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           Coastal Management Program Description





           Prepared by
           Kramer, Chin & Mayo, Inc.
           1113 West Fireweed Lane, Suite 101
           Anchorage, Alaska 0503









           Alaska Coastal Management Program


           The preparation of this report was financed in part by funds from the Alaska Coastal Manage-
           ment Program and the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
           Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, administered by the Division of Community
           Planning, Department of Community and Regional Affairs, and Bristol Bay Borough.






           June,1983
           nor
           . . ao@ 5













           B R I S T 0 L                           B A Y                B 0 R 0 U G H









               Acknowledgements











               This report consolidates findings originally submitted to the Bristol Bay Borough in two separate
               publications. The Resource Inventory, which was issued in May 1981, was prepared by Kramer,
               Chin & Mayo, Inc. (KCM) in association with Science Applications, Inc. and Frank Orth and
               Associates. It is reprinted in this volume as Part 1.

               Part 11 of this report contains the Coastal Management Plan which was submitted to the Borough
               as a draft for public discussion in October 1982. The current version of the proposed Manage-
               ment Plan incorporates a number of revisions suggested during the original review process.

               Cover Photo: Bristol Bay gill netters in the 1930s were towed from port to their fishing grounds.
               Sailboats could catch as much fish as power boats can today. One sail fisherman brought in about
               300,000 pounds of red salmon in a single season. By 1951, however, power fishing had com-
               pletely replaced sail fishing, because the sailboats were more vulnerable in storms.

               Cover photo from the J. Johannesen Collection, San Francisco Maritime Museum.

               Officers: Mayor: Jim D. Clark Assembly Members: Donald Bill, President, Steven Angasan,
               Daniel J. O'Hara, George Tibbetts, Robert Whicker Planning and Zoning Commission Members:
               John Eckert, Chairman, Mel Coghill, Frank Hill, Len Mundorf, Mike Swain Bristol Bay Borough
               Community Development: Don Penner, Director Technical Assistance: Division of Community
               Planning, Department of Community and Regional Affairs











              Table of Contents

                                                                                    Page No.


              Table of Contents
              List of Tables and Figures
              List of Maps
              Summary


              Part I - Resource Inventory and Analysis

                Chapter  1 - Introduction                                                1
                Chapter  2 - The Physical Setting                                        5
                Chapter  3 - The Natural Setting                                       13
                Chapter  4 - Resource Findings                                         20
                Chapter  5   Human Use                                                 38
                Chapter  6   Land Status                                               76


              Part II -  Management Plan

                Chapter  1 - The Program                                               82
                Chapter  2 - The Boundary                                              85
                Chapter  3 - Goals and Objectives                                      87
                Chapter  4 - The Management Framework                                  95
                Chapter  5 - Implementation Process                                    104
                Chapter  6 - AMSA Recommendations                                      ill


              Appendix

              Bibliography










           List of Tables


             Table No.           Title                                              Page No.


             Part 1


               2.1        Local Volcanic Activity                                         7

               2.2        Surficial Geology                                               9

               2.3        Suitability of Major Soil Series Found in SCS                 11
                            Survey

               5.1        Archaeological and Historical Village Sites                   39

               5.2        Airport and Landing Strips                                    43

               5.3        Community Facilities and Services                             45

               5.4        Community Utilities                                           46

               5.5        Population, Bristol Bay Borough                               48

               5.6        Bristol Bay Borough Average General Employment,               50
                            Nonagricultural Industries, 1978 - 1979

               5.7        Bristol Bay Borough Unemployment Rate by Quarter              51

               5.8        Annual Catches and Gross Income                               54


               5.9        Comparison of Historical Commercial Catch                     55

               5.10       Bristol Bay Borough Commercial Fishing Permit                 56
                            Holders (1980)

               5.11       Bristol Bay Borough Salmon Fishery Costs and                  57
                            Earnings in 1979

               5.12       Average Gross Earnings for Borough and State                  58
                            Fishermen, 1969 - 1979

               5.13       Representative Exvessel Fish Price in Bristol                 59
                            Bay, 1975 - 1980

               5.14       Federal, State and Local Government Estimated                 62
                            Employment for Bristol Bay Borough

               5.15       Subsistence Permit Holders Place of Residence,                64
                            1980 for Naknek/King Salmon Area

               5.16       King Salmon/Naknek Area Subsistence Salmon Catches            65

               5.17       Sport Fish and Effort, Naknek River and Naknek                66
                            Naknek Lake








                                         List of Tables (continued)


                Table No.          Title                                               Page No.

                5.18      Bristol Bay Borough Resident and Nonresident                  68
                             Hunters


                5.19      Land-Based Businesses in Bristol Bay Borough                  70

                5.20      Barge Freight Rates, 1980                                     71

                5.21      Air Freight Rates, King Salmon, Anchorage and                 72
                             Seattle


                5.22      Types of Energy and Number of Users in Bristol Bay            76
                             Borough

                6.1       Land Status                                                   78





                                            LIST OF FIGURES



                          Consistency Review Program                                    105

                          Consistency Checklist                                         110









            List of Maps


                                                                                 Follows
                                                                                 Page No.

             Location Map, Bristol Bay Borough                                       i

             Physical Setting Regional Map                                           2

             Regional Map                                                            4

             Topography and Coastal Morphology, Borough Map                          6

             Surficial Geology, Borough Map East                                     8

             Soils, Borough Map East                                                 11

             Surficial Hydrology, Borough Map East                                   12

             Natural Setting, Regional Map                                           14

             Fish, Borough Map                                                       .15

             Mammals, Borough Map                                                    17

             Birds, Borough Map                                                      17

             Vegetation, Borough Map                                                 19

             Coastal Habitat, Borough Map                                            37

             Human Use, Regional Map                                                 39

             Land and Water Use, Borough Map East                                    40

             Transportation, Borough Map East                                        43

             Land Status, Regional Map                                               78

             Land Ownership Borough Map                                              79

             Land Management, Borough Map                                            81

             Boundary, Borough Map                                                   86

             Recommended Areas Which Merit Special Attention                         ill










            Summary



            THE LAW


            With coastal lands faced by mounting pressure for development and use,
            Congress in 1972 passed the Coastal Zone Management Act providing incentives
            for coastal states to protect, manage, and, where possible, rehabilitate the
            coastal resources. In 1977 the Alaska Legislature passed the Alaska Coastal
            Management Act making local governments responsible for managing the coast
            within their jurisdiction and requiring each to prepare a district coastal
            management plan.


            THIS REPORT


            This report is-divided into two segments. Part I contains information first
            printed in May 1981 as a Resource Inventory for the Bristol Bay Borough. This
            section describes the region's physical characteristics as well as the
            animals, fish, birds and plants which are native to the region. Detailed maps
            define the topography, habitats, migratory paths and other patterns of use
            which characterize the Bristol Bay Borough. Man's use and the current status
            of land ownership also are described in Part I.

            Part II contains the proposed coastal management program. It includes the
            community's goals and objectives, a resource analysis, management
            recommendations, a definition of areas which merit special attention, coastal
            policies, and an implementation process. These recommendations originally
            were submitted as a draft for public discussion in October 1982. Corrections
            and revisions which were suggested during that review have been incorporated
            into this volume.



            GOALS AND OBJECTIVES


            The Bristol Bay Borough, working with community representatives and the coas-
            tal management steering committee, developed goals and objectives detailing
            needs and future plans for the Borough. A series of five community meetings
            was held in the Borough during development of the program. The goals and
            objectives of the management plan are the result of that community
            involvement.



            RESOURCE INVENTORY

            The Physical Setting

            The majority of the land has poor surface drainage resulting in standing water
            and wet or moist tundra. Most of the Borough is moraine and glacial drift
            and, in the low-lying areas, alluvial floodplain and glacial outwash deposits.






                                                   -i-








                                                                                                                                           Location Map
                                                                                                                                           Bristol Bay Borough



                                              ................... ...................... . ....                                                                 ........ . ........
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                                                                                  Anchorage



                                        Dillingham




                                                                                                                                                       Juneati








            The Borough's communities, although protected from tsunami hazards, are
            threatened by high-energy coastal erosion. The earthquake potential is low
            but the coastal and river bluffs present significant landslide and erosional
            hazards due to unstable geologic formation and soils. Volcanic activity in
            the area is high, and ash deposition is the primary hazard.


            The Natural Setting

            Marine mammals, moose, caribou, birds and a variety of fish are migratory and
            spend a portion of the year in the Borough. Kvichak Bay and the Naknek River
            serve as primary migration corridors for most of Bristol Bay's salmon. Paul's
            Creek, King Salmon Creek, Big Creek, Naknek Lake, and the Naknek River are
            primary salmon spawning and rearing areas.

            Because only a small portion of Bristol Bay's 500 square miles is accessible
            by road, mapping of habitats by onsite analysis was impossible.  A variety of
            means was used to establish habitats, but the main source was a land cover map
            developed from digital Landsat and digital topographic data and coded for a
            range of vegetation cover types. This process allows, for the first time,
            reliable determination of habitat in the Borough's inaccessible areas.


            Human Use


            Fish processing represents the majority of industrial land use in the Borough.
            There are about 20 cannery or processing sites that occupy up to 40 acres
            each. Adequate land for future housing and commercial development is avail-
            able for growth over the next 20 years, based on demand forecasts. Most land
            in the Borough is in its natural state and is used for recreational purposes
            and subsistence hunting, trapping, and gathering. Water bodies in the Borough
            are more intensively used than the land, mainly for fishing and
            transportation.

            Population growth has been slow to moderate in the past 10 years and is
            expected to remain so in the future; however, the population increases from
            just over 1,000 to about 4,000 during the salmon season. Commercial fishing
            is the mainstay of the Borough economy. Government employment, seasonal
            construction and subsistence activities also contribute significantly.
            Seasonal unemployment is a chronic problem.


            RESOURCE ANALYSIS

            Because of the area's relatively isolated location and cultural heritage,
            commercial fishing, subsistence hunting and fishing, and, to a lesser extent,
            recreational hunting and fishing play an important part in the lives of many
            residents. It is difficult to evaluate the sensitivity of habitats and the
            effects of development on habitat quality since impacts are so site- and
            project-specific; however, as Bristol Bay Borough continues to grow, losses in
            types and quality of habitat are unavoidable.









             To effectively evaluate land and water uses and develop management
             recommendations, lands in the Borough were divided into the following
             categories.


                    Offshore areas
                    Estuary
                    Tideflats
                    Exposed high-energy coasts
                    Rivers, streams, and lakes
                    Uplands
                    Wetlands


             Generally, upland tundra receives the least amount of wildlife use. The
             Naknek River, major creeks, fresh and saltwater marshes, and associated
             riparian areas receive the most intense wildlife use.


             POLICIES

             Policies developed as part of the management plan will be used by the Borough
             Planning Commission and Assembly to determine proper and improper uses of
             resources and the acceptability of proposed plans and projects. Policies will
             be applied as long as they are consistent with sound engineering practice and
             do not result in economic, social, or environmental problems that outweigh the
             public benefit derived from strict compliance with the policy.


             General Policies

             When planning waterfront development development, priorit y shall be given in
             the following order to:

                    Water-dependent uses and activities
                    Water-related uses and activities
                    Other uses and activities for which there is no feasible inland
                      alternative


             High priority shall be given to maintaining and increasing public access to
             coastal water. Recreational and visual access to coastal areas shall be
             provided where consistent with public safety and private property rights.
             Transportation and utility routes and facilities must be sited inland from
             beaches and shorelines unless the route or facility is water-dependent or no
             feasible inland alternative exists.


             Maintenance and enhancement of fisheries shall be given priority consideration
             in reviewing proposals which might adversely impact fisheries habitat,
             migratory routes, and harvest of fish or shellfish species.

             Multiple use of the shoreline shall be encouraged where new uses or activities
             do not interfere with priority uses. Permitted development  and activities
             shall not significantly degrade the quality of the natural environment, nor
             contribute to erosion or other deleterious effects on adjacent land.

             Permitting activities or uses in the Borough must conform with all applicable
             federal and state regulations, and implementation of government services and




                                                  -iii-









            facilities for the public shall be in conformance with applicable plans,
            policies, and programs of the Bristol Bay Borough.

            Subsistence use, where predominant within the publicly owned areas of the
            coastal zone, shall be given primary consideration in determining resource
            allocations.



            Specific Policies

            Offshore and Estuarine Areas


            As an offshore area Kvichak Bay must be managed as a fisheries conservation
            zone to maintain or enhance the state's sport, commercial, and subsistence
            fishery. As an estuary, Kvichak Bay and the lower 10 miles of the Naknek
            River must be managed to assure adequate waterflow, natural circulation
            patterns, nutrients, and oxygen levels, and to avoid the discharge of toxic
            wastes, silt, and destruction of productive habitat.


            Exposed High-Energy Coasts

            High-energy coasts must be managed by assuring the adequate mix and transport
            of sediments and nutrients and avoiding redirection of transport processes and
            wave energy. Development along the coastal bluffs shall be designed in con-
            sideration of these natural processes.


            Important Upland Habit at

            Uplands must be managed to maintain or enhance the biological characteristics
            of the habitat which contribute to its capacity to support living resources.
            Highways, residential and secondary roads shall be constructed using overlay
            methods. Roads shall not be routed through marshes or wet bogs and meadows,
            and drainage patterns should be maintained.

            Both caribou and moose calve from May 20 through June 8 and general ranges are
            mapped in the resource inventory. Construction activities through these areas
            shall be avoided during this critical period.



            Wetlands and Tideflats


            Wetlands and tideflats must be managed to assure adequate water flow,
            nutrients, and oxygen levels and avoid adverse effects on natural drainage
            patterns, destruction of important habitat, and discharge of toxic substances.


            Rivers, Streams, and Lakes

            Rivers, streams, and lakes must be managed to protect natural vegetation,
            water quality, important fish or wildlife habitat and natural water flow. To
            preserve stream bank and channel integrity, new construction or land clearing
            shall be designed in accordance with these natural processes and so as to
            preserve them.




                                                  -iv-













            IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

            For a district coastal management program to work effectively and efficiently,
            it must meet the regulatory needs and administrative capabilities of the local
            government. Depending on the type and scale of a project, the Bristol Bay
            Borough provides routine approval or formal review. Formal review-is required
            for all federal and state consistency determination recommendations requiring
             great weight" consideration, for all major activities needing only local
            approval as determined necessary by the Borough Planning Commission, and for
            all activities involving a performance standard established by a management
            policy*

            When a project must be reviewed for consistency with the management program,
            the reviewer uses the checklist shown on page 110. If the project or activity
            is not consistent, the reviewer states what specific portion of the program is
            affected, the specific remedial action recommended, and the rationale for
            requesting action.












































                                                   -v-






            Part I Resource Inventory and Analysis

            1. Introduction















             INVENTORY BACKGROUND


             The Bristol Bay Borough, as an organized local government, is a Coastal
             Resource District. As a Borough, it has authority for planning and zoning
             within its boundaries, and as a Coastal Resource District it has respon-
             sibility for developing and implementing a Coastal Management Program that
             meets the requirements of the Alaska Coastal Management Act and also meets
             the standards of the Alaska Coastal Management Program.

             The Bristol Bay Coastal Management Program contains the following:

             1.   Goals and Objectives. The identification of the concerns and desires
                  for the future by the people living within the Bristol Bay Borough.
                  See Chapter 3, Part II.

             2.   Coastal Boundaries. The designation of the boundaries that allow the
                  district to manage activities that could have a significant impact on
                  coastal areas. See Chapter 2, Part II.

             3,   Resource Inventory. An identification and description of the natural,
                  physical, and cultural resources within the district. The resource
                  inventory emphasizes those resources that are basic to man's well-
                  being, and it forms the basis for both a Coastal Management Plan and a
                  Comprehensive Plan. See Part I.

             4.   Resource Analysis. A synthesis of the resource inventory that deter-
                  mines generalized findings about land sensitivity, that is, the sen-
                  sitivity of land and water to the future activities of human occupants.
                  Land sensitivity is determined by giving equal consideration to the
                  sensitivity of both the natural and the physical systems within the
                  district and by considering human historic and future use of the land
                  and water within the district. See Chapter 4, Part I.

             5.   Coastal Management Policies. Policies that apply to uses within the
                  management classification that is used to determine whether specific
                  uses and activities will be allowed. See Chapter 4, Part II.










              6.   Implementation. A description of the method and activity used to
                   implement the district program. See Chapters 5 and 6, Part II.

              Each district program is required to include an inventory of the resources
              within and adjacent to its boundaries. The purpose of the inventory is to
              identify and to locate important resources and to determine size and impor-
              tance of each within the district.


              The Bristol Bay Borough Resource Inventory is organized into four main
              sections. They are as follows:



              THE PHYSICAL SETTING


              This section is an inventory of the topography, surficial geology, soils,
              permafrost, and surficial hydrology. It identifies and describes the
              Borough's physical features, surface conditions, and soil composition. See
              Chapter 2, Part 1.

              THE NATURAL SETTING


              This section is an inventory of fish, mammals, birds, and vegetation within
              the Borough. The inventory describes seasonal habitats, migration routes,
              and calving, spawning, and nesting areas. See Chapter 3, Part I.

              RESOURCE ANALYSIS


              This section addresses the requirement calling for an assignment of the
              sensitivity of the natural environment to change. See Chapter 4, Part I.

              HUMAN USE


              This section inventories industrial, commercial, and residential use of the
              land, recreational and subsistence use of both land and water, commercial
              fishing, prehistoric and archaeological sites as well as transportation
              throughout the Borough. It identifies and describes major land and water
              use within the Borough as it occurred historically and as it exists today.
              The section also inventories the communities within the Borough as well as
              the Borough's economy. See Chapter 5, Part I.

              LAND STATUS


              This section inventories land ownership and federal, state, borough, and
              private land and water management responsibilities. See Chapter 6, Part I.

              The information contained within this report was developed from current
              literature and maps, and from individuals who have lived, worked, hunted,
              and fished in the area. This information has been field checked and care-
              fully reviewed by the Bristol Bay Borough Planning and Zoning Commission,
              Citizen's Advisory Committee, state and federal agencies, and a number of
              helpful individuals. A bibliography and map source are included for
              reference.










                                                   -2-























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       NAKNEK                                                               KING SALMON (24-30 y-@)
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              THE REGION


              The land area within the Bristol Bay Borough is only part of the physical,
              natural, and cultural system of the region. The entire system extends well
              beyond the Borough boundaries. For example, the Bristol Bay salmon fishery,
              the world's largest, is dependent upon fish traveling through the Borough to
              primary spawning areas in the Kvichak and Naknek River systems outside
              Borough boundaries. This is also the case for caribou, moose, and bear. A
              regional map is used to introduce each major section of this resource inven-
              tory and is intended to illustrate how the physical, natural, and cultural
              settings within the Borough are part of a regional system. The regional map
              extends from Unimak Island in the south to Lake Iliamna in the north, and
              Kodiak Island in the east to the Kuskokwim Delta in the west.



























































                                                   -3-











             THE BOROUGH

             This report uses two base maps for the Bristol Bay Borough area. The format
             and scale were selected for easy interpretation, and convenience in mapping
             and publication. The base maps depict the east and west portions of the
             Borough. The east side encompasses the majority of the usable land and the
             communities of Naknek, South Naknek, and King Salmon. The west side
             primarily contains Kvichak Bay and land area extending to the western bound-
             ary of the coastal watershed. The western Borough boundary runs along the
             western coastline of Kvichak Bay. The base map was extended on the west
             to include the watershed that drains into Kvichak Bay and consequently into
             the Borough.



















































                                                 -4-








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                                                                                                                    ISLANDS






       rcirt I Resource Inventory and Analysis

       2. The Physical Setting












         THE REGION


         CLIMATE AND WEATHER

         The Bristol Bay region has a maritime climate with cloudy skies, relatively
         mild temperatures, and moderate precipitation. The area has cool summers
         with average summer maximum temperatures of 50 degrees F to 60 degrees F.
         Winters are warm with average minimum temperatures of 6 degrees F to 20
         degrees F. Extreme temperatures are 42 degrees F and 88 degrees F. Annual
         rain averages about 20 inches, while snow averages about 45 inches. Fog is
         often present in the summer and may be an impediment to surface and airborne
         activities. Sea and river ice usually is present in the area from mid-
         November to early April. In winter, winds blow from the north to northeast
         and change to prevailing southwesterly winds in the summer months. Wind
         speeds throughout the year average about 9 knots. Easterly winds are the
         strongest, usually averaging 13.1 knots. Extreme winds, in the range of
         40 to 70 knots, occur periodically during the year, usually blowing from the
         east.



         OCEANOGRAPHY


         Bristol Bay is approximately 58,000 square miles in area, with an average
         depth of 192 feet. The Inner Bay, extending northward from Port Heiden to
         Cape Newenham, covers 9,700 square miles and splits at its head forming
         Xvichak Bay and Nushagak Bay.

         Tidal fluctuations in the bay are extreme, with higher ranges toward the
         head. The mean tidal range at Port Heiden is 7.5 feet and at Naknek, 18.5
         feet. The large tidal range prevents shore-fast ice from forming.

         Bristol Bay is estuarine and is fed fresh water from several major river
         systems. Both the salinity and temperature of the bay characterize
         estuarine conditions. Mean salinity is 28.9 parts per thousand, and the
         mean water temperature is 11.4 degrees C. This is less saline and con-
         siderably warmer than the outer bay waters where mean salinity is 32.0 parts
         per thousand and mean temperature is 8.6 degrees C.






                                              -5-









              Wind speeds and direction in the bay are extremely variable, creating
              locally derived wave patterns and heights. During severe storms from the
              southwest, the shallowness of the bay causes steep, irregular waves rather
              than long swells.

              The Nushagak, Kvichak, and Naknek Rivers carry high volumes of fresh water
              during the summer months when ice and snow melt from the Kuskokwim Mountains
              and the Alaska Range. Although the runoff carries large amounts of
              nutrients, it also carries finely ground sediments which limit light
              penetration and photosynthesis.

              The sediments of Bristol Bay are classified as sands with coarse-grained
              materials (fine sands and coarse silts) at the edge of the continental
              shelf. Quartz and feldspar sands are dominant; they tend to be poorly
              sorted and have low concentrations of organic carbons.

              Kvichak Bay forms a northeastern arm and the headwaters of Bristol Bay. it
              is fed by the Kvichak River (the drainage for Lake Iliamna), and the Naknek
              River (the drainage for Naknek Lake). The depth of the bay ranges from 11
              to 66 feet and has an extreme tidal range of 18.5 feet. At low tide
              numerous shoal.s and banks are uncovered. At 2.5 knots, the current in
              Kvichak Bay is considered strong.



              HYDROLOGY


              The Naknek River drainage area is approximately 3,700 square miles. The
              Naknek River watershed includes seven interconnecting lakes: Murray,
              Hammersly, Coville, Grosvenor, Brooks, Idavain, and Naknek, and the Naknek
              River itself, as well as the streams connecting the lakes. In addition, 16
              streams with midsummer flows in excess of 3 cubic meter/second flow into the
              Naknek River. As illustrated on the regional map, the watershed extends
              well beyond the limits of the Bristol Bay Borough. Though little hydrologic
              information exists for the Borough, it has been recorded that the water
              quality is good with relatively low (114 mg/1) dissolved solids and less
              than 500 mg/l suspended sediments. Concentrations of minerals are within
              U.S. Public Health Service standards for potable water.



              SEISMICITY


              The Bristol Bay area is north of the major area of seismic activity in the
              state, and those earthquakes which do occur are at great depths and of low
              strength. Along the northern foothills of the Alaska Range, the Bruin Bay
              Fault extends southward from Kamishak Bay to Becharof Lake. The fault
              crosses the Naknek system in Katmai National Park.



              VOLCANISM

              The Alaska Peninsula forms part of the "ring of fire," caused by the move-
              ment of crustal plates along the Aleutian Trench. Volcanoes on the penin-
              sula are extremely active; more than 40 of the 60 volcanic centers have been
              active in the last 300 years. Eruptions have spread ash and lava over large
              areas, creating some of the soil stratas found in the Bristol Bay Borough.
              Table 2.1 presents a summary of past local volcanic activity.


                                                   -6-



















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                                                      TABLE 2.1


                                           LOCAL VOLCANIC ACTIVITY






                                                Number of           Date
                             Approximate        Eruptions       of Last
                Name        Summit Height       Since 1700      Eruption      Remarks on Activity




                Martin         6JO50 ft.              0                       Intermittent steaming
                                                                              since 1912.


                Mageik         7,295 ft.              4             1946      Ash eruptions--1912,
                                                                              1927, 1926, 1953;
                                                                              active--1929, 1946.

                Novarupta      2.,760 ft.             1             1912      Vent breached during
                                                                              1912 Katmai eruption.
                                                                              Vent believed to be one
                                                                              of main sources for ash
                                                                              and pumice flow
                                                                              deposits in Valley of
                                                                              10,000 Smokes.

                Trident        6,830 ft.              3             1968      Steaming 1912; lava
                                                                              eruption--1953; explo-
                                                                              sive, ash-charged vapor
                                                                              columns--April 1963 and
                                                                              May 1964; vent clearing
                                                                              explosions plus ash
                                                                              eruptions--Dec. 1967 to
                                                                              Feb. 1968, Nov. 1968.

                Katmai         7,540 ft.              7              1931     Explosive eruption with
                                                                              vast pumice and ash
                                                                              deposits accompanied by
                                                                              caldera collapse caused
                                                                              extensive damage to
                                                                              buildings and crops on
                                                                              Kodiak Island and cor-
                                                                              rosive rains at Seward
                                                                              and Cordova--1912,
                                                                              steam--1931.
















                                                           -7-











                THE BOROUGH


                TOPOGRAPHY


                The Bristol Bay Borough slopes from the foothills of the Aleutian Range in
                the east to the Naknek River and Kvichak Bay in the west. Maximum elevation
                is 1,061 feet at the northeastern corner of the Borough and the lowest
                elevation is Kvichak Bay at sea level. Typically, the land in the Borough
                is flat with over 75 percent below 200-foot elevation. Naknek and King
                Salmon are located at elevation 50 feet and South Naknek at elevation 100
                feet. The elevation on the northwest side of Kvichak Bay ranges from 383
                feet to sea level. The land slopes from the rolling hills of the Kvichak
                drainage to the bay.


                SURFICIAL GEOLOGY


                The surficial geology of that portion of the Alaska Peninsula containing
                the Bristol Bay Borough consists of moraine and glacial drift features as
                well as some alluvial floodplain and glacial outwash deposits in low-lying
                areas. The r 'egion is characterized by low moraine hills and many shallow
                lakes. The coastline includes sandy beach areas and bluff escarpments along
                the Naknek River, as well as several areas of low-lying brackish tidal
                marsh. The coastal and river bluffs are composed of glacial drift and
                fluvial deposits which are unconsolidated and unstable. Erosion due to
                wind, wave, and tidal action can be severe in these areas.

                Table 2.2 illustrates the types of deposits, their origin, and general
                engineering applications.



                SOILS


                A detailed soil survey was conducted in 1968 by the Soil Conservation
                Service (SCS) (Furbush and Wiedenfeld, 1969). The SCS survey covered a
                40-square-mile area along the Naknek River near Naknek, South Naknek, and
                King Salmon. The SCS conducted a field investigation and air photo analysis
                to identify soil series. Air photos were interpreted at a large scale and
                are relatively accurate. Four soils comprise 98 percent of the area, with
                several other minor features present.

                Information for the rest of the Borough was drawn from the Arctic Environ-
                mental Information and Data Center (AEIDC). The AEIDC survey includes
                generalized soil types in its Alaska Regional Profile for the Southwest
                Region. The map scale, however, is small and too generalized for engineer-
                ing application.

                Information from both surveys is included in the inventory maps and tables.
                A line has been drawn on the soils map separating the area surveyed by SCS
                from the area surveyed by AEIDC.









                                                    -8-
















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                                               TABLE 2.2


                                          SURFICIAL GEOLOGY




                 Type                    Origin                     Engineering Application




              Moraine and         Extensive moraines and asso-      Poor foundation material
               Drift               ciated glacial drift             Poorly drained
                                                                    High ice content
                                                                    Frost susceptible


              Glaciolacustrine    Produced by glacially-dammed      Poor foundation material
                                   lakes, high silt content         Poorly drained
                                                                    High ice content
                                                                    Not frost susceptible


              Glaciofluvial       Outwash deposits slightly-to-     Well-drained
                                   moderately sorted                Not frost susceptible


              Alluvial            Flood plain, terrace and          Good foundation material
                                   alluvial fan deposits from       Well-drained
                                   rivers and streams               Not frost susceptible


              Coastal             Interlayered alluvial and         Fair-to-good foundation
                                   marine sediments                 material
                                  Beaches, spits, bars and          Well-drained
                                   deltas                           Not frost susceptible


              Tertiary            Basalt and volcanic rock          Good foundation material
                                   with layer of ash                Steep slopes



















                                                    -9-










            The Soil Conservation Service identified the following soil series (see
            Table 2.3 and Figure 2-1):

            1.    Kvichak Series. This series is a well-drained soil consisting of a
                  layer of volcanic ash over strata of loam, sandy loam, and sand. It is
                  a very acid soil, and is found on terraces bordering the Naknek River
                  and adjacent tributaries, and on some low hills. Slopes are generally
                  less than 7 percent. These soils were found on approximately 32 per-
                  cent of the area mapped in the survey.

            2.    Naknek Series. This is a poorly-drained, perennially frozen soil
                  consisting of a peaty surface mat, sphagnum moss and sedge, over
                  mineral layers often consisting of volcanic ash. This soil is found in
                  most low-lying areas, with slopes less than 7 percent, and constitutes
                  about 50 percent of the soils found in the area.

            3.    Pustoi Series. This series is a well-drained soil consisting of vol-
                  canic materials overlain by a silt-loam or loamy sand. It is found
                  on the stream terraces and sides of valleys where slopes range from 0
                  to 12 percent, and constitutes about 9 percent of the area mapped.

            4.    Tolsona Series. Tolsona soils are sand, generally poorly drained, with
                  a shallow permafrost table. They are covered with a thick organic mat
                  of moss and sedge and are most often found in floodplains draining into
                  the Naknek River. Tolsona sands cover about 8 percent of the area
                  surveyed.

            5.    A Series. The Nk series is poorly drained loam, sandy loam, and silt
                  loam with, at most, a very thin organic mat at the surface. These
                  soils are strongly acid and are found on slopes of less than 0.5
                  percent. They are perennially frozen at depths greater than about 42
                  inches. The soils are not extensive and are generally closely
                  associated with the Naknek soils.


            6.    Other Features. Cliffs and escarpments of exposed glacial drift are
                  found along the Naknek River; these are exposed to moderate-to-severe
                  erosion from tidal action and storm surges in the river. Tidal marshes
                  are found along the Naknek River and its major tributaries.


            The AEIDC identified the following soil types:

            1.    IAHP                 This series is a poorly drained, loamy soil with a
                  ---- E-2             peaty surface layer and a shallow permafrost table.
                   IM                  Slopes are generally less than 12 percent and
                                       erosion potential is medium.

            2.    INT - IAHP           This series is the same as the preceding one but it
                  ----------  E-2      is mixed with well-drained soil and formed in mostly
                      IC               coarse volcanic ash or in shallow ash over other
                                       material.











                                                    _10-



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                                                                                      TABLE 2.3

                                                                        SUITABILITY OF MAJOR SOIL SERIES
                                                                                FOUND IN SCS SURVEY






                                                                                                                            Suitabi I ity For:
                         Soil                                   Potential             Buildings
                        Series             Texture             Frost Action           & Highways          Topsoil             Sand                 Gravel


                        Kvichak           0-21", loam          High in upper           Good to              Good           Poor above               Poor
                                          2111-39",            holzons; low              fair                              40"; good
                                          sandy loam           in substratum                                                   below



                        Naknek            0-3", loam                High                 Poor               Poor               Poor                 Poor
                                          +31', permafrost                           (permaf rost)                         permaf rost)


                        Pustol            0-4". loam                  Low                Good               Good               Poor                 Good
                                          411-24". sandy                                                               (shallow material)

                        Nk                0-511 if loamy            High                 Poor               Poor               Poor                 Poor
                                          5"-4@ , sandy                              (high water
                                                                                        table)


                        Tolsona           0-6", sand                High                 Poor               Poor               Poor                 Poor
                                          +6", permafrost                            (permafrost)





















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            SURFICIAL HYDROLOGY

            The Bristol Bay Borough lies within two major watersheds. They are the
            Naknek lake and river system and the Kvichak Bay or coastal watershed. The
            Naknek lake and river system is the most significant hydrologic feature
            within the Borough. Feeding the Naknek River are four major tributaries
            with drainages that form a major portion of the Borough. The major
            tributaries are King Salmon Creek, Paul's Creek, Smelt Creek, and Big Creek.
            In addition, there are numerous surface-fed streams that run into Naknek
            Lake and Naknek River.


            The Kvichak Bay or coastal watershed is comprised primarily of tidal marshes
            and surface-fed streams that are often tidally influenced. On the northwest
            side of the Borough'there are two major creeks feeding Kvichak Bay. They
            are Copenhagen Creek and King Salmon Creek.



















































                                                -12-





















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         Part I Resource Inventory

         3. The Natural Setting












           THE REGION


           The Bristol Bay region is one of the most productive areas for fish and
           wildlife in Alaska. It is the heartland of the world salmon fishery and
           abounds with caribou, moose, bear, waterfowl, and many fur beavers. In
           addition to commercial salmon fishing, fish and wildlife are taken for
           subsistence and recreation purposes by both local and nonlocal hunters and
           fishermen.


           A number of fish, mammal, and bird species are migratory and spend only a
           portion of the year in the Bristol Bay Borough. The remainder of the year
           is spent traveling in or out of the Borough to seasonal habitats. Salmon,
           caribou, bear, and a variety of birds are migratory and travel through the
           Borough at various times of the year.

           The appendices to this report contain a description and map reference for
           coastal habitats as defined by 6AAC 80.130. A complete list of important
           plants and animals by community is also included in this section.


           FISH


           All five species of Pacific salmon migrate into Bristol Bay from the Gulf of
           Alaska. The majority of these salmon spawn in the river drainages feeding
           Xvichak Bay. The Kvichak river system, including Lake Iliamna, is the
           largest single spawning area in Alaska. The Naknek river system, including
           Naknek Lake, is also a primary salmon spawning area.


           CARIBOU


           There are, essentially, two major herds of caribou present in the Bristol
           Bay region. The Mulchatna herd ranges centrally in the region, extending as
           far south as the southwestern shore of Lake Iliamna. The Alaska Peninsula
           herd ranges between its wintering grounds along the southern banks of the
           Naknek River to its calving grounds south of Port Heiden.








                                               -13-










            MARINE MAMMALS


            Walrus, seals, and whales migrate into Bristol Bay and can be found peri-
            odically in Kvichak Bay. The migration of each species is seasonal and
            dependent upon weather, ice conditions, and food sources.


            BIRDS


            The Bristol Bay region is located along the major flyway for waterfowl,
            swans, shore birds, and cranes. The coastal and river waters of Bristol Bay
            support a large number of migratory birds that cross the Alaska Peninsula
            from the Gulf of Alaska. The Naknek river system and Kvichak Bay serve as a
            major staging area for those birds migrating north to nest in the Yukon
            Delta.





























































                                                -14-








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             THE BOROUGH


             FISH

             The salmon fishery in Bristol Bay provides a major segment of the economy in
             the Bristol Bay Borough, and, as such, is probably the most important
             resource for both commercial and subsistence use. Five major species of
             salmon comprise the stocks in the area, including: Chinook salmon (Oncor-
             hynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), chum salmon (0. gorbuscha),
             and the most abundant, the sockeye salmon (0. nerka). Historically, the
             total run of salmon in the Naknek-Kvichak estuary has been the largest in
             the world.


             Chinook salmon is a prime sport fish species and is taken in the Naknek
             River in June and July. Chinook spawn in King Salmon Creek, Big Creek,
             Paul's Creek, and the Upper Naknek River, with a peak in late July and early
             August. The fish is taken for both sport and subsistence purposes. Coho
             salmon, also an important sport and subsistence fish, spawns somewhat later
             in the year, moving into the Naknek River in late August and early
             September. Spawning has been observed in King Salmon Creek, Paul's Creek
             and Big Creek. Chum salmon are not common in the Naknek River drainage,
             although they are utilized as part of the subsistence fishery. These fish
             spawn in Big Creek, King Salmon Creek, Smelt Creek, and Paul's Creek during
             July and August. Pink salmon are utilized by both sport and subsistence
             fishermen.


             Sockeye salmon are by far the most abundant commercial fish species in the
             Bristol Bay Borough. Extensive work has been done to depict their life
             history, distribution, movements, and catchment in the Kvichak drainages.
             Escapement of adult sockeye within the Naknek River drainage ranges from
             approximately 330,000 to 2.7 million; approximately 50 to 70 percent of the
             total number of returning adults are taken by commercial fishermen in the
             Naknek-Kvichak estuary. Most of these fish have returned after two to three
             years at sea to spawn throughout the Naknek River drainage basin. The fish
             migrate primarily along the south bank of the Naknek River and spawn mainly
             in the Brooks River drainage during late July and early August. Eggs over-
             winter and hatch in January. Fry remain within the gravel until spring
             breakup, when they move into the various nursery lakes of the Naknek River
             drainage. Here they feed and grow, moving gradually downstream, and migrate
             to the ocean early the following summer. Females tend to spend three years
             at sea before returning to spawn, while males may spend two or three years.

             Diving birds, larger fish, seals, and beluga whales are the main predators
             of salmon smolt. Whales, seals, sea lions, bears, and bald eagles are the
             main predators of the adult fish returning to spawn.

             Other fish present and utilized in the Naknek-Kvichak estuary and the Naknek
             River include whitefish, grayling, rainbow and lake trout, northern pike,
             arctic char, Dolly Varden, herring, and smelt.

             Rainbow trout is abundant throughout the area. The Naknek River is one of
             the primary spawning areas for trout in Alaska.








                                                 -15-






















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              MAMMALS


              Caribou


              Caribou is an especially important species in the Bristol Bay Borough
              because of its subsistence value. Communications with persons in Naknek and
              South Naknek indicate the possibility of two distinct herds being present on
              either side of the Naknek River. Historically, caribou distribution in the
              area of the Borough has been erratic, with animals probably responding to
              population pressures, forage availability, snow conditions, and weather.
              The Alaska Department of Fish and Game considers the area to contain two
              herds. Skoog (1968) considers the area to contain a single herd, with
              varying boundaries depending on the year. Residents of the Borough indicate
              that there is a locAl herd of caribou on the north side of the river that
              migrates northward in the winter and spends the summer west of King Salmon
              Creek. The Alaska Peninsula herd utilizes the area north of Becharof Lake
              and south of the Naknek River as wintering grounds, with calving grounds
              between the Bear and Meshik rivers to the south. State Fish and Game inven-
              tories from 1978 indicated a total of approximately 15,000-20,000 animals on
              the Alaska Peninsula. Population analysis at that time demonstrated that
              the Alaska Peninsula herd appeared to be increasing. Calving success in
              this area is quite high (50 to 60 calves per 100 females), indicating a
              recruitment rate higher than the natural mortality rate.

              Biologists as well as residents note that the migration patterns of the
              Alaska Peninsula herd have been erratic over the last four to five years.
              Alaska Fish and Game speculates that this may be a response to increasing
              herd density, and may precede an emigration of the herd and subsequent
              decline in numbers throughout the range. Emigration appears likely to occur
              northward across the Naknek and Kvichak Rivers.


              Caribou are opportunistic feeders, utilizing lichens, sedges, grasses,
              mushrooms, and green tips and leaves of willow and dwarf birch. The Alaska
              Peninsula herd winters north of Becharof Lake where it can forage only
              lichens and sedges. Forage during the other three seasons of the year is
              not difficult to obtain.



              Moose


              Moose are found throughout the Bristol Bay Borough during the year, with
              winter concentrations along King Salmon Creek, Smelt Creek, Big Creek, and
              Paul's Creek. Calving occurs in the higher elevations between King Salmon
              and Paul's Creek and along the lower reaches of King Salmon and Big Creek.
              Trends in calving, natural mortality, and hunter harvest indicate a steady
              decline in productivity of the herd. This decline can be related to defi-
              cient habitat and hunger in adult animals (Faro and Franzmann, 1978). Moose
              winter habitat in the Borough is limited and that which is present has been
              over-browsed. Moose browse is limited in this area to willow and dwarf
              birch found along stream bottoms. Winter browse of high quality is thus
              very difficult to maintain. It is speculated that hunger has caused lower
              birth rates and poor calf survival. Predation from bears is also an impor-
              tant factor in calf mortality (Moose Inventory, 1979). Moose productivity
              is not expected to increase within the next few years, because of the age
              structure and bull:cow ratios.





                                                   -16-













                Brown Bears


                Brown bears are abundant on the lower drainages of the Naknek River. These
                bears come mainly from the high density bear areas of the Katmai National
                Park. Bears concentrate on the major salmon spawning drainages off the
                Naknek River during the summer months; during winter, they move to higher
                elevations for denning.

                Bears are opportunistic feeders and eat moose, caribou, berries, insects,
                small mammals, fish, grasses, and garbage found at dump sites. Waste from
                the local landfills in the communities and waste from the canneries have
                attracted a great many bears into the area.


                BIRDS


                Waterfowl, seabirds, and raptors are present on land and water within and
                adjacent to the Bristol Bay Borough. The entire Bristol Bay region forms a
                major staging area for migratory waterfowl. Pacific black brant, Canada
                geese, pintails, mallards, teal, oldsquaw, eider, scoter, goldeneye, and
                scaup use this area heavily in both spring and fall as a major stopover. In
                addition the Kvichak River is a major migration corridor for both whistling
                swans anA sandbill cranes.  Data (King and Lensink, 1971) indicate that
                autumn migration of 572,000 dabbling ducks and 10,600 whistling swans can be
                expected in Bristol Bay and the adjacent lake/stream systems. Geese (snow,
                Canada, American emperor, and black brant) may number as high as one
                million. Diving duck numbers may be even higher. Eel grass, freshwater
                rooted aquatic vegetation, and marine and freshwater invertebrates form a
                major food source for these species.

                In addition to waterfowl, raptors such as bald eagles, gyrfalcons, rough-
                legged hawks, and snowy owls are present in the area. Other birds include
                shorebirds and passerine birds of various kinds. Willow ptarmigan and
                spruce grouse also are present.




























                                                    -17-



















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           VEGETATION


           The vegetation of the Bristol Bay region is transitional between subarctic
           forest and arctic tundra. Trees in the area are few and distributed
           sporadically. Distributions seem to be closely associated with soil
           conditions.


           The following are plant communities found most often in the Bristol Bay
           Borough (Alaska State Housing Authority, 1966):


           Alpine Tundra

           This low-lying growth of mosses and shrubs appears on the unforested sand
           dunes and at the higher local elevations. It thrives in the driest local
           areas and those with the best drainage. Among this group are various mosses
           and the local variety of cranberry.



           Wet Tundra

           On much of the outwash plain, soil conditions favor the growth of sphagnum
           or bog moss. Where permafrost prevents drainage, overlying soils are water
           saturated, though there may not be open water. The dampness of the air also
           favors the growth of sphagnum.

           The growth characteristics of sphagnum are such that, once firmly
           established, it may expand into adjacent areas. If this is the case, it is
           likely that in time, areas of spruce lichen growth will be converted into
           areas of moss.



           Moist Tundra


           Near the shore in almost all the small lakes and ponds, more or less sub-
           merged plants live and die to form a mass of humus which builds up the lake
           bottoms. This condition is a forerunner of cotton grass-sedge marsh. With
           the continual building up of the bottom of the lake, more and more marsh is
           created, and the pond shrinks in size.

           The dominant shrub of the plant community is a small species of willow,
           while the most common herb is cotton grass, which is often found in pure
           stands. This "cotton" tuft was once twisted by natives for oil lamp wicks.


           Lowland Forest


           White spruce grows on sand dunes, on damp rocky areas where the subsoil is
           porous and on well-drained parts of the outwash plain. The densest stand of
           spruce is at King Salmon on the eastern part of a sand dune by the air base.
           Here soil conditions are most favorable because the soils are well-drained,
           relatively warm, and the least acidic. The largest and perhaps the oldest
           tree in the region is located here. Its height is estimated to be 36 feet,
           its diameter 22 inches, and its age at least 160 years. Most spruces in the





                                                -18-










           Naknek region are less long-lived because they are shallow-rooted and are
           easily overturned by strong winds.


           Mixed Thicket


           Along the banks of the Naknek River and its tributaries, and on ice-pressure
           ridges around the numerous lakes and ponds where there are sandy, well-
           drained soils, shrubs of various kinds flourish. Kenai birch is one of
           the two commonest shrubs and grows individually and in clumps rising
           generally about 2 to 5 feet high. Its squat form and strong root system
           enables it to withstand the frequent strong winds, and it attains great age.
           Alder, the other dominant shrub, rarely grows singly but usually in dense
           and almost impenetrable clumps, 8 to 12 feet high.


           Estuarine Plants


           Because of the tidal nature of the Naknek River, salt-loving plants that
           normally grow only along the seashore are found along the edge of the river
           and its tributaries, nearly as far inland as the Naknek moraine.


           Riparian Plants

           A small but separate community of "watergrowers," dominated by reeds and
           five-finger, is recognized along the edges of the Naknek River and its
           tributaries beyond the upper tidal limit.


           Lacustrine Plants


           Bordering the shores of the lakes and generally growing in the water, there
           is a distinctive community of plants. This includes water lilies rooted in
           the soft, unconsolidated muck that forms the bottom of most of the ponds.



























                                               _19-





















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           Part I Resource Inventory and Analysis

           4. Resource Findings












             RESOURCE INVENTORY FINDINGS

             This section summarizes the results of the resource inventory found in
             Part I of the Borough's coastal management program, and forms the basis for
             designating appropriate land and water uses, management policies and the
             identification of areas which merit special attention. The findings report
             the essential elements of the resource inventory, and the conclusions
             suggest areas which need thorough consideration by the Borough as part of
             its coastal management program.



             THE PHYSICAL SETTING

             Topography

             Finding

             The land area within the Borough is relatively flat with over 75 percent
             below 200-foot elevation. The topography slopes gently from the high eleva-
             tion of 1,061 feet in the northeast to the coastal bluff along the Naknek
             River and Kvichak Bay,



             Conclusion


             The majority of the Borough land has poor surface drainage, which is charac-
             terized by standing water and wet or moist tundra. Poor drainage is typical
             in large areas of relatively flat terrain.


             Finding

             King Salmon, Naknek and South Naknek are situated at elevations 50, 100, and
             75 feet, respectively. Naknek and South Naknek are located on the bluffs
             above the Naknek River.










                                                 -20-












                Conclusion

                The Borough's communities, though protected from tsunami hazards due to
                shallow marine waters, are threatened by high-energy coastal erosion.


                Surface Geology

                Finding

                The primary surface geological features of the Borough are moraine and
                glacial drift. Alluvial floodplain and glacial outwash deposits, to a
                lesser extent, form the low-lying areas.



                Conclusion


                Moraine and drift deposits are characterized by poor drainage, high ice
                content and frost-susceptible material. Alluvial and glacial outwash
                deposits are suitable foundation material, well drained and nonfrost
                susceptible..


                Finding

                The coastal bluffs supporting the communities of Naknek and South Naknek are
                composed of unconsolidated glacial and fluvial deposits. This material
                tends to be unstable during seismic activity.



                Conclusion


                The landslide hazard in the developed areas of the Borough is significant
                and could cause property damage or loss of life. A public awareness program
                should be established by the Borough to assure public knowledge of this
                hazard and to help design means to assure safe development.


                Finding

                Gravel is a key material for most of development in the Borough, yet it is a
                relatively scarce commodity.



                Conclusion


                A gravel resource needs and availability evaluation should be undertaken
                jointly by all three levels of government in association with the private
                sector.














                                                       -21-









              Seismicity

              Finding

              The Bristol Bay Borough is north of the major areas of seismic activity.
              Typically, earthquakes that affect the Borough are at great depths and of
              low strength.



              Conclusion


              The earthquake potential within the Borough is low, though the coastal and
              river bluffs present increased hazards due to their geologic formation and
              soils.



              Volcanism


              Finding

              Volcanic activity within the Bristol Bay area is extreme. Forty of the
              sixty volcanic centers have been active over the last three decades.



              Conclusion


              Ash deposits present the primary hazard related to volcanic activity in the
              region.


              Soils


              Finding

              The Kvichak and Pustoi soils, identified by the Soil Conservation Service,
              comprise approximately 41 percent of the Borough's developed land area.
              Kvichak and Pustoi soils are suitable for highway and building foundation
              material and are a good source of topsoil and sand.



              Conclusion


              There is adequate land within the developed area of the Borough to support
              highway and building construction, and to provide the necessary construction
              materials. However, gravel resources are limited, as noted earlier.


              Finding

              The Naknek and Tolsona soils comprise approximately 58 percent of the land
              within the Borough's developed area. These soils are generally poorly
              drained with high water content and permafrost. They are poor construction
              materials due to high frost susceptibility.







                                                     -22-











              Conclusion


              Naknek and Tolsona soils should be avoided when possible for construction
              sites and materials due to potential structural damage and high development
              costs.



              Hydrology

              Finding

              The Bristol Bay Borough lies within two major watersheds which include the
              major inland creeks, the Naknek River and Kvichak Bay. These watersheds
              extend beyond the limits of the coastal management district.



              Conclusion


              Land and water use within the Borough could impact both 1ocal and regional
              water bodies. Development activity outside the coastal management district
              could impact resources within the Borough. Cooperative management is neces-
              sary to assure adequate protection of Borough resources.


              THE NATURAL SETTING

              Migratory Fish and Wildlife

              Finding

              Marine mammals, caribou, birds and a variety of fish are migratory and spend
              a portion of the year in the Bristol Bay Borough. The remainder of the year
              is spent out of the Borough in other seasonal habitats.



              Conclusion


              When considering the fish and wildlife resources of the Borough, it is
              important to understand their migratory nature and the need for a coopera-
              tive approach to resource management.


              Migration Corridors

              Finding

              The Kvichak Bay and Naknek River serve as primary migration corridors for a
              majority of Bristol Bay salmon.



              Conclusion


              Salmon migration corridors are essential to the maintenance and enhancement
              of salmon stocks, and should be protected.





                                                  -23-










             Spawning Areas

             Finding

             Paul's Creek, King Salmon Creek, and Big Creek are primary spawning and
             rearing areas for red, king, chum, coho, and pink salmon. The Naknek River,
             between the communities of King Salmon and the mouth of Naknek Lake, is a
             primary spawning and rearing area for pink and king salmon and rainbow
             trout. Naknek Lake and its tributaries are primary spawning and rearing
             areas for coho salmon.



             Conclusion


             There are a number of significant salmon and trout rearing areas within the
             Bristol Bay Borough, These areas should be protected against land and water
             uses that would adversely impact the species.



             Caribou


             Finding

             The Bristol Bay Borough provides wintering habitat for both the Alaska
             Peninsula herd and for a small local herd. The Alaska Peninsula herd
             winters south of Naknek River and the local herd winters north of the river



             Conclusion


             The number of caribou wintering within the Borough varies annually, depend-
             ing upon*migration patterns and weather. Caribou is an important subsis-
             tence food source for many of the Borough's residents, Wintering habitat
             should be protected from detrimental land and water uses to maintain and
             enhance the subsistence resources.



             Moose


             Finding

             Moose range in the riparian habitat associated with Paul's Creek, Smelt
             Creek, Big Creek, and King Salmon Creek during the fall and winter. They
             calve along the lower Big Creek, King Salmon Creek, and in the higher eleva-
             tions in the northeast portion of the Borough during the spring.

             Moose are hunted as a subsistence food source by many of the Borough's
             residents.













                                                  -24-











              Conclusion


              Though the moose population in the Borough is presently stable, disturbance
              to calving areas or reduced food sources could negatively affect the stock.
              Moose habitat should be protected from disruptive uses.



              Birds


              Finding

              The Naknek River and the coastal areas along Kvichak Bay serve as primary
              staging areas for both the fall and spring migration of shorebirds, ducks,
              geese and swans. In addition, the uplands of the Borough provide nesting
              grounds for a number of migratory birds.



              Conclusion


              Staging and nesting areas are essential for maintaining migratory bird
              populations.  'Many species of migratory birds are managed under interna-
              tional treaties and provide a subsistence food source for rural Alaskans.
              Staging and nesting areas should be preserved to maintain present bird
              populations.


              MAN'S USE


              Settlement


              Finding

              Settlement in the Bristol Bay region occurred over 6,000 years ago. One
              hunting camp discovered on the Naknek River dates back to 3000 to 4000 B,C,



              Conclusion


              The Bristol Bay Borough holds a wealth of historic and prehistoric
              resources. The existing and future sites should be protected as a valuable
              resource illustrating the community's heritage.


              Industrial Land Use


              Finding

              Fish processing represents the majority of industrial land use within the
              Borough. There are approximately 20 cannery or salmon processing sites that
              occupy up to 40 acres each.










                                                    -25-











              Conclusion


              Fish processing is a priority land use within the Borough due to its impor-
              tance to the regional economy. Industrial land should be maintained and
              future sites reserved to protect and promote economic development.


              Commercial and Residential Land Use


              Finding

              Mixed commercial and residential land use is concentrated within the com-
              munities of King Salmon, Naknek and South Naknek. Lower density use is
              developing along th6 Naknek-King Salmon Road, with increasing concentration
              in the vicinity of King Salmon and Paul's Creek.



              Conclusion


              While there are presently 10,000 acres of private land in and around the
              communities of King Salmon, Naknek, South Naknek, and along the Naknek-King
              Salmon Road, much of this land is unavailable due to limited roads or large
              block ownerships. The majority of the private land is owned by the
              Borough's village corporations. Based on demand forecasts for future hous-
              ing and commercial development, adequate land is available for development
              over the next 20 years, assuming access and disposition hurdles are
              overcome.



              Recreational and Subsistence Land Use


              Finding

              The largest amount of land in the Borough remains in its natural state    and
              is used for recreational purposes and subsistence hunting, trapping, and
              gathering.



              Conclusion


              The value of subsistence food sources and recreational pursuits is well
              documented and contributes to the Borough residents' lifestyles. Adequate
              land for subsistence and recreational use should be reserved and protected.


              Water Use


              Finding

              The water bodies within the Bristol Bay Borough tend to be more intensively
              used than the land. Kvichak Bay is used for marine transportation and is a
              primary commercial fishing area. The Naknek River is used as a marine
              transportation corridor to service the Borough communities and to supply
              fish to the canneries and fish processing sites. The river shores are
              intensively used for subsistence set-netting and sport fishing.




                                                   -26-














              Conclusion


              Commercial, subsistence and sport fishing, and transportation access are
              primary water uses for Kvichak Bay and the Naknek River. These uses should
              be protected and maintained, and public access to these waterways should be
              guaranteed.


              Population

              Finding

              The population of the Borough has remained consistent over the past 10
              years. Seasonal influx of transient labor increases population to
              approximately 3,000 people during the salmon season.



              Conclusion


              The Borough population will increase slightly over the next 10 years based
              on a low, but constant, growth in the resident fishing industry. Seasonal
              population expansion will continue to place pressure on the Borough housing
              market and infrastructure.



              Employment

              Finding

              Commercial fishing and fish processing employ the majority of Borough resi-
              dents on a seasonal basis. During the 1979 salmon season, Borough fishermen
              received a gross income of $104.8 million from drift netting, and $16.6
              million from set nets.



              Conclusion


              Commercial fishing is the mainstay in the Borough economy. Priority should
              be given to those land and water uses necessary to maintain and enhance the
              fishing industry.


              Finding

              Government employment, seasonal construction and subsistence activities also
              contribute significantly to the Borough economy.



              Conclusion


              As the Borough grows, employment opportunities will increase proportionately
              and subsistence use will remain stable.






                                                    -27-










             Land Ownership

             Finding

             The federal government is the largest landowner in the Bristol Bay Borough,
             occupying approximately 189,000 acres, or 59 percent of the land area.
             However, much of the federally-owned land will probably become state-owned
             land. Paug Vik and the Alaska Peninsula village corporations own a majority
             of th6 private land, Individual landowners make up a lesser portion of the
             129,000 acres, or 40%, in private ownership. The Borough and state govern-
             ments each own less than one percent, or about 3,000 acres of land.



             Conclusion


             Land ownership in the Borough is varied with large holdings in both private
             and federal ownership. Village corporations own the surface rights and the
             Bristol Bay Native Corporation owns the subsurface rights to most of the
             privately owned land. Future major development activities will depend upon
             market forces and land and resource availability. The coastal management
             program should' serve as a guide to government and private landowners, by
             determining appropriate land and water uses and setting policy guidelines.
             As land moves from federal ownership to state or other ownership, such land
             will automatically fall under state and local management jurisdiction.


             Land Management

             Finding

             Land management within the Borough is the responsibility of a variety of
             federal and state agencies, as well as the Borough government.  In addition,
             the Bristol Bay Cooperative Planning Area* has been established to oversee
             land planning and land and water use decisions on federal and state land.


             Conclusion


             It is in the best interest of the Borough to complete its coastal management
             program and work in cooperation with the various levels of government
             involved in the Bristol Bay region.














               Established under ANILCA as a special planning and management region.




                                                 -28-






              HABITAT EVALUATION


              Maintaining rich wildlife habitat is very much in the interest of Bristol
              Bay Borough. Because of its relatively isolated location and cultural
              heritage, commercial fishing, subsistence hunting and fishing, and, to a
              lesser extent, recreational hunting and fishing, play an important part in
              the lives of many residents. In addition to socioeconomic values, recrea-
              tional and less tangible aesthetic benefits accrue from managing wildlife
              habitat in a sensitive and ecologically consistent manner.

              Evaluation of development impacts on habitat quality is difficult at a
              general level. The impacts vary from one type of development to another,
              and from one site to another. The impacts can occur at the immediate site,
              by displacement of the habitat or offsite such as by siltation of streams.
              As the Bristol Bay Borough continues to grow, some losses in habitat quality
              and type are unavoidable.

              Generally, tundra upland receives the least amount of wildlife use. The
              Naknek River, major creeks, fresh and saltwater marshes, and associated
              riparian areas receive the most intense wildlife use. Borough management
              and residents must assume responsibility for determining the type and degree
              of habitat disruption from future development permitted by the Borough.
              Cooperative effort and communication between residents, Borough management,
              resource managers, government regulators and developers are necessary for a
              coastal management program to be effective.

              In order to effectively evaluate land and water uses and develop management
              recommendations commensurate with the Alaska Coastal Management Act of 1977,
              habitats were mapped according to definitions contained in the Alaska
              Coastal Management Program (ACMP) Standards and Guidelines (6AAC80.900).
              Definitions of the nine habitat types follow (see Coastal Habitat map fol-
              lowing page 37):

              1.   Offshore areas   submerged lands and waters seaward of the coastline.

              2.   Estuary - a semiclosed coastal body of water which has a free connec-
                   tion with the sea and within which seawater is measurably diluted with
                   fresh water derived from land drainage.

              3.   Tideflats - mostly unvegetated areas that are alternately exposed and
                   inundated by the falling and rising of the tide.

              4.   Exposed high-energy coasts - open and unprotected sections of coastline
                   with exposure to ocean-generated wave impacts and usually characterized
                   by coarse sand, gravel, boulder beaches, and well-mixed coastal water.

              5,   Rivers, streams, and lakes - undefined.

              6.   Upland - drainages, aquifers, and land, the use of which would have a
                   direct and significant impact on coastal water.

              7.   Wetlands - includes both freshwater and saltwater wetlands; freshwater
                   wetlands are those environments characterized by rooted vegetation
                   which is partially submerged either continuously or periodically by
                   surface fresh water with less than 0.5 part per thousand salt content







                                                 -29-










                  and not exceeding three meters in depth; saltwater wetlands are those
                  coastal areas along sheltered shorelines characterized by halophytic
                  hydrophytes and macroalgae extending from extreme low tide to an area
                  above extreme high tide which is influenced by sea spray or tidally
                  induced water table changes. (Please note that the scale of the map is
                  not adequate to be relied upon for regulating purposes.)

             8.   Rocky islands and seacliffs - islands of volcanic or tectonic origin
                  with rocky shores and steep faces, offshore rocks, capes, and steep
                  rocky seafronts.

             9.   Barrier islands and lagoons - depositional coastal environments formed
                  by deposits of sediment offshore or coastal remnants which form a
                  barrier of low-lying islands and bars protecting a saltwater lagoon
                  with free exchange of water to the sea.

             Bristol Bay Borough has approximately 500 square miles of land area (and
             another 400 square miles of water area). Only a small portion of this
             region is accessible by road. Consequently, onsite analysis of most of the
             area was infeasible. Although a variety of means was employed in delineat-
             ing habitat, a.land cover map developed from digital Landsat and digital
             topographic data for the Bristol Bay Cooperative Study Region and coded for
             a range of cover types was the primary source.

             Vegetated land cover consists of plant communities. A plant community is an
             association of plants of different species which are responding to similar
             environmental conditions such as soil type, moisture, slope, temperature,
             and aspect. Vegetation communities indicate particular habitat types.
             Based on a number of variables, but primarily reflectance, plant communities
             will code as different colors based on digital computerized data.

             Habitat types as defined by ACMP are broad, and some of them contain a
             variety of more specific habitats. For example, uplands include lichen-
             covered rocky alpine slopes; coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forest; lichen
             shrub tundra; and drier types of ericaceous and graminoid shrub tundra.
             Wetlands cover saline tidal marsh, freshwater marsh and wet bogs and
             meadows.


             Three ranges of cover types characterized the largest portion of
             terrestrial/wetland portions of Bristol Bay Borough.

             0    Open low shrub ericaceous/conifer woodland/mesic bog/ericaceous shrub
                  tundra


             0    Open low shrub graminoid/mesic bog/graminoid shrub tundra

             0    Lichen shrub tundra


             The most difficult task was delineating upland from wetland. For this
             evaluation, areas color-coded for marsh/very wet bog and wet bog/wet meadow
             wer,@ mapped as wetlands (See Coastal Habitat map). Where these areas
             occurred in association with the above three most common cover types, the
             above types were mapped as wetland. A large area in the northwest section
             of the Borough was designated as wet on U.S.G.S. topographic map although





                                                  -30-










              color coding was ambiguous. Since observation from the air indicated it was
              extensively wet, it was mapped as wetland.

              Uplands were characterized by mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, miscel-
              laneous deciduous forest/scrub and those portions of ericaceous shrub
              tundra, graminoid shrub tundra and lichen shrub tundra which grew in areas
              of topographic relief and were probably fairly well drained.

              A conditional habitat category was established for mapping purposes to deal
              with areas which were difficult to place in an upland or wetland category.
              These areas were of generally low relief and vegetated with mainly
              ericaceous or graminoid shrub tundra. Because of the variety in
              microrelief, onsite analysis would be required to determine if the area
              would be considered'wetland or upland. Undoubtedly some of the lower areas
              would be covered with surface water during spring thawing, satisfying the
              ACMP wetland definition.


              Detailed descriptions of different plant associations which actually form
              specific subhabitats under each broad habitat category are discussed in
              Viereck, et al. (1982). These references should be investigated for a more
              detailed enumeration of plants and ecological characteristics.


              OFFSHORE AREAS


              Approximately 40 percent of Bristol Bay Borough consists of Kvichak Bay, the
              northernmost portion of Bristol Bay. The eastern boundary of the Borough
              follows the western shoreline of Kvichak Bay.

              Large tidal ranges prevent the formation of shorefast ice during winter
              months. Tidal ranges increase toward the head of the bay; in Naknek, the
              mean tidal range is 18.5 feet.

              Much of Kvichak Bay is relatively shallow with large tide flats, exposed at
              low tides. The long fetch to the southwest and the relative shallowness of
              the water cause steep, irregular waves, rather than long swells.

              Water quality in Kvichak Bay is good with excellent flushing because of the
              large tidal ranges and large flows from the rivers. Turbidity varies but
              can be high because of the shallow bay, large waves, and spring melt waters.

              Kvichak Bay abounds in wildlife on a seasonal basis. All five species of
              Pacific salmon migrate through the coastal waters to the Kvichak and Naknek
              Rivers for spawning. Walrus, seal, and whale migrate through Bristol Bay
              proper and occasionally can be found in Kvichak Bay. Whistling swans,
              sandhill cranes, numerous species of ducks and shorebirds, and several
              species of geese all rest and feed at times in the shallow water of the bay.


              ESTUARY


              Because of the freshwater influence of the Kvichak and Naknek Rivers, and
              general coastal drainage, the waters of Kvichak Bay are considered estuarine
              with salinity ranging from 12.4 to 31.2 parts per thousand. Because of the
              higher water flows from the drainages during spring and early summer,




                                                  -31-









             salinity tends to be less at those times. In addition, a saline wedge of
             water protrudes up both the Kvichak and Naknek Rivers creating estuarine
             conditions in their lower sections. In the Naknek River, salinities of up
             to 10 parts per thousand have regularly been detected eight miles up from
             the mouth and may extend several miles past this point during a combination
             of high tide and low river flow (Buck, et al., 1978).

             Estuarine ecosystems are characteristically highly productive when compared
             to most terrestrial or open water areas. River and streams supply ter-
             restrially derived nutrients and deep and cold oceanic waters contribute
             marine nutrients to relatively shallow basins which result in high primary
             production capable of supporting a high diversity of wildlife.


             TIDEFLATS


             Tideflats occur throughout Kvichak Bay and approximately four miles up the
             Naknek River. Tideflats occurring in Kvichak Bay and the estuarine portion
             of Naknek River are strongly influenced by the saline character of the water
             and are mainly unvegetated.

             Tides also cause fresh water upriver of the estuarine areas of the Naknek
             River to rise and fall uncovering sand, mud, or silt substrate. These
             periodically wetted lands are also mainly unvegetated.

             Both the Fish Wildlife Service (FWS) and Corps of Engineers (COE) consider
             tideflats as wetlands and the COE maintains permit authority over alteration
             to these habitats.



             EXPOSED HIGH-ENERGY COASTS


             North of the Naknek River, coastal bluffs consisting of glacial drift and
             fluvial deposits occur upriver of the town of Naknek, around Cape Suworof,
             and up the coast approximately three miles. South of the Naknek River,
             coastal bluffs occur from upriver of South Naknek, west toward the mouth of
             the river, and south down the coast past the southern Borough boundary line.
             Riverine bluffs also occur up the Naknek River on the north and south side
             of the river. Generally, these bluffs are highest at Naknek and South
             Naknek where they reach 75 to 100 feet in height. Upriver and around the
             mouth of the river to the north and south, bluffs vary between 25 and 75
             feet high.

             The steep sides of the bluffs are generally unvegetated consisting of uncon-
             solidated materials. Deciduous thickets of Kenai birch. Sitka alder, and
             willow occur along the top of the bluffs.


             RIVERS, STREAMS, AND LAKES

             The Bristol Bay Borough lies within two major watersheds. They are the
             Naknek lake and river system and the Kvichak Bay or coastal watershed. The
             Naknek lake and river system is the most significant hydrologic feature
             within the Borough. Feeding the Naknek River are four major tributaries
             with drainages that form a major portion of the Borough. The major




                                                  -32-









             tributaries are King Salmon Creek, Paul's Creek, Smelt Creek, and Big Creek.
             In addition, there are numerous surface-fed streams that run into Naknek
             Lake and Naknek River.


             Land adjacent to rivers and creeks consisting of relatively flat floodplains
             and steeper terrain leading up to relatively level tundra or diciduous
             forests is termed "riparian." Grasses, primarily bluejoint and sedges, are
             common along with herbaceous plants such as bunchberry, fireweed, yarrow,
             northern water carpet, northern rockcress, cloudberry, nagoon-berry, and
             violets. Kenai birch, willow, and alder comprise a tall shrub or tree layer
             depending on where they grow. Frequently on the low, active floodplain
             areas, dense thickets of these trees occur.

             On the edge of the streams and rooted in the water, marsh fivefinger and
             sedges predominate. Water buttercup and mare's tail occur as submerged
             aquatics.

             Lakes and ponds of varying sizes and depths occur throughout the Borough.
             Many of the shallower ponds are constantly filling with decayed plant
             material and sediment as they change to marshes and wet meadows. A number
             of ponds on th'e 1951 U.S.G.S. topographic maps appeared as marshy areas on
             the 1981 Landsat photographs.

             Emergent aquatic plants such as sedges, marsh fivefinger, swamp horsetail,
             and buckbean grow in the shallow margins of the lakes. Occasionally, yellow
             pond lily, a floating aquatic plant, will cover a portion of a pond.

             Although described under "rivers, streams, and lakes" in this analysis, the
             COE considers active floodplains along riparian areas and lakes and ponds
             with depths less than 6.6 feet as wetlands for permitting purposes.

             The Naknek River and Paul's and King Salmon Creeks are excellent fish
             habitat. Salmon hatch, rear, migrate, and spawn in these waters. In
             addition, rainbow trout, grayling, Dolly Varden, and whitefish and several
             nongame species of fish, including sculpin and stickleback, reside year-
             round in these waters. The stretch of river above Rapids Camp is especially
             noted for rainbow trout fishing.

             Naknek Lake and a number of other smaller lakes are also noted for fishing.
             Northern pike, rainbow trout, lake trout, and Arctic char are the main
             species in these lakes.

             Riparian areas up and down the major creeks and along the Naknek River
             provide excellent habitat for a number of larger mammals including brown
             bears, moose, beaver, mink, wolverine, otter, muskrat, lynx, caribou, red
             fox, and wolf. These animals venture out on the flat tundra vegetation,
             mainly to feed.

             Whistling swans and numerous species of waterfowl nest and stage along the
             Naknek River. The area along the section of the river between Naknek Lake
             and Smelt Creek is a noted whistling swan and pintail staging area.









                                                 -33-











              UPLANDS


              A number of distinct plant communities characterize upland habitats in
              Bristol Bay Borough depending on environmental factors such as soil type,
              slope, aspect, and evaluation.


              Mixed Con iferous- Deciduous Forest

              This habitat type generally occurs on moderate to moderately well drained
              soil and parallels much of the higher ground along the lower portion of
              Paul's Creek, most of King Salmon Creek, and along a shelf running north-
              south in the eastern portion of the study area. Coniferous species are
              limited to white and black spruce. Kenai birch dominates the deciduous
              upper story. The shrub layer consists of dwarf birch and scattered shrub
              willows. Crowberry, narrow leaf Labrador tea, alpine azalea, moss, and
              grasses cover the ground.


              Miscellaneous Deciduous Forest/Scrub

              This habitat 'characterizes well-drained soils in the Kvichak and Pustoi
              series frequently occurring in riparian areas on floodplains and also on
              higher ground along the Naknek River and raised areas scattered about the
              tundra. The lower areas located on active floodplains, which would
              experience flooding yearly or every several years, are considered wetland.
              Trees include Kenai birch, Sitka alder, and willow. Usually in mature
              stands, there is an open canopy and all these species are present in varying
              proportions. Associated shrubs include blueberry, dwarf birch, and willow.
              Fireweed, yarrow, roseroot, bunchberry, nonsphagnum type mosses, and grasses
              comprise a few of the groundcover species.


              Lichen Shrub Tundra


              The lack of trees and tall shrubs and the dominance of lichen and low
              ericaceous (heath) and dwarf shrubs are the most characteristic aspects of
              this relatively drier and well-drained habitat. Herbaceous nongraminoid
              plants are poorly represented. Crowberry, alpine bearberry, Labrador tea,
              blueberry, and dwarf birch comprise a low shrub community. Groundcover
              consists of mostly lichen, moss, and sedge.


              WETLANDS


              The importance of wetlands to the ecology of a region is well-documented.
              Wetlands provide buffers from storms and flooding by absorbing excess water
              into the organic matrix which serves as substrate. Wetlands serve as
              hydrological reserves where they slowly release stored water to ground and
              surface water reservoirs which is especially needed during times of drought.

              Wetlands can also filter out pollutants, such as suspended solid material,
              as water flows through the vegetation and organic matrix. Wetlands supply
              nutrients to marine and aquatic habitats thereby enhancing productivity and





                                                   -34-










             serving as habitat, nursery grounds, and food sources for a large variety of
             plants and animals.

             Wetlands are defined in a variety of ways depending on who is defining and
             what purpose the definition serves. There are many different types of
             wetlands and, because the difference between upland and wetland lies on a
             continuum, there is no one indisputable ecologically sound definition.

             For the purpose of developing and implementing a coastal management program,
             however, there are two particular definitions that must be considered. The
             Alaska Coastal Management Program (ACMP) provides a definition in its
             regulations which was used in the resource inventory and analysis. The U.S.
             Army Corps of Engineers (COE) also has a definition which is important
             because their wetlahds permitting and regulatory system is based on this
             definition. Both are shown below:


             ï¿½    COE:      . . those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface
                  or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and
                  that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
                  typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." (33 CFR
                  323.2(c).)

             ï¿½    ACMP: "include both freshwater and saltwater wetlands; freshwater
                  wetlands are those environments characterized by rooted vegetation
                  which is partially submerged either continuously or periodically by
                  surface fresh water with less than 0.5 part per thousand salt content
                  and not exceeding three meters in depth; saltwater wetlands are those
                  coastal areas along sheltered shorelines characterized by halophytic
                  hydrophytes and macroalgae extending from extreme low tide to an area
                  above extreme high tide which is influenced by sea spray or tidally
                  induced water table changes." (6 AAC 80.900.)

             A question arises over how compatible these definitions are. ACMP staff
             apparently feel that there is very little practical difference between them
             and have proposed that the coastal policy council (CPC) drop the existing
             ACMP definition instead. At its April 28, 1983 meeting, the CPC tentatively
             agreed with this idea, and called for public notice to propose the change
             This rule-making action should occur before CPC action on the Bristol Bay
             Borough coastal management program.

             The COE definition of wetlands will be the operative definition henceforth
             in the implementation of this program.

             The COE considers wetlands as under their jurisdictional authority based on
             Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Consequently, active floodplains con-
             sidered in the program under "miscellaneous deciduous forest scrub" and
             large areas of the Borough which are considered conditional upland/wetland
             for this analysis because of the ACMP definition and its emphasis on submer-
             gence by surface water would be considered wetland by the COE.

             Readers should be aware that delineation of the COE wetlands definition is
             not always obvious. The COE provides onsite determinations in cases of
             doubt, so they should be contacted if a given site seems to have any wetland
             characteristics. Areas not shown as wetlands on the maps in this document





                                                  -35-










             may indeed be found to fall under COE jurisdiction after an onsite
             inspection.


             Freshwater Marsh


             Fresh standing water, occasionally obscured by vegetation, supports plants
             which generally only occur in this type of mostly aquatic habitat.
             Buckbean, marsh fivefinger, and swamp horsetail are dominant forbs; sedges
             also occur in thick stands.



             Wetbog - Meadow

             These very wet habitats support a moderate diversity of plants with mosses
             and sedges predominating. Shallow standing water occurs in pools and wet
             barren soil is scattered throughout the habitat, but very little vegetation
             grows in these areas. Mounds characterize the microrelief vegetated with
             bog rosemary, dwarf birch, and blueberry.


             Tidal Marsh


             Tidal marshes occur throughout most of the low areas along Kvichak Bay, and
             they extend inland along some of the creeks which drain the lowlands. Much
             of the ground is barren and covered with water at higher tides. Vegetation
             consists of plants which can tolerate tidal fluctuations and saline water.
             Sedges, mainly Carex Lyngbye and cottongrass, comprise most of the
             vegetation.


             CONDITIONAL UPLAND/WETLAND

             These habitats include tundra vegetation and probably correspond to areas
             Viereck and Little (1972) mapped as wet tundra. Along with the definite
             marsh and wet bog and meadow areas, Landsat revealed two main habitat types:
             ericaceous shrub tundra and graminoid shrub tundra. These occur on both
             poorly drained and moderately well drained soils.

             Visits to a number of these sites during mid-June 1982 showed relatively dry
             areas with a minimum of standing water and cottongrass tussocks as the
             dominant vegetation. Below the surface layers of vegetation, soil was damp.
             None of the vegetation was actually submerged. Small pothole like depres-
             sions were present and contained wet soil or shallow water with no
             vegetation. Conceivably during spring thaw, some of the lower areas and
             portions of the plants are under standing water for periods of time.


             Ericaceous Shrub Tundra


             This plant community has little structural diversity. Ericaceous shrubs
             such as Labrador tea, bog rosemary, alpine azalea, dwarf birch, and low
             willow comprise the very low shrub layer. The ground layer consists of mat
             willows, cloudberry, grasses, and sedges, primarily cottongrass.





                                                  -36-












            Graminoid Shrub Tundra


            This species composition resembles ericaceous shrub tundra, but with grasses
            and sedges, mainly cottongrass, occurring more abundantly.


            ROCKY ISLANDS, SEA CLIFFS, BARRIER ISLANDS, AND LAGOONS

            These features do not occur in Bristol Bay Borough.


            SOURCES


            In mapping and analyzing Bristol Bay coastal habitats, the following infor-
            mation sources were utilized:


            0    Site visits


            0    Aerial reconnaissance
            0    U.S.G.S.'topographic maps and overlays (1:63,360 or 1 inch = 1 mile)

            0    Aerial photographs (1 inch = 1,000 feet)

            0    Satellite information (Landsat) - geometrically corrected, scaled
                 photographs and computer data coding land cover types

            0    Bristol Bay Land Cover Map Users Guide (draft).





































                                                -37-



















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        Part I Resource Inventory and Analysis

        5. Human Use















          THE REGION


          SETTLEMENT


          Settlement,in the Bristol Bay region first occurred over 6,000 years ago. A
          hunting camp has been identified on the Naknek River (Dumond, 1973) that
          dated 3,000 to 4,000 B.C. Yupik Eskimo and Athapascan Indians jointly
          occupied the region for an extended period of time. The Eskimo residents of
          the region inhabited the coastal areas while the Indians inhabited the
          uplands around Lake Iliamna.

          Recorded history began in Bristol Bay in 1818, with the arrival of Russian
          traders. The first Russian settlement was established in 1820. In 1841,
          the first Russian Orthodox mission was built at Nushagak and from there the
          Russians explored and settled the region until 1867. In 1884, the first
          salmon cannery was built at Nushagak and, in 1890, Cress P. Hale built the
          first cannery on Kvichak Bay at Pederson Point. By 1900, there were a dozen
          canneries on the shores of Bristol Bay.

          The community of Naknek formed around the Russian Orthodox church, the first
          recorded land owner on the north side of the Naknek River. South Naknek was
          settled after the turn of the century as a result of the cannery development
          on the south shore of the Naknek River. In the 1930s, an air navigation
          site was built at the present site of King Salmon. An Air Force base was
          established at this site at the advent of World War II. In 1949, a road
          was built connecting King Salmon and Naknek, and the settlement of King
          Salmon began.

          Table 5.1 shows archaelogical and historical sites in the area. Numbers
          on the table correspond to numbers on the Borough Land and Water Use map.














                                               -38-



                                                                                @ @                                     I A @ I J A




                                                                                    TABLE 5.1

                                                                 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL VILLAGE SITES





                           Map (1)
                          Number          Name                Date          Ownership             Condition                       Environment


                              1        Smelt Creek              200 BC       Private          Partially excavated          Riverine, moist tundra
                              2        Pakik                  1000 AD        Private          Partially excavated,         Riverine, moist tundra
                                                                                              disturbed
                              3        Naknek No. 4       c.  1900 AD        Private          Undisturbed                  Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              4        Naknek  No.  5     c.  1900 AD        Private          Site tested only             Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              5        Naknek  No.  6           500 AD       Private          Partially excavated          Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              6        Naknek  No.  7     c.  1900 AD        Private          Partially excavated          Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              7        Naknek  No.  8         1400 AD        Private          Partially excavated          Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              8        Naknek  No.  9     c.  1900 AD        Private          Undisturbed                  Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              9        Naknek  No.  11        1400 AD        Private          Pa rt i a I I y dest royed   Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              10       Naknek  No.  12        1820 AD        Private          Site tested only             Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              11       Naknek  No.  13    c.  1900 AD        Private          Undisturbed                  Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              12       Naknek  No.  14    c.  1900 AD        Private          Site tested   only           Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              13       Naknek  No.  16                       Private          Site tested   only           Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              14       Naknek  No.  17                       Private          Undisturbed                  Riverine,  moist  tundra
                              15       Naknek  No.  18        5920 BC        Private          Disturbed, partially         Wave beaten coast,
                                                                                              excavated                     moist tundra

                              16       Naknek             c.  1900 AD        Local            Undisturbed                  Riverine, moist and
                                                                           Government                                       wet tundra





                          Source: Alaska Heritage Resource Surve          1976, State of Alaska
                                    (1) See map following page 40.








                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              "I/TO A           AGE

                                                                                                                                                                        FIRST RUSSIAN
                                                                                                                                                                       SETTLEMENT 182D
                                                                                                                          TOGIA                                           NUSHAGAK                                       IVE
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           THE BOROUGH


           LAND AND WATER USE


           The Bristol Bay Borough is approximately 900 square miles in total area.
           There are about 500 square miles of land area and an additional 400 square
           miles of water area. Type and intensity of land use within any area is
           dependent upon economic activity and population. Industrial activity in the
           Borough is seasonal and centralized around salmon processing. Commercial
           activity supports the fishing industry on a seasonal basis and a resident
           population year-round. Considering the seasonal nature of the economic
           activity in the Borough and the small resident population, both the inten-
           sity and the densities associated with land use are minimal.



           Canneries


           There are presently 20 canneries or salmon processing sites in the Borough.
           Four of these canneries are abandoned or no longer operate. Canneries have
           developed on the shores of Kvichak Bay or on the banks of the Naknek River
           on fairly compact sites of 40 to 60 acres.


           Res idential/Commercial, Moderate Density

           In the communities of Naknek, South Naknek, and King Salmon, residential and
           commercial development has occurred to support the Borough's resident
           population. The approximate total area for commercial and residential use
           in the three communities is 3,000 acres. The figure is a gross estimate
           including community facilities, governmental offices, and roads.


           Res identia I/Commercial, Low Density

           A portion of the resident population of the Bristol Bay Borough lives out-
           side the limits of the three communities. The majority of these people live
           along the Naknek-King Salmon Road corridor. The vicinity where the road
           meets King Salmon Creek and Paul's Creek is developing as a residen-
           tial/commercial area. There are approximately 7,700 acres of easily acces-
           sible land along the road corridor between Naknek and King Salmon. The
           amount of residential and commercial use of this land is minimal and both
           the density and intensity of use is low. In addition to the road corridor,
           there are some scattered cabins and fish camps along the Naknek River and
           along Kvichak Bay at Pederson Point.


           Recreation, Subsistence, Wilderness

           Most of the land in the Borough remains in its natural state and is used
           solely for recreational or subsistence hunting. Recreational or sport
           hunting within the Borough occurs to a much lesser extent, by comparison,
           than in other parts of the region or the Alaska Peninsula.







                                                -40-
























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             There is a substantial amount of subsistence hunting and trapping as well as
             subsistence gathering throughout the Borough. Caribou is hunted primarily
             on the south side of the Naknek River. Smelt Creek and Big Creek are used
             to travel farther into the herds' wintering grounds. Moose is hunted in the
             foothills of the Alaska Range in the northeast corner of the Borough and
             also at the headwaters of King Salmon and Paul's Creek. Trapping for mink,
             martin, and beaver takes place throughout the Borough and berry picking
             occurs in the areas south of South Naknek and north of Naknek around
             Pederson Point.



             Water Use

             Kvichak Bay and the Naknek river and lake system are used both for fishing
             and for transportation. Intense gill-netting for salmon migrating into the
             Nushagak and Kvichak Rivers occurs in Kvichak Bay. In addition, commercial
             set-nets line the shores of the bay and subsistence nets line the banks of
             the Naknek River. There is also sport fishing along the Naknek River and
             its major tributaries.



             TRANSPORTATION


             Historically transportation, both within the region and to other parts of
             Alaska has been limited to dog team during the winter, and boat after
             breakup. The airplane opened up Alaska and, today, air transportation is
             the most efficient and available means of travel in and out of the region.
ZZ           There are commercial airlines and air charters servicing Bristol Bay air-
             ports and air strips throughout the region.

             Captain Cook, sailing one of the first ships into Bristol Bay in 1778, was
             impressed by the multitude of salmon. Marine transportation remains a
             mainstay for moving bulk goods in and out of the bay. Goods from Anchorage
             and Seattle are shipped into the region to supply residents of the region as
             well as fishermen working in Bristol Bay. During the fishing season, canned
             and frozen fish are shipped to Japan and the West Coast ports.

             The Bristol Bay Borough has the region's only paved road, the regional
             airport, numerous landing strips, and dock facilities for marine
             transportation. There is an established road network in each of the three
             communities and a paved road connecting Naknek and King Salmon. At present
             there is a road planned to connect Naknek and Pederson Point, and a bridge
             planned to connect Naknek and South Naknek.

             King Salmon Airport shares a modern, paved runway with the King Salmon Air
             Force Base. The runway is capable of landing a jet aircraft and has an
             apron for airplane storage. A new passenger terminal has been completed.
             Table 4.2 lists the airport and landing strips within the Borough. Numbers
             on the table correspond to numbers found on the transportation map.

             The Bristol Bay Borough is serviced by barge and ship. Freight is moved in
             and out of the Borough by sea during the ice-free months of the year. Due
             to the extreme tidal fluctuation (18.5 feet), the Naknek River at low tide
             is navigable only to South Naknek, for crafts and drafts of 4 feet or less.
             At high tide, power scows with drafts of 12 feet or less can navigate 12




                                                 -41-










                miles up river, and those crafts with 3-foot drafts or less can proceed to
                the rapids. There are docking facilities at the canneries and the Bristol
                Bay Borough is in the process of completing its own dock facility east of
                Naknek.











































































                                                     -42-












                                                                             TABLE 5.2

                                                                    AIRPORT AND LANDING STRIPS





                           Location           Type                 Length                    Surface           Owner            Comments


                      1.  King Salmon       Airport            8,515 ft./4,995 ft.         Asphalt             Public         Major regional
                                                                                                                              a 1 rport, I ighted

                      2.  King Salmon       Seaplane base        3,000 feet                Naknek River        Public         Runways, apron, an
                                                                                                                              terminal

                      3.  Naknek            Landing strip        1,700 feet                Gravel              Private        Peninsula air
                                                                                                                              service

                      4.  Naknek            Landing strip        1,700 feet                Dirt                Public         Lighted


                      5.  Naknek            Landing strip        1,700 feet                Nornek Lake         Public


                      6.  South Naknek      Landing strip      3,000 ft./1,350 ft.         Gravel              Public         Lighted


                      7.  Pederson Pt.      Landing strip      1,200 ft./800 ft.           Dirt                Private        Primary access to
                                                                                                                              beach/closed

                      8.  Koggiung          Landing strip        1,000 feet                Dirt                Public










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              THE COMMUNITIES


              NAKNEK

              The earliest evidence of man's presence in the Bristol Bay Borough places
              him in Naknek approximately 5,000 to 6,000 years ago (Dumond, 1973). In
              recent history, Naknek developed around a Russian Orthodox church, built on
              the banks of the Naknek River in the 1800s. The community grew out of the
              salmon fishery and, today, is the heart of the Pacific salmon fishing and
              processing industry and the seat of Borough government, and has the largest
              permanent population in the Borough. Naknek, with its four canneries,
              offers the largest variety of goods and services in the Borough, and, over
              the past few years, has experienced continued moderate growth. There is a
              regional high school in Naknek that serves the entire Borough, a grade
              school, and a preschool for the community. There is a hotel, two
              restaurants, a health clinic, civic center, fire station, and a variety of
              offices including Paug Vik, the village corporation for Naknek and major
              landowner in the Borough.


              SOUTH NAKNEK

              South Naknek, an early Native village, developed around the canneries built
              at the mouth of the Naknek River. The community is the smallest in the
              Borough. There is an elementary school in South Naknek, but students are
              flown to Naknek daily to attend high school. The community has a recreation
              hall that houses an office for the Alaska Peninsula Corporation and the
              village council. The Alaska Packers Diamond NW cannery is located in
              Packer's Creek in the center of the village, and four other canneries are
              located close to South Naknek on the river bluff. Two of these canneries
              are not functioning at this time. The community has a store and an
              airstrip. A firehouse was recently built by the Borough.


              KING SALMON


              The community of King Salmon originated as an air navigation site built in
              the 1930s. In 1943, the site was converted to the Naknek Air Force Base and
              subsequently became the King Salmon Air Force Base. King Salmon grew as a
              result of World War II and was connected to Naknek by road in 1949. A long,
              paved runway and modern facilities make King Salmon the major airport in the
              region.  State and federal government agencies located in King Salmon
              because of the accessibility, land availability, and the convenience of the
              services supporting the Air Force base.

              King Salmon has a store, a hotel, and two restaurants. A dock facility and
              boat launch is provided on the Naknek River for recreational users. The
              community has modern housing and a planned residential area along King
              Salmon Creek. King Salmon is a departure point for sportsmen and recrea-
              tional users traveling to other parts of the region and to Katmai National
              Park. It is possible to drive from King Salmon to the mouth of Naknek River
              in Katmai National Park.

              See Tables 5.3 and 5.4 for a listing of the communities' facilities,
              services, and utilities.




                                                   -44-










                                                                               TABLE 5.3

                                                                 COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES





                                                 Health
                             Schools           Facilities         Transportation       Churches           Halls          Commercial         Government



              Naknek        Elementary       Health clinic        Roads                Lutheran         Civic center     Alaska           Bristol Bay
                            and high                                                                                     Commercial       Borough
                            school (for                           Airport              Catholic,                         Co.
                            both Naknek                                                                                                   Library
                            and South                             Dock facilities      Russian                           Naknek
                            Naknek)                                                    Orthodox                          Trading          Post Office
                                                                  Marine industrial                                      Company
                                                                  park (planned)       Community                                          Fire Station
                                                                                       chapel
                                                                                                                                          Police Station

                                                                                                                                          Jail

                                                                                                                                          Magistrate
              South         Elementary       Hea I th center/     Roads                Lutheran         Recreation       Johnson's        Library
      I       Naknek        grades K-6       health aide                                                hall             Store
     -1--                   10 pupils        half time            Airport              Russian                                            Post Office
     Cn
                                                                  Dock facilities      Orthodox                                           Village
                                                                                                                                          council

              King             ---           Health clinic        Roads                Community        Katmai           King Salmon      Library
              Salmon                                                                   chapel           club             Commercial
                                                                  Airport                                                Company          Post office

                                                                  Dock facilities                                        Bank             National Park
                                                                                                                                          Service

                                                                                                                                          Federal Aviation
                                                                                                                                          Administration

                                                                                                                                          Alaska Dept. of
                                                                                                                                          Fish & Game

                                                                                                                                          NOAA


                                                                                                                                          U.S. Fish &
                                                                                                                                          Wildlife



                                                                                = W = M =mom W




                                                                               TABLE 5.4

                                                                         COMMUNITY UTILITIES





                                        Water Supply         Sanitary.System            Solid Waste          Electric           Communication



                      Naknek            Ground and          Septic tanks                Landfill -           Naknek           Radio reception
                                        surface water                                   shared with          Electric
                                        well                Sewer system                King Salmon          Assoc.           Television (Alaska
                                                            scheduled                                                             Satellite Sys.)
                                                            1983                                                              Telephone


                      South Naknek      Groundwater         Septic tanks                open dump            Naknek           Radio reception
                                        well                                                                 Electric
                                                            Municipal sewer                                  Assoc.           Television (Alaska
                                                            system scheduled                                                      Satellite Sys.)
                                                            for HUD housing                                                   Telephone
                                                            1981


                      King Salmon       Groundwater         Septic tanks                Landfill             Naknek           Radio reception
                                        well                                            shared with          Electric
                                                            Municipal sewage            Naknek               Assoc.           Television (Alaska
                                                            1984                                                                  Satellite Sys.)
                                                                                                                              Telephone











             THE ECONOMY


             POPULATION


             According to 1980 preliminary U.S. Census data, the Bristol Bay Borough has
             a population of 1,083. In 1970, the U.S. Census showed 1,147 persons in
             the Borough. Borough officials believe that the current population
             estimates are low. This assumption is based on higher population projec-
             tions from 1970 data, and on a sense among long-time residents that the
             community has grown significantly in the past 10 years. The Borough con-
             ducted a census on December 12,1 1981 and counted 1,250 residents.

             Bristol Bay Borough is characterized by great fluctuations in population
             between the winter and summer months. Population changes are primarily due
             to the influx of fishermen and cannery workers in the area. It is estimated
             that the population increases from just over 1,000 to 4,000 during the
             fishing season. Table 1.5 shows present population estimates and those for
             1970. The Village Council estimates population of Naknek and South Naknek
             to be 381 and 146 persons, respectively. The Bristol Bay Native Corporation
             estimates that King Salmon has 200 civilian residents during the winter
             months.





















































                                                 -47-










                                                   TABLE 5.5


                                                  POPULATION
                                            BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH



                                                           1980             1980         1981
                                   1970     1980     Village Council      Borough       Borough
                                Census    Census        Estimates        Estimate(a) Census(b)

                King Salmon        202       196           N/A              N/A          374

                King Salmon        403       340           340              N/A          371
                AFB

                Naknek             318       317    381 (212 Natives        N/A          369
                                                          169 whites)

                South Naknek       154       147    146 (58 school age      N/A          136
                                                          and below)

                Other                70        94          N/A

                TOTAL(b)          1,147    1,094           N/A            1,685(a)     1,250(b)




                a.   Total used by Borough. There are no official Borough population
                     figures by community.

                b.   Borough conducted a census using high school seniors as census takers;
                     December 12, 1981.

                c.   Total population is expected to increase to approximately 4,000 during
                     the summer months.



                Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census and Bristol Bay Borough






















                                                        -48-










             EMPLOYMENT


             Employment and unemployment figures for the Borough are shown in Table 5.6
             and Figure 5.1. Employment figures in Table 5.6 are for nonagricultural
             industries only and do not include fishing. It is estimated that there is
             almost full employment among year-round residents during the fishing season.
             As can be seen in Figure 5.1, the third quarter of the year, the fishing
             season, has the lowest unemployment rate. During the rest of the year there
             are few jobs available, the major employer being local, state, and federal
             government.

             It should also be noted that Table 5.6 does not include employment of Air
             Force base personnel who provide some of the labor for Borough restaurant
             and transportation services. Construction also provides a few jobs to
             civilian residents during the winter months. Some jobs that require spe-
             cialized skills, such as plumbing and electrical work, call for labor from
             outside the Borough. Other nongovernment winter sources of employment
             include the air services, guiding, trapping, and restaurant and hotel
             services.


              n the Bristol. Bay Borough, as in the region, commercial fishing is the
             industry most important to the economy. Fishing and fish processing provide
             I

             ample summer employment for both the permanent and seasonal residents of the
             Borough and contribute the highest proportion of total annual employment.
             Unemployment in the Borough remains a chronic problem which permanent resi-
             dents face during the remainder of the year. Figure I illustrates the
             nature of seasonal employment and the extent of unemployment throughout the
             year. It is important to note that unemployment in the Borough has been
             typically well above the statewide average. Government, traditionally one
             of the most important employers in Alaska, provides the largest amount of
             year-round jobs in the Borough. There are approximately 36 land-based
             businesses located in the Borough that supply goods and services to both the
             permanent and seasonal residents and support government activity, including
             the 340 people at King Salmon Air Force Base.

             Subsistence hunting and fishing is an important part of the Borough
             residents' livelihood. There were approximately 211 subsistence permit
             holders from the Borough and an additional 147 permit holders from outside
             the area in 1980. A total of 358 permit holders took over 20,000 salmon
             during the season. Moose, caribou and waterfowl also provide subsistence
             food sources to the Borough residents.


             MAJOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

             The Borough's economy is very basic. Fishing, the Borough's primary
             industry, provides seasonal employment for permanent residents. Local,
             state and federal governments provide the largest amounts of year-round
             employment. Subsistence hunting and fishing continues to play a significant
             role in the local economy. Tourism and the construction industry are
             primarily limited to the summer months.









                                                  -49-



                                                                                                                Im "



                                                                                                             TABLE 5.6


                                                                                                  BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH
                                                               AVERAGE ANNUAL EMPLOYMENT NONAGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES
                                                                                                            (1978-1979)


                                                                    IIST QUARTER                         2ND QUARTER                         3RD QUARTER                          4TH QUARTER
                                                                 No. of          Avg. Mo.             No. of          Avg. Mo.            No, of          Avg. Mo.             No. of          Avg. Mo.
                                                              Employees            Wage             Employees            Wage          Employees             Wage            Employees            Wage

                                   Mining                             0            $      0                0            $      0                 0          $      0                0            $      0
                                   Construction                                                          14(a)           4,343(a)                                                 24(a)           2,652 (a)

                                   Manufacturing                    13                647               135              1,213                552            2,323                96              1,192

                                   Transportation,
                                     communication,
                                     utilities                      45             1,291                 46              1,370                46             1,629                45              1,563

                                   Wholesale trade
                                   Retail trade                     17(b)            715 (b)             31 (b)            651 (b)            35 (b)           676 (b)            64(b)             432 (b)

                                   Finance, insurance,
                                     real estate
                                   Services                         59(b)             565 (b)            76(b)             610 (b)            71 (b)           666 (b)

                                   Federal government               82             1,690                 82              1,880                81             1,665                83              1,911

                                   State and local
                                     government                    243             1,130                245              1,372                166               760              230              1,406

                                   Miscellaneous                                                       -0                      0                 0                 0                0                   0
                                   TOTAL(c)                        522             $1,092               692             $1,219              1,034           $1,779               659             $1,227


                                   *   Not shown to avoid the disclosure of data for individual firms.

                                   a.  In 1979 only.

                                   b.  Based upon 1978 only.

                                   c.  Total includes undisclosed data and so is not additive.


                                   Source: Alaska Department of Labor, Statistical Quarterlies, 1978-1979.









          There are basically two types of impacts that could have a major effect on
          the local economy. The first is any occurrence that could affect the fish-
          ing industry itself, i.e., changes in technology, availability of fish, etc.
          The second is any occurrence that could generally affect the seasonal nature
          of the present Borough's employment base, i.e., year-round employment
          opportunities, longer fishing season, etc.

          The fishing industry, despite the drastic fluctuation in numbers of fish,
          appears to be a fairly stable element in the local economy. Technology is
          changing, but the changes are occurring slowly. Generally, there is a
          reduction in the number of shore-based canneries and an increase in the
          number of fast-freeze processing sites to support air freighting salmon to
          market. There is a slow to moderate growth in the demand for shore-based
          facilities. The length of the fishing season is changing with the addition
          of a herring fishery and the potential for bottomfishing in the Bering Sea.


                                  FIGURE 5.7

                     BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
          25%-             BY QUARTER: 1978,1979,1980


          20%-                             -               1978

                                                           1979


                                                  ................ 1980
          15% -





                    ............
          10%-.





          5%-







             JAN         APR         JUL          OCT

          Source: Alaska Department of Labor, Labor Force Highlights


          Two major oil and gas lease sales close to Bristol Bay are presently
          scheduled. They are the St. George Basin sale, scheduled for February of
          1983, and the North Aleutian Basin sale, scheduled for April of 1985. With
          proper environmental attention to the salmon grounds, neither sale should




                                      -51-









              have a significant impact on the Bristol Bay Borough. Communities located
              further south on the Alaska Peninsula have been identified as better able to
              provide support services to leasable lands. In addition, tidal waters in
              the Borough are extremely shallow and hamper movement in and out of the
              port. However, the Borough airport is one of the most fully developed in
              southwest Alaska.


              A state uplands sale is scheduled for the area around Bristol Bay Borough in
              September of 1984. Oil and gas potential in these areas is presently
              estimated as moderate to high.   An uplands federal lease sale also has been
              under consideration. If upland oil and gas lands were to develop, that
              could create year-round employment opportunity within the Borough. In
              addition, support services and population would increase in order to accom-
              modate the influx of industry.

              Tourism, outdoor recreation and sport hunting and fishing are activities
              that could expand due to the recent passage of the Alaska National Land
              Conservation Act. In addition to enlarging Katmai National Park, the Act
              established the following parks and wildlife refuges in November of 1980:

              0   Lake Clark National Park and Preserve

              0   Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge

              0   Becharof National Wildlife Refuge

              0   Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge.

              0   Togiak National Wildlife Refuge

              0   Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve


              The Bristol Bay Borough is the logical staging area for serving park and
              refuge users and presently services many of the 10,000 annual visitors to
              Katmai. These activities attract visitors six months of the year and could
              expand seasonal employment opportunities.




























                                                  -52-











              COMMERCIAL FISHING AND FISHERIES


              Commercial fishing is the most important industry in the Borough and
              regional economy. Table 5.8 shows annual catches and gross income to
              fishermen in the Bristol Bay Region from 1975 through 1979. Salmon, par-
              ticularly red salmon, is the primary fishery for the area and constitutes
              the main source of income for area residents. The other species of king,
              chum, pinks (in even years), and coho also produce income, but do not return
              to the Bristol Bay region in the same quantities as the red salmon. Table
              5.9 shows historical catch statistics by species for the Bristol Bay
              Borough. During the past five years, herring has also become a minor
              fishery in the area and provides some supplemental income to the local
              residents.


              Table 5.10 compares the number of permits between local residents and non-
              residents for the salmon and herring fisheries in 1980. The number of
              permits that belong to local residents is far exceeded by the number that
              belong to those from outside the Borough. This is also true of the Bristol
              Bay region as a whole.

              It is difficult to estimate the income that accrues to fishermen from inside
              the Borough as compared to those from outside. A report by the University
              of Alaska, Institute of Social, Economic, and Government Research, indicates
              that there is a differential in income between regional resident and non-
              resident fishermen due to different gear types and motivational factors.
              When comparing set-net fleets with drift gill-net fleets, it is apparent
              that set-nets are not as productive as drift gill-nets. A greater propor-
              tion of Bristol Bay Borough resident commercial fishermen are set-net rather
              than drift gill-net fishermen. It is possible that nonresident fishermen
              are more highly motivated because of the increased costs of transporting
              their gear and vessels to Bristol Bay (Kresge, et al., 1974).

              Unfortunately, recent information on income to fishermen who reside in
              Bristol Bay Borough is unavailable and average income figures must be used
              as an indicator. As shown in Table 5.8, Borough fishermen combined received
              a gross income of $104.8 million from drift nets and $16.6 million from
              set-nets in 1979. These figures represent gross earnings to the permit
              holders and boat owners. In order to derive net income, operating and
              capital equipment expenses should be subtracted from these figures.
              Approximately 10 to 15 percent of gross earnings go to each crew member.
              Other costs include fuel, food, and gear. Table 5.11 shows cost and earn-
              ings information for Bristol Bay salmon fishermen in 1979. It should be
              noted that 1979 was an unusually good year because the catches of fish and
              the exvessel price for the fish were high. Presently the operating costs
              for fishing vessels are rising, largely because of increased fuel costs.














                                                   -53-



   M memo" 00 40 *sea Qwwo"Mvft@ 0.0




                                                                            TABLE 5.8

                                                                ANNUAL CATCHES AND GROSS INCOME

                                                                     BRISTOL BAY FISHERIES
                                                      (In Thousands of Pounds and Thousands of Dollars)




                            Salmon Drift Gill-Net              Salmon Set Gill-Net           Herring Drift Gill-Net        Herring Set Gill-Net

                                             Gross                            Gross                        Gross                         Gross
                            Pounds           Income           Pounds          Income           Pounds       Income         Pounds          Income



                1975       26,630.6          10,456.1         2,593.7         1,024.8            51.6          2.0            3.9            0.2


                1976       43,981.6          19,848.7         4,132.9         1,933.1           ---          ---            ---            ---


                1977       43,002.5          23,957.4         4,035.5         2,504.3           310.0         24.8         474.2            37.9


                1978       78,449.3          50,470.3         9,660.1         6,251.9           618.1        105.1         646.6           109.9

     41
                1979       121,017.6         104,182.5       17,017.1         14,765.6        1,587.0        587.2       5,129.6         1,897.9







                Source:   Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission



                                                                     4040"'M mw@ *&No mom




                                                                             TABLE 5.9

                                                            COMPARISON OF HISTORICAL COMMERCIAL CATCH

                                                                 BY SPECIES, BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH
                                                                       (in Thousands of Fish)




                             Period                    Sockeye          King         Chum            Pink(a)        Coho          Total


                          1960-69 (10-yr avg)           8,612           102            577           1,439           42          10,772
                          1970-79 (10-yr avg)           8,182           106            844           1,550           70          10,750
                          1960-79 (20-yr avg)           8,397           104            711           1,494           56          10,761
                          1975                          4,899            30            325               +           46           5,301
                          1976                          5,619            96          1,329           1,037           27           8,108
                          1977                          4,878           131          1,598               5           107          6,718
                          1978                          9,896           175          1,166           5,187           82          16,505
                          1979                          21,958          202            930               2           300         23,393
                          1980                          23,674           96          1,405           2,650           335         28,160





                          a.  includes only even-numbered years.


                          Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game










                                           TABLE 5.10


                          BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH COMMERCIAL FISHING
                                     PERMIT HOLDERS (1980)






                               Herring Gill-Net         Salmon            Salmon
                                (Western Region)       Gill-Net           Set-Net




            Residents                183                   94                113



            Nonresidents           1,297                1,811               873



            Residents as a           14%                   5%                13%
            percent of total









            Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game
































                                               -56-










                                                TABLE 5.11

                                         BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH
                            SALMON FISHERY COSTS AND EARNINGS IN 1979







                                                           Salmon Drift
                                                             Gill-Net           Salmon Set-Net
                                                         (252 Respondents)     (120 Respondents)


              Participation and Investment
                Time spent fishing                            29 days               29 days
                Fuel consumption                            866 gallons           334 gallons
                Crew size                                       2.6                   3.9


              Investment
                Vessel                                      $ 38,569                $11,709
                Entry permit                                 107,721                 30,996
                Fishing gear                                    9,775                3,553
                Fishing site                                         0               8,567


              Costs and Returns
                Total fishery income                        $ 71,968                $16,493
                Operating expenses                            30,289                 5,243
                Capital equipment expenses                    11,329                 4,416
                Depreciation                                  11,079                 1,585


              Net Income
                Net cash available                          $ 30,372               $ 6,833
                Returns to labor and                          16,620                 6,468
                 management

              Range of Gross Income                      $25,000-$125,000








              Source: Alaska Fishermen's Journal, February, 1981. Reprinted from Alaska
                        Sea Grant Report.













                                                     -57-









              For set-netters, costs consist of maintaining the gear and, depending upon
              the location of the set-net, maintaining a camp at the set-net site.
              Set-netters who are located on the west side of the Kvichak River also must
              pay for transportation costs between the buyer and the "west side." In
              1980, these transportation costs averaged out to 12 to 15 cents a pound. In
              order to put the 1979 figure in perspective, actual fishing incomes from
              1969-1976 for Bristol Bay Borough fishermen are shown in Table 5.12. During
              these years Borough fishermen earned greater average incomes than did Alaska
              fishermen who were not Borough residents.





                                                  TABLE 5.12


                                      AVERAGE GROSS EARNINGS FOR
                                     BOROUGH AND STATE FISHERMEN
                                                  1969 - 1976



                         Gear Operators       Borough Fishermen's            Alaska Fishermen's
                           Reporting         Average Gross Earnings       Average Gross Earnings


                1969           164                     3,735                       1,803

                1970           156                     8,362                       1,803

                1971           154                     4,776                       2,673

                1972           144                     1,213                       1,006

                1973           130                     1,479                       4,115

                1974             97                    7,349                       3,689

                1975           120                     4,353                       1,926

                1976           118                     7,349                       4,115





              Source: Rogers, George W., Richard F. Listowski, and Donna Mayor. 1980.
                        Measuring the Socioeconomic Impacts of Alaska's Fisheries.
                        University of Alaska, Institute of Social and Economic Research.














                                                       -58-









                As previously noted, the income from fishing is a function not only of the
                number of fish available for harvest but also of the price received for the
                fish. Representative exvessel prices in Bristol Bay for the past several
                years are shown in Table 5.13. Exvessel prices for salmon differ from
                species to species and year to year. For example, in 1979 sockeye salmon
                for freezing sold for $1.25; in 1980 sockeye for freezing sold for $0.40.





                                                     TABLE 5.13


                         REPRESENTATIVE EXVESSEL FISH PRICES IN BRISTOL BAY
                                                     1975 - 1980
                                                       (in $/Ib)





                            1975     1976     1977     1978          1979               1980



                King        .35      .45      .45                                  .57  (for canning)
                                                                                   1.00 (for freezing)

                Sockeye     .37      .32      .595     .68       .80 (canning)     .57  (for canning)
                                                               1.25 (freezing)     .40  (for freezing)

                Chum        .18      .32      .375                                 .37


                Pink        .19      .31      .36                                  .25


                Coho          --     .405      --                                  .57 - 1.00 range






                Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game and AIFMA.
























                                                          -59-








             Two main fishermen's organizations now exist in Bristol Bay for price nego-
             tiations between fishermen and processors: Alaska Independent Fishermen's
             Marketing Association and the Western Alaska Cooperative Marketing
             Association. The purpose of both organizations is to obtain the highest
             possible price for their members' fish. One primary negotiating tool used
             by the fishermen is to strike until the price settlement is made. In some
             years, the strike can last well into the run and create lost earnings for
             many fishermen. One of the reasons why negotiations are necessary is that
             salmon prices fluctuate from year to year. This fluctuation is dependent
             upon many variables which include:

             0    The number of salmon available in the world market


             0    The quality of'the salmon available

             0    The costs of processing, transporting, and storing various product
                  forms


             0    The price the consumer is willing to pay for the product.

             Thus, Bristol Bay salmon prices reflect not only the current availability of
             raw product in Bristol Bay but the current inventory of processed product on
             the world market and the current costs of processing and obtaining the fish.

             Appendix I shows the number of operating land-based and floating processors
             that operate in the Bristol Bay Borough. The number of canneries has fluc-
             tuated during the past few years. Only 10 canneries and land-based
             processors, with or without fish camps, still operate in the area. The
             canneries and processing plants are owned by nonresidents of the Borough
             and, as most residents are fishing during the salmon season, employ very few
             local people. For this reason, labor for the processing of the fish is
             generally imported from areas outside the Borough. One plant does hire a
             large number of students from the area. It is estimated that approximately
             50 of the 110 plant workers are Bristol Bay Borough students. Other local
             employment includes:

             ï¿½    Preseason preparation at the canneries and fish camps

             0    Winter watches of the cannery grounds and equipment

             ï¿½    Military personnel who will work in the canneries on leave from the
                  base.


             Salmon returns in Bristol Bay have peaked during the past two seasons.
             Processors have utilized these large runs by increasing production in
             several ways:

             ï¿½    Floating processors have entered the fishery in increasing numbers,
                  freezing the catch that is received from fishermen.

             o    Tenders have transported a portion of the catch to other areas in
                  Alaska and Canada.


             ï¿½    Fish have been flown from King Salmon to other processing plants in
                  Alaska for canning or freezing.




                                                  -60-









             The Borough provides a market to fishermen and the fishermen utilize many of
             the support services provided by Borough residents, principally equipment
             rental and flying services. The Borough also collects a 3 percent raw fish
             tax from those landing fish there. It is not anticipated that the present
             pattern of impacts will significantly change in the future.


             GOVERNMENT


             Government services are the primary source of year-round employment in the
             Borough. Jobs exist at the federal, state, and local levels and are listed
             in Table 5.14. In addition to those listed, temporary positions have been
             made available on a regular basis.



             U.S. Air Force


             The largest government employer is the U.S. Air Force with 340 personnel
             presently working on the base. King Salmon Air Force Base is considered to
             be a remote site, and only five men have brought their families to the area.
             All other personnel live on the base. Base officials have stated that
             personnel do not contribute significantly to the area economy, as all goods
             and services for their use are provided on base. It was pointed out,
             however, that some military personnel do work in the local economy. Some
             work in the canneries during the fishing season,' some in local restaurants,
             some with the flying services, and some act as assistant guides to hunting
             parties.

             It is anticipated that the population at the base will decline slightly in
             the near future. The radar system is expected to be changed to a minimally
             manned radar system. This action should reduce the base population by 40
             persons.



             Federal Aviation Administration

             The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) presently employs 33 personnel.
             This number is expected to remain stable in the near future. There is,
             however, a modernization plan currently under consideration. Under this
             plan only a few main airports would operate as hub facilities while others
             would be operated under a remote control system. It is estimated that if
             this system were implemented 10 of the present 33 FAA employees would be
             relocated from King Salmon.


             Other Federal Agencies

             Other federal agencies are located principally in King Salmon and, with few
             exceptions, maintain steady year-round employment. Three of the agencies do
             increase employment during the summer months. These include the Fish and
             Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Post Office.








                                                 -61-











                                              TABLE 5.14

                             FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
                                    ESTIMATED EMPLOYMENT FOR
                                       BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH






                                                               No. of Year-Round
                                                                   Employees


                      Federal GoVernment


                         U.S. Air Force                               340


                         Federal Aviation Administration               33


                         Fish and Wildlife Service                       I


                         National Park Service                           4


                         National Weather Service                        3


                         U.S. Post Office                                5


                      State Government


                         Department of Transportation                  12


                         Public Health Nurse                             2


                         Department of Fish & Game                       6

                         State Trooper                                   1

                      Local Government


                         Bristol Bay Borough                           12

                         Bristol Bay School District                   39


                         Police                                          1


                         Martin Monsen Regional Library                  1

                         Village Councils                                4



                       Source: Interviews with government employees







                                                   -62-











             State Government


             The state employs a total of 18 year-round personnel in the Borough. This
             number grows to approximately 38 during the summer months.


             Local Government

             The Borough government employs a total of 12 people on a year-round basis.
             In past years many of these employees have supplemented their incomes by
             fishing during the summer season. The Borough is conducting several public
             works projects which may affect the future economy of the Borough.


             SUBSISTENCE AND SPORT FISHING AND HUNTING


             In addition to commercial uses of the wildlife resources in the area, both
             subsistence and sport fishing and hunting take place in the Borough. There
             have been ambiguities between the definition and distinction of subsistence
             versus sport fishing and hunting. For the purposes of this report subsis-
             tence will be defined as animals or fish taken in order to be used as a
             major component of the user's diet.

             Subsistence fishing is distinguished from sport fishing by the Alaska Depart-
             ment of Fish and Game primarily by gear type. Subsistence fishing is
             defined as "the taking, fishing, or possession of fish, shellfish or other
             fisheries resources for subsistence use with gill-net, seine, fish wheel,
             longline or other means defined by the Board of Fisheries" whereas sport
             fishing applies to noncommercial fish taken by a hook and line.

             Subsistence users in the Bristol Bay Borough reside in all parts of the
             state. Table 5.15 shows the place of residence of 1980 subsistence fisher-
             men in the Bristol Bay Borough area and Table 5.16 shows the subsistence
             catches for the past five years in the Borough area.

             It is estimated that all civilian residents of the Borough are dependent, to
             some extent, on salmon for food during the winter months. This salmon can
             be either a portion of a fishermen's commercial catch, fish caught for
             sport, or fish caught in the subsistence fishery.

             Aside from being used for food by local residents, sport fish also plays an
             important role in attracting tourists to the area. Sport fishermen are from
             inside and outside the Borough. When sport fisherman come from outside the
             Borough, they may use local guides and the hotels, restaurants, and air
             charter facilities within the Borough. Two main types of fish, rainbow
             trout and salmon, are the principal target species of the sport fishermen.
             In addition, Dolly Varden, grayling and smelt are caught in significant
             numbers. Table 5.17 shows the 1979 sport fish catch in the Naknek River and
             Naknek Lake.













                                                 -63-











                                                TABLE 5.15


                                     SUBSISTENCE PERMIT HOLDERS
                                       PLACE OF RESIDENCE, 1980
                                    FOR NAKNEK/KING SALMON AREA
                                               (Preliminary)




                                Bristol Bay Area Residents                211
                                Anchorage                                  84
                                Eagle River                                10
                                Fairbanks                                   5
                                Wasilla                                     4
                                Kenai                                       5
                                Kodiak                                      5
                                Juneau/Douglas                              6
                                Soldotna                                    4
                                Palmer                                      2
                                Chugiak                                     2
                                Homer                                       4
                                Kasilof                                     2
                                Seward                                      2
                                McCarthy                                    1
                                Cordova                                     1
                                Cold Bay                                    1
                                Hope                                        1
                                Kepnuk                                      1
                                Paxson                                      1
                                Intra                                       1
                                Trapper Creek                               1
                                Ketchikan                                   I
                                Big Lake                                    1
                                Dutch Harbor                                1
                                McGrath                                     1




                              Source: Alaska Department of Fish and-Game





















                                                    -64-











                                                   TABLE 5.16

                                         KING SALMONMAKNEK AREA
                                     SUBSISTENCE SALMON CATCHES(a)
                                             (in Numbers of Fish)





                                     1975       1976       1977        1978       1979       1980



               Kings                 576        675       1,093      1,023       1,044      1,421

               Sockeye              7,097      6,262      9,420      9,192      9,547      15,570

               Chums                 116        228        339         339         232        708


               Pinks                   16      1,099         53        970          26      1)775

               Cohos                 216        208        263         226     -897           809

               TOTAL                8,021      8,472     11,168     11,750      11,746     20,283

               No. of permits                   145        203         219         243        358







               a. Based on extrapolations made from survey data.

               Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game





























                                                        -65-










                                                TABLE 5.17


                                        SPORT   FISH AND EFFORT
                                   NAKNEK RIVER AND NAKNEK LAKE
                                                    1979
                                             (Numbers of Fish)





                                                    Naknek River(a)    Naknek Lake(b)


                       King salmon*                      2,264              299

                       Silver salmon                       300              109

                       Sockeye salmon                      236               18

                       Pink salmon                            0              18


                       Coho salmon                           18              18


                       Rainbow trout                       954                9

                       Dolly Varden/arctic                 527
                        char


                       Lake trout                             9


                       Northern pike                         36

                       Grayling                            300

                       Smelt                             65,238








                       a. 5,691 days fished
                       b. 770 days fished

                       Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game














                                                     -66-









             Wild game also is used for subsistence purposes by the Borough residents,
             although ADF&G does not make any distinction between subsistence game hunt-
             ing and sport hunting. The three principal types of large game in the area
             are caribou, moose, and bear. Infrequently, wolf, wolverine, and lynx also
             are taken. Both caribou and moose are used by local residents as a part of
             their winter food supply. In addition, duck, goose, ptarmigan, and other
             small game are hunted both by residents and nonresidents of the Borough.
             Table 5.18 shows the estimated numbers of large game hunters who use the
             Borough as a base for hunting.





                                             TAB LE 5.18


                                       BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH
                               RESIDENT AND NONRESIDENT HUNTERS
                                      (Estimated Annual Average)




                                            Resident        Nonresident
                                            Hunters           Hunters



                            Bear                              100-150


                            Moose              25              40-45


                            Caribou            150              700






                            Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game



























                                                  -67-









             Nonresidents are required to use guides for hunting brown bear and dall
             sheep. Guides also are used by some nonresidents for hunting caribou and
             moose. Approximately five regular guides live within the Borough. It is
             estimated that these guides may take three to four hunters out per year at a
             price of approximately $7,000 per hunter. In addition, guides from other
             parts of the state may use King Salmon as a base of operations for some of
             their trips, Support services used by the hunters include air charter
             services, hotels, and restaurants.



             TRAPPING


             Commercial trapping takes place in the Borough during the winter months.
             The major species that are taken include fox, beaver, otter, wolverine, and
             lynx. An estimated 20 to 30 residents of the Borough regularly trap to
             supplement their income. This number varies according to the prices that
             are being offered for pelts. The fur market is highly cyclical and is
             largely dependent upon the fashion industry. It is estimated that, on an
             average, commercial trapping in the Borough has a total annual value of
             $10,000 to $20,000.


             NATIONAL PARKS AND REFUGES


             Closely related to the popularity of sport fishing and hunting in the area
             is the close proximity of the Borough to federal parks and refuges. Bristol
             Bay Borough is located adjacent to Katmai National Park and Becharof
             National Wildlife Refuge. Many individuals are drawn to the area to use
             these federal lands for camping and sport fishing during the summer months.
             Katmai National Park has averaged over 10,000 visits per year in the past
             five yea rs.



             SUPPORT SERVICES

             The primary support services used for both commercial fishing and tourism in
             the area are air services, hotels and restaurants, and commercial and
             recreational rental equipment. In addition, boat storages, hardware and dry
             goods stores, and gas stations receive increased business from the influx of
             the summer population. Table 5.19 shows the number of land-based business
             by type, quantity, and locality. A small influx of support services does
             take place in the summer for the fishing industry. These are primarily
             small flying services, helicopters, and repair services.


             COST OF LIVING


             The cost of living in the Borough is high when compared to many other loca-
             tions in Alaska and the United States. The Alaska Bureau of Commerce and
             Economic Development estimates that in 1978 it cost 2.2 times as much to
             live in Bristol Bay Borough as it did to live in the lower United States,
             and to live in the Borough cost 1.5 times as much as to live in Anchorage.

             Tables 5.20 and 5.21 show various barge and air freight rates.





                                                 -68-











                                               TABLE 5.19


                                      LAND-BASED BUSINESSES IN
                                        BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH




                           Type of                           King        South
                           Business            Naknek       Salmon       Naknek



                         Boat storage             3           2


                         Banks                                1


                         Dry goods and            3           1
                         grocery stores


                         Lumber                   I


                         Bars and                 4           2
                         restaurants


                         Air services             4           4


                         Gas                      I


                         Contractors                          2


                         Rental equipment                     2

                         Repair                               1

                         Hotels                   1           2




                         Source: Bristol Bay Telephone Cooperative, telephone
                                   directory, and conversations with local
                                   residents.
























                                                    -69-








                                                  TABLE 5.20


                                            BARGE FREIGHT RATES
                                                      1980


                                   SEATTLE TO BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH





                                                                      Cost per
                           Commodity                               Hundred Pounds(a)


                         Cement, sand, gravel                           $13.77
                         Building material                               15.54
                         Cans                                             7.81
                         Frozen fruits and vegetables                    29.63
                         Motor vehicles
                          Passenger car (min. $1,238.45)                 30.59
                          Truck (min. $1,238.45)                         30.59
                          Over 1 ton (min. 10,000 lbs)                   29.64
                         Iron and steel                                   9.79
                         Lumber                                           9.35
                         Compressed gas                                  11.33
                         Salt                                             6.85
                         Plywood                                          9.65
                         Eggs                                            19.04
                         Meat (frozen)                                   40.06




                                     FROM BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH TO SEATTLE



                         Canned fish        45,000                      $ 7.47

                         Frozen fish        203,000                      18.53
                                            30,000                       13.09
                                            40,000                       10.81







                         a. Based on a 30,000-pound container.

                         Source: Sealand Freight Service, Inc.












                                                       -70-












                                                                                        TABLE 5.21


                                                                                  AIR FREIGHT RATES
                                                                   KING SALMON, ANCHORAGE, AND SEATTLE

                                                                            GENERAL COMMODITY RATE



                                             Seattle-Anchorage                                                              Seattle-King Salmon

                            -Weight                                     Rate                                   Weight                                    Rate

                            < 100       lbs                            $.42/1 b                              < 100       lbs                        $.707/lb

                            > 1,000     lbs                             .37/lb                               > 1,000     lbs                          .67/lb



                                                                            SEAFOOD COMMODITY RATE


                                          King Salmon-Anchorage                                                             King Salmon-Seattle

                            -Weight                                     Rate                                   Weight                                    Rate

                                                                  Minimum-$23                                                                     Minimum-$27

                            <      100  lbs                            $.23/lb                               <     100   lbs                         $.78/lb

                            >      100  lbs                             .2005/lb                             >     100   lbs                          .5560/1 b

                            > 1,000     lbs                             .1945/1 b                            >    1,000  lbs                          .53/lb

                                                                                                             >   3,000   lbs                          .51 /1 b

                                                                                                             >   5,000   lbs                          .39/lb


                            Source: Wien Alaska











              HOUSING


              Housing in the Borough is considered to be expensive and in short supply.
              One reason for the shortage is the high cost of building a house and the
              high price of land in the area. Currently, one acre of residential property
              sells for approximately $12,000. A two-bedroom home with running water and
              electricity was recently assessed at $140,000.

              The shortage of housing is particularly evident in the summer months with
              the large influx of seasonal workers. For this reason the canneries offer
              housing to imported workers and some operate "fish camps." Fish camps are
              operated by companies that process products in the Borough and companies
              that only buy products to be processed elsewhere.

              Recently, to help alleviate the housing shortage, a Housing and Urban
              Development Project took place in Naknek and South Naknek. This project
              provided 30 houses for Borough residents at an advantageous payment schedule
              of $82 per month.


              ENERGY


              Table 5.22 shows the types of energy used by various sectors in the com-
              munity in 1977. The Bristol Bay Borough used diesel-generated electricity
              supplied by the Naknek Electric Association. This energy is extremely
              expensive, averaging $0.27/kWh. Some individuals have started to experiment
              with wind-generated electricity in conjunction with a central power source.
              The result of this effort in reducing the cost of energy is presently
              unknown.



              LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY

              The following projects are typical of development activity within the
              Bristol Bay Borough. These projects will provide direct economic benefits
              to the Borough, particularly during the construction phase. However, many
              of the projects will be built during the summer months which will coincide
              with the salmon season, the period of highest employment. Also, the con-
              struction may require specialized labor which would be imported from outside
              the Borough. Construction that begins in the spring and extends into the
              all periods on either side of the salmon season could offer additional
              employment opportunities to the local work force.
              f




              Public Dock


              A pile-supported, concrete dock was constructed in 1982. The new facility
              is the only public dock in the Borough. Prior to its completion, small
              barges either unloaded at the cannery docks or were beached for unloading.

              The new dock facility can accommodate 200-foot vessels. Two cranes are
              available, one capable of unloading containers and one smaller crane for
              unloading break bulk cargo. The channel adjacent to the dock is dredged to
              16 feet below mean low tide, allowing deeper draft vessels to remain afloat
              at low tide. An upgraded road access and an expanded staging area remain to




                                                  -72-









             be constructed as part of the dock facility. Once complete, the cost of the
             dock, staging area, and road is estimated at $7 million.


             Marine Industrial Park


             An industrial park is planned adjacent to the public dock facility to
             support marine cargo handling and storage and encourage industrial
             development. The complex will contain a warehouse structure and possibly a
             public works facility. The warehouse will be used for cargo storage and may
             include cold storage. The marine industrial park is estimated to cost
             $3 million.


             Sewage Disposal System

             The U.S. Public Health Service recently constructed a sewage disposal system
             in South Naknek that will tie 15 existing homes to the existing system
             servicing the 11 recently constructed HUD houses. The system provides
             primary treatment and pump outfall through a 900-foot buried line into the
             Naknek River. The construction cost of the South Naknek system was
             approximately $1.1 million.

             Sewage disposal systems are also planned for Naknek and King Salmon. A $3.5
             million system has been designed for Naknek that includes primary and secon-
             dary treatment using a sewage lagoon. The project will be partially funded
             with funds projected to be available in 1983.

             Solid waste disposal sites are planned for both Naknek/King Salmon and South
             Naknek. The Naknek/King Salmon site will include a trash compactor and will
             cost $1.5 million to construct. South Naknek will use an earthfill disposal
             site with a bearproof fence at the cost of $0.5 million.


             Airport Improvement

             Improvements are anticipated for both the Naknek airstrip and the King
             Salmon Airport. Naknek airstrip improvements costing approximately
             $2 million are presently scheduled for the summer of 1982. Improvements
             include straightening, gravel resurfacing and improved lighting of the
             airstrip. In King Salmon, two airport projects are under consideration. An
             improved surface on the east-west runways is considered necessary by the Air
             Force in order to better accommodate the high-speed, high-performance
             aircraft found at the King Salmon installation. Another improvement for the
             King Salmon airport is the expansion of the east apron. King Salmon, a
             major regional airport serving the fishing industry, the Air Force and the
             general public, experiences crowded conditions during the peak of the red
             salmon run. The expansion of the east apron is expected to partially
             alleviate this problem. Benefits expected from the projects include
             increased employment during construction and a better air facility for the
             area.












                                                 -73-










             Public Facilities


             A $4 million addition to the school in Naknek was recently completed and
             added classrooms and an auditorium to the facility. Fire stations were
             recently completed in South Naknek and to support fire protection on both
             sides of the river.


             The Borough intends to broaden its health care responsibility by construct-
             ing a 2,500-square-foot health clinic in Naknek. The clinic will include an
             emergency room, offices, examination rooms, X-ray equipment, and provisions
             for eye, dental, and medical care.


             Industrial and Commercial Development

             There is a moderate amount of new industrial and commercial development
             recently constructed or planned for the Borough fish processing facilities,
             boat storage, transportation facilities, maintenance yards; lodges and
             cabins are representative of the type of construction occurring presently.
             The location of these facilities are logically related to the Naknek River
             or its tributaries because they service fishing or fish processing.


             Residential Development

             The Bristol Bay Borough has begun site development for a subdivision located
             on 800 acres of land overlooking the Naknek River. A community cemetery and
             residential lots are developed and ready for disposition to individual
             owners. In addition, the Alaska Peninsula Corporation is discussing the
             possibility of a subdivision in the South Naknek area and Paug Vik, the
             village corporation of Naknek, is planning a 5-acre, 99-year lease program
             along the rapids section of the Naknek River. Fifteen to 20 single-family
             residences will have been constructed during 1982, and it is expected that
             an equal number of residential units will be constructed during 1983.




























                                                 -74-











                                                                             TABLE 5.22

                                                               TYPES OF ENERGY AND NUMBER OF USERS
                                                                       IN BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH





                                  CONSUMER                                             ENERGY FORM CONSUMED
                           Type               No.        Diesel      Gasoline      Propane      Jet Fuel      Aviation Gas       Electricity

                         Residential          203          x            x             x                                               x
                         Commercial             76         x            x                                                             x
                         Large users(a)          4         x            x                          x               x                  x

                         Fishing vessels      N/A          x
                         Public building         8         x                                                                          x
                         Military                1         x                                                                          x


                         TOTAL                292








                         a. Includes canneries


                         Source:  U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Administration, Draft Bristol Bay Energy and Electric
                                  Power Potential, Phase 1, October, 1979.






            Part I Resource Inventory and Analysis

            6. Land Status














             THE REGION


             Land ownership and land management jurisdiction are two of the most compli-
             cated and important issues in Alaska today. With the passage of the Alaska
             National Interest Land Conservation Act, long-standing questions about land
             ownership, management, and jurisdiction may be answered.

             There are essentially four major landowners in the Bristol Bay region. They
             are the state, federal, and Borough governments as public owners and the
             local village corporations as private owners. The federal government, on
             behalf of the general public, is by far the largest landowner in the region,
             The following is a list of the national parks and the wildlife refuges that
             were established by Congress in November 1980.


             0    Aniakchak National Park


             0    Katmai National Park (Extension)


             0    Lake Clark National Park


             0    Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge

             0    Becharof National Wildlife Refuge

             0    Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge

             0    Togiak National Wildlife Refuge

             In addition to the new national parks and national wildlife refuges,
             Congress created the Bristol Bay Cooperative Region for the purpose of
             "preparing and implementing a comprehensive and systematic cooperative
             Management Plan." The Management Plan will involve both federal and state
             land, potentially including land within the Bristol Bay Borough.

             The State of Alaska also owns and manages Bristol Bay itself. The state has
             jurisdiction from the tidelands to 3 miles offshore, which includes all of
             Kvichak Bay. The Alaska State Legislature, in 1972, created a Bristol Bay
             Fisheries Reserve within its jurisdiction, for the purpose of limiting oil
             and gas development that would prove dangerous to the salmon fishery. The




                                                 -76-









              federal government, however, plans to lease high-potential oil and gas
              reserves on the north Aleutian shelf in October of 1983.


              The Bristol Bay Borough, as an organized regional government, is a Coastal
              Resource district. This is not the case for the Bristol Bay region.
              Regions that are not organized governments must organize into Coastal
              Resource Service Areas for the purpose of developing a district plan. The
              Bristol Bay region was formed by joining two Rural Education Attendance
              Areas. The Bristol Bay Coastal Resource Service Area was organized in 1981
              and a board was elected in 1982. They are now actively undertaking the
              preparation of the service area coastal management program.


























































                                                  -77-










               THE BOROUGH


               LAND OWNERSHIP


               Land ownership in Bristol Bay Borough is as complex as it is throughout the
               state. There are four basic categories of landowners in the Borough. They
               are federal, state, and borough governments, and private landowners (see
               Table 6.1). Land ownership is in a state of flux due to the recent passage
               of the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act. The changes to
               Katmai National Park are reflected in the land area table and on the owner-
               ship map, but there will be future changes to federal land that are impos-
               sible to predict at this time.





                                                 TABLE 6.1


                                               LAND STATUS





                             Square                  Percent
               Ownership     Miles        Acres      of Total       Comments


               Federal          292       189,000        59      Katmai National Park
                                                                 Federal/multiple selections

               State             4          2,600         1      Material sites
                                                                 Airport leases

               Borough           5          3,000         1      Patented land

               Private          201       129,000        40      Paug Vik corporation
                                                                 Alaska Peninsula Corporation
                                                                 Private landowners


               TOTAL            502       323,600       101           ---























                                                     -78-























                                                                                                                                                                        R


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ILI
                                                                                                                                                                    TOGI    KNATIONAL                                                                                  VE
                                                                                           CAPE NEWENHAM                                       Wil  TOGIAKe         WIL    LIFE REFUGE                                                                       VI
                                                                                     NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
                                                                                                                                                                                           DILLINGH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 BRI
                                                                                              CAPE NEWEN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                MY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    BOROUGU
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                                                                                                                                                                                           ,go                                                                                                   KATMAI
                                                                                                                           PROPOSED BRISTOL BAYCOASrAL                                        77.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            160      SOOTH                                                 NATIONAL PARK
                                                                                                                                 RESOURCE SERVICE AREA                                                                                                                                              AND
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   YAKNEK-
                                                                                                                         S                                                                                                              NAKIVE                                                  PRESERVE
                                                                                                                          S                                                                                                               RIVE        ALMO
                                                                                                                           S
                                                                                                                            S                                                               BRISTOL BAY                                     K
                                                                   Ataska Marilffm N81CM Wildlife
                                                                   Reserve covers the coastal waters                                                                                     FISHERIES RESERVE                               G,
                                                                   and coastal islands on bath sides                                                                                                                                GIK 5f-
                                                                   Of ft penirISI.Ila


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         C,



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PPER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    UGAS141 LAKE
                                                                                                                                                                         L ------------------
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ALASKA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   PENINSULA                                           ROF
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   WILDLIFE                                  L IFE REFUGE
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                                                                                                                                                                                                       Ft                                                    IDENCE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              IAKCHAK NATIONAL                                                  't6 .0
                                                                                                                                                                           ALASKA                           umli                                  ENT AND PRESERVE
                                                                                                                                                                           PENINSULA
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                                                                                                                                                                            WILDLIFE                                                                                                                 Tefy I       CIS
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                      PROPOSED NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELF
                                                                                                                                         PORT         R
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                      OCS LEASE SALE                                                                                                                                                                                                           ISLANDS
                                                                                                                                                                      PERRYVILLE


                                                                                                                                    HER  NDEEN
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                                                                                                                                                                                                              RESOURCE SERVICE AREA                                       CHIRiKOF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          MAND


                                                                   0                                                UNGA
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                                ISLAND FALS
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                               ALEUTIAN ISL                             IZEMIBEKNATIONAL
                         NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE                        WILDLIFE RANGE
                                                                                                                                                        ISLANDS









             Federal Ownership

             There are about 292 square miles of federal land in the Borough, 71 square
             miles of which are Katmai National Park and Katmai Wilderness. The remain-
             ing 221 square miles are in a block, primarily in the northeast corner of
             the Borough. This land includes the drainage of both Paul's Creek and King
             Salmon Creek and abuts the National Park. This federal land has been
             withdrawn for village corporation selection and has also been selected by
             the State of Alaska. The village corporation selections within the Borough,
             for the most part, have been made, adjudicated, and patented. Any further
             selections will most likely be outside of the Borough. It appears that both
             the federal and state governments are interested in the northeastern corner
             of the Borough for control and management of the salmon spawning areas. It
             is likely that this area will be included in the Bristol Bay Cooperative
             Region and will be jointly managed.

             The townsite of South Naknek is legally entrusted to the federal government
             on behalf of the Native village. The Department of the Interior manages the
             townsite and has indicated that patents will be forthcoming for 20 or so
             villages, including South Naknek.


             State Ownership

             There is a minimal amount of state land in the Borough. The state land
             consists of small sites to house state agencies, land leased for the King
             Salmon Airport, material sites for common use, or land being selected by the
             Borough. A portion of all of the state's selections of federal land within
             the Borough may be approved in the future under the Statehood Land
             Entitlement.



             Borough Ownership

             The Bristol Bay Borough has an entitlement of 2,898 acres from the state,
             according to legislation passed in 1978. The entire amount of land has been
             selected, but only 1,592 acres have been patented to the Borough.


             Private Ownership

             The amount of private ownership in the Borough is significant, when con-
             sidering the population. There are about 129,000 acres of privately owned
             land. The surface rights to over 90 percent of this land are owned by
             either Paug Vik, the Naknek village corporation, or Alaska Peninsu'la
             Corporation, representing the village of South Naknek. The subsurface
             rights below village corporation lands are owned by the Bristol Bay Regional
             Corporation. During the Native land selection process, the village corpora-
             tions of Naknek and South Naknek worked out an agreement restricting land
             selections by both communities to their side of the river. Today, the
             majority of private land on each side of the river is owned by the repre-
             sentative corporation. Private land that is not held by either corporation
             is owned in the form of lots, homesteads, or Native allotments.







                                                  -79-



















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             LAND MANAGEMENT


             The management of land within the Bristol Bay Borough is the responsibility
             of federal, state, and Borough government. Each level of government has
             jurisdiction over some portion of the Borough's land area, with jurisdic-
             tions often overlapping.



             Federal Jurisdiction


             The federal government has jurisdiction over the following areas within the
             Borough:


                             Land Category                       Agency

                  1. Federally owned land              Bureau of Land Management

                  2.  Katmai National Park             National Park Service


                  3.  King Salmon Air Force Base       Department of Defense

                  4.  South Naknek townsite            Bureau of Land Management

                  5.  Public easements (Native         Bureau of Land Management
                      Land Claims Settlement Act)

                  6.  Navigable waters                 U.S. Corps of Engineers

                  7.  Migratory birds, polar bear,     U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
                      sea otter, walrus, endangered
                      species


                  8.  All other marine mammals         National Marine Fisheries
                                                       Services







             State Jurisdiction


             The State of Alaska has jurisdiction over state land within the Borough. In
             addition, the state manages the waters of Kvichak Bay. The Alaska
             Department of Fish and Game manages the fishery within the bay and the
             wildlife in upland areas.


             Borough Jurisdiction

             The Bristol Bay Borough, with second class status, has three basic powers.
             They are taxation, education, and planning and zoning. The Borough has
             adopted a zoning ordinance and has a comprehensive plan. In addition to the
             basic powers, the voters have given the Borough the responsibility for





                                                  -80-









           police, libraries, fire protection, telecommunication, roads, sewer, water,
           and health.







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                                               -81-






















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          Part 11 Management Plan

          1. The Program


















            BACKGROUND

            The coast of the United States has long been one of our country's greatest
            assets. Coastal habitats contain a wealth of resources that have both
            natural and economic value. America's coast is unique, productive, and
            diverse. Though the coast seems endless and the coastal areas vast, both
            have limits which must be acknowledged and respected. With much of our
            coastal areas settled and pressure for development and use increasing,
            Congress in 1972 passed the Coastal Zone Management Act. The act provides
            incentives for coastal states to protect, manage, and, where possible,
            rehabilitate the coastal resources. In 1977, the Alaska Legislature passed
            the Alaska Coastal Management Act which established a process for protecting
            and managing the coastal resources of the state. The legislature made most
            local governments and special planning boards in the unorganized Borough
            responsible for managing the coast within their jurisdictions and required
            each to prepare a district coastal management plan.

            The Bristol Bay Borough, as an organized local government, is a coastal
            resource district. As a borough, it has authority for planning and zoning
            within its boundaries, and as a coastal resource district, it has respon-
            sibility for developing and implementing a coastal management program that
            meets the standards and guidelines of the Alaska Coastal Management Program.


















                                                -82-









             0  Implementation: A description of the method and process used to imple-
                ment the district program.

             It is important to keep in mind, while considering any aspect of the Bristol
             Bay District Program, that the program was designed and developed not just
             to satisfy the requirements of the act or the standards and guidelines, but
             to establish a foundation on which a comprehensive planning program could be
             built. The program is a comprehensive planning tool that provides the
             Borough with the information necessary to make reasonable planning and
             zoning decisions that could impact the communities and their resources long
             into the future.



             MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, PART I AND PART 11

             The Bristol Bay Borough Coastal Management Program is divided into two
             halves. Part I is the resource inventory and analysis and Part II is the
             management plan which includes goals, a management framework, coastal
             policies and an implementation approach.


             PART 1, RESOURCE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS

             The resource inventory contains a review of the physical, natural, and
             man-made resources within the Bristol Bay Borough. It consists of a narra-
             tive and a series of maps, which describe the nature and distribution of the
             resources found throughout the coastal district.


             PART 11, MANAGEMENT PLAN

             The management plan includes the remainder of the program requirements. It
             includes a narrative and maps, which present:

                 ï¿½   Description of community goals and objectives

                 ï¿½   Boundary identification

                 ï¿½   Management recommendations

                 ï¿½   Recommended areas which merit special attention-(AMSA)

                 0   Uses within the management area

                 ï¿½   Coastal policies

                 ï¿½   Implementation process














                                                 -84-






          Part 11 Management Plan

          2. The Boundary













            THE BOROUGH


            The Bristol Bay Borough is approximately 500 square miles in area and
            extends from the foothills of the Aleutian Range in Katmai National Park to
            the western shore of Kvichak Bay.

            The east side of Bristol Bay Borough encompasses the majority of the usable
            land and the communities of Naknek, South Naknek, and King Salmon (see
            Borough Map). The west side primarily contains Kvichak Bay and land extend-
            ing to the western boundary of the coastal watershed. The western Borough
            boundary runs along the western mean high tide line of Kvichak Bay. The
            base map extends west of the mean high tide line to include the coastal
            watershed that drains into Kvichak Bay and consequentlyinto the Borough.

            The biophysical boundary, delineating the coastal zone in the Borough, is
            established by the Biophysical Boundaries of Alaska's Coastal Zone, and
            illustrated on the Topography and Coastal Morphology map. This boundary
            approximates the 200-foot contour and includes over 75 percent of the land
            and water area within the Borough boundaries. All transitional and inter-
            tidal areas, salt marshes, saltwater wetlands, islands and beaches are
            within the biophysical boundary.

            The Bristol Bay Borough chose to extend the district boundaries beyond the
            established biophysical boundaries to include important areas of direct
            influence and to conform to the Borough's political jurisdiction.
            Establishing the Borough boundaries as the program boundary incorporates the
            following areas above 200 feet elevation found in the Borough:

            ï¿½   The foothills of the Aleutian Range found in the northeast corner of the
                Borough. These hills provide important uplands habitat and form the
                upper drainage of King Salmon and Paul's Creeks.

            ï¿½   The ridge separating the Naknek Lake and Naknek river systems which
                drain into primary salmon spawning areas.

            ï¿½   The hills in the southwest corner of the Borough which drain into the
                Naknek River and Kvichak Bay, both important anadromous fish migration
                routes.







                                                 -85-









          The Bristol Bay Borough coastal management district is surrounded by the
          Bristol Bay region coastal resource service area. This service area has
          been designated, organized, and is presently developing its coastal manage-
          ment program. The Borough's district boundaries were designated to be
          compatible with the contiguous service area, and now include the entire
          jurisdiction of the Borough.
































































                                              -86-





















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            Part 11 Management Plan

            3. Goals and Objectives



















              SETTING


              The Bristol Bay Borough, working with community representatives and the
              coastal management citizen advisory committee, developed goals and objec-
              tives detailing needs and future plans for the Borough. Five community
              meetings were held in Naknek, South Naknek, and King Salmon during develop-
              ment of the program. The following goal statements are a result of the
              community involvement.


              LAND USE PLANNING


              Goal: Actively pursue sound land use planning which helps gui de the future
              growth and development of the Borough and its communities.

              The Bristol Bay Borough has responsibility for planning and zoning within
              its boundaries. There is a need for sound land use planning within the
              Borough to guide the development of the area according to the desires of its
              residents. (The Borough is currently undertaking a detailed rewrite of the
              zoning code).



















                                                  -87-









             Long-Range Development Plan

             Objective: Prepare and periodically update a comprehensive development
             plan-

             The current comprehensive plan for the Bristol Bay Borough is obsolete. To
             adequately plan for the future needs of the Borough it is necessary to
             prepare a long-range development plan, taking into consideration potential
             developments such as servicing the petroleum industry and future bottomfish
             processing.


             Coordination of Efforts


             Objective: Coordinate land planning, development, and management with state
             and federal entities.


             To date, intergovernmental coordination has been lacking, and governmental
             planning and programs have been redundant. Due to recent efforts by state
             and federal governments, coordination in the Bristol Bay region is beginning
             to take place. The opportunity exists for the Borough to work in concert
             with a variety of government agencies in the area of planning, data
             collection, program development and implementation, and land management.


             Data Update

             Objective: Develop a current data base including base maps, resource
             inventory, etc., to support wise planning and land use decisions.

             Land use planning decisions need to be based on current information. At
             present, resource data and base mapping for the Borough is sketchy and
             outdated. (The Borough is planning on mapping the entire borough at a scale
             of 1" = 500' during 1983).

             Natural Hazards


             Objective: Identify potential hazards and minimize potentialimpacts
             through wise land use planning.

             Natural hazards such as landslides and flooding have threatened lives and
             caused property damage. Though difficult to prevent, it is possible to
             lessen the impact of these natural occurrences.




















                                                 -88-









               COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT


               Goal: Plan for and guide the present and future development of the Borou
               and its communities.


               Areas of the Bristol Bay Borough have been settled and used for centuries.
               Since 1900 the villages of Naknek, King Salmon, and South Naknek have grown
               and developed into permanent communities that support a resident population.
               It is important to maintain the health of these communities and guide their
               future development.


               Housing

               Objective: Plan for and promote housing rehabilitation and adequate new
               housing to meet both the current and future demand.

               Currently, there is a demand for suitable housing in the Bristol Bay area.
               Many of the dwelling units are old and in need of repair. There is also a
               shortage of adequate rental housing in the area. The housing situation is
               multifaceted including such problems as the lack of buildable land, high
               land costs, mortgage rates, etc.

               Objective: Plan for and assist in providing adequate seasonal housing for
               the seasonal work force.


               During the Bristol Bay commercial fishing season, there is an influx of
               several thousand transient workers. Most of the canneries provide some
               housing for their workers. However, there are far more workers than there
               are accommodations. Hundreds of people are forced to camp throughout the
               area, causing sanitation problems and destruction of private property, and
               negatively impacting the environment and scenic values.


               Commercial Development

               Objective: Maintain existing commercial services within the Borough.

               Objective: Identify and set aside primary commercial land within the
               Borough for future commercial development.

               Objective: Encourage and give priority consideration to water-dependent
               commercial development for future waterfront use.

               Objective: Encourage marine and related commercial activity to support an
               existing and expanding fishing industry.

               Commercial development within the Borough supports both the resident popula-
               tion and a seasonal in-migration related to the fishing industry.
               Commercial activities and development provide positive economic benefits to
               the Borough and its communities. As the population grows and the fishing
               industry expands, new commercial opportunities will evolve. To take
               advantage of these opportunities it is necessary to plan for and promote
               commercial activity.





                                                   -89-












             Public Facilities


             As in any regional center, a need exists for public facilities to support a
             variety of activities involving the communities and their residents. The
             areas important to the Borough and in need of consideration are: schools,
             fire protection, public safety, sports/recreation, and transportation.

             Objective: Work with the school district and the communities to maintain
             and enhance existing schools to serve both educational and community needs.

             Education is a primary responsibility of the Borough, assumed by the Borough
             school board. Public schools within the district serve not only as educa-
             tional facilities, but also as meeting places and community centers, offer-
             ing a variety of recreational opportunities. The facilities are important
             to the community and need to be maintained for the benefit of the entire
             area.


             Objective: To maintain existing fire protection to serve the communities
             within the Borough and to expand the fire protection capacity to fight
             industrial and marine fires.


             Fire protection is essential to minimize personal injury and property
             damage. A basic need within the Borough is to expand the fire protection
             capability to cover industrial and marine related facilities. In the past,
             boats and canneries have been severely damaged by fire, due to the lack of
             adequate equipment. (Fire halls in Naknek and South Naknek have recently
             been completed).

             Objective: Plan for and develop a public safety facility that includes a
             detention center, residence, offices,_etc.

             The Borough is in need of a public safety facility. At the present time,
             there is no such facility; persons arrested for infractions requiring deten-
             tion are held in an interim holding facility recently constructed in the
             basement of Borough hall.

             Objective: Maintain existing sport and recreational facilit  ies within the
             Borough and plan and develop additional facilities on an as-needed basis.

             The school gym and the rifle range are good examples of-the kind of sports
             and recreational facilities that can be made available to the Borough
             residents. The need and value of these facilities are well known and the
             benefits to both young and old are immeasurable.

















                                                  _90-









               Transportation

               Objective: Repair the highway from King Salmon to Naknek and maintain the
               road year-round.

               Objective: Upgrade the existing local roads to a service road standard and
               set standards for all new local road construction.


               Transportation within the Borough is essential for moving goods and services
               and for maintaining the industrial base. At present, there is a paved
               highway in need of repair connecting Naknek and King Salmon and a variety of
               local roads which remain unimproved. The main highway between Naknek and
               King Salmon is badly deteriorated.

               Objective: Work with the State Department of Transportation and Public
               Facilities to determine the feasibility, to plan for and to develop the
               appropriate elements of a regional transportation system including ferry
               service between the Borough, other regional centers, and the Alaska highwa
               system, and a bridge servicing Naknek and South Naknek and making the Alaska
               Peninsula accessible to the Bristol Bay Borough.



               Uti I ities


               Objective: Develop, if feasible and cost effective, an area-wide utility
               system that provides adequate service to each of the -EFo-rough's,communities.

               A utility system including sewer, water, waste disposal and electricity is a
               basic service to be provided by local government. The need for these
               utilities exists in all three communities.



               Parks and Recreation


               Objective: Maintain and increase recreational opportunities within the
               Borough by developing a park and recreation master plan which identifies the
               demand for recreation within the Borough, identifies and recommends conser-
               vation of primary recreation and scenic areas, increases and maintains
               controlled public access to the waterfront, and recommends recreational
               programs for Borough residents.

               Outdoor recreation within the Borough is a matter of lifestyle and widely
               affects the quality of life of the Borough residents. The benefits of
               recreational opportunities can be measured in terms of healthy families and
               individuals, reduced crime rates and increased tourism. Ways to promote
               recreational opportunities include conserving land and water used for
               recreation, providing access and facilities for recreational areas and
               planning and developing area-wide recreational programs.













                                                     _91-








           Economic Development

           Goal: Strengthen the economy of the Bristol Bay Borough by encouraging
           economic development that provides employment opportunities on a year-round
           basis and maintains and expands the existing employment base

           The economy in the Bristol Bay Borough is primarily dependent upon commer-
           cial fishing, an industry characterized by its short, intensive seasons. A
           majority of the Borough residents are employed in the fishing industry
           between May and August. The construction industry, to a lesser extent, also
           provides employment opportunities, but it is also seasonal and coincides
           with commercial salmon fishing. State, federal, and local government is the
           major year-round employer.


           Commercial Fishing

           Objective: Prepare a fisheries development plan that identifies oppor-
           tunities for maintaining and expanding the commercial fishing industry i
           the Borough, and recommends a program for taking advantage of the oppor-
           tunities available to the community.

           Objective: Set aside primary coastal areas and up lands for priority use
           by the commercial fishing industry and develop the necessary infrastructure
           (i.e., waste disposal, transient housing water sources, etc.) necessary to
           accommodate industrial development.

           The potential exists for expanding the fishing industry by encouraging
           bottomfish and shellfish harvest and processing, by developing fish waste
           processing and by promoting the development of small-scale processing and
           marketing of salmon outside of the peak season.


           Tourism


           Objective: Increase the opportunities for tourism and recreational use in
           the Borough that stimulates economic development and minimizes negative
           environmental and social impacts.

           Objective: Promote the development of tourist and recreational facilities
           within the Borough.

           The Bristol Bay region contains a wealth of natural beauty, fish and
           wildlife and wilderness areas. The area is intensively used by backpackers,
           boaters, hunters, fishermen, and tourists from both inside and outside of
           Alaska. With the creation of a number of new national parks and the expan-
           sion of the Katmai National Park, the use of the region as a recreational
           and tourist area will continue to increase.














                                               -92-









             Industrial Development

             Objective: Encourage industrial development that is compatible with com-
             munity values and the natural resources within the region.

             Objective: Identify and set aside land suitable for industrial development
             within the Borough.

             Objective: Assess and, if feasible,_.develop support facilities and manage-
             ment programs to encourage oil, gas and mineral extraction and timber
             harvest that promotes positive economic impacts and minimizes negative
             environmental impacts.

             In addition to commercial fishing there are other industries that could
             locate or develop within the Bristol Bay Borough, such as boat haul-out,
             repair and storage, service of oil and gas development, mining, etc. These
             industries could provide year-round employment or employment opportunities
             that may be compatible with the fishing industry.


             LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT


             Goal: Protect important cultural and historic areas as well as critical
             natural habitat in the Bristol Bay Borough,

             Objective: Prepare and implement an integrated land and water management
             program, including intergovernmental coordination, comprehensive planning,
             Borough-wide zoning, and subdivision regulations.

             Subsistence hunting and fishing occurs on land and water within the Borough
             having important fish and wildlife habitat.


             Subsistence


             Objective: Identify and conserve areas predominantly used for subsistence
             hunting, fishing and foraging.

             Objective: Provide public access to these areas traditionally used b
             Borough residents.

             Subsistence hunting, fishing, and foraging represents an important part of
             the Borough residents' lifestyle and culture and contributes to their health
             and well being.


















                                                  -93-










             Historic and Cultural Preservation

             Objective: Identify archaeological, prehistori and historic areas and
             sites within the Borough.

             Throughout the Borough there are areas of historic value that represent the
             beginning of man's history and his use of the land and water.


             Fish and Wildlife

             Objective: Minimize impacts of increased pressure and maintain populations
             by protecting important spawning and migration areas of salmon and resident
             sport fish species.

             There are a variety of fish species found in the river, stream and lake
              ystems in the Borough.   Salmon are valuable both as a commercial and sub-
             sistence food source and as sport fish stock. Other species are harvested
             Sas a food source and for sport. A number of these species migrate and spawn
             throughout the Borough.   Increased sport fishing has placed undue pressure
             upon some fish stocks.

             Objective: Maintain and   increase large mammal populations by protectin
             important wintering grounds, calving grounds, denning areas, and migration
             routes.


             Increased sport and subsistence hunting of moose, bear, and caribou is
             putting pressure on these large land mammals.

             Objective: Maintain the existing water quality within the Borough and
             protect marine mammal feeding and haul-out areas,

             Marine mammals are found in the Naknek River system and in Kvichak Bay. The
             mammals are sensitive to polluted water and to the disturbance of feeding
             and haul-out areas.


             Objective: Provide suitable wetland areas for local nesting and migrator
             waterfowl by protecting coastal and inland areas from draining, pollution,
             and other detrimental impacts.

             Land and water within the Borough provide nesting and staging areas for a
             variety of waterfowl species. Adequate water levels and unpolluted water is
             important to maintain in these areas.

             Objective: Provide ample opportunity to use all wildlife species for
             recreation by protecting denning, feeding, nesting, and wintering areas for
             small animals and birds.


             Small fur-bearers and nongame birds are not only important for aesthetic and
             recreational value, but also are integral to the total ecology of the area.
             Many of the game animals need large populations of these smaller animals to
             feed upon.








                                                   -94-






           Part 11 Management Pian

           4. The Management Framework












            FRAMEWORK


            The management framework chapter of this report focuses on the following
            topics required by the standards and guidelines:

            0    Subject Uses. Those land and water activities considered in the
                 Borough's program.

            0    Policies. Statements that guide development and land and water uses
                 within the Borough.

            0    Areas which merit special attention (AMSA). Those areas with unique
                 and valuable resources needing special management attention.


            SUBJECT LAND AND WATER USES


            The foll owing land and water activities and uses are subject to the Bristol
            Bay Borough Coastal Management Program.

            0    Coastal development. Residential, commercial, and industrial

            0    Recreation. Land and water areas


            o    Energy facilities. Oil and gas exploration, processing, and transport;
                 electric and hydroelectric facilities; and transmission lines

            0    Transportation. Highway, air, and marine facilities

            0    Utilities. Water and sewer lines and facilities, wells and treatment
                 sites, solid waste disposal

            0    Fisheries. Seafood processing, fisheries enhancement and
                 rehabilitation.


            0    Mining and mineral processing. Hard rock mining; gravel, sand, and
                 related extraction


            0    Subsistence. Areas used for subsistence activities





                                                -95-









              USES OF STATE CONCERN.

              The Bristol Bay Coastal Management Program addresses uses of state concern
              through its policies and implementation strategy. Uses of state concern,
              meaning those lands and water uses which significantly affect the long-term
              public interest, are outlined and defined according to the following five
              categories:

              1.   Uses of national interest, such as the use of resources for the siting
                   of ports and major facilities which contribute to meeting national
                   energy needs, construction and maintenance of navigational facilities
                   and systems, resource development of federal land, and national defense
                   and related security facilities that are dependent upon coastal
                   locations.


              2.   Uses of more than local concern, such as land and water uses which
                   confer significant environmental, social, cultural, or economic bene-
                   fits or burdens beyond a single coastal resource district.

              3.   Siting of major energy facilities, activities pursuant to a state oil
                   and gas lease, or large-scale industrial or commercial development
                   activities which are dependent on a coastal location and which, because
                   of their magnitude or the magnitude of their effect on the economy of
                   the state or the surrounding area, are reasonably likely to present
                   issues of more than local significance.

              4.   Facilities serving statewide or interregional transportation and com-
                   munication needs.


              5.   Uses in areas established as state parks or recreational areas under
                   AS 41.20 or as state game refuges, game sanctuaries, or critical
                   habitat areas under AS 16.20.


              Appendix V of the resource inventory lists and describes fisheries research
              and management sites nominated by the Department of Fish and Game as sup-
              porting uses of state concern. The uses are salmon enumeration and sampling
              sites located within the Naknek River drainage.


























                                                  -96-










              PROPER AND IMPROPER USES

              It is the Bristol Bay Borough's intent to evaluate and to make decisions
              upon the appropriateness of land and water uses and activities on a case-by-
              case basis. Proposed uses will be measured according to the performance
              standards stated in the policy section of this report. The standards will
              be applied with due consideration to the resource inventory and analysis. A
              discussion of the review process is included in the implementation chapter
              of this report.

              Additional discussion of uses of state concern is appropriate here. The
              reader will note that no uses of any kind are categorically excluded or
              restricted by this program. Thus, the test for doing so set forth in
              AS 46.40 for uses of state concern need not be addressed here. It is impos-
              sible to catalog all possible variatins of hypothetical uses of state con-
              cern that might be proposed for location in the Borough (or to catalog other
              possible uses that might impact an existing use of state concern in the
              Borough) and compare each possibility with the performance standards of this
              program.

              It is possible that a use of state concern may be proposed in the future for
              location in the Borough; and that the review of this proposal could result
              in a denial or restrictive conditioning of the proposal. The test of
              AS 46.40 will be used if such an eventuality becomes likely.


              MANAGEMENT POLICIES


              The following policies are to be used to guide the Bristol Bay Borough
              Planning Commission and Assembly in determining proper and improper use and
              the acceptability of proposed plans and projects within the coastal
              district.


              The management policy section is divided into two areas: (1) general
              policies applicable to all activities and uses, and (2) management
              guidelines and policies specific to the various habitats found in the
              Bristol Bay Borough.

              NOTE: Each of the following policies is to be preceded by the phrase,
              "where feasible and prudent." Feasible and prudent means consistent with
              sou@d engineering practice and not resulting in economic, social, or
              environmental problems that outweigh the public benefit to be derived from
              strict compliance with the policy.

              GENERAL POLICIES


               1. When planning for and approving waterfront development, priority shall
                   be given in the following order to:

                   0    Water-dependent uses and activities


                   0    Water-related uses and activities









                                                   -97-










                    0   Uses and activities which are neither water-dependent nor water-
                        related for which there is no feasible and prudent inland
                        alternative to meet the public need for the use or activity.

                2.  High priority shall be given to maintaining and, where appropriate,
                    increasing public access to all public waters.

                3.  Transportation and utility routes and facilities must be sited inland
                    from beaches and shorelines unless the route or facility is water-
                    dependent or no inland alternative exists to meet the public need for
                    the route or facility.

                4.  Maintenance and enhancement of fisheries shall be given priority con-
                    sideration in reviewing proposals which might adversely impact
                    fisheries habitat, migratory routes and harvest of fish or shellfish
                    species. Alternate designs shall be seriously considered for such
                    proposals, if such potential adverse impacts are significant.
                    Shorelines having banks, beaches, and beds critical to the fisheries
                    resource base shall be maintained in a productive natural condition.

                5.  Multiple use of the shoreline shall be encouraged where new uses or
                    activities do not interfere with priority uses. Uses or activities
                    which will interfere with the fishing industry shall be located in
                    geographically separate areas.

                6.  Permitted development and activities shall not significantly degrade
                    the quality of the natural environment, nor contribute to erosion or
                    other deleterious effects on adjacent land.

                7.  Recreational and-visual access to coastal areas shall be provided where
                    consistent with public safety and private property rights.

                8.  Implementation of governmental services and facilities within the
                    Bristol Bay Borough shall be in conformance with applicable plans,
                    policies, and programs of the Bristol Bay Borough.

                9.  Permitting activities or uses in the Bristol Bay Borough shall be
                    contingent upon conformance with all applicable federal and state
                    regulations.

               10.  Subsistence use, where predominant within the publicly owned areas of
                    the coastal zone, shall be given primary consideration in determining
                    land use designations.


               SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES AND POLICIES


               1.   Offshore and Estuarine Areas


               Guidelines: As an offshore area Kvichak Bay must be managed as a fisheries
               conservation zone so as to maintain or enhance the state's sport,
               commercial, and subsistence fishery,

               As an estuary, Kvichak Bay and the lower 10 miles of the Naknek River must
               be managed so as to assure adequate waterflow, natural circulation patterns,




                                                   _98-










              nutrients, and oxygen levels, and avoid the discharge of toxic wastes, silt,
              and destruction of productive habitat.


              Policies:

              1.1  In conformance with AS 38.05.140, "the submerged and shore lands lying
                   north of 57 degrees, 30 minutes nortIT latitude and east of 159 degrees,
                   49 minutes west longitude within the Bristol Bay drainage are desig-
                   nated as the Bristol Bay Fisheries Reserve. Within the Bristol Bay
                   Fisheries Reserve, no surface entry permit to develop an oil or gas
                   lease may be issued on state-owned or controlled land until the legis-
                   lature specifically finds that the entry will not constitute danger to
                   the fishery." All of Kvichak Bay located in the Bristol Bay Borough is
                   in the Bristol*Bay Fisheries Reserve.

              1.2  Development in or over water, such as piers, docks, and protective
                   structures shall be located, designed, and maintained in a manner which
                   prevents decreases in water quality and disruptions to fish and other
                   wildlife habitat.


              1.3  Open pile or pier support structures shall be used in lieu of filled
                   areas for piers or docks which project into the water.

              1.4  Dredging and filling shall be permitted only where it is essential to
                   the activity or use proposed. Areas which will require frequent or
                   periodic maintenance dredging are less preferred than self-maintaining
                   channels or basins.


              1.5  Dredging for the sole purpose of obtaining materials for landfill shall
                   not be permitted. Selective dredging for sand and gravel resources may
                   be permitted on a case-by-case basis.

              1.6  Dredging or pile-driving activities shall be conducted in a manner that
                   minimizes pollution to marine water. Dredging or pile-driving
                   activities will be conducted at times when they interfere as little as
                   possible with migrating smolt and adult salmon, as recommended during
                   consultation with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

              1.7  Permitted activities or uses in or over the water shall be contingent
                   upon conformance with all applicable federal and state regulations.

              2.   Exposed High-Energy Coasts

              Guideline: "High-energy coasts must be managed by assuring the adequate mix
              and transport of sediments and nutrients and avoiding redirection of tran-
              sport processes and wave energy."

              Policies:


              2.1 Open pile or pier support structures shall be used in lieu of filled
                   areas for piers or docks which project into the water.

              2.2 Dredging for the sole purpose of obtaining materials for landfill or
                   construction shall not be permitted.





                                                  _99-









             2.3 Development along the coastal bluff shall be designed and conducted in
                  recognition of erosion hazard.


             3.   Important Upland Habitat

             Guideline: Uplands "must be managed so as to maintain or enhance the
             biological physical and chemical characteristics of the habitat which con-
             tribute to its capacity to support living resources."

             Policies:


             3.1  Clearing and grading operations shall be conducted so as to minimize
                  soil erosion. Erosion control measures shall be undertaken from the
                  beginning of clearing. Vegetation shall be restored or control
                  measures instituted at the earliest possible date. The Soil
                  Conservation Service should be consulted for techniques and plants
                  which are most appropriate. All clearing and grading near to or
                  involving flowing water courses shall be conducted in such a fashion so
                  as to minimize material entering the water. Runoff through construc-
                  tion areas shall be controlled from beginning to end of project.

             3.2  Off right-of-way traffic and vegetation disturbance shall be minimized
                  in all projects. All clearing and grubbing activity shall be in coor-
                  dination with the present season construction schedule.

             3,3  To the greatest extent possible, avoid disrupting the organic mat in
                  permafrost areas and the vegetation along cut banks.

             3.4  Upland borrow sites opened or expanded after the effective date of this
                  program shall be restored with topsoil and revegetated.

             3.5  Local Fish and Game biologists shall be consulted in the initial plan-
                  ning phases for the routing of roads, pipelines, and transmission
                  lines, so that such prime wildlife habitat as moose calving and
                  riparian areas and marshes can be avoided.

             3.6  Highways and residential and secondary roads shall be constructed using
                   overlay" methods. Roads should not be routed through marshes or wet
                  bogs and meadows, and drainage patterns should be maintained.

             3.7  Both caribou and moose calve from May 20 through June 8 and general
                  ranges are mapped in the resource inventory. Construction activities
                  through these areas shall be avoided during this critical period.

             4.   Wetlands and Tideflats

             Guideline: "Wetlands and tideflats must be managed so as to assure adequate
             water flow, nutrients, and oxygen levels and avoid adverse effects on
             natural drainage patterns, the destruction of important habitat, and the
             discharge of toxic substances."









                                                _100-










               Policies:


               4.1  Dredging and filling shall not be permitted where valuable wetlands or
                    tideflats would suffer significant harm.

               4.2  Disposal of dredge material shall be in upland areas; except where
                    dredge spoil may be utilized in shoreside landfills, if permitted under
                    applicable regulations.

               4.3  Roads and pipeline pads shall not be constructed through freshwater or
                    tidal marshes where alternatives exist. Where roads and pipeline pads
                    must be constructed in such areas, they shall be designed, constructed
                    and maintained to avoid alteration of drainage patterns.

               4.4  The local Department of Fish and Game office shall be consulted when
                    routing roads and utility corridors, so that prime wildlife habitat
                    such as marshes and riparian areas and seasonally critical habitat such
                    as moose calving areas can be avoided, or activities limited to less
                    critical time periods.



               5.   Rivers, Streams, and Lakes

               Guideline: "Rivers, streams, and lakes must be managed to protect natural
               vegetation, water quality, important fish or wildlife habitat, and natural
               water flow."


               Policies:


               5.1  Development in or over water, such as piers, docks, and protective
                    structures shall be located, designed, and maintained in a manner which
                    prevents decreases in water quality and disruptions to fish and other
                    wildlife habitat.


               5.2  Open pile or pier support structures shall be used instead of filled
                    areas for piers or docks which project into the water.

               5.3  Dredging and filling shall be permitted only where it is essential to
                    the activity or use proposed. Areas which will require frequent or
                    periodic maintenance dredging are less preferred than self-maintaining
                    channels or basins.


               5.4  Dredging for the sole purpose of obtaining gravel or materials for
                    landfill or construction shall not be permitted.   Selective dredging
                    may be allowed on case-by-case review.

               5.5  Dredging or pile-driving activities shall be conducted in a manner that
                    minimizes pollution to marine water. Dredging or pile-driving
                    activities will be conducted at times when they interfere as little as
                    possible with migrating salmonids, as recommended during consultation
                    with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

               5.6  Permitted activities or uses in or over the water shall be contingent
                    upon conformance with all applicable federal and state regulations.





                                                   _101-










               5.7  Pipelines and roads which cross streams shall be minimized and grouped
                    in one area to lessen the number of areas where any one drainage has to
                    be crossed.


               5.8  Bridges shall be used to cross streams whenever feasible, so that the
                    natural character of a stream bed will not be disrupted. Culverts are
                    usually unable to carry the high flows from winter runoff unless
                    greatly oversized and can cause blockage to fish passage. The Alaska
                    Department of Fish and Game have developed installation standards for
                    culverts which should be followed when their installation is a neces-
                    sity (Appendix 1). For temporary right-of-ways, consideration should
                    be given to removing culverts at project completion.

               5.9  Facilities for'storing and distributing fuel shall not be located
                    within the active floodplain of a fish-bearing stream.

               5.10 A 1,500-foot buffer zone shall be required to separate adjacent sewage
                    ponds and oil storage facilities from freshwater supplies and fish-
                    bearing streams. Exceptions may be made where impermeable berms would
                    be able to contain the spread of sewage or oil.

               5.11 Review shall be required with the local office of Fish and Game and
                    appropriate federal and state agencies before any activity in a water
                    body, including the Naknek River, streams, and lakes, is undertaken. A
                    number of activities cause less damage when undertaken during certain
                    periods of the year as prescribed by the Department of Fish and Game.
                    Salmon fry and smolts migrate into the Naknek River estuary between
                    May 10 and June 30. Adult fish migrate upriver and spawn from June 15
                    through October 15.

               5.12 Water intake pipes shall be designed with screens of sufficient size
                    that fry and juvenile fish are not entrained or impinged upon the
                    screen. Maximum water velocity at the surface of the screen should be
                    less than 0.1 foot per second. Screen openings shall not be larger
                    than 0.04 inch (I millimeter). Where other techniques achieve similar
                    results or in water where no young fish are present, exceptions can be
                    granted.

               5.13 Extraction of floodplain gravel from the Naknek River and streams in
                    the Borough shall not be permitted because of bluff instability and
                    disruption of fishery habitat. Preferred sources for gravel are:
                    (1) existing gravel pits, (2) reuse of gravel from abandoned areas,
                    (3) new upland pits; (4) dredging of nonfish-bearing lakes; and
                    (5) approved offshore gravel sources. Offshore gravel deposits may be
                    the ony viable sources for certain forms of development, and properly
                    conducted extraction of offshore deposits will be allowed upon a show-
                    ing that they are the only feasible source available to an otherwise
                    acceptable development. Such a showing also must demonstrate that the
                    integrity of the general marine habitat will not be threatened.

               5.14 Refuse disposal sites shall not be located within floodplains - prime
                    wildlife habitat, or where it could pollute groundwater.








                                                    -102-









              5.15 To preserve stream bank and channel integrity, new construction or land
                  clearing shall set back from the water's edge in accordance with all
                   applicable state and federal regulations.

              All ACMP regulations, the subjects of which have not been addressed herein,
              remain in effect, and are a part of this program. The regulations of 6 AAC
              80.007 regarding energy facilities are especially noted in this regard.

































































                                                 -103-






            Part 11 Management Plan

            5. Implementation Process












             AUTHORITY


             The Bristol Bay Borough is a small, remote, local government that exercises
             its regulatory authority on a modest scale. For a district coastal manage-
             ment program to work effectively and efficiently, it must be tailored to
             meet the regulatory needs and the administrative capabilities of the local
             government. The challenge, as outlined in the legislative policy forming
             the Alaska Coastal Management Act, is to develop an implementation scheme,
             that, to the maximum extent possible, uses existing Borough, state and
             federal regulations and does not unnecessarily require more government or
             more regulations,


             RESPONSIBLE PARTIES


             The borough manager or a designee will receive and process all materials
             relevant to state, federal, and Borough consistency determinations. The
             director also is responsible for field checking, enforcement, and overall
             program management and coordination.

             The borough manager or designee will participate in all consistency deci-
             sions and recommendations, as well as recommendations for enforcement
             actions or appeals to the courts or the Coastal Policy Council, unless the
             significance of the matter warrants or the applicant requests, initial
             review by the Planning Commission.

             The Borough Planning Commission will participate in consistency decisions
             and recommendations and recommendations for enforcement action when such
             matters are referred to them at the request of the borough manager or
             designee, or applicant. The Borough Planning Commission shall stand as the
             initial body to rule on any appeal to an action of the borough manager or
             designee.













                                                 -io4-









                             Application       CONSISTENCY REVIEW PROCESSING                              APPEAL OF CONSISTENCY REVIEW
                                Prepared







                              Applicant
                                Chooses                     Admin.                                             Decision                   Appeal of
                              Admin. or                      Review                                            Appeal                        Staff
                             Plan. Comm.                   Requested                                            Filed                      Decision
                                 Review




                                                                                                              Appeal of
                                                                                                                 Plan.                       Plan.
                             Plan. Comm.                     Staff                                           Commission                                             Decision
                                 Review                 Chooses Admin.                                                                   Commission                 Overturn
                              Requested                                                                                                     Appeal
                                                            or P.C.                                                                        Hearing
                                                            Review



                                                                                                              Assembly
     C)                                                                                                        Appeal
                                                                                                               Hearing

                                                         Staff Review
                                                            Selected




                                Plan.
                             Commission                                                                                  Decision Upheld
                                Decision


                                                                                    Denial



                                                             Staff
                                                           Decision









                                           Approval or
                                     Approval with Conditions









             The Borough Assembly, on appeal from an action of the Borough Planning
             Commission, will either affirm or overturn recommendations and decisions
             made by the Planning Commission. This includes:

             1.  The Borough's own consistency determinations on borough-controlled
                 activities;

             2.  The Borough's comments and recommendations on state and federally
                 controlled or initiated activities; and

             3.  All forms of enforcement actions including appeals.

             The Borough Assembly, on a categorical basis, may delegate final approval
             authority to the Planning Commission or Community Development Director as
             the need arises.


             Figure 2, page 105 illustrates the process of permit reviews, actions and
             appeals.


             REGULATORY AUTHORITY

             The coastal management policies described in 6 AAC 85.090 and detailed in
             Chapter Four are the foundation of the Borough's program. They are the
             enforceable rules used to determine proper and improper land and water uses
             and used to guide coastal development within the district. In addition to
             the management policies, the following Borough ordinances are also used to
             implement the Coastal Management Program.

             0   Title 20, Bristol Bay Borough zoning code

             0   Title 18, Bristol Bay Borough subdivision regulations

             0   Title 20, building permit process

             The Bristol Bay Borough Coastal Management Program will be adopted by
             resolution as part of the Borough's land use regulations, prior to Coastal
             Policy Council review, and will be enacted by ordinance following CPC
             approval.






















                                                -106-











            FEDERALLY REGULATED OR INITIATED ACTIVITIES


            The State of Alaska is responsible for deciding, on behalf of the  Alaska
            Coastal Management Program, whether or not particular federal actions are
            consistent with the state coastal management program. Presently, this
            function is carried out by the Alaska governor's office, but the respon-
            sibility may shift or be reorganized in the future. Whether the current
            system remains, or changes, the Bristol Bay Borough will be given an oppor-
            tunity to review all federal actions of substance that occur in or could
            affect the Borough's coastal resources. The Borough will assist the state
            in making these decisions and has the option of seeking review and relief
            from the Coastal Policy Council if it is felt that the state has not
            appropriately complied with the enforceable provisions of this program.


            STATE REGULATED OR INITIATED ACTIVITIES


            The Bristol Bay Borough has selected as a minimum the following state and
            federal activities and permits for receiving notification prior to an agency
            decision.


            0    Anadromous fish protection, Alaska Department of Fish and Game
                 AS 16.05.870.


            0    Land selection, leases (including minerals), classification or land
                 disposals issued by the State Department of Natural Resources
                 AS 38.05.045-.110, AS 38.05.181, AS 38.05.150, AS 38.05.185-.280,
                 AS 38.05.180, AS 38.05.035, AS 38.05.345.

            0    Designation of any "critical habitat" under AS 16.20-220-270 by ADFG.

            0    Designation, expansion, or deletion of any state land holdings within
                 or adjacent to Borough receiving special management attention (e.g.,
                 refuges, parks, sanctuaries, national monuments, and scenic rivers).

            0    State Department of Environmental Conservation water quality stan-
                 dards - certificate of reasonable assurance (AS 46.03.010-.750,
                 18AAC70).

            0    Solid waste disposal.


            0    Section 404 of the federal Clean Water Act and federal Section 10 of
                 Rivers and Harbors Act permits issued by Corps of Engineers.

            0    Construction of public facilities and projects.

            Written recommendations on the project's consistency will be forwarded to
            the agency in a timely manner (maximum 30 days) and "great weight" shall be
            given to the views of the district.

            As with state consistency decisions or federally-regulated or initiated
            activities, the Borough may obtain review by, and seek relief from, the
            Coastal Policy Council if it believes that a state agency has not complied
            with the enforceable provisions of this program.





                                               -107-








               CHECKLIST AND PROCESS

               The process below will be used in completing the checklist. Each consis-
               tency decision or recommendation to be made by the Borough will have a
               checklist completed for it.

               1.   Using the included checklist, review the project for consistency with
                    the local program.

               2.   If the project or activity is consistent, write consistent or approved
                    on line 8. The Borough may want to encourage the state and federal
                    government in their determination. This can be accomplished by out-
                    lining the positive aspects of the project along with the consistency
                    determination.'


               3.   If the project or activity is not consistent, state the portions of the
                    program affected and recommended remedial action. The comments should
                    include, at a minimum:

                    ï¿½    Specific remedial action

                    0    Rationale for requesting action

                    ï¿½    Binding provisions of the district program, cited by policy.

               4.   The review should be completed within 30 days, or within the timeframe
                    of the agency involved.


               FIELD C HECKING AND ENFORCEMENT


               Periodic checking of major projects and routine field inspections will be
               conducted concurrently with the administration of zoning, regulating sub-
               divisions and issuing building permits. If projects or activities are found
               in violation of the program, the Borough will use local, state and federal
               enforcement to correct the situation. Enforcement will depend upon the
               nature and jurisdiction of the violation.


               QUARTERLY REPORT

               On the first meeting following the last day of March, June, September and
               December, the Borough Manager or designee will send a quarterly report to
               the Borough Planning Commission and Assembly. The report will summarize all
               reviews and actions taken during the reporting period.


               ANNUAL REPORT


               On December 31 of each year, the borough manager or designee will send an
               annual report to the Coastal Policy Council. The report will summarize all
               changes and improvements to the Borough's coastal program and will include
               copies of all the checklists completed for activities and copies of all the
               enforcement actions taken.






                                                   _109-










                                    BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH
                                 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                                   CONSISTENCY CHECKLIST



           1. Project description

           2.  Level of government

           3.  General effects upon coastal area and resources



           4.  Uses, activities, resources and habitats that will be significantly
               affected:


                   a. Offshore and estuaries         d. Wetlands and tideflats


                   b. Exposed high-energy coasts     e. Rivers, streams and lakes

                   c. Uplands habitat


           5. Area which merits special attention affected




           6.  Does project or activity require written response


           7.  Is the action consistent with:


               a.  Local land and water use controls


               b.  Goals and objectives (if not,
                                        indicate which)

               C.  Management policies

               d.  Areas which merit special attention

           8.  What action is necessary to make project or activity consistent











           Date                         Signed

                   (Use other side for comments as necessary).




                                           _110-






         Part 11 Management Plan

         6. AMSA Recommendations














           AREAS WHICH MERIT SPECIAL ATTENTION

           "Areas which merit special attention" (AMSA) is a designation created by the
           Alaska Coastal Management Act for geographic areas requiring special m8nage-
           ment. To receive this special consideration, an area must be one of the
           following:

           0    Unique, fragile natural habitat, of cultural value, of historical
                significance or scenic importance

           o    Of substantial recreational value


           0    Where development of facilities is dependent upon the utilization of,
                or access to, coastal waters

           0    Susceptible to industrial or commercial development

           o    A significant hazard

           0    Needed to protect, maintain, or replenish coastal land or resources,
                including coastal floodplains, aquifer recharge areas, beaches, and
                offshore sand deposits.

           In the Bristol Bay Borough, there are three such geographic areas requiring
           special consideration (see Areas Which Merit Special Attention map). It
           is recommended that these areas be considered for designation as areas which
           merit special attention. A management plan should be developed for each
           area that allows both planned development to occur, while protecting the
           natural, physical, and man-made resources.


           AMSA A: MARINE INDUSTRIAL PARK


           This area surrounds the newly constructed public dock facility located
           between the Naknek-King Salmon Road and the Naknek River. It is recommended
           as an AMSA because of the proposed port facilities and industrial park
           developing adjacent to the Naknek River, a critical salmon migration
           corridor. The area includes the Naknek River bluffs which are both hazard-
           ous and have a high erosion potential.






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                 Selection Criteria


                 AMSA A is an industrial area adjacent to an important salmon migration and
                 rearing area. Potential hazards include land slides, storm surges, erosion,
                 and accidental petroleum spills.


                 Area Description

                 The area in and around the newly constructed public dock is included along
                 with the Naknek River coastline and uplands.


                 Status of Area


                 The area includes both private and public ownership and has mixed residen-
                 tial use surrounding the proposed marine industrial park. The Bristol Bay
                 Borough owns the public dock and has planning and zoning responsibility for
                 the area.,


                 Status of Adjacent Area

                 The ownership management jurisdiction and use are similar to that within the
                 AMSA.



                 Management Objectives

                 The management objective for this AMSA is to protect the salmon migration
                 and rearing areas in the Naknek River and to allow the marine industrial
                 park to develop while minimizing resource conflicts and natural hazards.


                 AMSA B: PAUL'S CREEK/KING SALMON CREEK AREA

                 This area includes both Paul's Creek and King Salmon Creek. The reason for
                 the designation is the potential conflict between development along the
                 Naknek-King Salmon Road and adjoining areas and two highly productive salmon
                 spawning creeks.



                 Selection Criteria


                 AMSA B is an area of high natural productivity and of essential habitat for
                 wildlife, especially salmon, trout, bear, and moose.













                                                    -112-









            Area Description

            The area includes the upland and floodplain around Paul's Creek and King
            Salmon Creek. It extends from approximately 1/2 mile west of Paul's Creek
            to 1/2 mile east of King Salmon Creek, and from the Naknek River, 4 miles
            north to the rolling uplands. The area includes the intersection of the
            Naknek-King Salmon Highway and two of the Borough's most important salmon
            spawning creeks.


            Status of Area

            The area is primarily privately owned by individuals and is under the plan-
            ning and zoning jurisdiction of the Bristol Bay Borough. Low density
            residential and commercial use presently exists within the area. Paul's
            Creek and King Salmon Creek serve as marine access routes and moorages to a
            limited degree.


            Status of Adjacent Area

            The ownership, management, jurisdiction, and use are similar to that within
            the AMSA.



            Potential Conflicts

            The uplands along Paul's Creek and King Salmon Creek are developable areas.
            They are privately owned with easy access and are surrounded by a pleasant
            natural setting. Presently, a number of residences and businesses are
            located in the area and indications are that this trend will continue. As
            development occurs, the potential for disturbance and destruction to water-
            sheds will increase. Poor construction practices causing erosion, dredging
            and filling, and toxic waste spillage are examples of the potential hazards.
            A management plan developed to accommodate special considerations in this
            area could promote appropriate development and still protect the Borough's
            valuable resources.



            Management Objective

            The management objective for this area is to promote planned development of
            a type and scale that protects the salmon migration corridor and spawning
            beds. Proper and improper uses would be determined, design guidelines
            established, and a regulatory process recommended as part of the management
            scheme.



            ASMA C: BIG CREEK AND RAPIDS SECTION OF THE NAKNEK RIVER


            This area includes the Big Creek and rapids section of the Naknek River.
            The reason for the designation is the high spawning concentration of king,
            coho, pink, and chum salmon and rainbow trout in an area that is privately
            owned and being leased for residential development.





                                                -113-











              Selection Criteria


              The area is an area of high natural productivity and of essential habitat
              for wildlife. In addition to containing prime salmon spawning reaches, the
              lower reaches of Big Creek serve as a staging area for a large population of
              swans.



              Area Description

              This AMSA extends from King Salmon along the Naknek River to the federally
              owned land of Katmai National Park. It includes the upland on both sides of
              the river as well a@i the first three miles of Big Creek,


              Status of Area


              The area north of the Naknek River is owned by Paug Vik Corporation and the
              area south of the river is owned by the Alaska Peninsula Corporation. The
              Bristol Bay Borough has planning and zoning jurisdiction over the area; the
              state and federal government have specific jurisdiction over the river.
              This area is presently used for recreation, fisheries research and
              management, and subsistence and sport hunting and fishing,


              Status of Adjacent Area

              Katmai National Park is east of the recommended AMSA. The community of King
              Salmon is directly to the west. All of the remaining contiguous land has
              similar ownership, management jurisdiction and use.


              Potential Conflict


              The uplands area north of the Naknek River that border the rapids area and
              Katmai National Park is some of the most attractive and developable land in
              private ownership within the Borough. There has already been some discus-
              sion of a 5-acre, 99-year lease program for residential development by Paug
              Vik Village Corporation. Along with being attractive and developable, this
              area also contains the largest concentration of king and pink salmon spawn-
              ing beds in the Borough and is reputed to hold one of the most significant
              rainbow trout spawning areas in North America. Lower Big Creek also serves
              as a staging area for a large population of swans. Uncontrolled
              development, or poor construction procedures could disturb or destroy an
              area that is both valuable and irreplaceable. Any development in this
              sensitive area must be approached cautiously and in a way that maintains the
              natural values and unique resources.












                                                 -114-









             Management Objective

             This AMSA contains a variety of natural values, is privately owned, and is
             attractive for development. A management plan would determine the highest
             and best use of the area. Once a use determination has been made, a manage-
             ment plan would be developed that outlines guidelines to protect the migra-
             tion corridor and important salmon and trout spawning beds.

































































                                                -115-











                                              APPENDIX


                               CULVERT INSTALLATION STANDARDS*



             Each culvert placed in a river or stream frequented by fish should be
             installed so that at last one-fifth of the diameter of each round culvert
             and at least six inches of the height of each elliptical or arch type cul-
             vert is set below the streambed at both the inlet and outlet of the culvert.
             This does not apply to bottomless arch-type culverts. A variance may be
             granted to avoid solid rock excavation.

             Table 1 of this appendix represents water velocities through different
             culvert lengths which can be successfully negotiated by several Alaska fish
             species. Average cross-sectional velocities at the outside of the culvert
             should not exceed the velocities in Table 1 of this appendix except for a
             period not exceeding 48 hours during the mean annual flood.

             Adequate water depths must be maintained during low flow periods to provide
             passage through culverts. Existing water depths at crossing site must be
             measured and maintained after culvert installation. It should be the
             responsibility of the developer to design a culvert to accommodate upstream
             movement of the slowest swimming fish species or age class using the system
             Proposed dimensions must be submitted-to the Department of Fish and Game for
             approval.

             Each culvert should be placed in and aligned with the natural stream
             channel. All bank cuts, slopes, fills, and exposed earthwork attributable
             to culvert installation in streams, rivers, or lakes should be stabilized to
             prevent erosion during and after the project. Culverts should not be
             installed in areas used for fish spawning or rearing. Alternative drainage
             structures should be installed if these requirements cannot be met.
             Alternative drainage structures may include bridges or modified culverts
             approved on a site-specific basis.

             The following references can be used to compute culvert diameter when given
             the known fish passage criteria from Table 1 of this appendix, and the
             stream discharge data for mean annual flood. These references are available
             for inspection at state or federal libraries in Juneau, Anchorage, or
             Fairbanks.


                  Alaska Department of Highways. Hydraulics Manual. Juneau: Alaska
                  Department of Transportation and Public Facilities.

                  Evans" W.A. and F.B. Johnston. 1980. Fish Migration and Fish
                  Passage - A Practical Guide to Solving Fish Passage Problems. U.S.
                  Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 5.







               Seaman et al., 1981.










                  Lauman, J.E. 1976. Salmonid Passage at Streamroad Crossings.
                  Portland, Oregon: Department of Fish and Wildlife, Environmental
                  Management Section.

                  McPhee, C. and F. Watts. 1976. Swimming performance of Arctic
                  Grayling in Highway Culverts. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

                  U.S. Forest Service. 1979. Roadway Drainage Guide for Installin
                  Culverts to Accommodate Fish. Engineering and Aviation Management
                  Division, Alaska Region, U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agri-
                  culture, Report No. 42.










                                                   TABLE 1

                    AVERAGE CROSS-SECTIONAL VELOCITIES IN FEET PER SECOND
                              MEASURED AT THE OUTLET OF THE CULVERT



              Group I     -  Upstream migrant salmon fry and fingerlings when upstream
                             migration takes place at mean annual flood.

              Group II -     Adult and juvenile slow swimmers: grayling, longnose suckers,
                             whitefish, burbot, sheepfish, northern pike, Dolly Varden/
                             Arctic char, upstream migrant salmon fry and fingerlings when
                             migration not at mean annual flood.

              Group III -    Adult moderate swimmers: pink salmon, chum salmon, rainbow
                             trout, cutthroat trout.

               Group IV -    Adult high-performance swimmers: king salmon, coho salmon,
                             sockeye salmon, steelhead.






               Length of
                Culvert
               (in  feet)                Group I          Group II        Group III        Group IV

                    30                     1.0             4.6              6.8             9.9
                    40                     1.0             3.8              5.8             8.5
                    50                     1.0             3.2              5.0             7.5
                    60                     0.9             2.8              4.6             6.6
                    70                     0.8             2.6              4.2             6.0
                    80                     0.8             2.3              3.9             5.5
                    90                     0.7             2.1              3.7             5.1
                   100                     0.7             2.0              3.4             4.8
                   150                     0.5             1.8              2.8             3.7
                   200                     0.5             1.8              2.4             3.1
                   250                     0.5             1.8              2.4             3.0






       Appendix


       Habitats


            The following habitats, as defined by 5AAC 80.130,          HIGH ENERGY COASTAL BLUFFS

       are located in the district.
                                                                             Exposed coastal bluffs are along the east side of
       OFFSHORE AREAS                                                   Kvichak Bay and extend up the Naknek River. See
                                                                        Topography maps.
            Theoffshorearea is Kvichak Baywithin the Borough
       boundaries. See Borough maps.                                    RIVERS, STREAMS, AND LAKES


       ESTUAR I ES                                                           These hydrologic features are found throughout the
                                                                        Borough. See Surficial Hydrology map.
            Estuarine conditions exist in both Kvichak Bay and
       the Naknek River. In the river, estuarine conditions             IMPORTANT UPLAND HABITAT
       extend 11 miles upstream at periods of low river flow and
       high tides. See Surficial Hydrology map.                              Important upland habitat is found throughout the
       WETLANDS                                                         Borough. See Mammals, Birds and Vegetation maps.

            The tidal marsh, freshwater marsh, and wet bays
       and meadows, as illustrated on the Coastal Habitat map,
       are the only identifiable wetlands within the Borough.
       Detailed information about vegetation type and hy-
       drology is insufficient for further distinction. Further

       wetland classification should be conducted when more

       detailed information is available.



       TIDE FLATS



            There are extensive tide flats throughout Kvichak
       Bay and extending along the Naknek River to King
       Salmon Creek. See coastal morphology on Topography

       maps.







        Appendix

        Important Plants in the Bristol Bay Region



        IMPORTANT PLANTS                                                                        T. gravida
        OF THE MARINE COMMUNITY                                                                    
                                                                                                T. nordenskioldi

                                                                                                T. rotula
        Diatoms                        Astenrionella kariana                                         
                                                                                                Thalassiothrix longissima
                                       A. japonica
                                      
                                       Bacteriastrum delicatulum     Dinoflagellates            Ceratium furca
                                      
                                       Biddulphia aurita                                        C. fusus
                                     
                                       B. sinensis                                              C. longipes
                                       
                                       Cbaetoceros atlanticus                                   C. pentagonum
                                    
                                       C. compressus                                            C. tripos
                                    
                                       C. concovicornia                                         Dinophysis acuminata
                                      
                                       C. constrictus                                           D. acuta

                                       C. convolutus                                            D. arctica
                                    
                                       C. debilis                                               D. caudata
                                      
                                       C. didymus                                               D. ellipsoides
                                    
                                       C. furcellatus                                           D. ovum
                                    
                                       C. laciniosus                                            D. rotundata
                                  
                                       C. radicans                                              Gonyaulax tamarenis
           
                                       C. similis                                               Peridinium crassipes
                
                                       C. socialis                                              P. depressum
                
                                       Coscinodiscus curvatulus                                 P. divergens
                
                                       C. radiatus                                              P. ovatum
                
                                       Coscinosira polychorda                                   P. pentagonum
                
                                       Leptocylindrus danicus                                   P. steinii

                                       Melosira sulcata                                         Phalacroma rudgei

                                       Nitzschia pacifica                                       Protocentrum micans
                                      
                                       N. closterium
          
                                       N. delicatissima                   Brown algae           Agarum cribrosum
                                
                                       N. seriata                                               Alaria crispa
                                
                                       Rhizosolenia hebetata                                    A. fistulosa
                                
                                       R. semispina                                             A. praelonga
                                
                                       Skeletonema costatum                                     A. taeniata
                                
                                       Synedra sp.                                              A. tenuifolia
                       
                                       Thalassionema niyzschioides                              A. valida

                                       Thalassiosira aestivalis                                 Chorda filum

                                       T. decipiens                                             Costaria costata
 









                                        Cymatbere triplicata                        Green algae                    Phaeotus sp.
                                        Desmarestia sp.                                                            Pediastrum sp.
                                        Fucus furcatus                                                             Ankistrodesmus sp.
                                        F. inflatus                                                                Dictyospbaerium sp.
                                        F. latifrons
                                        Hedopbyllum sessile                         Blue-green algae               Microcystis sp.
                                        Laminaria bullata                                                          Lyngbya sp.
                                        L. dentigera
                                        L. groenlandica                             Seed Plants
                                        L. longipes
                                        L. saccbarina                               Mare's tail                     Hippuris vulgaris
                                        L. setchelli                                Pondweed                        Potamogeton spp.
                                        L. yezoensis                                Bur reed                        Sparganium sp.
                                        Nereocystis leutkeana                       Sedge                           Carex spp.
                                        Scytosipbon lomentaria                      Cottongrass                     Eriopborum spp.
                                        Tbalasszopbyllum clathrus                   Duckweed                        Lemna trisulca
        Red algae                       Laurencia spectabilis                       Yellow pond lily                Nupbar polysepalum
                                        Porphyra perforata                          White pond lily                 Nymphaea tetragona
                                                                                    Bladderwort                     Utricularia vulgaris
        Green algae                     Cbaetomorpba sp.
                                        Ulva latuca                                IMPORTANTPLANTS
        Eelgrass                        Zostera marina                             OF THE WET TUNDRA COMMUNITY
        Arctic rush                     juncus arcticus                                              Characteristic Species
        Large-f lowered                 Poa emines
										   
          spear grass
        Sedges                          Carex sPP.                                 Bog orchid                      Platanthera dilatata
        Rye grass                       Elymus crenarius                           Cotton grass                    Eriophorum angustifolium
                                                                                                                     ssp. subarcticum
        IMPORTANTPLANTS                                                            Sphagnum moss                   Spbagnum rubellum
        OF THE FRESHWATER COMMUNITY
                			                                                                                     Additional Species
        Diatoms                         Melosira SP.                               Shrubs
                                        Stepbanodiscus sp.
                                        Fragilaria Sp.
                                        Asterionella sp.                           Dwarf birch                     Betula nana ssp. exilis
                                        Tabellaria Sp,
                                        Synedra sP.                                Blueberry                       Vaccinium uliginosum
                                        Navicula sp.                               Labrador tea                    Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens
                                                                                   Willow                          Salix fuscescens
 










          Herbs                                                                                 Additional Species


          Bistort                      Polygonum bistorta ssp.                  Shrubs
                                          plumosum
          Bur reed                     Sparganium sp.                           Arctic willow                 Salix arctica ssp. crassijulis
          Bog cranberry                Oxycoccus microcarpus                    Blueberry                     Vaccinium uliginosum
          Mare's tail                  Hippuris vulgaris                        Cranberry                     V. Vitis-idaea ssp. minus
          Marsh marigold               Caltha palustris ssp. arctica            Dwarf birch                   Betula nana ssp. exilis
          Pond weed                    Potamogeton sp.
          Wild flag                    iris setosa SSP. setosa                  Herbs


          Grasses and sedges                                                    Aster                         Aster sibircus
                                                                                Bistort                       Polygonum bistorta ssp.
          Beach rye grass              Elymus arenarius ssp. mollis                                             plumosum
          Marsh arrowgrass             Triglocbin palustris                     Buttercup                     Ranunculus Escbscboltzii
          Oat grass                    Hordeum brachyantberum                   Goldthread                    Coptis trifolia
          Rush                         Luzula Wahlenbergii spp. Piperi          Lousewort                     Pedicularis Kanei ssp. Kanei
          Sedge                        Carex pluriflora                         Monkshood                     Aconitum deqlpbinifollum
          Spear rye grass              Poa eminens                                                               ssp. delpbinifolium
                                                                                Violet                        Viola epipsila ssp. repens
          Fern relatives


          Fir clubmoss                 Lycopodium selago ssp. selago            Grasses and sedges
          Quillwort                    Isoetes maricata ssp. maritima           Bentgrass                     Agrostis borealis
          Lichens, mosses, and liverworts                                       Bluejoint reed grass          Calamagrostis canadensis
                                                                                Cottongrass                   Eriophorum angustifolium
                                                                                                                ssp. subarcticum
          IMPORTANT PLANTS                                                      Hair grass                    Deschampsia caespitosa
          OF THE MOIST TUNDRA COMMUNITY                                         Mountain timothy              Pbleum commutatum
                                                                                Wood rush                     Luzula parviflora
                          Characteristic Species                                Sedge                         Carex pluriflora
          Crowberry                    Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum              Fern relatives
          Sedge                        Carex saxatilis                          Alpine clubmoss               Lycopodium alpinum
          Hair moss                    Dicranum sp.                             Fir clubmoss                  L. selago ssp. selago
          Reindeer lichen              Cladonia sp.


                                                                                Lichens and mosses
 










        IMPORTANT PLANTS                                                       Ferns and fern relatives
        OF THE ALPINE TUNDRA COMMUNITY                                         Fragile fern                  Cystopteris fragilis ssp. fragilis
                         Characteristic Species                                Rockbrake                     Cryptogramma crispa var.
                                                                                                               achrosticboides
        Blueberry                     Vaccmium uliginosum                      Spike moss                    Selaginella sibirica
        Crowberry                     Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum              Lichens and mosses
        Lichens
                         Additional Species
                                                                               IMPORTANT PLANTS
        Shrubs                                                                 OF THE BOTTOMLAND
        Alpine azalea                 Loiseleuria procumbens                   SPRUCE-POPLAR COMMUNITY
        Arctic willow                 Salix arctica                                            Characteristic Species
        Bearberry                     Arctostapbylos uva-ursi
        Cinquefoil                    Potentilla fruticosa                     White spruce                  Picea glauca
        Cranberry                     Vaccmium vitis-idaea ssp. minus          Balsam poplar                 Populus balsamifera


        Herbs                                                                                  Additional Species


        Anemone                       Anemone parviflora                       Trees
                                      A. narcissiflora
                                         ssp. Villosissima                     Paper birch                   Betula papyrifera
        Aster                         Aster sibiricus
        Cow parsnips                  Heracleum lanatum                        Shrubs
        Gentian                       Gentiana algida
        Lousewort                     Pedicularis Kanei ssp. Kanei             Blueberry                     Vaccinium uliginosum
        Lupine                        Lupinus nootkatensis                     Green alder                   Alnus crispa
        Moss campion                  Silene acaulis                           Littletree willow             Salix arbusculoides
        Mountain avens                Geum Rossii                              Low bush cranberry            Vaccmium vitis-idaea
        Saxifrage                     Saxifraga bronchialis                    Narrow leaf Labrador          Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens
                                         ssp. funstonli                         tea
        Sweet coltsfoot               Petasites frigidus                       Rose                          Rosa acicularis
        Yarrow                        Acbillea borealis

        Grasses                                                                Herbs

        Fescue grass                  Festuca altaica                          Bluebell                      Mertensia paniculata
        Mountain timothy              Pbleum commutatum                        Columbine                     Aquilegia brevistyla
        Tufted hairgrass              Descbampsia caespitosa                   Fireweed                      Epiloblum angustifolium
 



          Grasses                                                                  Herbs


          Bluejoint reed grass           Calamagrostis purpurascens                Arctic dock           Rumex arcticus
                                                                            
                                                                                   Northern water        Chrysosplenium tetrandrum
          Ferns and fern relatives                                                   carpet
                                                                                   Sidebells pyrola      Pyrola secunda
          Oak fern                       Dryopteris dilatata                       Sweet coltsfoot       Petasites frigidus
          Fir clubmoss                   Lycopodium selago
          Horsetail                      Equisetum arvense                         Grasses and sedges


          Lichens and mosses                                                       Grass                 Poa paucispicula
                                                                                   Bluejoint reed grass  Calamagrostis canadensis
          IMPORTANT PLANTS                                                         Polar grass           Arctagrostis latifolia
          OF THE LOWLAND                                                           Sedge                 Carex lugens
          SPRUCE-HARDWOOD COMMUNITY
          
                                                                                   Fern relatives

                            Characteristic Species
                                                                                   Horsetail             Equisetum scirpoides
          Black spruce                   Picea mariana
          Tamarack                       Larix laricina                            Lichens and mosses
          Paper birch                    Betula papyrifera


                            Additional Species



          Trees


          Aspen                          Populus tremuloides
          Balsam poplar                  Populus balsamifera
          White spruce                   Picea glauca


          Shrubs



          Low brush cranberry            Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus
          Bebb willow                    Salix bebbiana
          Littletree willow              S. arbusculoides
          Net leaf willow                S. reticulata
 





           Appendix

           Important Animals in the Bristol Bay Region


           IMPORTANT ANIMALS                                                            Chum (dog) salmon                0. keta
           OF THE MARINE COMMUNITY                                                      Pink (humpback)                  0. gorbuscba
                                                                                           salmon
           Invertebrates                                                                Pacific ocean perch              Sebastes alutus
                                                                                        Sculpin                          Cottidae (Family)
           Bacteria                         Schzomycetes (Phylum)                       Halibut                          Hippoglossus stenolepis
           Protozoa                         Sarcodina (Phylum)                          Rock sole                        Lepidopsetta bilineata
           Jellyfish                        Scyphozoa (Class)                           Turbot                           Atheresthes stomias
           Sea anemones                     Anthozoa (Class)                            Flathead sole                    Hippoglossoides elassodon
           Marine worms                     Polychaeta (Class)                          Yellowfin sole                   Limanda aspera
           Comb jellies                     Ctenophora (Phylum)                         Other flatfish                   Pleuronectidae (Family)
           Shrimp                           Pandalus and Pandalopsis spp.
           Dungeness crab                   Cancer magister                             Birds
           King crab                        Paralithodes camtschatica
           Tanner crab                      Chionoecetes bairdi                         Whistling swan                   Olor columbianus
                                            C. opilio                                   Black brant                      Branta migricans
           Other crabs                      Decapoda (Order)                            Emperor goose                    B. leucopareia
           Other crustaceans                Isopoda (Order)                             Canada goose                     B. canadensis
                                            Amphipoda (Order)                           Pintail                          Anas acuta
                                            Copepoda (Order)                            Mallard                          A. platyrhynchos
                                            Mysidacea (Order)                           Green-winged teal                A. crecca carolinensis
                                            Euphausiacea (Order)                        Peregrine falcon                 Falco peregrinus
           Clams                            Pelecypoda (Class)                          Gyrfalcon                        F. rusticola
           Chitons                          Amphineura (Class)                          Northern bald eagle              Haliaeetus leucocephalus
           Sea urchins                      Echinoidea (Class)                          Red-legged kittiwake             Rissa brevirostris
           Sea stars                        Asteroidea (Class)                          Common eider                     Somateria molissima
           Brittlestar                      Ophiuroidea (Class)                         King eider                       S. spectabilis
           Sea cucumbers                    Holothuroidea (Class)                       White-winged scoter              Melanitta deglandi
                                                                                        Red-breasted merganser           Mergus serrator
           Fish                                                                         Red phalarope                    Phalaropus fulicarius
                                                                                        Glaucous-Winged gull             Larus glaucescens
           Pollock                          Theragra chalcogrammus                      Arctic tern                      Sterna paradisaea
           Pacific cod                      Gadus macrocepbalus                         Common murre                     Uria aalge
           Blackcod                         Anoplopoma fimbria                          Thicked-billed murre             U. lomvia
           Pacific herring                  Clupea harengus pallasi                     Pigeon guillemot                 Cepphus columba
           Red (sockeye) salmon             Oncorbynchus nerka                          Kittlitz's murrelet              Brachyramphus brevirostris
           Silver (coho) salmon             0. kisutch                                  Ancient murrelet                 Synthliboramphus antiquum
           King (chinook) salmon            0. tshawytscha                              Cassin's auklet                  Ptychoramphus aleutica
 









           Parakeet auklet                  Cyclorrhyncbus psittacula                    Ci I iates                        Ciliopbora (Phylum)
           Crested aukiet                   Aetbia cristatella                           Flatworms                         Turbellaria (Class)
           Least auklet                     A. pusilla                                   Aquatic earthworms                0119ocbaeta (Class)
           Whiskered auklet                 A. pygmaea                                   Crustaceans                       Copepoda (Order)
           Horned puffin                    Fratercula corniculata                                                         Cladocera (Order)
           Tuflecl puffin                   Lunda cirrbata                                                                 Anostraca (Order)
           Black oystercatcher              Haematopus bacbmanz                                                            Notostraca (Order)
           Semipalmated plover              Cbaradrius semipalmatus                      Midge larvae                      Cbzronomidae (Family)
           Rock sandpiper                   Eroha ptilocnemis                            Mosquito larvae                   Culicidae (Family)
           Least sa nd p i per              E. minutilla                                 Dragonfly larvae                  Odonata (Order)
           Albatross                        Diomedeidae (Family)                         Stonefly larvae                   Plecoptera (Order)
           Shearwaters and                  Procellaridae (Family)                       Mayfly larvae                     Ephemeroptera (Order)
             fulmars                                                                     Caddisfly larvae                  Tricboptera (Order)
           Storm petrels                    Hydrobatidae (Family)                        Water beatles                     Coleoptera (Order)
           Cormorants                       Pbalacrocoracidae (Family)                   Clams                             Pelecypoda (Class)
           Loons                            Graviidae (Family)                           Snails                            Gastropoda (Class)
           Phalaropes                       Pbalaropodidae (Family)                      Fish
           Grebes                           Podicepedidae (Family)
           Jaegers                          Stercorardae (Family)                        Arctic char                       Salvelinus alpinus
           Mammals                                                                       Lake trout                        S. namaycusb
                                                                                         Dolly Varden                      S. malma
           Killer whale                     Orcinus orca                                 Rainbow trout                     Salmo gairdnerl
           Gray whale                       Escbricbtlus gibbosus                        Arctic grayling                   Tbymallus arcticus
           Beluga whale                     DeIpb1napterus Ieucas                        Northern pike                     Esox Iucz  .us
           Harbor porpoise                  Phocoena pbocoena                            Sculpin                           Cottidae (Family)
           Walrus                           Odobenus rosmarus                            Whitefish and cisco               Coregonus spp.
           Northern fur seal                Callorhinus ursinus                          Burbot                            Lota Iota
           Harbor seal                      Pboca vi'tuhna                               Ninespine stickleback             Pungztz'us pungi        .tz.us
           Steller sea I ion                Eumetopiasjubata                             Threespine                        Gasterosteus aculeatus
           Sea otter                        Enbydra lutra                                    stickleback
                                                                                         Blackfish                         Dalha pectoralls

           IMPORTANT ANIMALS                                                             Birds
           OF THE FRESHWATER COMMUNITY
           Invertebrates                                                                 Canada goose                      Branta canadensis
                                                                                         Black brant                       B. nigricans
           Bacteria                         Schizomycetes (Phylum)                       Oldsquaw                          Clangula byemalis
                                                                                         Whistling swan                    01or columbianus
           Rotifers                         Rotifera (Class)                             Pintail                           Anas acuta
           Flagellates                      Mastl'gopbora (Phylum)









          Green-winged teal             A. crecca carolinensis                  Birds
          Peregrine falcon              Falco peregri .nus
          Common eider                  Somateria mollissima                    Whistling swan               Olor columbianus
          King eider                    S. spectabilis                          Canada goose                 Branta canadensis
          White-winged scoter           Melanitta deglandi                      Black brant                  Branta nigricans
          Red-breasted merganser        Mergus serrator                         Emperor goose                Pbilacte canagica
          Arctic tern                   Sterna paradisaea                       White-fronted goose          A nser alb ifro ns
          Dipper                        Cinclus mexicanus                       Pintail duck                 A nas acu ta
          Sernipalmated plover          Cbaradrius semipalmatus                 Greater scaup                Aytbya marila
          Least sandpiper               Erolia minutilla                        Oldsquaw                     Clangula byemalis
          Other geese                   Anserinae (Subfamily)                   Spectacled eider             Lampronetta fiscberi
          Other diving ducks            Aythyinae (Subfamily)                   Northern phalarope           Lobipes lobatus
          Other surface-feeding         Anatinae (Subfamily)                    Western sandpiper            Ereunetes mauri
             ducks                                                              Dunlin                       Erolia alpina
          Phalaropes                    Pbalaropodidae (Family)                 Black turnstone              Arenaria melanocepbala
          Loons                         Gaviidae (Family)                       Bar-tailed godwit            Limosa lapponica
          Grebes                        Podicepedidae (Family)                  Whimbrel                     Numenius pbaeopus
                                                                                Bristle-thighed curlew       Numenius tabitiensis
          Mammals                                                               Lesser sandhill crane        Grus canadensis
                                                                                Rough-legged hawk            Buteo lagopus
          Beaver                        Castor canadensis                       Marsh hawk                   Circus cyaneus
          Mink                          Mustela vison                           Snowy owl                    Nyctea scandiaca
          Land otter                    Lutra canadensis                        Short-eared owl              Asio flammeus
          Muskrat                       Ondatra zibetbica                       Common eider                 Somateria mollissima
                                                                                King eider                   S. spectabills
          IMPORTANT ANIMALS                                                     White-winged scoter          Melanitta deglandi
          OF THE WET TUNDRA COMMUNITY                                           Red-breasted merganser       Mergus serrator
                                                                                Red phalarope                Pbalaropus fulicarlus
          Mammals                                                               Parasitic jaeger             Stercorarlus parasiticus
          Common shrew                  Sorex cinereus                          Arctic tern                  Sterna paradisaea
          Tundra shrew                  Sorex tundrensis
          Beaver                        Castor canadensis                       Invertebrates
          Northern bog lemming          Synaptomys borealis
          Muskrat                       Ondatra zibetbica                       Spiders and mites            Aracbnida (Class)
          Arctic fox                    Alopexlagopus                           Insects                      Insecta (Class)
          Grizzly bear                  Ursus arctos                            Flatworms                    Platybelmintbes (Phylum)
          River otter                   Lutra canadensis                        Roundworms                   Nematoda (Class)
          Caribou                       Rangifer tarandus












       IMPORTANT ANIMALS                                                     Raven                         Corvus corax
       OF THE MOIST TUNDRA COMMUNITY                                         Willow ptarmigan              Lagopus lagopus
                                                                             Parasitic jaeger              Stercorarius parasiticus
       Mammals                                                               Arctic tern                   Sterna paradisaea
                                                                             Least sandpiper               Erolia minutilla
       Common shrew                  Sorex cinereus                          I nvertebrates
       Tundra shrew                  Sorex tundrensis
       Dusky shrew                   Sorex obscurus                          Spiders and mites             Aracbnida (Class)
       Brown lemming                 Lemmus trimucronatus                    I nsects                      Insecta (Class)
       Red-backed vole               Cletbrionomys dawsoni                   Flatworms                     Platybelmintbes (Phylum)
       Tundra vole                   Microtus oeconomus                      Roundworms                    Nematoda (Class)
       Gray wolf                     Canis lupus
       Red fox                       Vulpes fulva                            IMPORTANT ANIMALS OF OTHER HABITATS
       Black bear                    Ursus americanus                        (INCLUDES LOW BRUSH BOG AND MUSKEG;
       Grizzly bear                  Ursus arctos                            BOTTOMLA'ND SPRUCE-POPLAR FOREST; UPLAND
       Ermine                        Mustela erminea                         SPRUCE-HARDWOOD FOREST; LOWLAND SPRUCE-
       Wolverine                     Gulo gulo                               HARDWOOD FOREST; AND HIGH BRUSH)
       Caribou                       Rangifer tarandus
       Musk-ox                       Ovibos moscbatus                        Mammals
       Moose                         A Ices alces                            Black bear                    Ursus americanus

                                                                             Ermine                        Mustela erminea
       Birds                                                                 Land otter                    Lutra canadensis
       Canada goose                  Branta canadensis                       Least weasel                  Mustela rixosa
       Rough-legged    hawk          Buteo lagopus                           Lynx                          Lynx canadensis
       Golden eagle                  Aquila cbrysaetos                       Marten                        Martes americana
       Bald eagle                    Haliaeetus leucocepbalus                Mink                          Mustela vison
       Marsh hawk                    Circus cyaneus                          Red fox                       Vulpes vulpes
       Gyrfalcon                     Falco rusticolus                        Wolf                          Canis lupus
       Peregrine falcon              Falco peregrinus                        Wolverine                     Gulo gulo
       Northern phalarope            Lobipes lobatus                         Moose                         Alces alces
       Western sandpiper             Ereunetes maurl                         Beaver                        Castor canadensis
       Dunlin                        Erolia alpina                           Snowshoe hare                 Lepus americanus
       Black turnstone               Arenaria melanocepbala                  Birds
       Bar-tailed godwit             Limosa lapponica                        Black-backed three-           Picoides arcticus
       Whimbrel                      Numenius pbaeopus                          toed woodpecker
       Bristle-thighed curlew        Numenius tabitlensis                    Northern three-toed           Picoides tridactylus
       Lesser sa ndh i I I cra ne    Grus canadensis                            woodpecker
       Lapland longspur              Calcarlus lapponicus                    Yellow-shafted flicker        Colaptes auratus
       Yellow wagtail                Motacilla flava                         Hairy woodpecker              Dendrocopos villosus
       Tree sparrow                  Spizella arborea                        Downy woodpecker              Dendrocopos pubescens



          Gray jay                       Perisoreus canadensis                    Caribou                       Rangifer tarandus
          Bareal chickadee               Parus budsonicus                         Moose                         Alces alces
          Black-capped                   Parus atricapillus
             chickadee                                                            Birds
          White-winged crossbill         Loxia leucoptera
          Bank swallow                   Riparia riparia                          Canada goose                  Branta canadensis
          Dipper                         Cinclus mexicanus                        Golden plover                 Pluvialis domininica
          Winter wren                    Troglodytes troglodytes                  Western sandpiper             Ereunetes mauri
          Yellow warbler                 Dendroica petechia                       Ruddy turnstone               Arenaria interpes
          Gray-crowned rosy              Leucosticte tephrocotis                  Rock ptarmigan                Lagopus mutus
             finch                                                                Lapland longspur              Calcarius lapponicus
          Common redpoll                 Acanthis flammea                         Willow ptarmigan              Lagopus lagopus
          Savannah sparrow               Passerculus sandwichensis                Common murre                  Uria aalge
          Song sparrow                   Melospiza melodia                        Thick-billed murre            U. lomvia
          Snow bunting                   Plectrophenax nivalis                    Pigeon guillemot              Cepphus columba
          Invertebrates                                                           Kittlitz's murrelet           Brachyramphus brevirostris
                                                                                  Ancient murrelet              Synthliboramphus antiquum
          Spiders and mites              Arachnida (Class)                        Cassin's auklet               Ptychoramphus aleutica
          Insects                        Insecta (Class)                          Parakeet auklet               Cyclorrhynchus psittacula
          Flatworms                      Platyhelminthes (Phylum)                 Crested auklet                Aethia cristatella
          Roundworms                     Nematoda (Class)                         Least auklet                  A. pusilla
                                                                                  Whiskered auklet              A. pygmaea
          IMPORTANT ANIMALS                                                       Horned puffin                 Fratercula corniculata
          OF THE ALPINE TUNDRA COMMUNITY                                          Tufted puffin                 Lunda cirrhata
                                                                                  Water pipit                   Anthus spinoletta
          Mammals                                                                 Solitary sandpiper            Tringa solitaria
                                                                                  Rock sandpiper                Erolia ptilocnemis
          Tundra shrew                   Sorex tundrensis                         Aleutian tern                 Sterna aleutica
          Tundra hare                    Lepus othus
          Hoary marmot                   Marmota caligata                         Invertebrates
          Arctic ground squirrel         Citellus parryi
          Greenland collard              Dicrostonyx groenlandicus                Spiders and mites             Arachnida (Class)
             lemming                                                              Insects                       Insecta (Class)
          Tundra vole                    Microtus oeconomus                       Flatworms                     Platyhelmintbes (Phylum)
          Norway rat                     Rattus norvegicus                        Roundworms                    Nematoda (Class)
          Gray wolf                      Canis 1upus
          Red fox                        Vulpes fulva
          Black bear                     Ursus americanus
          Grizzly bear                   Ursus arctos
          Wolverine                      Gulo gulo
 




      Appendix

     Bristol Bay Borough Salmon Processors 1980



                                                                                                    Product
                           Processors                          Operation                              Form


                    A. Kemp                         Floating processor                             Salted and
                                                                                                   cured


                    Alaska Blue Sea                 Flying fish

                   *Alaska Far East                 Land-based processor, Naknek                   Frozen

                    Alaska Fisheries Company        Floating processor                             Frozen

                    Alaska Gourmet                  Flying fish                                    Fresh

                   -Alaska Packers Association      Land-based processor, Naknek                   Canned

                   *All Alaskan Seafood, Inc.       Floating processor                             Frozen

                    Al-Lous                         Flying

                    American Eagle Seafoods         Floating processor                             Frozen

                    America, Ltd.                   Tendered via Canadian and U.S.
                                                    tender


                    Ball Brothers,  I nc.           Flying fish

                    Baronof Fisheries               Floating processor                             Frozen

                   *Bountiful (Trident              Floating processor                             Frozen
                    Seafoods)

                   *Bristol Monarch                 Floating processor                             Frozen
                    (Trident Seafoods)

                   *Bumble Bee Seafoods             Land-based processor, South Naknek             Canned

                    Cigale                          Floating processor                             Frozen

                    Comeau                          Floating processor                             Cured and
                                                                                                   frozen


                    Courageous                      Floating processor                             Frozen

                    Denali                          Floating processor                             Frozen

                    Double Star Fish                Floating processor                             Frozen

                    Dutch Harbor Seafoods           Floating processors                            Frozen

                    Fish West                       Floating processors,  flying fish















                                                                                                            Product
                               Processors                            Operation                                Form



                        *Icicle Seafoods                   Flying and tendered                              Frozen, canned

                          Ikari Ak.                        Canadian tenders, floating processor

                          International Seafoods           Flying fish

                          Kenai Packers                    Tender, flying fish (maintains fish
                                                           camp at Naknek)

                          Kodiak Island   Seafood          Tendered


                          Keijah Saltery                   Land-based                                       Salted

                          Lafayette                        Floating processor


                          Lake Country Lodge               Flying fish

                          Mariner Seafoods                 Flying fish

                          Martin's Seafoods                Flying fish

                          Mystic Way                       Floating processor

                          Narilla Inc.                     Floating processor

                          Nelbro                           Flying fish and Canadian tender,                 Canned, frozen
                                                           land-based processor - Naknek

                          North Coast Seafoods             Floating processor                               Frozen

                          Northern Peninsula Fish          Flying fish

                          Northland Sea Products           Floating processor                               Frozen

                          Nika Island Seafoods             Floating processor, tender                       Cured

                          Pacific International            Flying fish

                        *Pacific Mist Corporation          Floating processor                               Frozen

                        *Kodiak King Crab                  Land-based processor, Naknek,                    Frozen
                                                           tender


                        -Peter Pan                         Tendered and maintains fish camp                 Frozen, canned
                                                           in Naknek and South Naknek


                          Polar Seafood                    Flying fish                                      Fresh

                          Putman Fish                      Flying fish                                      Fresh














                                                                                                       Product
                              Processors                          Operation                             Form


                       Queen Fish                      Flying fish and maintains fish camp

                      *Red Salmon Company              Land-based processor, Naknek                   Canned, frozen

                       Royal Pacific                   Flying fish

                       Salamatof                       Flying fish

                       Skagit                          Floating processor, tender via                 Frozen, cured
                                                       Canadian boat

                       Starboard, Inc.                 Flying fish

                       Sterling Seafoods               Floating processor                             Frozen, cured

                       Taditim Corporation             Floating processor

                       Trans Alaska                    Floating processor                             Frozen

                       Tempest (Trident                Floating processor                             Frozen
                       Seafoods)

                       10th & M                        Flying fish

                      *VVhitney-Fidalgo                Land-based processor, Naknek                   Canned, frozen
                       Seafoods, Inc.






                         Over 1 % of tota I


                       Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game






        Appendix

        Alaska Department of Fish and Game Fisheries Research and Management Sites



        SONAR JUVENILE SOCKEYE ENUMERATION SITE                          Future Anticipated Use


        Site Description                                                     Once the equipment is purchased and employed
                                                                         (1981 or 1982) sonar will be used every year to enumerate
            This site is located on the east bank of the Naknek          outmigrating sockeye smolt.
        River approximately 1 mile south of the Air Force
        "Rapids Camp." The site includes about a half mile stretch       Justification of Research/Management Site
        along the Naknek River and is about 300-500 yards
        inland from the water's edge. Currently there are no                 The Naknek River is a significant contributor to the
        permanent sturctures located on this site.                       Bristol Bay sockeye salmon fishery. To properly manage
                                                                         this fishery, information on smolt outmigration is neces-
        Legal Description                                                sary to pred'ict the future run to the river. Maintenance
                                                                         of access.and use of this area is essential to the proper
            Not available. The area indicated on the map incorpor-       management of the fishery. This region of the Naknek
        ates the approximate area needed for the sonar smolt             River may prove to be the only region where sonar can be
        enumeration program. This site may be relocated up or            successfully employed. Successful operation of sonar
        down river pending future research.                              smolt enumeration equipment requires a region with
        Access                                                           minimal wind, relatively deep water, and very little, if
                                                                         any, boat traffic.

            Access via road to Rapids Camp and river access.             ADULT AND JUVENILE SOCKEYE SAMPLING SITE

        Past and Current Use
                                                                         Site Description

            Specially designed sonar equipment has proven in
        many streams to be the most accurate and consistent                  This site encompasses approximately 40 acres of land
        means to enumerate salmon smolt. This technology was             directly across the Naknek River from the Air Force
        first employed in the Naknek River in 1978 with equip-           Rapids Camp. It is used as a field camp base and as an
        ment designed to be used in the Kvichak River. It was            escapement sampling site and, to a lesser extent, as an
        found that modifications of the Kvichak sonar equipment          adult sampling site for sockeye salmon. There are three
        would be needed before it could be successfully used             cabins built by ADF&G now occupying the site.
        in the Naknek River. The department has recently ac-
        quired the funds to purchase the needed equipment                Legal Description
        and is expected to continue the use of sonar. Slight siting
        vanations may occur over the next several years until                All land within the following area. N 1/2 NW 1/4 NE
        an optimal location for the equipment has been identified.       1/4, SE 1/4 SE 1/4 NVV 1/4, N 1/2 NE 1/4 SVV 1/4 of
        The area would be used extensively from May 15 to July           Section 14, Township 18 S., Range 44W. Seward Meridian.
        31.











        Access                                                             Legal Description


            Access via road to Rapids Camp and river access.                   All the land contained in the following area: SE 1/4
                                                                           SE 1/4 NW 1/4, SW 1/4 SW 1/4 NE 1/4, NE 1/4 NE 1/4
        Past and Current Use                                               SW  1/4, NW 1/4 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 of Section 14, Township
                                                                           18S, Range 44 W. Seward Meridian.

            The area was first used by the Bureau of Commercial
        Fisheries in 1929. In that year and in succeeding years            Access
        a weir was installed for the purpose of adult enumeration.             Access via road to Rapids Camp and river access.
        Towers eventually replaced the weir as an enumeration
        technique and ADF&G took over the enumeration pro-
        gram. The salmon smolt enumeration was first initiated             Past and Current Use
        in 1956 and has continued to the present. Escapement
        sampling may occur anywhere adjacent to the site. The                  Salmon escapement enumeration has been conducted
        existing cabins are used to house supplies and a field crew        on  the Naknek River since 1955. This specific location
        during the field season (May 15 to August 15). From three          is the most readily suited for tower enumeration, though
        to eight men operate the smolt and adult enumeration               in some years environmental factors may warrant moving
        programs.                                                          the actual tower site locations several yards either way.
                                                                           The site is presently used as it has been in the past years.
        Future Anticipated Use                                             Actual use is from June 15 to July 31 in most years.
                                                                           One two-room cabin is located on the site. A counting
            No change expected.                                            tower is assembled and used for the duration of the
        Justification of Research/Management Site                          program. The structure is later stored in the cabin.
                                                                           Future Anticipated Use

            The Naknek River is a major contributor to the Bristol
        Bay sockeye salmon fishery. Smolt and adult enumera-                   Use of the site is expected to continue at present
        tion are essential elements of the proper management of            levels.
        the fishery. Maintenance of access and use of the area is
        essential to the effective management of the fishery.              Justification of Research /Management Site

        ADULT SOCKEYE ENUMERATION SITE                                         Sockeye salmon migrate upstream along both banks.
                                                                           Any type of encroachment which would affect this be-
        Site Description                                                   havior pattern would render our present program ineffec-
                                                                           tive. As the Naknek River is a major contributor to the
            This site encompasses approximately 24 acres of                Bristol Bay fishery and escapement enumerations are
        land located on the first large bend above the "rapids"            critical to proper management, this enumeration site is
        on the Naknek River. It is the counting tower site for             important to the effective management of the Bristol
        the Naknek River and has one ADF&G cabin located on                Bay salmon fishery.
        the north shore of the river (on the inside bend).






        Bibliography


                                 PART I

        Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1973.               DMJM Forssen. 1980. Aleutian and Southwest Alaska
            Alaska's Wildlife and Habitat. Anchorage, Alaska.               Coastal Ferry Study. Anchorage, Alaska.


        Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1977.               Faro, J.B. and A.W. Franzmann. 1978. Alaska Peninsula
            A Fish and Wildlife Resource Inventory of the Alaska            Moose Productivity and Physiology Study. Alaska
            Peninsula, Aleutian Islands and Bristol Bay Areas,              Department of Fish and Game. Juneau, Alaska.
            Vol. 2-Fisberies. Prepared under contract to the
            Alaska Coastal Management Program, Division of              Furbush, C.E. and C.C. Wiedenfeld. (No Date). Soils of
            Policy Development and Planning.                                the King Salmon-Naknek Area. Soil Conservation
                                                                            Service, USDA.
        Alaska State Housing Authority. 1966. Bristol Bay
            Borough Comprehensive Development Plan. Anchorage,          Golia, A. 1980. Bristol Bay: Energy Report. Bristol
            Alaska.                                                         Bay Native Association. Dillingham, Alaska.


        Alves, W., et al. 1978. The Effects of Regional Populatio'n     Golia, A. 1980. Bristol Bay: The Herring Fishery. Bristol
            Growth on Hunting for Selected Big Game Species                 Bay Native Association. Dillingham, Alaska.
            I-n Soutbcentral Alaska 1976-2000. A report for
            the Coastal Fish and Wildlife Resource Profile of           Golia, A. 1976. Bristol Bay: Economic Development
            Southcentral Alaska. USRWS Contract No.                         Plan. Bristol Bay Native Association. Dillingham,
            14-16-0009-77-077, AE I DC.                                     Alaska.


        Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center                Hemming, J.E. 1971. The Distribution and Movement
            (AElDC). 1974. The Bristol Bay Environment, A                   Patterns of Caribou in Alaska. Alaska Department
            Background Study of Available Knowledge.                        of Fish and Game, Technical Bul. No. 1.

        Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center                Hood, Donald W. and E.J. Kelley. 1974. Oceanography
            (AEIDC). 1976. Alaska Regional Profiles, South-                 of the Bering Sea. University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
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            Anchorage.                                                      No. 2.


        Bartonek, James C, and Daniel G. Gibson. 1972. Summer           Irvine, C. 1976. Population Size of the Alaska Peninsula
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            Reprinted from The Condor, Vol. 74, No. 4.                      Project W- 17-7, 17-8, Job 3.17 R,

        Bristol Bay Borough. 1980. Bristol Bay Borough Com-             King, J.G. and C.J. Lensink. 1971. An Evaluation of
            prebensive Plan. Naknek, Alaska.                                Alaskan Habitat for Migratory Birds. Fish and Wild-
                                                                            I ife Service/DO 1.
        Bristol Bay Borough. 1980. Overall Economic Develop-
            ment Program. Naknek, Alaska.










         Kresge, Fison and Gasbarro. 1974. Bristol Bay, A Socio-        Hulten, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring
             economic Study. University of Alaska, (ISER).                  Territories. Stanford University Press.
             Anchorage, Alaska.
         Lensink, Calvin J. and James C. Bartonek. 1976. Pre-           Kramer, Chin and Mayo, Inc. 1980. Cordova Coastal
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             liminary Catalog of Seabird Colonies and Photographic
             Mapping of Seabird Colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildlife        Kyle, A. D. 1982. Local Planning for Wetland Manage-
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         Skoog, R. 1968. Ecology of the Caribou in Alaska.                  Office of the Governor.
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                                 PART 11                                    DEIS.

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             Arctic Biology. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.               and Shrubs. U.S. Department Agriculture, Forest
         Buck, Bowden, Baldridge, and Wilson. 1978. Biblio-                 Service Handbook No. 410.
             graphy, Synthesis and Modeling of Naknek River
             Aquatic Systems Information. Seattle, Wash: AE I DC
             for USDI/National Park Service.






        Map Sources


        Alaska Department of Fish & Game. 1973. Alaska's
           Wildlife and Habitat. Anchorage, Alaska.


        Alaska Division of Land and Water Management, Depart-
           ment of Natural Resources. (No Date). Status Plats.
           Anchorage, Alaska.


        Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission (FSLUPC).
           1976. Resource Overlay Collection. Anchorage,
           Alaska.



        University of Alaska, Arctic Environmental Information
           and Data Center. 1974, Alaska Regional Profile,
           Southwest Regional Resource Maps.


        U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.
           1968. Naknek-King Salmon Area, Alaska, 1:31, 680.


        U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Manage-
           ment. Status Plats. Anchorage, Alaska.


        U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
           Alaska, Scale 1:2,500,000


        U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
           Naknek Series, 1:63,360.




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