will be implemented at the state level
                            by the Department of Transportation through the master trans-
                            portation plan and by municipalities through the Council of
                            Chief Elected Officials pursuant to their authority to endorse
                            transportation improvement projects.

                    9. Coastal Railroads

                        a.  General Policy: To require that rail corridor improvements pre-
                            vent significant adverse impacts on coastal resources, coastal
                            access, recreational opportunities, and the scenic nature of
                            the coast.

                        b.  Specific Policy: To require that new or improved shoreline
                            rail corridors be designed and constructed so as 1) to prevent
                            tidal and circulation restrictions and when practicable, to
                            eliminate any such existing restrictions, 2) to improve or have
                            a negligible adverse effect on coastal access and recreation,
                            and 3) to enhance or not unduly impair the visual quality of
                            the shoreline.

                            IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a-and b-will be implemented b y the
                            Department of EnvironmentA1 Protection under the authority
                            for the state coastal structures, dredging, and tidal wetlands
                            regulatory programs and the authority of the Commissioner of
                            the Department of Environmental Protection to represent the
                            state in all matters concerning the consistency of federal
                            activities, projects, or proposals with Connecticut's coastal
                            management program.

                   10. Coastal Highways

                        a. Policy: To require that coastal highways and highway improvements

                                                    W

                       be designed and constructed so as to minimize adverse impacts
                       on coastal resources; to require that coastal highway and
                       highway improvements give full consideration to mass trans-
                       portation alternatives; and to require that coastal highways
                       and highway improvements where possible enhance but in no case
                       decrease coastal access and recreational opportunities.

                       IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a.will be implemented at the state level
                       by the Department of Transportation under Highway planning
                       coordination and development authorities and by the Department
                       of Environmental Protection under the air quality, coastal
                       structures, dredging, and tidal wetlands permit authorities.
                       At the local level, this policy will be implemented by munici-
                       palities under municipal highway authorities, and under the
                       authority contai.ned ' in the amendments to the Coastal Management
                       Act which enable municipalities to prepare municipal coastal
                       programs and to review coastal site plans.

             11.  Coastal Airports

                  a.   Policy: To disallow the construction of major new airports   and
                       to discourage the substantial expansion of existing airports
                       within the coastal boundary; to require that any necessary
                       expansion or improvement of existing airports minimize adverse
                       impacts on coastal resources, recreation.or access.

                       IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a will be implemented at the state level
                       by the Department of Transportation under transportation planning
                       and development authorities and airport regulatory authorities,
                       and by the Department of Environmental Protection under coastal
                       structures, dredging, tidal wetlands, and air quality regulatory
                       programs. At the local level, this policy would be implemented
                       by municipalities under municipal aviation regulatory authorities.

             12.  Fisheries

                  a.   General Policy: To manage the state's fisheries in order to
                       promote the long-term benefits of commercial and recreational
                       fishing.

                  b.   Specific Policy: To manage the state's fisheries in order to
                       promote the economic benefits of commercial and recreational
                       fishing, enhance recreational fishing opportunities, optimize
                       the yield of all species, prevent the depletion or extinction
                       of indigenous species, maintain and enhance the productivity
                       of natural estuarine resources and preserve healthy fisheries
                       resources for future generations.

                       IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a and b will be implemented by the
                       Department of Environmental Protection under the state fisheries
                       management authorities.

                                               3 Ur

                         c.  Specific Policy: To employ improved aquaculture techniques in
                             order to revitalize and increase the number and extent of pro-.
                             ductive shellfish beds and to restore and maintain healthy and
                             productive bottom conditions.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy c will be implemented by the state
                             Department of Agriculture under shellfish planning, management,
                             and leasing authorities and by coastal municipalities under
                             shellfish management and licensing authorities.

                         d.  Specific Policy: To restore and enhance anadromous fish popula-
                             tions in Connecticut through an active management program which in-
                             cludes interstate cooperative agreements.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy d will be implemented by the Department
                             of Environmental Protection under state fisheries management
                             authorities.

                    13. Boating

                         a.  General Policy: To assure the optimal provision of public and
                             privateboating facilities while protecting coastal resources.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To require, where feasible, that new boating
                             facilities (1) minimize disruption or degradation of natural
                             coastal resources; (2) utilize existing altered, developed,
                             or redevelopable sites, particularly in or near urban waterfront
                             areas;(3) are located to assure optimal distribution of
                             facilities to the statewide boating public; (4) utilize ramps
                             and dry storage rather than slips in environmentally sensitive
                             areas.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented at the
                             local level by municipalities under existing planning and zoning
                             authorities and under the authorities contained in the amend-
                             ments to Connecticut's Coastal Management Act which enable
                             municipalities to prepare municipal coastal programs and to
                             review coastal site plans. At the state level, these policies
                             will be implemented by the Department of Environmental Protection
                             through the authority for the coastal structures, dredging,
                             and tidal wetlands regulatory programs and through the authority
                             of the Commissioner of DEP to represent the state in all matters
                             relating to the consistency of federal activities, projects or
                             proposals with Connecticut's coastal management program.

                         c.  Specific Policy: To develop additional state-owned boat launch-
                             ing facilities and to maintain existing state-owned boat laundh-
                             ing facilities in locations that increase the opportunities for
                             boating access to coastal waters without causing adverse eniviron-
                             mental impacts.

                         IMPLEMENTATION     Policy c.will be implemented by the Depart-
                         ment of Environmental Protection under parks and recreation
                         planning, development, and management authorities.

                14. Coastal Access

                     a.  General Policy: To encourage public access to the waters of
                         Long Island Sound and to encourage recreational opportunities
                         within the coastal area that are consistent with sound resource
                         conservation procedures and constitutionally protected rights
                         of private property owners. (CGS Section 22a-92)

                     b.  Specific Policy: To make effective use of stat  e-owned coastal
                         recreational facilities in order to expand coastal recreational
                         opportunities including the development or redevelopment of
                         existing state-owned facilities where feasible.

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented by the
                         Department of Environmental Protection under parks and re-
                         creation planning, development and management authorities.

                     C.  Specific Policy: To require as a condition in permitting new
                         coastal structures (e.g. groins, jetties or*breakwaters) that
                         access to, or along, the public beach below mean high water
                         must not be unreasonably impaired, and to require the removal
                         of illegal structures below mean high water which obstruct
                         passage along the public beach.

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy c.will be implemented at the state
                         level by the Department of Environmental Protection through
                         the coastal structures reguliatory program and through the
                         authority of the Commissioner of DEP to represent the state
                         in all matters relating to the consistency of federal activities,
                         projects, or proposals with Connecticut's coastal management
                         program. At the local level, this policy will be implemented
                         by municipalities under their authority to remove obstructions
                         in navigable waterways.

                     d.  Specific Policy: To require that reasonable public access be
                         provided to the shorefront when granting public funds for
                         erosion and flood control projects.

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy d.will be  implemented by the Department
                         of Ervironmental Protection through the DEP authority to provide
                         funding for flood and erosion control projects.

                15.  Cultural Resources

                     a. Policy: To encourage the protection and preservation of the
                         historical and archeological resources of the coastal area
                         through such means as the creation of local historic d.istricts,

                               and site designation on the national register of historic
                               places.

                               IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a.will be implemented by municipalities
                               through existing planning, zoning, and historic district
                               authorities and through the grant programs of the federal
                               Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.

                                      B. COASTAL LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

                            This section contains policies for Connecticut's coastal land and
                      water resources. Detailed maps at a scale of 1:24,000 showing the location
                      of these coastal resources will be distributed to all coastal municipalities
                      for use in conjunction with both the goals and policies and the site
                      plan review guidelines (see Appendix D ) in undertaking coastal site plan
                      reviews and in preparing municipal coastal programs. Sample resource
                      maps are presented in Appendix F

                            These coastal resource policies are compatible and consistent with
                      the coastal resource guidelines prepared for use in reviewing coastal
                      site plans (see Appendix D ).

                      Goal:   To maintain the intrinsic form, function and interrelationship
                              of Connecticut's coastal resource systems by assuring that
                              growth and development proceeds in a manner compatible.with
                              the capabilities and limitations of coastal resources and to
                              encourage the restoration and enhancement of the natural
                              integrity of disturbed or modified systems. (Reference
                              CGS Section 22a-1)

                      1.   Coastal Bluffs and Escarpments

                           Definition: Naturally eroding shorelands marked by dynamic escarp-
                           ments or sea cliffs with slope angles whi.ch 'constitute an int.@-icate
                           adjustment between erosion, substrate composition, drainage and
                           degree of plant cover.

                           a.  General Policy: To maintain, where feasible, the function of
                               coastal bluffs and escarpments as natural sources of sediment
                               supply for adjacent shoreline features.

                           b.  Specific Policy: To manage coastal bluffs and escarpments so
                               as to preserve their slope and toe; to discourage uses which do
                               not permit continued natural rates of erosion; and to disapprove
                               uses that accelerate slope erosion and alter essential patterns
                              and supply of sedi,ments to the Tittoral tr-ansport system.

                               IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a-and b.will be implemented at the
                               local level by municipalities under,the authorities contained
                               in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act which enable

                         coastal municipalities to undertake coastal site plan reviews
                         and to prepare municipal coastal programs. At the state level,
                         these policies will be implemented by the Department of Environ-
                         mental Protection under the regulatory authority for the coastal
                         structures program.

                 2.  Rocky Shorefronts

                     Definition: Shorefront composed of bedrock boulders and cobbles.
                     Rocky shorefronts are highly erosion resistant and are an in-
                     significant source of sediments for other coastal landforms. They
                     range from sea cliffs to gently sloping rock lands.

                     a.  General Policy: To conserve, to the maximum extent feasible,
                         the capability of rocky shorefronts to dissipate wave energy
                         and to support healthy intertidal communities.

                     b.  Specific Policy: To manage rocky shorefronts so as to insure
                         that development proceeds in a manner which does not irreparably
                         reduce the capability of the system to support a healthy inter-
                         tidal community, to provide, feeding grounds and refuge for
                         shorebirds and finfish, and to dissipate and absorb storm
                         and wave energies.

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and,b.will be implemented at the
                         local level by municipalities under the authorities contained
                         in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act which enable
                         coastal municipalities to undertake coastal site plan reviews
                             to prepare municipal coastal programs. At the state level
                         these policies will be implemented by the Department of Environ-
                         mental Protection under the regulatory authority for the coastal
                         structures program.

                 3.  Beaches and Dunes

                     Definition: Beach systems including barrier beach spits and tombolos,
                     barrier beaches, pocket beaches, land contact beaches, and related
                     dunes and sandflats.

                     a.  General Policy: To preserve the form and function of natural
                         beaches and dunes and to encourage the restoration or    enhance-
                         ment of disturbed or modified beaches and dunes.

                     b.  Specific Policy: To preserve the dynamic form and integrity of
                         natural beach systems in order to provide critical wildlife
                         habitats, a reservoir for-i;sand supply, a buffer for coastal
                         flooding and erosion, and valuable recreational opportunities;
                         to insure that coastal uses are compatible with the capabilities
                         of the system and do not unduly interfere with natural processes
                         of erosion and sedimentation; and to encourage the restoration
                         and enhancement of disturbed or modified beach systems.

                                                .38

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented at the
                             local level by municipalities under the authorities contained
                             in amendments to the Coastal Management Act which enablei-muni-
                             cipalities to undertake coastal site plan reviews and to pre-
                             pare municipal coastal programs. At the state level, these
                             policies will be implemented by the Department of Environmental
                             Protection under the regulatory authorities for the coastal
                             structures, dredging and water pollution control programs,
                             under DEP approval authority over the construction or extension
                             of municipal sewer service systems and under DEP funding
                             authority for flood and erosion control projects.

                     4.  Intertidal Flats

                         Defintion: Very  gently sloping or flat areas located  between high
                         and low tides composed of muddy, silty and fine sandy  sediments
                         and generally devoid of vegetation.

                         a.  General Policy: To encourage the preservation of   intertidal
                             TI-ats as shellfish and finfish habitats and wildlife feeding
                             areas.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To manage intertidal flats so as to preserve
                             their value as a nutrient source and reservoir, a healthy
                             shellfish habitat, valuable feeding areas for invertebrates,
                             fish and shorebirds; to encourage ihe restoration and enhance-
                             ment of degraded intertidal flats; to allow coastal uses that
                             minimize change in the natural current flows, depth, slope,-
                             sedimentation, and nutrient storage functions; and to disallow
                             uses that substantially accelerate erosion or lead to signifi-
                             cant despoilation of tidal flats.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a and b will be implemented by the
                             Department of Environmental Protection under the regulatory
                             authority for the coastal structures, dredging, and water
                             pollution control programs.

                     5.  Tidal Wetlands

                         Definition: Areas which border on or lie beneath tidal waters us-
                         ually witF vegetation, such as banks, bogs, salt marshes, swamps.,
                         meadows, flats or other lowlands subject to tidal action with
                         surfaces which are at or. below an elevation of one foot above local extreme
                         high water. Includes regulated and unregulated areas as defined
                         by Section 22a-29 of the Connecticut General Statutes.

                         a. General Policy: "To preserve tidal wetlands and to prevent
                             the despoilation and destruction thereof." (CGS Section 22a-28)

                                                   .39

                     b.  Specific Policy: "To preserve tidal wetlands and to prevent the
                         despoilation and destruction thereof" (CGS Section 22a-28) in
                         order to,maintain their vital functions as a source of high bio-
                         logical productivity, a habitat and nesting, feeding and refuge
                         area for shorebirds, a habitat for shellfish, a nursery ground
                         for larval and juvenile forms of marine organisms, a buffer
                         for storm and wave energy; to encourage the rehabilitation and
                         restoration of degraded tidal wetlands; and where feasible and
                         environmentally acceptable, to encourage the creation of wet-
                         lands for the purposes of shellfish and finfish management,
                         habitat creation and dredge spoil disposal. (Long Island
                         Sound Study)

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies aand b-are be*ng implemented at the
                         state level by the Department of Environmental Protection under
                         the regulatory authority for the tidal wetlands, coastal structures,
                         dredging, and water pollution control programs. At the local
                         level, these policies will be implemented by municipalities
                         under the authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                         Management Act which enable coastal municipalities to undertake
                         coastal site plan reviews and to prepare municipal coastal
                         programs.

                6. Freshwater Wetlands and Watercourses

                     Definition: Freshwater wetlands and watercourses including streams,
                     rivers, brooks, creeks, inland wetlands, lakes and ponds and bogs.

                     a.  General Policy: "To provide for the protection, preservation,
                         maintenance and use of the inland wetlands and watercourses
                         by minimizing their disturbance and pollution." (CGS Section 22a-
                         36)

                     b.  Specific Policy: "To:provide for the protection, preservation,
                         maintenance and use of the inland wetlands and watercourses by
                         minimizing their disturbance and pollution; maintaining and
                         improving water quality in accordance with the highest standards
                         set by federal, state or local authority; preventing damage from
                         erosion, turbidity or siltation; preventing loss of fish and other
                         beneficial aquatic organisms, wildlife and vegetation and the
                         destruction of the natural habitats thereof; deterring and
                         inhibiting the danger of flood and pollution; protecting the
                         quality of wetlands and watercourses for their conservation,
                         economic, aesthetic, recreational and other public and private
                         uses and values; and protecting the state's potable fresh water
                         supplies from the dangers of drought, overdraft, pollution,
                         misuse and mismanagement by providing an orderly process to
                         balance the need for the economic growth of the state and the
                         use of its land with the need to protect its environment and
                         ecology in order to forever guarantee to the people of the
                         state, the safety of such natural resources for their benefit
                         and enjoyment andfor the benefit and enjoyment of generations
                         yet unborn." (CGS Section 22a-36)

                                                 4-0

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a and b are being implemented at
                             both the state and local level under the regulatory authority
                             for the inland wetlands and watercourses program. Following
                             the establishment of coastal management in Connecticut, these
                             policies will also be implemented by municipalities under the
                             authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal Manage-
                             ment Act which enable municipalities to undertake coastal site
                             plan reviews and to prepare municipal coastal programs.

                     7.  Estuarine Embayments

                         Definition: A protected coastal body of water with an open connection
                         to the sea in which saline sea water is measurably diluted by fresh-
                         water including tidal rivers, bays, lagoons, and coves.

                         a.  General Policy: To maintain and where possible restore or en-
                             hance the productivity, circulation, drainage characteristics
                             and configuration of estuarine embayments.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To manage estuarine embayments so as to insure
                             that coastal uses proceed in a manner that assures sustained
                             biological productivity, the maintenance of healthy marine
                             populations, and the maintenance of essential patterns of cir-
                             culation, drainage, and basin configuration; and to protect,
                             enhance, and allow natural restoration of eelgrass flats except
                             in special limited cases, notably shellfish management, where
                             the benefits accrued through alteration of the flat may out-
                             weigh the long term benefits to marine biota, waterfowl, and
                             commercial and recreational finfisheries.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented by the
                             Department of Environmental Protection under the regulatory
                             authority for the coastal structures, dredging and tidal wet-
                             lands programs and by the Department of Agriculture under the
                             management authority for the state aquaculture program.

                     8.  Coastal Hazard Areas

                         Definition: Those land areas inundated during normal or extreme
                         coastal storm events or subject to erosion induced by such events
                         (all flood and erosion hazard areas identified by HUD-FIA mapping
                         under the emergency and regular program phases).

                         a.  General Policy: To prevent development on coastal hazard areas
                             that endangers public health, safety and welfare through the.
                             implementation of the HUD Flood Insurance Program.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To manage coastal hazard areas so as to in-
                             sure that development proceeds in such a manner that hazards
                             to life and property are minimized; and to promote non-structural

                         solutions to flood and erosion problems except in those in-
                         stances where structural alternatives prove unavoidable and
                         necessary to protect existing inhabited structures, infra.-
                         structural facilities, or water-dependent uses.

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a-and b@will be implemented by
                         municipalities under the authorities contained in the amend-
                         ments to the Coastal Management Act which enable municipalities
                         to undertake coastal site plan reviews and to prepare municipal
                         coastal programs. At the state level, these policies will be
                         implemented by the Department of Environmental Protection
                         through the regulatory authority for the inland wetlands, tidal
                         wetlands, coastal structures and dredging programs.

                9.  Urban Shorefront

                    Definition: Those major port and harbor areas which have been so
                    highly engineered and developed that their natural physiographic
                    features or systems have been functionally impaired or substantially
                    altered. These areas constitute the major coastal economic centers.

                    a.   General Policy: To promote, through existing state and local
                         planning, development, promotional, and regulatory programs,
                         the use of existing urban shorefront areas for marine related
                         uses, including but not limited to commercial and recreational
                         fishing, boating, and other water related or water enhanced
                         commercial, industrial.and recreational uses.

                    b.   Specific Policy: To promote, through existing state and local
                         planning, development, promotional, and regulatory authorities,
                         the development, reuse, or redevelopment of existing urban
                         shorefront areas giving high priority and preference to water
                         dependent and water enhanced uses. Water dependent uses are
                         defined as those uses and facilities which require direct
                         access to or location in marine or tidal waters and which
                         cannot reasonably be located inland. Water dependent uses
                         include, but are not limited to marinas, recreational and
                         commercial fishing and boating facilities, finfish and shell-
                         fish processing plants, waterfront docks and port facilities,
                         shipyards and boat building facilities, waterbased recreational
                         uses, navigation aides, channels, and basins, and industrial
                         uses requiring large volumes of cooling or process water which
                         cannot reasonably be located or operated at an inland site. Water
                         enhanced uses are defined as those uses which do not functionally
                         require direct access to marine or tidal waters but which are
                         enhanced by location in or adjacent to marine or tidal waters
                         and which provide general public access to marine or tidal
                         waters. Water enhanced uses include, but are not limited to,
                         non-water based recreational and commercial uses and facilities;
                         multiple family residential uses; hotels, tourist, convention,
                         and resort facilities; and other uses which provide general
                         public access to marine or tidal waters.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented at the
                             local level by municipalities under planning, zoning, port,
                             harbor, development, and redevelopment authorities, and under
                             the additional authorities contained in the amendments to
                             the Coastal Management Act which provide for preparation of
                             municipal coastal programs and for review of coastal site plans.
                             At the state level, these policies will be implemented by
                             the Department of Environmental Protection through the coastal
                             structures, dredging, and tidal wetlands regulatory programs,
                             by the Department of Economic Development through the economic
                             development planning program, and the business and commerce
                             promotional programs and by the Department of Transportation
                             through its funding program for municipal harbor improvement
                             projects and through general DOT authority over harbors and
                             navigable waterways.

                   10. Islands

                        Definition: A portion of land surrounded on all sides by water.

                        a.   General Policy: To maintain the value of islands as critical
                             wildlife habitat and recreational open space.
                        b.   Specific Policy: To manage islands in or'der to promote their
                             use as critical habitats for those bird, plant and animal
                             species which are indigenous or which are increasingly rare
                             on the mainland; to maintain the value of islands as a major
                             source of recreational open space; and to disallow uses which
                             will unduly degrade or disrupt islands or their resource
                             components.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented at the
                             local level by municipalities under the additional authorities
                             contained in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act which
                             enable municipalities to undertake coastal site plan reviews
                             and to prepare municipal coastal programs. At the state level
                             these policies will be implemented by the Department of Environ-
                             mental Protection through the regulatory authority for the
                             coastal structures, tidal wetlands and water pollution control
                             programs and the approval authority over construction and
                             extension of public and private sewer service systems.

                   11.  Nearshore Waters/Offshore Waters

                        Nearshore Waters, Definition: The area comprised of those waters
                        and their substrates lying between mean high water and a depth
                        approximated by the 10 meter contour.

                        Offshore Waters, Definition: The area oomprised of those waters
                        and their substrates lying seaward of a depth approximated by
                        the 10 meter contour.

                      a   General Policy:  To maintain, enhance or restore the environ-
                          mental quality of marine waters and submerged lands.

                      b.  Specific Policy: To manage the nearshore and offshore waters
                          of the state through the maintenance, enhancement, or restoration
                          of natural circulatory patterns, biochemical processes, basin
                          configuration, and freshwater inputs; to insure the continued
                          biolQgical productivity and viability of Long Island Sound as
                          a resource capable of supporting healthy and self-perpetuating
                          marine, anadromous, and shell fisheries, a broad, Sound-wide
                          spectrum of safe and healthy recreational activities, and an
                          efficient system of marine commercial transportation and
                          navigation.

                          IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a and b will be implemented by the
                          Department of Environmental Protection under the regulatory
                          authorities for the coastal structures, dredging, and water
                          pollution control programs, and under the management and
                          licensing authorities for commercial fishing, sport fishing   and
                          boating. In addition, these policies will be implemented by
                          the Department of Transportation under state jurisdictional
                          authorities over harbors and navigable waterways and by the De-
                          partments of Agriculture and Health Services and by coastal
                          municipalities under the management authorities for aquaculture
                          and shellfishing.

                12.   Shorelands

                      Definition: Those land areas within the coastal boundary, ex-
                      clusive of flood and erosion hazard areas, which are not subject
                      to dynamic coastal processes. This category is comprised of
                      typical upland features such as bedrock hills, till hills, and
                      drumlins.

                      a.  Policy: To regulate shoreland use and development in a manner
                          which minimizes adverse impact upon adjacent coastal systems
                          and resources.

                          IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a.will be implemented at the local level
                          by municipalities under planning and zoning authorities and
                          under the authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                          Management Act which enable coastal municipalities to prepare
                          municipal coastal programs and to review coastal site plans.
                          At the state level, this policy will be implemented by the
                          Department of Environmental Protection through the regulatory
                          authority for the water pollution control program,and the approval
                          and funding authority over construction or extension of public
                          and private sewer service systems. In addition, this policy
                          will be implemented by the Department-of Transportation under
                          DOT planning and development authority over bridges and highways.

                                                    1@ Ur

                                         C. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

                          This section contains policies which address various aspects of
                     environmental quality within the coastal boundary. Policies for some
                     of the environmental quality categories presented here including air
                     quality, water quality, visual quality and biological components,
                     will apply to all or most of the coastal resources for which policies
                     were presented in part B. Policies for other categories including
                     upland drainage, circulation, erosion and sedimentation, and coastal
                     flooding will apply more selectively to only one or a few coast-al
                     resOLirces.;In,ma-king management decisions based on Connecticut's
                     coastal resource policy,'all applicable environmental qual-ity poT-
                     icies will be considered.

                          These environmental quality policies are compatible with the
                     environmental quality guidelines prepared for use in reviewing coastal
                     site plans (see Appendix D

                     Goal: To enhance the quality of the coastal environment by maintaining
                            or improving the quality of its important physical, chemical,
                            and biological components and by minimizing the effect of
                            coastal hazards.

                     1. Biological Components
                         Definition: 'Biological entities or communities including, but
                         not limited to, the following:

                              Invertebrates
                                 shellfish
                                 molluscs
                                 crustacea

                              Vertebrates
                                 marine and anadromous finfish
                                 birds
                                 mammals
                                 re'n ti I es
                                 amphibians

                               Vegetation
                                 marine
                                 wetland
                                 upland

                         a. General Polic      To minimize the destruction of native biological
                             communities.

                         b. Specific Policy: To minimize the destruction of the native
                             terrestrial and aquatic biota in order to 1) provide vital I*iabitat

                         for wildlife, shellfish, finfish and vegetation, 2) maximize
                         groundwater recharge and retention, and 3) maintain a healthy
                         community function and interrelationship. To enhance and
                         restore biological habitats where necessary and'feasible,
                         through appropriate land and water manaqement techniques.

                         IMPLEMENTATION- Policies a.and b.will be implemented at    the
                         state level by the Department of Environmental Protection
                         under the regulatory authorities for the tidal wetlands, in-
                         land wetlands, coastal structures, and dredging programs and
                         under the planning, management and acquisition authorities for
                         the fish and water life, forestry, parks and recreation, open
                         space acquisition, and other natural resource management programs.
                         In addition, these policies will be implemented at the state
                         level by the Department of Agriculture under the planning and
                         management authority for the state aquaculture program and by
                         the Power Facility' Evaluation Council under the regulatory
                         authorities for power facilities. At the local level, these
                         policies will be implemented by municipalities under the manage-
                         ment and licensing authorities for the local shellfish programs,
                         under the taxation authorities for the farmland, forest land,
                         and open space tax abatement program and under the authorities
                         contained in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act
                         which enable municipalities to prepare municipal coastal programs
                         and to review coastal site plans.

                2.  Water Quality

                    Definition: A measure of the capacity of waters to support human
                    uses (swimming, fishing, shellfishing, drinking) and healthy
                    biological activities and functions as determined primarily by
                    the following indicators:

                         - suspended solids (turbidity)
                         - nutrients
                         - toxic materials, heavy metals, pesticides
                         - dissolved oxygen
                         - pH
                         - temperature
                         - pathogens
                         - sa1inity

                    a.   General Policy: To improve the quality of the coastal waters to
                         a level consistent with Connecticut water quality standards and
                         the requirements of the Federal Clean Waters Act.

                    b.   Spe.cific Policy: To restore or maintain the coastal water of
                         the state to a quality consistent with its use for the perpetua-
                         tion and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife including
                         breeding, feeding and nursery grounds, and with its use for re-
                         creation in and on the water; and specifically to attain at least

                             a quality consistent with the standard for Class SB.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a-and b.will be implemented at the
                             state level by the Department of Environmental Protection under
                             the regulatory authorities for the water pollution control pro-
                             gram and under the approved authority over construction or
                             extension of public and private sewer service systems. At the
                             local level, these policies will be implemented by municipalities
                             under planning and development authorities for municipal sewerage
                             systems, under regulatory authority over on-site sewage faciliities,
                             and under authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                             Management Act which enable municipalities to prepare municipal
                             coastal programs and to review coastal site plans.

                     3.  Circulation

                         Definition: The patterns, rates, and volumes of salt and fresh-
                         water movements and their interaction in coastal waters as influenced
                         by:

                              - tidal exchange and flushing
                              - freshwater input
                              - water column characteristics (stratification)
                              - basin characteristics, channel shapes

                         a.  General Policy: To maintain natural circulation patterns of
                             estuarine and coastal waters and where feasible to restore or
                             enhance disturbed or modified circulation patterns.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To maintain, enhance, or restore natural water
                             column characteristics, natural patterns of water circulation,
                             and fresh and saltwater exchange to the maximum extent feasible
                             in order to sustain or enhance productive marine and estuarine
                             biological communities.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implenented at the
                             state level by the Department of Environmental Protection under
                             the regulatory authorities for the coastal structures and dredg-
                             ing programs and by the Department of Transportation under
                             jurisdictionaliiauthorities over harbors and navigable waterways
                             and under funding authorities for harbor improvement projects.
                             At the local level, these policies will be implemented by
                             municipalities under port and harbor planning and development
                             authorities and under the authorities contained in the amend-
                             ments to the Coastal Management Act which enable municipalities
                             to prepare municipal coastal programs and to review coastal
                             site plans.

                                                   41

                 4.  Erosion and Sedimentation

                     Definition: The removal of sediments from a particular location
                     (erosion) and their transportation to and deposition (sedimentation),
                     at another location as caused by natural forces whether normally
                     occurring or man induced.

                     a.  General Policy: To minimize the adverse impacts of coastal
                         erosion and sedimentation through the use of non-structural
                         methods where practicable.

                     b.  Specific Policy: To maintain the natural relationship between
                         eroding and depositional coastal landforms and to minimize the
                         adverse impacts of erosion and sedimentation on coastal land
                         uses through the promotion of non-structural mitigation measures.
                         Structural solutions are permissible when necessary and unavoid-
                         able for the protection of infrastructural facilities, water
                         dependent uses, or existing inhabited structures, and where there
                         is no feasible, less environmentally damaging alternative and
                         where all possible mitigation measures and techniques have been
                         provided to minimize adverse environmental impacts.

                     c.  Specific Polic : To implement erosion control projects on the
                         following general priority basis in accordance with policy b
                         above, and as appropriate to the specific site conditions:

                              First Priority:   Non-structural control
                              Second Priority: Combination structural and non-structural
                                                  control
                              Third Priority:   Structural control
                              Fourth Priority:  No control

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a, b and c will be implemented at the
                         state level by the Department of Environmental Protection under
                         the regulatory authority for the coastal structures and dredging
                         programs and under the funding authority for flood and erosion
                         control projects. At the local level, these policies will be
                         implemented by municipalities under planning and development
                         authorities for flood and erosion control projects and under
                         the authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                         Management Act which enable municipalities to prepare municipal
                         coastal programs and to review coastal site plans.

                5. Upland Drainage

                     Definition: The transmission of water, received as precipitation
                     over I/and or through the subsurface.

                     a. General Policy: To maintain a system of upland drainage which
                         minimizes flooding, erosion, and sedimentation.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To maintain or, where feasible, enhance a
                             system of watersheds and drainage capable of receiving, storing,
                             and/or transmitting precipitation generated by normal and
                             extreme events without inducing increased flooding, erosion, or
                             sedimentation.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.and b.will be implemented at the
                             state and local levels under the regulatory authority for the
                             inland wetlands program. At the local level, these policies
                             will be implemented by municipalities under the authority con-
                             tained in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act which
                             enable municipalities to prepare municipal coastal programs
                             and to review coastal site plans. At the state level, these
                             policies will be implemented by the Department of Environmental
                             Protection under regulatory authorities for the coastal structures,
                             dredging, and dams and reservoirs programs.

                     6. Coastal Flooding

                         Definition: The inundation of coastal lands as caused by regular
                         or extreme tidal flooding.

                         a.  General Policy: To minimize the adverse impacts of coastal
                             flooding through the use of non-structural methods where
                             practi cabl P.

                         b,  Specific_Policy: To minimize the adverse impacts of extreme
                             flooding on coastal land uses and to maintain the biological
                             benefits of regular tidal inundation through the promotion of
                             non-structural mitigation measures. Structural solutions are
                             permissible when necessary and,iunavoidable for the protection
                             of infrastructural facilities, water dependent uses or existing
                             inhabited structures, and where there is no feasible, less
                             environmentally damaging alternative and where all possible
                             mitigation measures and techniques have been provided to
                             minimize adverse environmental impacts.

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a,and b.will be implemented at the
                             local level by municipalities under the provisions of the
                             I'lational Flood Insurance Program administered by the federal
                             Department of Housing and Urban Development, under the planning
                             and development authorities for flood and erosion control projects,
                             under the authorities for municipal planning and zoning, and
                             under the authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal
                             Management Act which enable municipalities to prepare municipal
                             coastal programs and to review coastal site plans. At the state
                             level, these policies will be implemented by the Department of
                             Environmental Protection under the regulatory authorities for the
                             coastal structures and dredging programs and under the funding
                             authority for flood and erosion control projects.

                 7.  Air Quality

                     Definition: A measure of the capacity of air to support healthy
                     human,iiiplant, and animal populations and the potential of air to
                     cause property damage as determined primarily by the following
                     components:

                          - particulates
                          - sulfur oxides
                          - carbon monoxide
                          - photochemical oxidants
                          - hydrocarbons
                          - nitrogen oxides

                     a.  General Policy: To achieve and maintain a level of air quality
                         consistent with the requirements of the Connecticut State
                         Implementation Plan and the Federal Clean Air Act.

                     b.  Specific Policy:   To achieve, maiintain, or preserve, a level of
                         air quality which  is healthy, visually unobtrusive, and consistent
                         with economic and  urban development needs, and which minimizes
                         property damage.

                         IMPLEMENTATION --  Policies a.and b.will be implemented at the
                         state level under  the planning and regulatory authority for the
                         state air pollution control program. At the local level, these
                         policies will be implemented by municipalities under the reg-
                         ulatory authority for municipal air pollution control districts

                 8.  Visual Quality

                     Definition: The visual aesthetic characteristics of a site and
                     its surroundings including both natural and man-made components
                     and the value of the site in providing points for panoramic view.

                     a.  General Policy: To preserve and where possible restore or
                         enhance the scenic and visual qual)ities of the coastal area.

                     b.  Specific Policy: To preserve, enhance and restore the scenic
                         and visual qualities of the coastal area by protecting scenic
                         vistas, minimizing unnecessary alteration of natural landforms,
                         and encouraging consideration of the visual characteristics of
                         the surrounding area in the siting and design of development
                         through local planning and zoning activities.

                         IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a and b will be implemented at the
                         local level by municipalities under the authority for municipal
                         planning and zoning programs, under the regulatory authority

                                                   so

                              for the inland wetlands and watercourses program, under the
                              authorities contained in the amendments to the Coastal Manage-
                              ment Act which enable municipalities to prepare municipal coastal
                              programs and to review coastal site plans, and under the
                              regulatory authority for the Lower Connecticut River Conservation
                              Zone. At the state level, these policies will be implemented
                              under the regulatory authorities for the coastal structures,
                              tidal wetlands, and inland wetlands and watercourses programs.

                                          D. PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

                          This section presents policies which address governmental and
                     programatic aspects of implementing Connecticut's coastal management
                     program.

                     Goal: To protect coastal resources and facilitate beneficial develop-
                           ment by establishing a shared state-local coastal area management
                           program which meets federal funding requirements and whi.ch promotes,
                           at all levels of government, coordinated, informed, simplified
                           and effective decision-making concerning the allocation of
                           coastal resources.

                     1. Research

                         a.  Policy: To conduct, sponsor and assist research in coastal
                             matters to improve the data base upon which coastalland and
                             water use decisions are made. (CGS Section 22a-92)

                             IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a.will be implemented by the Depart-
                             ment of Environmental Protection under the general administrative
                             authorities of the Department and under the authorities contained
                             in the amendments to the Coastal Management Act which enable
                             the Commissioner of DEP to fund coastal research and other
                             special coastal studies.

                     2.  -Intergovernmental Coordination

                         a.  General Policy: To coordinate the planning and regulatory
                             activities and public expenditures of public agencies in order
                             to enhance development while affording maximum protection of
                             coastal resources and processes.

                         b.  Specific Policy: To coordinate the activities of public agencies
                             in order to insure that public expenditures enhance development
                             while affording maximum protection to natural coastal resources
                             and processes. (CGS Section 22a-92)

                    c.  Specific Policy: To coordinate planning and regulatory
                        activities of public agencies at all levels of government
                        to insure maximum protection of coastal resources while
                        minimizing conflicts and disruption of economic develop-
                        ment. (CGS Section 22a-92)

                        IMPLEMENTATION -- Policies a.,b.,and c.will be implemented
                        by the Department of Environmental Protection under the
                        coordination authorities contained in the amendments to the
                        Coastal Management Act and under  .the general administrative
                        authorities of the Department.

                3.  Regulatory Simplification

                    a.  Policy: To coordinate and simplify administration of'state
                        and federal coastal permit programs through such mechanisms
                        as joint application forms, joint hearings, and concurrent
                        decision-making deadlines.

                        IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a.will be implemented by the Depart7
                        .ment of Environmental Protection under program coordination and
                        administration authorities contained in the amendments to the
                        Coastal Management Act.

                4. Public Investment and Acquisition

                    a.  Policy: To give high priority to the acquisition of signifi-
                        cant tidal wetlands and other natural areas, offshore islands,
                        .areas frequently flooded or storm damage.d, and beaches of
                        manageable size when available.

                        IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a-will be implemented by the Department
                        of Environmental Protection under the various funding and
                        land acquisition authorities of the Department.

                    b.  Policy: To provide erosion control funds on the following
                        priority basis in order to ensure a fair and equitable
                        allocation of public funds for the mitigation of shoreline
                        erosion and to obtain the greatest public benefit from
                        state expenditures.

                             First Priority:    State-owned shorefront
                             Second Priority:   Municipally-owned shorefront with
                                                  general public access
                             Third Priority:    Municipally-owned shorefront with
                                                  restricted access
                             Foufth Priority:   Quasi-public owned shorefront with
                                                  public access
                            .Fifth Priority:    Quasi-public owned shorefront with
                                                  restricted access
                             Sixth Priority:    Privately-owned shorefront

                                                5J,

                           IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy b.will be implemented by the Depart-
                           ment of Environmental Protection under the state funding
                           authorities for flood and erosion control projects.

                   5. Publ,ic Participation

                       a.  Policy: To encourage and provide ample opportunity for public
                           involvement and participation in the planning, implementation
                           and continuing review of the state's coastal area management
                           program. .

                           IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy awill be implemented by the Depart-
                           ment of Environmental Protection under the general administrative
                           authorities of the Department, under the requirements of the
                           Connecticut Environmental Protection Act and under the require-
                           ments of the Connecticut Uniform Administrative Procedures Act.

                   6. Technical Assistance

                       a.  Policy: To provide adequate and continuing technical assistance
                           to municipalities to develop and implement their coastal manage-
                           ment programs.

                           IMPLEMENTATION -- Policy a-will be implemented by the Department
                           of Environmental Protection under the technical assistance re-
                           quirements contained in the amendments to the Coastal Management
                           Act.

                                   S E C T 1 0 N   V   B 0 U N D A R Y

                           The coastal area of Connecticut, as defined in Section 22a-94
                      of the Connecticut General Statutes includes the land and water with-
                      in Connecticut's thirty-six coastal fronting municipalities and the
                      area delineated by the westerly, southerly, and easterly limits of
                      the state's jurisdiction in Long Island Sound. These thirty-six
                      municipalities include the following cities and towns: Greenwich,
                      Stamford, Darien, Norwalk, Westport, Fairfield, Bridgeport, Stratford,
                      Shelton, Milford, Orange, West Haven, New Haven, Hamden, North Haven,
                      East Haven, Branford, Guilford, Madison, Clinton, Westbrook, Deep
                      River, Chester, Essex, Old Saybrook Lyme, Old Lyme, East Lyme, Water-
                      ford, New London, Montville, Norwich, Preston, Ledyard, Groton and
                      Stonington.

                                      INLAND AND SEAWARD BOUNDARIES

                           Within the general coastal area, Section 22a-94 of the Connecticut
                      General Statutes defines a coastal boundary for management purposes.
                      On the landward side, this boundary is delineated by the continuous
                      interior contour elevation of the one hundred year frequency coastal
                      flood zone, as defined and determined by the National Flood Insurance
                      Act, as amended (USC 42 section 4101, P.L. 93-234), or a one thousand
                      foot linear setback measured from mean high tide, whichever is farthest.
                      On the seaward side, this boundary is delineated by the seaward extent
                      of the jurisdiction of the state. In addition, the following areas
                      and resources are specifically included in *the coastal boun'd*ary;
                      (i) all coastal waters, (ii) all submerged lands under such waters,
                      (iii) all intertidal zones, (iv) all islands surrounded by coastal
                      waters, (v) all natural coastal resources including but not limited to
                      all tidal wetlands and directly adjacent and abutting inland wetlands,
                      bluffs and headlands, rocky shorefronts, water bodies such as rivers,
                      streams, and creeks with measurable salinity and directly adjacent
                      and abutting fresh waters, and beaches and sand dunes adjacent to
                      tidal water. A map of the coastal boundary is presented in Figure A-1
                      of Appendix A.

                           Connecticut's coastal boundary was selected from a number of
                      boundary options that were considered during the development of the
                      coastal management program. Planning Report No. 20, published in
                      May, 1977 outlined these boundary options and assessed the relative
                      advantages and disadvantages of each major option. The inland boundary
                      options considered were classified as one or a combination of the
                      following basic approaches:

                                1) Fixed Linear Distance Boundaries
                                2) Political Boundaries
                                3) Natural Features Boundaries
                                4) Transportation Corridor Boundaries

                                               .54-

                          5) Aesthetic Distance Boundaries
                          6) Long Island Sound Study Recommended Boundary
                          7) Multiple Zone Boundaries

                     The chosen option combines elements of a natural features boundary
                (based on the 100 year frequency flood elevation) and a fixed linear
                distance boundary (based on a 1,000 foot linear setback) and is a
                close variation of the boundary recommended by the Long Island Sound
                Study.*

                     As defined, the selected management boundary is reasonable for
                .Connecticut's shared state-local program. It includes a sufficiently
                broad area to provide for effective management of all significant
                coastal resources and of all uses subject to management, yet it is not
                too large for efficient program administration by either level of
                government. The area within the coastal boundary includes all of the
                specific coastal resources which are required to be included within
                a state's coastal zone under section 305(b)(1) of the CZMA. In
                addition, the coastal boundary reasonably incorporates all shorelands
                strongly affected by or affecting coastal waters based on scientific
                criteria such as the geographic extent of flood and erosion hazard
                areas, proximity of the land to coastal waters, and bio-physical factors
                such as microclimatic variation and salt-spray influence.

                                        EXCLUDED LANDS

                     In accordance with the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
                .Connecticut has excluded from its coastal boundary all land the
                use of which is by law subject solely to the discretion of or which
                is held in trust b the federal government, its officers or agents.
                A list of the major such excluded federal land is contained in Table A-1
                of Appendix A. This list was compiled from information provided
                by federal agencies in response to an extensive CAM survey.

                                    INTERSTATE BOUNDARIES

                     Connecticut has consulted with and coordinated the development of
                its coastal management program with the adjoining states of Rhode Is-land
                and New York. This consultation and coordination has occurred through
                direct program contact with the adjoining states as appropriate, and
                through the regular forum provided by the New England River Basins

                   The Long Island Sound Study, completed in 1975, was a federal level
                B water resources planning study prepared by the New England River
                Basins Commission. Among numerous other recommendations, it called
                for Connecticut to establish a coastal management proqram with a manage-
                ment boundary which Would be defined as the area from the state's territorial
                limits in Long Island Sound to 500 feet inland of mean high water or
                to the ten foot;e-levaiion whichever was larger.

                    Commission,s. New York-New England Coastal Zone Task Force. While
                    Connect icut's coastal boundary is not precisely coterminous with
                    either Rhode Island's adopted boundary or New York's proposed
                    boundary, the bouhdaHes are reasonably close-.a,nd should not-present
                    any particular management difficulties or incompatibilities that
                    cannot be handled through the existing interstate and regional
                    coordinating mechanisms.

                                               5(0

                                          S E C T 1 0 N V I

                                   LEGAL AUTHORITI ES,

                         USES TO BE MANAGED AND PROGRAM

                          ORGANIZATION AND OPERATI                       0 N

                                              INTRODUCTION

                          The key to understanding Connecticut's approach to coastal manage-
                     ment is that it builds on existing legal authorities at the state and
                     local level rather than replacinq them. Every use of Connecticut's
                     coastal resources is already publicly regulated or controlled.
                     Frequently, multiple clearances at both the state and local level are
                     required before an activity affecting the coast is undertaken. The
                     primary goal of Connecticut's coastal management proposal is to insure
                     that in reviewing coastal uses, all government decision-makers take
                     into account the impacts on coastal resources under a set of common
                     policies.

                          There are several benefits to this approach. No new regulatory
                     bodies are created. Regulatory jurisdiction over both uses and
                     geographic areas remains unchanged. The impacts of uses on both
                     coastal resources and future water-dependent development opportunities
                     are carefully considered by all agencies with regulatory, planning
                     and development authority. Established and well understood regula-
                     torv procedures and criteria are altered only insofar as necessary
                     to insure consideration of coastal impacts. The possibility of frar-
                     mented and uncoordinated decision-making is substantially reduced
                     Finally, if the program receives federal approval, application of't-he
                     CZM Act "federal consistency" provisions will lead to a substantial
                     r2duction in the number of conflicts with federal agency regulatorY
                     and development decisions.             I

                          Connecticut's choice of using existing state and local legal
                     authorities for coastal management evolved from numerous studies
                     and pu6lic meetinns. During the fall of 1976 twenty-three issue
                     identification workshops were conducted for the CAM Program by tile
                     Connecticut League of Women Voters. Planning Reports No. 4, 5 and
                     6 investigated the federal CZM Act requirements and the approaches
                     of other states to coastal management. Existing state level programs
                     were studied in Planning Reports No. 16 and 18. Various aspects of
                     Connecticut's existing municipal regulatory programs including special
                     districts were evaluated in Planning Reports No. 6, 8, 11, 12, 13 and
                     14. Options and recommendations for Connecticut's programs were
                     presented in Planning Reports No. 20 and 21 and in a Citizen's Hand-
                     book on CAM. In the summer of 1977 nine regional workshops were held
                     and the CAM Advisory Board voted to recommend a shared state and
                     local program.

                       The 1978 session of the General Assembly, after numerous public
                 hearings and meetings, enacted the Coastal Management Act (Public
                 Act 78-152), establishing a boundary, broad goals and policies and
                 a legislative Interim Study Committee on Coastal Management. To
                 assist the Interim Study Committee, the CAM staff prepared Planning
                 Report No. 27 which explained in detail the implementation of a
                 state and local approach and included draft legislation. The
                 Interim Study Committee held 10 public meetings and on January 1,
                 1979 recommended that the 1979 session of the General Assembly con-
                 sider the shared state and local approach with voluntary revision
                 of municipal plans and zoning regulations but with mandatory munici-
                 pal review of coastal development projects. The General Assembly i.s
                 currently considering the Interim Study Committee's recommendations.

                              THE CONNECTICUT COASTAL MANAGEMENT ACT

                      The legal authority for insuring that state and local agencies
                 consider coastal impacts under a set of unified goals and policies
                 is the Coastal Management Act (Chapter 444 of the Connecticut General
                 Statutes, Sections 22a-90 through 22a-96, see Appendix B ) and pro-
                 posed amendments to the Act. The Coastal Management Act was passed
                 in the 1978 session of the General Assembly as Public Act 78-152.
                 The proposed amendments (see Appendix C ) are currently being con-
                 sidered by the General Assembly. The Coastal Management Act and pro-
                 posedamendments contain the following specific authorities..

                 Coastal Management Goals and Policies.

                      A list of broad policies and goals is provided (CGS Section      22a-
                 92 and proposed amendments, section 2). The Commissioner of Environ-
                 mental Protection is also given the authority to Promulgate, by
                 regulation, more specific goals and policies to guide both state
                 and local decisions (proposed amendments, section 18). These goals
                 and policies would be based on the goals and policies listed in
                 Section IV of this document.

                 Coastal Management Boundary

                      A coastal management boundary, to be    mapped by the Commissioner
                 of Environmental Protection, is defined as: (a) the seaward extent of
                 the state's jurisdiction over the waters    of Long Island Sound, (b) coastal
                 rivers of the state to their saltwater extent, and (c) a three part inland
                 boundary delineated by the U.S. HUD Flood Insurance lines, or 1,000
                 feet from the mean hilgh water mark or 1,000 feet from tidal wetland
                 boundaries, whichever line is farthest inland,(CGS Section 22a-94
                 and proposed amendments, section 4). A full discussion of the
                 boundary can be found in Section V of this document.

                     State Regulatory Programs

                          Administrators of coastal-related state regulatory programs
                     are rejuired to consider the coastal goals and policies in making
                     permit decisions (proposed amendments, section 24).

                     State Development ProJects

                          State agencies must consider the coastal goals and policies in
                     designing and constructing state-sponsored development projects.
                     Environmental impact statements which are already required for
                     significant state projects (CGS Sections 22a-lb through 22a-ld) must
                     include an analysis of projects' impacts on the cdast (proposed
                     amendments, section 23).

                     State Plans

                          Major state plans concerning the coastal area must be revised
                     to insure consistency with the coastal goals and policies (CGS
                     Section 22a-96(c) and proposed amendments, section 23). Plan
                     coordination is discussed at greater length later in this Section.

                     Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review

                          In making regulatory decisions concerning private and municipal
                     developments, municipal regulatory agencies are required to consider
                     coastal impacts and to follow the coastal goals and policies in
                     addition to the criteria they currently consider (proposed amendments,
                     sectionsill through 16).

                     DEP Commissioner's Right as a Party

                          The Commissioner of Environmental Protection is given the
                     authority to intervene as a party or appellant to specific site
                     plan review decisions at the municipal level in order to insure
                     proper consideration of coastal impacts and the coastal goals and
                     policies (proposed amendments, section 22).

                     Municipal Coastal Programs

                          Municipalities,may, at their option, prepare a comprehensive
                     coastal program consisting of both revisions to the municipal pltan
                     of ddvelopment and revisions to local zoning regulations and other
                     municipal land use regulations and ordinances conforming to and
                     implementing the revised plan of development (proposed amendments,
                     sections 7 through 10).

                                               159

                  Municipal Right as a Party

                       Municipalities have the authority to intervene as a   party to state
                  regulatory decisions affecting the coastal area in order   to insure
                  that the state gives proper consideration to coastal impacts and the
                  coastal goals and policies (proposed amendments, section 21).

                  Coordination of State and Federal Programs

                       The Commissioner of Environmental Protection has the authority to
                  enter into agreements with federal agencies to simplify and coordinate
                  administration of state and federal permit programs (CGS Sections 22a-
                  96(a) and N ). The Commissioner is also designated as the state's
                  representative in all matters concerning the application of the
                  CZM Act's "federal consistency" provision (CGS Sections 22a-96(c)
                  and (d)     The state's approach to federal consistency is discussed
                  later in this Section.

                  State Assistance to Municipalities

                       The Commissioner of Environmental Protection is required to
                  provide coastal municipalities with financial aid (proposed amendments,
                  section 6), technical assistance (proposed amendments, section 5),
                  including resource maps (see Appendix F for sample maps), a model municipal
                  program, which has been prepared (see Appendix E)., and advisory
                  guidelines for evaluating coastal impacts, which have also been
                  prepared (see Appendix D

                  EXISTING STATE AND MUNICIPAL REGULATORY, DEVELOPMENT.AND PLANNING
                  AUTHORITIES SUBJECT TO THE COASTAL MANAGEMENT ACT'S REQUIREMENTS

                       To gain a full appreciation of Connecticut's approach to
                  coastal management, the preceding discussion of the requirements
                  of the Coastal Management Act (as amended) must be supplemented by a
                  description of state and local regulatory, development and planning
                  authorities subject to those requirements. Table 2 describes
                  existing state programs subject to the Coastal Management Act re-
                  quirements. Table 3 describes municipal programs subject to the
                  requirements. Columns I and 2 of both tables give the title and
                  statutory authority of programs affected by the Coastal Management
                  Act. Column 3 provides a brief description of each program's juris-
                  diction and procedures. Column 4 lists the state or local agency
                  responsible for program administration. Finally, column 5 gives
                  a brief description of the changes in program a  dministration effected
                  by the Coastal Management Act requirements.

                                            (00

                                                          TABLE 2A    STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITIES SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                           Administering
                Program Name            Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures               Agency                     Changes Under CAM

           I.   Programs regulating                                       All structures, filling and work incidental thereto,             DEP-Water Resources        Permit review process will
           water resources and                                            in all tidal and coastal waters seaward of the;mean              Unit.                      include consideration of
           water related land uses                                        high water mark, require a permit.                                                          coastal goals and policies
           a.   Structures and fill     Coastal Structures Law C.G.S                                                                                                  (Sec. 24, Proposed Amend-
           in coastal waters.           Sec. 25-7b to 25-7f.                                                                                                          ments to Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                                      Act).

           b. Dredging and removal      Coastal Dredging Law              The taking and removal of sand, gravel or other                  DEP-Water Resources        Permit review process will
           of sand and gravel from      C.G.S. Sec. 25-10 to              materials from lands under tidal and coastal                     Unit                       include consideration of
           tidal waters.                25-18                             waters seaward of the mean high water mark,                                                 coastal goals and policies.
                                                                          requires a permit.                                                                          (Sec. 24, Proposed Amendments
                                                                                                                                                                      to Coastal Management Act).

           c.   All activities in       Tidal Wetlands Law                All uses, except a)mosquito control ditching conducted           DEP-Water Resources        Permit review process will
           tidal wetlands               C.G.S. Sec. 22a-28   to 22a-35    by the State Kealth Dept. under the authority of                 Unit.                      include consideration of
                                                                          C.G.S. Sec. 19-50 and 51, b) DEP conservation activities                                    coastal goals and policies
                                                                          Oconstruction and maintenance of navigation aids, and                                       (Sec. 24, Proposed Amend-
                                                                          d) emergency health measures in all marsh areas at or                                       ments to Coastal Management
                                                                          below an elevation of one foot above local extreme                                          Act)
                                                                          high water and capable of growing salt tolerant flora,
                                                                          require permits.
           d. I nland wetlands and      Inl@nd Wetland and Water-         All uses except a) agricultural uses, b) residential             DEP-Water Resources        Permit review process
           watercourses                 courses Law CGS Sec. 22a-36       homes approved prior to passage of the law (1972), c)            Unit (and municipal        will include consider-
                                        to 22a-45 and RCSA Sec. 22a-      farm ponds of 3 acres or less, d)boat anchorages, e)             inland wetland agen-       ation of coastal goals
                                        39-1 to 13.2                      uses incidental to residential enjoyment, f) public              cies subject to DEP        and policies. (Sec. 24,
                                                                          water supply systems, g) conservation uses, and                  administrative regul-      Proposed Amendments to
                                                                          h) passive recreation, in or upon all land, including            ations and oversight)      Coastal Management Act)
                                                                          submerged land consisting of poorly drained, alluvial or
                                                                          flood plain soil types as defined by the USGS Soil
                                                                          Conservation Service and all bodies of water, natural
                                                                          or artificial , but excluding tidal wetlands, require
                                                                          permits.

                                                            TABLE 2 A-STATE   REGUALTORY AUTHORITIES SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS,

                  Program Name           Statutory Authority              Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Administering
                                                                                                                                        Agency                  Changes Under CAM

                  Dams and Reservoirs    Dams and Reservoirs Law          All dams, dikes, reservoirs and associated facilities        DEP-Water Re-sources
                                         C.G.S. Sec. 25-110 to            and any site of a dam, dike or reservoir, require                                     Permit review process will
                                         25-119.                          permits.                                                     Unit                     include consideration
                                                                                                                                                                of coastal goals and
                                                                                                                                                                policies. (Sec. 24,
                                                                                                                                                                Proposed Amendments to
                                                                                                                                                                Coastal Management Act)

              2.. Flood Control          C.G.S. Sec. 25-4a to 25-4f.      Lines are determined by DEP, along shorelines of any         DEP-Water Resources      Permit review process will
               a    Stream Channel                                        tidal or inland waterway or flood prone area considere I     Unit                     include consideration of
                    Encroachment Line                                     for stream clearance or any form of flood control or                                  coastal goals and policies.
                    Program                                               flood alleviation measure, within which any obstruc-                                  (Sec. 24, Proposed Amend-
                                                                          tion, encroachment or hinderance require permits.                                     ments to Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                                Act)

              3.  Water Pollution        Water Pollution Control          Any source, actual or potential, of water con-               DEP-Water Compliance     Permit review process will
                a. Water Pollution       Laws: C.G.S. Sec. 25-26 to       tamination for all waters of the state including                                      include consideration Of
                    Discharqe            25-27                            groundwater, is subject to pollution abatement                                        coastal goals and policies
                                         C.G.S. Sec. 25-54a to 25-        orders and requires permits.                                                          (Sec. 24, Proposed Amend-
                                         54q                                                                                                                    ments to Coastal Managemert
                                         C.G.S. Sec. 25-54aa                                                                                                    Act)

                 b. Sewerage             Water Pollution Cdntrol          Permits required for all sewer lines and sewage treat- DEP-Water Compliance           Permit review process
                                         Laws: C.G.S. Sec. 25-26          ment plants at any site proposed for sewer lines or                                   will include consideration
                                         Sec. 25-54b                      sewage treatment plants                                                               of coastal goals and pol-
                                              25-54g                                                                                                            icies (Sec. 24, Proposed
                                              25-54i                                                                                                            Amendments.to Coastal
                                              25-54o to                                                                                                         Management Act).
                                              25-54z

                                                            TABLE 2 A-STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITIES SUBJECT JO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                          Administering
                    Program Name           Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures             Agency                  Changes Under CAM

                  3. b. continued          Municipal Sewer Avoidance       DEP establishes regulations for municipal administra-        DEP-Water Compliance
                                           Program P.A. 78-154 C.G.S.      tion of sewer avoidance programs and facilities.             Unit and municipal
                                           Sec. 7-245 to 7-273 and         (Program is voluntary).                                      Water Pollution Con-
                                           Sec. 25-54                                                                                   trol Authorities

                                           State Grants for pollution      The State provides financial assistance to municipal-        DEP-Water Compliance      Grant application review
                                           abatement facilities.           ities constructing pollution abatement/water pollution       Unit                      will include consider@
                                           C.G.S. Sec. 25-54r to           control facilities                                                                     ations of coastal goals
                                           25-54z                                                                                                                 and policies. (Sec. 24,
                                                                                                                                                                  Proposed Amendments to
                                                                                                                                                                  Coastal Management Act)

           LP

                 4.  Air Pollution         Air Pollution Control C.G.S, Any source of air contamination for the state's entire            DEP-Air Compliance      Permit review will include
                      Control              Sec. 19-505 to 19-522, and      outdoor atmosphere requires permits.                           Unit                    consideration of coastal
                                           RCSA Sec. 19-508-1 to                                                                                                  goals and policies. (Sec.
                                           19-508-100                                                                                                             24, Proposed Amendments to
                                                                                                                                                                  Coastal Management Act)

                 5.   Navigation           Harbor Navigation Laws          All vessels and all harbors of Long Island Sound are           Dept. of Transport-     All regulation will be
                                           C.G.S. Sec. 15-1 to 15-31       subject to regulation                                          ation and local         consistent with coastAl
                                                                                                                                          harbor masters sub-     goals and policies. (Sec
                                                                                                                                          ject to DOT super-      24, Proposed Amendments
                                                                                                                                          vision.                 to Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                                  Act)

                                           Channels C.G.S. Sec. 25-31d.    DEP designates and lays out channels and boat basins           DEP-Water Resources     All regulation will he con-
                                                                           in lands under tidal and coastal waters for access to          Unit                    sistent with coastal goals
                                                                           and from deep water to uplands.                                                        and policies.(Sec. 24,
                                                                                                                                                                  Proposed Amendments to
                                                                                                                                                                  Coastal Management Act)

                                                        TABLE 2 A-STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITIES SUBJECT@TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                Program Name          Statutory Authority                                                                            Administering
                                                                       Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Agency                  Changes Under CAM

             5. continued
                                      Coastal Dredging Law
                                      C.G.S. Sec. 25-10 to 25-18                                                                   DEP-Water Resources
                                      (See Program A. 2 above)                                                                     Unit

                                      Boating Laws. C.G.S. Sec. 15-
                                      121 to 15-157                                                                                DEP                       All regulation will be
                                                                       terns in all navigable waters of the state are                                        consistent with coastal
                                                                       All sea lanes and port navigation and anchorage pat
                                                                       subject to DEP regulation.                                                            goals and policies

             6.  Boating              Boating Laws: C,G.S. Sec. 15     All vessels in all navigable waters of the State are          DEP                     All permitting, licensing,
                                      121 to 15-157.                   subject to DEP regualtion.    DEP has the authority to                                and regulation will be
                                                                       1) classify all vessels and waters for the purposes of                                consistent with coastal
                                                                       regulating them, 2) regulate navigation aids, 3) estab-                               goals and policies. (Sec.
                                                                       lish sea lanes, 4) prescribe standards for safety                                     24, Proposed Amendments to
                                                                       devices, 5) restrict certain water for specific boatinS                               Coastal Management Act)
                                                                       uses, 6) restrict waters for use in water skiing and
                                                                       scuba diving, 7) plan boating facilities, 3) recom-
                                                                       mend (with State Health Dept.) improved boating san-
                                                                       itation 9) assist State Department of Transportation
                                                                       in regulating sea plane activity, 10) coordinate with
                                                                       federal agencies regulating boating.

             7.  Fisheries             State Shellfisheries            Taking of shellfish and lease and cultivation of all          Dept. of Agriculture-   Shellfish beds will be
               a. Shellfishing         C.G.S. Sec. 26-187 to           designated state shellfish beds are subject to police         Aquaculture Division    designated Areas of
                                       26-237.                                                ontrols.                                                       Particular Concern. All
                                                                       power and propietary c                                                                permitting and regulation
                                                                                                                                                             will be consistent with
                                                                                                                                                             coastal goals and policies
                                                                                                                                                             (Sec.24,Proposed Ampnd-
                                                                                                                                                             ments to Coastal Manage-
                                                                                                                                                             ment Act).

                                                              TABLE 2 A- STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITIES SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                                 Administering
                   Prog ram Name            Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures                 Agency                    Changes Under CAM

                7. continued                Shellfish Sanitation C.G.S.       Taking of shellfish from polluted waters may be                  Department o  f Health
                                            Sec. 19-55                        prohibited

                7. b Commercial and         State Fisheries and Game          All recreational and commercial fishing, hatcheries,               DEP                       All permitting, licensing
                      Recreational          Laws:   C.G.S. Sec. 26-1 to       private ponds and streams in all waters of the state                                         and regulation will be
                      Fishing               26-186                            are subject to police powers.       Specific authorities                                     consistent with coastal goat
                                                                              include: 1) regulation of spawning, 2) regulation of                                         and policies. (Sec. 24,
                                                                              seasons       re ulation of all commercial hatcheries,                                       Proposed Amendments to
                                                                                                                                 -s and
                                                                              and fis@+ng 4? specific limits on quantitit,                                                 Coastal Management Act)
                                                                              types of species, and use of nets. A license is re-
                                                                              quired for inland fishing and all commercial fishing.
                                                                              Marine fishing is regulated by specific standards.

                 8.   Solid Waste           Solid Waste Management Law:       All solid waste disposal sites are subject to regul-               DEP-Solid Waste           Permit review will in-
                                            C.G.S. Sec. 19-524a to 19-        ation.    Disposal sites of solid waste with a capacity            Management Unit           clude consideration of
                                            524o; RCSA Sec. 19-524-1          of more than five tons per year and operat6rs of solid                                       coastal goals and policies
                                            to 19-524-14.                     waste disposal sites, require permits.                                                       (Sec. 24, Proposed Amend-
                                                                                                                                                                           ments to Coastal Manage-
                                                                                                                                                                           ment Act)

                9.    Oil and Chemical      Oil and Chemical Handling         Any site where oil and chemical terminal or handling               DEP-Hazardous Sub-        Permit review and prom-
                      Handling              Law:   C.G.S. Sec. 25-54bb t(     facilities are located is subject to police powers.                stances Unit              ulgation of regulations
                                            25-54kk; RCSA Sec. 25-54ccl       Uses subject to regulation include: 1) all terminals                                         will include consideratiOn
                                            to 25-54cc-7                      for the loading or discharge of oil or chemicals                                             of coastal goals and
                                                                              and associated equipment, 2) all discharges or spills                                        policies.(Sec. 24, Pro-
                                                                              of oil or chemicals on the land or into the waters of                                        posed Amendments to
                                                                              the state, 3) oil and chemical spill containment                                             Coastal Management Act).
                                                                              equipment, and 4) persons collecting waste oils or
                                                                              chemicals or involved in spill removal or containment.

                                                         TABLE 2 A-STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITIES SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT5

                                                                                                                                  Administering
                Progran Name          Statutory Authority             Description of Prograin Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                 Changes Under CAM

            10.  Power Facilities     Public Utilities Environ-      Any site in the state proposed as the location for a        Connecticut Power       PFEC siting authority pre-
                                      mental Standards Act: C.G.S.   power facility is subject to regulation.    Specifically    Facilities Evaluation   empts all other state and
                                      Sec. 16-50g to 16-50y; and     regulated are: 1) electric transmission lines with a        Council (PFEC)          local land and water use
                                      RCSA Sec. 16-50g-1 to 43;      design capacity of 69 kilovolts or greater, 2) full                                 regulation.  However, C.G.S
                                      16-50-i-I to 43; 16-50r-1 to   transmission li'nes extending 1,000 feet or more, 3) gn                             Sec. 16-50 p(2) and 16-50
                                      2; 16-50z-1 to 4.              transmission lines with a design capacity of 200lbs/                                p(3) require that prior to
                                                                     sq. in. or greater, 4) any electric generating or                                   granting a certificate the
                                                                     storage facility and associated equipment, and 5)                                   council find and determine
                                                                     substations, switchyard and associated facilities                                   the"nature of the probable
                                                                     having a substantial adverse environmental impact.                                  environmental impact, in-
                                                                                                                                                         cluding a specification of
                                                                                                                                                         every significant adverse
                                                                                                                                                         effect, whether alone or
                                                                                                                                                         cumulatively with other
                                                                                                                                                         effects, on, and conflict
                                                                                                                                                         with the policies of the
                                                                                                                                                         state concerning, the
                                                                                                                                                         natural environment,eco-
                                                                                                                                                         logical balance, public
                                                                                                                                                         health and safety, scenic,
                                                                                                                                                         historic and recreational
                                                                                                                                                         values, forests and parks,
                                                                                                                                                         air and water purity and
                                                                                                                                                         fish and wildlife" and "why
                                                                                                                                                         the adverse effects or con-
                                                                                                                                                         flicts referred to...are not
                                                                                                                                                         sufficient reason to deny
                                                                                                                                                         the application."
                                                                                                                                                         As additional environmental
                                                                                                                                                         criteria, coastal goals
                                                                                                                                                         and policies will be in-
                                                                                                                                                         cluded considerations. (Sec
                                                                                                                                                         24, Proposed Amendments to
                                                                                                                                                         Coastal Management Act).

                                                           TABLE 2B-STATE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                      Administering
                 Prog ram Name          Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Agency                  Changes Under CAM

                 State Flood and        State assistance for flood      The state is authorized to pay for the total cost            DEP-Water Re sources     All State development pro-
                 Erosion Control        control and beach erosion       of flood and erosion control projects benefiting             Unit                     jects are subject to
                 Projects               C.G.S. Sec. 25-69 to            state property, 66% of the cost of such projects                                      Connecticut Environmental
                                        25-83a.                         benefiting municipal property and 33% of the cost                                     Protection Act environ-
                                                                        of such project benefiting private property.                                          mental impact statement
                                                                                                                                                              requirements. All state
                                                                                                                                                              development projects will
                                                                                                                                                              be consistent with coastal
                                                                                                                                                              goals and policies. (Sec.
                                                                                                                                                              23, Proposed A0endments to.
                                                                                                                                                              Coastal Management Act)
                                        Executive Order 18              State agencies are required to follow HUD-FIA
                                        Ella Grasso, Governor,          standards in undertaking development projects
                                        June 1, 1977                    in flood plains

              2. Harbor and Port        State Port Development          The State may acquire own, construct, maintain or            Department of Trans-     All state development
                 Development            C.G.S. Sec. 13b-53              operate port facilities                                      portation-Bureau of      projects are subject to
                                                                                                                                     Waterways                Connecticut Environment-
                                                                                                                                                              al Protection Act envir-
                                                                                                                                                              onmental impact statement
                                                                                                                                                              requirements. All state
                                                                                                                                                              development projects wiV
                                                                                                                                                              be consistent with
                                                                                                                                                              coastal goals and poli-
                                                                                                                                                              cies(Sec. 23 Proposed
                                                                                                                                                              Amendments to Coastal
                                                                                                                                                              Management Act)

                                         State Grants-in-Aid for        The state may pay up to 2/3 of the cost of municipal         Department of Trans-
                                         Harbor Improvement Projects    harbor improvements up to a limit of one million             portation-Bureau of
                                         C.G.S. Sec. 13b-57.            dollars.                                                     Waterways.

                                                            TABLE 2 B-STATE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                        Administering
                Program Name           Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures             Agency                   Changes Under CAM

            3. Park and Recreation     State Park and Recreation         The Commissioner of DEP has broad authority to pur-           DEP-Parks and             1. C.G.S. Sec. 22a-25 auth-
                Facilities             Laws C.G.S. Sec. 22a-21 to        chase or condemn property for recreational uses.              Recreation Unit           orizes the Commissioner of DEP
                                       22a-27.                           The Commissioner also receives and disburses federal                                    to acquire lands and waters
                                       Sec. 23-6 to 23-9                 funds, for purchase of property by municipalities                                       for "any purpose or activity
                                       Sec. 23-10 to 23-18               for recreational use.                                                                   relating to or compatible with
                                       Sec. 23-24 to 23-27                                                                                                       the functions of the depart-
                                       Sec. 22a-25                                                                                                               ment of environemtnal pro-
                                       Sec. 26-16                                                                                                                tection."
                                                                                                                                                                 2. All state development pro-
                                                                                                                                                                 jects are subject to Connecti-
                                                                                                                                                                 cut Environmental Protection
                                                                                                                                                                 Act environmental impact
                                                                                                                                                                 statement requirements.
                                                                                                                                                                 3. All state development
                                                                                                                                                                 projects will be consistent with
                                                                                                                                                                 coastal goals and policies
                                                                                                                                                                 (Sec. 23,Proposed Amendments
                                                                                                                                                                 to Coastal Management Act.

             4. Conservation Reser-    State OpensPace, Conser-          The Commissioner of DEP has broad authority to pur-            DEP                      1. C.G.S. Sec. 22a-25 auth-
                ves and Research       vation, and Recreation Laws;      chase or condemn land cultivated for conservation                                       orizes the commissioner of
                Facilities             C.G.S. Sec. 26-3                  and research uses and to control uses of such lands                                     DEP to acquire lands and
                                       Sec. 23-5a to 23-5i               and waters.                                                                             waters for "any purpose or
                                       Sec. 22a-25                                                                                                                activity relating to or com-
                                       Sec. 22a-,6                                                                                                               patible with the functions of
                                       Sec. 26-99                                                                                                                the department of environmental
                                       Sec. 26-102                                                                                                               protection".
                                                                                                                                                                 2. All state developments pro-
                                                                                                                                                                 jects are subject to Connecticut
                                                                                                                                                                 Environmental,Protection Act
                                                                                                                                                                 environmental impact state-
                                                                                                                                                                 ment requirements.
                                                                                                                                                                 3. All state development pro-
                                                                                                                                                                  jects will be consistent with
                                                                                                                                                                  coastal goals and policies.
                                                                                                                                                                  (Sec.23, Proposed Amendment
                                                                                                                                                                  to Coastal Management Act)

                                                            'TABLE 2 B-STATE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
                Program Name           Statutory Authority                                                                              Administeri ng
                                                                         Description of Program Jurisdiction and     Procedures         Agency                   Changes Under CAM

            5. Transportation
             a. Highways               State Transportation Law:       State Department of Transportation is responsible for           Dept. of Transporta-
                                       C.G.S. Chapters 236-242         planning and constructing state highways (including             tion Bureau of High-
                                                                       interstate highways)                                            ways.                     All state development pro-
                                                                                                                                                                 jects are subject to Conn-
                                                                                                                                                                 ecticut Environmental Pro-
                                                                                                                                                                 tection Act environmental
             b. Airports               State Transportation.Law:       The State may establish, maintain and operate, and              Dept. of Transporta-      impact statement requirements.
                                       C.G.S. Sec. 13b-46 to           may expand, an airport at any location within the               tion Bureau of            All state development pro-
                                       13b-49.                         state                                                           Aeronautics               jects will be consistent
                                                                                                                                                                 with coastal goals and
                                                                                                                                                                 policies. kSec. 23, Proposed
                                                                                                                                                                 Amendments to Coastal
        6'   c. Railroads              State Transportation Law:       The Department of Transportation is authorized to                Dept. of Transporta-     Management Act)
         0                             C.G.S. Sec. 13b-32 to 13b-38    assist in the development and improvementof rvio-ic,-            tion
                                                                       carrier and rail facilities and services

             6. Economic Develop-      Connecticut Development           The Connecticut Development Authority has broad                Department of Eco-       All state development projects
                ment                   Authority-C.G.S. Sec. 32-10       authority to construct, purchase, manage or help               nomic Development        are subject to Connecticut
                                       to 32-23m                         finance development projects including explicitly              Connecticut Dev-         Environmental Protection Act
                                                                         pollution control facilities, ferry boats, and                 elopment Authority       environmental impact state-
                                                                         recreational facilities.                                                                ment requirements. All
                                                                                                                                                                 state development projects
                                                                                                                                                                 will be consistent with
                                                                                                                                                                 coastal goals and policies.
                                                                                                                                                                 (Sec. 23, Proposed Amend-
                                                                                                                                                                  ments to Coastal Manage-
                                                                                                                                                                 ment Act)

                                                               TABLE 2C -STATE PLANS SUBJECTS TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

              Program Name                                                                                                          Administering
                                     Statutory Authority              Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Agency                   Changes Under CAM

           1. State Master Tran-      C.G.S. Sec. 13b-15              The commissioner of DOT is authorized to develop and         Department of Tran-       All state plans must be con-
              sportation Plan                                         revise annually a comprehensive long-range master            sportation (DOT)          sistE?nt with coastal goals
                                                                      transportation plan. The plan must include:                                            and policies within 18
                                                                      1) Recommendations for planning, engineering, acqui-                                   months of the effective
                                                                      sition of rights-of-way, construction, reconstruction                                date of proposed amendments to
                                                                      rehabilitation and modernization of transportation                                   Coastal Management Act (Sec. 23)
                                                                      facilities; 2) consideration of present and projected
                                                                      travel volumes, safety, maintenance costs, long-range
                                                                      land use, environmental impact and economic develop-
                                                                      ment patterns; 3) indication of the order of priority
                                                                      of need for improvements within each mode of tran-
                                                                      sportation. Consultation with the public and con-
                                                                      sultation and coordination with government and private
                                                                      agencies are provided for.

           2. State Plan for          C.G.S. Sec. 22a-2.1             The commissioner of environmental protection is auth-        DEP-Planning and          All state plans must be
              Development of Out-                                     orized to prepare, maintain and keep up-to-date a com-       Coordination Unit         consistent with coastal
              door Recreation and                                     prehensive plan for the development of outdoor                                         goals and policies with-
              Other Natural Re-                                       recreation resources and other natural resources of the                                in 18 months of the
              sources                                                 state.  The plan will coordinate the activities and                                    effective date of proposed
                                                                      represent the interests of the component agencies of                                   amendments to Coastal
                                                                      DEP and may coordinate with and/or represent the                                       Management Act (Sec. 23)
                                                                      interests of other state agencies and units of gov-
                                                                      ernment.

                                                              TABLE 2 C -STATE PLANS SUBJECT TOCOASTAL      -MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
              Program Name                                                                                                          Administering
                                     Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures           Agency                  Changes Onder CAM

           3. Conservation and        C.G.S. Sec. 16a-25   to 16a-     The Plan is a statement of growth, land use, resource       Office of Po'licy and    All state plans must be
              Development Policies    33                               management and public investment policies for the           Management-Compre-       consistent with coastal
              Plan                                                     state. It provides a policy framework for the plan-         hensive Planning         goals and policies with-
                                                                       ning and investment decisions of state government           Division                 in 18 months of the
                                                                       which influence the future growth and development                                    effective date of proposed
                                                                       of the state and the conservation of its natural                                     amendments to Coastal
                                                                       resources.  The identified policies, priorities and                                  Management Act (Sec.23)
                                                                       guidelines will be applied so that state actions
                                                                       are directed toward achievement of long-range goals.
                                                                       A monitoring, review and advisory reporting mech-
                                                                       anism will be carried out by OPM with respect to
                                                                       specified state actions. State agency plans and
                                                                       project proposals involving land acquisition and
                                                                       improvements which influence the location, timing,
                                                                       form and intensity of development and conservation
                                                                       will be reviewed for conformance, conflict and
                                                                       trade-off with the adopted policies.

            4. Economic Plan          Public Law 93-423 (Public        The Federal program requires that overall state              Department of Eco-      All state plans must be
                                      Works and Economic Dev-          economic development planning be closely coordinated         nomic Development       consistent with coastal
                                      elopmen.t Act) Sec. 302          with a comprehensive planning process so that con-                                   goals and policies within
                                                                       sideration shall be given to; the provision of public                                18 months of the effective
                                      C.G.S. Sec. 8-206c               works to stimulate and channel development, economic                                 date of proposed amend-
                                                                       opportunities and choices for individuals, support                                   ments. to Coastal Management
                                                                       of sound land use, enhancement and protection of                                     Act (Sec. 23)
                                                                       the environment including the conservation and pre-
                                                                       servation of open spaces and environmental quality,
                                                                       provision of public services and balancing of phy-
                                                                       sical and human resources through management and
                                                                       control of physical development. An Economic Plan
                                                                       is presently being prepared for the state, covering
                                                                       such topics as manpower training, taxation, and
                                                                       industrial growth and decline.

                                                                 TABLE 2 C-STATE PLANS SUBJECT TOCOASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
               Program Name                                                                                                              Administering
                                      Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures               Agency                   Changes Under CAM
           5. Water Pollution         Federal Clean Water Act           a.   Areawide Wastewater Management Plan (208 Plan).           1. 208 Planning            All state pl .ans must be
               Control Plans          P.L. 92-500 as amended                 The entire state of Connecticut has been desig-           Agency (DEP, OPM,          consistent with coastal
             a. Areawide Waste-       Sect. 208 and 303(e)                   nated as the "208 area."     This plan essentially        Health, EDA, Agri-         goals and policies within
             water Management                                                addresses non-point source water pollution.               culture, Transporta-       18 months of the effective
             Plan.                    C.G.S. 25-54c                          Planning elements include: groundwater protection,        tion, and represent-       date of proposed amend-
             b. Water Quality                                                erosion and sedimentation control, industrial             atives of 15 RPAs, anc     ments to Coastal Management
             Management Plans                                                site selection, land use evaluation, management,          15 representatives of      Act. (Sec. 23)
                                                                             public participation and special studies.       The       the Chief Elected Of-
                                                                             plan must include:    an identification of projected      ficials,) DEP is the
                                                                             necessary treatment works; the establishment of           designated lead
                                                                             construction priorities; the establishment of             agency.
                                                                             regulatory programs.

                                                                        b.   A "Continuing Planning Process" for water pollutior DEP-Wa       ter Compliance
                                                                             control is required by Sec. 303(e) to include             Unit
                                                                             State Water Quality Management Plans. These
                                                                             plans coordinate and direct water quality de-
                                                                             cisions on a river basin scale by identifying
                                                                             water quality problems and proposing measures
                                                                             to correct those problems.

                                                        TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMEriTs

                                                                                                                                          Administering
                Program Name            Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures              Agency                   Changes Under CAM

             1. Zoning                  C.G.S. Sec. 8-2                   All activities, structures, uses, and buildings within         Zoning Commission or      A. Municipal Site Plan Review
                                                                          the limits of a municipality which are not subject to          combined Planning-        All activities, uses.or-_
                                                                          other specific municipal land use regulations (eg.             Zoning Commission.        structures proposed for the
                                                                          Planned Unit Development regulations) are subject to                                     area within the coastal boun-
                                                                          municipal zoning regulations.     The zoning commission                                  dary will be subject to coastal
                                                                          is authorized to regulate the height, number of stories                                  site plan review requirements
                                                                          and size of buildings and other structures; the per-                                     (Proposed amendments to the
                                                                          centage of the area of the lot that may be occupied;                                     Coastal Management Act.
                                                                          the size of yards, courts, and other open spaces;                                        Sec..I@(b)!). Site plans for
                                                                          the density of population; the location and uses                                         activities uses or structures
                                                                          of buildings, structures and land for trade, industry,                                   located fully or partially
                                                                          residence or other purposes; and the height, size,                                       within the coastal boundary
                                                                          and location of advertising signs and billboards.        No                              shall include the plan,;,
                                                                          statutory review procedure is required for conforming                                    descriptions, and assessments
                                                                          uses.  However, the municipal zoning enforcement of-                                     outlined in Sec. 11(c) of the
                                                                          ficer must certify that a proposed use meets zoning                                      proposed amendiients to the
                                                                          requirements prior to issuing a building permit(C.G.S.                                   Coastal Management Act. The
                                                                          Sec. 8-3 (f)) and municipalities may at their option                                     zoning commission or combined
                                                                          require developers to submit a site plan to the zoning                                   planning-zoning commission
                                                                          commission to insure that projects conform to municipal                                  shall, in addition to the
                                                                          zoning regulations. (C.G.S. Sec. 8-3(g))                                                 discretion granted in Sec. 8-3
                                                                                                                                                                   (g) of the C.G.S., approve
                                                                                                                                                                   modify, condition or deny the
                                                                                                                                                                   project proposed in the site
                                                                                                                                                                   plan on the basis of criteria
                                                                                                                                                                   listed in Sec. 12 of the pro-
                                                                                                                                                                   posed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                                   Coastal Management Act to en,
                                                                                                                                                                   sure that the potential ad-
                                                                                                                                                                   verse impacts on both coastal
                                                                                                                                                                   resources and future water
                                                                                                                                                                   dependent development activi-
                                                                                                                                                                   ties are acceptable.

                                                    TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SLJBJ@CT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                              Administering
                Program Name         Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures        Agency-                Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                    B. Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                                                                                                    If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                    prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                    Program, the municipal zon-
                                                                                                                                                    ing regulations, insofar as
                                                                                                                                                    they affect the area within
                                                                                                                                                    the coastal boundary, shall be
                                                                                                                                                    revised to insure that they
                                                                                                                                                    conform to and effectuate
                                                                                                                                                    the goals and PP110es and
                                                                                                                                                    land and water use strategies
                                                                                                                                                    of the Municipal Coastal Plans
         _j                                                                                                                                         revised under Sec. 7-10 of the
                                                                                                                                                    proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                    Coastal Management Act.  Future
                                                                                                                                                    amendments to the zoning ordin-
                                                                                                                                                    ance,insofar as they affect the
                                                                                                                                                    area within the coastal boun-
                                                                                                                                                    dary,will also have to conform
                                                                                                                                                    to Municipal Coastal Plans.

                                                        fABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                           Administering
                Program Name            Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures               Agency                  Changes Under CAM

            a. Special Exception         C.G.S. Sec. 8-2                  Within zoning districts, certain classes or kinds              Zoning Commission or      A. Municipal Site Plan Review
                                                                          of buildings, structures or uses of land are per-              Planning Commission 0     Applications for special--
                                                                          mitted only if a special permit has been obtained              combined Planning-        exceptions for activities
                                                                          from the zoning commission, planning commission,               Zoning Board of           or projects located fully
                                                                          combined planning-zoning commission or zoning                  Appeals.                  or partially within the
                                                                          board of appeals.    Types of buildings, structures     or                               coastal boundary will be
                                                                          uses requiring a special permit are enumerated in                                        subject to coastal site plan
                                                                          the zoning ordinance.     Prior to granting a special                                    review requirements (proposed
                                                                          permit, the appropriate commission must hold a                                           amendments to the Coastal
                                                                          public hearing (C.G.S. Sec. 8-3c).                                                       Management Act, Sec. 11(b)).
                                                                                                                                                                   Site Plans shall include the
                                                                                                                                                                   plans, descriptions and assess-
                                                                                                                                                                   ments outlined in Sec. 11(c)
                                                                                                                                                                   of the proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                                   the Coastal Management Act
                                                                                                                                                                   appropriate commission shall,
                                                                                                                                                                   in addition to the discretion
                                                                                                                                                                   granted in Sec. 8-3(g) of the
                                                                                                                                                                   C.G.S., approve, modify,
                                                                                                                                                                   condition or deny the project
                                                                                                                                                                   proposed in the site plan
                                                                                                                                                                   on the basis of criteria listed
                                                                                                                                                                   in Sec. 12 of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                                   amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                                   Management Act to insure that
                                                                                                                                                                   the potential adverse impacts
                                                                                                                                                                   on both coastal resources and
                                                                                                                                                                   future water dependent develop-
                                                                                                                                                                   ment activities are acceptable.
                                                                                                                                                                   B. Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                                                                                                                   If a munici@-aff-ti--opts to
                                                                                                                                                                   prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                                   Program, the lists of uses,
                                                                                                                                                                   structures, buildings, etc.
                                                                                                                                                                   requiring a special permit
                                                                                                                                                                   in districts within the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                                   area shall be revised to insure
                                                                                                                                                                   that they conform to and effect-
                                                                                                                                                                   uate the goals and policies

                                                   TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
               Program Name                                                                                                     Administering
                                     Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                 Changes Under. CAM

           1.a-continued
                                                                                                                                                       and land and water use
                                                                                                                                                       strategies of the Municipal
                                                                                                                                                       Coastal Plans revised
                                                                                                                                                       under Sec. 7-10 of the
                                                                                                                                                       proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                       the Coastal Management Act.

             b. Variance              C.G.S. Sec. 8-6                Zoning requirements may be waived for individual         Zoning Board of          A. MuniciRal Site Plan Review
                                                                     parcels of land when, owing to conditions peculiar       Appeals                  Applications for variances
                                                                     to the land, literal enforcement of zoning regulation!                            for parcels of land located
                                                                     would cause exceptional difficulties or hardship for                              fully or partially withJn
                                                                     the owner/developer. Requests for variances-are                                   the coastal boundary will
                                                                     directed to the zoning board of appeals who prior                                 be subject to coastal site
                                                                     to reaching a decision must hold a public hearing                                 plan review requirements
                                                                     C.G.S. Sec. 8-7),                                                                 (Proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                       Coastal Management Act, Sec.
                                                                                                                                                       I I (b).) .Site plans shall in-
                                                                                                                                                       clude the plans, descriptions
                                                                                                                                                       and assessments outlined in
                                                                                                                                                       Sec. 11(c) of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                       amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                       Management Act. The zoning
                                                                                                                                                       board of appeals shall, in
                                                                                                                                                       addition to the discretion
                                                                                                                                                       granted in Sec, 8-6 of the
                                                                                                                                                       C.G.S., approve, modify or
                                                                                                                                                       deny the project proposed in
                                                                                                                                                       the site plan on the basis of
                                                                                                                                                       criteria listed in Sec.12
                                                                                                                                                       of the proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                       the Coastal Management Act
                                                                                                                                                       to insure that the potential
                                                                                                                                                       adverse impacts on both
                                                                                                                                                       coastal resources and future
                                                                                                                                                       water dependent development
                                                                                                                                                       activities are acceptable.

                                                         TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                  Program Name                                                                                                      Administering
                                        Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                   Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                          B. Municipal Coastal _Program
                                                                                                                                                             No change.

               2.  Planned Unit Dev-     C.G.S. Sec. 8-13c and          A Planned Unit Development Ordinance regulates the use Planning Commission        A. Municipal Site Plan -Review
                   elopment Ordinance    Sec. 8-13f                     of large parcels of land controlled by one owner and      or combined Planning-     Applications for Planned Unit
                                                                        slated for development as a single entity.    The         Zoning Commission         Developments located fully
                                                                        ordinance is incorporated into the municipal zoning                                 or partially within the
                                                                        regulations and establishes standards for: (1) the                                  coastal boundary will be sub-
                                                                        use of land and use,bulk, location of buildings and                                 ject to coastal site plan
                                                                        structures, (2) the quantity and location of open                                   review requirements. (pro-
                                                                        space, and (3) the intensity of use or density of                                   posed amendments to the
                                                                        residential units. A developer seeking to develop                                   Coastal Management Act, Sec.
                                                                        land as a PUD must submit an application for ten-                                   11(b)). Site plans shall in-
                                                                        tative approval to the planning commission or com-                                  clude the plans, descriptions,
                                                                        bined planning'-zoning commission.  The application                                 and assessments outlined in
                                                                        must contain a detailed site plan, and the commission                               Sec. 11(c) of the proposed
                                                                        must hold a public hearing on the proposed plan.                                    amendments to the Coastal
                                                                        (C.G.S. Sec 8-13g).   Final approval must be secured                                Management Act.  The appro-
                                                                        prior to initiation of construction.   While a site                                 priate commission shall in
                                                                        plan is required as part of the submission for final                                addition to the discretion
                                                                        approval, if the degree of divergence is minor                                      granted in Sec. 8-13h and
                                                                        between the tentative site plan and the final site                                  Sec. 8-13j(c) approve, mod-
                                                                        plan, the commission need not hold a public hearing.                                ify, condition or deny the
                                                                        (C.G.S. 8-13j(a) and (b))                                                           project proposed in the site
                                                                                                                                                            plan on the basis of criteria
                                                                                                                                                            listed in Sec. 12 of the
                                                                                                                                                            proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                            Coastal Management Act to
                                                                                                                                                            ensure that the potential
                                                                                                                                                            impacts on both coastal
                                                                                                                                                            resources and future watet
                                                                                                                                                            dependent development act-
                                                                                                                                                            ivities are acceptable.

                                                  TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                 Administering
             Program Name          Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Agency                  Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                         B.  Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                                                                                                             If a municipality opts fo-
                                                                                                                                                             prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                             Program, PUD regulations,
                                                                                                                                                             insofar as they affect
                                                                                                                                                             the area within the coastal
                                                                                                                                                             boundary, shall be revised
                                                                                                                                                             to insure that they conform
                                                                                                                                                             to and effectuate the goals
                                                                                                                                                             and policies and land and
                                                                                                                                                             water use strategies of
                                                                                                                                                             the Municipal Coastal Plans
                                                                                                                                                             revised under Sec. 7-10 of
                                                                                                                                                             the proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                             the Coastal Management Act.

       1  3. Subdivision Ordin-- C.G.S. Sec. 8-25                  No subdivision of land shall be made until a plan for        Planning Commission     A.   Municipa.1 Site Plan Review
     CD      ances                                                 such subdivision has been approved by the planning           Planning/Zoning Com-         In additio      the require-
                                                                   commission. Before exercising this power, the planning       mission                      ments specified by the
                                                                   commission shall adopt regulations covering the sub-                                      municipal subdivision
                                                                   division of land. Such regulations shall cover the                                        regulations, site plans
                                                                   suitability of land for building purposes; the pro-                                       for subdivisions located
                                                                   vision of water, drainage, sewerage, open space; and                                      fully or partially within
                                                                   flood control measures.    They shall provide that                                        the coastal boundary shall
                                                                   proposed streets are in harmony with existing or     pro-                                 include the plans, descrip-
                                                                   posed principal throughfares and may include that                                         tions, and assessments
                                                                   provisionbe made for sedimentation control and                                            contained in Sec. Mc) of
                                                                   control of erosion caused by wind or water. They       may                                the proposed amendments to
                                                                   also prescribe the extent to which streets shall be                                       the Coastal Management Act.
                                                                   graded and improved and public utilities and services                                     The planning commission
                                                                   provided, and in lieu of completion of such work,                                         shall, in addition to the
                                                                   the commission may accept a bond securing the con-                                        discretion granted in Sec.
                                                                   struction and installation of such improvements and                                       9-25 of the C.G.S., approve,
                                                                   utilities within a specified period. All plans are                                        modify, condition or deny
                                                                   submitted to the planning commission with an appli-                                       the subdivision proposed
                                                                   cation and fee. A public hearing may be held and a                                        in a coastal site plan on
                                                                   decision to approve, modify and approve or disapprove                                     the basis of criteria list(d
                                                                   made within 65 days.(C.G.S. Sec. 8-26)                                                    in Sec. 12 of the proposed

                                               TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                            Administering
            Program Name          Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                  amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                  Management Act to ensure
                                                                                                                                                  that the potential adverse im-
                                                                                                                                                  pacts on both coastal resources
                                                                                                                                                  and future water dependent
                                                                                                                                                  development activities are
                                                                                                                                                  acceptable.

                                                                                                                                                  B. MuniciDal Coastal Programs
                                                                                                                                                  If a municipality opts to pre-
                                                                                                                                                  pare a municipal coastal program,
                                                                                                                                                  the municipal subdivision re-
                                                                                                                                                  gulations, insofar as they
                                                                                                                                                  affect the area within the
                                                                                                                                                  coastal boundary, shall be
                                                                                                                                                  revised to insure that they
                                                                                                                                                  conform to and effectuate
                                                                                                                                                  the goals and policies and
                                                                                                                                                  land and water use strategies
                                                                                                                                                  of the Municipal Coastal Plans
                                                                                                                                                  revised under Sec. 7-10 of
                                                                                                                                                  the proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                  Coastal Management Act.

                                                TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND  REGULATIONS' SUBACT, TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REqUI REMEN@S

                                                                                                                              Administering
             Program Name          Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                 Changes Under CAM

          4. Historic District      C.G.S. Sec. 7-147b             Any municipality may, by vote of its legislative         Historic District        A. Municipal Site Plan Revie w
             Ordinance                                             body and in conformance with standards and criteria       Commission
                                                                   of the Conn.  Historical Commission, establish a his-                                  No Change.
                                                                   toric district(s) to promote the educational, cultural,
                                                                   economic and general welfare of the public through
                                                                   the protection and preservation of buildings, places,
                                                                   and districts of historic interest.   The legislative                             B. Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                   body of the municipality appoints a historic district
                                                                   study committee which investigates and reports on                                    If a municipality opts to
                                                                   the historic significance of the buildings, features,                                prepare a Municipal
                                                                   and surroundings to be included in the,proposed dis-                                 Coastal Program, the
                                                                   trict and designates the area.   The committee holds a                               historic district or-
       .0                                                          hearing, submits a final report(map of the proposed                                  dinance, insofar as it
       0                                                           area, proposed ordinance etc.) to the legislative                                    .affects the area within
                                                                   body and a vote of owners of real property within the                                the coastal boundary,
                                                                   area is taken.  3/4 of the voters must approve for the                               shall be revised to in-
                                                                   legislative body to establish the district.   Once a                                 sure that it conforms to
                                                                   historic district is established in a municipality,                                  and effectuates the goals
                                                                   a historic district commission is created and has                                    and policies of the
                                                                   responsibility for establishing new districts and ad--                               proposed amendments to the
                                                                   ministering these provisions. A certificate of appro-                                Coastal Manageme@t Act.
                                                                   priateness as to exterior architectural features must
                                                                   be obtained before a structure is erected, altered,
                                                                   restored, moved or demolished, or before an area is
                                                                   used for parking.

                                                      TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES A    ND REGULATIONS SiMJ-ECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                       Administering
              Program Name           Statutory Authority               Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures              Agency                   Changes Under CAM

          5.   Inland Wetlands         C.S.G. Sec. 22a-42(e) and       Any municipality may authorize a board or commission          Inland wetland agency A. Municipal Site Plan Review
              Regulations              2?a-42a                         to promulgate regulations and establish boundaries for
                                                                       the protection of wetlands and water courses.        Mun-                                         No change.
                                                                       icipal or district ordinances or regulations must be
                                                                       in conformity with and effectuate the regulations,
                                                                       purposes and standards of "The Inland Wetlands and
                                                                       Water Courses Act" (C.G.S. Sec. 22a-36 to 22a-45)       '                               B.  Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                       A public hearing must be held before any regulation                                         If a municipality opts to
                                                                       or boundary established by an inland wetlands agency                                        prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                       becomes effective or before any change is made to                                           Program,the municipality
                                                                       them.   No regulated activity shall be conducted upon                                       shall insure that such
                                                                       any inland wetland without a permit.       Regulated                                        regulations conform to and
                                                                       activities are any operation within or use of a        wet-                                 effectuate the goals and
                                                                       land or water course involving removal or deposition                                        policies of the proposed
                                                                       of material, or any obstruction, construction, alter-                                       amendments to the Coastal
                                                                       ation or pollution, of such wetlands or water courses,                                      Management Act.
                                                                       excluding the activities in Sec. 22a-40. A public
                                                                       hearing may be held and the commission may grant,
                                                                       deny or limit a permit for a regulated activity based
                                                                       on criteria in C.G.S. Sec. 22a-41. The commission
                                                                       may suspend or revoke a permit if after a hearing,
                                                                       it decides the permittee has not complied with the
                                                                       conditions or limitations set forth in the permit.

         6. Sewerage Ordinance         7-153-                          Any municipality may by ordinance, prohibit or re-            Authorized officials       A. Municipal Site PlanReview
                                                                       gulate the Construction of dwellings, apartments,             of the municipality               No change
                                                                       boarding houses, hotels, commercial buildings, youth
                                                                       camps and commercial camping facilities therein unless
                                                                       the Sewerage facilities have been approved by the                                         B. Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                       authorized officials of such municipality.                                                  If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                                   prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                                   Program, the municipality
                                                                                                                                                                   shall insure that such or-
                                                                                                                                                                   dinances conform to and
                                                                                                                                                                   effectuate the goals and
                                                                                                                                                                   policies of the proposed

                                                TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUPJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                             Administering
            Program Name          Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                 Changes Under CAM

          6. Sewrage Ordinance
              continued                                                                                                                             Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                                                                                                            continued

                                                                                                                                                    amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                    Management Act.

         7. Regulations for the     C.G.S. Sec. 7-427            Any municipality by its Water Pollution Control Auth-     Water Pollution Con4    A. Municipal Site Plan Review
            supervision, manage-                                 ority may: acquire, construct and operate a sewerage       trol Authority
            ment, control, op-                                   system; take and hold any real property by purchase,                                       No change
            eration or use of                                    condemnation, etc. that is necessary for its use;
            a sewerage system                                    establish and revise regulations for the supervision,
                                                                 management, control, operation and use of a sewerage
                                                                 system; contract with any person or other municipality                            B.   Municipal Co stal Program
                                                                 to provide or obtain'sewerage system service including
                                                                 the provision or exchange of staff and equipment.     The                              if a municipality opts to
                                                                 authority may establish rules for transaction of its                                   prepare a Municipal Coastd
                                                                 business, shall keep a record of its proceedings and                                   Program, the municipality
                                                                 designate an officer to maintain its books.                                            shall insure that such
                                                                                                                                                        regulations conform to
                                                                                                                                                        and effectuate the goals
                                                                                                                                                        and policies of the pro-
                                                                                                                                                        posed amendmentsto the
                                                                                                                                                        Coastal Management Act.

       M LM                                   mmmm MM so M M mm@

                                                  TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS SUVECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

              Program Name          Statutory Authority              Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Administering
                                                                                                                                   Agency                  Changes Under CAM

           8. Ordinances con-       C.G.S. Sec. 7-148                Any town, city or borough, may, by ordinance provide        The designated com-      A. Municipal Site Pla_n Review
              cerning the pro-                                       for the protection and improvement of the environment       mission or board
              tection and impro-                                     by a commission-or board and make appropriations there-                                   No change
              vement of the                                          for.
              environment
                                                                                                                                                          B. Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                             If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                             prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                             Program, the municipality
                                                                                                                                                             shall insure that such
                                                                                                                                                             ordinances conform to and
      (_0                                                                                                                                                    effectuate the goals and
                                                                                                                                                             Policies of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                             amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                             Management Act.

          9.  Ordinances or re-     C.G.S. Sec. 7-148                Any town, city or borough, may, by ordinance regulate       Zoning Commission        A..Municipal Si-te Plan Review
              gulations governing                                    the filling of. or removal of soil, loan, sand or           Planning Commission
              filling of land                                        gravel from land not in public use in the.whole or          Planning/Zoning                No change
              and removal of soil                                    in specified districts of the town, city or borough         Commission
              loan, sand or                                          and provide for the reestablishment of ground level
              gravel                                                 and protection of the area by suitable cover.
                                                                          Regulations enacted by a local zoning commission                                B.   Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                     pursuant to this section shall have the same effect
                                                                     and application as an ordinance enacted pursuant to                                       If a municipality opts to
                                                                     this section.                                                                             prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                               Program, the municipality
                                                                                                                                                               shall insure that such
                                                                                                                                                               ordinances conform to
                                                                                                                                                               and effectuate the goals
                                                                                                                                                               and policies of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                               amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                               Management Act.

                                                                                                                                         Mae Mm@

                                                  TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS �UB.JECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                 Administering
          Progran Name           Statutory Authority              Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures             Agency                  Changes Under CAM

      .10. Waterway Encroach-    C.G.S. Sec. 7-147               Allows any municipality to establish by ordinance             Legislative body          A. Municipal Site Plan Review
           ment line ordin-                                      lines along any part of any waterway beyond which,            of the municipality
           ances                                                 in the direction of the waterway, no permanent ob-                                              No change
                                                                 struction or encroachment shall be placed, unless
                                                                 permission is granted by the legislative body of the
                                                                 municipality.                                                                           B.Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                            If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                            prepare a Municipal
                                                                                                                                                            Coastal Program, thewater-
                                                                                                                                                            way encroachment line
                                                                                                                                                            ordinance insofar as it
                                                                                                                                                            affects the area within
                                                                                                                                                            the coastal boundary, shall
                                                                                                                                                            be revised to insure that it
                                                                                                                                                            conforms to and effect-
                                                                                                                                                            uates the goals and policies.
                                                                                                                                                            of the proposed amendments
                                                                                                                                                            to the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                            Act.

                                                  ,TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS 3UBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                               Administering
             Program Name          Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                 Changes Under CAM

          11. Municipal Improve-     C.G.S. Sec. 8-24             Municipalities must refer proposed municipal projects      Planning CouWssion or A.     Municipal_Site Plan Review
              ments                                               to the planning commission or combined planning com-       combined Planning
                                                                  mission for review and comment before proceeding           Zoning Commission            Municipal projects located
                                                                  with the project. Examples of projects which must                                       fully or partially within
                                                                  be referred include: improvements to public rights                                      the coastal boundary will
                                                                  of ways, public buildings, and public recreational                                      be subject to coastal site
                                                                  facilities; actions related to the location of public                                   plan-review requirements
                                                                  utilities (e.g. sewer, water power); and development/                                   (Proposed amendments to
                                                                  redevelopment projects. The commissioner must either                                    the Coastal Management
                                                                  approve or disapprove the project. A project rejected                                   Act, Sec. 11(b)). Site
                                                                  by the commission can be adopted pursuant to a vote of                                  plans shall include the
                                                                  approval by 2/3 of the legislative body.                                                plans descriptions, and
                                                                                                                                                          assessments outlined in
                                                                                                                                                          Sec. 11(c) of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                          amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                          Management Act. The
                                                                                                                                                          appropriate commission
                                                                                                                                                          shall, in addition to the
                                                                                                                                                          discretion granted in
                                                                                                                                                          Sec. 8-24, approve, modify
                                                                                                                                                          or deny the project pro-
                                                                                                                                                          posed in the site plan
                                                                                                                                                          on the basis of criteria
                                                                                                                                                          listed in Sec. 12 of the
                                                                                                                                                          proposed amendments 1:6
                                                                                                                                                          the Coastal Management Act
                                                                                                                                                          to ensure that the potential
                                                                                                                                                          impacts on both coastal
                                                                                                                                                          resources and future water
                                                                                                                                                          dependent development act-
                                                                                                                                                          ivities are acceptable.

                                                               M MMM DOM

                                                  TABLE 3-A MUNICIPAL QUINANCES   AMD REGULATIONS 'SLkJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REqUrRLMENTS

                                                                                                                            Administering
            Program Name          Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and  Procedures        Agency                 Changes Under CAM

         11. continued
                                                                                                                                                  0. Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                     If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                     prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                     Program, proposed mun-
                                                                                                                                                     icipal projects within
                                                                                                                                                     the coastal boundary will
                                                                                                                                                     be reviewed in terms of
                                                                                                                                                     their coastal resource
                                                                                                                                                     compatibility.  Projects
                                                                                                                                                     which conflict with the
                                                                                                                                                     statewide goals and policies
                                                                                                                                                     of the proposed amendments
                                                                                                                                                     to the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                     Act will be altered.'Changes
                                                                                                                                                     will be incorporated into
                                                                                                                                                     the Town Plan of Develop,
                                                                                                                                                     ment or other appropriate
                                                                                                                                                     plans.

      ILL I INI M M

                                                          TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT'TO- C6ASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
           Program Name          Statutory Authority                                                                         Administering
                                                                 Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                 Changes Under CAM

         1. Municipal Plan of     C.G.S. Sec. 8-23              The Municipal Plan of Development is a statement of         Planning Commission     A. Municipal Site Plan Review
            Development                                         goals, policies, and standards for the physical and         or Planning-Zoning         If a municipaTity opts to
                                                                economic development of the municipality.    It includes    Commission                 prepare a Municipal
                                                                recommendations for the most desirable use of land                                     Coastal Program, revisions
                                                                within the municipality for residential, recreational                                  to the Municipal Plan of
                                                                commercial, and industrial purposes and the most                                       Development to ensure
                                                                desirable density of population for different areas.                                   consistency with stato-tide
                                                                Prior to adopting a Municipal Plan of Development or    a                              coastal goals and policies
                                                                part thereof or an amendment to the Plan, the planning                                 will add an element of
                                                                commission or oombined planning-zoning commission must                                 predictability to the
                                                                hold a public hearing.                                                                 coastal site plan review
                                                                                                                                                       decision making process.

                                                                                                                                                    B. Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                                                                                                       The planning commission or
                                                                                                                                                       combined planning-zoning
                                                                                                                                                       commission may at their
                                                                                                                                                       discretion revise the
                                                                                                                                                       Municipal Plan of Develop-
                                                                                                                                                       ment, insofar as it affects
                                                                                                                                                       the coastal boundary, to
                                                                                                                                                       insure consistency with
                                                                                                                                                       statewide goals and policies
                                                                                                                                                       (Proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                       the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                       Act, Sec. 7-10). Revisions
                                                                                                                                                       would be subject to public
                                                                                                                                                       hearing requirements of
                                                                                                                                                       C.G. S. Sec. 8-23.

                                                            TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECTS TO 60ASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
           Program Name            Statutory Authority                                                                              Administering
                                                                    Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures              Agency                  Changes Under CAM

        2. Community Develop-
           ment Plan              C.G.S. Sec.8-169c and 8-169d      The Community Development Plan is an outline of proposed Community Development
                                                                    municipal Projects designed to benefit low*and moderate                                        cipal Site Pla
                                                                                                                     and elim-                                 Per thie requirements of
                                                                    income families and to aid in the prevention                  Agency                   A.  Muni                n Review
                                                                    ination of urban blight.    The plan-s contents must in-                                   Soemcm.un;2ty4 oeveh1epCe.Gt.Sp.,ro-
                                                                    clude a summary of a three year community development                                      jects (outlined in the
                                                                    program; a description of specific projects and act-
                                                                    ivities including their location,estimated costs, and                                      Community Development Plan)
                                                                    the availability of resources for implementing the                                         must be referred to the
                                                                    aforementioned projects;    a housing assistance plan;                                     planning commission or
                                                                    and a description of the environmental considerations                                      combined planning-
                                                                    taken into account in preparing the overall plan.                                          zoning commission for re-
                                                                    The Plan must be referred to the planning commission                                       view and comment. All
                                                                    or the combined planning-zoning commission; the                                            community development
                                                                    municipal housing authority; and other agencies with                                       projects within the coastal
                                                                                                                                                               boundary will be subject
                                                                    plans/programs affected by the Community Development
                                                                    Plan.  Ultimate approval of the Cdmmunity Development                                      to coastal site plan
                                                                    Plan rests with the municipal legislative body. Before                                     review requirements. (Pro-
                                                                    acting on the Plan, the legislative body must hold a                                       posed amendments to the
                                                                    public hearing.                                                                            Coastal Management Act,
                                                                                                                                                               Sec. 11(b)).   The planning
                                                                                                                                                               commission or combined
                                                                                                                                                               planni ng-zoning commission
                                                                                                                                                               shall, in addition to the
                                                                                                                                                               discretion granted in Sec..
                                                                                                                                                               B-24 of the C.G.S., approve,
                                                                                                                                                               modify, or deny the project
                                                                                                                                                               proposed in the site plan
                                                                                                                                                               on the basis of criteria,
                                                                                                                                                               listed in Sec. 12 of the
                                                                                                                                                               proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                               Coastal ManagemeAt Act. The
                                                                                                                                                               review of community develop-
                                                                                                                                                               ment projects will insure
                                                                                                                                                               that the potential adverse
                                                                                                                                                               impacts on both coastal
                                                                                                                                                               resources and future water
                                                                                                                                                               dependent development
                                                                                                                                                               activities are acceptable

                                                          TAR     R MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECI             MANAGEMENT REQUI EMENTS
            Program Name         Statutory Authority                                                                        Administering
                                                                 Description of Program Jurisdiction* and Procedures        Agency                 Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                 B.  Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                     If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                     prepare a Municipal
                                                                                                                                                     Coastal Program, the
                                                                                                                                                     Community Development
                                                                                                                                                     Plan, insofar as it affects
                                                                                                                                                     the area within the coastal
                                                                                                                                                     boundary, may be revised
                                                                                                                                                     to insure that it conforms
                                                                                                                                                     to and effectuates the goals
                                                                                                                                                     and policies and land and
                                                                                                                                                     water use strategies of the
                                                                                                                                                     (revised)Municipal Plan of
                                                                                                                                                     Development. (Proposed amen-
                                                                                                                                                     dments to the Coastal Manage-
                                                                                                                                                     ment Act, Sec. 7-10).

          3.  Redevelopment      C.G.S. Sec. 8-125 and 8-126     The Redevelopment Plan locates and contains recommend-   Redevelopment Agency      A. Municipal Site Plan ReView
              Plan                                               ations for those deteriorated or deteriorating areas
                                                                 of a municipality in need of improvement by means of                                 Per the requirements of Sec.
                                                                 rehabilitation or demolition of structures and/or                                    B-24 of the C.G.S., all re-:
                                                                 construction of new ones.  The Redevelopment Agency                                  development projects (out-
                                                                 may prepare or cause to be prepared a Redevelopment                                  lined in the Redevelopment
                                                                 Plan or a redeveloper may submit a plan to the Redev-                                Plan) must be referred to
                                                                 elopment Agency.  A Redevelopment Plan must be submittei                             the planning commission or
                                                                 to the planning commission or combined planning-zoning                               combined planning-zoning
                                                                 commission for review and comment prior to its adoption,                             commission for review and
                                                                 The commission may at its discretion prepare a com-                                  comment.   Under CAM, re-
                                                                 prehensive plan to guide redevelopment.   Before                                     development projects with-
                                                                 approving any Redevelopment Plan,the Redevelopment                                   in the coastal boundary
                                                                 Agency must hold a public hearing.                                                   will be subject to coastal
                                                                                                                                                      site plan review require-
                                                                                                                                                      ments. @Proposed amendments
                                                                                                                                                      to the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                      Act, Sec.11(b)). The
                                                                                                                                                      planning commission or

                                                          TABLE 3 8 MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

             Program Name         Statutory Authority                                                                         Administering
                                                                  Description of  Program Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                 Changes Under CAM

         3. continued                                                                                                                                combined pla-nning zoning
                                                                                                                                                     commission shall, in
                                                                                                                                                     addition to the discretion
                                                                                                                                                     granted in Sec. 8-24 of
                                                                                                                                                     the C.G.S., approve, modify
                                                                                                                                                     or deny the project proposed
                                                                                                                                                     in the site plan on the
                                                                                                                                                     basis of criteria listed in
                                                                                                                                                     Sec. 12 of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                     amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                     Management Act. The review of
                                                                                                                                                     redevelopment projects will
                                                                                                                                                     insure that the potential ad-
                                                                                                                                                     verse impacts on both coastal
                                                                                                                                                     resources and future water
      0                                                                                                                                              dependent development act-
                                                                                                                                                     ivites are acceptable.

                                                                                                                                                     B. Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                     If a municipality opts to pre-
                                                                                                                                                     pare a Municipal Coastal Pro-
                                                                                                                                                     gram, Redevelopment Plans,
                                                                                                                                                     insofar 'as they affect the
                                                                                                                                                     area within the coastal boun-
                                                                                                                                                     dary, may be revised to insur@e
                                                                                                                                                     that they conform to and eff-
                                                                                                                                                     ectuate the goals and policies
                                                                                                                                                     and land and water use stra-
                                                                                                                                                     tegies of the (revised)
                                                                                                                                                     Municipal Plan of Development
                                                                                                                                                     (Proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                     Coastal Management Act. Sec.
                                                                                                                                                     7-10). Procedural requirements
                                                                                                                                                     governing plan modification
                                                                                                                                                     (C.G.S. Sec. 8-136) remain
                                                                                                                                                     unchanged.

                                                           -TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
             Program Name                                                                                                      Administering
                                   Statut ory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                  Changes Under CAM

         4. Harbor Improvement      C.G.S. Sec. 13b-56             The Harbor Improvement Plan is an outline of proposed    .
            Plan                                                                                                              Harbor improvement      A.  Municipal Site Plan Review
                                                                   harbor improvements for the harbor area of a coastal       Agency
                                                                   municipality.   Harbor improvement projects include the                                Per the requirements of
                                                                   development, improvement, construction and installatioi                                Sec. 8-24 of the C.G.S.,
                                                                   of berthing areas and channels to these areas; sea-                                    harbor improvementS projects
                                                                   walls, piers, and docks; navigation aids; bridges; and                                 (outlined in the Harbor
                                                                   other harbor related facilities and structures. Plan                                   improvement Plan)
                                                                   contents are subject to a public hearing requirement                                   must be referred to the
                                                                   and must be approved by the planning commission or                                     planning commission or
                                                                   combined planning-zoning commission and the Commiss-                                   combined planning-zoning
                                                                   ioners of DEP and DOT before adoption by the municipal                                 commission for review
                                                                   legislative body.   Amendments to the plan must be                                     and comment. All harbor
                                                                   approved by the commissions and individuals listed                                     improvement projects will
                                                                   above and have the consent (in writing) of each                                        be subject to coastal site
                                                                   purchaser or lessee of land in the harbor improvement                                  plan review requirements.
                                                                   project affected by the proposed modification.                                         (Proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                          the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                          Act Sec.4)).    The planning
                                                                                                                                                          commission or combined
                                                                                                                                                          planning-zoning commission
                                                                                                                                                          shall, in addition to the
                                                                                                                                                          discretion granted in
                                                                                                                                                          Sec. 8-24 of the C.G.S.,
                                                                                                                                                          approve,modify or deny the.
                                                                                                                                                          project proposed in the
                                                                                                                                                          site plan on the basis of
                                                                                                                                                          criteria listed in Sec. 12
                                                                                                                                                          of the proposed amendments
                                                                                                                                                          to the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                          Act. The review of harbor
                                                                                                                                                          improvement projects will
                                                                                                                                                          insure that the potential
                                                                                                                                                          adverse impacts on both
                                                                                                                                                          coastal resources and
                                                                                                                                                          future water dependent
                                                                                                                                                          development activities
                                                                                                                                                          are acceptable.

                                                           TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO.COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
              Program Name                                                                                                   Administering
                                    Statutory Authority           Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                 Changes Under CAM

         4. continued
                                                                                                                                                   B.  Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                       If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                       prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                       Program, the Harbor Improve-
                                                                                                                                                       ment Plan may be revised to
                                                                                                                                                       insure that it conforms to
                                                                                                                                                       and effectuates the goals
                                                                                                                                                       and policies and land and
                                                                                                                                                       water use-strategies of
                                                                                                                                                       the (revised) Municipal
                                                                                                                                                       Plan of Development (Pro-
                                                                                                                                                       posed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                       Coastal Management Act, Sec.
                                                                                                                                                       7-10). Procedural re-
                                                                                                                                                       quirements for modifying
                                                                                                                                                       Harbor Improvement Plans
                                                                                                                                                       remain unchanged.

                                                                                                                                                       Note: When reviewing and
                                                                                                                                                       approving Harbor Improve-
                                                                                                                                                       ment Plans and/or amendments,
                                                                                                                                                       the Commissioner of DEP and
                                                                                                                                                       DOT will be required to
                                                                                                                                                       review each plan to insure'
                                                                                                                                                       consistency with statewide
                                                                                                                                                       coastal goals and policies.

                                                        -TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
             Program Name                                                                                                      Administering
                                   Statutory Authority             Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                  Changes Under CAM

          5. Port Development      C.G.S. Sec. 7-329c              Any town may establish a port district and a port           Port Authority          A. Municipal Site Plan Review
             Plan                                                  authority to manage that district.    The port authority
                                                                   must prepare a comprehensive plan for'the development                                 Per the requirements of
                                                                   of port facilities in such district. Port facilities                                  C.G.S. Sec. B-24,port dev-
                                                                   include wharfs, docks, piers, air or bus terminals,                                   elopment projects must be
                                                                   railroad tracks or terminals, cold storage and re-                                    referred to the Planning
                                                                   frigerating plants, warehouses, elevators, freight-                                   Commission or combined
                                                                   handling machinery and such equipment as is used in    t                              Planning-Zoning Commission.
                                                                   handling of freight, passengers and vehicles, and the                                 Under CAM the commission
                                                                   establishment and operation of a port and any other                                   must undertake a site plan
                                                                   works, properties, buildings, structures, or other                                    review for each project
                                                                   facilities necessary or desirable in connection with                                  referred. (Proposed amend-
                                                                   the development and operation of port facilities.                                     ments to the Coastal Manage-
                                                                                                                                                         went Act, Sec. 11-16)
       -0                                                                                                                                                Per C.G.S. Sec. 7-329c(12),
      (.0                                                                                                                                                all port authority powers
                                                                                                                                                         are subject to rules, re-
                                                                                                                                                         gulations and other directives
                                                                                                                                                         of federal, and state agen-
                                                                                                                                                         cies. Therefore,consistency
                                                                                                                                                         with coastal goals and pol-
                                                                                                                                                         icies will be required.

                                                                                                                                                      B. Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                         If the municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                         prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                         Program, the port authority
                                                                                                                                                         may revise its port develop-
                                                                                                                                                         ment plan to be consistant
                                                                                                                                                         with the revised Municipal
                                                                                                                                                         Plan of Development. (Pro-
                                                                                                                                                         posed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                         Coastal Management Act, Sec.
                                                                                                                                                         7-10).

                                                          -TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO- COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
             Program Name                                                                                                   Administering
                                   Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures        Agency                 Changes Under CAM

        6. Capital Improvement     C.G.S. Sec. 8-160              A Capital Program prioritizes and schedules all neces- Planning Commission      A.  Municipal.Site Plan Review
           Program                                                sary municipal capital improvements over a six year      or combined Planning-
                                                                  period. Capital improvements are major improvements      Zoning Commission          All capital improvement
                                                                  to a municipality's physical plant of a non-recurring                               projects located fully
                                                                  nature as differentiated from ordinary repairs or                                   or partially within the
                                                                  maintenance of a recurring nature.                                                  coastal boundary will be
                                                                                                                                                      subject to coastal site
                                                                                                                                                      plan review requirements.
                                                                                                                                                      (Proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                      the Coastal Management Act.
                                                                                                                                                      Sec. 11(b)). The planning
                                                                                                                                                      commission or combined
                                                                                                                                                      planning-zoning commission
                                                                                                                                                      shall, in addition to the
                                                                                                                                                      discretion granted in Sec.
                                                                                                                                                      24 of the C.G.S., approve,
                                                                                                                                                      modify or deny the pro-
                                                                                                                                                      ject proposed in the site
                                                                                                                                                      plan on the basis of criteria
                                                                                                                                                      listed in Sec. 12 of the
                                                                                                                                                      proposed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                      Coastal Management Act. The
                                                                                                                                                      review of capital improvement
                                                                                                                                                      projects will insure that
                                                                                                                                                      the potential adverse im-
                                                                                                                                                      pacts on both coastal re-
                                                                                                                                                      sources and future water
                                                                                                                                                      dependent development act-'
                                                                                                                                                      ivities are acceptable.

                                                          TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
             Program Name          Statutory Authority           Description of  Program Jurisdiction and Procedures        Administering
                                                                                                                            Agency                 Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                 B.  Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                     If a municipality opts to
                                                                                                                                                     prepare a Municipal Coastal
                                                                                                                                                     Program,the Capital Im-
                                                                                                                                                     provement Program, insofar
                                                                                                                                                     as it affects the area
                                                                                                                                                     within the coastal boundary,
                                                                                                                                                     may be revised to insure
                                                                                                                                                     that it conforms to and
       .40                                                                                                                                           effectuates the goals and
       u",                                                                                                                                           policies and land and water
                                                                                                                                                     use strategies of the (re-
                                                                                                                                                     vised) Municipal Plan of
                                                                                                                                                     Development (P-roposed
                                                                                                                                                     amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                     Management Act, Sec. 7-10).

                                                            TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO-COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUI EMENTS

                                                                                                                              Administering
              Program Name          Statutory Authority            Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures         Agency                 Changes Under CAM

           7. Open Space Plan       C.G.S. Sec. 12-107e           In preparing a plan of Development, the planning          Planning Comm .ission/  A. Municipal Site Plan Review
                                                                  commission way aesignate areas which it recommends for Municipal Tax Assessor
                                                                  preservation as open space. Private owners of open                                    No Change.
                                                                  space land designated in the Municipal Plan of Ilev-
                                                                  elopment may apply for relief from municipal property
                                                                  taxes.

                                                                                                                                                    B.  Municipal Coastal Progra

                                                                                                                                                        If the municipality opts
                                                                                                                                                        to prepare a Municipal
                                                                                                                                                        Coastal Program, the mun-
                                                                                                                                                        icipality may revise its
                                                                                                                                                        Open Space Plan to be
                                                                                                                                                        consistent with its re-
                                                                                                                                                        vised Municipal Plan of
                                                                                                                                                        Development. (proposed
                                                                                                                                                        Amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                        Management Act, Sec. 7-10)

                                                             JABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
             Program Name                                                                                                         Administering
                                    Statutory Authority              Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures           Agency                 Changes Under CAM

        8. Development Plan or      C.G.S. Sec. 8-189                Development projects are projects conducted by the         Economic Development     A.  Municipal Site Plan Review
           Project                                                   municipality for the assembly, improvement, and            Commission or Re-
                                                                     disposition of land and/or buildings to be used            development Agency           Per the requirements of
                                                                     principally for industrial or business purposes.                                        Sec. 8-24 of the C.G.S.,
                                                                     A Development Plan outlines and describes the proposed                                  development projects (out-
                                                                     projects.  Development Plans are referred to the plan-                                  lined in Development Plans)
                                                                     ning commission or combined planning zoning commission                                  must be referred to the
                                                                     to insure consistency with the Municipal Plan of Dev-                                   planning commission or com-
                                                                     elopment and to the appropriate Regional Planning                                       bined planning-zoning cam-
                                                                     agency to insure consistency with regional plans.                                       mission for review and
                                                                     The municipal legislative body and the Commissioner                                     comment.   All development
                                                                     of Economic Development must both approve a Developmen                                  projects within the coastal
                                                                     Plan before it can be adopted. The development agency                                   boundary will be subject
                                                                     is required to hold at least 'one public hearing on                                     to coastal site plan
       -4                                                            the Plan.                                                                               review requirements.
                                                                                                                                                             (Proposed amendments to
                                                                                                                                                             the Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                             Act, Sec. 11(b)). The
                                                                                                                                                             planning commission or
                                                                                                                                                             comb ined planning-zoning
                                                                                                                                                             commission shall, in add-
                                                                                                                                                             ition to the discretion
                                                                                                                                                             granted in Sec. 8-24 of
                                                                                                                                                             the C.G.S. approve, modify'
                                                                                                                                                             or deny the project pro-
                                                                                                                                                             posed in the site plan on
                                                                                                                                                             the basis of criteria listed
                                                                                                                                                             in Sec. 12 of the proposed
                                                                                                                                                             amendments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                             Management Act. The review
                                                                                                                                                             will insure that the pot-
                                                                                                                                                             ential adverse impacts on
                                                                                                                                                             both coastal resources and
                                                                                                                                                             future water dependent
                                                                                                                                                             development activities are
                                                                                                                                                             acceptable.

                                                             TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO-COASTAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
              Program Name          Statutory Authority                                                                         Administering
                                                                   Description  of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures          Agency                  Changes Under CAM

                                                                                                                                                        B.  Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                                                                            I,f a municipality opts
                                                                                                                                                            to prepare a Municipal
                                                                                                                                                            Coastal Program, Develop-
                                                                                                                                                            ment Plans,insofar as
                                                                                                                                                            they affect the area within
                                                                                                                                                            the coastal boundary,
                                                                                                                                                            may be revised to insure
                                                                                                                                                            that they conform to and
                                                                                                                                                            effectuate the goals and
                                                                                                                                                            policies and land and
                                                                                                                                                            water use strategies of
                                                                                                                                                            the (revised) 1,unicipal
                                                                                                                                                            Plan of Development (Pro-
                                                                                                                                                            posed amendments to the
                                                                                                                                                            Coastal Management Act,
                                                                                                                                                            Sec. 7-10).

                                                             TABLE 3 B MUNICIPAL PLANS SUBJECT TO COASTAL MANAGEMENT RE@UIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                   Administering
              Program Name          Statutory Authority              Description of Program Jurisdiction and Procedures            Agency                  Changes Under CAM

           9. Water Pollution         C.G.S. Sec. 7-246              A Water Pollution Control Plan designates and delin-        Water Pollution Con-     A..Municipal Site Plan Review-
              Control Plan                                           eates areas served by any municipal sewerage system;        trol Authority
                                                                     areas where municipal sewerage facilities are planned                                     No change
                                                                     and the schedule of design and construction anticip-
                                                                     ated or proposed; areas where sewers are to be avoided;
                                                                     areas served by any community sewerage system not owne@                              B.  Municipal Coastal Program
                                                                     by a municipality;and areas to be served by any
                                                                     proposed community sewerage system not owned by a                                        If a municipality opts to
                                                                     municipality.   The plan also describes the means by                                     prepare  a Municipal Coastal
                                                                     which municipal programs are being carried out to                                        Program, theWater Pollution
                                                                     avoid community pollution problems.                                                      Control Plan, insofar as it
                                                                                                                                                              affects the area @ithin the
                                                                                                                                                              coastal boundary, may be
                                                                                                                                                              revised to insure that it
                                                                                                                                                              conforms to and effect-
                                                                                                                                                              uates the goals and pol-
                                                                                                                                                              icies and land and water
                                                                                                                                                              6se strategies of-the (re-
                                                                                                                                                              vised) Municipal Plan of
                                                                                                                                                              Development (Proposed amen-
                                                                                                                                                              dments to the Coastal
                                                                                                                                                              Management Act, Sec. 7-10).

                                 USES SUBJECT TO CONTROL AND REGULATION
                                    UNDER THE COASTAL MANAGEMENT ACT

                          All uses having an impact on coastal resources are regulated
                     or controlled under Connecticut's Coastal Management Program.
                     As noted in the introduction to this Section, this broad compre-
                     hensiveness in uses subject to the program's jurisdiction is a
                     result of the state's decision to build on existing state and
                     local authorities governing private and public development along
                     the coast. All uses subject to the Coastal Management Act's
                     requirements are already subject to state and local control or
                     regulation. No new state or local approvals are required. No new
                     regulatory or control agencies are created. However, the legal
                     authorities of state and local regulatory and development agencies
                     have been altered to require that agency decision-makers,in reviewing
                     developments consider coastal impacts in light of the uniform
                     coastal goals and policies.

                          Column 1 of Table 4 provides a detailed listing of uses having
                     the potential for significant coastal impacts. Column 2 gives the
                     statutory authority for the regulatory or development control to
                     which the use is subject. Column 3 describes briefly the manner in
                     which coastal impacts of the use will be considered in light of
                     the coastal goals and policies. Column4 refers back to the appropriate
                     sections of Tables 2 and 3 which provide more complete information
                     on how the use will be reviewed under existing regulatory and develop-
                     ment programs for the purposes of coastal management.

                          Uses 1 through 18 in Table 4 are uses subject to state regulatory
                     jurisdiction. As noted in Table 4 they may also be subject to
                     municipal control. Uses 19 through 24 are primarily state development
                     projects. Uses 25 through 29 are uses primarily subject to municipal
                     regulation or control, but may also be subject to state regulation
                     depending on their location and nature.

                          It should be noted that uses, structures and buildings proposed
                     by private developers or municipal agencies are,at a minimum,
                     subject to municipal coastal site plan review requirements. A
                     municipality may (as authorized by the proposed amendments, section
                     16(b) ) exempt the following minor activities from the coastal site
                     pl,an review process:

                               (1)  minor additions to or modification of existing
                                    buildings or detached accessory buildings, such as
                                    garaqes and utility sheds;

                               (2)  construction of new or modification of existing
                                    structures incidental to the enjoyment and main-
                                    tenance of residential property including but not
                                    limited to walks, terraces, driveways, swimming pools,

                                                100

                          tennis courts, docks and detached accessory buildings;

                     (3)  construction of new or modification of existing on premise fences,
                          walls, pedestrian walks and terraces, underground
                          utility connections (essential electric, gas, telephone,
                          water and sewer service lines), signs and
                          such other minor structures as will not substantially
                          alter the natural character of coastal resources or
                          restrict access along the public beach;

                     (4,) construction of an individual conforming single-family
                          residential structure in the following coastal resource
                          areas: shorelands, urban shorefront, and rocky shore-
                          front as defined in section 3 of the proposed amendments;

                     (5)  gardening, landscaping, grazing, farming, and harvest-
                          ing of crops; and

                     (6)  activities conducted for the specific purpose of conserv-
                          or preserving soil, vegetation, water, fish, shellfish,
                          wildlife and other coastal land and water resources.

                                      101

                                                                    TABLE 4 USES SUBJECT TO COASTALMANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
                                 Uses                                      Statutory Authorities                                                                              Table
                                                                                                                                 Controls Under CAM                         References

           1.  All structures and fill in tidal               Coastal Structures Law CGS Sec. 25-7b to 25-        Permit controls under Coastal Struc   tures Law     Table 2 A-1a
               or coastal waters                              7f.  Proposed amendments to Coastal Management      will be consistent with coastal goals and
                                                              Act, Sec. 24                                        policies.

           2. All dredging and removal of sand and            Coastal Dredging Law CGS Sec. 2i-10 to 25-18        Permit controls under Coastal Structures Law         Table 2 A-lb
               gravel from tidal or coastal waters.           Proposed amendments to Coastal Management           will be consistent with coastal goals and
                                                              Act, Sec. 24.                                       policies.

      0    3. All activities in tidal wetlands.               Tidal Wetlands Law CGS Sec. 22a-28 to 22a-35.       Permit controls under Tidal Wetlands Law will        Table 2 A-1c
                                                              Municipal Ordinances CGS Sec. 7-148.                be consistent with coastal goals and policies.
                                                              Proposed amendments to Coastal Management           Municipal coastal site plan review is requir-
                                                              Act, Sec. 7 to 10; Sec. 11 to 16; Sec. 24.          ed. Coastal goals and policies will be con-
                                                                                                                  sidered if ordinance is revised as part of           Table 3 A-9d
                                                                                                                  Municipal Coastal Program.

           4. All construction activities in or alter-        Inland Wetland and Watercourses Law CGS Sec.        State regulations under Inland Wetland and           Table 2 A-ld
              ation of inland wetlands and water-             22a-36 to 22a-45. RCSA Sec. 22a-39-1 to             Watercourses Law will be consistent with
              courses.                                        39-13.2 . Proposed Amendments to Coastal            coastal goals and policies.
                                                              Management Act, Sec. 24

                                                              Municipal Regulations per CGS Sec. 22a-42(e)        Municipal coastal site plan   review is re-          Table 3 A-5
                                                              and 22a-42a. Proposed Amendments to Coastal         quired. Coastal goals and policies will
                                                              Management Act, Sec. 11 to 16 and Sec. 7 to         be considered if regulations are revised
                                                              10.                                                 as part of Municipal Coastal Program

                                                                                                      M mom mmm@

                                                                  -TABLE 4 USES SUBJECT TO COASTAL. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
                                                                                                                                                                           Table
                               Uses                                     Statutory Authorities                                Controls U nder CAM                        References
           5.  Construction in and alteratio n               Flood EncroaGhment Lines Pro .gram CGS Sec. 25-   State regulations  under Flood Encroachment        Table 2 A-2
               of flood and erosion prone areas.             41 to 25-4f.  Proposed Amendments to Coastal      Lines Program will be consistent with
                                                             Management Act, Sec. 24.                          coastal goals and policies@
                                                             Executive Order 18, Ella Grasso Governor.         State development  programs for Flood Control      Table 2 B-1
                                                             State Assistance for Flood Control and            and Beach Erosion will be consistent with
                                                             Beach Erosion CGS Set. 25-69 to 25-83a.           coastal goals and  policies.
                                                             Proposed Amendments to Coastal Management
                                                             Act, Sec. 23.

                                                             Zoning CGS Sec. 8-2.Waterway Encroachment         Municipal coastal site plan review is re-          Table 3 A-1
                                                             Line Ordinances. CGS. Sec. 7-147. Proposed        quired. Coastal goals and policies will be         Table 3 A-10
      0                                                      amendments to Coastal Management Act, Sec. 11     considered if ordinance is revised as part
      (Sb                                                    to 16 and 7 to 10.                                of Municipal Coastal Program.

           6. All dams and reservoirs                        Dams and Reservoirs Law CGS Sec. 25-110 to 25-    State regulations under Dams and Reservoirs        Table 2 A-le
                                                             119. Proposed amendments to Coastal Manage-       Laws will be consistent with coastal goals
                                                             ment Act, Sec. 24.                                and policies.

           7.  All uses significantly Polluting the          Water Pollution Control Laws CGS.                 State permits controls and regulations will
               waters of the state.                          Sec. 25-26 to 25-27                               be consistent with coastal goals and policies      Table 2 A-3a
                                                             Sec. 25-54a to 25-54q
                                                             Sec. 25-54aa   Proposed amendments to Coastal
                                                             Management Act, Sec. 24
                                                             Water Quality Planning CGS Sec. 25-54c            State plans will be consistent with coastal        Table 2 C-5
                                                             Federal Clean Water Act (PL 92-500)               goals and policies
                                                             Sec. 208 and 303 (e) Proposed Amendments
                                                             to Coastal Management Act, Sec. 23

                                                                 -TABLE 4 USES SUBJECT TO COASTAL.MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
                                                                                                                                                                         Table
                               Uses                                     Statutory Authorities                                Controls Under. CAM                       References
                                                                                                                                       i

          8.  All sewer lines, sewage treatment plants     Water Pollution Control Laws CGS Sec. 25-26;       State permit controls and regulations will        Table 2 A-3b
              and municipal sewer avoidance prograps.      25-54b; 25-54g; 25-54i; 25-54o to 25-54z.          be consistent with coastal goals and policies
                                                           State Grants for Pollution Abatement Facilities
                                                           CGS Sec. 25-54r to 25-54z. Proposed Amend-
                                                           ments to Coastal Management Act, Sec. 24
                                                           Federal Clean Water Act (PL 92-500) Sec. 208       State development programs. and state plans       Table 2 C-5
                                                           and 303 (e). Proposed amendments to Coastal        will be consistent with coastal goals and
                                                           Management Act, Sec. 23                            policies.
                                                           Municipal Sewer Avoidance Programs CGS Sec. 7-     Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review will be        Table 3 A-6
                                                           153.   Proposed amendments to Coastal Manage-      required.  Coastal goals and policies will        (Table 2 A-3b)
                                                           ment Act, Sec. 11 to 16 and Sec. 7 to 10.          be considered if program is revised as part
                                                                                                              of Municipal Coastal Program.

          9. All uses significantly polluting the    air   Air Pollution Control Laws CGS. Sec. 19-505 to     State permit controls and regulations will        Table 2 A-4
              resources of the state.                      19-522. RCSA Sec. 19-508-1 to 19-598-100.          be consistent with coastal goals and policies
                                                           Proposed amendments to Coastal Management Act,
                                                           Sec. 24.

          10. All navigation channels.                     Coastal Dredging Laws CGS Sec. 25-10 to 25-18.     State permit controls and regulations will        Table 2 A-5
                                                           Channels CGS Sec. 25-3d. Proposed amendments       be consistent with coastal goals and policies.
                                                           to Coastal Management Act, Sec. 24.

          I.I. All sea lanes, port navigation and anch-    Boating Laws CGS Sec. 15-121 to 15-157.            State permit controls and regulations will        Table 2 A-5
              orage patterns.                              Harbor Navigation Laws CGS. Sec. 15-1 to 15-31     be consistent with coastal goals and policies.
                                                           Proposed amendments to Coastal Management
                                                           Act, Sec. 24.

                                                                     -TABLE 4 USES SUBJECT TO COASTAL. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                                                                  Table
                                 Uses                                       Statutory Authorities                                  Controls Under CAM                           References

             12.   All boating activities                       Boating Laws CGS. Sec. 15-121 to    15-157.         State permit   controls and regulations will         Table 2 A-6
                                                                Proposed amendments to Coastal Management           be consistent with coastal goals and policies.
                                                                Act, Sec. 24

             13. All commercial and recreational                State Fisheries and Game Laws. CGS Sec. 26-1        State permit controls and regulations will           Table 2 A-7b
                   fisheries.                                   to 26-186.   Proposed amendments to Coastal         be consistent with coastal goals and policies
                                                                Management Act, Sec. 24.

             14.   All shellfishing                             State Shellfisheries Laws CGS. Sec. 26-187 to       State permit controls and regulations will           Table 2 A-7a
                                                                26-237. Shellfish Sanitation CGS. Sec. 19-55.       be consistent with coastal goals and policies
                                                                Proposed amendments to Coastal Management
                                                                Act, Sec. 24.

             15. All solid waste disposal sites.                Solid Waste Management Laws CGS. Sec. 19-524a       State permit controls and regulations will           Table 2 A-8
                                                                to 19-524o RCSA Sec. 19-524-1 to 19-524-14.         be consistent with coastal goals and policies
                                                                Proposed amendments to Coastal Management
                                                                Act, Sec. 24.

             16.   All oil and chemical terminal                Oil and Chemical Handling Law CGS. Sec. 25-         State pen-pit controls and regulations will          Table 2 A-9
                   and handling facilities.                     54bb to 25-54kk RCSA Sec. 25-54cc-1 to              be consistent with coastal goals and policies
                                                                25-54-cc-7. Proposed amendments to Coastal
                                                                Management Act, Sec. 24.

             17.   All power facilities                         Public Utilities Environmental Standards Act        State permit controls and regulations will
                                                                CGS Sec. 16-50g to 16-50y. RCSA Sec. 16-50g-        be consistent with coastal goals and policies        Table 2 A-10
                                                                1-43; Sec. 16-50i-1-43; Sec. 16-50r-1-2; Sec.
                                                                16-50z-1-4. Proposed amendments to Coastal
                                                                Management Act, Sec. 24.

                                                                  -TABLE 4 USES SUBJE*CT TO COASTAL.MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
                                                                                                                                                                          Table
                               Uses                                     Statutory Authorities                                 Controls Under CAM                        References
           19.  Harbor and port developments.               Coastal Structures Law CGS. Sec. 25-7b to           State permit controls and regulations will          Table 2 A-1a,b
                                                            25-7f. Coastal Dredging Law CGS. Sec. 25-10         be consistent with coastal goals and policies.
                                                            to 25-18. Proposed amendments to Coastal
                                                            Management Act, Sec. 24.
                                                            State Port Development CGS. Sec. 13b-53             State development projects will be consistent        Table 2 B-2
                                                            State Grants-in Aid for Harbor Improvement          with coastal goals and policies
                                                            CGS Sec. 13b-57. Proposed amendments to Coastal
                                                            Management Act, Sec. 23.
                                                            Municipal Harbor Improvement Agencies. CGS.         Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review is required       Table 3 B-4
                                                            Sec. 13b-56 to 13b-57 Municipal Port Develop-       Coastal goals and policies will be considered
                                                            ment CGS. Sec. 7-329c. Proposed amendments to       if plans and ordinances are revised as part
                                                            Coastal Management Act, Sec. 11 to 16 and Sec.      of Municipal Coastal Program.                        Table 3 B-5
                                                            7 to 10.
          19.  State Park and recreation facilitie@s.       State Park an d Recreation Laws. CGS.               State development projects and state plans will       Table 2 B-3
                                                            Sec. 22a-21 to 22a-27                               be consistent with coastal goals and policies.
                                                            Sec. 23-6 to 23-18                                                                                       Table 2 C-2
                                                            Sec. 23-24 to 23-27
                                                            State Fisheries and Game Laws Sec. 26-16.
                                                            Proposed amendments to Coastal Management
                                                            Act, Sec. 23.

           20.  State conservation reserves and             State Open Space, Conservation and Recreation       State development projects will be consistent         Table 2' B-4
                research facilities.                        Laws CGS. Sec. 22a-6; Sec. 22a-25; Sec. 23-5a       with coastal goals and policies
                                                            to 23-5i.  State Fisheries and Game Laws CGS.
                                                            Sec. 26-3; 26-99; 26-102. Proposed amendments
                                                            to Coastal Management Act, Sec. 23.

                            mmm mom m m= m mm mm mmm

                                                                     TABLE 4 USES SUBJECT TO COASTALMANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

                                                                                                                                                                                   Table
                                Uses                                        Statutory Authorities                                   Controls Under CAM                           References

           21. All state and interstate highways.              State Transportationlaw CGS. Chapters,236            State development projects and state plans            Table 2B-5a
                                                               to 242. Master Transportation Plan CGS. Sec.         will be consistent with coastal goals and
                                                               13b-15. Proposed amendments to Coastal               policies.                                             Table 2 C-1
                                                               Management Act, Sec. 23.

           22.   All airports                                  State Transportation Law CGS, Sec. 13b-46 to         State development projects and state plans            Table 2 B-5b
                                                               13b-49. Master Transportation Plan CGS. Sec.         will be consistent with coastal goals and
                                                               13b-15. Proposed amendments to Coastal Man-          policies.                                             Table 2 C-1
                                                               agement Act, Sec. 23.

      C-   23.  All railroads                                  State Transportation Law CGS. Sec. 13b-32 to         State development projects and state plans            Table 2 B-5c
                                                               13b-38. Master Transportation Plan CGS. Sec.         will be consistent with coastal goals and
                                                               13b-15. Proposed amendments to Coastal               policies.                                             Table 2 C-1
                                                               Management Act, Sec. 23.

          24.  All uses incidental to economic                 Connecticut Development Authority CGS. Sec'          State development poriects will be consistent         Table 2 B-6
               devel opmen t.                                  32-10 to 32-23m.    Proposed amendments to           with coastal goals and policies.
                                                               Coastal Management Act, Sec. 23

          25.  All buildings, structures and uses              Zoning Laws CGS. Sec. 8-2 Municipal Ordin-           Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review is re-             Table 3 A-1
               (except those minor projects ex-                ances CGS. Sec. 7-148. Proposed amendments       to  quired.   Coastal goals and policies will be          Table 3 A-8
               empted by the municipality).                    Coastal Management Act, Sec. 11 to 16 and            considered if ordininces are revised as part          Table 3-,A-9
                                                               Sec. 7 to 10.                                        of Municipal Coastal Program.

                                             Mao MMM                                                    MON M M@

                                                                  -TABLE 4 USES SUBJECT TO COASTAL. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
                               Uses                                                                                                                                         Table
                                                                         Statutory Authorities                                 Controls Under CAM                         References

          26.  Planned Unit Development                     Planned Unit Development CGS. Sec. 8-13(c)           Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review is re-         Table  3 A-2
                                                            and 8-13(f). Proposed amendments to Coastal          quired. Coastal goals and policies will be
                                                            Management Act, Sec. 11 to 16 and Sec. 7 to          considered if ordinances are revised as part
                                                            10.                                                  of Municipal Coastal Program.

          '27. Subdivisions                                 Subdivision CGS. Sec. 8-25.    Proposed amendi -     Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review is re-         Table 3 A-3
                                                            ments; to Coastal Management Act, Sec. 11            quired. Coastal goals and policies will be
                                                            to 16 and Sec. 7 to 10.                              considered if ordinances are revised as part
                                                                                                                 of Municipal Coastal Program.

      CD 28.   Variances                                    Variances CGS. Sec. 8-6(3) Proposed amendment        Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review is re-         Table 3 A-Ib
                                                            to Coastal Management Act, Sec 11 to 16 and          quired. Coastal goals and policies will be
                                                            Sec. 7 to 10.                                        considered if ordinances are revised as part
                                                                                                                 of Municipal Coastal Programs.

          29.  Municipal development projects.              Municipal, Development Projects CGS. Sec. 8-         Municipal Coastal Site Plan Review is re-         Table 3 B-1
                                                            189. Proposed amendments to Coastal Man-             quired. Coastal goals and policies will be
                                                            agement Act, Sec. 11 to 16 and Sec. 7 to 10.         considered if ordinances are revised as part
                                                                                                                 of Municipal Coastal Program.

                             LEGAL AUTHORITIES FOR AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                     Areas of Particular Concern

                          Several generic resource categories have been selected by the
                     state for designation as areas of particular concern as required by
                     Section 305(b)(3) of the federal CZM Act. This designation is based
                     on the development pressure on the resources, their economic importance
                     or other serious problems related to their use. Designation as an
                     area of particular concern means that the state will give special
                     attention to the area in terms of both research and the administrative
                     resources devoted to their regulation, protection or development.

                          Table 5 lists the resources designated as area.s of particular
                     concern, the statutory authority for their control, and the goals and
                     policies and use priorities associated with them. A full description
                     of the reasons for selecting each area and the state management approach
                     for each of them is given in Section VII of this document.

                                                  109

                                                                  TABLE 5-LEGAL AUTHORITIES FORAREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN
              Resource          S atuto_ry_Author_Ldes___4                         _Gnals and Palirip@                                                            U,;e Priorities

           1. Tidal Wetlands   Tidal Wetlands Act CGS. Sec.      General Pol
                                                                          aiia:   "To preserve tidal wetlands and to prevent the despoilation and              a) High Priority
                               22a-28 to 22a-35                  -de-struction thereof." (CGS. Section 22a-28).                                                1. preservation
                               (see Table 2 A-10                                                                                                               2, restoration
                                                                 Specific Policy:   "To preserve tidal wetlands and to prevent the despoilation and            3, research
                                                                 destruction thereof" (CGS Section 22a-28) in order to maintain their vital fun-               4. limited recreation
                               Inland Wetlands and Water-        ctions as a source of high biological productivity, a habitat and nesting, feeding
                               courses Act CGS. Sec.22a-36       and refuge area for shorebirds, a habitat for shellfish, a nursery ground for
                               to 22a-45 (to be used as          larval and juvenile forms of marine organisms, a buffer for storm and wave energy;
                               interim authority for tidal       to encourage the rehabilitation and restoration of degraded tidal wetlands; and               b) Low Priority
                               wetlands not yet designated       where feasible and environmentally acceptable, to encourage the creation of wet-              1. structures
                               as state regulated)               lands for the purposes of shellfish and finfish management, habitat creation and              2. filling
                                                                 dredge spoil disposal. (Section IV B5)                                                        3. dredging
                                                                                                                                                               4. solid waste
                               Proposed Amendments to                                                                                                             disposal
                               Coastal Management Act, Sec.                                                                                                    5. chemical dumping
                               24.

         2. Shellfish Con-     State Shellfisheries Laws CG     Specific Policy:   To employ improved aquaculture techniques in order to re-                      a) High Priority
            centration         Sec. 26-187 to 26-237            vitalize and increase the number and extent of productive shellfish beds and to                   1. aquaculture
            Areas.                                              restore and maintain health and productive bottom conditions.                                     2. restoration
                               Local Shellfisheries Laws                                                                  (See Section IV A-12c)                  3. recreation
                               CGS. Sec. 26-238 to 26-294.
                               Shellfish Sanitation CGS.                                                                                                       b) Low Priority
                               Sec. 19-55 (see Table 2A-7a)                                                                                                    1. dredging
                                                                                                                                                               2. dredge spoil
                               Additional Relevant Auth-                                                                                                          disposal
                               orities: Tidal Wetlands Act                                                                                                     3. activities which in-
                               CGS. Sec. 22a-28 to 22a-35.                                                                                                        crease pollution of
                               Coastal Structures Law                                                                                                             coastal waters.
                               CGS. Sec. 25-7b to 25-7f.
                               Coastal Dredging Law CGS.
                               Sec. 25-10 to 25-18
                               Water Pollution Control Laws
                               CGS. Sec. 25-54a to 25-54g;
                               25-26; 25-27; 25-54aa

                               Proposed Amendments to
                               Coastal Management Act,
                               Sec. 24.

                                                                    TABLE 5-LEGAL AUTHORITIES FOR AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

              Resource           S a-tu to-ry-Autho ri-ti es                                         d PolicieS
          3. Federal Navig-    Federal Coastal Zone Manage-     General Policy: To encourage the maintenance and enhancement     of existing federally             a) High Priority
             ation Channels    went Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-       maintained navigation channels, to reduce the need for future dredging by long range               I .Shipping
                                                                                                                                                    ior to
                               583) as amended, Sec. 307(c).    planning, and to require the consideration of natural sedimentation patterns prior to              2. Re c re a t i o n a 1
                                                                allowing new dredging.                                                                              boating
                               Federal Clean Water Act          Specific Policy: (1) To encourage, through the state permitting program for dredging
                               (P.L. 92-500) Sec. 404(f)(2)     activities, the maintenance and enhancement (i.e. minor alterations such as deepening              b) Low Priority
                                                                or widening) of existing federally maintained navigation channels, basins and anch-                1. Structures
                                                                orages and to discourage the dredging of new or expanded federally maintained navig-               2. Other recreation
                               Water Pollution Control Laws     ation channels, basins and anchorages, (2) to only provide state funding assistance
                               CGS. Sec. 25-54(a) to 25-        for dredging projects which serve the general boating public.
                               54g; 25-26; 25-27; 25-54aa.
                               (See Table 2A-3b                 Specific Policy: To reduce the need for future dredging by requiring that new or ex-
                                                                panded navigation channels, basins and anchorages take advantage of existing water
                                                                depths, circulation and siltation patterns and the best available technologies for
                                                                reducing controllable sedimentation.

                                                                Specific Policy: To initiate in cooperation with the federal governmenta long
                                                                range planning program for the maintenance and enhancement of federally maintained
                                                                navigation facilities in order to effectively and efficiently plan and provide for
                                                                environmentally  sound dredging and disposal of dredged   materials. (See Section IV A-5)
        4. Dredged Spoil       Federal Coastal Zone Manage-     Specific Polia: To initiate in cooperation with the federal government a long range             a) High Priority
           Disposal Sites      ment Act of 1972.(P.L. 92-       planning program for the maintenance and enhancement of federally maintained navig-             1. Dredged spoil
                               538) as amended, Sec. 307(c)     ation facilities in order to effectively and efficiently plan and P@&-Ae' for envir-               disposal
                                                                onmentally sound dredging and disposal of dredged materials. (See section IV A-5)
                                                                                                                                                                b) Low Priority
                               Federal Clean Water Act                                                                                                          1. Uses that would
                               (P.L. 92-500) Sec. 404           Specific Policy: To manage-the nearshore and offshore waters of the state through the              alter disposal
                                                                maintenance, enhancement, or restoration of natural circulatory patterns, biochemical              sites by dis-
                                                                processes, basin configuration, and freshwater inputs; to insure the continued bio-                turbing sediments
                               Water Pollution Control Laws     logical productivity and viability of Long Island Sound as a resource capable of                   or preventing
                               CGS. Sec. 25-54a to 25-54g;      supporting healthy and self-perpetuating marine,anadromous, and shellfisheries, a                  access.
                               25-26; 25-27; 25-54aa.           broad, Sound-wide spectrum of safe and healthy recreational activities, and an effic-
                               (See Table 2 A-3b                ient system of marine commercial transportation and navigation. (See Section IV B-11)
                                                                                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                                                                                    "ig      hr'c
                                                                                                                                                                    Sh ipp   ing
                                                                                                                                                                   2.Rec     rea tlc
                                                                                                                                                                    b0a      ting

                                                                                                                                                                   bLow      Prj0r
                                                                                                                                                                   IStr      'ct,re
                                                                                                                                                                   .0t r     rc
                                                                                                                                                                   2 rhe     e

                                         LEGAL AUTHORITIES FOR
                                 AREAS FOR PRESERVATION OR RESTORATION

                          Section 306(c)(9) of the federal CZM Act requires that the
                     state establish a procedure for the designation of areas for the
                     purpose of preserving or restoring them for their conservation,
                     recreational, ecological or esthetic values. A full discussion of
                     Connecticut's approach to meeting the requirement is provided in
                     Section VII. It should be noted in this discussion.of legal
                     authorities that the Commissioner of Environmental Protection has the
                     authority to acquire property by purchase, lease, gift, devise, ex-
                     change or right of eminent domain for any purpose or activity relating
                     to or compatible with the functions of his department (CGS Section 22a-
                     25). This authority provides sufficient legal authority for the
                     state's proposed approach to preserving or restoring selected coastal
                     land.

                         FUNCTIONAL ROLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
                               OF THE COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                 Introduction

                      Under Connecticut's approach to coastal management, no new
                 regulatory or control programs or agencies are created. However,
                 the authorities of existing agencies are altered slightly to in-
                 corporate coastal management responsibilities. In addition, a
                 coastal management unit is established within the Department of
                 Environmental Protection to coordinate, supervise and assist the
                 existing state and local agencies in carrying out their coastal
                 management related duties.

                      The purpose of this discussion is to systematically list the
                 duties of state and local agencies and to describe the inter-
                 relationships among them. The primary emphasis will be on the
                 supervisory responsibilities of the newly created CAM Unit of
                 DEP and the new duties assigned to municipal planning and zoning
                 agencies.

                 The Coastal Area Management Unit

                      Section 20 of the proposed amendments to the Coastal Management
                 Act establishes a Coastal Area Management (CAM) unit within the Office
                 of the Commissioner of Environmental Protection. The overall function
                 of the CAM Unit is to coordinate, supervise and assist the activities
                 of existing state and local agencies in carrying out coastal manage-
                 ment requirements. The CAM Unit has been assigned to the Department
                 of Environmental Protection because that agency currently is the lead
                 agency in planning the state's coastal management program and ad-
                 ministers the majority of coastal-related regulatory programs at
                 the state level. Within DEP, the CAM Unit was placed in the Office
                 of the Commissioner to facilitate communication and coordination with
                 other units in the Commissioner's office and with the two major
                 .operating divisions of the Department, the Division of Environmental
                 Quality (which is responsible for permitting activities) and the
                 Division of Conservation and Preservation (which is responsible for
                 parks, recreation, fish and wildlife management, conservation measures
                 and property management). The major functional responsibilities of
                 the CAM Unit are discussed below.

                      Administration of State and Federal Coastal Management Funds
                 In accordance with Section 22a-96 of the General Statutes and section
                 6 of the proposed amendments the CAM Unit would have the following
                 responsibilities with respect to administration of state and federal,

                     funds for coastal management:

                              ,(a) In cooperation with DEP's business administration unit
                                    the-CAM Unit would be responsible for the annual pre-
                                   _paration of the state's application for federal financial
                                    assistance under Section 306 of the federal CZM Act.

                               (b)  In cooperation with DEP's business administration unit
                                    the CAM Unit would be responsible for administering
                                    annual grants to municipalities for the purpose of
                                    carrying out their duties for coastal site plan re-
                                    views and for preparation and implementation of
                                    municipal coastal programs.

                               (c)  In cooperation with DEP's business administration unit
                                    the CAM Unit would be responsible for allocating state
                                    and federal funds to other units of DEP, other state
                                    agencies, regional planning agencies and outside con-
                                    sultants and contractors as applicable for the purposes
                                    of relevant regulation, planning, technical assistance,
                                    and research.

                               (d)  In cooperation with DEP's business administration,
                                    planning and coordination, and land acquisition units
                                    the CAM Unit would be responsible for preparing
                                    applications and administering federal grants for
                                    purchasing estuarine sanctuaries and land for access
                                    to public beaches and other public coastal areas under
                                    Section 315 of the federal CZM Act.

                               (e)  In cooperation with DEP's business administration unit
                                    the CAM Unit would be responsible for preparing ap-
                                    plications for and administering special federal grants
                                    from the federal Office of Coastal Zone Management for
                                    activities such as urban port studies and fisheries
                                    management studies.

                               (f)  In cooperation with the state's Office of Policy and
                                    Management the CAM Unit would be responsible for pre-
                                    paring applications and administering federal grants
                                    for studying and ameliorating the effects of energy-
                                    related impacts under Section 308 of the federal
                                    CZM Act.

                          Coordination of DEP Responsibilities for Coastal Management --
                     The CAM Unit would be responsible for coordinating the following
                     coastal management duties of DEP.

                               (a) The CAM Unit would  be responsible for preparing the
                                    coastal boundary maps required by Section 22a-94 of
                                    the General Statutes and section 4 of the proposed
                                    amendments.

                           (b)  The CAM Unit would be responsible for providing techni-
                                cal assistance to municipalities as required by section  5
                                of the proposed amendments, including preparation of
                                a model municipal coastal program (see Appendix E ) and
                                preparation of resource factor maps (see Appendix F ).

                           (c)  The CAM Unit would be responsible for preparing regulations
                                containing specific coastal goals and policies for
                                guiding municipal and state decisions in accordance with
                                section 18 of the proposed amendments (see Section
                                of this document).

                           (d)  The CAM Unit would be responsible for preparing advisory
                                guidelines to assist state and local agencies in evaluat-
                                ing the impacts of coastal development in accordance
                                with section 19 of the proposed amendments (see Appendix D

                           (e), The CAM Unit would be responsible for monitoring the
                                coastal management activities of state and local
                                agencies and for preparing an annual report in ac-
                                cordance with section 20 of the proposed amendments.

                           (f)  In cooperation with the Water Resources, Water Compliance,
                                Air, Marine, Fisheries, Solid Waste, and Hazardous
                                Materials Management units of DEP the CAM Unit would
                                be responsible for insuring that coastal goals and
                                policies are followed in administering coastal related
                                permitting activities as required by section 24 of the
                                proposed amendments.

                           (g)  The CAM Unit would be responsible for monitoring municipal
                                regulatory decisions within the coastal boundary and
                                advising the Commissioner of DEP on when to intervene
                                as a party or appelant to such decisions as authorized
                                by section 22 of the proposed amendments.

                           N    The CAM Unit would be responsible for reviewing re-
                                visions to municipal plans of development and revisions
                                to municipal zoning regulations undertaken in pre-
                                paration of municipal coastal programs in accordance
                                with sections 8(d) and 9(b) of the proposed amendments.

                           (i)  In cooperation with the Water Resources Unit of DEP
                                and the Aquaculture Division of the Department of
                                Agriculture, the CAM Unit would be responsible for
                                developing policies for the state's areas of parti-
                                cular concern (see Section VII of this document)@

                           0)   In cooperation with the Division of Conservation and
                                Preservation and the Land Acquisition Unit of DEP the
                                CAM Unit would be responsible for the state's activities

                                    with respect to preservation and restoration of
                                    coastal areas (see Section VII of this document).

                               W    The CAM Unit would be responsible for monitoring the
                                    administration of the national interest policy (see
                                    Section VIII of this document).

                               (1)  The CAM Unit would be responsible for providing staff
                                    support to the Commissioner of DEP's Coastal Area
                                    Management Advisory Board (see Section IX of this
                                    document)..

                          Coordination With Other State Agencies -- The CAM Unit would be
                     responsible for the following activities concerning coordination of
                     the duties of other state agencies for coastal management.

                               (a)  The CAM Unit would be responsible for consulting with
                                    other units of DEP and other state agencies revising
                                    major state plans to insure consistency with coastal goals
                                    and policies in accordance with section 23(a) of the
                                    proposed amendments (see also the discussions on
                                    erosion planning, shorefront planning and energy plan-
                                    ning in Section VIII of this document).

                               (b)  In cooperation with the Planning and Coordination Unit
                                    of DEP the CAM Unit would be responsible for revising
                                    the regulations for state agency project environmental
                                    impact statements in accordance with section 23(b) of
                                    the proposed amendments.

                               (c)  In cooperation with the State'Power Facilities Evaluation
                                    Council (PFEC.- of which the Commissioner of DEP is
                                    a member), the CAM Unit would be responsible for in-
                                    suring that coastal goals and policies are considered
                                    in licensing electric generating facilities and other
                                    power facilities regulated by the PFEC in accordance
                                    with Section 16-50p of the General Statutes.

                          Federal Consistency Reviews     In accordance with Section 22a-96
                     of the General Statutes the CAM Unit would be responsible for reviewing
                     the cons.istency of federal agency activities, actions, permits, grants
                     and outer continental shelf energy related activities with the state's
                     coastal program (see also the discussion of federal consistency in
                     this section).

                          Coordination and Simplification of State and Federal Coastal
                     Permit Programs -- In cooperation with the Water-Resources and
                     Water Compliance Units of DEP the CAM Unit would be responsible for
                     procedural. coordination and simplification of state and federal
                     coastal permit programs in accordance with Section 22a-96 of the
                     General Statutes.

                                                 116

                        Interstate Coordination -- The CAM Unit would be responsible for
                  coordinating the state's coastal management program with the coastal
                  management programs of New York and Rhode Island and other interstate
                  agencies as required by Section 306(c)(2)(B) of the federal CZM Act.

                        Public Participation -- The CAM Unit would be responsible for
                  i@nsuring continuing public participation in the state's coastal
                  management program (see Section IX of this document).

                  Responsibilities of Other Units of the Department of Environmental
                  Protection

                        Water Resources Unit -- The Water Resources Unit would be re-
                  quired to administer the following coastal-related programs in con-
                  formity with coastal goals and policies: Tidal wetlands, coastal
                  structures, coastal dredging, inland wetlands, stream channel en-
                  croachment lines, dams and reservoirs, flood and erosion control,       and
                  U.S HUD Flood Insurance Program. The Water Resources Unit would also
                  assist the CAM Unit in providing technical assistance to municipalities
                  and other state agencies, developing a shoreline erosion and coastal
                  flood hazard management planning process, developing regulations
                  and performance standards for coastal-related regulatory programs,
                  and developling a state dredge spoil disposal policy.

                        Water Compliance Unit -- The Water Compliance Unit would be
                  required to administer the following coastal-related programs in
                  conformity with coastal goals and policies: NPDES water pollution
                  permits, sewer treatment facility grants, sewerage system approvals,
                  sewer avoidance regulations, 401 water quality certification, and
                  208, 303(e) and 201 planning. The Water Compliance Unit would also
                  assist the CAM Unit in developing a state dredge spoil disposal
                  policy.

                        Hazardous Materials Management Unit -- The Hazardous Materials
                  Management Unit would be required to administer its oil and chemical
                 .terminal regulatory program in conformity with coastal goals and
                  policies.

                        Air Compliance Unit -- The Air Compliance Unit would be required
                  to administer its air pollution regulatory activities in conformity
                  with the coastal goals and policies and to consider the coastal
                  goals and policies in revising the State Air Quality Implementation
                  Plan, the Air Quality Maintenance Plan and Transportation Control
                  Plan.

                        Solid Waste Management Unit -- The Solid Waste Unit would be
                  required to administer its solid waste facility permit program in
                  conformity with the coastal goals and policies.

                        Fisheries Unit -- The Fisheries Unit would be required to
                  admiinister its regulation of commercial and recreational marine

                     fisheries in conformity with the coastal goals and policies.

                           Parks and Recreation Unit -- The Parks and Recreation Unit
                     would be required to consider the coastal goals and policies in
                     planning and developing coastal recreational facilities.

                           Marine Region Field Office -- The Marine Region Field Office
                     would be required to consider the coastal goals and policies in
                     regulating boating activities. The Marine Region Field Office
                     would also assist the CAM Unit in conducting research studies.

                           NaturalliResources Center- The Natural Resources Center
                     would assist the CAM Unit in providing technical information, pre-
                     paring flooding and erosion plans, and preparing management plans
                     for natural areas.

                           Land Acquisition Unit -- The Land Acquisition Unit would be
                     required to consider the coastal goals and policies in purchasing
                     coastal property.

                           Planning and Coordination Unit    The Planning and Coordination
                     Unit would receive the assistance of the CAM Unit in (a) revising
                     regulations concerning state project environmental impact statements
                     to include consideration of coastal goals and policies, (b) revising
                     the coastal-related section of the State Comprehensive Outdoor
                     Recreation Plan, and (c) conducti,ng coastal-related A-95 reviews.

                           Business Administration Unit -- The Business Administration
                     Unit would assist the CAM Unit in adminstering grants from the
                     federal government and in providing grants to municipalities.

                           Information and Education Unit -- The Information and Education
                     Unit would assist the CAM Unit in public participation activities.

                     Responsibilities of Other State Agencies

                           All state agencies have three major responsibilities under the
                     Coastal Management Act: (a) they must revise major state plans to
                     conform to the coastal goals and policies, (b) in planning and under-
                     taking major development projects they must consider the advisory
                     coastal development guidelines (see Appendix D ) and insure that
                     such projects are consistent with the coastal goals and policies,
                     and (c) they must include an evaluation of coastal impacts in pre-
                     paring state environmental impact statements. (It should also be
                     noted that state development projects are also subject to regulation
                     under state permit programs.) The discussion below focuses on
                     state agencies subject to the plan revision requirements of the
                     coastal management act or agencies with other special responsibilities
                     for coastal management@.

                      The Office of Policy and Management     The Office of Policy and
                 Management has four major responsibilities related to coastal manage-
                 ment: (a) review of state project environmental impact statements
                 to insure that they adequately consider the coastal goals and
                 policies, (b) revision of the State Plan of Conservation and Develop-
                 ment to insure consistency with the coastal goals and policies,
                 (c) revision of state energy plans to insure consistency with the
                 coastal goals and policies, and (d) administration of energy impact
                 planning grants under Section 308 of the federal CZM Act after
                 consultation with the CAM Unit of DEP.

                      Department of Transportation -- The Department of Transportation
                 has two major responsibilities related to coastal management: (a) re-
                 vision of the State Master Transportation Plan to insure consistency
                 with the coastal goal� and policies, and (b) coordination with DEP
                 concerning the activities of Harbormasters and municipal harbor
                 improvement agencies.

                      Division of Aquaculture -- The Aquaculture Division of the
                 Department of Agriculture would cooperate with DEP in preparing
                 a management program for state-owned shellfish beds.

                      Power Facilities Evaluation Council -- The Power Facilities
                 Evaluation Council (of which the Commissioner of DEP is a member)
                 would be required to consider the coastal goals and policies in
                 licensing theconstruction and operation within the coastal boundary
                 of electric generating plants and other power facilities under its
                 jurisdiction.

                      University of Connecticut -- Theservices of the Marine Sciences
                 Institute and Marine Advisory Service of the University of Connecticut
                 would be utilized in coastal research studies.

                      The Department of Economic Development -*- The Department of
                 Economic Development would be required to revise its economic plan
                 for the state to insure consistency with the coastal goals and policies.

                      Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority -- The Connecticut Re-
                 sources Recovery Authority would be required to revise its plans for
                 the development of a solid waste recovery system in the coastal area
                 to insure consistency with the coastal goals and policies

                 Responsibilities of Coastal Municipalities

                      Municipalities have two major responsibilities for coastal manage-
                 ment: administration of the mandatory coastal site plan reviews and
                 preparation of voluntary municipal coastal programs. Each of these
                 responsibilities will be discussed separately.

                      Municipal Coastal Site Plan Reviews -- Sections 11 through 16 of
                 the proposed amendments to the Coastal Management Act require munici-
                 palities to conduct site plan reviews concerning the coastal impacts

                                              119

                     of individual development projects currently subject to their regulatory
                     jurisdiction. Because the site pl,an reviews are mandated by state
                     statute no revision to municipal zoning regulations or other land
                     use ordinances or regulations will be required.

                          Municipalities currently exercise regulatory jurisdiction over
                     land and water uses under the following major programs and authorities:

                               (a)  Zoning under the authority of Sections 8-2 and 8-3
                                    of the General Statutes-- all buildings, uses, and
                                    structures are regulated by the municipal zoning
                                    commission.

                               N    Subdivision regulations under the authority of
                                    Section 8-25 of the General Statutes -- all sub-
                                    divisions of land are regulated by the municipal
                                    planning commission.

                               (c)  Planned Unit,Development regulations under the
                                    authority of Section 8-13f of the General Statutes--
                                    all planned unit developments of greater than 25
                                    dwelling units are regulated by the municipal planning
                                    commission.

                               (d)  Variances under the authority of Section 8-7 of the
                                    General Statutes -- all variance from zoning regula-
                                    tions are regulated by the municipal zoning board of
                                    appeals.

                               (e)  Special Permits under the authority of Section 8-2 of
                                    the General Statutes -- municipalities may by
                                    regulation permit development otherwise excluded from
                                    a particular zone if it meets specified conditions as
                                    determined (at the option of the municipality) by
                                    the zoning commission, planning commission or zoning
                                    board of appeals.
                               M    Review of Municipal Improvements under the authority
                                    of Section 8-24 of the General Statutes -- all major
                                    municipal development projects are subject to review
                                    and approval by the municipal planning commission.

                          Section 11 of the proposed amendments provides that development
                     projects subject to the above programs and occurring within the
                     coastal boundary are also subject to special coastal site plan review
                     requirements. The site plan review procedures would, in practice,
                     consist of the following six steps:

                            (1)   Initiation of the Review Procedure. As   under existing
                                  planning and zoning procedures, an applicant would
                                  initiate the review process by submitting.a complete
                                  application and request for approval. This application
                                  should contain sufficient data, maps, drawings, and other
                                  back-up materials necessary to adequately describe the
                                  proposed activity and identify such major components of
                                  the activity as the physical extent and nature of the
                                  project, coastal resources affected by the project, time
                                  sequence and duration of the project, access routes and
                                  right-of-ways required by the project, major environmental
                                  impacts associated with the project, and any measures
                                  which would be employed to mitigate negative environ-
                                  mental impacts. Much of this material is required al-
                                  ready under existing zoning procedures with the exception
                                  of environmental information. The amount of detail
                                  necessary would depend on the size or extent of the pro-
                                  ject.

                            (2)   Standard Zoning or Planning Review. Step two of the
                                  review process consists solely of standard planning or
                                  zoning review as applicable to the proposed activity.

                            (3)   Review for Potential Impacts. Prior to initiation of
                                  a complete coastal site plan review an initial assess-
                                  ment of the activity's potential for significant impact
                                  on coastal resources and future water-dependent develop-
                                  ment activities would be conducted. Advisory guidelines
                                  (Appendix D ) and resource maps (Appendix F ) provided
                                  by the CAM Program will assist in making a quick deter-
                                  mination of those activities which have the potential
                                  to cause a significant coastal impact and are therefore
                                  subject to a more complete coastal site plan review.
                                  If an activity were determined to have little or no
                                  impact on coastal resources and future water-dependent
                                  and development activities or was an exempted use
                                  (see section 16 of the proposed amendments), it would
                                  not be subject to the review procedure (steps 4 and 5).
                                  Only standard zoning or subdivision procedures (step 2)
                                  would apply.

                            (4)   Environmental Analysis. When a proposed activity is
                                  i5nitially identified a's likely to have a significant
                                  impact on coastal resources, an assessment of the
                                  site to be affected by the proposed activity would be
                                  necessary. The assessment would include an inventory
                                .of the coastal resource,types, processes and other
                                  biological and physical resource components of the site.
                                  Guidelines (contained in Appendix D ) and the CAM-pro-
                                  vided maps wi-11 aid in determining wKich resources are
                                  affected and important to maintain in order to assure
                                  the continued functioning of those resources and to
                                  protect the health, safety, and property of the
                                  community.

                               (5)   Project Analysis. During the project analysis of the
                                     coastal site plan review, the proposed project would
                                     be examined in the context of the proposed site to
                                     determine (1) if the resources are capable of sup-
                                     porting the project without sustaining major negative
                                     impacts and (2) if the proposed use is suitable for
                                     the location. In making these determinations, potential
                                     positive and negative environmental impacts resulting
                                     from the project would be identified and assessed.
                                     In addition, possible alternative designs for the
                                     proposed project and possible measures to mitigate the
                                     negative impacts could be identified.  Anianalysis of
                                     neighboring uses and the potential for future water-
                                     dependent development activities would also be re-
                                     quired. Again the guidelines would be  of assistance
                                     in making these determinations.

                                     As part of the project analysis the planning or zoning
                                     commission would have the option of requiring a public
                                     hearing for buildings, uses or structures which are
                                     subject to the zoning regulations as defined by
                                     Section 8-3 of the Connecticut General Statutes. Hear-
                                     ings are presently required for the four other categories
                                     of activities which would be subject to coastal sitel
                                     plan review.
                                (6)  Begultatory Decision. The final step in the review pro-
                                     cess is, of course, the regulatory decision. At
                                     this point a decision would be made by the planning and
                                     zoning commission on the basis of standard planning and
                                     zoning requirements and the goals and policies in
                                     Section 3 of P.A. 78-152 as amended by._section 2 of the
                                     proposed amendments, and the goals and policies issued by
                                     the Commissioner of DEP in accordance with section 18 of
                                     the proposed amendments.. The coastal. site plan
                                     review guidelines       (Appendix D ) would also
                                     assist "in determining the acceptability of project im-
                                     pacts. ProJects having unacceptable impacts could be
                                     denied or approved with conditions or appropriate
                                     modifications which would result in.acceptable impacts.

                          The majority of development projects evaluated by a municipality
                     under the coastal site plan review would not require technical analyses
                     and site inventories beyond the material provided by the applicant
                     and the resource factor maps provided by the Department of Environmental
                     Protection. However, should the need for such services arise,
                     technical assistance would be available from the CAM Unit of DEP.
                     Available resource@ would include technically trained personnel, re-
                     source inventories, maps, photographic surveys and related data.
                     In addition, state financial assistance under federal CZM Act funding
                     could be used by the municipalities for staff or consultant services
                     (either private.or through coastal regional planning agencies) to
                     assist in the site plan reviews. For further discussion of the site

                  pl an review process and some examples of how it would work, see
                  Appendix D .

                       Municipal Coastal Programs -- Sections 7 through 10 of the
                  proposed amendmwts allow coastal municipalities to prepare and
                  adopt a comprehensive coastal program. Financial and technical
                  assistance would be available from the state for municipalities
                  electing to prepare a coastal program.

                       Municipal coastal programs would apply to that portion of a
                  municipality within the coastal boundary. A coastal program would
                  be developed in two major phases: (1) revision of the municipal
                  plan of development based on a consideration of the town's coastal
                  resources, the opportunities for water-dependent development and
                  the coastal goals and policies, and (2) revision of municipal zoning
                  ordinances and other land use regulations and ordinances in con-,
                  formity with the revised plan of development. The primary
                  mechanism for implementing the coastal program would be the site
                  plan review process.

                       Adoption of a coastal program would enable a municipality to
                  supplement the case-by-case approach of the mandatory site pl.an
                  reviews. The coastal program would provide the municipality with
                  a comprehensive and long-range view of coastal development op-
                  portunities and provide valuable information to facilitate the site
                  plan review process. It would also provide coastal property owners
                  and developers with more specific guidance in planning development
                  projects.

                       Preparation of a muni:cipal coastal program would occur in the
                  following steps:

                            (1)   Issuesiadd Problems Identification. The municipal
                                  planning commission would identify the major coastal
                                  related problems and issues facing the community.

                            (2)   Revision of the Municipal Plan of Development. The
                                  municipal planning commission would prepare revisions
                                  of the municipal plan of development after considering
                                  (a) the community's coastal problems and issues, (b) the
                                  state coastal goals and policies, and (c) the nature and
                                  location of coastal resources, future water-dependent
                                  development opportunities, existing land use and
                                  development patterns and public service needs. At the
                                  option of the municipality, other municipal plans such
                                  as harbor improvement plans may also be revised.

                            (3)   Review by the Commissioner of DEP. Proposed revisions
                                  of the municipal plan of development and other munici-
                                  pal plans would be submitted to the Commissioner of
                                  Environmental Protection for review and comment to
                                  insure appropriate consideration of the coastal goals
                                  and policies.

                              (4)  Adoption of Revised Plans. After receiving comments
                                   from the Commissioner of Environmental Protection, the
                                   municipality would adopt the revisions to the municipal
                                   plan of development and other related plans (with
                                   changes based on the Commissioner's comments if it
                                   desires) in accordance with existing procedural and
                                   public participation requirements.

                              (5)  Revisions to Municipal Land Use Regulations. After
                                   adopting revisions to its plan of development, the
                                   municipality would prepare revisions to its zoning,
                                   subdivision and planned unit development regulations
                                   and other land use regulations and ordinances to
                                   conform to the revised plan of development and to
                                   implement the coastal goals and policies.

                              (6)  Review by the Commissioner of DEP. Proposed revisions
                                   to municipal land use regulations and ordinances would
                                   be submitted to the Commissioner of Environmental
                                   Protection for review and comment to insure appropriate
                                   consideration of the coastal goals and policies.

                              (7)  Adoption of Revised Land Use Regulations. After receiv-
                                   ing comments from the Commissioner of Environmental
                                   Protection, the municipality would adopt the revisions
                                   to land use regulations and ordinances (with changes
                                   based on the Commissioner's comments if it desires) in
                                   accordance with existing procedural and public partici-
                                   pation requirements.

                              (8)  Implementation. Implementation of the municipal coastal
                                   program would occur through existing regulatory and
                                   development programs, and in particular, the coastal
                                   site plan review process.

                              (9)  Amendments. Future amendments or revisions to the
                                   municipal plan of development and land use regulations
                                   for the area within the coastal boundary would be
                                   undertaken in accordance with steps (2) through (7).

                          Appendix E contains a model municipal coastal program. The model
                    program explains in greater detail the preparation of a coastal program.
                    It also contains maps which illustrate the types of changes to munici-
                    pal plans and zoning regulations which are consistent with the coastal
                    goals and policies.

                                        PLAN COORDINATION

                      The federal Coastal Zone Management Act requires coastal
                 states to coordinate their management program with other state,
                 regional, and local government plans and planning programs af-
                 fecting the coastal zone. Listed below are those government
                 agencies identified by the Connecticut Coastal Area Management
                 Program as having major coastal related plans and planning cap-
                 abilities. A brief summary of the plan or program toward which
                 CAM has directed its coordination efforts is also included. It
                 should be noted that this subsection is intended to highlight
                 major plans and planning responsibilities as required in Section
                 923.56 of the fe@eral C7M reg'ulations. This subsection is not
                 intended to provide an in-depth discussion of agency plans and
                 planning programs nor is it intended to provide a comprehensive
                 review of all relevant agency responsibilities.* For a dis-
                 cussion of the roles and responsibilities of other Connecticut
                 agencies in the CAM program, see the discussion of organizational
                 roles and responsibilities in an earlier part of this section.

                      Department of Transportation--The Department of Transport-
                 ation prepares the annual Connecticut Master Transportation
                 Plan which serves as the basis for implementing statewide trans-
                 portation improvement programs.

                      Department of Economic Development--The Department of Econ-
                 omic Development is presently preparing an Economic Plan for the
                 state covering such topics as manpower training, taxation, and
                 industrial growth and decline.

                      Office of Policy and Management (OPM)--The Office of Policy
                 and Management is charged with general state planning activities
                 including preparation of the Conservation and Development Policies
                 Plan. OPM also shares responsibility with the Department of Econ-
                 omic Development and the Department of Environmental Protection
                 for Outer Continental Shelf Exploration and other energy re-
                 lated planning activities.

                      *Additional information on Connecticut plans and planning
                 programs and the relevant responsibilities of other Connecticut
                 agencies is available in: The unpublished Department of Planning
                 and Energy Policy report, Review of Plans and Planning Processes,
                 prepared under contract to CAM; CAM Planning Report No. 9:
                 Major Public and Private Interests in the Coastal Area: An Over-
                 view of the Present Management System; CAM Planning Report No. 16:
                 Major Policy Options for State Involvement in Coastal Management;
                 CAM Planning Report No. 21: Discussion Papers: Options and Re- -
                 commendations for a Connecticut Coastal Management Progr@`m-, Part 11;

                            Department of Environmental Protection--The Department of Envir-
                      onmental Protection is responsible for a number of coastal related
                      planning programs focusing upon:

                                 - air quality (State Implementation Plan for Air Quality)

                                 - water quality (Section 208, 303(e) and 201 planning re-
                                   quirements of the Clean Water Act)

                                 - fisheries management

                                 - solid waste managemert

                                 - recreation (State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan)

                            Connecticut Resource Recovery Authority--The Connecticut Re-
                      source Recovery Authority is in the process of developing and im-
                      plementing a statewide solid waste recovery system. This system
                      is outlined in the State Solid Waste Management Plan.

                            Thirty-six Coastal Municipalities--The planning commission (or
                      combined planning-zoning commission) of each municipality is respon-
                      sible for preparing, adopting, and amending a municipal Plan of De-
                      velopment.

                            Coastal Regional Planning Agencies--Each Regional Planning
                      Agency prepares a Regional Plan of Development which sets forth
                      general use recommendations for the area under its jurisduction.

                            Tri-State Regional Planning Commission--This planning organ-
                      ization has broad transportation and comprehensive planning re-
                      sponsibilities for the interstate urban regions of Connecticut,
                      New York, and New Jersey.

                            New England River Basins Commission (NERBC)--The New England
                      River Basins Commission's planning responsibilities focus on river
                      basin planning; comprehensive, coordinated joint planning; and re-
                      gional coastal planning. To date, the Long Island Sound Study is
                      one of the major NERBC plans concerning Connecticut's coastal re-
                      sources.

                            In the course of developing the management program, a number of
                      mechanisms have been utilized by the Coastal Area Management Program
                      to ensure coordination with the above Dlans and Dlanning programs.
                      From its inception, the CAM program has been guided by an Advisory
                      Board which has served as a major forum for program coordination.

                        and an unpublished CAM white naper, Recommendations for the Functional
                      Responsibiiities and Organizational Framework of the Section 306
                      Coastal Management Program.

                 As noted in Section!X , the Advisory Board includes representatives
                 from seven state agencies and all of the coastal Regional Planning
                 Agencies. The CAM Advisory Board has been utilized throughout the
                 program's development to establish policy direction, to provide con-
                 tinuin'g - advice, to act as a sounding board on major issues, and to
                 coordinate management program development with relevant Connecticut
                 agencies. A listing of all formal Advisory Board meetings is pre-
                 sented in Appendix L .

                      In addition, to ensure coordination during program development,
                 CAM has maintained a continuous liaison with state, local, and region-
                 al officials. Coordination efforts with officials have included
                 numerous workshops and meetings; widespread distribution of CAM-plan-
                 ning reports and the "Land's End" newsletters; and other public par-
                 ticipation endeavors. For a listing of CAM's meetings, workshops,
                 and public participation engagements,see Appendl'x L.

                     Contractual work assionments to independent agencies are a further
                 mechanism which have been used by CAM to ensure coordination. In
                 this respect, the Regional Planning Agencies, the Office of Policy
                 and Management, and ihe Department of Economic Development have con-
                 tributed to program development by assisting CAM in data collectioh
                 and analysis and formulation of program recommendations.

                     Regional and interstate coordination has been handled primarily
                 through the A-95 review process, the NERBC New York-New England
                 Coastal Zone Task Force, and direct contacts  with neighboring states.
                 In keeping with the A-015 review requirements, CAM's federal grant ap-
                 plications have been circulated by the authorized "clearinghouses"
                 (Tri-State, Connecticut River Estuary and Southeastern Regional
                 Planning Agencies, Office of Policy and Management) for review and
                 comment. The NERBC New York-New England Coastal Zone Task Force was
                 organized in direct response to CZMA coordination requirements as a
                 forum for discussion of state programs and issues of common concern.
                 As noted in ADpFend'ix L,. Connecticut has served as an active mem-
                 ber of the Ta'sk Force since its inception. Connecticut has also es-
                 tablished a number of informal working relationships with individuals
                 in the New York and Rhode Island Coastal Programs thereby enhancing
                 and facilitating the flow of information between neighboring states.

                     Because of CAM's ongoing coordination efforts, there are no
                 conflicts between the management program and the previously identi-
                 fied local, regional, state, and interstate plans and programs re-
                 quiring resolution at this time. This conclusion is supported by
                 the unpublished report prepared by the Department of Planning and
                 Energy Policy (now the Office of Policy and Management) under con-
                 tract to CAM. This report, entitled Review of Plans and Planning
                 Processes, reviewed all major Connecticut plans and planning pro-
                 grams and identified no existing or anticipated plan conflicts with
                 the coastal management program.

                     Continuing Plan Coordination

                          The proposed amendments to the Coastal Management Act (see
                     Appendix C ) incorporate a number of provisions designed to ensure
                     continuing cooperation, consultation and coordination with the
                     planning programs identified above. The mechanisms for continuing
                     coordination are discussed below.

                          Coordination of State Plans -- Section 23(a) of the proposed
                     amendments requires that all major state plans affecting the coastal
                     area shall be consistent with the coastal goals and policies.
                     Existing plans are required to be revised within 18 months, after
                     consultation with the Commissioner of DEP to insure such consistency.

                          Local Plans -- Sections 7, 8 and 10 of the proposed amendments
                     require that municipalities adopting a coastal program shall follow
                     the coastal goals and policies in revising and amending local plans.
                     The plans of municipalities which do not choose to prepare a coastal
                     program need not be consistent with the coastal goals and policies.
                     However, such municipalities are required to follow the goals and
                     policies in making determinations concerning development project site
                     plan reviews.   Thus, the site plan review process wil I, in those munic-
                      ipal.ities, serve as'an ad hoc planning process.

                          Regional Planning Agencies Development Plans -- Section 8-35a
                     of the General Statutes requires that the preparation of a regional
                     plan of development "be based on studies of physical, social, economic
                     and governmental conditions and trends." Since the CAM Program is a
                     major "government condition" the regional planning agencies must con-
                     sider the CAM Program and its goals and po@icies in revis'ing regional
                     plan*s.

                          Coordination with Interstate Plans -- Coordination with the
                     Tri-State Regional Planning Commission and the New England River
                     Basins Commission (including, in particular, its New York-New England
                     Coastal Zone Management Task Force) will be handled through the
                     state's representatives to those organizations.

                          Coordination with Federal Plans -- Coordination with federal
                     agencies will be handled through both the "federal consistency"
                     process (see the  discussion on federal consistency in a later part
                     of this section)  and through the "federal A-95" review process.
                     Federal agencies  will also have an opportunity to comment on the
                     state's approval  for federal funding under Section 306 of the
                     CZM Act.

                          Other Means  of Plan Coordination -- Consultation with state
                     and regional planning agencies will also be maintained through the
                     continued existence of the CAM Advisory Board. The CAM Advisory
                     Board has representatives of both state and regional planning agencies.
                     The Board will continue to advise the Commissioner on coastal management

                 issues. The Commissioner of DEP is required by section 6 of the pro-
                 posed amendments to continue consultation with, and hold periodic
                 workshops for, municipal officials. Finally, the annual report
                 prepared by the Commissioner of DEP in accordance with section 20(c)
                 of the proposed amendments must address problems in plan coordination.

                                         FEDERAL CONSISTENCY

                    Introduction

                         The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 requires that any
                    federal agency conducting activities significantly affecting the coastal
                    area of any state shall do so in a manner that is consistent with the
                    state's approved management program.

                         The Office of Coastal Zone Management has provided coastal states,
                    federal agencies and other interested parties with regulations (15 CFR
                    Part 930) that set forth the policies and procedures necessary for
                    the implementation of the federal consistency provisions (Section 307)
                    of the Coastal Zone Management Act.

                         The State agency designated to administer and review federal
                    actions in Connecticut to determine their consistency is the Coastal
                    Area Management (CAM) Program. This agency is responsible for secur-
                    ing the necessary review and comment from other state, regional or
                    local government agencies and is the only agency authorized to comment
                    officially on a federal consistency determination, concur with or
                    object to a previously determined consistency certification, or deter-
                    mine the consistency of a proposed federal assistance activity.

                        It should be.pointed out that for activities, projects or grants
                    requiring a state license or permit that an affirmative consistency
                    determination by CAM, based on general CAM program goals and policies,
                    does not guarantee that any necessary state licenses or permits will
                    also be affirmative.

                         In the interest of brevity, the meaning of the definitions and
                    explanations of the consistency provisions contained in 15 CFR Part 930
                    will not be repeated here and are hereby adopted by reference. Ad-
                    ditionally, the procedures and requirements for consistency by federal
                    agencies are adopted as the procedures and requirements which the
                    Connecticut Coastal Area Management Program expects federal agencies
                    to follow.

                         The above regulations set up four categories of federal actions
                    that require a consistency review. These categories are as follows:
                    direct federal activities and development projects; federally licensed
                    and permitted activities; federally licensed and permitted activities
                    described in detail in OCS*(Outer Continental Shelf) plans; and
                    federal assistance to state and local governments. Direct federal
                    activities and development projects that "significantly affect" the
                    coastal area must be conducted in a manner that is "consistent to
                    the maximum extent practicable" with Connecticut's approved coastal
                    management program. Activities in the latter three categories must

                    *OCS Plan - the term "OCS Plan" means any plan for the exploration or
                    development of, or production from, any area which has been leased
                    under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 USC Sec. 1331 et seq).

                                                   rbo

                 be certified by the state to be "consistent" with its management
                 program before the license, permit or grant is approved by the
                 federal agency.

                      Direct Federal Activities and Deyelopment Projects

                      General -- Direct federal activities include any functions per-
                 formed by or on behalf of a federal agency in the exercise of its
                 statutory responsibilities. A development project is defined as any
                 federal activity involving the planning, construction, modification
                 or removal of public works facilities or other structures, and the
                 acquisition, utilization, or disposal of land  or water resources.

                      Activities and Projects Subject to Consistency Revitew -- Federal
                ,activities and development projects are subject to a consistency re-
                 view if it is determined that these activities or projects will "si.gni-
                 ficantly affect" the coastal area. Actions or projects are deemed to
                 have a "significant affect" if they.cause:

                           - Changes in the manner in which land, water, or other
                             coastal area natural resources are used;

                           - limitation on the range of uses of coastal area natural
                             resources; or

                           - changes in the quality of coastal area natural resources.

                      The term "significant affect" or "significantly affecting the
                 coastal-zone" describes the coastal zone effect caused by a federal
                 activity (including development projects), a federal license or per@
                 mit activity (including OCS activities), or a federal assistance
                 activity which is sufficient to trigger the responsibility for comply-
                 ing with federal consistency requirements.

                      The issue of whether a particular type of federal action (e.g.
                 federal activity, development project, license, permit or assistance)
                 significantly affects the coastal zone is separate from whether the
                 proposed action satisfies the relevant consistency requirements of
                 the Act. The former issue simply addresses a test (described above)
                 which, once met by a federal action, leads to an opportunity for
                 state agency review of the proposed action. During the consistency
                 review stage, the issue of the consistency of the proposed federal
                 action (with the state's management program) is analyzed and resolved.,

                      Under the consistency regulations, direct federal activities
                 and development projects in the coastal area must be consistent
                 with the management program to the "maximum extent practicable."
                 According to the federal regulations, "maximum extent practicable"
                 means capable of being done to the fullest degree permitted by
                 existing federal law. It should be noted that a federal license
                 or permit activity (including OCS activities), or a federal assis-
                 tance activity must meet   simple "consistent with the state's
                 management program" criteria.

                                             131

                            Federal agencies shall determine which of their activities
                       significantly affect Connecticut's coastal area and shall consider
                       all development projects within the coastal area to have a signifi-
                       cant affect. In order to facilitate this determination, a pre-
                       liminary listing of federal activities and development projects
                       is provided in Table H-1 (Appendix H). A final list will be pre-
                       pared following public review and comment from the respective
                       federal agencies.

                     Notification Process

                          Federal agencies must provide the Connecticut Coastal Area Manage-
                     ment (CAM)- Program with consistency determinations at the earliest
                     practicable time in the planning of the activity, preferrably before
                     the activity or project reaches a decision stage likely to restrict
                     the evaluation of alternative approaches. In any case, the consistency
                     determination must be provided to the CAM Program at least 90 days
                   ..before final approval of the federal activity or project. Although
                     use of existing notification procedures is not required, federal
                     agencies are encouraged to provide consistency determinations through
                     existing mechanisms such as OMB Circular A-95 and NEPA environmental
                     impact statements.

                          The consistency determination must contain the following:

                               - a brief statement indicating whether or not the proposed
                                 activity or project will be undertaken in a manner
                                 consistent to the maximum extent practicable with
                                 Connecticut's CAM Program;

                               - an evaluation of the relevant provisions of.the pro-
                                 gram, particularly the CAM Program's goals and policies;

                                 a detailed description of the activity or project, their
                                 associated facilities, and thei,r coastal area effects;

                                 comprehensive data and information sufficient to support
                                 the federal agency's consistency statement.

                     State Re view Process

                          Pursuant to Section 930.41 (15 CFR Part 930) the state shall
                     inform the federal agency of its agreement or disagreement with the
                     federal agency's consistency determination at the earliest practicable
                     time, but in no case later than 45 days following receipt of federal
                     notification, unless an extension has been granted. State concurrence
                     is presumed if no response is received with the 45 day period. The
                     state may request and shall be given one 15 day extension; longer or
                     additional extensions may be granted by the federal agency.

                      Upon receipt of federal notification, the CAM Program will
                 notify the Coastal Area Management Advisory Board and any affected
                 agencies, organizations or individuals. Additionally, either the
                 CAM Program or the Central Planning and Coordination Unit within the
                 Department of Environmental Protection will notify all affected DEP
                 units. The CAM Program shall be responsible for compiling comments
                 and responding to the federal agency.
                      If the Coastal Area Management Advisory Board elects to review
                 the federal agency's consistency determination, the procedures for
                 Advisory Board review outlined under Federal Licenses and Permits will
                 be followed. The Advisory Board's recommendation to CAM will be part
                 of the record upon which the CAM Program's concurrence or objection to
                 the federal agency's consistency determination is based.

                 State Agency Disagreement

                     in the event that the CAM Program disagrees with the federal
                 agency's consistency determination, CAM will respond to the agency
                 with its reasons for disagreement and any necessary supporting
                 information. The response will describe:

                          - how the proposed activity will be inconsistent with
                            specific elements of the CAM Program;

                          - alternative measures, if feasible, which if adopted by
                            the federal agency would make the proposed action
                            consistently; and

                          - the nature and necessity of additional information that
                            would be necessary to determine the consistency of the
                            activity or*l,development.

                 CAM will send copies of its objections to the affected federal agency
                 and to the Associate Administrator of NOAA.

                     In the event of disagreement, the state will utilize the remaining
                 portion of the 90 day review period to attempt to resolve its differences
                 with the federal agency. Federal agencies are requested to refrain from
                 undertaking the proposed activity or project beyond the 90 day notifi-
                 cation period in order to allow a non-judicial resolution to the diS-
                 agreement.

                                                133

                     Mediation

                           Provisions have been made and a procedure described in subparts
                     G and H of NOAA regulations published in the Federal Register of
                     March 13, 1978 (15 CFR Part 930 Sectton 930.120 through 930.134) by
                     which the Secretary of Commerce may mediate disagreements arising
                     from consistency determinations for (a) federal activities and
                     development projects; (b) federal licenses and permits; (c) OCS plans;
                     and (d) federal assistance to state and local governments. These
                     provisions are incorporated by reference into the Connecticut Coastal
                     Area Management Program.

                           In all cases of conflict or objection relating to a federal con-
                     sistency determination under the above listed categories, the CAM
                     Program will seek resolution of the conflict or objection through in-
                     formal meetings with the affected federal agency or applicant. In
                     any case, the CAM Program will inform the federal agency or applicant
                     of the appeal and mediation provisions relating to the specific
                     consistency determination at issue.

                                       Federal License$ and Permits

                           General -- The term federal license or permit means any authori-
                     zati6n, -certification, approval, or other form of permission which any
                     federal agency is empowered to issue to an applicant. OCS leases and
                     permits are not covered in this definition and they are explained in
                     detail in the following section describing OCS Exploration, Develop-
                     ment and Production Activities. Activities which require a federal
                     license or permit and which affect lands or water within Connecticut
                     must be consistent with the CAM Program.

                           Listed Licenses and Permits (Within and Outside the Managemeni-
                     Boundary -- All of the licenses and permits listed in Table H-2
                     Appen     H for activities occurring within Connecticut's coastal
                     management boundary are considered as significantly affecting Con-
                     necticut's coastal zone and, therefore, are subject to consistency
                     certifications and review. Licenses and permits listed which relate
                     to activities occurring outside the boundary established pursuant to
                     Connecticut's Coastal Area Management Program will be considered to
                     significantly affect the coastal zone if they:

                                (a)  could result in a significant change in air or
                                     water quality or quantity within Connecticut; or

                                (b)  involve activities in close proximity to Connecticut's
                                     coastal boundary and could lead to significant land
                                     or water,use pattern impacts, require new or expanded
                                     facilities or services within Connecticut, or have

                              the potential to adversely impact the conduct of
                              commerce, trade, or agricultural pursuits within
                              Connecticut;'or

                         (c)  involve actions which could impact commercial or
                              recreational fishing, marine transportation, or other
                              uses of the state's coastal waters or submerged
                              lands; or

                         W) involve the transport, storage or    handling of
                              hazardous or toxic materials such  that spills or other
                              accidents.could impact Conhecticut's land or waters.

                    The list of federal licenses and permits may  be refined by the
               CAM Program following consultation with the affected federal agency
               and approval of additions or deletion by the Associate Administrator
               of NOAA.

                    Unlisted Licenses and Permits -- Section 930.54 of the federal
               regulations pertaining to Federal Consistency (15 CFR 930) provides
               that state agencies, with the assistance of federal agencies, may mon-
               itor other federal license and permit activities which may reasonably
               be expected to significantly affect the state's coastal zone. Con-
               necticut proposes to monitor unlisted federal license and permit
               activities through the A-95 Process, State and Regional Clearinghouses,
               NEPA environmental impact statements, and routine reporting of regional
               resource agencies (New England River Basins Commission, New England
               .Regional Commis.sion, etc..).

                   Notification Process - Applicant's Responsibility      Federal
               agencies are required to inform appTicants for listed tederal licenses
               and permits of the applicant'.s responsibilities for notification to
               the state and submission of required information including a con-
               sistency certification. Form of notice and the consistency certifi-
               cation shall comply with Sections 930.57 and 930.58 (15 CFR Part 930).
                   These requirements shall also apply to unlisted licenses and per-
               mits and to licenses and permits for activities occurring outside of
               Connecticut's coastal management boundary if the CAM Program notifies
               the federal agency, the applicant and the Associate Administrator of
               NOAA within 45 days of the public notice of the federal license or
               permit.

                           Applicants s'hould, as a preliminary matter, seek  the views of
                     the state and seek the assistance of the   CAM Program regarding the
                     means for ensuring the proposed activity   will be coordinated in a
                     manner consistent with the Connecticut program.

                           As a convenience to applicants, federal agencies are requested to
                     list the requirements for consistency determinations on their applica-
                     tion  forms and inform the applicant of the address and telephone number
                     of the designated Connecticut consistency agency (CAM Program).

                           At the same time that an application for a listed federal license
                     or permit is submitted to the federal agency, the applicant will
                     transmit a copy of the application and consistency certification in
                     the form specified by Sections 930.57 and 930.58 to the state. If
                     the application would ordinarily be sent to a state agency other than
                     the CAM Program, a duplicate copy must also be sent to CAM.

                           State Review Process -- Pursuant to Section 930.60, state review
                     of a federal license or permit application commences at the time the
                     CAM Program receives a copy of the consistency certification and sup-
                     portive information in the form specified under Sections 930.57 and
                     930.58. Public notification of the application will be carried out
                     by the most applicable procedure listed below. Wherever possible,
                     federal and state agencies are encouraged to issue joint public notices
                     to minimize duplication of effort and to avoid unnecessary delays.

                                (a)  In cases where a federal agency reviewing an application
                                     for a license or permit is required to give public
                                     notification by way of the A-95 notification process
                                     or through NEPA environmental impact statements, the
                                     CAM Program will rely upon these notification procedures.

                                (b)  In those cases that require public notification by a state
                                     agency (NPDES, 401 Water Quality, USACE 404 Permits, etc.),
                                     notification will be carried out by the state agency
                                     utilizing that agency's notification procedures as well
                                     as required state procedures.
                                (c)  In all other cases, public notice will proceed as
                                     follows:

                                                   13(o

                                 1.  The CAM Program will give reasonable notice, at
                                     least 30 days public notice, prior to the date the
                                     CAM Prograim plans to respond to the certification;

                                 2.  The notice shall describe the subject matter of the
                                     certification review; including a summary of the pro-
                                     posed activity and an announcement of the availability
                                     for inspection of the consistency certification and
                                     accompanying public information;

                                 3.  The notice shall request interested parties to
                                     comment on the proposed activity;

                                 4.  The notice shall provide the date, time, and place
                                     of any hearing which the CAM Program decides to hold
                                     on the certification review, if any;

                                 5.  The nbti@ce shall be published in at least two Con-
                                     necticut newspapers of general circulation;

                                 6.  Notice shall also be otherwise provided in the im-
                                     mediate area of the coastal zone which is likely to
                                     be significantly affected by the proposed activity,
                                     if the notice in 5 above is inadequate for this
                                     purpose;

                                 7.  Public notice shall be expanded in proportion to the
                                     degree of.likely public interest involved, the sub-
                                     stantial commitment of or impact on coastal resources,
                                     the complexity or controversy of the proposal, or
                                     for other good cause.

                      if the CAM Program holds public hearings on certification reviews,
                 they shall be scheduled with a view towards'(1) allowing access to the
                 consistency certification and accompanying public information within
                 a reasonable time prior to the hearing, (2) facilitating broad public
                 attendance and partici'pation at the hearing, and (3) affording the
                 applicant expeditious consideration of the proposed activity.

                 Review by Coastal Area Management Advisory Board

                      In order to facilitate review of applications and consistency
                 certifications, notice will be sent to the Coastal Area Management
                 Advisory Board. the Advisory Board review will include consideration
                 of the application and supportive information to determine if:

                           (a) the proposed activity conflicts with the objectives
                                 and policies of the Connecticut Coastal Area Manage-
                                 ment Program;

                               (b)  the proposed activity by itself, or in consideration
                                    with existing projects, would cause a violation of a
                                    Connecticut statute or regulation contained in the pro-
                                    gram or result in an adverse impact of an unacceptable
                                    nature as defined by t-@e management program; or

                               (c)  alternative measures exist, which if adopted by the
                                    applicant would permit the proposed activity to be con-
                                    ducted in a manner consistent with the management program.

                          The Advisory Board will render its recommendation to.the CAM
                     Program and such recommendation will be part of the*record upon
                     which the CAM Program's consistency certification decision is based.

                          State Concurrence with a Consistency Certification - Notice and
                     Process -"At the earliest practicable time, @ut not sooner than 60
                     days a-fter receipt of the certification in acceptable form, the
                     CAM Program shall notify the federal agency and the applicant whether
                     it concurs or objects to the consistency certification. Concurrence
                     shall be in writing. Concurrence by the CAM Program shall be auto-
                     matically and conclusively presumed if CAM does not respond within
                     six months of the commencement of the CAM review. If the CAM Program
                     has not issued a decision within 90 calendar days of the commencement
                     of the review, CAM shall notify the federal agency and the applicant
                     of the status of the matter and the basis for further delay.

                          Federal Action When CAM Concurs with a Consistency Certification
                     If CAM issues a concurrence (or concurrence is conclusively presumed)
                     with the applicant's consistency certification, the federal agency
                     may approve the application for a license or permit. If a federal
                     agency determines that it will deny an application, early notification
                     to the CAM Program is desired in order to avoid an unnecessary con-
                     sistency review.

                          Federal Action When CAM Objects to a Consistency Certification --
                     At any time during the six months following commencement of the revi,ew
                     period, CAM may object to the consistency certification. Such objection
                     will be contained in a written notice to the applicant, the federal
                     agency and the Associate Administrator of NOAA.  The notice will describe
                     how the proposed activity is inconsistent, any alternatives which will
                     make the project or activity consistent, and the nature and necessity
                     of any information required to determine program consistency. Upon
                     .receipt of the state's objection, the federal agency shall be prevented
                     from granting the federal license or permit, except where permitted
                     upon approval by the Secretary Commerce based upon a finding that the
                     proposed activity is consistent with the purposes of the Federal Coastal
                     Zone Management Act or in the interest of national security (15 CFR
                     930, subpart H).

                          Mediation -- See Mediation section contained under Direct Federal
                     Activities and Development Projects.

                        Wai ver of Revi ew -- The CAM Program. may, af ter. program approval ,
                  establish procedures to waive the consistency review for certain
                  classes or types of projects based on a consideration of their size,
                  scope, location or extent of state and local control. Such waivers
                  will be considered whenever the objectives of the CAM Program are met,
                  when in the opinion of the state adequate safeguards are built into
                  State and local permitting authority, or when the interests of the
                  public and the applicant are best served by such action. Waivers
                  will apply only to the State Review Process set forth above, not
                  to the requirements placed on the applicant for a consistency deter-
                  mination.

                        OCS Exploration, Development and Production Activities

                        General -- Subpart E of 15 CFR Part 930 provides that OCS plans
                  submitted to the U.S. Secretary of the Interior for Outer Continental
                  Shelf exploration, development,.@and production, and all associated
                  federal licenses and permits described in detail in such OCS plans,
                  shall be subject to a determination of their consistency with a state's
                  coastal management program. To be included in a consistency determina-
                  tion are: (a) license and.permit activities which are described in
                  detail in the OCS plan, such as , permits to drill, rights-of-use
                  and easements for the construction and maintenance of structures, plat-
                  forms 'gathering and flow lines; and (b) OCS-related licenses and permits,
                  such as for pipeline corridors, artificial islands or other fixed
                  structures, transport of dredged materials, and discharges or emissions
                  subject to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.of 1972 or the Clean
                  Air Act of 1970.

                        A certification of consistency for each activity described in
                  detail in the OCS plan shall be attached to the OCS plan at the
                  time it is submitted to the Secretary of the Interior. No federal
                  official or agency shall grant any license or permit for any activity
                  described in detail in the OCS plan until the state has received such
                  certification and plan together and until the state has concurred or
                  conclusive concurrence is presumed.

                        OCS plan license and permit actions not described in detail in
                  the OCS plan are subject to the provisions for federal licenses and
                  permits (see,@preceding section).

                        Notification Process -- Any   persion submitting to the U.S. Secretary
                  of the Interior any OCS plan must provide the Department of the
                  Interior with a consistency certification, attached to the OCS plan,
                  and must furnish the CAM Proqram with a copy of the OCS plan (qxclud-
                  ing proprietary information) and    a consistency certification.

                        When satisfied that the proposed activities described in detail
                  in the OCS plan meet the federal consisto-ncy requirements, the OCS
                  lessee or operator shall declare in the consistency certification that:

                                                     139

                               "The proposed activities described in detail in this
                               plan comply with Connecticut's approved coastal manage-
                               menit program and will be conducted in a manner consistent
                               with such program."

                          Supporting information to accompany the certification will in-
                     clude the comprehensive offshore, nearshore and onshore data and
                     material required by the Department of the Interior's operating
                     regulations governing exploration, development and production opera-
                     tions on the OCS (30 CFR 250) and regulations pertaining to Interior's
                    .OCS information program (30 CFR Part 252) and must also include a
                     brief assessment of the probable coastal zone effects, and a brief
                     set of findings indicating that the proposed activities, their associated
                     facilities, and their combined effects, are all consistent with the
                     provisions of the management program.

                          State Review Proces -- The CAM Program will utilize the State
                     Review Process decribed under Federal Licenses and Permits for
                     purposes of consistency review of OCS Exploration,.Development-and
                     Production Activities.

                          State Concurrence with Consi-atency Determinatio -- At the earliest
                     practicable time,but not sooner than 60 days,the CAM Program will notify
                     the person and federal agency whether it concurs with or objects to
                     the consistency certification. If the 5tAte issues a concurrence, it
                     will notify both the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the
                     Interior. Concurrence by the state agency shall be conclusively pre-
                     sumed in the absence of an objection within -three months following com-
                     mencement of State review.

                          If the CAM Program has not issued a decision within 90 days
                     following the beginning of review, it will notify the person and the
                     Department of the Interior of the status of the matter and the basis
                     for further delay.

                          If the state issues a concurrence or is conclusively presumed to
                     concur, the person will not be required to submit additional certifications
                     and supporting information for state review at the time federal applica-
                     tions are actually filed for the federal permit activities described
                     in detail in the OCS plan provided that the OCS plan is not amended or
                     substantially altered. The lessee or operator must, however, supply
                     the CAM Program with copies of permit applications to allow the state
                     to monitor the approved OCS activities.

                          State Objection to a Consistency Determination -- In the event
                     the state objects to the person's OCS plan certification, it will
                     accompany its objection with reasons and supporting information con-
                     cerning each activity which the state finds to be inconsistent.with
                     the management program. The state's objection will include a state-
                     ment informing the person of a right to appeal to the Secretary of
                     Commerce on the ground described below. Following receipt of a state
                     agency objection, federal agencies may not issue any of the licenses
                     or permits for activities described in detail in the OCS plan.

                                                   I L@O

                      Mediation---- See  Mediation section contained under Direct Federal
                 Activities and Development Projects.

                        Federal Assistance to State and Local Governments

                      Genpral -- Federal consistency provisions (Subpart F, 15 CFR
                 Part 930) provide that state and local governments submitting ap-
                 plications for federal assistance affecting a state's coastal
                 zone shall certify that such applications are consistent with       the
                 6tate's coastal management program.

                      The term "federal assistance" means assistance provided under
                 a federal program to an applicant agency through grant or contractual
                 arrangements, loans, subsidies, guarantees, insurance, or other forms
                 of financial aid. An applicant agency refers to any unit of state or
                 local government which, following management program approval,* sub-
                 mits an application for federal assistance.

                      A federal agency may not grant federal assistance if a state
                 objects on the grounds that the proposed action to be supported by
                 federal assistance is imonsistent with the state's,coastal management
                 program.

                      Listing of Applicable Federal Assistance Programs -- A state
                 coastal-management program must include a listing of federal assistance
                 programs for which a consistency review is required. Table H-3,
                 AppendixH provides a tentative list of federal assistance programs
                 which are subject to the consistency review.

                      Notification Process      The CAM Program shall be notified of the
                 feder@a-l-a-ss-i's-t-an-c-e--a-p-p-Fi-cation as a result of the Office of Management
                 and Budget A-95 process, which provides for the evaluation, review and
                 coordination of federally assisted programs (see 41 Federal Register
                 2052 (1976)).

                      The A-95 clearinghouses must ensure that the CAM Program is af-
                 forded an opportunity to review proposed federal assistance projects.
                 If during the A-95 process the CAM Program does not object to the
                 proposal, the federal agency may grant the federal assistance,
                 assuring that all other conditions and matters raised during the
                 A-95 process are satisfactorily resolved.

                      State Review Process -- The process established by the State and*
                 Regional Clearinghouses will be followed for purposes of this review.
                 In most cases it can be expected that as a result of consultation
                 among the state and federal agencies and the applicant agency*, CAM
                 approval will expeditiously occur followed by federal approval of
                 the assistance request. This p    .rocess will ensure that public funds
                 are expended not only in accordance with federal law, but also in
                 a manner which provides that the new projects will be consistent with

                      the Coastal Area Management Program. In addition, the sL'ate will be
                      provided with information necessary to plan for and manage the antici-
                      p.ated coastal impacts which will result from the proposal.

                           Applicants for federal assistance which are subject to the
                      consistency review must so indicate in their application. The
                      indication of consistency with the Connecticut Coastal Area Manage-
                      ment Program must include as a minimum:

                                 (a)  geographic location of the proposed project for which
                                      federal assistance is requested in sufficient detail
                                      as to allow the CAM Program to determine which coastal
                                      resources may be affected;

                                 (b)  description of the proposed project including, where
                                      applicable, scope, nature, timing, public facility and
                                      service requirements, population impact, employment
                                      impact, total cost, and other features or characteristics
                                      in sufficient detail to allow for review of the pro-
                                      posed project relative to the Connecticut CAM Program;

                                 (c)  a certification determination executed by the chief
                                      executive officer of the governmental agency or unit
                                      making the application. The following form is
                                      recommended:

                             I,  (Name)        , as   (Title)   of (Agency or applicant)
                           hereby certify that the proposed     use of federal assistance
                           contemplated by this application     is consistent with the Con-
                           necticut Coastal Area Management     Program and will be expendeld
                           in a manner consistent with that     program."

                           State Objection to Federal Assistance Application -- In the event
                      the CAM Program objects on grounds of inconsistency with the Connecticut
                      Program to the applicant agency's proposal, it must accompany its
                      objections with reasons and supporting information. The A-95 clearing-
                      house must then notify the applicant agency and the federal agency of
                      the state's objection and must inform the applicant agency of its
                      right to appeal to the Secretary of Commerce. ' Additionally, the CAM
                      Program will notif the applicant agenc and the federal agency directly of
                      the objections to 4e application a� wer, as the applicant'agency's
                      right to appeal to the Secretary of Commerce. Following receipt of
                      the CAM Program's objection, the federal agency may not grant the
                      federal a5sistance.

                           State CAM objections will: (a) describe how the proposed project
                      is inconsistent with specific elements of the management program;
                      (b) indicate alternative measures, if any, which if adopted would make
                      the proposal consistent; and (c) if the objection is on the basis of
                      insufficient information, indicate the nature of the information and

                 necessity of having such information to determine the consistency
                 of the activity with the Connecticut CAM Program.

                      Mediation -- See Mediation section contained under Direct Federal
                 Activities and Development Projects.

                         RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS CONCERNING COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

                          Under Connecticut's approach to coastal management, municipal,
                     state and federal agencies will all continue to play an active role
                     in making regulatory and development decisions affecting the coast.
                     The major mechanism for Preventing and resolving conflicting de-
                     cisions among the agencies is the coastal goals and policies which
                     will guide the actions of all agencies.

                          Municipalities will follow the goals and policies in making case-
                     by-case decisions concerning the private and municipal development
                     projects under their jurisdiction and in preparing the voluntary
                     municipal coastal programs. State agencies will follow the coastal
                     goals and policies in making regulatory decisions, in designing state
                     development projects, in preparing environmental impact statements
                     and in revising state plans. (It should be noted that conflicts
                     concerning municipal and state development projects will often be
                     avoided b*ecause such projects are subject to state regulatory program
                     jurisdiction. Most major municipal and state projects occurring
                     within the coastal boundary and all such projects occurring seaward
                     of the mean hilgh water mark will require a state permit.) Federal
                     agencies, under the "federal consistency" process, will followthe
                     goals and policies in making regulatory decisions, allocating grants,
                     and undertaking development projects. Because the decisions of all
                     agencies affecting the coast are guided by the same goals and policies,
                     conflicts should be reduced.

                          Of necessity, the coastal goals and policies must be broad enough
                     to permit individual agencies at the federal, state and local-levels
                     to apply the other legal criteria they must consider in reviewing a
                     project. It is therefore possible, for example, that in some instances
                     where both a state agency and a local agency have regulatory jurisdiction
                     over the same project that one agency will approve the project and
                     the other one deny approval. This could result from their application
                     of the additional, but different, legal criterta underwhich they
                     decide.

                           Inconsistent decisions among agencies at the federal, state and
                     local level or among agencies at the same level of.government are,
                     from time-to-time,to be expected. What must be guarded against are
                     inconsistent decisions due to in@dequate or improper consideration of
                     the coastal goals and policies. There are three mechanisms for insur-
                     ing proper consideration of the coastal goals and policies by all
                     public agencies. In essence they provide a system of intergovernmental
                     checks and balances with respect to consideration of the coastal goals
                     and policies.

                          Municipal Right as a Party -- Section 21 of the proposed amendments
                     gives coastal municipalities the right to participate in and to appeal
                     the court's permit decisions of the Commissioner of Environmental
                     Protection when such decisions concern the area within the coas  tal

                                                  LK

                 boundary.. Through this mechanism, coastal municipalities can insure
                 that information that they believe is relevant is presented to the
                 Commissioner for consideration. It also allows municipalities to
                 present their interpretation of the coastal goals and policies to
                 the Commissioner and to challenge in court what they believe to be
                 inadequate consideration of the goals and policies by-the Commissioner.

                      Commissioner's Right as a Party -- Section 22 of the proposed
                 amendments gives the CoMMissioner of DEP the right to participate
                 in or to appeal the decision of a municipal agency made in accordance
                 with the site p1an review requirements. Through this mechanism the
                 Commissioner can insure that all relevant information is presented to
                 the agency for its consideration. It also allows the Commissioner
                 to present the Department's interpretation of the coastal goals and
                 policies and to challenge in court what the Department believes to
                 be inadeqaute consideration of these goals and policies by a municipal
                 agency.

                      "Federal Consistency" -@- The "federal consistency" provisions of
                 the federal CZM Act,and regulations thereunder,provide for administrative
                 and judicial appeals concerning the consistency of federal agency de-
                 cisions with the state's coastal goals and policies. A full discussion
                 of these appeal procedures can be found in the discussion of "federal
                 consistency" in the previous part of this Section.

                                             L6

                                            S E C T 1 0 N V I I

                              S P E C I A L M A N A G E M E N T A R E A S

                                   GEOGRAPHIC AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN

                      InII.-roduction

                           The federal Coastal Zone Management Act recognizes the fact
                      that certain areas in the coastal zone embody unique coastal-related
                      values-and that these areas require special management attention, The
                      CZMA requires each state to include in its management program "an
                      inventory and designation of areas of particular concern within the
                      coastal zone."' While no specific management techniques are required
                      for these areas, sufficient authority must exist and other techniques
                      nust be used to protect these resources and to encourage uses for
                      which they are best suited.

                           Connecticut's approach to the designation and subsequent manage-
                      ment of areas of particular concern takes into account both the physical
                      nature of the coast and the state's approach to coastal management.
                      The diverse and segmented nature of the Connecticut coast has nec-
                      essitated a comprehensive resource management approach to resolving
                      conflicts among the many uses in the coastal area. Under the coastal
                      management program, virtually all uses and resources will be managed
                      at either the federal, state, or local level of government. Therefore
                      the primary objective in designating areas of particular concern is to
                      focus oublic attention on certain sionificant areas that are distin-
                      quishe'd by unique coastal-related vaiues including their economic and
                      ecological importance.

                           An initial inventory of potential areas of particular concern was
                      completed by the coastal regional planning agencies during the early
                      stages of program development.   This inventory was supplemented with
                      information aathered by the Coastal Area Management Program staff on
                      critical habitats, other important natural areas, and areas of economic
                      significance.  Four options for designating areas of particular concern
                      are discussed in CAH Planning Report No. 20 (1977). Subsequently,
                      three basic criteria were developed to select areas of particular concern.

                                                   I LRO

                     These criteria are as follows:

                               (1)   The resource should be of regional or statewide
                                     significance based on its ecological and/or economic
                                     values.

                               (2)   The resource should be coastal related--i.e. the area
                                     should be directly related to natural and man-made
                                     coastal systems and processes. Thus APC's should
                                     be unique in or to the coastal area including the
                                     riverine and estuarine components of the coastal area.

                               @3)   Adequate legal authorities (state or federal) must be
                                     available to promote desired uses of the area.

                          Based on  these c riteria, the following  four generic categories
                     of areas of particular concern are designated as part of Connecticut's
                     coastal management program:

                               (1)   Tidal Wetlands
                               (2) Shellfish Concentration Areas
                               (3)   Federal Navigation Channels
                               (4)   Dredged Spoil Disposal Sites

                          All of these areas have been mapped at a statewide scale of
                     1:125,000. In addition, tidal wetlands, shellfish areas, and federal
                     navigation channels have been mapped at the quadrangle base scale of
                     1:24,000 (see Coastal         Maps, Appendix F ).
                          It should be noted that tidal wetlands, shellfishinq ar    eas and
                   federal navigation channels have also been designated as in the nation-
                   al interest (see - Secit.-ion 3(14) proposed amendments to the Connecticut
                   Coastal V.,anaqement Act, Appendix C').

                  Description of APC's

                                            Tidal Wetlands
                          Rationale-Ji-dal wetlands are    areas which border on or lie be-
                     neathtidAl waters, such as banks,     bogs, salt marshes, swamps, meadows,
                     flats or other'low'larfds subjeft to  ti'dal action and which have surfaces
                     at or below an elevation of one foot above local extreme high water.
                     This includes regulated and unregulated areas as.defined by Section 22a-
                     29 of the Connecticut General Statutes.
                          As areas of hi  gh biological productivity, tidal Wetlands are an
                     important link in the  food chain  of the Long Island Sound and adjacent
                     shorelands. They provide habitat, nesting,-feeding and refuge areas
                     for shore birds, nursery grounds for larval and juvenile forms of many
                     marine species, and a significant habitat for shellfish.
                          Tidal wetlands provide economic and social benefits to the people
                     Of Connecticut.   In addition to providing recreational and educational

                       opportunities, they act as water purifiers by trapping sediments,
                       reducing turbidity, and restricting the passage of toxic sub-
                       stances and heavy metals. Healthy wetland vegetation can help
                       to buffer storm and wave energy and stabilize shoreline erosion.

                            It is estimated that fifty percent of the tidal wetlands that
                       were present in Connecticut in 1914 have been destroyed as a result
                       of man's activities. These activities include filling, dredging,
                       tidal gates, ditching, chemical dumping, and waste disposal. Appro-
                       ximately 15,500 acres of tidal wetlands remain but few exist in
                       their natural state. The Connecticut General Assembly recognized
                       the need to protect the state's remaining tidal wetlands by passing
                       the Tidal Wetlands Act in 1969.
                            Management Approach--The state Tidal Wetlands Act (CGS Section 22a-
                       28 to 35) gives the Department of Environmental Protection (Water
                       Resources Unit) significant authority for regulating activities in
                       designated tidal wetlands. A permit must be obtained from DEP for
                       virtually any alteration of a wetland including draining, excavation
                       or removal of material, dumping of any material, filling, erection
                       of structures and placement of any obstructions. DEP permit de-
                       cisions must consider the effect of the proposed activity on the
                       public health and welfare, marine fisheries, shellfisheries, wild-
                       life, flood and storm protection, and the public policy set forth
                       in Sections 22a-2 3 to 35 of the 'C'onnecticut General Statutes. In
                       addition, a permit may be denied if DEP is in the process of acqui-
                       ring an area of tidal wetlands.

                            Areas exist that fit the statutory definition    of tidal ,-@etlands
                       but have yet to be designated as such. These areas may be regulated
                       under the Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Act (CGS Sections 22a-36
                       to 45) until'such time as they are mapped and designated as state-
                       regulated tidal wetlands.

                            Other authorities which are relevant to the regulation of tidal
                       wetlands are the state Water Pollution Control Law (administered by
                       DEP pursuant to Section 401 of the federal Clean Water Act), state
                       and local shellfish statutes (CGS Sections 26-187 to 294), Coastal
                       Structures Law (CGS Sections 25-7b to 7f) and Coastal Dredging Law
                       (CGS Sections 25-10 to 25-18).   A complete discussion of relevant
                       state authorities appears in Section VI of this document.

                            The Coastal Area Management Program contains specific policies
                       to guide the regulation of tidal wetlands. Appearing in Parts B (5)
                       (b) and A (7) (d) respectively of Coastal Goals and Policies (Section
                       IV of this document),the policies dre as follows:

                             Specific Policy: To preserve tidal wetlands and. to prevent the
                             despoilation and destruction thereof (CGS Section 22a-28) in

                                                 10

                       order to maintain their vital functions as a source of high
                       biological productivity, a habitat and nesting, feeding and
                       refuge area for shore birds, a habitat for shellfish, a
                       nursery ground for larval and juvenile forms of marine organ-
                       isms, a buffer for storm and wave energy; to encourage the
                       rehabilitation and restoration'of degraded tidal wetlands;
                       and where feasible and environmentally acceptable, to encour-
                       age the creation of wetlands for the purposes of shellfish and
                       finfish management, habitat creation and dredge spoil disposal.
                       (Long Island Sound Study)"

                       Specific POILCY: To disallow new dredging in tidal wetlands
                       except where no feasible alternative exists and adverse impacts
                       to coastal resources are minimal.

                       Use Priorities--High priorities are preservation, restoration,
                  research and limited recreation.   Low priorities are structures,
                  filling, dredging, solid waste disposal, and chemical. dumping.

                                           Shellfish Concentration Areas

                       Rationale--These are areas of submerged land that contain signi-
                  ficant concentrations of shellfish including oysters, scallops, quahogs,
                  and clams. They include both natural shellfish habitats and areas that
                  have been "seeded" for aquaculture purposes.

                       Shellfish concentration areas.are important for commercial, recrea-
                  tional, and environmental reasons. Although oystering represents the
                  largest    commercial shellfish industry in the state, scallops, quahogs,
                  and clams are of substantial value to sportfishermen and small commercial
                  establ ishments.

                       Connecticut's oyster industry used to be among the world's largest.
                  In the early 1900's, it is estimated that three million bushels were
                  harvested annually from the state's waters. By 1970, oyster production
                  was reduced to about 16,000 bushels due to increased pollution levels
                  and the depletion of stocks by overfishing. Shellfish, in general,
                  are susceptible to several types of water pollution including sewage
                  discharge, dredge spoil disposal, dumping of heavy metals, and increased
                  turbidity. In addition, dredging and the erection of structures can
                  inflict direct harm on shellfish beds.

                       In the last decade, the taking of shellfish, especially oysters,
                  has been increasing in Connecticut. Improved water quality and ad-
                  vanced aquaculture techniques have been the primary reasons for this
                              *rticularly significant have been techniques developed to
                  revival.  Pa
                  increase oyster production including the spawning of oysters in
                  hatcheries and the removal of adult oysters from polluted nearshore
                  waters to cleaner sites off Long Island where they can purify them-
                  selves in approximately two weeks.
                    ..                                                                                 11

                                             I L@q

                             At present, there are approximately 40,000 acres of state-
                       owned shellfish beds and 20,000 acres under town control. However,
                       .the taking of shellfish is prohibited in many areas by the Depart-
                       ment of Health due to high pollution level   s.

                           Management Approach--Both the Department    of Agriculture, Aquaculture
                       Division (CGS Sections 26-187 to 26-237) and local agencies (CGS
                       Sections 26-238 to 26-294) lease and regulate shellfish areas under
                       their respective jurisdictions and license the taking of shellfish
                       in bulk or for commercial purposes.
                             The Department of Health regulate s health aspects of shell-
                       fisheries (CSG Section 19-55).

                             Other relevant authorities include the Tidal Wetlands Act
                       (CGS Section 22a-28 to 22a-35), Coastal Structures Law (CGS Section
                       25-7b to 25-7f), Coastal Dredging Law (CGS Section 25-10 to 25-18),
                       and the Water Pollution Control Law (CGS Section 25-54a to 25-54g,
                       25-26, 25-27, and 25-54aa). A complete description of relevant
                       authorities appears in Section VI of this document.

                             The Coastal Area Management Program contains a specific policy
                       with respect to shellfish areas. Appearing in Part A (12)(c) of
                       Coastal Goals and Policies(Section IV of this document), it is as
                       follows:

                             "5pecific policy: To employ improved aquaculture techniques
                             in order to revitalize and increase the number and extent
                             of productive shellfish beds and to restore and maintain
                             healthy and productive bottom conditions."

                             Use -P-r'lorities--Aquaculture, restoration, recreation are high
                       priorities. Dredging, dredge spoil disposal, activities which
                       increase pollution of coastal waters are low priorities.

                          rede-ral Na.vigation Channels and. Dredaed Material Disposal Areas

                             Rational e--Connecti cut's recreational and commercial ports and
                       harbors nave an extensive history of navigational dredging improve-
                       ments. Materials derived from upland erosion, industrial and
                       municipal discharges and, in large part, from Long Island Sound
                       itself are continually transported to and deposited in the state's
                       estuarine harbors. Unless they are dredged, harbors become unsafe
                       forboating.

                             Subsequently, the need to maintain these improvements and to
                       dispose of materials removed from various channels and basins have
                       been long-standing. In addition,to numerous private anchorages,
                       channels,and basins, more than 30 federal navigation projects

                                                      ISO

                   have been instituted in the state's coastal waters since 1892
                   (Appendix I .). While the number of miles of private ly dredged and
                   maintained areas is not known, more than 240 applications to con-
                   duct dredging in Connecticut's waters were reviewed and,approved
                   by state and federal regulators between 1968 and 1977.   At present
                   there are approximately 100 miles of federally maintained channels
                   in the coastal area and additional improvements are being con-
                   templated for Bridgeport Harbor, Black Rock Harbor, New Haven Har-
                   bor, Clinton Harbor, the Patchogue River and New London Harbor.
                   These federal navigation channels are constructed, maintained,
                   and periodically improved by the U.S. Army-Cor-ps of Engin-
                   eers as authorized by Congress under various Rivers and Harbors
                  .Acts.

                        Unquestionably private and federal navigation works.Play a
                   major role in influencing the recreational and economic vitality
                   of ports and harbors throughout the coast. Nearly 100,000 recre-
                   ational vessels are registered in Connecticut and use Long Island
                   Sound. Twenty-three' thousand tons of general and bulk cargo worth.
                   more than $111,000,000 (1976 figure) are handled in the state's
                   ports each year including large amounts of petroleum.

                        In order to maintain and enhance the navigability of the state's
                   ports and harbors, and hence their recreational and commercial
                   viability, it is estimated.that a projected 58.9 million cubic
                   yards of material will be removed from rivers and harbors in the
                   state between 1985 and 2035 (Estimated by U.S. Army Corps of Engin-
                   eers, New England Division). Approximately 38.8 million cubic
                   yards of the total will be removed from federal navigation channels
                   and the remainder will be generated by private dredging.

                        To facilitate dredging of these projected volumes from
                   Connecticut's waters some provision must be made.for disposal of
                   dredged material. Historically, the most.common methods of dispos"
                   ing of dredged material were open water dumping in Long Island Sound
                   or land disposal. Until 1970 dredged material was often deposited
                   in tidal wetlands in an effort to "reclaim" them. At that time
                   tidal wetlands were afforded the protection of state regulation under
                   Sections 22a-28 through 226-35 of the Connecticut General Statutes
                   (CGS). In the.past, nineteen aquatic disposal areas were btilized
                   in the Sound. Today only three are still in use. They have been
                   designated as areas of particular concern by CAM and include the
                   following:

                             (1) A two square mile area in the middle of the Sound
                                  south of New Haven;

                             (2) A one mile square area in the middle of the Sound
                                  south of the mouth of the Connecticut River; and

                                   (3) A one mile square area south of the mouth of
                                        the Thames River.

                              The Corps of Engineers is presently sponsoring a study that
                        will identify permanent disposal sites(see below) and it is pos-
                        sible that the locations of designated disposal sites will change
                        over the next few years. For this reason, CAM has designated
                        dredged material disposal sites as APC's on a generic basis.

                              In addition to open water dumping several other general
                        alternatives for the disposal of dredged material are feasible
                        including beach nourishment (when sand is to be disposed of),habitat
                        development, and contained disposal utilizing diked or bulkhead
                        terrestrial and aquatic areas. Although these techniques may provide
                        realistic alternatives for disposal of dredged material in a number
                        of instances, they are not at present effective means of coping with
                        the total volumes of material generat,.:d by ongoing dredging.

                              Problems--The problems of dredging and dredged material disposal
                        are focused primarily on disposal operations.       Whether the dredged
                        material is to be disposed of on land or in open water, key concerns
                        are related to its physical and chemical composition and subsequent
                        impacts on water quality and indigenous biota during and after dis-
                        posal.

                              Materials dredged from Connecticut's harbors are variable in
                        their content of contaminants.     Harbors in the western Pnd of the
                        Sound are more contaminated than those in the eastern and central
                        areas. Contaminant levels ere also variable within individual
                        ha-rbors. Spoils removed from inner more upstream areas exhibit
                        higher levels of pollutants than outer more seaward areas.

                              The occurrence of pollutants in harbor sediments is th     e result
                        of a number of factors. Water circulation patterns, industriali-
                        zation and intense urbanization of harbor areas are important con-
                        tributors. The historic use of Long Island Sound as a receiver'of
                        untreated waste waters has also had a significant effect on the
                        chemical and biological quality of harbor sediments. As a conse-
                        quence of these land uses and discharges a number of potentially
                        toxic constituents may be found in dredged material. Depending on
                        its origin, sediment may contain significant amounts of volatile
                        solids, oil and grease, heavy metals (mercury, lead, zinc, etc.),
                        pathogenic viruses, bacteria and pesticides.

                              The environmental impacts of disposing of sediments containing
                        any or all of the noted pollutants are less readily quantified than
                        the presence of the contaminants themselves. Much research has been
                        conducted in an attempt to identify actual disposal impacts. However,
                        many concerns surrounding the disposal operations and.their short
                        and long term effects have yet to be resolved. Degradation of water

                   quality through release of pollutants to the water column;
                   initiation of increased turbidity; elimination of benthic (bottom
                   dwelling) habitat and bio-accumulation of heavy metals, pesticides
                   and organic wastes are central issues involved in aquatic disposal.*
                        In' order to address these concerns on a case-by-case basis
                   and to coordinate the regulatory evaluation of potential impacts
                   at state and federal levels the processing of environmental permits
                   has taken on an added degree of complexity. As a result, the ac-
                   complishment of dredging and disposal in a timely fashion has become
                   exceedingly difficult.

                        Obviously some mechanism must be evolved to address cogent impact
                   related issues of dredging and dredged material disposal and to balz
                   ance environmental impacts with the economic and recreational needs
                   of the state's coastal communities. Equally apDarent is the need
                   to efficiently coordinate various stateland federal regulatory evaiu-
                   ations of dredging and disposal alternatives.
                       Management Approach--Techniques for managing federal navigation channels
                   and dredged material disposal areas include the use of existing federal
                   and state authorities, CAM Goals and Policies, and programs for coor-
                   dinating the management efforts of all levels of government.

                        Authorities---The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is authorized by
                   various-federal Rivers and Harbors Acts to construct, repair and main-
                   tain specific navigation projects. General authority for these projects
                   was granted in the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 which authorizes
                   funds for "construction, completion, repair and preservation" of
                   projects. The Corps' activities in these areas consist primarily
                   of the deepening of channels but may also include the development of
                   safe entrance channels, major access channels, and maneuvering and
                   turning basins. Individual projects are authorized by Congress when
                   a municipality demonstrates the need for improved navigation facilities.

                        Both state and federal authorities are involved in the selection
                   process for dredged material disposal sites in Long Island Sound.

                        Corps of Engineer s disposal permits are issued pursuant to Section
                   404 of the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act (Sec. 404b) also
                   requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop guide-
                   lines for the designation of-disposal areas within the Corps' 404
                   permit program.

                      *Gordon, Robert B., Rhoads, Donald C. and Karl K. Turek ian, 1972
                   'The Environmental Consequences of Dredge Spoil Disposal in Central
                   Long Island Sound: I. The New Haven Spoil Ground and New Haven
                   Harbor.,,

                        The Act Drohibits !he designation and use of any disposal-site when its
                        use would result in unacceptable adverse impacts on municipal
                        water supplies, shellfish beds and fishery areas (including SPaw-
                        ning and breeding areas), wildlife, or recreation areas.

                            Pursuant to Section 307(c) of the federal Coastal Zone Manage-
                        ment Act, Corps of Engineers and EPA activities related to dredging
                        and dredged spoil disposal must be consistent with the objectives
                        of the Connecticut Coastal Area Management Program.

                             The state currently regulates dredging and disposal of dredged
                        material in its coastal and tidal waters under Sections 25-10 through
                        25-18 of the Connecticut General Statutes (CGS) and Section 401 of
                        the federal Clean Water Act Oas amended) respectively. Under these
                        authorities a state permit is required for the original dredging
                        of channels or basins and     state water quality certification
                        is*necess@ry for the disporal of dredged material from
                        original or maintenance dredging activities (including Corps of
                        Engineers' activities). In addition, if dredging or disposal in-
                        volves a tidal wetland as defined by CGS.Section 22a-29 state
                        authorization is required under CGS Sections 22a-28 through 22a-35.

                             Applications for dredging and disposal under-these authorities
                        are evaluated with respect to water quality, erosion, shel-1 and fin-
                        fish habitat, preservation of wildlife habitat, navigational improve-
                        ments, protection of uplands, flooding and the preservation of tidal
                        wetlands.

                             A complete discussion of existing state authorities relevant
                        to dredging and dredged material disposal is contained in Section
                        VI of this document.

                             CAM-Policies--General and specific policies have been developed to
                        guide and coordinate the activities   of state regulators and to
                        evaluate the consistency of federal   actions involving navigational
                        dredging and disposal. They appear    in Coastal Goals and Policies-
                        (Section IV of this document). The    specific policies are as follows:

                                  "S            ic :
                                    _P.t@ific Poli     (1) To encourage, through the state permitting
                                  program' for dredging activities, the maintenance and enhancement
                                  (i.e. minor alterations such as deepening or widening) of existing
                                  federally maintained navigation channels, basins and anchorages
                                  and to discourage the dredging of new or expanded federally main-
                                  tained navigation channels, basins and anchorages, (2) to only
                                  provide state funding assistance for dredging projects which
                                  serve the general boating public."

                             S ecific Polic     To reduce the need for future
                            dredgin
                                    g by requiring that new or expanded navigation
                            channels, basins, and anchorages take advantage of
                            existing water depths, circulation and siltation
                            Patterns and the best available technologies for re-
                            ducing controllable sedimentation."

                            "Specific Policy: To initi   ate in cooperation with the
                            federal governmert a long range planning program for
                            the maintenance and enhancement of federally main-
                            tained navigation facilities in order to effectively
                            and efficiertly plan and provide for environmentally
                            sound dredging and disposal of dredged materials."

                            "Specific Policy: To manage the nearshore and off-
                            shore waters of the state through the maintenance, en-
                            hancement, or restoration of natural circulatory
                            patterns, biochemical.processes, basin configuration,
                            and freshwater inputs; to insure the continued biolog-
                            ical productivity and viability of Long Island Sound
                            as a resource capable of supporting healthy and self-
                            perpetuating marine, anadromous, and shellfi-sheri-es,
                            a broad, sound-wide spectrum of safe and healthy recreational
                            activities, and an efficient syst  'em of marine commercial
                            transportation and navigation."

                            11snecific Policv: To disallow new dredging in tidal
                            wetlands except where no feasible alternative exists
                            and adverse impacts to coastal resources are minimal."

                      Long  Range Dredged Material Management.--Following preliminary
                 investigations into the  problem of dredged material disposal, Con-
                                                             ; disposal plan for the
                 necticut and New York initiated an interim
                 Long Island Sound. Presently, management efforts at all levels
                 are being coordinated through the New England River Basins Com-
                 mission's (NERBC) Dredging Management Committee. The Dredging
                 Managewent Committee consists of members from the New Enqland
                 Division Corps of Engineers, the National Marine Fisheries Ser-
                 vice, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, EPA, the New York De-
                 partment of Environmental Conservation, the Connecticut Department
                 of Environmental Protection and NERBC. The objectives of the effort
                 are:

                 1. To review, revise and obtain final approval of the Interim
                     Disposal Plan by member agencies.

                 2.  To assist in the development of a composit6 Environmental Impact
                     Statement covering disposal activity in Long Island Sound.

                      3.  To monitor and review the results of ongoing research on open
                          water disposal throughout the region.

                      4.  To identify potentially feasible land disposal alternatives for
                          dredging material.

                           The tasks have been initially scheduled for completion by 1981
                      and are expected to provide a foundation for effective, environmen-
                      tally sound management of dredged material disposal in the Long Island
                      Sound region.

                           A proposal has been initiated for the establishment of an intra-
                      agency task force within the Department of Environmental Protection.
                      This task force, if it is created, would provide a mechanism for
                      collecting all existing information pertaining to dredging and dredged
                      material disposal and for evaluating the viability of specific pro-
                      jects and techniques. The task force could also be used to establish
                      Department policy regarding dredging and disposal and to assist the
                      federal government in the timely and effective completion of indivi*dual
                      navigation projects.

                           Use Priorit ies--For federal navigation channels, shipping and recre-
                      ational boating are high priorities. Structures and other recreation
                      are low priorities. Regarding disposal sites, dredqed material dis-
                      posal is high priority.* 'Uses that would alter disposal sites by
                      disturbing sediments or preventing access are low priorities.

                               AREAS FOR PRESERVATION WRESTORATION

                        The Connecticut General Statutes provide both broad criteria
                   and a mechanism by which areas for preservation and restoration
                   may be identified and designated. The Commissioner of the Depart-
                   ment of Environmental Protection (DEP) has authority to acquire and
                   manage areas that are in need of preservation or restoration.
                   Specifically, the Commissioner "may acquire in the name of the
                   state-lands (and) waters-for any purpose or activity relating
                   to or compatible with the functions of the department of environ-
                   mental protection " (CGS Section 22a-25). This provision allows
                   the Commissioner to designate sites within the coastal area for the
                   purpose of preserving or restoring them for their conservation,
                   recreational, ecological, or aesthetic values.

                        Under this authority, the Commissioner is specifically autho-
                   rized to acquire and manage Property'for the following purposes:
                   to establish natural area preserves tCGS Sections 23-5a to 23-5i),
                   to make available public open space for recreation(@ections 23-8
                   to 23-9), to establish state forests (Sections 23-20 to.23-722),
                   to imp-rove, protect, and conserve tidal wetlands (Section 26-17a),
                   and to establish fish and.game refuges (Sections 26-99 to 26-107).
                   In general, state-owned property under the jurisdiction of DEP
                   must be managed in a way that is compatible with the uses for which
                   the property was acquired. For example, the legislative act estab-
                   lishing the Bluff Point Coastal Reserve (P.A. 75-45) states the
                   following:

                        "Section 4. Said coastal reserve shall be maintained and
                         administered by the Department of Environmental Protection
                         and no improvement shall be undertaken which does not Qontri-
                         bute to the preservation of the natural, scenic, historical
                         or ecological values of the reserve...."

                        The Connecticut Natural Area Preserves System (CGS Sections
                   23-5a to 23-5i) provides a mechanism for identifying and designating
                   areas for preservation and restoration. A prel4minary inventory
                   of the state's natural areas has been completed. Final designation
                   of a natural area is made by the Governor after the site has been
                   approved by the Commissioner of DEP. Areas may be designated if
                   they contain, or have the potential to support, "plant or animal
                   life or geologic features worthy of preservation in their natural
                   condition "   (CGS Section 23-5b).  The Natural Area Preserves Sys-
                   tem also includes a process for recommending the acquisition of
                   specific lands which are suitable for natural area preserves.

                        A complete discussion of the existing state authorities
                   relevant to the implementation of a coastal management program
                   is contained in Section VI of this document.

                                         S E .C T 1 0 N V I I I

                        S P E C I A L   P L A N N I N G R E Q U I.R E M E N T S

                                              NATIONAL INTEREST

                      Introduction

                           Under Sec. 306(c) (8) of the CZMA a state coastal management
                      program must ensure that facilities and resources in the national
                      interest are not arbitrarily excluded from a state's coastal man-
                      agement program. It should be viewed as a procedure whereby the
                      state guarantees to the federal government that adequate consid-
                      eration of the national interest will be given to the siting of
                      facilities and the protection of resources in the state's coastal
                      area through the use of non-arbitrary criteria.

                           Each state developing a coastal management program must de-
                      termine which uses are in the national interest. Federal regu-
                      lations-concerning the CZMA provide guidance in addressing this
                      issue. For example, facilities relating to national defense,
                      energy production and transmission, recreation, transportation
                      and regional water treatment plants may be in the national inter-
                      est. Resources such as air, water, wetlands, endangered flora
                      and fauna, floodplains, beaches, historic and cultural resources,
                      wildlife reserves, minerals, prime agricultural lands, forests,
                      and living marine resources may be in the national interest for
                      a state's coastal management program. The state, while expected
                      to follow certain criteria outlined by federal regulations, ul-
                      timately determines those uses it considers to be in the national
                      interest.

                           Connecticut Coastal Area Management (CAM) sent a question-
                      naire on the national interest issue to numerous federal agencies
                      during the summer of 1978. The questionnaire provided the federal
                      auencies with the opportunity to identify facilities and resources
                      tkey percieved to be in the national-interest as well as the op-
                      portunity to comment on the procedural aspects of the question.
                      Additionally, state agencies having authority or interests in
                      Connecticut's coastal area were contacted by a letter request-
                      ing their comments on the rtdiionai i.nterest. 'The same,procedure
                      was used to contact industries and interest groups on the state,
                      regional, and national levels. The state agencies, industries,
                      and interest groups were asked to identify those coastal-dependent

                 facilities or resources located in or which might reasonably
                 be sited in Connecticut that have major national significance.
                       Connecticut's CAM'Program attempted to address.the di.ffering inter-
                 pretations and opinions of the many respondents to the national
                 interest inquiry. Conflicts concerning resources and facilities
                 that ffiay be-in the.national'interest Ii@d'to be'identifie*d and re-
                 solved accordina to CAM's ultimate interpretation of the federal
                 requirements and the specific needs and characteristics of Con-
                 necticut's coastal area.

                 CONNECTICUT COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENTs
                 NATIONAL INTEREST DETERMINATION

                       ConnecticuVs'CAM.Program has specifically jdentified facilities and
                 resources of national importance in Section 3(14) of the pro-
                 posed amthdments.    These are 1) adequate protection of tidal
                 wetlands and related estuarine resources, 2) restoration and en-
                 hancement of Connecticut's shellfish industry, 3) restoration,
                 preservation and enhancement of the state's recreational and
                 commercial fisheries, includinq anadromous species, 4) water pol-
                 lution control measures and facilities consistent with the re-
                 quirements of the Federal Clean Water Act, as amended, 5) air
                 pollution control measures and facilities consistent with the
                 requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act, as amended, 6) con-
                 tinual operation of existing federally funded dredged and main-
                 tained navigation channels and basins, 7) energy facilities
                 serving statewide and interstate markets, includina electric
                 generating facilities and facilities for storage, receiving or
                 processing petroleum products and other fuels, 8) improvements
                 to the existing interstate rail, highway and waterborne-trans-
                 portation system, 9) provision of adequate state or federally
                 owned marine-related recreational facilities, including natural
                 areas and wildlife sandwi" and 10) essential mainte@ance and
                 enhancement of existing water dependent military, navigational,
                 resource management and research facilities.

                       These various uses and resources in the national interest
                 for Connecticut coastal area management are revievied individually
                 in Appendix G

                 CAM'S NATIONAL  INTEREST POLICY-CRITERIA
                 FOR REASONABLENESS

                       The Connecticut Coastal Area Management Program's recoani-
                 tion  of the national interest component of the CZNA.can be found
                 in the "Policies" section of its proposed amendments to the
                 Coastal Management Act. Section 2(10) of CAN's proposed amendments
                 to the Coastal Management Act states that it is the policy:

                                               16q

                                 "10) To insure that the state and coastal area munic-
                                 ipalities provide adequate planning for facilities and
                                 resources which are of national importance as defined
                                 in Section 3 of this act and, further, to insure that
                                 any restrictions or exclu3ions of such facilities or
                                 uses are reasonable. Reasonable grounds for the re-
                                 striction or exclusion of a facility or use of na-
                                 tional importance shall include.a. finding that such
                                 a facility or use 1) may reasonably be sited outside
                                 the coastal boundary, 2) fails to meet any applicable
                                 federal and state environmental, health and safety
                                 standard, or 3) unreasonably restricts physical or vis-
                                 ual access to coastal waters."

                            CAM's policy on the national interest is designed to satisfy the
                      federal requirements. The criteria outlined in Section 2(10) provide
                      for reasonable state and local Judgement concerning-facilities and re-
                      sources that may be in tile national interest. In order for the state
                      or a local government to reasonably exclude a facility or resource
                      determined to be in the national interest, the government unit will
                      have to demonstrate a conflict with the criteria outlined in Sec.
                      2(10).

                      IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL INTEREST
                      IN THE CONNECTICUT COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                            The national interest component of the CZMA, as reflected in thl@
                      proposed amendments to the coastal management act, will be implemented
                      throuqh a number of methods. At the outset it should be observed
                      that a majority of the uses determined to be-in the national interest
                      for Connecticut are under state control and authority. Thus, the
                      burden of considering and implementing the national interest policy
                      will primarily fall upon the state.

                            Section 23 of the proposed amendments to the Coastal Management
                      Act mandates that all major state plans affecting the coastal area be
                      consistent with the goals, policies, and purposes of the (state) act.
                      state agencies responsible @or revising state plans must provide for
                      consistency with the policies of the act, including the policy on tile
                      national interest. Sec. 23 also requires consideration of the national
                      interest policy by administrators of state regulatory programs in reaching
                      their deci�iohs.*

                                                      160

                       Some of the state's planning and regulatory programs directly
                  impact upon the national interest question. For example, protection
                  of tidal wetlands is regulated under the Tidal-Wetlands Act (C.G.S.
                  Sec. 27a - 28 to 22a - 35). Programs and authorities for manage-
                  ment of Connecticut's shellfish industry and fisheries resources are
                  presently in existence. Clean air and water, a major concern of
                  federal legislation and in the national interest for Connecticut,
                  are the subject of state law. The licensing of energy facilities,
                  as well as certain transmission lines and facilities, are governed
                  primarily by state law (see Section VIII "Regional Benefit"). Consider-
                  ation of the national interest in improving transportation is provided
                  by the State Transportation Planning Law. (For a detailed description
                  of these authorities, see Section

                       National interest consideration will also be guaranteed by the
                  state Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) required under the Con-
                  necticut Environmental Policy Act (CEPA) of 1973, as amended 1977
                  (22a-1 et seq). This act requires state agencies to prepare
                  environmenfal impact evaluations for any state funded or sponsored
                  project which may have a significant environmental impact. Regul-
                  ations for CEPA were drafted in 1978, including a requirement for
                .an energy impact evaluation of state projects. Section 23 of the
                  proposea amendments to the Coastal Management Act require th;t
                  coastal goals and policies also be considered in the preparation
                  and review of state environmental impact statements.

                       Local planning and zoning commissions will also have some re-
                  sponsibilities in the national interest process. The major in-
                  strument for implementation of the national interest by localities
                  is the "municipal coastal site plan review" found in Sections 11
                  and 12 of the proposed amendments to the Coastal Management Act.
                  This review orocess, basically an analysis of the impacts of pro-
                  posed activiiies or uses on specific types of coastal resources,
                  is designed to be implemented by local planning and zoning com-
                  missions in the normal process of evaluating, r@ertain activities
                  when they occur within the coastal boundary. In determining
                  whether or not potential adverse impacts of proposed activities
                  are acceptable, the municipality must apply the goals and pol-
                  icies found in Sec. 2 of the proposed amendments, including pol-
                  icy 10 on the national interest. The municipal board or com-
                  mission, when faced with a proposal claimed to be in the national
                  interest, must review the proposal in light of the criteria for
                  reasonableness found in Sec. 2(10).

                       If the municipal boa rd or commission fails to follow this pol-
                  icy, adequate consideration of the national interest is still in-
                  sured by state overview of the local decision. Sec. 22 of the
                  proposed amendments gives the Commissioner of Environmental -                          I
                  Protection the riaht to appear as a party to any hearing or de
                  cision involving a municipal approval, permit or license for a
                  building.,*and/or use or structure affecting the area within the coastal

                    boundary. Additionally, the Commissioner may app eal, or appear
                    as a party to any appeal of, a municipal decision involving a
                    coastal site plan review or a municipal approval, permit or li-
                    cenge for a building, use or structure affecting the area within
                    the coastal boundary.

                         Finally, those localities choosing to design and implement a
                    municipal coastal program under the proposed amendments will have
                    to adequately consider the national interest. The -nunicipality's
                    Town Plan of Development and land use regulations.add ordinances
                    will have to be revised to consider the goals and policies proposed by
                    Coastal Area Management, including the policy on the national in-
                    terest.

                                        USES OF REGIONAL BENEFIT

                       Closely related to the national interest requirements is the
                  "regional benefit" provision of the CZMA.'Sec.'306(e)(?) states-that
                  11prior to granting approval, the Secretary shall also find that the
                  program provides for a method of assurinq that local land and water
                  use regulations within the coastal zone do not unreasonably restrict
                  or exclude land and water uses of regional benefit."

                       The basic criteria for identifying these uses are 1) effect on.
                  more than one l6cal unit of government and 2)    direct and significant
                  impact on coastal waters. Federal regulations allow the state to de-
                  fine uses of regional benefit to include facilities in which there
                  may be a national interest in their planning.and siting (15C.F.R.
                  Sec. 923-13 (d)). Connecticut has chosen this approach and thus the
                  uses of national importance defined in Sec. 3(14) of the proposed
                  amendments are also determined to be uses of regional benefit.
                  (see the section on the "national interest" for a listing of these
                  uses.)

                       Assuring that local land and water use regulations within the
                  coastal zone do not unreasonably restrict these regional benefit
                  uses does not present any serious problem for coastal management in
                  Connecticut. Most of the uses of regional benefit (and in the
                  national interest) are regulated solely by the state. Municipalities
                  only have regulatory authority over certain energy facilities.
                  However, local prohibitions or restrictions of electric generating
                  plants and associated facilities and gas pipelines may be overriden
                  by the Power Facilities Evaluation Council.

                       The Power Facility Evaluation Council retains authority over
                  1) electric transmission lines of a design capacity of sixty-nine
                  kilovolts or more, including associated equipment; 2) fuel trans-
                  mission facilities, except a gas transmission line having a de-
                  sign capability of less.than two hundred pounds per square in&
                  gauge pressure; 3) any electric generating storage.fa(fility using
                  any fuel, including nuclear materials, including associated equip-
                  ment for furnishing electricity by elect@ic utilities and 4) such
                  substations, switchyards, and other facilities which may have a
                  substantial adverse environmental effect as the PFEC may, by re-
                  gulation, prescribe.

                       Given air quality standards and federal requirements, studies
                  have shown that gas processing plants and oil refineries would not
                  meet Connecticut air pollution standards. For example, the state's
                  most recent draft of the federally required air implementation plan
                  notes that Connecticut exceeds photochemical oxidant standards by at
                  least a factor or two statewide. The possible exclusion or re-
                  striction of petroleum storage facilities from the coastal area

                     by municipalities would be reasonable since those facilities do
                     not require coastal siting,and their siting outside of the flood
                     hazard zone and away from coastal waters and resources is de-
                     sirable.

                                        ENERGY FACILITIES

                  Introduction.

                       Historically, coastal sites have been in great demand for the
                  location of energy facilities. The availability of water for cool-
                  ing, waste disposal, and fuel transportation as well as the proxi-
                  mity of major population centers for distribution have all contri-
                  buted to this high demand. Recently developed technologies such as
                  nuclear power and Outer Continental Shelf o'il and gas extraction
                  demand coastal locatigns for economic and practical reasons. In
                  the future, the development of energy sources such as ocean thermal
                  energy conversion, wave energy, tidal energy, and salinity gradients
                  will maintain the importance of the coastal area as a s  .ource of
                  energy.

                      A large number of major energy facilities are located in
                  Connecticut's coastal area including three nuclear
                  power plants ( two are  in operation), several oil  fueled power
                  plants, and facilities for t-he receiving, storage, and distribution
                  of oil and natural gas. Due to the physical nature of the coast
                  and the generally high level of development, few large open tracts
                  of land remain that would be suitable for large scale industrial
                  development such as oil refineries and gas processing plants. It
                  is likely that the shortage of adequate suitable land will also
                  limit the siting of new power plants in the coastal area. Environ-
                  mental concerns and supply and demand considerations will further
                  limit.the siting of facilities that may have substantial negative
                  impacts on coastal resources. This is particularly true with respect
                  to the demand for energy. Total end use net energy demand in Con-
                  necticut is expected to increase by only 0.2% per year until 1997
                  including a 3.3% annual growth rate in electricity demand.*

                      The-purpose of this part is to describe an energy facility
                  planning process for Connecticut's coastal area. *It includes an
                  identification of energy facilities which are likely to locate in,
                  or which may significantly affect, the coastal area. It also in-
                  cludes a description of state and federal authorities that have
                  planning responsibilities and jurisdiction over facility siting,
                  CAM policies regarding facility siting and the national interest,
                 .and an identification of how affected public and private parties may
                  be involved in the planning process. References to other sections
                  of this document and to previous CAM publications are included where
                  appropriate in order to prevent unnecessary duplication of material.

                    Connecticut Energy Advisory Board, Connecticut's Energy Outlook:
                    1978-1997, annualreport to the Governor and General Assembly, 1978.

                     Power Plants and Related Facilities

                          According to the Connecticut Energy Advisory Board's 1978 report,
                     electricity consumption in Connecticut is expected to show an annual
                     growth rate of 3.3% over the next 20 years. This translates into a
                     29% total increase or 1.4% annual growth rate in electric power plant
                     fuel consumption. Barring unexpected improvements in energy conserva-
                     tion or other factors influencing the demand for electricity, there
                     will be a need for increased generating capacity in the future.

                          At th e present time nuclear power provides 52% of the state's
                     electricity. This is expected to increase to 56% by the end of the
                     20 year projection period (1978-1997), with the addition of Connecti-
                     cut's fourth nuclear power plant, Millstone III. It is expected that
                     nuclear power will provide most of the electricity needed to satisfy
                     increased demand in the forseeable future. In fact, Connecticut pre-
                     sently exports electricity to other states in the region, and will
                     continue to do so. This excess supply situation has.been an important
                     factor in the delayed completion of Millstone III. Originally
                     scheduled to be completed in the early 1980's, the nuclear power
                     plant is now expected to come on line around 1986. Therefore, no
                     other generating plants are being planned. However, the unpredict-
                     able oil supply situation, which has led to the formulation of a
                     national policy to reduce dependence on petroleum, could create a need
                     for more facilities using various energy sources.

                          While Connecticut has made a firm commitment to nuclear power in
                     the last decade, a heavy dependence on petroleum has also been main-
                     tained. Approximately 46% of the state's electricity is generated by
                     oil fueled plants, while the use of coalJor electric generation has
                     decreased from 82% in 1965 to 0.1% in 1970, due to air quality concerns
                     as well as lower residual oil prices in the 1960's and the growing
                     commitment to nuclear power. The state's other significant source of
                     energy for electricity, hydro power, accounted for 1.6% of all generat-
                     ing capacity in 1976.

                          CAM supports the statutory goal of balancing the "need for adequate
                     and reliable" electric power generation at the lowest reasonable cost
                     to consumers "with the need to protect the environment and ecology
                     of the state and to minimize damage to scenic, historic, and recreation-
                     al values..." (CGS Section 16-50g). Impacts that should be consider-
                     ed in the siting of power plants include preemption of natural areas,
                     impacts on existing land use, alteration of land runoff patterns,
                     effects on water quality from thermal and chemical discharge, esthetics,
                     and air quality impacts including the emission of sulfur dioxide,
                     nitrogen oxide and particulates, fogging and noise. In addition,
                     radiation emission is an environmental impact associated with nuclear
                     power plants. While none of these impacts are confined to power plants
                     located in the coastal area, the vulnerability and scarcity of certain
                     valuable coastal resources,as well as the heavy population.concentra-
                     tion along the Connecticut coast, require a close examination of
                    .environmental impacts during the power plant siting process.

                                                  166

                      Because  of air quality problems and the lack of adequate trans-
                 portation facilities, it is unlikely that coal-fueled power plants
                 will be built in the coastal area. According to the State Implementa-
                 tion Plan for Air Quality, the entire state is classified as non-
                 attainment (exceeds federal standards) for particulates, a major
                 pollutant emitted by coal, plants. Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
                 present problems in certain areas of the state. In addition, the cost
                 of converting oil-fueled plants to coal would appear to be prohibitive
                 especially since many of the existing plants were only converted from
                 coal to oil in the last decade. New technologies, however, may in-
                 crease the attractiveness of coal use in the future.! The conversion
                 of coal to.oil and natural gas, fluidized bed combustion, solvent
                 refining, and pollution control devices such as scrubbers and
                 electrostatic precipitators may be utilized.

                      While it is possible (but not probable)   that nuclear and oil-
                 fueled power plants will be needed in Connecticut to satisfy state
                 and regional electricity demands, these facilities are not necessarily
                 dependent on location in, or proximity to, marine or tidal waters.
                 Because of their potential for having significant adverse impacts on
                 coastal resources, inland locationsare preferred. According to
                 Sections 2 and 3 of the proposed amendments to the Connecticut Coastal
                 Management Act (see Appendix C ), nuclear and oil-fueled power plants,
                 as facilities of national importance, may be excluded from-the coastal
                 area if it is demonstrated that they may reasonably be sited outside
                 the coastal area, fail to meet all applicable environmental standards,
                 or unreasonably restrict access to coastal waters. In addition,
                 existing petroleum supplies and the recently raised economic, environ-
                 mental, and safety concerns associated with nuclear power may affect
                 the demand for these facilities.

                    . It is clear that "alternative" sources of energy will become
                 more important in the future. There are presently 18 hydro power
                 facilities located at dams throughout the state and the U.S. Army
                 Corps of Engineers has identified severalexisting dams that are
                 adaptable to hydro-electric generating equipment.   A 3,000 watt
                 wind turbine in Winsted now provides electricity to the first Con-
                 necticut public building powered by the wind. Bridgeport and Water-
                 ford, both coastal municipalities, have been cited as areas that
                 have average wind speeds sufficiently high to support a typical
                 wind energy conversion system. Other potential future energy sources
                 .for electric generation include co-generation, biomass conversion,
                 and photovoltaics.

                      Additional electrical transmission lines, switchyards, and sub-
                 stations may be needed in the future to facilitate the efficient dis-
                 tribution of electricity to Connecticut and other New England states.
                 While economic and environmental considerations should be considered
                 in the siting of these facilities, their operation should not generally
                 result in significant  and wide-ranging impacts.

                      The siting of electric generating facilities, electrical trans-
                 mission lines (except those having a design capacity of less than
                 69 kilowatts), switchyards, and substations is regulated by the Power

                                               16-1

                     Facilities Evaluation Council (pFEC) pursuant to the Public Utilities
                     Environmental Standards Act (CGS Sections 16-50g to 16-50y). A
                     11certificate of environmental compatibility and public need" must be
                     obtained from the PFEC in order to construct any of the above mentioned
                     facilities. These certificates preempt all other state and municipal
                     permit authority. PFEC authorities are discussed in detail below.

                     Fuel Storage, Handling and Receiving Facilities

                          These facilities include all land-based petroleum storage,
                     handling, and receiving facilities that are not discussed under OCS
                     facilities (see below). Generally, they are located in the state's
                     major harbors in order to facilitate the handling and distribution
                     of fuel shipped by barges and small and,imeidium sized tankers.

                          Because of the frequent occurrence of oil spills at these
                     facilities, there is a CAM policy to discourage the siting of tank
                     farms and other fuel storage facilities within the coastal boundary
                     which can reasonably be located inland. Any new storage tanks that
                     must be located within the coastal boundary should   *be sited near
                     exi-sting tanks or in urban industrial areas and must be adequately
                     protected against floods and spills in accordance with applicable
                     standards (see Part A(6)(a) of Section IV of this document).

                          Receiving and handling facilities are, for the most part,
                     coastal dependent and should be sited and constructed with the goal
                     of minimizing the risk of oil spills which may damage valuable
                     coastal resources.

                          All fuel storage, handling and receiving facilities are licensed
                     for operation by the Department of Environmental Protection under the
                     Oil and Chemical Handling Law (CGS Sections 25-54bb to 25-54kk).
                     The siting of these facilities is under the jurisdiction of local
                     zoning authorities subject to the requirements of state regulatory
                     programs (e.g. tidal wetlands, structures, and dredging) and to
                     coastal goals and policies.

                     Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Exploration,_Development and
                     Production Facilities

                          The National Energy Plan recognizes that oil and gas under
                     federal ownership on the Outer Continental Shelf are important
                     national assets and should be "developed in an orderly manner con-
                     sistent with national energy and environmental policies." As part
                     of New England, Connecticut can expect to experience some portion
                     of the impacts stimulated by the activity on the Georges Bank;
                     activity that will modify both the offshore and onshore environ,@,i
                     ments. However, the onshore impacts are of less immediate concern
                     to Connecticut than to other New England states for several reasons.
                     In general, five factors will affect the siting of major OCS-related

                                                       168

                  facilities in Connecticut's coastal area:

                            (1)  The large distance separating Connecticut from the
                                 major areas of OCS activity and the availability
                                 of suitable alternative sites closer to major
                                 lease areas;

                            (2)  The lack of suitable vacant tracts of land;

                            (3)  Insufficient deepwater access to the coast;
                            (4)  Transhipment problems posed by the narrow entrance
                                 channels to Long Island Sound and the existing large
                                 volumes of commercial and recreational boat traffic;
                            (5)  Air pollution and other environmental quality concerns.

                       These factors indicate that, even,if signif *icanit finds of offshore
                  oil and gas are made in the North Atlantic, it is highly unlikely
                  that any major OCS-related facilities will be located in Connecticut.
                  However, the state may experience some indirect economic impacts of
                  OCS development because of increased production in industries, such
                  as-tool and machinery manufacturing, that support OCS development
                  activities (see CAM-,Planning Report No. 22).

                       OCS-related facilities include oil refineries,  gas processing
                  plants, deepwater ports, pipelines and shore terminals, and support
                  facilities (platform fabrication yards, pipecoating yards, etc.).
                  Potential environmental, social and economic impacts resulting from
                  OCS development have been analyzed in CAM Planning Report No. 22
                  (1976) as well as in the Report of the Governor's Fact-Finding Task
                  Force on Oil Refine ries (1975). The important considerations
                  regarding each type of OCS-related facility are summarized below.

                       Oil Refineries -- An oil refinery is used to convert crude oil
                  (a raw material) into a variety of useable products such as gasoline,
                  home heating oil, industrial oil and asphalt. The three major steps
                  in the refining process are separation, transformation of molecules,*
                  and the removal of impurities. A refinery located in New England
                  would be built with a design capacity of anywhere from 250 to 450
                  thousand barrels per day, thereby constituting a heavy industrial
                  use.

                       The need for an oil refinery in New England will depend on
                  significant finds of offshore oil in the North Atlantic and Mid-
                 .Atlantic regions. Considertng recent exploration results, there
                  is a low probability of finding a supply of crude oil substantial
                  enough to justify locating a refinery in southern New England.
                  Even if offshore wells do produce significant quantities of oil,
                  energy company officials have indicated a preference for expand-
                  ing existing facilities as opposed to finding new locations.

                       Connecticut's generally poor air quality makes it highly un-
                  likely that a refinery will be sited anywhere in the state.
                  According to the Report of the Governor's Fact-Finding Task Force
                  on Oil Refineries (1975), a refinery that emits 10,000 tons  per
                  year of hydroeorbonb (a conservative estimate) will cause violations
                                               169

                    of the ambient air quality standards for hydrocarbons as well as
                    lead to an increase in oxidant concentrations in much of the state.
                    Strict application of existing hydrocarbon standards would likely
                    prohibit the siting of a refinery in Connecticut. In addition.,
                    a refinery would cause a significant increase in existing
                    concentrations of sulfur oxides and particulates.

                         Other significant effects of an oil refinery include impacts
                    on water supply, water quality (including an increased risk of
                    oil spills in vulnerable estuarine areas), critical ecological,
                    historic, and scenic areas, and existing land use.

                         There is no centralized permit authority for this facility.
                    However, numerous regulatory mechanisms apply should a facility
                    be proposed. The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)-is
                    the principal agency responsible for issuing air and water pollution
                    permits, structures and dredging permits, and licenses for the
                    storage, handling and transportation of petroleum products. A
                    complete discussion of these authorities is presented in Section VI
                    of this document.

                         Refinery siting is indirectly regulated by the Public Utility
                    Environmental Standards Act (CGS Sections 16-50g to 16-50z) which
                    requires that a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and
                    Public Need be obtained from the Power Facilities Evaluation Council
                    for the construction of oil pipelines. Federal agencies that may
                    be involved in the refinery siting process include the U.S. Army
                    Corps of Engineers (dredging and filling), Coast Guard (transportation
                    of hazardous materials), and the Environmental Protection Agency
                    (water pollution standards).

                         CAM policies exclude refineries from the coastal area unless
                    it can be demonstrated that such facilities:

                               (1)  are water dependent;

                               (2)  cannot reasonabliy be located outside of the coastal
                                    boundary; '

                               (3)  meet all applicable environmental standards;

                               (4)  do not impose significant adverse impacts on resource
                                    uses in the national interest.

                    The complete policy appears in Part A(7)(d) of Section IV of this
                    document.

                         Gas Processing Plants -- United StatesGeological Survey estimates
                    indicate that commercially profitable quantities of natural gas may
                    be found  in the Georges Bank area. The gas must be purified at a.
                    processing plant before entering commercial pipelines. A gas plant
                    is a large industrial facility (utilizing 20 to 75 acres of land) and

                                                      110

                 would have a significant impact on air quality, including large
                 emissions.of nitrogen oxides. Impacts on water quality and supply
                 would also be significant as anywhere from 200,000 to 750,000
                 gallons of water per day would be used for cooling, depending on
                 the process employed. Other environmental impacts include the
                 production of hazardous wastes, esthetic considerations and noise.

                      No such plant has ever been considered for location in Con-
                 necticut and it is unlikely that one will locate here in the future.
                 The air quality problems discussed in the preceding section on oil
                 refineries, the need for a large land area, and the oreater distance
                 separating offshore sources of natural gas from the Connecticut coast relative
                 to suitabl.e alternative vites in the region are the primary reasons f or this.

                      The siting of a.gas processing plant would be subject to
                 various regulatory programs under the jurisdiction of DEP including
                 air and water pollution control and regulation of structures and
                 dredging. These authorities are described in Section VI of this
                 document. The CAM policy on oil refineries summarized above also
                 applies to gas processing plants.

                      Deepwater Ports -- Deepwater ports used to transfer bulk pro-
                 ducts such as oiT-may serve important economic and environmental
                 interests. They would allow supertankers (VLCC's) to unload
                 large quantities of oil at a safe distance from land in order to
                 minimize the risk of damage to the coast from oil spills. However,
                 deepwater ports will probably not be located in Connecticut's coastal
                 waters for several reasons.

                      While the use of supertankers may necessitate fewer tanker
                 trips than if smaller ships were used, thereby reducing the
                 probability of chronic low
                 volume spill levels, severe navigational difficulties would be
                 posed. The relatively narrow natural channels at the Race and
                 between Block Island and Rhode Island are likely to be dangerous
                 for supertankers. In addition, the large maneuvering areas
                 required around single point moorings would make it difficult
                 to find suitable sites for deepwater ports in Long Island Sound. (This
                 issue is discussed in the Report of the Governor's Fact Finding Task
                 Forte on Oil Refineries.)

                      An offshore facility will also pose a danger to navigation
                 due to normally heavy commercial and recreational boat traffic
                 in.most areas of the Sound. Nearly 100,000 recreational vessels
                 are registered in Connecticut and the state's waters are also
                 heavily utilized for commercial shipping.

                      While none of these problems -are presented by deepwater ports
                 located a sufficient distance from the shore, this would include
                 waters well beyond state jurisdiction

                          The siting of deepwater ports in Connecticut's
                     waters would.be subject to various regulatory
                     programs under DEP's jurisdiction including the Coastal Structures
                     Law (CGS Sections 25-7b to 25-7f), Coastal Dredging Law (CGS Sections
                     25-10 to 25-18), and Water Pollution Control (CGS Sections 25-54a to
                     25-54g-, 25-26, 25-27, and 25-54aa to 25-54hh). These authorities
                     are discussed in detail in Section VI of this document.

                          Pipelines and Shore Terminals -- Significant oil or gas finds
                     on the outer continental*shelf may necessitate the construction of
                     pipelines to connect the mainland with wells and deepwater ports.
                     A pipeline shore terminal wou,ld also be needed to house pumping
                     machinery that moves oil or gas through the pipeline and to provide
                     connections to a refinery or processing plant.

                          Several factors limit the potential for locating an OCS pipe-
                     line and shore terminal in Connecticut. First, large quantities
                     of oil and/or gas would have to be found in the North Atlantic
                     in order to provide economic justification for the construction of
                     a pipeline. Second, for economic reasons, pipelines are generally
                     directed to the land area closest to the drilling source. Finally,
                     as noted previously, it is unlikely that an oil refinery or gas
                     processing plant will be located in the state. For these reasons,
                     Massachusetts and Rhode Island are the most likely locations for
                     a'pipeline landfall.

                          In the unlikely event that an OCS pipeline is proposed for
                     Connecticut, certain impacts would have to be considered. On the
                     positive side, a pipeline and shore terminal could provide economic
                     benefits while posing less danger to the environment than super-
                     tanker transport (see discussion of deepwater ports above). Negative
                     environmental impacts include spills and damage to barrier reefs and
                     wetlands resulting from dredge and fill operations required to bury
                     the pipeline.

                          A pipeline shore terminal would probably have a significant
                     environmental impact, but it would not be nearly as severe as
                     impacts resulting from a refinery or gas processing plant. An oil
                     spill is possible if the pumping machinery is damaged but the risk
                     of a catastrophic spill caused directly by the terminal is minimal.
                     Air pollution impacts can be mitigated by the use of proper emission
                     controls.

                          A number of federal agencies are involved in overseeing the
                     siting, construction, and operation of interstate pipelines. These
                     agencies deal with safety and environmental considerations, economic
                     requirements and the proper development of natural resources in
                     general. Included are the Department of the Interior, Interstate
                     Commerce Commission (for oil), Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
                     (for gas), Department of Transportation, and the Army Corps of
                     Engineers. Coordination with the states is provided informally

                  through Department of the Interior field personnel and more formally
                  through CZMA (Section 307(c) ), 1978 Outer Continental Shelf Lands
                  Act Amendments (P.L. 95-372), Oil and Gas and Sulfur Operations in
                  the Outer Continental Shelf (30 CFR 250), and OCS Oil and Gas
                  Information Program (30 CFR 252). The siting of pipelines below
                  the mean high water mark is also regulated under the Coastal
                  Structures Law (CGS Sections 25-7b to 25-7f).
                       A pipeline shore terminal would be subjected to various state
                  and local land use authorities that are discussed elsewhere in this
                  document.

                      @OCS Support Facilities---- Facilities that may be needed if
                  significant OCS finds are made in the North Atlantic        include
                  oil and gas platforms, platform fabrication yards, storage depots,
                  crew and supply bases, and tank farms. The potential demand for
                  these facilities will depend on several factors including where
                  recoverable amounts of oil and gas are found, the quantity of
                  production,estimated from exploratory drilling results, the
                  composition of the find (i.e. all oil, all gas, or a mixture),
                  and the rate of production. As in the case of theother OCS-related
                  facilities discussed above, Connecticut's distance from the drilling
                  locations will generally restrict the siting of support facilities in the
                  state. However, if the demand were to a-rise for such facilities the
                  economic benefits could be significant.

                       Although some OCS support facilities are not coastal dependent,
                  coastal sites are often preferred for economic reasons. Proposed
                  facilities should be examined on a case-by-case basis utilizing all
                  relevant federal, state, and municipal authorities. Such an examina-
                  tion Will include an assessment of the impact on coastal resources
                  using coastal goals and policies (Section IV of this document) and
                  should provide an analysis of alternative sites within and outside
                  the coastal area.

                  LNG Facilities

                       A typical liquefied natural gas  (LNG) import facility
                  consists of a marine unloading pier,  a cryogenic pipeline leading
                  from the pier to storage tanks, storage tanks,
                     vaporizers, and compressors and pipeline facilities to transport
                  gas. Such a facility would be used to handle the importation of
                  foreign gas supplies.

                       The federal Department of Energy recently denied a proposal    to
                  import LNG to the northeastern United States because of the lack    of
                  demonstrated regional need for the imports. Given this decision     and
                  the fact-that large LNG terminals are presently located in Massachu-
                  setts and the New York-New Jersey area, it is unlikely that one will
                  be proposed for Connecticut in the near future.

                       Since LNG facilities are coastal dependent, any site evaluation
                  would have to carefully examine impacts on coastal resources i-ncluding

                     the large land area needed, increased tanker traffic, the effect on
                     shipping, increased air and water pollution due to LNG shipping and
                     processing, and socioeconomic impacts. Another major concern as-
                     sociated with LNG facilities is the risk to public health and safety
                     should an LNG spill occur. Security and safety measures at the
                     Massachusetts facility have been questioned in recent years.

                          LNG transhipment problems in Connecticut's coastal waters will
                     be difficult to overcome. As in the case of supertanker transport
                     (see discussion of deepwater ports), LNG transport will be limited
                     by the narrow channels at the entrance to Long Island Sound, the
                     lack of large deepwater harbors,and the large volume of recreational
                     and commercial vessels presently using the Sound. The large land
                     area required by LNG facilities would also limit the potential for
                     siting in Connecticut.

                          The siting.of LNG fac ilities is subject to various regulatory
                     programs under the jurisdiction of DEP including air and water
                     pollution control and structures and dredging regulations (see
                     Section VI of this document).

                     State Authorities Involved in Energy Facility Planning a nd Siting

                          Connecticut has instituted a coordinated and comprehensive
                     system for energy facility planning and for regulating the location
                     and construction of power plants, distribution facilities, and
                     transmission lines. The Power Facilities Evaluation. Council (PFEC)
                     is the chief agency responsible for the siting of major energy
                     facilities. Facilities which are not under the PFEC's jurisdiction
                     are subJect to State permit authority centralized in the Department
                     of Environmental Protection, or to municipal zoning authority.
                     Coastal goals and policies (Section IV of this document) have been
                     developed to guide and coordinate the planning and decision-making
                     processes at all levels of government. In addition, the Energy
                     Division of the State Office of Policy and Management and the
                     Energy Advisory Board have responsibility for developing energy
                     supply and demand projections and for recommending broad energy
                     policy and regulatory changes to the General Assembly and the
                     Governor.

                          Planning -- Many state agencies are currently involved in
                     decision-makihg that affects energy policy, including the execution
                     of programs aimed at reducing energy consumption through conservation
                     and increased efficiency. Agencies having energy planning
                     responsibilities include the Energy Division of the Office of Policy
                     and Management, Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority, Public
                     Utilities Control Authority, Power Facilities Evaluation Council,
                     Department of Administrative Services, Department of Transportation,
                     and Department of Environmental Protection.

                       The Energy Division of the Office of Policy and Management is
                  the central energy office for the state. Policy planning and program
                  operations that the Energy Division is charged with include the
                  following:

                            (1)  Analysis of all aspects of energy production and
                                 supply, transportation, consumption, and conservation.

                            (2)  Development of recommended energy policies and programs
                                 for the state which are designed to balance economic,
                                 environmental, and social considerations.

                            (3)  Execution of federal and regional programs involving
                                 energy conservation, renewable energy resource develop-
                                 ment, and energy allocation, including implementation
                                 of the Coastal Energy Impact Program.

                            (4) Coordination of state energy activities.

                       The Energy Division also provides staff supp  ort to the Connecticut
                  Energy Advisory Board. The board consists of representatives of
                  various state agencies as well as members of the general public
                  and is responsible for submitting an annual report to the Governor
                  and General Assembly. The report must contain both short-range and'
                  long-range forecasts of energy supply and demand. for the state as
                  well as recommendations for correcting energy imbalances. In the event
                  of projected shortages in energy supply, these recommendations must
                  include the following (CGS Section 16a-17):

                            11-measures to develop new or expanded sources of energy,
                            including any recommendations to authorize the establish-
                            ment of oil refineries, deepwater ports, nuclear power
                            facilities, off-shore drilling facilities, or other similar
                            major capital facilities. The board shall identify any
                            beneficial or adverse social, economic, or environmental
                            impact of such energy projections and recommendations."

                  Informal coordination between CAM and the Energy Advisory Board is
                  maintained by the three state agencies that are represented on both
                  the Coastal Area Management Advisory Board and the Energy Advisory
                  Board '_ the Power Facilities Evaluation Council, the Department of
                  Environmental Protection and the Department of Economic Development.
                  The Office of Policy and Management is also represented on the CAM
                  Advisory Board..

                       Another energy planning mechanism is contained in.Section 16-50r
                  of the General Statutes which requires all electric generating com-
                  panies to furnish an annual report to the Power Facilities Evaluation
                  Council containing long term forecasts of loads and resources. In
                  addition to supply and demand forecasts, these reports must include
                  lists of existing and planned energy facilities.

                        The CAM Program provides guidelines for facility    siting in
                   Connecticut's coastal area. Under CAM, virtually all uses and
                   resources in the coastal area will be managed. Coastal goals and
                   policies have been developed for energy facilities as well as for
                   land and,lwater resources, environmental quality, research, inter-
                   governmental coordination, and public participation. These goals
                   and policies will serve as a guide to energy facility planning and
                   siting by all levels of government in the coastal area(Section IV of this document).

                        Siting- The Power Facilities Evaluation Council (PFEC),
                   established pursuant to the Public Utility      Environmental Standards
                   Act (CGS Sections 16-50g to 16-50z), consists of one representative
                   each from the Department of Environmental Protection, Public
                   Utilities Control Authority, House of Representatives, and Senate,
                   in addition to five members of the general public. The PFEC has
                   jurisdiction over the siting and,.iimodification of the following
                   energy facilities (Section 16-501):

                              (1)  Electric transmission lines of a design capacity
                                   of 69 kilovolts or more, including associated
                                   equipment;

                              (2)  Fuel transmission facilities, except gas pipelines
                                   having a design capacity of less than 200 pounds
                                   per square inch gauge pressure (interstate gas pipe-
                                   lines are regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory
                                   Commission);

                              (3)  Any electric generating or storage facility using
                                   any fuel, including nuclear materials, including
                                   associated equipment for furnishing electricity by
                                   electric utilities;

                              (4)  Such substations, switchyards, and other facilities
                                   which may have an adverse environmental effect.

                        No construction or modification of the above mentioned facilities
                  .may be undertaken without a "certificate of environmental compatibility
                   and public need" (herein referred to as "certificate") issued by the
                   PFEC. Any proposed facility must "be built, maintained and operated
                   'in conformity with such certificate and any terms, limitations or
                   conditions contained therein." The requirement for obtaining a
                   certificate provides a mechanism for regulating the siting of
                   energy facilities.

                        The PFEC must adhere to statutory criteria in deciding on a   n
                   application for a certificate. The decision must be based on a
                   determination of the following factors (Section 16-50p):

                              (1) The public need for the facility and the basis for
                                   the need;

                             (2)  The nature of the probable environmental impact in-
                                  cluding an identification of every significant adverse
                                  .effect on, or conflict with State policies concerning
                                  the natural environment, ecological balance, public
                                  health and safety, scenic, historic, and recreational
                                  values, forests and parks, air and water purity, and
                                  fish and wildlife;

                             (3)  Why the adverse effects or conflicts referred to above
                                  are not sufficient reason to deny the application-,

                             (4)  In the case of an electric transmission line, that the
                                  facility serves the interests of electric economy
                                  and reliability and that the overhead port-ions are
                                  consistent with all applicable state and federal guide-
                                  lines;

                             (5)  In the case of an electric or fuel transmission line,
                                  that the location of the lAne will not pose an undue
                                  hazard to persons or property.

                       Section 16-50p clearly requires a balancing of the need for the
                  facility with the environmental impact of the facility. In addition,
                  violation of any state environmental policy or standard, including
                  coastal management policies, is sufficient reason to deny a certi-
                  ficate unless the PFEC presents an explicit finding that the public
                  need for the facility outweighs violations of such standards. This
                  statement is substantiated by Section 16-50t which allows the PFEC
                  to adopt standards for power facilities in addition to, but not
                  .inconsistent with,other federal and state environmental standards.
                  Prior to any hearings on applications, the PFEC is specifically
                  required to consult with the Department of Environmental Protection,
                  Department of Health Services, Council on Environmental Quality,
                  Division of Public Utility Control within the Department of Business
                  Regulation, Office of Policy and Management, Department of Economic
                  Development, and Department of Transportation. Section 16-501 which
                  describes the required content of an application for a certificate
                  provides additional input into the assessment of public need and
                  environmental impact of energy facilities.

                       The Public Utility Environmental Standards Act also prbvides for
                  the incorporation of all relevant public and private interests into
                  the facility siting process. The composition of the PFEC (described
                  above), strict requirements for public hearings, and the inclusion of
                  various interest groups and individuals as potential parties to
                  certification proceedings all serve to provide input into the decision-
                  making process. In addition, municipal zoning commiissions and inland
                  wetlands agencies may regulate and restrict the proposed location of
                  a facility although a municipal decision may be revoked buy a vote of
                  six members of the PFEC.

                          The mechanisms used to involve all relevant public and private
                     groups are consistent with the efforts of CAM to involve all affected
                     local, regional, state, and federal agencies as well as interest
                     groups and the general public in all phases of coastal management.

                          CAM's past efforts at involving the public in coastal management
                     as well as plans for future coordination are described in Section IX
                     of this document.

                     The National Interest in Energy Facilities

                          CZMA requires a state's energy facility siting process to include
                     "a discussion of the means for continued consideration of the national
                     interest in the planning for and siting of energy facilities necessary
                     to meet more than local requirements." The intent of this require-
                     ment is to assure that a state or municipality does not arbitrarily
                     exclude facilities from the coastal area that may be necessary to
                     meet national or regional energy requirements. However, the national
                     interest in energy facility siting must be balanced against other
                     uses of the coastal area that are also of greater than local importance.

                          CAM has identified 10 generic categories of facilities, uses,
                     and resources that are of national and regional importance (see
                     pageir,qof this document). This list encompasses the protection of
                     certain natural resources, measures to control air and water pollution,
                     and the provision of certain facilities that are chiefly of economic
                     and social benefit, including "energy facilities serving statewide
                     and interstate markets, including electric generating facilities and
                     facilities for storage, receiving or processing petroleum products
                     and other fuels." As indicated earlier, most of these facilities are
                     either directly regulated by the state or federal government or are
                     subject to various state regulatory programs.

                          Connecticut's approach to coastal management provides for the
                     management of virtually all uses and resources in the coastal area.
                     No energy facilities are generically excluded from the coastal area,
                     although as noted earlier in this section, environmental concerns
                     and supply and demand considerations limit the probability of certain
                     facilities being located there. Energy facility siting, through the
                     PFEC and other agencies, will proceed on a case-by-case basis, while
                     incorporating all relevant plans, policies and standards. The CAM
                     policy on planning for facilities and resources which are of national
                     importance (see Section 2-(10) of Proposed Amendments to the Coastal
                     Management Act, Appendix C ) provides that reasonable grounds for
                     the restriction or exclusion of a facility of national importance in
                     the coastal area must include a finding that such a facility:

                                    may reasonably be sited outside that coastal boundary;

                                                  I-is

                            (2) fails to meet all applicable federal and state
                                environmental health and safety standards; or

                            (3) unreasonably restricts physical or visual access to
                                coastal waters.

                      CAM 's approach to the national interest requirement of CZMA is
                 discussed in detail in Planning Report No. 7 (1976) and on pages      iv@
                 of this document.

                                SHOREFRONT ACCESS AND PROTECTION PLANNING

                        Three major factors ihfluence the planninq process for enhancing
                   shorefront access and protection in Connecticut: (1) the natural
                   physiographic limit in the amount of suitable coastal resource, (2)
                   the extensive development of the immediate shorefront area, and (3)
                   the high cost of acquisition and development coupled with a real lack
                   of available acquisition and development opportunities. These fact-
                   ors are largely a result'of the physical (or geological) character -
                   istics of the shorefront and the pattern of existing coastal develop-
                   ment.

                        The coast of Connecticut is, for the most part, highly develop-
                   ed, and the development trend is expected to continue. Studies con-
                   ducted under contract to thle Connecticut Coastal Area Management Pro-
                   gram show that even in some of the least developed sections of the
                   coast, development within 1000 feet of the shore increased by 50%
                   over the decade from 1965 - 1975. Historically, demand from com-
                   peting land uses for the desirable shorefront property has resulted
                   in the private development and ownership of much of the coast. Very
                   little suitable land remains available for additional intensive pub-
                   lic recreational use that is not already being used to capacity or
                   that is not being preserved for its important natural values. For
                   example, more than 50% of the remaining open space shore frontage in
                  Connecticut's coastal area is tidal wetland.

                        The reatest intensity of development in the coastal area oc-
                   curs in Je western part of the state. Industry and other urban uses
                   have concentrated along the western shorefront in New Haven, Bridqe-
                   port, Norwalk and Stamford. The surrounding towns are characterized
                   b'v dense residential development due in oart to their proximity to
                    ew York City and their general location along the.major northeastern
                   trans'oortation corridors connectinq Boston and Washington, D.C. The
                   physical shorefront features along this section of the coast are
                   predominantly rocky shorefront, artificial fill and bulkheading and
                   a few beaches. Aside from islands, particularly in the Norwalk
                   group, beaches in this area consist of highly developed, modified
                   barrier beaches, small "pocket" beaches and narrow land contact
                   beaches. Several of the larger beaches are in public ownership (either
                   state or municipal) and are used for recreational purposes. P@ivate
                   residential development crowding and dissecting the larger beaches,
                   poor water quality caused by intense industrial, commercial and re-
                   sidential use of the shorefront, and the limited amount of available
                   resource suited to the most demanded forms of coastal recreation
                   are the major limitations to providing additional public recreational
                   access.

                        The coastal area east of Now Haven is less intensely developed,
                   but the same general patterns of land use evident in the western end
                   of the state are repeated, particularl in the immediate shorefront
                                                          y
                   area. Though several of these towns are decidedly rural in over-
                   all character, land use densities increase as one moves toward the
                   shore.. Sandy beaches are more prevalent in the central and eastern

                                                 ISO

                 portions of the state as are undeveloped tidal wetlands. Rocky shore-
                 front accountsfor most of the remaining physical resource (see Section
                 II). The historic patterns of development and private ownership of the
                 immediate shorefront present many of the same constraints to increasing
                 public access as occur in the western part of the state.

                      Planning Report #25, published by the Coastal Area Management
                 Program in March, 1978, discusses in detail the.recreational demand,
                 opportunities.and limitations in Connecticut's coastal area. Re-
                 creational use of the coast takes many forms and depends on the avail-
                 ability of different resouces and facilities. Sandy beaches are sought
                 out for swimming; boating requires some type of shore based facility;
                 fishing can be done.from the beach, rocks, jetties and piers; and hunt-
                 ing and wildlife observation depend on the existence of natural hab-
                 itat. Given the pressure from competing land uses and the limited
                 amount of undeveloped land in the coastal area, satisfying the public
                 demand for these and other recreational activities requires that ac-
                 cess to all publicly owned coastal I   'and be ensured.   The -.Coastal Area
                 Management Program's proposed amendments to the Coastal Management Act
                 contain a number of policies on improving access to the shorefront
                 (see Appendix C

                      Publicly owned coastal areas include those portions of the shore
                 held in fee ownership by the state and also that portion of the shore
                 between mean high and mean low tide lines. This latter area is held
                 in trust by the state under jus publicum or public trust-doctrine.
                 Of these areas, the coastal resource in greatest demand and, from a
                 geological perspective, in    shortest supply is sandy beach.

                 Beach Recreation

                      For the purposes of CAM's shorefront planning element, the defin-
                 ition of "beach" is the same as that which appears in the,proposed
                 amendments to the Coastal Management Act and in the Goals.and Pol-
                 icies section of this document. "Beach" is defined as gently sloping
                 deposits of loosely consolidated sedimentary material (sand and/or
                 gravel on cobbles) fronting on coastal waters and extending land-
                 ward from mean low water to the location where a distinct change in
                 thephysical composition or physiographic form occurs.

                      Along the Connecticut shoreline, sandy beaches are neither a-
                 bundant nor evenly distributed. Of the 458 miles of total coastal
                 (Sound and riverine) frontage, only 34.5 (18%) is sandy beach.          This
                 beach varies greatly in length, width and sand quality. Analysis of
                 th,:! Coastal Area Management Program's coastal resource maps and aerial
                 photographs reveals that as much as one third of the state's beaches
                 are less than 1500 feet in overall length. Many of the beaches are
                 narrow and the sand tends to be coarse. Because of these factors, a
                 sizeable number of Connecticut's beaches,both public and private, af-
                 ford only limited recreation opportunities in terms of gapacity.

                          Fifty four miles (64% of the sandy beach) are privately owned.
                     Generally, private ownership of the beach is characterized by small
                     house lots fronting on small (100-200 feet+) stretches of beach.
                            L-tern of
                     This pal         inaividual ownership divid-ing the beach into short
                     sections, makes it difficult to acquire sufficient frontage for re-
                     creational use or to acquire sufficent area adjacant to this beach
                     for parking, rest rooms and other necessary support facilities.

                          Of the remaining 36% (30.5 miles) the state owns seven miles.
                     Sherwood Island, Hammonasset and Rocky Neck State Parks (totaling
                     4.5 miles) are managed by the state as recreational beach areas.
                     Bluff Point, Harkness Memorial, and Silver Sands State Parks are
                     state owned preserve or undeveloped beach areas and account for the
                     remaining 2.5 miles of state fee-owned beach. As discussed in Plan-
                     ning Report 25 and mentioned in the"fbllowing paragraphs of this dis-
                     cussion, development or expansion of a number of these areas is
                     recommended for increasing user capacity and public access.

                          Municipalities own the remaining 28% (23.5 miles) of sandy
                     beach. Of this municipal beach frontage, approximately 75% (17.3
                     miles) is accessible to the general public. The municipal beaches
                     range in size from short stretches of sand with very limited park-
                     ing and user capacity to highly developed, good quality beach areas
                     offering a full range of support facilities. Appendix D (Design-
                     ated Public Recreational Beaches) of Planning Report 25 contains
                     a listing of all the publicly owned recreational beaches in the
                     state, and gives the location, frontage and area, restrictions,
                     -and capacities of each. While approximately 25% (4.8 miles) of
                     municipally owned beach frontage has restricted access, it is un-
                     likely that the removal of municipally impospd residency require-
                     ments in areas of restricted access will provide new use oppor-
                     tunities since municipal facilities are generally used to capacity.

                          As Planning Report 25 concludes, given the lack of available
                     beach resource in Connecticut, improvement of access to beach areas
                     may best occur in two major ways: (1) the improvement of access to
                     existing designated recreational beaches, particularly state-
                     owned beaches and (2) the development of new or the reutilization
                     of former or- 'currently underuti I i zed beach areas.  Specific re-
                     commendations, discussed in Planning Report 25, include the follow-
                     ing: (1) develop Silver Sands/Charles Island State Park complex
                     by taking all necessary steps to curb existing sources of water
                     pollution and by resolution of ownership conflicts,'(2) determine
                     the feasibility of reusing current state owned, non-recreational
                     coastal lands for recreation, (3) give further study to the po-
                     tential use of a number of the Norwalk Islands for public recreat-
                     ion, (4) increase the capacity of the developed state recreational
                   beaches by providing addit'ional parking at Sherwood Island and Rocky
                     Neck, improving the interioraccess routes to Hammonasset, and pos-
                     sibly widening the beach by artificial nourishment at Rocky Neck.,

                 Boating

                     Boating is another major recreational use of the coastal area.
                 There are approximately 70,000 power boats registered in Connecticut
                 and an unknown but sizeable number of sailboats (estimated in excess
                 of 30,000). A 1976 survey of marinas in Connecticut conducted by the
                 .Sto,tr_ Department of Commerce under contract to the Coastal Area Man-
                 agement Program identified 164 commercial marinas, 8 public marinas
                 and 63 private yacht clubs. In. addition, there are 13 state boat
                 launching ramps providing access to the Sound, and 10 ramps providing
                 access to the low'er Connecticut River. A listing of the marinas,
                 clubs and boat launching facilities is provided in Appendix E
                 (State Boat Launching Ramps; Marinas) of Planning Report 25. Aside
                 from the approximately 5000 car capacity of the public boat launching
                 areas, available slips and berths total roughly 25,000. An un-
                 surveyed but significant number of individual harbor moorings pro-
                 vide additional boating facilities. It is evident from the data pre-
                 sented in Planning Report 25 that a large share of the boating facil-
                 ities are supplied by the private sector *  Within the economic con-
                 straints of the user, these facilities are largely accessible to the
                 public. Planning Report 25 identifies a need to provide relatively
                 inexpensive public boating access and recommends the development of
                 additional state boat launching sites throughout the coastal area to
                 meet that need. In addition, the Coastal Area Management Program
                 recognizes the significant role of the private sector in providing
                 boating access to the Sound and has developed policies which encourage
                 the development of commercial boating facilities in suitable loca-
                 tions (see Section IV, Goals and Policies).

                 Other Coastal Recreation

                     Other forms of coastal recreation are more difficult to quantify.
                 Interest in fishing has doubled since the mid-1960's according to
                 SCORP estimates; the total number of fishermen in Connecticut is
                 estimated at 450,000 (15% of the population). The state owns sig-
                 nificant tidal wetland acreage and other similar areas preserved and
                 valued for their natural features. Areas such as Barn Island in
                 Stonington, C.E. Wheeler Wildlife Area in Milford and Great Harbor
                 in Guilford are primarily managed for fish and wildlife based re-
                 creation. Wildlife observation, hiking and camping are a few of t@e
                 other recreational activities popular in the coastal- are-a afid-pro-
                 vided at state owned areas such as Bluff Point, Rocky Neck, and
                 Hammonasett State Parks. Planning Report No. 25 recommends that
                 a coastal recreation user study be undertaken to specifically
                 identify and.quantify recreational demand in this coastal area.
                 This coastal user demand survey should occur in conjunction with
                 a similar statewide study, and both demand and supply data be
                 gathered and regula0y updated to ensure that "need" determinations
                 for both coastal and non-coastal activities are appropriately made
                 and prioritized on a statewide basis.

                   Shorefront Access And Protection Planning

                        The Connecticut Coastal Area Management Program will utilize
                   the existing and on-going Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreat-
                   ion Planning (SCORP) process as the means for enhancing the pro-
                   tection of and access to public beaches and other public coastal
                   areas of environmental, recreational, historical, esthetic, ecoloo-
                   ical or cultural value.

                        While recreational access is an important use of coastal land
                   and water, it is not the only potential use. Given the limited
                   amount of undeveloped land in the coastal area and the competition
                   from alternative uses, the priority for recreational use of coastal
                   resources should be determined from a statewide perSDective. Other
                   parts of the state can provide water oriented recreational opport-
                   unities that will alleviate some part of the demand for the limited
                   recreational resources of the coast. One of the primary advantages
                   of utilizing the SCORP process is that coastal recreation can be
                   considered and balanced in light of.statewide recreation demands
                   and opportunities.

                        The Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Planning pro-
                   cess encompasses the major elements which a shorefront enhance-
                   ment planning process should include. On a statewide basis, the
                   plan outlines a method for the determination of recreational needs,
                   analyzes the supply and capabilities of existing facilities and
                   areas and includes policies and recommendations to meet these
                   needs. Coastal area concerns, needs, and recommendations have been,
                   and will continue to be, incorporated into this established recreat-
                   ion planning process. The policies and recommendations contained
                   in SCORP serve to guide state and municipal actions to meet ident-
                   ified recreational need. It represents an "action plan" to be ad-
                   dressed when monies for outdoor recreation are available.

                        The 1973 SCORP identifies water based recreation as the most
                   critical recreation resource both from the demand for activities
                   and the deficiency of available supply perspective. SCORP's chap-
                   ter V (Major Water and Land Recreation Resource Issues) incorporates
                   the coastal recreation analyses and recommendations from Planning
                   Report 25. In Chapter VIII (Goals, Policies and Recommendations for
                   Meeting Outdoor Recreation Needs) and Chapter IX (Connecticut's
                   Five Year Action Plan), a number of policies and recommendations
                   for increasing coastal access through coastal area acquisition and
                   development projects are included.

                   Specific acquisition priorities include:

                        -Coastal region purchases for public access to Long Island
                          Sound and for future development of water based activities.
                          It is further recommended that coastal beach access offering
                          a potential for swimming opportunities be acquired wherever
                          they become available in parcels of manageable size.

                                                   184

                     -The acquisition and development of a publicly-owned boat-
                      launching site in every town along the coast to provide ad-
                      ditional fishing and boating opportunities.

                     -The acquisition of natural areas listed on the State's In-
                      ventory of Natural Areas and other critical habitats which
                      are immediately endangered and cannot be protected by other
                      methods. A program of planned acquisition of threatened
                      sites or preservation through conservation easements and
                      other land use control techniques must continue to be a state
                      priority for preserving Connecticut's environment for its sci-
                      entific, educational and natural values.

                     -The acquisition of cultural and historic sites where recreation
                      can be provided. This can be best accomplished in conjunction
                      with the Connecticut Historical Commission.

                     -The selection , acquisition and expansion of areas for new
                      State Parks in proximity to the state's population centers.

                      Because land acquisition presents particular difficulties with
               respect to the timing of land sales, and the availability of funding,
               SCORP contains a number of recommendations for land acquisition as-
               sistance that are specifically related to the coastal area. These
               are:

                     -Establishment of a state-first option to purchase areas of
                      highest coastal water-based recreation potential.

                     -Establishment of a funding procedure to allow timely ex-
                      ercise of purchase options when appropriate especially for
                      shorefront properties following natural disasters.

                     -Provision of State matching funds for shorefront access plan-
                      ninq under Sec. 315(2) of the Coastal Zone Management Act of
                      1.972.

                      The SCORP planning process has also identified certa  in devel-
               opment needs which should receive priority attention. Coastal swim-
               ming and boating facilities as well as the protection of historic and
               cultural resources are among those identified. The recommendations
               include:

                     -The concentration of State development funds on expanding and
                      upgrading the recreation potential of its existing coastal
                      swimming beaches.

                     -Development of additional coastal swimming capacity at Rocky
                      Neck, Hamonasset and Sherwood Island Staie Parks. Begin con-
                      struction of Silver Sands State Park; one of the state's
                      few remaining opportunities for significant- new coastal swim-
                      ming capacity.

                        -The thorough evaluation of all stateowned coastal lands     to in-
                         crease recreation usage especially in providing swimming ca-
                         pacity.

                        -Development of existing sites acquired for boat launching
                         areas and rehabilitation of sites as the first priority for
                         increasing boating opportunities.

                        -Attemptinq to build-in recreation facilities in conjunction
                         with the p"rojects developed under the Federal Water Pollution
                         Control Act.

                         The protection of sites and areas of historic and cultural
                   resources are encouraged in SCORP through acquisition, establishment
                   of historic districts, or the use of appropriate land use regulations.

                        SCORP also includes a Municipal Action Plan.    The Plan encourages
                   municipal                                                acquisition
                   and development when it is more appropriate (for example, when an
                   available parcel  is not of sufficient size to manage as a state-
                   wide facility).   Connecticut municipalities have relied on the Heritage
                   Conservation and  Recreation Service's Grant-In-Aid Program to relieve
                   a major share of  the burden of the cost for recreation land acquisition
                   and development. Each municipality has its own specialized goals
                   which meet local  recreational needs and demands of its citizens.
                   Shoreline acquisition and development are major goalsof many coast-
                   al municipalities.

                   Connecticut Actions

                        Many of the recommendations contained in Planning Report #25
                   and the Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan are cur-
                   rently being implemented in Connecticut.

                        A proposal to increase user capacity at Rocky Neck State Park is
                   now in final design stage. The proposal includes constructing an
                   additional parking lot, expanding the beach capacity by 50% through
                  hydraulic fill from offshore, correcting and stabilizing the chann@l
                   of Bride's Brook and adding to the existing sanitary facilities.

                        At Hammonasset State Park, improvements to the interior roads
                   are being made to improve circulation and related access difficulties.
                   A preliminary study concerning methods for stablization of part of the
                   eroding beach at Sherwood Island has been initiated.

                        Silver Sands State Park in Milford is the -state's best opport-
                   unity for increasing access to the shorefront. It is currently 293
                   acres with 3100 feet of Sound frontage, and is ideally located mid-
                   way between two existing State beaches (Sherwood Island in Westport
                   and Hammonassetin Madison) and in proximity to the urban centers of
                   New Haven and Bridgeport. An active landfill within the Park's boun-
                   dary is contributing pollutants which are degrading the water quality
                   in the area. United Illuminating Co. owns a near-shore island and
                   a strip of land bisecting the park.

                     The process to close the Milford landfill at Silver Sands in
                a way which will make development of a future active recreation
                area on that land feasible is under way. The closina of the land-
                fill is due to occur in March, 1979, and the purchase of the is-
                land and the parcel of land bisecting the park has been negotiated
                with the owner.  Sufficient funds to develop the park's full re-
                creational potential have been authorized by the state bond commis-
                sion.

                     The proposed federal Lonq Island Sound Heritage Bill sp   on-
                sored byU.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut, cal)s for   the
                federal appropriation of 50 million dollars to provide New York
                and Connecticut with up to 75% of the costs of acquiring and/or
                developing fifteen areas of recreation, scenic and conservation
                value on Long Island Sound. The plan calls for federal acquisition
                of these lands and federally-supported state administration of the
                areas. While this bill would not greatly increase state land hold-
                ings since most of the proposed areas in Connecticut are currently
                either state or municipally owned, it would provide Connecticut with
                needed additional funds for development, restoration, and mainten-
                ance of recreational facilities along the coast, thereby increasing
                both the quality and availability of recreational opportunities in
                the coastal area.

                     In its fourth year of funding, the Coastal Area Management
                Program received a supplemental grant to be used for urban water-
                front planning and coastal access projects. Three grants were a-
                warded to municipalities for urban waterfront studies and one for
                a statewide recreational access study. Three of these four studies
                contain shorefront access components.

                     The New Haven waterfront study will examine the quantity and
                quality of existing waterfront access points and recreational boat-
                ing potential in New Haven harbor. The task includes idertifying
                ways of improving access to the waterfront and developing a spec-
                ific strategy for harborwide park development.

                     The City of Norwalk owns a site that it wishes to develop
                along with an adjacent piece of property as a Historic Seaport to
                draw people to Norwalk Harbor and to serve as a focus for the re-
                habilitation of the south end,commercial area. Norwalk's Water-
                front Project involves preparing a development plan that will pro-
                vide the City with the process for opening the waterfront to pub-
                lic access and encouraging additional economic activity in South
                Norwalk.
                   . The CAM Recreational Access Project is examining the feas-
                ibility of using breakwaters, groins,jetties, and revetments, con-
                structed in whole or in part through the use of public funds, for
                the purpose of providing recreati,onal access for the general public.
                Recreational access opportunities offered by these existing struc-
                tures are being assessed and priori,ti.zed. Particular emphasis is
                being given to use of the structures by minority populations, ur-
                ban disadvantaged     the elderly and the handicapped.

                           in addition, CAM is currently in the final stages of negotiation
                     for funding a proposal to complete the design of a linear waterfront
                     park at the head of Stamford harbor as part of the urban waterfront
                     planning grant program.

                           The Goals and Policies section (Sec IV) of this document con-
                     tain a number of state policies pertaining to shorefront access and
                     protection.

                           Public access is encouraged by: 1) making effective use of
                     state-owned  recreation facilities, 2) ensuring that new coastal struc-
                     tures not impair access to the beach below mean high water and, 3) that
                     access be provided when granting public funds for erosion and flood con-
                     trol projects.
                           The policy addressing cultural resources eneour(L3es +4 profp,&-
                     ion and preservation of the historical and archeological resources of
                     the coastal area.

                           Policies concerning transportation facilities require that rail,
                     highway and airport improvements do not adversely impact, and where
                     possible improve, both physical and visual access.

                           Boating policies encourage the provision of facilities without
                     adversely impacting coastal resources , and to be located so as to assure
                     optimal public access. As noted in Section IV, and discussed in Sec-
                     tions I and VI, these policies will be implemented through Connecticut's
                     Coastal Area Management Program under the authority for specific state
                     and local planning and regulatory programs.

                     Areas Of Particular Concern

                           A method for protecting certain shorefront areas is provided in
                     this document. The protection needs of certain significant shorefront
                     areas will be enhanced through their designation as areas'of particular
                     concern. The method and criteria for designating these areas - tidal
                     wetlands, shellfish concentration areas, federal navigation channels,
                     and dredged spoi 1 di sposal si tes are descri bed i n Secti on VI I .   Other
                     shorefront areas can be protected for their conservation, recrea-
                     tion, ecologial or esthetic values by designation as areas for pre-
                     servation or restoration. The procedures for identifying and de-
                     signating future APR's are also described in Section VII of this doc-
                     ument.

                     Authorities

                           As presented and reviewed in Section VI, the essential legal
                   authorities necessary to carry out shorefront access and protection*
                     planning are held by the Department of Environmental Protection.

                                                    Its

                       Section 22a-25 of the Conn. General Statutes gives      the Com-
                 missioner of                      Environmental Protection    the author-
                 ity to acquire land for any purpose or activity relating to or com-
                 patible with the function of the Department of Environmental Protec-
                 tion. @These duties include providing for the protection, enhance-
                 ment and management of the public forests, park, open spaces and
                 natural area preserves, and providing for the protection, enhance-
                 ment and management of inland, marine and coastal water resources,
                 ineAUJini  but not limited to wetlands, rivers, estuaries and shore-
                 lines.

                       Section 22a-21 authorizes the Commissioner
                 of Environmental Protection to prepare, maintain and keep up to date
                 a comprehensive plan for the development of the outdoor recreation
                 resources and other natural resources of the state. The plan co-
                 ordinates the activities and balances the interests and responsibili-
                 ties    of the component line units of the Department of Environ-
                 mental Protection.,

                       Another applicable authority is held by the Connecticut Histor-
                 ical Commission. Section 10-321d of the Conn. General Statutes gives
                 to the Connecticut Historical Commission the authority to acquire
                 historic structures or landmarks which the Commission determines to
                 be of national or state historical importance for the purposes of
                 public visitation and the protection of the heritages of the people
                 of this state and nation.

                 Lunding

                       Connecticut will continue, as it has in t    he past, to rely on a
                 number of, funding programs to enhance shorefront recreation and/or
                 access.

                       The major source of federal funding is the Heritage Conservation
                 and Recreation Service's Land and Water Conservation Fund. This
                 program provides grants-in-aid to states and municipalities for the
                 acquisition and development of recreation land on a 50% cost sharing
                 basis. The Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan is a pre-
                 sequisite to qualify for the HCRS funds.

                       Two other related sources of federal funding are the Federal Aid
                 in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson) and the Federal Aid
                 in Sport Fish Restoration Program (,Dingell-Johnson). Pittman-Robertson
                 funds have *been used for the acquisition of tidal wetlands in the
                 past and there are projects currently under consideration which would
                 rely on this funding source. Dingell-Johnson funds have been used
                 primarily for facilities and programs to support and improve sport
                 fishing in the state.

                                                 1139

                        sec. 315 (2) of the CZMA Amendments could provide another source
                   of federal fundS for improving shorefront access. Though currently
                   unfunded, Sec. 315 (2) anthorizes grants of,up to 50% of the,cost of
                   acquiring lands to provide access to public beaches and other valuable
                   coastal areas. Thus, if funded, Sec 315 (2) could become a significant
                   additional source of assistance.

                        A State Boating Fund, consisting of both state and federal monies
                   is administered by the Department of Environmental Protection. This
                   fund is used to develop and maintain state boat launching facilities.

                        The State of Connecticut currently has over $20 million in bonding
                   authorizations for land acquisitions and related recreational development
                   that can be used to match existing federal funding sources.
                        A listing of additional sources of financial assistance for
                   recreational activities appears in Appendix H (Complementary Leg-
                   islation and Funding) of Planning Report #25.
                        Two bills have been introduced in the current (1979) session
                   of the legislature that respond to concerns or recommendations con-
                   tained in SCORP and Planning Report #25. Proposed bill number
                   6435 would establish a fund, not exceeding five hundred thousand
                   dollars, for the Department of Environmental Protection to acquire
                   rights-of-way to provide additional access to the Connecticut
                   shoreline. Proposed bill number 1184 would establish a fund to
                   be used by the Department of Environmental Protection for the
                   purchase of land along Long Island Sound or other bodies of water
                   made available through natural disaster where environmental con-
                   siderations make rebuilding of the area an unsound policy.

                                                 i9p

                  Introduction           EROSION PLANNING PROCESS

                       Connecticut's coastal area shoreline and Long Island Sound
                  were briefly introduced and described in SectionII , Description
                  of the Natural Environment. Geologically speaking, the north
                  shore of Long Island is most aptly described as an embayed, pri-
                  mary coast, originally formed by g,lacial deposition and currently
                  being submerged by rising sea level. These two processes,.glacial
                  deposition and submergence, are responsible for the overall con-
                  figuration of Connecticut's present-day shoreline. Coupled with
                  the low energy environment of Long Island Sound, which is protected
                  from the open ocean by Long Island, they have produced a shoreline
                  which is variably iry@egular and curvilinear in configuration and is
                  composed of bedrock, glacial drift, tidal marshes and beaches.

                       The seven morphologic districts which comprise the north shore
                  of Long Island Sound are shown in Figure 2 . Statistics on their
                  composition have been tabulated from surficial geology and soils maps
                  and are presented in Table.1,

                       Review of all available pertinent literature and research dealing
                  with the problems of shoreline erosion in the state indicates that only
                  those portions of the coastal area fronting directly on Long island
                  Sound and the lower reaches of the state's three major tidal rivers are
                  affected by erosion of any consequence. This direct Long Island Sound
                  fronting shoreline constitutes 278 miles of the total 458 miles of
                  coastal area frontage. Examination of state and federal expenditures
                 .for erosion control over the past twenty-five years further verifies
                  this conclusion. For these reasons the analysis and planning processes
                  have focused on the 278 mile portion of direct Sound-fronting shoreline.
                  A detailed discussion of the processes of shoreline erosion their impacts
                  and legal, institutional and operational means of mitigating their ef-
                  fects are presented- in Planning Report 29.

                  Nature and Occurrence of Shoreline Erosion

                       Shoreline erosion in Connecticut has consistently expressed itself
                  most significantly as a beach erosion problem. Statistics compiled for
                  the Long Island Sound Regional Study (LISRS) in 1975 by the U.S. Army
                  Corps of Engineers indicate that approximately 26 miles, or 10 percent
                  of our shoreline, can be classified as subject to "critical erosion."
                  The LISRS further states:

                            "The erosion is mainly confined to beaches that are
                              receding at an estimated rate of one to one and one-
                             half feet per year."

                                                191

                            A more recent inventory conducted by the Coastal Area Manage-
                       ment Program has concluded the following. Connecticut has a total
                       of 278 miles of shoreline which front on Long Island Sound. Of that
                       approximately 85 miles are beach, 69 miles are composed of glacial
                       drift, 30 miles are saltmarsh, 44 miles consist of bedrock and the
                       remaining 50 miles are dominated by artificial fill. Potentially,
                       the beach, saltmarsh, glacial drift and artificial fill portions
                       of the shoreline are erodible, while bedrock can be considered non-
                       erodible. Based on a comparative analysis of historical shoreline
                       information and aerial photographs, 33 miles, or approximately 12
                       percent of our shorelineare significantly affected by erosion. Table
                       6 gives further details on measurement techniques and definitions,
                       and statistical breakdowns by town. Examination of the data con-
                       tained in the table indicates the following towns encompass a major-
                       ity of the state's significantly eroding shoreline:

                                  Milford                  6.5 miles
                                  Old Lyme                 3.5 miles
                                  West Haven               4.6 miles
                                  Stratford                2.4 miles
                                  Fairfield                2.0 miles
                                  Madison                  2.0 miles

                            It is also worthy of note that 35 percent of the total shoreline
                       miles classified as significantly eroding is attributable to shoreward
                       migration being experienced along the state's larger barrier beaches.
                       A completelisting of those sites considered to be significantly eroding
                       is contained in Appendix J      Information on areas of significant ero-
                       sion is also being transferred to resource factor maps (Appendix F, Figure F-6).

                            Relatively speaking, shore erosion on the north side of Long Island
                       Sound is not as critical in terms of magnitude as that encountered along
                       shorelines exposed to the open ocean. For instance, the outer shore of
                       Cape Cod is subject to erosion rates on the order of three feet per year,
                       or almost three times that experienced along Connecticut's coast. This
                       difference is primarily a result of fetch limiting by Long Island. That
                       is , Long Island functions as a wind break which effectively controls
                       the generation of surface waves in the Sound. Consequently, smaller,
                       shorter waves predominate in the Sound and littoral transport along the
                       shoreline is generally very weak.    As a secondary characteristic, fetch
                       limiting confines significant erosion to those periods when major storms
                       and hurricanes occur. It also markedly reduces the generation of swell
                       (long, low waves) which can act to move material onshore to replenish
                       eroded areas.   Near the mouths of the three major coastal rivers, the
                       Connecticut, Thames and Housatonic and at several of the larger seaward
                       projecting headlands strong tidal currents act to supplement weak wave
                       induced littoral transport and may, at times, play a dominant role in
                       the erosion process.

                                                                                                                           TABLE 6
                                                                                                SHORELINE COMPOSITION A1111) EROSION STATISTICS

                                                 DOMINANT SHORELINE COMPOSITION                                                 I
                                                                                                                                                                              SHORELINE
                                                                                                                                                POTENTIALLY                   SIGNIFICANTLY
                                                                     GLACIAL                SALT                     ARTIFICIAL                 ERODIBLE     3                AFFECTED                                                SHORELINE
                       TOWN                      BEACH               DRIFT2                 MARSH5                   FILL                       SHORELINE                     BY EROSION 8               BEDROCK4                     TOTAL7
                                                 mi. (km)            mi. (km)               mi.    (km)              mi. (km)                   mi.  (km)                mi.,(km) %                      mi. (km)                     mi. (!,m)
                       Greenwich                 1.7 (2.7)           7.3(11.8)              2.7    (4.4)             7.0(11.3)                  18.7 (30.3)                   -----                      3.8 (6.1)                    22.5 (36. 5)
                       Stamford                  3.2 (5.2)           1.1 (1.8)              0.3    (0.5)             3.8 (6.1)                  8.4  (13.6)              0.6 (0.9)     5.4               1.9 (3.1)                    10.3 (16.7)
                       Darien                    .6 (1.0)            4.9 (7.9)              1.1    (1.8)             1.1 (1.8)                  7.7  (12.5)                   -----                      5.9 (9.5)                    13.6 (22.0)
                       Norwalk                   15.0(24.3)          9.7(15.7)              1.6    (2.6)             3.4 (5.5)                  29.8 (48.4)                   -----                      3.8 (6.1)                    33.6(54.4)      I
                       Westport                  5.0  (8.2)          4.3   (6.9)            2.1    (3.4)             2.6 (4.2)                  14.1 (22.8)              1.4  (2.3)    10.0                ----                       14.1 (22.8)
                       Fairfield                 4.2  (6.8)          1.6   (2.6)            0.7    (1.1)             1.3 (2.1)                  7.8  (12.6)              2.1) (3.3)    26.2                ----                       7.8 (12.6)
                       Bridgeport                3.0  (4.8)          2.1   (3.4)            0.3    (0.5)             8.7(14.0)                  14.1 (22.8)              0.4  (0.6)    2.6                 ----                       14.1 (22.9)
                       Stratford                 4.0  (6.5)          0.7   (1.1)            3.2    (@.2)             3.6 (S.8)                  11.5 (18.6)              2.4  (3.9)    21.0                ----                       11.5 (18.6)
                       Milford                   5.9  (9.6)          3.3   (5.4)            1.9    (3.1)             0.8 (1.3)                  12.0 (19.4)              6.5  (10.     52.5              0.4 (0.7)                    12.4 (20.1)
                       West Haven                4.5  (7.4)          1.1   (1.8)            0.1    (0.2)             0.4 (0.7)                  6.3  (10.2)              4.6  (7.5)    72.0              0.2 (0.3)                    6.4 (10.4
                       New Haven                 1.8  (2.9)          0.8   (1.3)                ---                  3.4 (5.5)                  6.0    (9.7)             0.25(0.4)     3.0               0.3 (0.5)                    6.3 (10.2)
                       East Haven                1.0  (1.6)          0.2   (0.3)            0.2 (0.3)                                           1.4    (2.3)             0.9 (1.5)     40.5              0.9 (1.5)                    2.3 (3.7)
                       Branford                  2.6  (4.2)          2.3   (3.7)            2.0    (3.2)             1.1 (1.8)                  8.0  (13.JD)                  ----                       12.'9(20.9)                  20.9 (3 3.9
                       Guilford                  0.8  (1.3)          0.9   (1.5)            1.5    (2.4)             1.9 (3.1)                  5.1    (8.3)             1.3  (2.0)    13.0              4.9 (7.9)                    10.0 (16.2)
                       Madison                   4.9  (7.9)          1.1   (1.8)                .2 (0.3)             0.8 (1.3)                  7.0  (11.3)              2.0  (3.3)    26.3              0.6 (1.0)                    7.6(12.3)
                       Clinton                   2.7  (4.4)          0.8   (1.3)            1.3    (2.1)             J.2 (1.9)                  6.0    (9.7)             1.2 (1.9)     20.0                ----                       6.0 (9.7)
                       Westbrook                 3.8  (6.2)          1.7   (2.8)                ---                     ---                     5.6    (9.1)             1.4 (2.2)25.0                     ----                       5.6 (9.1)
                       Old Saybrook              3.8  (6.2)          1.5   (2.4)            1.4 (2.3)                1.4   (2.3)                8.1  (13.1)              1.7 (2.7)21.0                     ----                       8.1 (13.1)
                       Old Lyme                  3.8  (6.2)          1.4   (2.3)            2.1 (3.4)                0.1   (0.2)                7.4  (12.0)              3.5  (.5.7)   47.3                ---                        7.4 (12.0)
                       East Lyme                 3.0  (4.7)          2.7   (4.4)            1.3 (2.1)                0.2   (0.3)                7.1  (11.5)              0.5  (0.8)    5.4               2.0 (3.2)                    9.1 (14.7)

                       Waterford                 2.5  (4.0)          2.7   (4.4)            0.2 (0.3)                0.6   (I.o)                6.0    (9.7)             0.5  (0.8)    7.3               0.8 (1.3)                    6.8(11.0)

                       New London                1.7  (2.7)          1.2   (1.9)                ----                 1.7   (2.7)                4.5    (7.3)             0.4  (0.6)    8.0               0.4 (0.7)                    5.0 (8.1

                       Groton                    3.8  (6.1)          7.6(12.3)              2.5 (4.0)                Z.6   (4.2)                16.5 (26.8)              1.2  (2.0)    6.8               1.8 (2.9)                    18.3 (29.6)

                       Stonington                2.9  (4.7)          7.4(12.0)              3.0 (4.9)                1.8   (3.0)                15.2 (24.6)              0.3  (0-5)    2.0               3.0 (4.9)                    18.2 (29.5

                       TOTALS                    86.2(139.6          68.4 ( 110.8)          29.7(48.1)               49.5(80.1)                 234.3(379.4)          33.1(53.6)       11.9              43.6(70.6)      277.9 (450.1

                       1.    Shoreline composition categories indicate dominant shoreline types (i.e. minute, narrow beach shorefront, backed immediately b@ glacial                                                 till, is
                             cutisidered to be dominantly glacial drift). Measurements were compiled from Surficial Geology and Soils
                       2.    Glacial drift includes all types of glacial materia                   11: outwash. till, end moraine, etc.                                       maps of  a scale of 1:' 4,000.
                       3.    Beach, glacial drift, salt marsh and artificial fill are all considered to be potentially erodible.

                       4.    Bedrock is considered to be non-erodible or to have limited potential for erosion.

                       5.    Salt marsh measurements are generalized and do not include frontages on minor streams and ditches.

                       6.    Only large islands, such as Masons Island (-Stoningtor). and large island groups, such as the Norwalk and Thimble Islands, are included in the
                             Shoreline measurement.

                       7.    Shoreline measurements include river frontage up to the first bridge, usually 1-95.

                       8.    Significant erosion occurs where erosion presents significant problem because.the rate of erosion, considered in conjunction with economic,
                             industrial, recreational, agricultural, navigational, demographic, environmental, and other relevant factors indicates that action to
                             mitigate such erosion may be justified.

                          In conjunction with erosion, rising sea level is also affecting
                     the shoreline. Recently (within the last 100 years),sea level in
                     Long Island Sound has been rising at the rate of one to one and one-
                     half feet per century. On initial consideration an annual increase
                     in sea level of .08 to .16 inches seems insignificant. However the
                     impact of such a fluctuation is more evident when its effect on a
                     sloping land surface is considered. For example, an increase in
                     sea level of one to one add one-half feet over a century would "drown"
                     20 to 30 feet.of shorefront with a slope of 1:20 (one foot increase
                     in elevation for every 20 horizontal feet).

                          Although Connecticut's shoreline experiences lower erosion rates
                     as a result of sheltering by Long Island, the intense use and development
                     of the coast offset these lower rates and focus     the impact of smaller
                     scale changes. This phenomenon is particularly evident along the more
                     intensely developed coastal segments west of New Haven.

                          Historically, structural stabilization (groins, seawalls, breakwaters,
                     etc.) has accompanied recreational, residential, commercial and industrial
                     uses of the shoreline, almost as a corollary. As a result, structural
                     stabilization plays a major role in the erosion-sedimentation process
                     affecting our shore.  Revetments (sloping seawalls) seawalls and bulk-
                     heads have been used to stabiliz6 many of the sediment sources which
                     naturally supplied materials to beaches and dunes through wave and cur-
                    .rent induced erosion and transport. Groins and jetties which are utilized
                     to protect beaches and retard littoral (along shore) transport of material
                     have worked,but often at the expense of inducing erosion on adjoining
                     parcels. In addition, figures compiled as part of the LISRS indicate
                     that total erosion damages of $1.8 (1970 dollars) million are experie-
                     nced along our coast annually. Of that total approximately $.5 million
                     is attributable to the cost of repairing existing erosion control struc-
                     tures. In short, structural methods used to prevent erosion are not only
                     costly but have been utilized without adequate attention to natural pro-
                     cesses, or without the benefit of a clearer understanding of coastal
                     processes which exist today.

                          Clearly the erosion "problem" is a manifestation of the interaction
                     of a number of variables. However, it may be briefly characterized as a
                     storm induced beach erosion problem which has been intensified by the
                     high use demand for recreational beach in the state; the intense use of
                     all shorefront areas for recreational, commercial, residential and in-
                     dustrial purposes; and the high degree of structural shoreline stabil-
                     i zation..

                          In terms of its spatial occurrence, significant erosion is limited to
                     two general segments of our shoreline. The first segment lies west of
                     New Haven and includes shorefront in the towns of Westport, Fairfield,
                     Bridgeport, Stratford, Milford and West Haven.   The second segment encom-
                     passes the shoreline area between Guilford and Old Lyme. Geographically

                                               ond with shoreline districts B, C and E
                    these two segments corresp,
                    (Figure 2      Their composition is largely glacial drift (primarily
                    outwash) and beaches. Damages arising from erosion in these areas
                    account for nearly 65 percent of the total annual damages experien-
                    ced as a result of erosion.

                    Erosion Management Technj_q@Les

                         Many techniques may be applied to shorelines in an attempt to
                    control or mitigate the effects of erosion. In general, they fall
                    into two categories. Structural alternatives are those involving
                    the construction of a concrete, timber, sheet steel or rock structure
                    which divert. erosive forces or contain the shoreline which is eroding..
                    Non-structural alternatives are those which involve no structures at
                    all, such as placement of sand fill, dune building or restoration,
                    and control of land use in such a manner as to allow erosion to
                    continue without affecting buildings or facilities.

                         Over the long term  neither structural or non-structural techniques
                    will halt shoreline recession. Rising sea level in conjunction with
                    storms, winds, waves and tidal currents will continue, on a geologic
                    time scale, to rearrange and submerge Connecticut's shoreline. With
                    this in mind' the approach to be used in dealing with eroding shore-
                   .line will de@end on the economic value and use of the shoreline for
                   .which protection is considered and the monies available for implemen-
                    tation of protection. Appendix K contains a complete listing of all
                    shoreline protection works constructed with state and federal funds,
                    their costs, locations and a description of each. A complete pre-
                    sentation of erosion control techniques is contained in Planning Report,
                    29. The following is a brief discussion of structural. and non-
                    structural alternatives.

                    Structural Techniques

                         Structural erosion.con trol techniques may be generally divided
                    into three categories:
                              (1)  Wall-type structures built immediately adjacent and
                                   parallel to shore such as seawalls, revetments and
                                   bulkheads.

                              (2)  Structures built perpendicular and connected to
                                   shore such as groins and jetties.

                              (3)  Structures built offshore or near.shore such as
                                   breakwaters.

                         Each of these generic types of control works is common along
                    'Connecticut's shore.

                             Seawalls, Revetments and Bulkheads --These wall type structures
                        are commonly used to contain fill placed in shoreline areas and/or
                        to protect eroding shorefront in the immediate vicinity of houses,
                        roads and other endangered facilities. In and of themselves
                        they       are not effective means of protecting beaches. In many
                        instances they have been used to stabilize sources of beach material
                        supply thereby contributing to erosion in adjacent areas.      Seawalls
                        and bulkheads may actually induce erosion at their bases by reflec-
                        ting scouring waves from their vertical faces.

                             Groins and Jetties--Groins and jetties are typical structural
                        means of controlling beach erosion or containing sand fill placed
                        to form beaches. Their function is to retard the transport of
                        materials along and parallel to shore. Jetties differ from groins
                        in that they are also used to stabilize inlets and channels. On the
                        north shore of Long Island Sound groins and jetties appear along
                        nearly every shorefront. They have compartmentalized or divided
                        most of the natural beach areas along the coast and have signifi-
                        cantly altered nearshore sediment systems. Short term alterations
                        in shoreline configuration are invariably associated with the place-
                        ment of groins and jetties. Realignment is caused by groin initiated
                        erosion of the beach on the downdrift side and accretion on the up-
                        drift side. Groins and jetties are not effective means of controlling
                        movements of material perpendicular to shore such as storm overwash.

                             Breakwaters--Breakwaters are erected'in offshore waters for the
                        purposes of providing protection for harbors,       anchorages and port
                        facilities. They produce-quiet water areas by forming a surface
                        against which waves break. By providing protection from wave action
                        they enhance the depositional environment in shoreline areas which
                        they serve. Breakwaters are extremely expensive to construct and their
                        design and layout require extensive analysis of local conditions. Use
                        of these structures solely for erosion control can be very effective
                        but it is generally economically unsound.

                        Non-Structural Techniques

                             Dune management, placement of sand fill and shoreline use controls
                        can provide effective non-structural alternatives for the mitigation
                        of erosion. The central value of these techniques lies in their abil-
                        ity to function with the natural processes of erosion.

                             Sand Fill--Placement of sand as fill in beach areas or to creat    e
                        beaches is one of the most common types of erosion mitigation tech-
                        niques in use in Connecticut. Sand fill may be used in two ways. It
                        may be placed directly into the shore to be protected or developed as
                        beach, or it may be placed in an area adjacent to and updrift of the
                        area to be protected. That is, it may be directly placed or placed
                        to form a feeder beach which is designed to be eroded by waves and

                  currents and transported via littoral transport to the area to be
                  protected. In Connecticut sand fill has been used nearly exclu-
                  sively in conjunction with groins and jetties.

                       In order for sand fill to provide effective mitigation to
                  erosion a source of sand must be readily and economically available
                  to provide initial fill material and to facilitate annual replacement
                  of eroded fill. The fill must also have grain size and distribution
                  characteristics that are compatible with the area into which it is
                  to be.placed. Fill material placed along any shoreline to create
                  or enhance beaches is, at best, a temporary solution. Continuous re-
                  placement of eroded fill is necessary annually.

                       Dune Management--The construction of dunes and the stabilization
                  of natural and artificial dunes with vegetation, commonly American
                  Beach Grass (Ammophila breviligulata) represent a second type of non-struc-
                  tural erosion mitigation. Under this technique dunes are constructed
                  or enhanced by the placement of sand fill and planting of stabilizing
                  vegetation. Snow fences may also be u5ed to physically retain in-
                  itial sand fill until vegetative cover is adequate,or to control access
                  points so as to prevent the destruction of dune grasses. Dunes are
                  constructed parallel to and behind the beach proper and serve to trap
                  and absorb sand which is transported onshore by wind and storm overwash.

                       Dune maintenance and/or construction can provide a most effective
                  means of alleviating shoreline erosion. Since dunes act*as a dynamic beach
                  sand reservoir and flood barrier they are able to adjust to varying
                  wave and wind conditions and rising sea level,in contrast to static
                  structures such as seawalls and groins.

                       Dune management has been limited in use as an approach to shoreline
                  erosion in Connecticut. Only one such management effort has been under-
                  taken at Hammonassett State Park in Madison. The effort was initiated
                  in 1973.

                       Utilization of dune management and construction does have several
                  drawbacks. Existing uninterrupted dunes are not common along the shore-
                  line and in many areas construction has taken place in such close prox-
                  imity to the beach proper that creation of a dune line would also require
                  massive beach fill. Even so, dune enhancement is probably the most
                  viable approach to managing barrier beaches where necessary.

                       Use Controls--Controlling the use of shoreline areas in order to
                  avoid the creation of erosion hazards and to prevent endangerment of
                  development is another method of non-structural mitigation. Under this
                  approach shoreline areas may be designated as no construction areas or
                  special structural design may be required within them. Alternatively,
                  setbacks for buildings may also be established. These setbacks may be
                  based on some multiple of the annual erosion rate at the lncation where
                  construction is to occur and the expected longevity of the proposed
                  structure. Both methods require the identification of

                     jusitifiab le and equitable parameters for delineation of boundaries
                     or setbacks.

                            The former approach is being applied in Connecticut, through
                       the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) Flood
                       Insurance Program. HUD-FIA has identified several zones within the
                       coastal area on the basis of the 500 year (B zone.) and 100 year (A
                       zone) coastal floods and the occurrence of areas exposed to storm
                       waves (V-zones). These zones have been designated primarily for
                       flood management purposes. However., they are also effective for
                       use in erosion management since most erosion is,storm induced.

                            Both methods are best applied to property which is undeveloped.
                       Establishment of a setback line after an area is developed provides
                       no protection for development nor does it preclude the need to con-
                       struct protective works. In addition, the setback method requires
                       an accurate and enforceable determination of erosion rates and lines.
                       Unfortunately, annual erosion rates which are accurate and area
                       specific are not presently available for Connecticut's coast.

                            Final establishment of HUD-FIA hazard zones has not been completed
                       in all coastal municipalities but preliminary boundaries and associated
                       criteria have been implemented coast-wide.

                       Alternatives

                            Each structural and non-structural alternative has unique ch  ar-
                       acteristics which make it the most desirable approach to erosion
                       mitigation in a particular situation. For example, non-structural
                       protection of a developed bluff area is more difficult to achieve
                       than structural protection simply because of topographic and use
                       considerations. Setbacks and building restrictions would prove use-
                       less to protect existing development and the placement of beach fill
                       or dunes is not always compatible with the shoreline characteristics.
                       Hence, structural controls, such as a revetment, would need to be im-
                       plemented in order to provide protection. In addition to site and
                       development considerations, costs of construction and maintenance needs
                       play a significant role in the selection of erosion control alternatives.
                       In the case of Connecticut's shoreline these considerations take on an
                       added complexity. The varied use and development of the shoreline
                       coupled with its extremely variable and diverse composition and con-
                       figuration preclude the application of one type of alternative (stru-
                       ctural or non-structural) coast-wide.

                            Several observations serve to provide a basis for the establish-
                       ment of priorities for the use of control techniques. Review of
                       structural alternatives which have been implemented in the state indicates
                       that initial construction and associated annual and post-storm main-
                       tenance costs are higher than the cost of non-structural components.
                       In addition, it is not uncommon for the period of payment on loarLs

                                                 198

                      incurred to implement erosion control works to exceed the effect-
                      ive life of the protection project. In major part, the cost of
                      annual maintenance, which must be borne by the recipients of the
                      project  has led to inefficient or non-existent maintenance which
                      has reduced effective project life. Aside from the costs of main-
                      tenance and implementation the exclusive use of structural remedies
                      has significantly altered the way in which the shoreline as a
                      whole naturally copes with erosion. Connecticut's coast has been
                      highly impacted by structural  'stabilization which has induced as
                      many problems as it has solved.

                           In contrast to structural measures, non-structural   al ternati ves
                      provide several distinct advantages.   The initial costs  of imple-
                      mentation are lower ($4-$8 for a cubic yard of sand fill vs. $30
                      per cubic yard of stone). Sand fill, beach development    and dune
                      construction serve to enhance and expand recreational resources and
                      therefore provide recreational benefits in addition to mitigating
                      shore erosion. These types of erosion protection also function
                      more effectively with the natural system as opposed to    structural
                      measures which seek to limit or alter completely erosional processes.
                      Because they augment natural erosion and flood control mechanisms,
                      non-structural managerial techniques are often more easily main-
                      tained.

                           In recognition of the advantages and drawbacks   of both struc-
                      tural and non-structural erosion control techniques   Connecticut's
                      approach to determining the most effective means of   mitigating erosion
                      will be predicated on site specific conditions. In    general, however,
                      it will be the state's policy to implement controls   on the following
                      priority basis:

                                (1)   First priority: non-structural control
                                (2)   Second priority: combination structural and non-
                                      structural control
                                (3).  Third priority:  structural control
                                (4)   Fourth priority:  no control

                      Management Approach

                           In order to provide for continued planning and management
                      of the effects of shoreline erosion the state has implemented an
                      approach consisting of the following interrelated * components:

                                (1)   Regulation of activities affecting and affected by
                                      shoreline erosion through use of state authorities
                                      governing coastal structures and dredging,and mun-
                                      icipal authorities under coastal site plan review
                                      (pending legislation)and the National Flood Insur-
                                      ance Program.

                                (2)   Funding, design, construction and management of
                                      structural and non-structural control techniques,
                                      in accordance with established goals and policies,
                                      through the existing state initiated Flood Control
                                      and Beach Erosion Program.

                                (3)   Provision of technical assistance to individuals
                                      and municipalities, through the Department of
                                      Environmental Protection, during the design and
                                      implementation of non- publicly, funded control
                                      techniques.

                                (4)   Continued planning and evaluation of erosion and its
                                      effects in all coastal shoreline areas in cooperation
                                      with established municipal flood.and  erosion con-
                                      trol boards.

                       Authorities

                            Coastal Structures Regulatory Program- -Sections 25-7b through
                       25-7f of the Connecticut General.Statutes (C.G.S.) authorize the
                       Commissioner of Environmental Protection to regulate the erection
                       of structures and the placement of fill in the tidal,coastal and
                       navigable waters of the state. Under this regulatory program all
                       construction and filling waterward of the mean high water line in
                       the state's tidally influenced waters must be conducted in accord-
                       ance with a permit issued by the Department of Environmental Pro-
                       tection (DEP). All permits issued under these authorities are, by
                       law, evaluated with respect to "the prevention or alleviation of
                       .shore erosion" (Section 25-7b).  Provision is also made under these
                       sections for the removal of nuisance structures and levying of fines
                       for violations.
                         . Coastal Dredging Regulatory Program--Jhe authority to regulate
                       the removal of sand,gravel or other materi'al from beyond the mean
                       high water mark is vested in the Department of Environmental Pro-
                       tection by Sections 25-10 through 25-18 of the Connecticut General
                       Statutes. Prior to the initiation of any dredging or excavation
                       within the state's coastal waters a permit must be obtained from
                       the Commissioner of Environmental Protection.    Only previously per-
                       mitted maintenance dredging of navigation channels, berths, basins,
                       moorings and waterfront facilities are exempt from regulation. As
                       part of its review of dredging and excavation applications the
                       Department of Environmental Protection must evaluate the impact of
                       the activity on shore erosion. Section 25-18 provides penalties
                       for violations.

                                                 loo

                          Flood Control;@.and Beach Erosion Program -- Authority for cooperative
                     funding, desiqn and construction of erosion control-works is derived
                     from sections 25-69 through 25-98 of the Connecticut General Statutes.
                     These sections provide for the organization of municipal flood and
                     erosion control boards and empower the Department of Environmental
                     Protection (DEP) to cooperate with such boards and the federal
                     government in.the construction of and payment for flood and erosion
                     control systems. An initial sum of four million dollars was allo-
                     cated to pay for the costs of state participation in the development
                     of beach erosion control systems under the following cost sharing
                     formulae:

                                                                  PERCENT CONTRIBUTION

                          Property Ownership                 State         Municipal

                          public (municipal)                  66.6%           33.3%
                          public (state)                     100%
                                                                   0/
                          private                              33.3/0         66.6%

                     State funded loans are also available  to local authorities for the
                     initial payment of the local contribution on federal projects.

                          During the period between 1955 and 1971 a total of fifty erosion
                     control projects were completed at a total cost of 7.5 million dol-
                     lars (Appendix K ). Nineteen of the projects involved in the partici-
                     pation of the federal government through the U.S. Army Corps of
                     Engineers under Section 103 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
                     (33 U.S.C. Sections 426e to 426i).    The Corps' involvement consisted
                     of contribution of 500/10 of the cost of the construction of protection
                     works which benefitted public property.

                          More recently, in 1978, the state legislature allocated an additional
                     @3 million dollars for the continuation of the beach erosion control
                     program. Utilizing these and other specially allocated funds, studies
                     have been initiated for the protection of shoreline areas in Milford,
                     East Haven and Westport. It is fully anticipated that erosion manage-
                     ment under the existing program will continue to improve contingent
                     upon funding availabilities at state, municipal and federal levels.

                          In order to provide for a fair and equitable allocation of public
                     funds for the mitigation of shoreline erosion and to provide for the
                     greatest public benefit.from expenditures, it will be the state's
                     policy to provide erosion control funds on the following basis:

                              1. State owned public shorefront.

                              2. Municipally owned shorefront where general public
                                  access is provided.

                                               _%01

                                .3.  Municipally owned shorefront where general public
                                     access is limited.

                                 4.  Quasi-public shorefront where public access is
                                     provided.

                                 5.  Quasi-public shorefront where general public
                                     access is restricted.

                                 6.  Privately owned shorefront.

                            Coastil  Site Plan Review--Sections 13 and 16 of the proposed amend-
                       ments to the  Connecticut Coastal Area Management Act require.municipalities
                       to initiate a site plan review for the following activities when they occur
                       within the coastal boundary:

                                 1.  Buildings, uses or structures subject to zoning re-
                                     gulations (Section 8-3 of the Connecticut General
                                     Statutes (C.G.S.)).

                                 2.  Subdivisions of land (C.G.S. Section 8-25).

                                 3.  Planned unit developments (C.G.S. Section 8-13f).

                                 4.  Variances (C.G.S. Section 8-7).

                                 5.  Requests for special exceptions or special zoning
                                     permits (C.G.S. Section 8-2).

                                 6.  Municipal improvements (C.G.S. Section 8-24).

                            As part  of the review process,all activities requiring site
                       review under  the Coastal Area Management Act will be evaluated with
                       respect to six criteria. During the site review consideration will
                       be given to a set of advisory guidelines developed for application
                       in the coastal. area (Appendix D ).   For the purposes of integrating
                       shoreline erosion considerations into all phases of a project's
                       review (municipal, state, federal) two important sets of guide-
                       lines have been established for use at the local level. Guidelines
                       for coastal hazard areas and erosion/sedimentation are detailed in
                       Appendix D. Essentially they outline the pertinent and important
                       points which must be considered in order to determine the suitability
                       of a use occurring within a coastal flood or erosion hazard area
                       and to determine the project's impact on the natural processes of
                       erosion and sedimentation. Resource factor maps depicting shoreline compos-
                       ition, areas of significant erosion and historic shoreline changes
                       have been developed to aid municipal decision makers in the eval-
                       uation of erosion hazards (Appendix F, Figure F-6).

                         National Flood Insurance Program--The N
                                                                 .ational Flood Insur
                    ance Act (42 U.S.C. 4001-4128) provides low cost insurance against
                    flood damages in designated hazard areas(see section on use con-
                    trols). In return, communities must apply a set of established
                    regulations to the evaluation of any development involving hazard
                    areas. Part of the regulations which are applied involve the
                    evaluation of erosion hazards. Sections 1910.5 (a) (1), (2) and
                    (3) of Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations apply in all
                    of Connecticut' s coastal communities. Under these authorities
                    a permit is required for development in areas of flood-related
                    erosion "as they are known to.the community". In the evaluation
                    of permit applications a determination is made regarding the
                    safety of site improvements from flood-related erosion and the
                    likelihood-that the proposed improvements will induce erosion.,
                    In the event a proposed improvement is found to be in the path
                    of flood-related erosion or likely to induce flood-related
                    erosion, rel *ocation or protective measures may be required.
                    Factor maps depicting areas of significant erosion are being
                    developed by the CAM Program and may be used in the identifi-
                    cation of hazard areas (Appendix F,Figures F-5 and F-6).

                    Policies

                          In addition to the policies specifically noted in this sec-
                    tion the policies contained in SectionMwill be applied in the
                    state and municipal regulatory review of shoreline activities.
                    The policies will, also apply to state instituted erosion control
                    projects and to federal mitigation efforts through consistency
                    requirements. Particular attention and emphasis will be given to
                    the policies developed for:

                              Coastal Hazard Areas
                              Erosion and Sedimentation
                              Coastal Structures
                              Coastal Dredging
                              Beaches and Dunes
                              Intertidal Flats

                                             Z03

                                           S E C T 1 0 N I X

                            P U B L I C P A R T I C I P A T 1 0 N    A N D

                         F E D E R A L A G E N C Y    C 0 N S,U L T A T 1 0 N

                                            PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

                          Public participation in Connecticut's CAM program has been
                     and will continue to be a serious effort. The Federal Coastal
                     Zone Management Act requires genuine public involvement in every
                     phase of development of a coastal management program. CAM has
                     encouraged and sought active public assistance in both drawinq
                     up the management program and in seeking reaction to its var-
                     ious recommendations. Affected local, regional, state and fed-
                     eral agencies as well as interest groups and the general public
                     have been involved. CAM is committed to providing continued op-
                     portunity for public and government involvement during program
                     review and approval and implementation.

                          As described below, a variety of methods has been used to
                     make full participation an actuality in Connecticut's CAM pro-.
                     gram. Documentation of all meetings is contained in Appendix L.

                     CAM Advisory Board

                          A cornerstone of CAM's public participation process has
                     been its Advisory Board, made up of twenty-four representatives
                     of state aqencies, regional planning agencies and citizens.
                     The ten citizen members reflect a wide variety of social and
                     economic interests including business and industry, coastal
                     recreation, marine fisheries, coastal property owners, con-
                     servation, environmental-ecological concerns, urban minorities
                     and inland residents concerned with the coastal area.

                          From its inception, the CAM program has received policy
                     direction from the Advisory Board. Meeting each month,, it has
                     acted as a sounding board for major issues and policy options
                     du.ring program development. The Board established eight sub-
                     committees, each to work on one major component or aspect of
                    ,Connecticut's program such as management options, coastal lea-
                     islation, and regional facility siting. The public information
                     and citizen participation subcommittee worked with CAM staff to
                     establish and implement a comprehensive public participation
                     strategy.

                          In both 1978 and 1979 the Advisory Board sponsored and
                     introduced proposed coastal manacement legislation to the Conn-
                     ecticut General Assembly. A precise listing of Board members
                     and meetings appears in Appendix L.

                    Public Meetings

                         Between the fall of 1975 and February '1979 the CAM Program has
                    been formally involved in over 250 public meetings with local of-
                    ficials, special interest groups and organizations, and interested
                    citizens. In 1976 CAM initiated preliminary meetings with mayors,
                    first selectmen, and staffs of coastal municipalities to discuss
                    CAM's objectives, federal requirements, and possible approaches.
                    In 1977 and 1978, further discussions were conducted with chief
                    elected officials and town staff, including Plannin   g and Zoning
                    Commissions, Conservation Commissions, Inland Wetland Commissions,
                    and others, on CAM's proposed draft legislation.
                         A series of twenty-three coastal town meetings were conduct-
                    ed for CAM during October and November of 1976 by the League of
                    Women Voters. The meetinqs were held to obtain preliminary in-
                    formation and Opinions from coastal residents concerning prob-
                    lems in their communities, and suggestions for the design of a
                    coastal management program. The findings of these meetings
                    were collected by the League in a report and published by,the CAM
                    Program. In early 1977, CAM sponsored nine rea   "ional workshops
                    and three Cooperative Extension workshops to present program op-
                    tions and obtain input from local officials and interested cit@
                    izens..

                         Bv invitation CAM staff members have met with overone
                    hundred special interest groups and organizations between 1975
                    through 1978. Many meetings were briefings on the status of
                    CAM, while others were presentations concerning natural resour-
                    ces, resource management, the history of the coast, or other
                    special topics. In addition, approximately 20 meetings have
                    been held with a citizen initiated "Friends,of CAM" coalition,
                    which con.sists of several sDecial interest groups explicitly
                    interested in coastal management.

                    Legislative Process and Public Hearings

                         Efforts to secure new legislative authority to establish a
                    shared state/local coastal management proqram began in late 1977.
                    In November, 1977, a discussion draft of CAM legislation
                    was released for public review and comment by the CAM Advisory
                    Board. At that time, the CAM staff met with each of the thirty-.
                    six coastal towns to solicit comments of local officials and cit-
                    izens. kevisi*ons based on comments received were incorporated
                    into a final draft, dated February 6, 1973, and it was submitted
                    to the General Assembly's Environment Committee. After five
                    Public hearings in March 1978, a substitute Coastal Management
                    Act (P.A. 78-152), establishing coastal management policies and
                    a framework for further legislative action was passed and signed
                    into law.   Aninterim committee of legistators was also estab-
                    lished to work on finalizing CAM enabling legitlation for follow-
                    up action by the 10.79 session of the General Assembly.

                           The 1978 Coast'al Management Act also required the CAM     pro-
                      gram to submit a special report to the General Assembly by Sep-
                      tember 1978. This report (Planning Report No. 27) addressed
                      specific information requests listed in P.A. 78-152 and included
                      revised draft legislation recommended for consideration in the
                      1979 General Assembly. During October and November 1978, ten
                      public hearings were held by the Interim Study Committee through-
                      out the coastal area to solicit public testimony on the CAM re-
                      port and legislative proposals. Subsequently, the CAM draft leg-
                      islation was submitted by the Interim Study Committee in their
                      January 1979 report to the General Assembly for consideration by
                      the Environment'Committee. Public hearings on final legislation
                      are expected to take place in March of this year.

                      Media Efforts

                           Early in CAM program development, a comprehensive.media con-
                      tact list including all major newspapers and radio and television
                      stations in Connecticut was assembled for use in publicity and
                      information efforts.

                           To afford maximum opportunity for public involvement, ad-
                      vance notice of workshops and public hearings as well as re-
                      leases on CAM events of general public interest have been dis-
                      seminated to the press and radio stations. Media efforts have
                      also included slide show and film presentations and several radio
                      and television appearances.

                      Public Information

                           Providing information to the public on CAM's progress, major
                      coastal policy issues and opportunities for involvement has been
                      a continuing role of CAM's public participation staff. The pro-
                      gram newsletter, technical planning reports and several special
                      publications have been widely distributed throughout Conned-Iticut.

                           Land's End: CAM's quarterly newsletter LAND'S END covers
                      CAM's program proposals, announces meetings and workshops, adver-
                      tises publications and CAM speakers, and includes informational
                      and educational items of interest to coastal citizens. Circul-
                      ation has grown to approximately 4,200 and includes a wide range
                      of organizations and interested citizens throughout the state.

                           Cit izens' Bulletin: Each month CAM has written an article
                      on coastal management related topics for the state.Department of
                      Environmental Protection's CitizensBulletin. The Bulletin is an
                      informational and educational publi i-tion, which covers program
                      and unit activities of the Department, with a circulation of some
                      three thousand. One issue in 1976 was completely dedicated to
                      the coast, and coastal management.

                                                    .206

                          Citizen's Handbook & Ouestionnaire, and Resource Atlas.       In
                    June 1977, CAM                fourteen-page Citizen's Hand-book which
                    was distributed to several thousand citizens. The purpose of the
                    handbook was to outline CAM's preliminary recommendations and to
                    obtain public input. A citizen questionnaire, concerning coastal
                    management options was included in the handbook, and a subsequent
                    survey of citizen responses was completed.

                          Long Isl and Sound: An Atlas of Natural Resources was also
                    published in June of 1977. The fifty-four page scientific doc-
                    ument touches on all the different natural aspects of Long Island
                    Sound and its environs, and was intended as an educational and
                    informational tool. In response to the document's popularity,
                    several thousand copies have been distributed to
                    ,schools and citizens throuqhout the state. Circulation to date
                    has amounted to over 9,000 copies.

                          Planni ng Reports. To date, CAM has published twenty-eight
                    planning reports on a variety of topics. Although the reports
                    are technical in concept and serve as research and development
                    tools, many copies have been distributed to local officials and
                    technical staffs, and to citizens upon request. A complete ann-
                    otated 1 i sti ng of CAM pl anni nc reports and publ i cati ons i s pro-
                    vided in Appendix L.

                    Seacoast  Celebrations

                          Governor Ella Grasso declared June    11, 1977 and  September 17,
                    1977 coastal awareness days for Connecticut. Over twenty thousand
                    people attended the two Seacoast Celebrations in Mystic and in New
                    Haven. The purpose of the celebrations was to attract large num-
                    bers of Connecticut residents to the coast in order to increase
                    awareness of the shoreline, the problems that confront it, and the
                    opportunities for its future. Many private and governmental or-
                    ganizations provided exhibits, and many entertaining and educa-
                    .tional activities took place. A CAM display was set up, and staff
                    members were on hand to distribute free literature and to answer
                    questions. For CAM the celebrations provided opportunities to
                    reach more people, to spread CAM Program news    , and to encourage
                    citizen participation in the. coastal management planning process.

                    .Oyster Festivals, Boat Shows, Exhibits
                          Several oyster festivals took place in 1977 along     Connecticut's
                    coast, namely, in Milford, Norwalk, and New Haven. At       each of the
                    festivals CAM operated an exhibit, handing out free publications
                    and answering questions. In addition, each.year CAM has dis-
                    played at the Connecticut Marine Trades Boat Show, a three day ev-
                    ent that attracts large crowds, and nearly every boating manu-
                    facturer and dealer in the area. With the cooperation of the Union
                    Trust Bank of Connecticut, during the summer and fall of 1977, CAM

                     @la ced week-long displays in the lobbies of those banks located
                     in Groton, New London, Old Saybrook, New Haven, and Madison.

                     Continued Public Involvement

                          The CAM program will continue to provide ongoing opportunities
                     for public input and involvement in the following ways.

                          1.  The CAM Advisory Board, made. up of government agency, re-
                              gional planning agency and citizen membership will con-
                              tinue to provide policy direction to the CAM program
                              throughout program approval and implementation.

                          2.  Public information efforts via LAND'S END, media releases,
                              speaking engagements, special workshops, a film and slide
                              show loan library and participation in coastal events will
                              be an ongoing commitment of the CAM program to increase
                              public awareness and involvement.

                          3.  CAM will provide pertinent information
                              to enable users to act in a manner consistent with Conn-
                              ecticut's coastal program and policies. A handbook on
                              local coastal program development will be prepared to as-
                              sist coastal municipalities.

                          4.  The draft coastal management program will be widely dis-
                              tributed for review and comment by federal, state, regional
                             .and local governments as well as the general public. All
                              key program documents will be advertised, made available
                              and sent to interested agencies and citizens.

                          5.  An annual CAM reportto the General Assembly will summarize
                              the activities of the agency with regard to the imple-
                              mentation of the provisions of a Coastal Management Act.
                              The report will be a public document. (See Appendix C
                              Section 20(c),)

                          6. CAM will conduct periodic workshops throughout program imple-
                              mentation with citizens and municipal officials responsible
                              for working decisions under a coastal management program.
                              (See Appendix C, Section 5')

                                         FEDERAL CONSULTATION

                         In the course of program development, CAM has recognized the
                    importance of providing full federal participation. During the
                    first and second year of the program, contacts were initiated and
                    views exchanged with several interested federal agencies. Des-
                    criptions of agency responsibilities were solicited and agency
                    liaisons to the Connecticut program were identified.

                         In 1976 CAM contracted with the Soil Conservation Service  for
                    mapping of the accelerated soil survey data being developed in
                    the coastal area and arranged for the Corps of Engineers to survey
                    coastal flooding in Connecticut. In addition, representatives from
                    a few federal agencies, such as the N[ational Marine Fisheries Service,
                    have participated in the CAM Advisory Board meetings.
                         In September 1976 all relevant federal agencies were invited to
                    send representatives to a special Federal Agency Workshop in Conn-
                    ecticut that focused on establishing better state and.federal coor-
                    dination in coastal management matters. This workshop marked the
                    beginning of more formal coordination through the implementation of  a
                    review and comment process. CAM formally solicited comments on key
                    portions of the management program that were sent to relevant fed-
                    eral agencies. Copies of a National Interest and Federal Consistency
                    Questionnaire, Coastal Goals and Policies and CAM draft leaislation
                    were sent to agency contacts. 'A summary of the nature and frequency
                    of these contacts can be found in Appendix L.        In addition, CAM
                    formally asked federal agency assistance in identifying federal pro-
                    perties located in the coastal area.

                         As Connecticut approaches the review and approval phase of the
                    program, a careful evaluation of federal comments on the program
                    draft will be conducted and where appropriate the substance of re-
                    levant comments will be accommodated in the management program.

                         The following points cite mechanisms that the CAM program will
                    employ to insure future input in Connecticut's  program.

                         1. CAM will maintain an updated and active list on relevant
                            federal agencies and will continue to solicit agency
                            comments on program documents involving major program
                            decisions. Copies of the program newsletter LAND'S END
                            and CAM annual reports will continue to be sent to
                            relevant agencies.

                         2. Through the A-95 review process federal, state and in-
                            terstate agencies are provided the opportunity to
                            review Connecticut's annual grant applications and sup
                            plemental grant applications.

                                                020q

                               3.  Because federal agencies will be obligated to carry
                                   out their activities in a manner consistent, to the
                                   maximum extent possible, with the Program, appropriate
                                   federal agencies will be contacted to insure consistency
                                   with the state management plan; particularly with
                                   regard to: 1) direct federal activities, 2) federally
                                   licensed and permitted activities, 3) federally
                                   licensed and permitted activities described in OCS
                                   plans, and 4) federal assistance to state and local
                                   governments.

                               4.  CAM will initiate contact with relevant federal agencies
                                   regarding permit coordination and simplification
                                   (i.e. Army Corps of Engineers, Department of the Interior,
                                   Department of Transportation, EPA).

                                                  2.to

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