[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]












                Mitchell, Hood and Chaik-Whitewater Bays
                      Areas Meriting Special Attention Pla@/









          F



        HT
        393
        .A42                                   Public Review Draft
        A54                                          July 1990
        1990
                                     Angoon Coastal Management District























































                      The preparation of this report was financed in part by funds from the Alaska
                      Coastal Management Program which is funded by the State of Alaska and the
                      Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
                      Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, administered by the
                      Department of Community and Regional Affairs, Municipal and Regional
                      Assistance Division.



                      Coverphoto: Kanalku Bay in the Mitchell Bay AMSA. Peter Metcalfe, Juneau.








                                        ACKNOV4EDGEADENTS

                                          Roxanne Turner, Project Consultant
                                          Barbara Sheinberg, Project Manager

                                               CITY OF ANGOON

                      CITY COUNCIL                         PLANNING & ZONING COMMISSION
                      Daniel Johnson, Jr., Mayor                    George Johnson, Jr., Chairman
                      Wally Frank, Sr.                                                  Lydia George
                      Edward Gamble, Sr.                                                  Frank Lane
                           Y-e Johnson, Jr.                                          Matilda Gamble
                      Georg
                      Vivian James                                                       Cynthia Jim
                      George Nelson, Jr.                                                 Harriet Silva
                      Rodney Hunter                                              Norman Nelson, Sr.
                      COASTAL COORDINATOR
                      Pauline Johnson

         We appreciate the assistance and support of Dan Johnson Jr., George Johnson Jr., and Pauline
         Johnson. The City Council and Planning Commission members worked hard to strengthen the
         policies and recommmendations, and their wit enlivened our meetings.
         Several of the elders deserve special thanks for their on-going work on the traditional Tlingit place
         names for Figures 6, 7, and 8. The include Lydia George, Matthew Fred Sr., George Jim Sr.,
         Charlie Joseph Sr., and Paul James 9r. Beth Jack assisted with translation and orthography.
         Matthew Kookesh reviewed the draft AMSA plan and suggested revisions that we have
         incorporated.
         Thanks go to Mike Macy who wrote the Angoon Coastal Management Program plan and the
         AMSA Nomination Report. We apologize for any latitude in lifting Mike's well-crafted phrases.
         He writes well. Mike also helped us with research questions.
         Other plans that were helpful to us in writing the AMSA Public Review Draft include the
         Hydaburg and Eyak Lake AMSA plans, and the Sitka, Hoonah, Bering Straits CRSA, and
         Cenaliulriit CRSA coastal district plans.
         Many state and federal agency staff provided information and assistance, and it would be difficult
         to name everyone who contributed to the report. Here are a few:
                        Mary Bixby, DGC                                             U.S. goast Guard
                        Peter McKay, DCRA                                      Andy Peekovich, DNR
                        Ken Mitchell, USFS                                          Mike Kaill, ADFG
                        Matt Kookesh, ADFG                                      John Palmes, ADFG
                        Rob Bosworth, ADFG                                     Jerry Madden, ADFG
                        Steve Klingler, DNR                                    Glenn Seaman, ADFG
                        Marty Case, ADFG                                       Ken Imamura, ADFG
                        Drue Grant, DNR
         Others who contributed to the report include Rodger Painter, Alaska Mariculture Association;
         Frank Sharp, Kootznoowoo Corporation; Marlene Zuboff, Angoon Community Association; and
         Albert Kookesh, Kootznoowoo Corporation.
         We thank Dick Sill of Mont Meg Engineering and Lyle Krueger at Triad North for expertly
         pre )aring the base maps ang overlays. The Mac Station typeset the AMSA Public Review Draft,
         ang Alaska Litho printed it.







              TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                                                                   Page
              List of Figures         .......................................................................................................           1

              INTRODUCTION                  ..................................................................................................          2

                  The Alaska Coastal Management Program                                     ........................................................... 3
                      Areas Meriting Special Attention                      .....................................................................       3

                  Angoon AMSA Planning Objectives                           .....................................................................       4
                      The AMSA Nominations                     .................................................................................        4
                      The Purpose and Goals of AMSA Planning                                 ......................................................     5

                  AMSA Locations and Legal Descriptions                             ..............................................................      5
                      Mitchell Bay          ..................................................................................................          5
                      Hood Bay         ......................................   I.................................................................      5
                      Chaik-Whitewater Bay                  ....................................................................................        7

              LAND OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT JURISDICTION                                                             .................................. 11

                  Traditional Social Organization                      ........................................................................         12

                  Traditional Land Use and Ownership                            ................................................................        13
                      Mitchell Bay          ................................................................................................            15
                      Hood Bay         .....................................................................................................            17
                      Chaik Bay             ....................................................................................................        19
                      Whitewater Bay                ............................................................................................        20

                  Contemporary Land Ownership                             .........................................................................     21
                      Transition         ...................................................................................................            21
                      Mitchell Bay          ................................................................................................            22
                      Hood Bay         .....................................................................................................            23
                      Chaik-Whitewater Bays                   ................................................................................          23

              RESOURCE INVENTORY and ANALYSIS                                       ............................................................        V

                  Mitchell Bay AMSA                    ..........................................................................................       28
                      Resource Inventory               ......................................................................................           28
                           General Setting           ........................................................................................           28
                           Fish and Wildlife           ......................................................................................           28
                           Fisheries        .................................................................................................           30
                           Fisheries Enhancement & Mariculture                                .......................................................   30
                           Recreation         ...............................................................................................           31
                           Minerals         .................................................................................................           31
                           Timber       ....................................................................................................            31
                           Energy       ....................................................................................................            32
                           Cultural Resources                 ...................................................................................       33









                          Resource Analysis               ........................................................................................      33

                              Introduction          ............................................................................................        33
                              Traditional and Customary Natural Resource Use                                 .......................................    33
                              Fisheries Enhancement & Mariculture                              .......................................................  34
                              Recreation        ...............................................................................................         34
                              Minerals       .................................................................................................          35
                              Timber      ....................................................................................................          35
                              Cultural Resources               ...................................................................................      36

                      Hood Bay AMSA               ..............................................................................................        38
                          Resource Inventory              ......................................................................................        38
                              General Setting           ........................................................................................        38
                              Fish and Wildlife           ......................................................................................        38
                              Fisheries      .................................................................................................          39
                              Fisheries Enhancement & Mariculture                              .......................................................  40
                              Recreation        ...............................................................................................         40
                              Timber      ....................................................................................................          40
                              Minerals       .................................................................................................          41
                              Cultural Resources               ...................................................................................      41

                          Resource Analysis               ........................................................................................      42

                              Introduction          ............................................................................................        42
                              Traditional and Customary Natural Resource Use                                 .......................................    42
                              Fisheries Enhancement & Mariculture                              .......................................................  42
                              Recreation        ...............................................................................................         43
                              Timber      ....................................................................................................          43
                              Cultural Resources               ...................................................................................      44

                      Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA                       ...........................................................................       46
                          Resource Inventory              ......................................................................................        46
                              General Setting           ........................................................................................        46
                              Fish and Wildlife           ......................................................................................        46
                              Fisheries      .................................................................................................          47
                              Fisheries Enhancement & Mariculture                              .......................................................  48
                              Recreation        ...............................................................................................         48
                              Timber      ....................................................................................................          48
                              Minerals       .................................................................................................          49
                              Cultural Resources               ...................................................................................      49

                          Resource Analysis               ........................................................................................      50

                              Introduction          .............................................................................................       w
                              Traditional and Customary Natural Resource Use                                 .......................................    50
                              Fisheries      .................................................................................................          51
                              Fisheries Enhancement & Mariculture                              .......................................................  51
                              Recreation        ...............................................................................................         51
                              Timber      ....................................................................................................          52
                              Cultural Resources               ...................................................................................      52










                 MANAGEMENT OF THE AREAS MERITING SPECIAL ATTENTION                                                               .....................   54

                     Introduction         ....................................................................................................            55

                     Proper and Improper Uses                        ................................................................................     56

                     Subject Uses         ....................................................................................................            56

                     Goals, Objectives and Policies
                         Traditional and Customary Natural Resource Use                                      ...........................................  57
                         Recreation        ...................................................................................................            57
                         Fisheries Enhancement and Mariculture                              .......................................................       58
                         Timber       ........................................................................................................            59
                         AMSA Development                      .....................................................................................      60
                         Firewood        .....................................................................................................            62
                         Cultural Resources               ......................................................................................          63
                         Air, Land and Water Quality                     .........................................................................        63
                         Habitat      .......................................................................................................             64
                         Mining       ........................................................................................................            66

                     Implementation              ...............................................................................................          66

                     Authority        ........................................................................................................            67

                 Appendix A           RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE                                          ......................................     68
                                      MITCHELL, HOOD, AND CHAIK-WHITEWATER
                                      BAY AMSAs

                 Appendix B           SALT LAKE COHO USER CONFLICT                                  ................................................      70

                                      Summary of Use Conflict                    ...........................                                              70
                                      Summary of Recommendations by                               ......................................................  71
                                          Impacted Agency or Group

                 Appendix C Documentation of Public Involvement                                     ................................................      73

                 Appendix D Bibliography                   ..........   .........................................................................         75







               LIST OF FIGURES
                                                                                                                                                      Page
                     I      Location Map           .............................................................................................          6

                     2      Mitchell Bay AMSA Boundary                        .....................................................................       8

                     3      Hood Bay AMSA Boundary                       ..........................................................................       9

                     4      Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA Boundary                                    .....................................................  10

                     5      Traditional Use Area of the Angoon Tlingit                            .................................................      14

                     6      Mitchell Bay Traditional Place Names                          ........................................................       18

                     7      Hood Bay Traditional Place Names                         .............................................................       18

                     8      Chaik-Whitewater Bay Traditional Place Names                                      .......................................... 18

                     9      Mitchell Bay Contemporary Land Ownership                                 ..............................................      24

                   10       Hood Bay Contemporary Land Ownership                                ...................................................      25

                   11       Chaik-Whitewater Bay Contemporary Land                                 ................................................      26
                                Ownership

                   12       Mitchell Bay Existing and Potential                      ..............................  I ..............................    37
                                Future Land Uses

                   13       Hood Bay Existing and Potential                     .................................................................        45
                                Future Land Uses

                   14       Chaik-Whitewater Bay Existing and Potential                                    .............................................. 53
                                Future Land Uses


                LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

                                                                                                                                                     Page
                     I      Circa 1905, Tlingit Indian House at the village of Angoon                                 . ..............................    2
                                Alaska State Library Early Prints. #01-894.
                                Vincent Soboleff, photographer.

                     2      Carving Totem Poles. Billy Webster, Angoon. 1900                                  ......................................     11
                                Alaska State Library Early Prints. #PCA 01 -3452.
                                J.S. MacKinnon, collector.

                     3      Three Tlingit Chiefs at Angoon in ceremonial dress                                 .....................................     Z7
                                circa 1905. Alaska State Library Early Prints.
                                #01-897. Vincent Soboleff, photographer.

                     4      Five Chilkat Dancers. Angoon, 1902. Alaska State Library                                      ...........................    54
                                Early Prints. #PCA 1-28. Vincent Soboleff, photographer.















                    INTRODUCTION











                                     14





                           @ Tlu,








         INTRODUCTION

         TIM ALASKA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

         At low tide the people go to the beaches. They dig clams and cockles. They gather
         mussels, seaweed and urchins. Others hunt geese and waterfowl and gather eggs from
         tidelands and wetlands. Summer brings berry pickers to the beach fringe. Harbors teem
         with activity as fishermen and hunters ready their boats and gear to fish or hunt. Long-
         liners and trollers plumb the depths for halibut and salmon. Others set pots for crab and
         shrimp. Coastal areas resound with boats and float planes as people labor to extract and
         transport minerals or timber. Tug boats tow huge bundles of logs to pulp mills.
         Kayakers quietly skim the scenic waters and hikers scale the coastal mountains.
         Tourists seek the coastline to fish and camp and relax for a while.

         Seventy-five percent of Alaskans live within 10 miles of the coast and draw upon the
         energy of the sea.

         Coastal resources serve the entire living community, including human society. Society's
         improper use of even a small part of the complex chain of life endangers the whole
         system of life. After World War II, the United States experienced an alarming increase
         in haphazard coastal development with resultant destruction of coastal resources and
         habitats. The U.S. Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 in
         response to increased pressure and demands on coastal resources, and to reserve coastal
         areas for water-dependent uses. This law encourages states to balance resource
         development and preservation and to protect natural coastal ecosystems and cultural
         values. It authorizes federal funds for the development of state coastal management
         programs.

         In 1977 the Alaska State Legislature passed the Alaska Coastal Management Act,
         providing funds for local governments and rural regions to begin to develop their own
         coastal management programs. Now, thirty-three coastal communities and regions
         have or are preparing plans that guide development in their respective coastal areas and
         take part in decisions on permitting of proposed development projects. The intent of
         Alaska's program is not to block coastal development, but to ensure that it proceeds in a
         culturally and environmentally-sound manner that makes the best use of coastal
         resources. Through the joint participation of development project applicants and affected
         coastal communities and state agencies, the Alaska Coastal Management Program
         (ACMP) serves as a forum for conflict resolution and eases the permitting process for
         proposed coastal development projects. The ACMP also helps ensure that local and state
         interests are met in coastal development involving planned federal actions.

         The Alaska Coastal Management Act, Alaska Statutes 46.40 and 44.19 provide authority
         for the program. After approval of a local plan by the local government, the Alaska
         Coastal Policy Council and the Federal Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
         Management, these district programs become part of the Alaska coastal management
         program.
         Areas Mer7@3*Lmig Special Attention (AMSAs)
                  0
         An Area eriting Special Attention (AMSA) is a coastal area which coastal residents
         feel has significant value and that deserves special management attention for resource
         develo ment or protection.
                P@si@

                                                   -3-









           AMSAs may be within or outside a coastal district's boundaries. The Hood Bay and
           Mitchell Bay AMSAs are mostly outside the coastal district boundary, although both
           contain lands that fall within the coastal district. The western end of the Mitchell Bay
           AMSA including Kootznahoo Inlet and Favorite Bay is within the coastal district
           boundary. In the Hood Bay AMSA, significant portions of the North Arm and the Bay
           itself are included within the coastal district boundary (See Figure 2 in the Angoon
           Coastal Management Plan).

           The Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA is entirely outside the Angoon coastal district
           boundary. The ACMP calls AMSAs outside district boundaries "extra-territorial." The
           City of Angoon recommended to the Coastal Policy Council that these three coastal areas
           be designated extra-territorial AMSAs. Approval of the nominations came in 1989, and
           Angoon was given permission by the Council to proceed with AMSA planning. Extra-
           territorial AMSAs may eventually become part of state law, but unlike AMSAs within
           district boundaries which are managed locally, extra-territorial AMSAs are managed by
           the state.



           ANGOON AMSA PLANNING OBJECTIVES

           A. The Angoon AMSA Nominations
           Alaska Statute 46.40.210(e) defines AMSAs and clescribes the seven types of land that
           qualify to be selected as AMSAs.

           Angoon's AMSAs were selected because they qualify as:

               8  land that provides unique, scarce, fragile, or vulnerable natural habitat;

               0  land that has cultural value, historical significance, or scenic importance;

               0  land that has high natural productivity or provides essential habitat for living
                  resources; and

               0  land that has substantial recreational value or presents special recreational
                  opportunity, including scenic value.

           In addition to the land values described above, a geographic area may be designated as an
           AMSA if it is:

                  land that is indispensable to the continuation of the indigenous culture,
                  including locations of traditional and customary use for hunting, fishing, food
                  gathering, and foraging;

                  land that has special scientific value or presents special scientific opportunity,
                  including land where ongoing research could be jeopardized by development or
                  conflicting use; and

                  land that has the quality of a potential estuarine or marine sanctuary.

           High traditional use value is the single most important criterion of Angoon's nominated
           AMSAs. Although no plans have been made to seek sanctuary designation, the three
           areas are biologically rich and productive enough to merit sanctuary designation some
           time in the future.




                                                      -4-









          B. The Purpose and Goals of AMSA Planning

          The people of Angoon are primarily interested in AMSA planning in order to gain
          greater local control over uses and activities in Mitchell, Hood, and Chaik-Whitewater
          Bays. They want to ensure that traditional use will be the primary management goal and
          that subsistence opportunities will be maximized. Their goal is to work for the adoption
          of management plans that place traditional resource uses above commercial fishing and
          recreational fishing and hunting.

          Consistent with the philosophy stated in the Angoon Coastal Management Program,
          development proposals in the AMSAs should meet two tests. They must:

              a) benefit the great majority of the community; and

              b) not threaten natural habitats, resources, processes or activities upon which the
                  community depends.


          AMSA LOCATIONS AND LEGAL DESCRIPTIONS

          The City of Angoon is located on the western shore of Admiralty Island in Southeast
          Alaska. It lies 62 air miles south southwest of Juneau, and 42 air miles north northeast
          of Sitka. In 1985 the population numbered about 630.

          MitchellBayAMSA

          The Mitchell Bay AMSA borders the town of Angoon and stretches eleven miles to the
          northeast and five miles to the southeast. The AMSA includes all waters of Kootznahoo
          Inlet, Mitchell, Favorite, and Kanalku Bays and Kanalku and Salt Lakes and the
          surrounding lands for a distance inland of 660 feet from mean high tide.

          The seaward boundary of the AMSA is sketched by a line running across from the
          intersection of sections 24 and. 25, T 50 S, R 68 E on the Admiralty mainland to mid-
          channel, east of the Angoon peninsula. The boundary continues south at mid-channel
          along the peninsula to meet a perpendicular line extending from- the intersection of
          sections 31 and 32. Angoon and most of the land on the Angoon Peninsula are excluded
          from the AMSA. However, the Mitchell Bay AMSA includes lands and waters within the
          coastal district. The 660' strip of land encircling the shores of Favorite Bay, and uplands
          adjacent to Stillwater Anchorage are within the Angoon coastal district and the
          municipal boundaries of the City of Angoon. Figure 2 shows the AMSA boundary.

          Hood Bay AMSA

          Hood Bay is the first major indent in the west Admiralty Island shoreline of Chatham
          Strait south of Angoon. The northernmost tip of the AMSA lies about two miles south of
          the end of the Killisnoo Harbor road and the state ferry terminal. The bay itself is located
          seven miles south of Angoon. The AMSA is about 15 miles long and one to three miles
          wide and includes both the North and South arms of Hood Bay.

          The Hood Bay AMSA includes all waters of Hood Bay east of the line running north from
          Distant Point across the bench mark on Sand Island to the marker named Killisnoo
          Northwest Base. All lands within 660 feet of mean high tide east of this line and within
          Hood Bay are also included. The Hood Bay AMSA includes lands and waters within the



                                                     -5-









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                                                        Figure 1








              coastal district. The Angoon coastal district and municipal boundaries of the City of
              Angoon intersect the entrance to the Bay west of Cabin Point and extend well into the
              North Arm of Hood Bay at about mid-channel. Figure 3 shows the AMSA boundary.

              Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA

              Chaik and Whitewater Bays. notch the western shore of Admiralty Island. Whitewater
              lies 20 miles south of Angoon. Woody Point, a small projection of land, separates the two
              bays that are relatively open and exposed to Chatham Strait. Chaik Bay stretches about
              five miles eastward into the mountainous terrain of South Admiralty. Whitewater Bay
              extends nearly four miles inland. Both bays are shoaled and have foul bottoms that make
              large vessel maneuvering or anchoring unsuitable.

              The Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA includes all waters east of the line running north
              from Point Caution through Woody Point and on to. the survey marker named "Bow" just
              north of Village Point. The landward boundary extends 660 feet inland from the mean
              high tide line on all waters. The Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA is entirely extra-
              territorial, or outside the Angoon coastal district boundary. Figure 4 shows the AMSA
              boundary.




































                                                       -7-











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          LAND OWNERSHIP AND
       MANAGEMENT JURISDICTION



















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             LAND OWNERSHIP AND
             MANAGEMENT JURISDICTION

             TIUDMONAL SOCL4L ORGANMUON

             The sentiments of the Angoon people toward contemporary land ownership are closely
             related to their traditional kinship and land ownership concepts. A review of Tlingit
             social organization and land ownership will aid in understanding their views on
             contemporary land ownership and management.

             The Tlingit conceive of their total society in terms of a duality. A Tlingit is born into one
             of two equal groups known as moieties. Descent is reckoned from the mother's line.
             Every clan has an animal or plant as a clan crest, and a clan may have several crests.

             The moieties are the Laayaneidee (Raven) and the Shangukeideei (Eagle). The
             traditional moiety organization set up a pattern for reciprocal relationships between
             groups and individuals in the society. It classified all individuals into groups that could
             only marry into the opposite group. Each moiety was in a sense dependent on the other
             for marriage partners, economic aid, and potlatching.

             Each moiety included over twenty major clans or lineages. No single clan was present in
             every Tlingit village, and traditionally no villages contained representatives of all the
             clans. Historically, villages tended to contain about equal representation from the Raven
             and Eagle moieties and generally an equal number of clans from each. Most of the larger
             clans were known to be located in certain geographical areas.

             Minor lineages of clans existed as the localized clan segments within a village and were
             the most important social groups. Generally, each minor lineage was the property
             owning group in the. society, with property including salmon streams, hunting grounds,
             berry patches, sealing rocks, house sites, rights to travel routes, and certain important
             stories, totems, and songs.

             In 1988 the following clans of either the Raven or Eagle moieties were represented in
             Angoon. Not all of the clans listed here have a tribal house in Angoon.

                                               Laayaneidee (Raven side)
                                             Deisheetaan (Angoon Raven)
                                               Dakk dain taan (Sea Bird)
                                               Anxaldtaan (Dog Salmon)
                                                    Kiks.adi (Frog)
                                                 L'uknax.adee (Coho)
                                           K'akweideee (Basket Bay Beaver)

                                              Slumgukeideei Wagle side)
                                               Teikweidee (Brown Bear)
                                              Dukl'aweidee (Killerwhale)
                                              K aagwantaan (Sitka eagle)
                                           Tsaagweidee (Kake Killerwhale)
                                                Woosh kee tann (Shark)





                                                        -12-










             TRADMONAL LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP

             The following general description of the Angoon traditional use area is adapted from
             Goldschmidt and Haas (1946) who documented the use and occupancy of the Tlingit and
             Haida Indians in southeastern Alaska.

             Angoon lands and waters traditionally extended great distances up and down Chatham
             Strait. Traditional occupation included most of the west coast of Admiralty Island from
             Point Marsden southward and around the southern tip of Admiralty as far as Chapin
             Bay, and lands along the east coasts of Chichagof and Baranof Islands, from Basket Bay
             southward to Gut Bay. Oral history indicates that Tenakee Inlet, Freshwater Bay, and
             False Bay were once a part of the Angoon territory, but in later years they came to be
             owned and occupied by the Wooshkeetaan clan. The Wooshkeetaan clan (variation:
             Wuckitan) which probably originated from Auk Village near Juneau, had affiliations
             with the Angoon people but to some extent were separate from them. Angoon Tlingit and
             people from Kake jointly use the southern end of the west coast of Baranof Island below
             Gut Bay. Angoon and Kake generally agree that Herring Bay, Chapin Bay, and Eliza
             Harbor belong to Angoon people, while small Pybus and Pybus Bay are Kake territory.

             The Tlingits' claim to extensive traditional use areas is explained by the anthropologist
             Frederica de Laguna (1960: 21):

                    "For him the territory is rather conceived in terms of points, that is, spots
                    and localities. We are accustomed to think of the land in terms of areas
                    that are marked off by boundaries ... If our picture of the world is that of
                    farmer, property owner, and landlubber, the Tlingits' is that of traveller,
                    especially the mariner, who is concerned with places and the routes
                    between them. The world of the Tlingit is probably visualized more as it is
                    in our sailing and harbor charts ... Sib (clan) territories do not refer to areas,
                    but to specific spots: fishing streams, coves, berry patches, or house sites."

             Traditional use areas were not static and they changed over time. The same holds true
             today. The ancestors of Angoon residents formerly lived in outlying villages and fish
             camps. In the past, the Angoon clan territories overlapped with those claimed by other
             clans from Sitka and Hoonah, Many of these territories were and continue to be shared
             with Angoon non-clan members, and clan relations in other parts of the region.

             The Tlingit did not hunt, fish, or gather on every part of the lands and waters they
             considered their territory. As mentioned above, Angoon clan territories include spots
             claimed by clans from Sitka and Hoonah. Yet the "spot" concept does not mean that areas
             which are not harvested do not have significance for survival. These other lands and
             waters provide summer and winter ranges, and spawning, rearing and feeding habitat
             for the fish and wildlife that the Angoon people harvest elsewhere.

             Concepts of property and ownership were recognized by all clans. Possession of land and
             its resources by a clan or its localized segment evoked certain rights, including the*
             priority right to use the life-sustaining resources in the area. Resource territories
             included valued sockeye salmon streams, hunting areas, halibut fishing grounds, berry
             and root gathering areas, hot springs, trade routes and shellfish grounds.







                                                         -13-








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             Typically a clan shared a house, but very large clans needed several houses. The clans
             and their associated houses were primary economic units. The heads of localized clan
             house groups were known.as yitsati, "keeper of the house." The yitsati were responsible
             for coordinating the harvest and management of the lineage's resource areas.
             The Tlingit regulated land and resource tenure in a way that allowed for sustained yield,
             escapement, and management of whole ecosystems. Clan leaders used biological, social
             and spiritual techniques to ensure that their territories remained productive. Although
             they have possessed for centuries the technology and expertise to deplete a salmon stream
             by over fishing, the Tlingit have expertly managed stream conditions, escapements,
             harvest levels and other aspects of the fishery. Many Tlingit elders use the English
             phrase "take care of" when referring to a relative's or ancestor's relationship to a stream
             or bay, as in "My uncle used to take care of that creek." (Thornton 1990:19)

             The clan territory system worked quite well. The economic viability of a clan unit
             depended upon a resource territory of adequate size, diversity and abundance to sustain
             its members year in and out. If a particular salmon run failed or hunting was poor in a
             particular year, the clan could count on receiving permission to hunt or fish in another
             clan's territory. Each clan had specialists who were expert hunters or fishermen or
             gatherers. A clan would trade or give away the surpluses rather than sell the food or
             goods to other clans.

             Trade was a means to lessen shortfalls in resource harvesting. For example, if the coho
             run in Mitchell Bay was thought to be threateningly low, the clan house leaders might
             decide to harvest fewer cohos than usual and to supplement their supply through trade or
             access to another fishery. As alternatives to overharvesting, trade and reciprocity among
             clans also enabled the Tlingit to protect their resources for future generations. Formal
             and informal kin and trade networks are still used to distribute subsistence resources
             today.

             A non-clan member needed permission from a clan leader before he could harvest from
             an area. Non-residential kin invoked clan ties for access rights to resource areas.
             Agreements permitting outsiders access to resource areas were very common and
             provided a network of relationships that could be called upon in case of hardship in the
             local owner's territory.

                    'Vhen salmon or other fish are taken from that area, duty is paid to the
                    land owner. Likewise, when game is taken, duty is paid to the land owner."
                    (statement by Yunyeidee, a Tlingit landowner, in Peck 1986:25)

             The ownership of important sites was often symbolized in totemic carvings or potlatches.


             AUTCHELLBAY

             Ethnographic accounts reveal prehistoric settlement of the Angoon, Kootznoohoo Inlet,
             and Mitchell Bay areas by Tlingit peoples known as the Decitan and the Teikweidee.
             Although Angoon is outside of the Mitchell Bay AMSA boundary, its settlement is
             described here because of its importance in past and present traditional land use.

             Decitan

             The Decitan (variation: Deisheetaan) say that they have lived in this area since the time of
             The Flood. During the Flood they travelled to the interior of Alaska but migrated back to
             their coastal homes some time afterward. The Decitan say they returned to the salt



                                                       -15-









            waters at the Haines area and lived there for some time. The Chilkat area Thngits point
            to a mountain near Haines that belongs to the Angoon Decitan. Subsequently, the
            Decitan moved to Freshwater Bay, and later to Tenakee.

            After that, the Decitan moved to the Killisnoo area but felt that it was too noisy. The surf
            kept them awake, so they moved to Kootznahoo Inlet and the Kanalku Bay and Salt
            Lake/Hasselborg River areas. Kootznoowoo Hnlet, called Lklen, was claimed by the
            Decitan clan.

                   "From way back it was claimed by them. Ht is a long story about how we got
                   the place. Beaver led us there." (Billy Jones in Goldschmidt & Haas,
                   1946:113)

            The Decitan moved again, to Stillwater Anchorage, and remained there until they finally
            settled at the present site of Angoon. Some of the sites that they had previously settled
            continued to be used as summer fish camps. The Decitan generally maintained two
            seasonal residences, a winter village and a summer camp or village.

            The Decitan clan includes both the Kaukwedi (variation: Kakweidee, Basket Bay people)
            and the Ganaxadi (variations: Ganaxedi or Gaanax'adi, people of Gaanax). The Basket
            Bay people are considered a separate group of the Decitan, without ownership or use
            rights in Kootznahoo Inlet. The Decitan of Angoon say that when the first members of
            their clan arrived at the new village site, there were already people living in the area.
            They were known as the Ganaxadi, and are said to have been the first Ravens in
            Chatham Strait. They originally owned all of Kootznahoo Inlet, including the Angoon
            townsite and Sitkoh Bay across Chatham Strait. The Decitan asked permission to move
            to the area, and lived alongside the Ganaxadi for some time. Trouble between the two
            clans caused the Ganaxadi to move out of the area, leaving their land holdings and rights
            of use to the Decitan. No people calling themselves Ganaxadi were left in the Angoon
            area, but probably a few Ganaxadi (Raven) women married to Eagle moiety men stayed
            on and their children became Decitan (Goldschmidt & Haas: 1946:171).

            Today the Decitan are known as the Raven Beavers. The Decitan use the beaver crest as
            well as the raven because the beaver showed the Decitan the site of Angoon:

                   "According to Tlingit history, the site of Angoon was discovered by three
                   Deisheetaan hunters who had followed a beaver they had spotted
                   swimming in Kootznahoo Inlet. They followed it to the beach, now known
                   in Angoon as the 'little skiff harbor,' and followed its trail to a beach on
                   what is now known as Chatham Strait. The hunters saw that the place the
                   beaver took them was a good site for their house so they went back to inform
                   their people of their find. The decision was made to move to the site and the
                   Deisheetaan built their house at the end of the beaver trail. The house was
                   called Deishoo-hit, 'end of the trail house.' (George & Bosworth, 1988:14)

            Angoon is so old that no precise date can be established for the original occupation of the
            village site.

            All the people of Angoon used the head of Favorite Bay near the fish stream to get
            herring, and continue to use it. There was a fish camp for rendering oil and smoking
            fish. The people gathered seaweed from the shores of Favorite Bay and berries from the
            land, and fished halibut in the bay. The Decitan had about nine houses, gardens and
            smokehouses here. There were smokehouses and cabins in Kanalku Bay, but no
            villages.



                                                      -16-









                 "The natives of Angoon use the Kootznahoo Inlet, including Mitchell Bay,
                 Favorite Bay and Kanalku Bay and the environs for hunting, trapping and
                 fishing. They also secure their fuel wood from this neighborhood. They
                 catch here herring, kings, dog salmon, humpies, sockeyes, bears, beaver,
                 mink and sea otter. They have gardens on Turn Point, and several
                 smokehouses on Sullivan Point..." (Andrew Gamble in Goldschmidt &
                 Haas,1946:114)

          Teikweidee

          While the Decitan claimed all of Kootznoowoo Inlet, it was recognized that the very head
          of Mitchell Bay belonged to the Teikweidee clan (variations: Teokwedi, Teoquedi).

                 "Mitchell Bay was given to the Teokwedi.' (Billy Jones in Goldschmidt &
                 Haas,1946:113)

          The Salt Lake/Hasselborg area was given to the Teikweidee, the Bear clan, in payment for
          the death of a Bear woman and her child. (George & Bosworth, 1988:91)

          George & Kookesh (1982) confirm that in the 1800's Mitchell Bay - meaning the
          headwaters - belonged to the Decitan clan who had a summer village on the shores of
          Hasselborg River for harvesting and processing salmon for winter use. Later in the
          century ownership passed to the Teikweidee clan who subsequently moved the summer
          camp further west into Salt Lake.

          Today, the area at the mouth of the narrows is used fo:r trapping, and the Teikweidee own
          houses there. The large lakes up Hasselborg Creek belong to the Teikweidee, but all the
          Angoon people use the area for hunting, fishing and gathering berries. In the old days
          there were smokehouses. This area was used in the winter of 1945-46 by many Angoon
          people for trapping beaver. At that time, bears discouraged summer use of the lakes
          region for berry picking.


          HOODBAY

          Daklawedi

          There are varying accounts of traditional ownership of Hood Bay. Today, the people of
          Angoon say the Decitan clan owns the North Arm of Hood Bay, and the South Arm
          belongs to the Daklawedi or Killer Whale clm The ethnographic literature does not
          describe ownership of Hood Bay by the Decitan. It is possible that the Decitan claim
          ownership of the North Arm through mutual agreement with other Angoon clans.

          The Daklawedi (variation: Daklaweidee) clan joined with the Tsagwedi clan at an earlier
          time. The Daklawedi claim only Hood Bay, Angoon, and Eliza Harbor as places where
          they have a right to live and to get food. They share Hood Bay with the Tsagwedi,
          although the Tsagwedi have not exercised their rights for many years.

          Present day Thngits confirm that parts of Hood Bay are owned by the Daklawedi or Killer
          Whale clan, and other sources verify that they are the last recognized Tlingit owners of
          the Bay. The Daklawedi say they have used this area since before The Flood and a
          traditional place name is suggestive of long occupation. The mountain top at the head of













        FIGURES 6,7 AND 8:                 Maps depicting

                                           MITCHELL BAY TRADITIONAL
                                           PLACE NAMES;

                                           HOOD BAY TRADITIONAL
                                           PLACE NAMES;

                                           and

                                           CHAIK-WHITEWATER BAY
                                           TRADITIONAL PLACE NAMES

                                           will be inserted in the
                                           Concept Approved Draft








         the South Arm of Hood Bay, is called "Tsa qwa canuk," meaning "Hood Bay old woman7
         and the people say they took refuge on this mountain during The Flood.

         The Daklawedi are the original owners of the South Arm, named "Tsa qwa," and they
         obtained the North Arm through the accidental death of a young boy of the Killer Whale
         clan who was attacked by a bear while fishing in the salmon stream named "Xa yah."
         This happened before western contact.

         A dramatic change in the use of the area has taken place since the early 1800's when the
         Killer Whale people migrated each spring from the winter villages to summer fish
         camps at Hood Bay. Canoes originally carried the people to Hood Bay subsistence fish
         traps and smoke houses. By 1916 power boats improved transportation possibilities and
         involvement in commercial fisheries. Other hunting and fishing areas began to be used.

         The Hood Bay Daklawedi migrated to Killisnoo/Angoon in the late 1800's for employment
         opportunities and to meet school attendance requirements. During the early 1900's the
         Daklawedi fished Hood Bay for a winter subsistence salmon supply and had at least eight
         smokehouses in the area. They planted extensive vegetable gardens along the south-
         facing shores until the 1940's and still used the last garden in the 1960's. They hunted
         both deer and brown bear in this area, and one account tells of an Angoon hunter selling
         bear skins to people in Kake. Bear hunting ended when it was believed to be illegal.
         People still trap in Hood Bay.

         The Hood Bay cannery was built in the early 1920's but it is not known how many local
         people were initially employed there. The Angoon Community Association bought the
         cannery and 14 seine boats in 1947, heralding dramatic though shortlived changes in
         traditional use patterns. The seine boats made it possible to safely travel long distances,
         participate in the commercial seine fishery, and harvest food resources while traveling to
         and from the canneries.

         When Killisnoo was destroyed by fire in 1928, the people moved to Angoon and during
         these years continued to use Hood Bay for hunting, fishing and gathering. Many current
         Angoon residents summered at Hood Bay while they or their parents worked at the Hood
         Bay Cannery. The cannery operated until it burned down in 1961. After that time, the
         Angoon commercial seine fleet deteriorated and the opportunity to continue seining
         decreased. From 1961-1980, the fleet composition converted from seiners to hand trollers
         due to economic factors and to limited entry in the fisheries. The 12 to 36 foot hand
         trollers have also had an impact on the use of resources in the Angoon area. These boats
         carry hunters quickly to hunting areas without overnight stays.


         CBAIK BAY


         Decitan

         Most of Chaik Bay, including the right to the halibut banks, is presently claimed by the
         Decitan clan. The Decitan includes both the Kaukwedi clan (Basket Bay people) and the
         Ganaxadi clan who were assimilated at an earlier date.

          Many years ago there was a community at Village Point where some of the relatives of
         Angoon people were raised. There was also a fort at Village Point at one time.






                                                   -19-









         There were gardens at Village Point, and smoke-@iouses at the head of the Bay.
         Smokehouses were scattered along the northwestern part of Chaik Bay from Village
         Point eastward.



         WEE[TEWATER BAY

         GanaxadiMenediADecitan

         Sources vary regarding the changes in clan ownership in Whitewater Bay. According to
         Garfield (Goldschmidt & Haas 1946:171), the Ganaxadi clan were in Whitewater Bay
         when the Tlenedi people arrived. Because of internal trouble the Ganaxadi moved out of
         the Angoon area but some were absorbed into the Decitan clan by marriage. The Decitan
         later replaced the Tlenedi in the Angoon area.

         Angaldtan

         The Tlingit people claim use and occupancy of the Whitewater Bay area since the time of
         The Flood, and name Table Mountain as a place where they took refuge from the rising
         waters.

         George and Bosworth (1988) state that the Leeneidee, the original name for the
         Angakitan, were the first owners of Whitewater Bay. The clan name is variably shown
         as Anxakitaan and Aanxakeetan.

         The Angakitan or Dog Salmon Clan had a winter village at Neltushkin on the outer north
         shore of the bay. Here they built their homes, smokehouses and gardens. There were
         also smokehouses near the opening to the salt lake. The Angakitan claim "Titilhini" or
         Dog Salmon Creek flowing into Whitewater Bay.

         Some of the Angoon elders spent their childhoods at Whitewater, and others once lived
         year round in the area, originally accessing the Bay by canoe.

         In the early 1920's salt lake was fished for cohos with beach seines. Before that time the
         people from Neltushkin used traditional gaff hooks and subsistence fish traps. Frederica
         de Laguna (1960) described the use of impaling stakes for the harvesting of salmon in the
         salt lake area.

         The Dog Salmon people of Neltushkin moved to the Angoon/Killisnoo area in the early
         1900's to seek employment and to meet school attendance requirements. When they
         moved to Angoon, the Decitan people welcomed them by moving their houses apart at the
         center of town and had the Dog Salmon house built in the middle of the village. Thus, the
         Leeneidee people came to be locally known as Angakitan which means "people from the
         center of the village house."

         Today, the Dog Salmon people claim ownership of Whitewater Bay. The remains of
         village houses, smokehouses, gardens and storage pits are still visible.











                                                  -20-









           CONTEMPORARY LAND OWNERSMP

           Transition

           Passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in 1971 ended Native land
           claims forever, in exchange for 35.5 million acres of land, creation of regional and village
           native corporations, and nearly a billion dollars in compensation. The settlement was
           considered a significant achievement since the claims had never been recognized by the
           government. Nevertheless, many Natives were reluctant to surrender claim to their
           aboriginal territories, and some maintain that they have an inalienable right to possess
           and use these lands as they deem fit. Some of the Native elders do not recognize federal,
           state, or native corporation land ownership and still believe the lands are owned and
           managed by the clans.

           Until the Supreme Court challenge to the state subsistence law in December 1989,
           harvesting privileges were granted to residents of "rural" communities that met the
           criteria established by state law, regardless of ethnicity. At this writing, the Alaska
           Legislature has not acted on the issue and it is unlikely that a state constitutional
           amendment will be placed before Alaskan voters in 1990 to continue the present law's
           "rural" preference. Without a constitutional amendment or statutory revision, all
           Alaskan residents will become eligible for subsistence on July 1, 1990. Rural preference
           on federal lands, as mandated by the Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act,
           will continue. A dual management system for subsistence on state lands and on federal
           lands will occur after July 1, 1990.

           Several Alaska Native groups lobbied the 1990 Alaska Legislature for a change in the
           state law that would reflect a "Native" as well as a "rural" preference.

           Many Tlingits, continue to emphasize ethnicity, moiety, clan or house ties, and other
           principles of social organization as important criteria for evaluating subsistence and
           territorial rights:

                 "Thus, Angoon elders felt compelled to establish not only that Sitkoh Bay
                 was Angoonkwaan (localized community) territory, but also that it was
                 Deisheetaan clan territory, and furthermore that only one 'side' of that clan
                 (i.e. those who could trace descendency from a particular house) had
                 legitimate possessory rights to the bay." (Thornton 1990:18)

           Property title to traditional lands previously used and occupied by clan groups passed to
           the United States as public lands managed by the U. S. Forest Service. President Carter
           created the Admiralty Island National Monument in 1978 by Presidential Proclamation
           under the Antiquities Act. In 1980, ANILCA set aside hundreds of millions of acres of
           land in Alaska for fish and wildlife refuges, new parks, and wilderness areas. ANILCA
           designated all of the Admiralty Island National Monument as wilderness except for
           18,000 acres held by the Greens Creek Mining Company. Greens Creek operates a silver
           mine at Hawk Inlet north of Angoon.

           Most of the 1.1 million acres of designated wilderness on Admiralty Island is managed
           for purposes including wildlife habitat, hunting and fishing, other forms of recreation,
           and limited use of timber exclusive of commercial harvesting. All three of the Angoon
           AMSAs are within the Admiralty Island National Monument.






                                                     -21-








       Kootznoowoo Corporation and Shee Atika, Inc., the Angoon and Sitka village
       corporations, hold title to over 26,000 acres of land on Admiralty Island. Other private
       landowners share title to about 6,000 acres on Admiralty Island. Thirty miles north of
       Angoon, Shee Atika Inc. has commercially harvested timber in the Cube Cove uplands
       since 1983.



       AUTCHELL BAY

       Land ownership in Mitchell Bay is depicted in Figure 9.

       Under ANCSA, Kootznoowoo Corporation selected additional lands from the National
       Forest in the Angoon, Kootznahoo Inlet and Mitchell Bay areas. Kootznoowoo
       Corporation received more than 3,500 acres of land on Admiralty Island in addition to
       commercial timber land on Prince of Wales Island. The Corporation is reserving much
       of the land near Angoon for traditional use activities and wildlife habitat.

       The City of Angoon owns 158 acres on the Angoon Peninsula immediately west of
       Kootznahoo Inlet. The City has zoned most of this land as non-commercial.

       About half of the uplands in Mitchell Bay are owned by Kootznoowoo Corporation and are
       subject to a joint management agreement with the Forest Service. The Kootznoowo0
       holdings form a corridor stretching 660 feet inland from mean high tide along Mitchell
       Bay and all associated waters west of the line separating R 68 E from R 69 E. In other
       words, the Corporation holdings include Diamond Island and land to the west of it. The
       Forest Service corridor lands are east of Diamond Island and include the eastern tip of
       Kanalku Bay. The Mitchell Bay corridor corresponds with the AMSA upland boundary
       and the land is included within the AMSA. There is public access on all corridor lands
       where the Forest Service has asked for a public right of way.

       The surface estate of these corridor lands in Mitchell Bay is owned in title by Kootzoowoo
       Corporation, with reserved rights of timber, development and public access retained by
       the Forest Service. The corridor lands are designated "alienated land within wilderness
       boundary." Although the corridor land is not designated as wilderness, it will probably
       be managed for uses other than timber harvest. The Forest Service owns the subsurface
       estate of these lands. Congress provided for Forest Service appro    val of all land uses
       proposed for these lands.

       Sealaska, the regional native corporation, and Kootznoowoo Corporation share title to the
       subsurface of all Kootznoowoo Corporation lands through ANILCA except for the
       corridor land in Mitchell Bay. Kootznoowoo Corporation retains subsurface rights to
       1,700 acres in the Angoon area. The Corporation owns 120 acres in Kanalku Bay,
       including the old coal mine and deposit.

       Other patented land is located on the shores of Turn Point directly across Kootznahoo
       Inlet from the City of Angoon and the floatplane dock. Native allotment land totalling 160
       acres has been awarded in Favorite Bay to an Angoon family but the land transfer is
       pending. Kootznoowoo Corporation is legally contesting the award because it believes
       that these lands were given to the Corporation through ANCSA.

       The Forest Service has issued a special use permit for a cultivation site at Turn Point.
       Several non-permitted structures exist in the AMSA, including a storage building at the
       trail head to Thayer Lake Lodge and one or two trespass cabins.




                                                -22-









          All tidelands and submerged lands to the three-mile limit are owned by the State of
          Alaska.



          HOODBAY

          Land ownership in Hood Bay is depicted@in Figure 10.

          Nearly all of the land surrounding Hood Bay is owned and managed by the Forest Service
          as the Admiralty Island National Monument. These lands are classified as Land Use
          Designation I (LUD 1) wilderness areas. LUD I wilderness is managed according to the
          1964 Wilderness Act, as amended by ANILCA. Timber harvesting, mining, roads, and
          most motor vehicles will not be allowed.

          Private land in Hood Bay is limited to the North Ann and includes the old Hood Bay
          cannery site owned by the Angoon Community Association, and lands owned by the IRA
          shareholders. There are one or two private homesites on the North Arm. A split parcel
          of native allotment land totalling 160 acres has been awarded to an Angoon family on the
          South Arm and extending around toward Chaik Bay. It is not yet patented.

          Alaska Pulp Corporation owns 53 acres situated inland from Cabin Point. The
          Corporation intends to develop the land sometime in the future but has not formally
          announced its plans.

          All tidelands and submerged lands to the three-mile limit are owned by the State of
          Alaska.



          CHAIK-WB=WATER BAYS

          Land ownership in Chaik and Whitewater Bays is depicted in Figure 11.

          There are small parcels of native allotment land in the Chaik-Whitewater AMSA. It is
          difficult to determine whether the land has been transferred and patented.

          The Forest Service owns and manages most of the land surrounding Chaik and
          Whitewater Bays as part of the Admiralty Island National Monument. These lands are
          classified as Land Use Designation I (LUD I) wilderness areas. LUD I wilderness is
          managed according to the 1964 Wilderness Act, as amended by ANILCA. Timber
          harvesting, mining, roads, and most motor vehicles will not be allowed.

          All tidelands and submerged lands to the three-mile limit are owned by the State of
          Alaska.

















                                                  -23-













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                                                                                                          RESOURCE HNVENTORY and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ANALYSIS




























                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      . . . .. .....









                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4--:1



















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             -27-







      RESOURCE INVENTORY and ANALYSIS
      of the MITCHELL BAY AMSA

      Biophysical and socioeconomic information about Mitchell Bay is found in Chapters 2
      and 3 and Figures 22-37 in the Angoon Coastal Management Plan. The information in
      this chapter is a more detailed supplement to the Angoon CMP, and it provides the basis
      for the AMSA policies.


      RESOURCEINVENTORY

      General Setting

      The Mitchell Bay AMSA consists of interconnected bays scattered with reefs and islands
      surrounded by mostly low-lying terrain. These waterways possess unusually strong tidal
      currents, tidal falls, and wide daily tidal ranges that combine with large tidal flats and
      estuaries to yield extremely productive waters. The productivity of the marine waters
      contributes to the productivity of the surrounding terrestrial environments including
      muskegs and old growth forests.

      Fish and Wildlife

      The sheltered waterways of the Mitchell Bay AMSA access one of Angoon's most
      important and abundant traditional fish and wildlife use areas with several anadromous
      fish streams and miles of prime wildlife habitat.

      The anadromous fish streams produce abundant pinks and chums, small runs of
      sockeyes, and provide spawning grounds for Pacific herring. All salmonids except king
      salmon spawn in the Angoon area. Figure 30 in the Angoon Coastal Management Plan
      depicts the anadromous fish streams in the AMSA. Salt Lake is fed by the Hasselborg
      River, Jims Creek, Freshwater Creek and other smaller creeks that together support the
      largest run of cohos on Admiralty island. Residents claim that Salt Lake has the best
      silver salmon run in the fall, and the best sea-run cutthroats in the spring. Favorite Bay
      is known for its dog salmon, and Kanalku Creek for its sockeyes. Dolly varden and
      steelhead trout are also prevalent in the area.

      Herring play a vital role in many marine food chains. They primarily feed on planktonic
      crustaceans and occasionally pink salmon fry, and in turn, the herring feed numerous
      terrestrial and aquatic species including salmon, halibut, eagles, and marine
      mammals.

      Prevalent bottom-dwelling fish include the walleye pollock, halibut, sablefish or blackcod,
      arrowtooth flounder or turbot, Pacific perch, Pacific cod, and flathead, Dover and rex
      soles. Common shallower water fish include starry flounder, greenling, ling cod, shiner
      perch, ratfish, dogfish, surf smelt, tomcod, yellowfin sole, shortspine thornyhead or
      idiotfish, and various rockfish and sculpins.
      Common marine invertebrates include clams, scallops, mussels, abalone, snails, crabs,
      shrimp, barnacles, urchins, sea stars and sea cucumbers. Eight known edible species of
      mussels, clams, and cockles occur in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones.
      Gumboots or chiton are found in Favorite Bay and Mitchell Bay. Crab species include
      Dungeness, Mng and Tanner.




                                               -28-










          Marine mammals commonly found year-round in the Angoon area include Steller sea
          lions, harbor seals, sea otters, Dall and harbor porpoise, and killer and humpback
          whales. Other marine mammals occuring occasionally in the area include Northern fur
          and elephant seals, minke and sei whales, and North pacific whiteside dolphins.

          Sitka black-tailed deer is the game species of primary importance. Together with brown
          bear, they are the only large mammals found on Admiralty Island and both species
          range from the beach fringe to the alpine meadows. Deer are in the Mitchell Bay area
          throughout the year and are hunted during the August 1 - January 31 season.

          Other mammals include mink, land otter, marten, marmot, beaver, short-tailed
          weasels, squirrel, voles, shrews, mice, and bats. The coastal forest provides important
          cover and habitat for most of these species. Marine foods taken from the intertidal zone
          can make up an important part of the diet of mink, land otter, and - to a lesser extent -
          marten.

          Some of these mammals are taken by subsistence trappers.

          Game birds include the blue grouse and rock ptarmigan. Birds of prey are the bald eagle;
          the red-tailed, gos-, sharp-shinned, sparrow, and marsh hawks; great gray and great
          horned owls; and peregrine and gyrfalcons.

          Common birds breeding in the forest and in other upland habitats include the rufous
          hummingbird; yellow-bellied sapsucker; western flycatcher; tree and barn swallows;
          raven; crow; chestnut-backed chickadee; ouzel; winter wren; varied, hermit and
          Swainson's Thrush; orange-crowned, Townsend's myrtle, and Wilson's warblers; fox
          and Lincoln's sparrow; pine siskin; red crossbill; and dark-eyed junco.

          Each spring during the annual migration to their northerly breeding grounds,
          thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds pass through Chatham Strait which is part of the
          Pacific Flyway. Estuaries and wetlands like those found in Mitchell Bay provide critical
          resting and feeding habitat, especially in years when breakup further inland is late or
          temporarily delayed by weather. Nesting waterfowl concentrate at the heads of most
          bays, and along lakes and streams. Nesters include red-throated and common loons,
          Vancouver Canada geese, trumpeter swans, mallards, harlequin ducks, and common
          and red-breasted mergansers. A population of wintering trumpeter swans uses Salt
          Lake, the Hasselborg River and Freshwater Lake. Pintail, shoveler and teal also pass
          through the area.

          Waterfowl constitute an important subsistence food source.

          Inshore waters, especially along the shores of bays and inlets, provide needed habitat for
          overwintering gulls, mallards, scaup, common and Barrow's goldeneye, buffleheads,
          oldsquaws, harlequins, white-winged, surf and common scoters, common and red-
          breasted merganser, Vancouver Canada geese, loons, grebes, marbled murrelets,
          murres, guillemots, and other alcids, puffins, eider, and pelagic cormorants. Important
          fall and winter food for these birds includes eelgrass, sea lettuce, and other algae,
          marine inverte-brates, small fish, and spawned-out salmon and their roe.

          Shorebirds such as black turnstones, black oystercatchers, rock sandpipers, surfbirds,
          and dunlins frequent the rocky shores during winter. Migrating whimbrel, golden,
          black- bellied, and semi-palmated plover, and wandering tattlers also rest in the area,




                                                   -29-








     frequently stopping at low tide. Snipe and greater and lesser yellowlegs nest along the
     shore of marine and freshwater bodies, swamps, and muskegs.
     Puffim, petrels, gulls, guillemots, jaegers, murres, murrelets, and phalaropes are found
     in the area at various times of the year.

     FUMries

     Anadromous fish, particularly salmonids, support a major commercial fishery, as well
     as a sport fishing industry and the traditional and customary use economy.

     Pink salmon, followed by chum salmon, are the most abundant and commercially
     important fish in this region. Only a fraction of the streams are capable of supporting
     coho runs, so the coho are less abundant but still very valuable to and highly sought by
     commercial, sport and subsistence fishermen. Angoon-area sockeye runs are small
     because of the limited number and size of lakes necessary for rearing their offspring.
     Although sockeye are not commercially fished near Angoon, they are prized by sport and
     subsistence users.

     Currently, halibut and handtrolling are the two commercial fisheries commonly
     conducted in the nearby waters of Chatham Strait, mostly by local residents. These
     fisheries are an outgrowth of traditional use. Commercial fishing within Mitchell Bay is
     not expected to occur.

     The Mitchell Bay AMSA is the site of subsistence fisheries for coho, sockeye, chum and
     pink salmon. The Salt Lake subsistence coho fishery is legally limited to Angoon and
     lKlukwan residents. The opening is August 1 through October 31. In 1990 a new sockeye
     subsistence fishery opened at Kanalku Creek. The fishery runs from late June through
     the month of July, and the primary means of harvest is by beach seine. The Alaska
     Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) has policies but no regulations governing
     subsistence fishing of chum and pink salmon. In addition, there are personal use crab
     pots in Mitchell Bay.

     Fisheries Enhancement and Mariculture

     In 1989 the Angoon Community Association (ACA) conducted site surveys for
     mariculture development at four locations in Mitchell Bay. The sites are located at the
     .head of Mitchell Bay, northwest of Davis Creek, the north shore of Kanalku Bay, and the
     narrows in Kootznahoo Inlet near Favorite Bay. See Figure 12 for station locations.
     Based on the 1989 survey of growing conditions, the ACA considers Favorite Bay (Station
     1) and Kanalku Bay (Station 2) the most promising sites. Further site testing is being
     conducted in 1990 because the conditions during the 1989 testing were unusually dry and
     atypical. The 1990 summer project includes small scale test culturing of oysters and
     mussels at the Favorite Bay and Kanalku Bay sites, and data collection at the other sites.

     The Angoon Aquaculture Association (AAA) has had a permit pending since 1982 at
     Favorite Bay along Favorite Bay stream to build a hatchery for chum, pink and coho
     salmon. However, the AAA hatchery proposal at Favorite Bay faces an uncertain future.
     Issuance of a permit by ADFG Fisheries Rehabilitation and Enhancement Division
     (FRED) is conditional upon the construction of a dam and reservoir for an adequate,
     stable and controlled water source. Although the dam and reservoir projects were once
     included in the Alaska Power Authority capital budget, they were later deleted and no
     initial funding was ever secured. The project proposal is for an annual capacity of 20
     million chum eggs, 7.5 million pink eggs, and 1.5 million coho eggs.



                                             -30-










        Kootznoowoo Corporation has several fishery enhancement proposals still in the
        conceptual phase. These include a sockeye hatchery (with some coho) at the headwaters
        of Mitchell Bay, a hatchery at Favorite Bay, and a coho rearing area at Stillwater
        Anchorage. Feasibility studies have not been conducted.

        The ADFG Fisheries Rehabilitation and Enhancement Division may develop remote
        release net pens and outstocking projects in the Angoon area in the future.

        Recreation

        The recreational importance of Admiralty Island National Monument has made
        Mitchell Bay a popular destination. Float planes drop tourists on the Island. Boats from
        outside the community traverse the Mitchell Bay waterways during summer and early
        fall. Local recreational guide boats carry clients to popular sportfishing spots. Visitors
        at Thayer Lake Lodge north of town hike the trail and Esh Salt Lake for cohos. Alaska
        Discovery, a recreational guiding company in Juneau, charters wilderness kayaking
        trips in Kootznahoo Inlet.

        The Forest Service maintains trails to Kanalku Bay, Freshwater Lake and Thayer Lake.
        In cooperation with the Angoon Monument Committee, a group of local residents, the
        Forest Service has identified fifteen recreational campsites which receive substantial use.
        Some of the shelters date back to the days of the Civilian Conservation Corps. These
        campsites are not located near any cultural resources. The public is encouraged to use
        the campsites through Forest Service pamphlets and contacts with the Wilderness
        Rangers who patrol the area.

        The recreational value of Admiralty Island National Monument brings anglers to
        Mitchell Bay from all over the world. Sportfishing is so popular that five local residents
        conduct sportfish guiding services in or near Mitchell Bay. Power boaters, kayakers,
        canoeists and campers fish in the sheltered waters.

        Kootznoowoo Corporation and others have considered lodge development although formal
        plans have not been announced. Someday Kootznoowoo Corporation may develop a
        recreation and tourist-oriented Indian village in Kootznahoo Inlet.

        Minerals

        There are coal deposits on the south shore of Kanalku Bay. Kootznoowoo Corporation
        owns both the surface and subsurface rights to this land. The coal deposits were mined
        for a while in the early 1900s, but several factors discouraged continuation of the
        industry. The tunnel flooded and could not be pumped out. The deposits did not yield
        high grade coal, and it became apparent-that the thin beds were separated by massive
        layers of overburden. According to a Kootznoowoo Corporation spokesman, it is unlikely
        that mining will be resumed.

        No commercial-grade mineral deposits have been identified in or near the AMSA.

        lUnber

        The Sitka spruce and western hemlock forest is the dominant forest type from sea level to
        timberline, which varies from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The most common conifers are western
        hemlock, Sitka spruce, mountain hemlock, and Alaska cedar.




                                                 -31-








           Of all terrestrial habitats, old-growth forest is generally considered the most important
           for wildlife in northern Southeast Alaska. The most critical and productive old-growth
           habitat consists of the highest volume stands on south-facing slopes between the beach
           and 1,000 feet elevation. Stands with highly variable tree spacing of many large trees
           with full crowns interspersed with trees of varying age, size, and crown development and
           an understory abundant in bunchberry, blueberry, trailing raspberry, and goldthread
           provide first class fodder and shelter for deer, bear, and smaller mammals and birds.
           Typically these stands are found on south-facing slopes within a few miles of the beach or
           in riparian corridors.

           Deer frequent the beach fringe in winter and spring, and subalpine areas in summer
           and fall, but they depend on old-growth forest year-round and especially during winter
           and spring.

           The crowns, needles, and branches of spruce and hemlock form a canopy which reduces
           snow accumulation on the ground. This allows species such as deer to continue to access
           the understory plants. The canopy also reduces radiant heat loss so that temperatures in
           the woods may be as much as ten or fifteen degrees warmer than those in muskegs,
           meadows and clearcuts. With the additional wind protection afforded by heavy timber
           and brush, the old-growth forest becomes critical habitat in periods of extreme cold and
           periods of deep snow.

           The Vancouver Canada goose depends on old-growth forests and rich estuaries. Unique
           among geese which tend to nest in marshes, it nests in old-growth trees in the spring
           and migrates to intermediate altitude muskegs during summer. Instead of migrating
           south, many of the Vancouver sub-species are year-round residents in bays, estuaries,
           and tide flats near their nesting areas.

           The forest also plays an important role in regulating in-stream water volumes and
           temperatures. Tall trees growing along river banks shade stream courses from thermal
           extremes, both the intense mid-suwmer sun and intense mid-winter cold. Trees and
           their root systems regulate the rate of run-off, storing water received during wet periods
           and releasing it slowing during dry periods. The forest steadily contributes small
           amounts of bark, needles, leaves, insects, and other nutrients essential to the aquatic
           lifeforms found in lakes, rivers, and streams.

           Periodic blow downs of patches of forest by high winds during fall and winter storms
           occasionally block anadromous fish streams, but generally the effect of trees and stumps
           on streams is positive. Blow downs provide shelter for fish and animals and growing
           platforms for algae and insects. Attached marine algae and eelgrass are often torn loose
           and deposited on beaches. As these plants are broken down by physical and chemical
           processes, they become an important winter food source for shellfish and marine
           invertebrates.

           The forest is also important as a source of firewood. Firewood is a traditional resource
           essential to a majority of Angoon households for heat, domestic hot water and cooking.
           Demand is heavy, and wood consumption per household may exceed several cords a year.

           EneM

           There are currently no energy related projects in the AMSA. Seven or eight years ago the
           Alaska Power Authority conducted a reconnaissance study of tidal power at Little Pass,
           between Village Rock and Angoon. However, because of the small power market in
           Angoon, the APA did not request funding for further study or project development.



                                                    -32-











           Cultural MmKmwces

           Thirty-seven known prehistoric and historic sites dot the shores of the Mitchell Bay
           AMSA. The cultural inventory includes village middens, gardens, fort sites, cemeteries,
           fish weirs, petrographs, and a myth site. Adjacent to the AMSA, the thirteen clan
           houses in Angoon are valued resources as well.

           There may be significant unknown sites of great age in the Mitchell Bay AMSA.


           RESOURCE ANALYSIS

           Introduction

           In the following Resource Analysis, existing and potential future uses, issues and
           conflicts in Mitchell Bay are explored. Figure 12 shows existing and potential future land
           and water uses in the Mitchell Bay AMSA. Issues identified in the Resource Analysis
           are addressed in the AMSA policies.

           Traditional and Customary Natural Resourm Use

           Traditional Tlingit culture has a rich and close relationship to the environment. The
           survival of Tlingit traditions depends upon both the continuation of the land and sea to
           provide resources and the ensured access to and use of those resources by the people.
           Angoon residents regularly share wild foods with friends and relatives both inside and
           outside the community. Traditional and customary natural resource use is integral to
           the way of life of most Angoon residents.

           The Mitchell Bay AMSA may be the most valued and most productive traditional use area
           of the Angoon Tlingit. Kootznahoo Inlet is both an historic and contemporary use area
           shown in a 1985 survey to be the most frequently used of all Angoon hunting and fishing
           areas. Traditional use has fluctuated through time from nearly 70 percent of Angoon
           households in 1955 to just over 90 percent of all households in 1984. Probably at least half
           of all the fish, wildlife and plants traditionally harvested by the people of Angoon come
           from the Mitchell Bay AMSA alone.

           Nearly all the species that are included in the diet of Angoon people can be found in this
           area. Mitchell Bay yields salmon, crab, shrimp, octopus, gumboots, clams, cockles,
           urchins, sea cucumbers and other invertebrates, dolly varden, steelhead, halibut,
           rockfish, other bottomfish, grouse, bird eggs, seal, firewood, alder for smoking fish, and
           small mammals by trapping. Sitka black-tailed deer is the most valued game species.

           The greatest concern and use conflict in the Mitchell Bay AMSA centers on the
           competing uses that threaten traditional and customary use of natural resources. This
           concern is a consistent theme throughout the Resource Analysis. The average Angoon
           household depends heavily on food harvesting for its year-to-year survival. Traditional
           and customary use, rather than government welfare, is the primary means of
           supplementing income. Because both their cultural and physical livelihoods depend on
           the traditional use of natural resources, the people of Angoon give the highest priority to
           the preservation and use of these resources.






                                                      -33-









            Fisheries Enhancement and Mariculture

            As discussed in the Resource Inventory, the oyster farm surveys conducted by the ACA
            are the only current mariculture activities in the AMSA. The future of oyster farms will
            depend upon favorable physical, logistical and environmental conditions, economic
            viability, and the availability of grants to cover the start-up costs. The ACA Board
            endorses the mariet@ture project.
            While mariculture could provide shellfish resources for local consumption and could
            also benefit local employment and economics, there are concerns that projects be
            operated in an environmentally sound manner and that they not conflict with traditional
            harvesting activities.

            The Kootznoowoo Corporation's fishery enhancement proposals are still in the
            conceptual stage. The District has not taken a strong position regarding hatchery
            development in the AMSA. Hatcheries might provide local employment oppor-tunities
            and more fish for traditional and customary use. However, they also might lead to
            increased sportfishing and commercial fishing activities in the AMSA. As enhancement
            proposals become better defined in the future, careful resource management will be
            needed. In addition, hatchery projects would be required to operate in an
            environmentally sound manner.

            Recreation

            Recreational fishing and hunting pose a great current and anticipated use conflict in the
            AMSA.

            Angoon residents voice concern about recreation activities perceived to threaten
            traditional resources in the AMSA. One resident is alarmed that "people from all over
            come to Angoon and go into Mitchell Bay for the herring and deer ... people from the west
            coast come up to fish here (in Mitchell Bay) in the summer months." Several people say
            that there are no herring in Favorite Bay due to use by outsiders. Others say that there
            aren!t any deer left.

            The international reputation and recreational value of Admiralty Island National
            Monument will encourage future tourism and recreational use of the Mitchell Bay
            AMSA. Local perception that recreational fishing and hunting is a threat to traditional
            resources is heightened by the number of boats seen going in and out of the AMSA in the
            summer and fall months, by the expanding activities of local sportfishing guides, and by
            the existing infrastructure of campsites.

            Many Angoon residents feel that the primary use conflict centers on the expanding
            sportfishing activities of a local sportfish guide. They perceive sportfish guide operations
            as direct competition for Salt Lake cohos. However, other competing uses exert some
            pressure on the Salt Lake cohos as well. During the peak season of early August to mid-
            September, the Salt Lake area is used by subsistence fishermen and hunters from
            Angoon, guided anglers, guided canoeists and non-guided anglers and kayakers.

            Recreational use can potentially result in habitat and scenic impacts that include
            littering, firewood cutting debris, disturbance of traditional berry picking areas, and
            stowage of boats on tidelands within sight of other boaters.

            Sport hunting pressures currently are not heavy in Mitchell Bay, but some residents
            hunt deer in Hood and Chaik-Whitewater Bays "because the deer have been hunted out"



                                                      -34-









            in Mitchell Bay. As logging continues on East Chichagof and East Baranof, emergency
            closures and reduced bag limits will increase hunting pressures on West Admiralty.
            Any increase in guided deer hunts, or outfitting of non-resident hunters could have a
            serious impact on local traditional users.

            Kootznoowoo Corporation has informal plans to finance a tourism facility in Kootznahoo
            Inlet sometime in the future. The Corporation takes a conservative approach to
            development in Mitchell Bay, and feels that any tourism activities should be tightly
            restricted. Proposed tourist activities would include sportfishing, viewing of traditional
            cultural events, and the sale of locally made items. With proper management, a tourism
            site in Mitchell Bay might be compatible with traditional use.

            Another site the Corporation may consider for a tourist facility is adjacent to the AMSA
            at the unnamed lake on the Angoon Peninsula south of the ferry terminal. Although the
            site is outside of the AMSA boundary, future development may be evaluated for spillover
            impacts.

            Minerals

            Most of the Mitchell Bay AMSA and its waters are surrounded by Admiralty Island
            National Monument. The wilderness and monument designation does not allow mineral
            development.

            If the privately held Kanalku Bay coal deposits were considered economically viable
            sometime in the future, there potentially would be serious conflicts between development
            of the mine and both recreational use and traditional and customary use in the area.

            11mber

            There are currently no timber lease sales or proposed forestry activities anywhere near
            the AMSA, and none are expected because of the wilderness designation of the uplands.
            However, the Mitchell Bay corridor lands corresponding with the 660' AMSA upland
            boundary are jointly managed by the Forest Service and Kootznoowoo Corporation and
            are not designated wilderness. Logging would not be prohibited because of management
            designation of these lands.

            There also could be minimal timber harvesting associated with road construction and
            residential development on private land. Kootznoowoo Corporation, the owner of the old
            Kanalku Bay coal mine, does not intend to mine the deposits but has suggested it may log
            the 102-acre surface lands at some future time.

            Any logging activities would be subject to conditions and stipulations that ensure
            maximimum protection to all other resources and to traditional and customary use.

            Beach log salvage may be a future activity. Beach log salvage is a -low impact activity
            found to be generally consistent with the ACMP, with general stipulations to avoid
            tideland impacts and cultural resource sites.

            The on-going yearly harvest of firewood has depleted the readily available stands of
            timber close to town. Access to new sources further from town and the roadways must be
            ensured. Road construction or residential development may yield some firewood, but
            people will increasingly rely on sources within the AMSA.         Associated harvesting
            problems of debris, conflicts with* other users, and potential fire hazards during dry
            weather must be addressed.



                                                     -35-









         The Forest Service allows harvesting of dead and down wood for personal use without a
         permit. Although the agency has never issued permits, the Forest Service would
         regulate harvesting of green wood for house logs or trolling poles. Currently the Forest
         Service does not regulate the cutting of green alder in Nfitchell. Bay for smoking fish.

         Cultural Resourms

         Protection of known and undiscovered cultural resources is essential in preserving the
         cultural heritage of the Tlingit people.

         Protective measures must include the classification of site information so that people will
         not trespass or desecrate the sites, and careful review of the site inventory before approval
         of any proposed development activity to avoid the destruction of cultural resources.













































                                             -36-












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         RESOURCE INVENTORY and ANALYSIS
         of the HOOD BAY AMSA

         Biophysical and socioeconomic information about Hood Bay is found in Chapters 2 and 3
         and Figures 22-37 in the Angoon Coastal Management Plan. The information in this
         chapter is a more detailed supplement to the Angoon CMP, and it provides the basis for
         the AMSA policies.


         RESOURCEE4WNTORY

         General Setting

         The Hood Bay AMSA has great value to the general public and specifically to Angoon as a
         traditional and customary use area. Hood Bay provides important traditional
         anadromous fish streams, and deer and waterfowl hunting grounds for the people of
         Angoon. The magnificent scenery makes it a popular destination for sport fishermen
         and hunters. The Bay is also used by subsistence hunters from other nearby
         communities.


         Fish and Wildlife

         The marine and terrestrial habitats of the Hood Bay AMSA support a rich and diverse
         range of fish and wildlife. Anadromous fish in the area include pink, chum, sockeye,
         coho, and king salmon and dolly varden, cutthroat, and rainbow or steelhead trout.
         Figure 30 in the Angoon Coastal Management Plan depicts the anadromous fish streams
         in the AMSA.

         Although there are no king salmon spawning streams nearby, commercial handtrollers
         and subsistence fishermen spend a lot of time pursuing this species during the spring
         and early summer. Most of the harvest effort is concentrated in Hood Bay and along
         Chatham Strait.

         The most common bottom-dwelling fish include the waileye pollock, halibut, sablefish or
         blackcod, arrowtooth flounder or turbot, Pacific perch, Pacific cod, and flathead, Dover
         and rex soles. Common shallower water fish include herring, salmonids, starry
         flounder, greenling, ling cod, shiner perch, ratfish, dogfish, surf smelt, tomcod,
         yellowfin sole, shortspine thornyhead or idiotfish, and various rockfish and sculpins.

         Common marine invertebrates include clams, scallops, mussels, abalone, snails, crabs,
         shrimp, barnacles, urchins, sea stars and sea cucumbers. Eight known edible species of
         mussels, clams, and cockles occur in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zone. Crab
         species include Dungeness, King and Tanner.

         Marine mammals commonly found year-round in the Angoon area include Steller sea
         lions, harbor seals, sea otters, Dall and harbor porpoise, and killer and humpback
         whales. Other marine mammals occurring occasionally in the area include Northern
         fur and elephant seals, minke and sei whales, and North pacific whiteside dolphins.

         Sitka black-tailed deer and brown bear are the only large mammals found on Admiralty
         Island, and both range from the beach fringe to the alpine meadows. Hood Bay is known
         for its abundant deer.




                                                 -38-










            Other mammals include mink, land otter, marten, marmot, beaver, short-tailed
            weasels, squirrel, voles, shrews, mice, and bats. The coastal forest provides important
            cover and habitat for most of these species. Marine foods taken from the intertidal zone
            can make up an important part of the diet of mink, land otter, and - to a lesser extent -
            marten.

            Some of these mammals are taken by subsistence trappers.

            Game birds include the blue grouse and rock ptarmigan. Birds of prey are the bald eagle;
            the red-tailed, gos-, sharp-shinned, sparrow, and marsh hawks; great gray and great
            horned owls; and peregrine and gyrfalcons.

            Common birds breeding in the forest and in other upland habitats include the rufous
            hummingbird; yellow-bellied sapsucker; western flycatcher; tree and barn swallows;
            raven; crow; chestnut-backed chickadee; ouzel; winter wren; varied, hermit and
            Swainson's Thrush; orange-crowned, Townsend's myrtle, and Wilson's warblers; fox
            and Lincoln's sparrow; pine siskin; red crossbill; and dark-eyed junco.

            Each spring during the annual migration to their northerly breeding grounds,
            thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds pass through Chatham Strait which is part of the
            Pacific Flyway. Estuaries and wetlands like those found in Hood Bay provide critical
            resting and feeding habitat, especially in years when breakup further inland is late or
            temporarily delayed by weather. Nesting waterfowl concentrate at the heads of most
            bays, and along lakes and streams. Nesters include red-throated and common loons,
            Vancouver Canada geese, trumpeter swans, mallards, harlequin ducks, and common
            and red-breasted mergansers. Pintail, shoveler and teal also pass through the area.

            Waterfowl constitute an important subsistence food source.

            Inshore waters, especially along the shores of bays and inlets, provide needed habitat for
            overwintering gulls, mallards, scaup, common and Barrow's goldeneye, buffleheads,
            oldsquaws, harlequins, white-winged, surf and common scoters, common and red-
            breasted merganser, Vancouver Canada geese, loons, grebes, marbled murrelets,
            murres, guillemots, and other alcids, puffins, eider, and pelagic cormorants. Important
            fall and winter food for these birds includes eelgrass, sea lettuce and other algae, marine
            invertebrates, small fish, and spawned-out salmon and their roe.

            Shorebirds such as black turnstones, black oystercatchers, rock sandpipers, surfbirds,
            and dunlins frequent the rocky shores during winter. Migrating whimbrel, golden,
            black- bellied, and semi-palmated plover, and wandering tattlers also rest in the area,
            frequently stopping at low tide. Snipe and greater and lesser yellowlegs nest along the
            shore of marine and freshwater bodies, swamps, and muskegs.

            Puffin, petrels, gulls, guillemots, jaegers, murres, murrelets, and phalaropes are found
            in the area at various times of the year.

            Fisheries

            Commercial and subsistence king salmon fisheries coexist in Hood Bay. The
            commercial king salmon fishery occurs mostly in the outer reaches of the Bay to the west
            of the old Cannery site, and not in the North or South Arms.





                                                     -39-








           Halibut and dungeness crab are also commercially harvested. The shorelines of the
           entire Bay comprise the halibut commercial fishery. Dungeness crab are commercially
           taken at the head of the North Arm and at the mouth of streams in the South Arm.

           Fisheries Enhancement and Mariculture

           There are no hatchery or mariculture developments in the Hood Bay AMSA. However, in
           1989 the ACA mariculture project surveyed conditions for commercial oyster farming at
           one site in the South Arm of Hood Bay (Station 5 in Figure 13). Data is being collected
           again during the 1990 summer months because of atypical conditions during the 1989 test
           season.

           The ADFG FRED- may develop remote release net pens and outstocking projects in areas
           close to Angoon, but specific sites have not been selected.

           Recreation

           The reputation for good fishing and deer hunting, and the beautiful scenery within the
           Admiralty Island National Monument draws recreationists to the Hood Bay AMSA.

           11mber

           The Sitka spruce and western hemlock forest is the dominant forest type from sea level to
           timberline, which varies from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The most common conifers are western
           hemlock, Sitka spruce, mountain hemlock, and Alaska cedar.

           Of all terrestrial habitats, old-growth forest is generally considered the most important
           for wildlife in northern Southeast Alaska. The most critical and productive old-growth
           habitat consists of the highest volume stands on south-facing slopes between the beach
           and 1,000 feet elevation. Stands with highly variable tree spacing of many large trees
           with full crowns interspersed with trees of varying age, size, and crown development and
           an understory abundant in bunchberry, blueberry, trailing raspberry, and goldthread
           provide first class fodder and shelter for deer, bear, and smaller mammals and birds.
           Typically these stands are found on south-facing slopes within a few miles of the beach or
           in riparian corridors.

           Deer frequent the beach fringe in winter and spring, and subalpine areas in summer
           and fall, but they depend on old-growth forest year round and especially during winter
           and spring.

           The crowns, needles, and branches of spruce and hemlock form a canopy which reduces
           snow accumulation on the ground. This allows species such as deer to continue to access
           the understory plants. The canopy also reduces radiant heat loss so that temperatures in
           the woods may be as much as ten or fifteen degrees warmer than those in muskegs,
           meadows and clearcuts. With the additional wind protection afforded by heavy timber
           and brush, the old-growth forest becomes critical habitat in periods of extreme cold and
           periods of deep snow.

           The Vancouver Canada goose depends on old-growth forests and rich estuaries. Unique
           among geese which tend to nest in marshes, it nests in old-growth trees in the spring
           and migrates to intermediate altitude muskegs during summer. Instead of migrating
           south, many of the Vancouver sub-species are year-round residents in bays, estuaries,
           and tide flats near their nesting areas.




                                                    _ 40-









         The marbled murrelet feeds in saltwater but nests in old-growth forests growing on steep
         hillsides, sometimes as much as twenty or more miles *inland. Liquidation of nesting
         habitat by logging has endangered the species in California, Oregon and Washington.
         Marbled murrelet numbers in Southeast Alaska remain high, but the impact on their
         population by logging activities has not been assessed. It is believed that marbled
         murrelets feed along the entire western shore of Admiralty Island. Nesting is likely to be
         especially concentrated on the steep slopes above Hood Bay.

         The forest also plays an important role in regulating in-stream water volumes and
         temperatures. Tall trees growing along river banks shade stream courses from thermal
         extremes, both the intense mid-summer sun and intense mid-winter cold. Trees and
         their root systems regulate the rate of run-off, storing water received during wet periods
         and releasing it slowing during dry periods. The forest steadily contributes small
         amounts of bark, needles, leaves, insects, and other nutrients essential to the aquatic
         lifeforms found in lakes, rivers, and streams.

         Patches of forest are periodically blown down by high winds that accompany the frequent
         fall and winter storms. Blow downs occasionally block anadromous fish streams but
         generally the effect of trees and stumps on streams is positive. Blow downs provide
         shelter for fish and animals and growing platforms for algae and insects. Attached
         marine algae and eelgrass are often torn loose and deposited on beaches. As these plants
         are broken down by physical and chemical processes, they become an important winter
         food source for shellfish and marine invertebrates.

         The forest is also important in providing firewood. Firewood is a traditional resource
         essential to a majority of Angoon households for heat, domestic hot water and cooking.
         Demand is heavy, and wood consumption per household may exceed several cords a year.

         Sections of the Hood Bay old growth forest were logged in the past. The commercial
         harvest of timber probably began in the late 1870's for wood to build and operate
         canneries.    Timber was also commercially harvested for pilings and floats for
         commercial fish traps owned by the canneries. Between 1913 and 1947, many trees were
         cut along the beach fringe individually or in small clearcuts.

         A private logging company clearcut 154 acres in the South Arm in 1947.      An additional
         524 acres were harvested at the extreme end of south Hood Bay between 1948 and 1951.

         Minerals

         There are no known economic concentrations of minerals in Hood Bay. The Forest
         Service owns the subsurface estate.

         The agency has classified the area as wilderness and mining is incompatible with this
         land use designation.

         (Cultural Resources

         Eleven cultural sites in the Hood Bay AMSA have been identified and mapped. These
         include a prehistoric settlement, and evidence of historic villages and a mythical fish
         camp. The Tlingit people have occupied Hood Bay for a long time and it is likely that
         significant unknown cultural sites exist.






                                                     41-









          "KE'LEESOURCE ANALYSIS

          introduction

          In the following Resource Analysis, existing and potential future uses, issues and
          conflicts in Hood Bay are explored. Figure 13 shows existing and potential future land
          and water uses in the Hood Bay AMSA. Issues identified in the Resource Analysis are
          addressed in the AMSA policies.

          Traditional and Customary Natural Resource Use

          Hood Bay was noted in a 1985 survey as one of the more important traditional fish and
          wildlife use areas for Angoon. Traditional resources harvested in Hood Bay include king
          salmon, sockeye salmon by beach seine and troll gear, halibut, herring, crab, deer, seals,
          birds and bird eggs, seaweed, firewood, mussels, clams, cockles and other invertebrates,
          and small mammals by trapping.

          Over 50 percent of the active Angoon households reported using the Hood Bay area in
          1957. That number increased to 75 percent in 1985, with use averaging 55 percent over
          the 28-year period. The Angoon people have strong cultural ties to the area and continue
          to use it today for a variety of food harvesting activities. Proximity to Angoon and
          relatively protected harbors enhance use of the Bay.

          Patterns of use of Hood Bay for deer hunting fluctuated between 40 percent to 60 percent of
          Angoon households until recently when nearly 80 percent of the households reported
          using the area. This may be because deer populations are reportedly low in Mitchell Bay,
          and Chaik-V*rhitewater Bays are more distant and involve greater travel time and costs.
          Beach hunting is prevalent, as well as forest hunting. Muskeg and alpine hunting are
          not as common. There are no roads in Hood Bay, and very few people hunt the old
          clearcuts.

          Several important factors have influenced changes in traditional and customary
          resource use of Hood Bay. Use has been greatly influenced by the purchase and operation
          of the Hood Bay Cannery in 1947, the ownership of commercial seine boats, and
          employment of many local people in the cannery operation. In 1961. the cannery burned
          down. The loss of the cannery resulted in a shift in employment location for many
          Angoon residents and an eventual change in the composition of the fishing fleet to
          trollers. With the shift to a troll fleet, Hood Bay began to be used more for day trips to
          harvest areas. The trollers also brought about an increase in beach hunting for deer.

          The average Angoon household depends heavily on food harvesting for its year-to-year
          survival. Traditional and customary use, rather than government welfare, is the
          primary means of supplementing income. Because both their cultural and physical
          livelihoods depend on the traditional use of natural resources, the people of Angoon give
          the highest priority to the preservation and use of these resources.

          Fisheries Enhancement and Mariculture

          Data collection by the ACA for potential oyster farming is the only current mariculture-
          related activity in the AMSA. If salt water farming becomes viable at the site in the South
          Arm, oysters will be grown and there may be some herring pounding as well. The ACA
          Board endorses the mariculture project.





                                                    -42-









          While mariculture may provide the local community increased shellfish resources and
          employment and economic benefits, there are concerns that projects be operated in an
          environmentally sound manner and that they not conflict with traditional harvesting
          activities.

          Recreation

          A conflict between sport and subsistence deer hunting appears to exist. People in Angoon
          report that hunters in Hood Bay take only the hindquarters of deer and leave the rest. It
          is also rumored that people from Petersburg trespass on the ACA's Hood Bay Cannery
          land and take deer. Increased ADFG monitoring and enforcement of sport hunting
          regulations in Hood Bay is needed.

          The alpine country in the Hood Bay area is accessible by several well known deer and
          bear trails. The Angoon people generally agree that they do not want to identify existing
          trails or write a policy specifically about them because of concern that identification will
          lead to increased use and accompanying littering and habitat destruction. They report
          that people using the bear trail have left garbage on Hood Mountain.

          The Forest Service may build a trail and issue temporary camp permits in the future on
          land within or upland from the AMSA. These changes would result in greater
          recreational use of Hood Bay, and would increase the potential for littering and other
          impacts on habitat and traditional and customary use.

          The abandoned Hood Bay Cannery site is owned by the ACA. The ACA has indicated it
          may decide to build a tourist facility at this site someday.

          The Alaska Pulp Corporation may develop its land near Cabin Point in the future, and a
          corporate spokesman has stated that the land 'lends itself to a remote lodge."

          Mmber

          As discussed in the Resource Inventory, commercial timber harvest activities occurred
          in south Hood Bay in the past. The Angoon Tlingit were not involved in the harvest,
          although some residents were employed in logging elsewhere. The impacts from these
          activities on traditional and customary natural resource use can still be felt today.
          The Hood Bay clearcuts of the late 1940s greatly distressed the Angoon people. They
          believed the timber harvest area belonged to the Killer Whale clan and they questioned the
          right of the Forest Service to sell the timber to the logging company. A suit was filed in
          the late 1940s on behalf of the Angoon Tlingit against the Forest Service challenging the
          legality of this timber sale. The suit was resolved in 1955 as part of the Tee Hit Ton case.

          The clearcut timber harvest of 1947 also affected use of portions of the bay. An Angoon
          elder testified at a public meeting held by the Forest Service in 1982 to discuss a five-year
          timber harvest sale. He said that nothing is found in the Hood Bay clearcut areas
          because the trees in that area are so close together that nothing can move. Another
          Angoon resident told George and Bosworth (1988:130) "1 avoid areas like this, and I have
          learned early on that deer are not found in areas like this, for there is nothing here for
          them."

          There are currently no timber lease sales or proposed timber harvests in the Hood Bay
          AMSA. Most of the Hood Bay AMSA lands are designated wilderness in the Admiralty



                                                    -43-









             Island National Monument and are not available for timber harvest. However, the
             privately owned lands within the AMSA could be harvested at some future time.

             Beach log salvage may be a future activity. Beach log salvage is a low impact activity
             found to be generally consistent with the ACMP, with general stipulations to avoid
             tideland impacts and cultural resource sites.

             Firewood is another use for timber in the Hood Bay AMSA. The on-going yearly harvest
             of firewood has depleted the readily available stands of timber close to town. Access to
             new sources further from town and the roadways must be ensured. People will
             increasingly rely on sources within the AMSA. Associated harvesting problems of
             debris, confficts with other users, and potential fire hazards during dry weather must be
             addressed.

             The Forest Service allows harvesting of dead and down wood for personal use without a
             permit. Although the agency has never issued permits, the Forest Service would
             regulate harvesting of green wood for house logs or trolling poles.

             Cultural Resources

             Several of the cultural resource sites in Hood Bay are visible from the water, and others
             are known by local residents. Protection of known and undiscovered cultural resources
             is essential in preserving the cultural heritage of the Tlingit people.

             Protective measures must include the classification of site information so that people will
             not trespass or desecrate the sites, and careful review of the site inventory before approval
             of any proposed development activity to avoid the destruction of cultural resources.
































                                                       -44-








                                                         @-q



                     Tabie
                     Island
                                                  IJ 6        -At
                                                                                LEGEND                                         '11,
                                                       '39



                                              - -----------
                                                                               TRADITIONAL HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING
                                                         r,,,                  OCCURSTHROUGHOUTTHEAMSA
                                                   21                       2
                                                                               SPORT HUNTING AND FISHING
                                                                               OCCURSTHROUGHOUTTHEAMSA


                                                                                         POTENTIAL MARICULTURE STATION     --- ---


                                                                                         POTENTIAL TOURISM FACILITY
                                                               27

                                                                                         COMMERCIAL SALMON FISHERY


                                                                                         COMMERCIAL HALIBUT FISHERY


                                                                                         COMMERCIAL DUNGENESS GRAB FISHERY


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        RESOURCE INVENTORY and ANALYSIS
        of the CHAIK-WHITEWATER DAY AMSA

        Biophysical and socioeconomic information about Chaik and Whitewater Bays is found in
        Chapters 2 and 3 and Figures 22-37 in the Angoon Coastal Management Plan. The
        information in this chapter is a more detailed supplement to the Angoon CMP, and it
        provides the basis for the AMSA policies.


        RESOURCEINVENTORY

        General Setting

        Chaik and Whitewater Bays have value to the general public for recreation, and to
        Angoon as traditional and customary use areas. Both possess anadromous fish streams
        and valuable deer and waterfowl habitat.

        Fish and Wildlife

        Anadromous fish in the area include pink, chum, sockeye, coho, and king salmon and
        dolly varden, cutthroat, and rainbow or steelhead trout. Figure 30 in the Angoon Coastal
        Management Plan depicts the anadromous fish streams in the AMSA. All species
        except king salmon spawn in the Angoon area.

        The most prevalent bottom-dwelling fish include the walleye pollock, halibut, sablefish or
        blackcod, arrowtooth flounder or turbot, Pacific perch, Pacific cod, and flathead, Dover
        and rex soles. Common shallower water fish include herring, salmonids, starry
        flounder, greenling, ling cod, shiner perch, ratfish, dogfish, surf smelt, tomeod,
        yellowfin sole, shortspine thornyh-ead or idiotfish, and various rockfish and sculpins.

        Common marine invertebrates include clams, scallops, mussels, abalone, snails, crabs,
        shrimp, barnacles, urchins, sea stars and sea cucumbers. Eight known edible species of
        mussels, clams, and cockles occur in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. Crab
        species include Dungeness, King and Tanner.

        Marine mammals commonly found year-round in the Angoon area include Steller sea
        lions, harbor seals, sea otters, Dall and harbor porpoise, and killer and humpback
        whales. Other marine mammals occurring occasionally in the area include Northern
        fur and elephant seals, minke and sei whales, and North pacific whiteside dolphins.

        Sitka black-tailed deer and brown bear are the only large mammals found on Admiralty
        Island, and both species range from the beach fringe to the alpine meadows. Deer are
        plentiful in both Chaik and N"itewater Bays.

        Other mammals include mink, land otter, marten, marmot, beaver, short-tailed
        weasels, squirrel, voles, shrews, mice, and bats. The coastal forest provides important
        cover and habitat for most of these species. Marine foods taken from the intertidal zone
        can make up an important part of the diet of mink, land otter, and - to a lesser extent -
        marten.

        Some of these mammals are taken by subsistence trappers.




                                                 -46-









         Game birds include the blue grouse and rock ptarmigan. Birds of prey are the bald eagle;
         the red-tailed, gos-, sharp-shinned, sparrow, and marsh hawks; great gray and great
         horned owls; and peregrine and gyrfalcons.

         Common birds breeding in the forest and in other upland habitats include the rufous
         hummingbird; yellow-bellied sapsucker; western flycatcher; tree and barn swallows;
         raven; crow; chestnut-backed chickadee; ouzel; winter wren; varied, hermit and
         Swainson's Thrush; orange-crowned, Townsend's myrtle, and Wilson's warblers; fox
         and Lincoln's sparrow; pine siskin; red crossbill; and dark-eyed junco.

         Each spring, during the annual migration to their northerly breeding grounds,
         thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds pass through Chatham Strait which is part of the
         Pacific Flyway. Estuaries and wetlands like those found in Chaik Bay provide critical
         resting and feeding habitat, especially in years when breakup further inland is late or
         temporarily delayed by weather. Nesting waterfowl concentrate at the heads of most
         bays, and along lakes and streams. Nesters include red-throated and common loons,
         Vancouver Canada geese, trumpeter swans, mallards, harlequin ducks, and common
         and red-breasted mergansers. Pintail, shoveler and teal also pass through the area.

         Waterfowl constitute an important subsistence food source.

         Inshore waters, especially along the shores of bays and inlets, provide needed habitat for
         overwintering gulls, mallards, scaup, common and Barrow's goldeneye, buffleheads,
         oldsquaws, harlequins, white-winged, surf and common scoters, common and red-
         breasted merganser, Vancouver Canada geese, loons, grebes, marbled murrelets,
         murres, guillemots, and other alcids, puffins, eider, and pelagic cormorants. Important
         fall and winter food for these birds includes eelgrass, sea lettuce, and other algae,
         marine inverte-brates, small fish, and spawned-out salmon and their roe.

         Shorebirds such as black turnstones, black oystercatchers, rock sandpipers, surfbirds,
         and dunlins frequent the rocky shores during winter. Migrating whimbrel, golden,
         black- bellied, and semi-palmated plover, and wandering tattlers also rest in the area,
         frequently stopping at low tide. Snipe and greater and lesser yellowlegs nest along the
         shore of marine and freshwater bodies, swamps, and muskegs.

         Puffin, petrels, gulls, guillemots, jaegers, murres, murrelets, and phalaropes are found
         in the area at various times of the year.

         Fisheries

         Subsistence chum and pink salmon are taken by beach seine in Chaik and Whitewater
         Bays from July I through September 30. Fall chum salmon are fished from Augutit I
         until October 30. King and coho salmon may be taken incidentally under a subsistence
         permit.

         Subsistence halibut are fished in the spring and summer when the halibut move into
         shallow waters.

         There are commercial dungeness crab fisheries and commercial halibut fisheries in
         both Chaik and Whitewater Bays. Dungeness are taken in the shallow waters of the flats
         inside the head of each Bay. Halibut are fished in the deeper waters at the entrance to
         each Bay. the coho troll fishery occurs off Village Point in Chaik Bay and seining takes
         place within the Bay.




                                                   -47-









        In 1990 a new sea cucumber commercial fishery opened at Distant Point south to Chaik
        Bay, an area adjacent to both the Hood Bay and Chaik-Whitewat,er Bay AMSAs.

        Fisheries     - ncement and Mariadture

        Presently there are no hatchery site proposals or mariculture study sites in Chaik and
        Whitewater Bays.

        Recreation

        Chaik and Whitewater Bays attract visitors who hunt and fish, and enjoy the scenic
        values of Admiralty Island National Monument. However, the Bays are unable to
        accomodate even a small number of boats because they lack good anchorages and are
        fairly exposed to weather in Chatham Strait.

        There are no Forest Service recreational trails in either Chaik or Whitewater Bay.

        At this time there is no private or public sector tourist facility development proposed in
        the Chaik-Whitewater AMSA.


        Tunber

        The Sitka spruce and western hemlock forest is the dominant forest type from sea level to
        timberline, which varies from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The most common conifers are western
        hemlock, Sitka spruce, mountain hemlock, and Alaska cedar.

        Of all terrestrial habitats, old-growth forest is generally considered the most important
        for wildlife in northern Southeast Alaska. The most critical and productive old-growth
        habitat consists of the highest volume stands on south-facing slopes between the beach
        and 1,000 feet elevation. Stands with highly variable tree spacing of many large trees
        with full crowns interspersed with trees of varying age, size, and crown development and
        an understory abundant in bunchberry, blueberry, trailing raspberry, and goldthread
        provide first class fodder and shelter for deer, bear, and smaller mammals and birds.
        Typically these stands are found on south-facing slopes within a few miles of the beach or
        in riparian corridors.

        Deer frequent the beach fringe in winter and spring, and subalpine areas in summer
        and fall, but they depend on old-growth forest-year round and especially during winter
        and spring.

        The crowns, needles, and branches of spruce and hemlock form a canopy which reduces
        snow accumulation on the ground. This allows species such as deer to continue to access
        the understory plants. The canopy also reduces loss of radiant heat, so that temperatures
        in the woods may be as much as ten or fifteen degrees warmer than those in muskegs,
        meadows and clearcuts. With the additional wind protection afforded by heavy timber
        and brush, the old-growth forest becomes critical habitat in periods of extreme cold and
        periods of deep snow.

        The Vancouver Canada goose depends on old-growth forests and rich estuaries. Unique
        among geese which tend to nest in marshes, it nests in old-growth trees in the spring
        and migrates to intermediate altitude muskegs during summer. Instead of migrating
        south, many of the Vancouver sub-species are year-round residents in bays, estuaries,
        and tide flats near their nesting areas.




                                                 -48-









            The marbled murrelet feeds in saltwater but nests in old-growth forests growing on steep
            hillsides, sometimes as much as twenty or more miles inland. Destruction of nesting
            habitat by logging has endangered the species in California, Oregon and Washington.
            Marbled murrelet numbers in Southeast Alaska remain high, but the impact on their
            population by logging activities has not been assessed. It is believed that marbled
            murrelets feed along the entire western shore of Admiralty Island. Nesting is likely to be
            especially concentrated on the steep slopes above Chaik Bay.

            The forest also plays an important role in regulating in-stream water volumes and
            temperatures. Tall trees growing along river banks shade stream courses from thermal
            extremes, both the intense mid-summer sun and intense mid-winter cold. Trees and
            their root systems regulate the rate of run-off, storing water received during wet periods
            and releasing it slowing during dry periods. The forest steadily contributes small
            amounts of bark, needles, leaves, insects, and other nutrients essential to the aquatic
            lifeforms found in lakes, rivers, and streams.

            Blow downs of patches of forest during storms occasionally block anadromous fish
            streams but generally the effect of trees and stumps on streams is positive. Blow downs
            provide shelter for fish and animals and growing platforms for algae and insects.
            Attached marine algae and eelgrass are often torn loose and deposited on beaches. As
            these plants are broken down by physical and chemical processes, they become an
            important winter food source for shellfish and marine invertebrates.

            The forest is also important as a source of firewood. Firewood is a traditional resource
            essential to a majority of Angoon households for heat, domestic hot water and cooking.
            Demand is heavy, and wood consumption per household may exceed several cords a year.

            Sections of Whitewater Bay were logged in the past. The first commercial timber
            harvests were probably for' logs for commercial fish traps, followed by small scale
            commercial hand logging and select logging of spruce trees in the 19208. Small scale
            logging changed in 1911 when 80 acres were harvested at once. From 1911 to 1960 just
            over 323 acres of timber were commercially harvested. A road system was put in by a
            logging company and over 1870 acres were clearcut from 1962 to 1964.

            MineivIs

            There are no known economic concentrations of minerals in Chaik Bay or Whitewater
            Bay. The Forest Service owns the subsurface estate. The agency has classified the area
            as wilderness, and mining is incompatible with this land use designation.

            Cultural Pa%ources

            Eighteen archeological sites in Chaik and Whitewater Bays have been identified and
            mapped. Investigations have yielded historic period artifacts from village and fort sites
            and fish camps throughout the AMSA.

            It is likely that a number of unknown but significant prehistoric cultural sites exist, as
            the Tlingit people have inhabited this area of Southeast Alaska for several thousand
            years.










                                                     -49-









            RESOURCE ANALYSIS

            Introduction

            In the following Resource Analysis, existing and potential future uses, issues and
            conflicts in Chaik and Whitewater Bays are explored. Figure 14 shows existing and
            potential future land and water uses in the Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA. Issues
            identified in the Resource Analysis are addressed in the AMSA policies.

            I)raditional and Customary Natural Resource Use

            Chaik and Whitewater Bays have been traditional fish and wildlife use areas for a very
            long time. Neltushkin in Whitewater Bay was once an enduring Tlingit village with over
            50 residents. Many years ago there was a community at Village Point in Chaik Bay
            where some of Angoon's elders were raised. A fort also existed at Village Point at one
            time.

            Chaik and Whitewater Bays yield salmon, halibut, deer, seal, seaweed, crab, clams,
            cockles, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, mussels and other invertebrates, ducks, geese, as
            well as other waterfowl, bird eggs, firewood, and small mammals by trapping.

            The AMSA, especially Whitewater Bay, is considered by Angoon people as "too far" to be
            an easy day trip. It is described as "a day trip with an overnight stay." Thus only special
            trips are undertaken to harvest specific resources. People travel to Whitewater to hunt
            deer and seal, to fish halibut, cohos, king and dungeness crabs, and to dig clams and
            cockles.

            The high mountain peaks-behind Chaik provide good deer hunting in August and
            September. Later in the season deer are hunted within two or three miles of saltwater,
            and in late winter, beach hunting prevails.

            The patterns of use of Whitewater Bay for deer hunting have fluctuated since the 1950's,
            due to several factors including logging. The relative abundance of deer plays a major
            role in the traditional use patterns of Whitewater Bay because reports of good hunting are
            an incentive for hunters to travel 20 miles to the Bay. Other factors affecting hunter
            selection of Whitewater for deer in recent years include the cost of gasoline to get there,
            and safety. Hazardous travel across the open water and several reefs between Angoon
            and Whitewater Bay discourages small boat owners.

            Deer hunters avoided the Whitewater Bay area and were essentially displaced during the
            period of active logging. There was a general feeling that logging would drive away the
            deer. Peak use of the area occurred in 1967, shortly after the logging stopped. After the
            loggers left Whitewater Bay in 1965, Angoon hunters began using the roads and clearcuts
            in the Bay. Use of the roads and clearcuts decreased to 10-20% in the 1980s, partly
            because the logging road was overtaken by the growth of alder. Although beaches were
            not used in the 1940s-1950s, beach hunting increased to 75% of all hunters in the 1970s,
            and it remained high in the 1980's.

            Apparently in the 1970s reports began to circulate that Whitewater Bay was not as good
            for deer hunting, and hunting efforts shifted to areas closer to town.

            Seal hunting is incidental to deer hunting and occurs during most of the year except
            during the pup calving season, mid-May to early July.




                                                      _50-











           Fisheries

           This spring the sea cucumber fishery in Southeast Alaska was closed early in order to
           address management problems. Although the future of the Distant Point sea cucumber
           fishery is uncertain and the fishery is outside both the Hood Bay and Chaik-Whitewater
           Bay AMSAs, any continuation of the fishery may be reviewed for potential spillover
           impacts.

           The sea cucumber fishery in Southeast Alaska has developed from a zero harvest in 1986
           to 1.3 million pounds harvested in 1989. At the time of the spring 1990 opening, the ADFG
           Division of Commercial Fisheries did not have a management plan for this species. The
           Tlingit & Haida Central Council has publicly voiced its concerns that unlimited entry
           without a management plan could threaten depletion of the traditional resource by non-
           Natives.

           The timing of future sea cucumber fisheries depends on the gathering of population
           estimates and other biological data, as well as development of a comprehensive
           management plan. The Division of Commercial Fisheries requested FY 91 legislative
           funding for management plan development and implementation. The division received
           limited funding targeted for research. The funding is earmarked for commercial
           sampling of locations and numbers of sea cucumbers. The management plan will be
           completed by July 1, 1990. However, funding for implementation was not received.
           According to the Division of Commercial Fisheries, re-opening of the sea cucumber
           fishery may be limited to the larger fisheries in Sitka and Ketchikan.

           Fisheries Enhancement and Mariculture

           The ADFG FRED has indicated that remote release net pens and outstocking projects
           may be planned near Angoon sometime in the future.

           Shoals and exposure to weather from Chatham Strait may make Chaik and Whitewater
           Bays unsuitable for temporary or permanent anchorages for fish processing, floating
           facilities, or mariculture facilities.

           Recreation

           The only known or anticipated use conflicts are between traditional fishing and hunting,
           and sports fishing and hunting. Unlike the situation in the Mitchell Bay AMSA, the
           conflict is not perceived as critical. Competition is not focused on a specific resource.
           Chaik and Whitewater Bays are important traditional use areas but they are not relied
           upon as heavily as some other areas. The AMSA is more distant and requires specially
           planned trips for specific harvest activities.

           The Forest Service may build a trail or issue temporary camping permits on Monument
           land in the future. Increased recreational use of the AMSA would increase the potential
           for habitat and scenic impacts such as littering, debris from firewood cutting,
           disturbance of traditional berry picking areas, and stowage of boats on tidelands within
           sight of other boaters.

           Chaik and Whitewater Bays have deer trails that are used for traditional hunting and
           trapping. Some residents do not want a policy to identify existing trails because of
           potential litter problems and habitat damage by recreational users. A member of the




                                                    -51-









          Angoon Planning and Zoning Commission stated that boaters "tear down the berry
          bushes."


          Twaber

          Whitewater Bay has a history of timber use that began in order to meet the domestic
          needs of the Leeneidee people for houses, smokehouses, cooking utensils, fishing gear,
          and cooking and heating fuel. The commercial timber harvests occurring between 1911-
          1964 displaced hunters who traditionally used Whitewater Bay, and probably impacted
          traditional and customary use in other ways as well.

          Although private holdings exist in Chaik and Whitewater Bays, there are currently no
          timber sale leases or plans to harvest timber. The surrounding uplands are designated
          wilderness in the Admiralty Island National Monument.

          Beach log salvage may be a future activity. Beach log salvage is a low impact activity
          found to be generally consistent with the ACMP, with general stipulations to avoid
          tideland impacts and cultural resource sites.

          Firewood is another use of timber within the AMSA. The on-going yearly harvest of
          firewood has depleted the readily available stands of timber close to town. Access to new
          sources further from town and the roadways must be ensured. People will increasingly
          rely on sources within the AMSA. Associated harvesting problems of debris, conflicts
          with other users, and potential fire hazards during dry weather must be addressed.

          The Forest Service allows harvesting of dead and down wood for personal use without a
          permit. Although the agency has never issued permits, the Forest Service would
          regulate harvesting of green wood for house logs or trolling poles.

          Cultural Resources

          The remains of the old settlements in Chaik and Whitewater Bays are visible today.
          Protection of known and undis-covered cultural resources is essential in preserving the
          cultural heritage of the Tlingit people.

          Protective measures must include the classification of site information so that people will
          not trespass or desecrate the sites, and a careful review of the site inventory before
          approval of any proposed development activity to avoid the destruction of cultural
          resources.






























                                                      52-













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        MANAGEMENT of the AREAS
      MERITING SPECIAL ATTENTION





































                  -54-







           MANAGEMENT of the AREAS MERITING
           SPECIAL ATTENTION in MITCHELL,- HOOD
           and CHAIK-W"HITEWATER BAYS

           1WRODUCHON

           A management plan for an AMSA must preserve, protect, enhance, or restore the value
           or values for which the area was designated.

           The AMSA management plans for Mitchell, Hood and Chaik-Whitewater Bays preserve
           and protect the traditional use value of these lands for hunting, fishing, food gathering
           and foraging.  In the management scheme, traditional and customary natural resource
           uses are placed above commercial fishing, and recreational fishing and hunting.

           The AMSA management plans outlined below will discuss proper and improper uses,
           subject uses, goals and objectives, enforceable policies, how the plan will be implemented
           and the authority to carry it out.

           Issues and use conflicts exist because of competition for scarce resources. The major
           issues are the potential effects of recreation and resource development on traditional
           resources, and the continued adequacy of habitats and fish and wildlife resources to meet
           traditional and customary natural resource use needs. In resolving the conflicts, it is
           expected that there will be compromises between resource development and resource
           protection in order to achieve the balance needed to allow human presence on the land.

           Goals are the coastal district's general statements of its philosophy and the outcome it
           desires in relation to uses or activities in the AMSAs.

           Objectives establish direction toward the goals and describe the district's achievable
           intent in relation to uses or activities in the AMSAs.

           Neither goals nor objectives are enforceable.

           Policies are the enforceable rules of the AMSA plan. They guide management decisions
           about the use and development of specific coastal resources. When the AMSA
           management plan is adopted, it becomes part of the Alaska and Angoon Coastal
           Management Program and the enforceable policies will be used by state and federal
           agencies when development projects or plans are reviewed throughout the AMSAs. On
           AMSA lands within the City of Angoon boundaries, local permits will also be reviewed in
           relation to the AMSA plan policies.

           On private lands in the AMSAs, the policies will be effective through voluntary
           participation, and whenever state or federal permits are needed for actions. Once
           permits are required, these policies are binding rather than voluntary.

           The Alaska Coastal Management Program (ACMP) policies are in effect throughout
           Southeast Alaska. The following policies are additional, specific policies to supplement
           the ACMP state standards, 6 AAC 80.040 - 80.150.

           We refer the reader to Pages 124-125, Definitions, in the Angoon Coastal Management
           Program plan for the meanings of words used in the following policies.




                                                    -55-










           PROPER AArD V11PROPER USES

           All land and water uses within the AMSAs will. be considered proper if they are
           consistent with the policies of this AMSA management plan, the ACMP standards, and
           applicable state and federal regulations.
           No uses are categorically prohibited within the AMSA boundaries. Uses of state and
           national concern will not be arbitrarily or unreasonably excluded from the AMSAs.


           SUBJECT USES

           All land and water uses and activities occurring on City, state and private lands, and
           federal actions which directly affect coastal resources within the boundary of the AMSA
           plan are subject to the AMSA plan policies, including:

               *  land and water uses within the AMSA boundary which require approvals,
                  including permits and certifications of the City, state or federal governments;
                  and

               *  resource leasing activities that require federal, municipal or state permits,
                  land disposals, regional plans, and community plans.

           These  include permitted activities that are subject to categorical approval, general
           concurrence, and individual project review under coastal management regulations.
           Land and water uses and activities occurring on state and private land which directly
           affect the coastal resources within the AMSA are subject to both the policies contained in
           the federally approved Angoon Coastal Management Program and this AMSA plan.
           Although federal lands and waters are excluded from the coastal area, uses and
           activities occurring on federal lands and waters which directly affect the coastal area are
           subject to this program.

           All proposed actions in the AMSAs will be evaluated by regulatory agencies to determine
           if the action is consistent with the AMSA management policies. A permit will not be
           granted if the proposed action or activity is not consistent. The District will work with the
           project applicant to revise the proposed development project plans in order to make it
           consistent with the policies of this plan. Consistency reviews of state activities will be
           coordinated by the Division of Governmental Coordination if more than one state agency
           permit is involved or a federal permit is required.

           Federal activities within the AMSA must be consistent with the management policies to
           the "maximum extent practicable." In other words, activities must be consistent unless
           the agency will be violating another federal law by doing so.

           Upland activities on federal lands will be reviewed for consistency with this AMSA plan
           for all potential "spillover impacts." Federal rules require that federal agencies identify
           which of their activities will have spillover impacts that affect the AMSA (15 CFR 930).
           However, the State of Alaska provides guidance in three documents to the Forest Service
           regarding activities that will be reviewed for consistency. These documents are the State
           of Alaska Coastal Management Program; a Memorandum of Understanding currently
           under revision between the State of Alaska, Office of the Governor, Division of
           Governmental Coordination, and the U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Region; and the State
           Forest Resources and Practices Act (AS 41.17), as amended in 1990.



                                                      -56-









            Activities on state, municipal or private lands adjacent to the AMSA may also be
            evaluated for spillover impacts.


            N TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY NATURAL RESOURCE USE

            Traditional and customary natural resource use of plants, fish, and wildlife is the
            primary and highest priority use of all land and waters within the AMSAs.

            Goal 1.1: To protect traditional and customary use of plant, fish, and wildlife resources
            and habitats, and to maintain the traditional way of life in order to preserve the
            traditional cultural values and economy.

                   Objective 1.11: To balance competing uses and activities with maintenance of the
                   Tlingit culture and traditional use economy.

            Policies

               A . Before a proposal can be approved, possible adverse impacts of the potentially
                   conflicting use or activity on traditional and customary use must be analyzed and
                   safeguards provided to assure continued traditional and customary use.

               B.  A potentially conflicting use or activity shall not curtail the age-old traditional
                   culture of the Tlingit people.

               0.  A potentially conflicting use or activity shall not remove indispensable fish, game
                   or plant habitats from use by traditional and customary users, or cause a decrease
                   in the range or extent of diversity within the local ecology that the Tlingit people
                   depend on for food.

               D.  Sport fishing and sport hunting shall not be allowed in areas that are intensively
                   used for traditional fishing, hunting and gathering.

               E.  Within the AMSAs, proposers of non-subsistence uses and activities shall locate
                   such uses and activities at alternate sites outside the AMSA. Where location in
                   alternative sites is not feasible and prudent, uses and activities shall avoid adverse
                   impacts to traditional use resources and habitats, or to traditional users during
                   periods of harvesting and gathering activities.


            E RECREATION

            Goal 2.1: To promote recreational uses and activities on the coastal lands and waters that
            do not conflict with traditional and customary use.

                   Objective 2.1.1-. To balance sport fishing, hunting and other recreational uses and
                   activities with maintenance of the Tlingit culture and subsistence economy.

            Policies

               A. The state and federal agencies shall give high priority to maintaining, and where
                   appropriate, increasing public access to coastal lands and waters.




                                                      -57-








               B. Proposed recreational activities and developments which conflict with traditional
                   and customary resource use shall not be encouraged.


            0 FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT AND MARICULTURE

            Fisheries are vital to the Angoon lifestyle and economy. Commercial fishing provides the
            most important source of personal income, while subsistence fishing meets a high
            percentage of the nutritional needs of local residents.

            The cultivation of shellfish and sea vegetables is a newly developing industry in Southeast
            Alaska.

            Any hatcheries and enhancement projects or shellfish farming projects requiring
            upland use in designated wilderness in the Admiralty Island National Monument would
            require Congressional approval before development. Generally, the Forest Service will
            not issue permits to use waterlines, shorelines, or any other improvements above mean
            high tide for floating facilities adjacent to designated wilderness lands. This may limit
            the siting of floating facilities to areas where the adjacent shore is in private ownership.
            All private inholdings in the AMSAs are within designated wilderness, and projects
            sited on private land would come under Forest Service review. The Forest Service would
            also review projects located on state-owned tidelands. Sites for floating facilities could be
            extremely limited--and nearly all pose the potential for conflict with other users and
            values.

            Similarly, any enhancement or mariculture projects using tidelands in the AMSAs
            would require state permits.

            Goal 3.1: Encourage investigation of the area!s potential for development of mariculture.

                   Objective 3.Ll.- Determine the compatibility of mariculture with pre-existing uses
                   and the traditional way of life.

            Goal 3.2: Encourage hatchery and enhancement projects to promote healthy salmon
            stocks for future generations.

                   Objective 3.2.2: Determine the compatibility of enhancement projects with pre-
                   existing uses and the traditional lifestyle.

            Goal 3.3.- Maintain healthy populations of high-quality edible fish and marine organisms
            and plants.

                   Objective 3.3.3: To prevent over-harvesting and resultant long-term damage to
                   local fisheries, encourage the Department of Fish and Game to develop
                   escapement goals for all user groups, fisheries, harvest areas, and drainage
                   systems in the AMSAs.

            Policies:

               A. Development which may have a significant adverse impact on fisheries resources,
                   recreational fishing, enhancement projects, subsistence or personal use fishing,
                   or commercial fishing shall incorporate appropriate designs and measures to
                   mitigate potential adverse impacts to these resources and uses.




                                                      -58-








              B.  Piers, pilings, breakwaters, outfalls and other in-water structures must be
                  designed, sited, and maintained so as to maintain or enhance the natural
                  characteristics of nearshore marine and intertidal habitats.

              C.  In addition to the above, mariculture facilities must meet an identifiable public
                  need, and must satisfy the following criteria:

                  1. Mariculture and aquaculture projects must be designed, sited, and maintained
                     to be compatible with appropriate culture practices and so as to minimize the
                     risk of disease transmission.

                  2. Sites must have appropriate flushing characteristics and proper depth to
                     maintain environmental quality.

                  3. Mariculture and fishery enhancement projects shall be sited in areas of low
                     conflict with existing uses. The following areas shall be avoided:

                     ï¿½  anadromous fish streams as documented by the Department of Fish and
                        Game;
                     ï¿½  tidelands or wetlands identified as important habitat areas;
                     ï¿½  areas of extensive vessel traffic or hazards to navigation;
                     ï¿½  areas of point or non-point source water pollution;
                     ï¿½  areas with concentrations of predators on the proposed species;
                     ï¿½  subsistence areas receiving significant public use;
                     ï¿½  recreation areas receiving significant public use, and
                     ï¿½  areas of human habitation.

                  4. Requirements for floating facilities (see Coastal Development in the Angoon
                     Coastal Management Program) as well as other applicable local, state and
                     federal regulations must be met.


           N TIMBER

           The traditional lifestyle of Angoon residents is closely linked with the maintenance of
           large areas of old growth spruce and hemlock forest. Timber harvest activity depleting
           these forests reduces populations of Sitka black-tailed deer and other wildlife. Logging
           and related activities can harm anadromous fish streams. Log storage and transfer
           facilities can harm marine habitat.

           Goal 4.1-. Minimize environmental impacts from logging and associated activities.

                  Objective 4.1.1: Where proposed logging activities seem likely to cause
                  environmental damage, require operator to develop measures to mitigate the
                  damage to the fullest extent possible.

           Policies:

              A. A complete logging plan consistent with the State Forest Resources and Practices
                  Act (AS 41.17) will be required for timber harvest activities.

              B. Unless no alternative exists, timber harvest activities shall not be sited in areas of
                  high traditional and customary use. A logging plan must include protective
                  measures to mitigate potentially adverse effects on traditional use resources.



                                                    _59-









               C. Timber harvest activities shall be managed so as to protect the AMSA from
                  adverse visual impacts.

               D. Mitigation plans describing how habitat, air, land and water, and visual impacts
                  will be minimized shall be developed by the land managing agency or land owner,
                  and approved by the land managing agency. Compliance with the mitigation plan
                  is required.

               E. If no alternative exists, logs may be stored on uplands. Log storage in wetlands
                  and intertidal zones is prohibited.

               F. Clear-cutting of parcels of private property within the AMSA shall be prohibited
                  unless specifically identified as a part of a development proposal which has
                  received approval from the state agency conducting the consistency review.

               G. Timber wastes must be disposed of by methods and at sites approved by the
                  Department of Environmental Conserva-tion and the District.

               H. Whenever possible, timber-harvesters should make non-marketable debris
                  available for firewood gatherers.


           0 AMSA DEVELOPMENT

           Because of the wilderness designation of most lands adjacent to the AMSAs, extensive
           future development will not occur. In all of the AMSAs, almost any upland development
           would require access across the beach and the 660 foot shoreline strip that falls within the
           AMSA boundaries. Developers would be required to obtain permits for their activities.

           The wilderness designation will restrict or disallow any proposed fish farming sites
           using the uplands, as well as mineral extraction and timber harvest activities.
           Development and activities proposed on or adjacent to designated wilderness lands will be
           evaluated by the Forest Service for compatibility with wilderness, ANILCA, and the
           National Environmental Policy Act. State and Federal agency permitting requirements
           and reviews would also occur.

           In the Mitchell Bay AMSA, most development activities would be sited on or within 660
           feet of the shore of the Bay or one of its associated water bodies. Therefore, nearly any
           development proposal would fall under the joint review of the Forest Service and
           Kootznoowoo Corporation, joint managers of the corridor lands.

           The wilderness values of Admiralty Island National Monument and interest in the
           indigenous culture will draw increasing numbers of tourists to Angoon and the adjacent
           AMSAs. While most residents want to encourage local tourism, they feel that control
           over tourism activities and services is needed to protect the resources and the traditional
           lifestyle from impacts associated with recreational users. If properly managed, a local
           tourism facility might be compatible with wilderness and traditional use values.

           Goal 5.1-. Promote limited tourism including sightseeing and overnight camping, and
           non-consumptive wilderness guiding that does not conflict with traditional and
           customary use.





                                                     -60-








                   Objective 5.1.1: Encourage the involvement of local residents in the development of
                   tourism-related services and businesses that are focused on:

                       ï¿½  local lodges;
                       ï¿½  locally-based guiding including sport fishing and non-consumptive
                          wilderness guiding;
                       ï¿½  sightseeing tours;
                       ï¿½  cultural and historical interpretation; and
                       ï¿½  locally-based retail services.

            Policies:

               A.  All land and water use activities shall be conducted with appropriate planning
                   and implementation to mitigate potentially adverse effects on the following
                   resources of local, state, or national importance:

                   1. fish and wildlife populations and their habitats;
                   2. subsistence uses and activities;
                   3. water quality;
                   4. cultural resources; and
                   5. designated wilderness areas.

                   Mitigation shall include and be considered in the following order of preference:

                   1.  attempt to avoid the loss of the affected resource or activity;

                   2.  when the loss cannot be avoided, minimize the loss and the need for
                       restoration, maintenance or compensation efforts;

                   3.  when the loss of resources and/or associated activities of local, state or national
                       concern cannot be minimized, restore or rehabilitate the resource to its
                       predisturbance condition, to the extent feasible and prudent; and

                   4.  when loss or damage to important habitat or existing resources and associated
                       activities is substantial and irreversible and the above objectives cannot be
                       achieved, compensation for the resource and/or harvest loss by replacing,
                       enhancing, or providing substitute resources or environments shall be
                       considered. Compensation may be in kind or out of kind and off site or on site.
                       The preferred alternative is in kind and on site, to the extent feasible and
                       prudent.

                   The importance of the habitat and commercial or subsistence harvest will be
                   considered during the evaluation of the need for restoration or compensation. The
                   cost of mitigation, relative to the benefits to be gained, will also be considered in the
                   implementation of this policy.

               B.  Any proposed action must be sensitive to the implications of the action on the
                   Tlingit way of life. Adequate information about the Tlingit culture, its traditional
                   economy, and the ecosystem shall be obtained before deliberation takes place
                   concerning new development or changes in administrative practices. The Angoon
                   coastal district will provide information to decision makers when requested.

               C.  Priority shall be given to water-dependent and water related uses and activities.
                   Uses and activities that are neither water-dependent nor water-related shall only



                                                        - 61 -








                   be allowed if there is no feasible or prudent inland alternative to meet the public
                   need for the use or activity.

               D.  Where feasible and prudent, developments in or over the water, such as piers,
                   docks and protective structures shall be located, designed, and maintained in a
                   manner which prevents adverse impacts upon air and water quality, fish,
                   wildlife, scenic and vegetative resources.

               E.  Residential uses of private waterfront land shall not be arbitrarily or unreasonably
                   excluded or restricted.



            0 FIREWOOD

            Firewood is a traditional resource essential to many households for heat, domestic hot
            water and cooking. Residents must have continued access to sources of firewood.

            Because the on-going harvest of firewood has depleted supplies close to town that are
            accessible by motor vehicle or boat, people will increasingly harvest wood available within
            the AMSAs. The associated harvesting problems of access, debris, conflicts with other
            user groups, and fire hazards need to be addressed.

            Goal 6.1: Make firewood available for residential use in a manner that minimizes effort,
            environmental impacts, and conflict with other user groups.

                   Objective 6.1.1: Establish a firewood gathering policy that protects the resource
                   and the public.

            Policies:

                A. Conduct firewood gathering activity in a manner that minimizes environmental
                   impacts, protects shoreline and stream-side habitats, and maintains public safety.

                   2. Felling trees is prohibited within 100 feet of high tide line and within 330 feet of
                        bald eagle nest trees.

                   2.   Cutting trees is prohibited on public lands if the trees are not marked by the
                        land manager for residential firewood gathering.

                   3.   Before beginning felling operations, wood gatherers must make sure that berry
                        pickers, root-gatherers, children and others are safely out of the area.

                   4.   To ensure access to wildlife and other users after gathering activities are
                        completed, wood gatherers must remove the entire tree down to a four-inch top.
                        Tops and other unused portions of trees must be limbed. Unused portions of
                        trees and associated limbs and debris must be removed from ditches, stream
                        courses, and to well above the high tide mark.

                   5.   When the weather is dry and fire hazards become extreme, wood cutting and
                        gathering will be temporarily prohibited.







                                                        -62-









            0 CULTURAL RESOURCES

            Dating of artifacts and other evidence suggest that humans have inhabited Southeast
            Alaska for at least 10,000 years. Tlingit oral histories date their presence in Southeast
            Alaska to the last glaciation. Many migration stories collected from Angoon and Sitka
            residents chronicle the Tlingits' endurance of a great flood and their subsequent
            resettlement in various areas of Southeast Alaska.

            Archeologists have found t    'races of human habitation throughout the AMSAs. The
            Carbon 14 dating of remains' of a Tlingit-style fish weir unearthed in Favorite Bay in the
            Mitchell Bay AMSA suggests that Tlingit people as a distinct group have inhabited
            Southeast Alaska for at least the past 3,000 years.

            Goal 71: To have local Tlingit history and prehistory studied, protected and preserved for
            future generations.

                   Objective 7.1.1: Identify and protect all valuable historic and prehistoric sites.
                   Prevent destruction of known historic and prehistoric sites.

            1policim

               A.  A proposed development activity or action shall not interfere with, destroy, or
                   desecrate sites including cemetery sites, artifacts, structures or other cultural
                   resources.

               B.  A development site found by archeologists to be of exceptional historic or
                   prehistoric value shall be protected for future generations.

               0.  Federal and state agencies charged with cataloging historic and prehistoric sites
                   shall provide available documentation for a development site prior to construction.

               D.  When a cultural resource has been discovered, archeologists and professionals in
                   other relevant dis-ciplines shall have adequate opportunity to study the
                   development site prior to construction.

               E.  Coordination with the U.S. Forest Service shall occur when cultural resource
                   activities are proposed for wilderness lands.

               F.  The City of Angoon must be immediately notified if, in the course of any project on
                   state or federal land, cultural or archeological artifacts or evidence of historical or
                   prehistorical occupation are encountered. After notification, the City of Angoon
                   shall inform the Department of Natural Resources and the Forest Service, and
                   shall work with these agencies.


            N AIR, LAND AND WATER QUALITY

            Goal 8.1.- To maintain and protect the quality of the air, land and water.

                   Objective 8.11: To ensure continued traditional and customary use, and all other
                   land and water uses and activities.







                                                       - 63 -










           Policies:

                A. Notwithstanding any other provision of Air, Land & Water Quality (6 AAC 80.140),
                   the statutes pertaining to the regulations of the Alaska Department of
                   Environmental Conservation with respect to the protection of air, land and water
                   quality are incorporated into the Alaska Coastal Management Program and, as
                   administered by that agency, constitute the components of the AMSA
                   management program with respect to those purposes.

                B. Construction including roads in muskeg/high organic content soils must be
                   carefully planned and designed to minimize structural failures and adverse
                   impacts to local drainages. Developers must adhere to the conditions set forth
                   under Transportation Policies, section (c) in the Angoon Coastal Management
                   Program.

                .C. The extraction or discharge of dredge or fill material shall be sited, designed, and
                   conducted to avoid adverse impacts to public water supplies.

                D. Dredged material shall not be discharged in marine environments within the
                   AMSA boundaries. Fill materials, pilings, and other infrastructure placed in
                   fresh and marine waters shall not contain hazardous or toxic sustances in excess
                   of levels allowed by state and federal water quality standards.

                E. Placement of fill materials shall avoid adverse impacts in aquatic or adjacent
                   shoreline habitats resulting from accelerating or restricting flows.

                F. Shoreline and wetland fills shall avoid adverse impacts of erosion and other non-
                   point sources of pollution on adjacent habitats.


            E HABITAT

            Goal 9.1-. To protect or enh  ance habitat which supports living resources.

                   Objective 9.1.1: To ensure that management policies protect habitat important to
                   traditional and customary use and all other uses and activities.

             Policies:

                A. Habitats in the coastal area which are subject to the Alaska Coastal Management
                   Program include:

                   1.  offshore areas;
                   2.  estuaries;
                   3.  wetlands and tideflats;
                   4.  rocky islands and sea cliffs;
                   5.  barrier islands and lagoons;
                   6.  exposed high energy coasts;
                   7.  rivers, streams, and lakes; and
                   8.  important upland habitat.

                B. The habitats listed above must be managed so as to maintain or enhance the
                   biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of the habitat which contribute
                   to its capacity to support living resources.



                                                        -64-









               C. In addition to the policy contained in (B) of this section, the following policies apply
                   to the management of the following habitats:

                   1.  offshore areas must be managed so as to maintain or enhance the state's sport,
                       commercial, and subsistence fisheries;

                   2.  estuaries must be managed so as to assure adequate water flow, natural
                       circulation patterns, nutrients, and oxygen level, and must avoid the discharge
                       of toxic wastes, silt, and destruction of productive habitat;

                   3.  wetlands and tideflats must be managed so as to assure adequate water flow,
                       nutrients, and oxygen levels, and must avoid adverse effects on natural
                       drainage patterns, the destruction of important habitat, and the discharge of
                       toxic substances;

                   4.  rocky islands and sea cliffs must be managed so as to avoid the harassment of
                       wildlife, the destruction of important habitat, and the introduction of
                       competing or destructive species and predators;

                   5.  barrier islands and lagoons must be managed so as to maintain adequate flows
                       of sediments, detritus, and water, and must avoid the alteration or redirection
                       of wave energy which would lead to the filling in of lagoons or the erosion of
                       barrier islands, and must discourage activities which would decrease the use
                       of barrier islands by coastal species;

                   6.  high energy coasts must be managed by assuring the adequate mix and
                       transport of sediments and nutrients, and by avoiding redirection of transport
                       processes and wave energy; and

                   7.  rivers, streams and lakes must be managed to protect natural vegetation,
                       water quality, important fish or wildlife habitat and natural water flow.

                D. Uses and activities in the AMSAs which will not conform to the standards in (B) or
                   (C) of this section may be allowed if the following are established:

                   1. there is a significant public need for the proposed use or activity;

                   2.  there is no feasible or prudent alternative to meet the public need for the
                       proposed use or activity which would conform to the standards contained in (B)
                       and (C) of this section; and

                   3.  all feasible and prudent steps to maximize conformance with the standards
                       contained in (B) and (C) of this section will be taken.

                E. In  applying this section, the District and state agencies may use appropriate
                   expertise, including regional programs referred to in 6AAC 80.030(b).

                F. Maintaining important fish and wildlife habitats shall be given first priority when
                   weighing resource use conflicts.

                G. Uses and activities shall avoid adverse impacts to anadromous fish streams;
                   associated holding, spawning, and rearing areas; and associated riparian
                   habitats.




                                                       -65-











            E MINING

            Although no mineral deposits located within the boundaries of the AMSAs are currently
            economically viable, changes in the marketplace could make marginal deposits worth
            development. New mineral discoveries are possible. To some extent, all mining
            operations impact adjacent areas by displacing wildlife, importing labor, and impairing
            land, water and air quality.

            Goal 10.1- Encourage environmentally and culturally sensitive mining activities.

                   Objective 10.U: Consider all environmental, economic, and social aspects of any
                   mining or mineral processing proposal.

                   Objective 10.1.2: Discourage mineral-related proposals and activities that threaten
                   the traditional lifestyle.

            Policies:

                A. Mining and mineral processing in the AMSAs must be regulated, designed and
                   conducted so as to be compatible with the policies contained in 6 AAC 80.110,
                   adjacent uses and activities, statewide and national needs, and the ACMP.

                B. Sand and gravel may be extracted from coastal waters, intertidal areas, barrier
                   islands, and spits only when there is no feasible and prudent alternative to coastal
                   extraction, and only when there is a public need for sand or gravel.

                C. Sand, gravel and shotrock extraction shall be located to minimize environmental
                   impacts and conflicts with nearby uses and activities.

                D. In the case of any in-water material extraction, all protective measures available
                   to minimize habitat degradation in adjacent waters must be used. Any in-water
                   activities should be scheduled so as to minimize disruption to seasonal biological
                   processes.

                E. Mining activities (including treatment and disposal of overburden, tailings, and
                   waste materials) shall be designed and operated so as to prevent and minimize soil
                   erosion, slope failure, ground and surface water contamination, and
                   sedimentation and to maximize habitat and resource protection.


            IMPLEMENTATION

            Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA

            The Chaik-Whitewater Bay AMSA is entirely extra-territorial, or outside the Angoon
            coastal district bouiRdaries.      Because the AMSA is extra-territorial, primary
            management responsoility lies with state and federal agencies.

            Th e state and federal agencies will implement the policies and management direction
            outlined in this plan, and will use the plan as guidance both in conducting agency affairs
            and in permitting any uses or activities that come under their authority. The agencies
            will incorporate the policies of this plan as another set of rules under which they exercise
            their existing regulatory authorities.



                                                      -66-









            The agencies are required to notify the District of all activities. The District Will review
            all projects that have a potential for significant impact on the resources of the AMSA for
            consistency with the policies of this plan. The District will make advisory consistency
            recommendations and will cite mitigating technology that it has determined to be
            effective in reducing the impact a project could have.

            MitcheR Bay and Hood Bay AMSAs

            The Mitchell Bay and Hood Bay AMSAs are not entirely extra-territorial. Both of the
            AMSAs include land that is within the City of Angoon and the Angoon coastal district
            boundary and land that is outside of that boundary. A dual management system will be
            needed. One system will manage the land that is within the coastal district boundary.
            The other system will manage the land that is extra-territorial, or outside the coastal
            district boundary.

            The District will manage the AMSA lands within the coastal district boundary by
            following the consistency review process outlined in the Implementation chapter of the
            Angoon Coastal Management Plan, Page 139. The District will sit with the agencies to
            review project proposals affecting the land within the coastal district boundaries, and
            will have an equal voice in the consistency determinations.

            The extra-territorial land in the AMSAs will be managed by state and federal agencies
            under the process outlined for Chaik-Whitewater Bays.


            AUTHORI77

            The authority to implement this management plan is premised upon the Coastal Policy
            Council's authority to formally designate an AMSA outside a coastal district boundary (6
            AAC 80.170), and the existing laws and regulations of the state and federal governments.



























                                                      -67-







           Appendix A

           The people of Angoon have many concerns about current fish and wildlife allocation
           policies and perceived use conflicts in the AMSAs. A more active communication is
           needed between the coastal district, the agencies, and the fish and game boards to
           address these concerns.

           The following recommendations were written by members of the City Council and
           Planning Commission and cover a broad range of issues. They may provide a starting
           point for discussions leading to eventual resolution of these issues.

           While the coastal district recognizes that the policies are the enforceable rules for
           management of the AMSAs, the recommendations may serve to enhance dialogue about
           fish and wildlife allocation and other management issues generally outside the ACMP.


                            RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING
                                to the MITCHELL, HOOD, and
                           CHAIK-WHITEWATER BAY AMSAS
                                               0

           Alaska Department of Fish and Game

               1. Manage renewable resources on a sustained yield basis for the benefit of the
                  indigenous people and their traditional use culture.

               2. Manage culturally unrelated commercial, sport and recreational use of the land
                  and water in a manner that will not intrude upon the indigenous culture.

               3. Develop sportfishing escapement goals for kings, cohos, sockeyes, dogs, humpies
                  and halibut, giving the people of Angoon protection in commercial and subsistence
                  fishing within the AMSAs.

               4. Establish a policy restricting access by guided sportfishing operations to areas of
                  commercial fishing or subsistence fishing when these user groups are engaged in
                  fishing.

               5. Increase monitoring and enforcement of sport hunting regulations, with a focus
                  on sport hunting activities in the Hood Bay AMSA.

               6. Close sportfishing and commercial fishing at the same times.

               7. Remove requirement that subsistence users shake loose undersized salmon.

               8. Change sportfish bag limit to half a bag on every species.

               9. Remove bag limits on subsistence fishing and hunting.

               10. Remove licensing and permitting requirements for subsistence fishing and
                  hunting.





                                                     -68-








           Angoon Fish and Game Advisory Committee

              1. Work with the Boards of Fish and Game to develop allocation strategies that better
                 protect subsistence resources and are equitable to all user groups. Specifically,
                  give more attention to the perceived local threat of sportfishing on subsistence use
                 in Mitchell Bay.

























































                                                  -69-






           Appendix B

                          SALT LAKE COHO USER CONFLICT


           SummwT of Use Conffict

           The primary use conflict in the Mitchell Bay AMSA centers on the competition between
           subsistence users and a local sportfishing guide for the Salt Lake/ Hasselborg River
           cohos.

           The Forest Service conducted an Environmental Assessment (EA) of the "Amount and
           Type of Outfitter/Guide Services at Mitchell Bay" in December 1989. The EA was
           conducted under the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Forest
           Service and Kootznoowoo Corporation, joint managers of the Mitchell Bay corridor lands.

           Issues raised during the scoping process included:

                ï¿½ degradation of wilderness values, especially at Salt Lake, due to crowding by
                  visitors and boat caches;

                ï¿½ restricted access to fishing sites in Salt Lake by subsistence users because of
                  overcrowding by sport fishers;

                  impacts on subsistence hunting and harvesting by large numbers of visitors;

                ï¿½ threats to long-term viability of Salt Lake coho stock through overharvesting;

                ï¿½ perceived illegal operation of guides on Forest Service lands (without a permit)
                  and perceived violations of State fish and game regulations;

                ï¿½ potential impacts of motorized boats and guided groups on bear, deer, sea-run
                  cutthroat trout and trumpeter swan populations;

                0 benefits to Angoon economy and individual incomes from guided trips in
                  Mitchell Bay; and

                ï¿½ the benefits of diverse recreational opportunities provided by guides.

           While the EA effectively evaluates and allocates guided use on Forest Service lands in
           Mitchell Bay, it does not regulate the guided activity that occurs on salt water and
           tidelands which are under the jurisdiction of the State of Alaska. The initial scoping
           issues involving state tidelands and fish and game resources are not resolved in the EA
           decision.

           Perceived violations involving guide registration and beach trespass need to be addressed.
           The collection of escapement and harvest level data of cohos at Salt Lake should be an
           agency priority. Bag limits of cohos in the competing fisheries need evaluation.

           A summary of agency recommendations addressing the Salt Lake user conflict follows.





                                                     _70-








                         SALT LAIKE COHO USER CONFLICT

                         SUMMARY of RECOMMENDATIONS
                         by IMPACTED AGENCY OR GROUP


           Alaska Department of Fish & Game

           1. Modify the Freshwater Guide Registration Form to require a Coast Guard Charter
              License number.

           2. Require registration of all assistant freshwater guides employed by the boat
              operator/freshwater guide.

           3. Initiate measures to enforce registration of all freshwater guides.

           4. Conduct stream surveys in Salt Lake during FY 91 to collect escapement and harvest
              level data.

           5. Evaluate the long-term viability of Salt Lake coho stock.


           Alaska Department of Natural Resources

           1. Draft a measure regulating boat storage on tidelands in Mitchell Bay. Require
              storage of boats out of sight, above the mean high tide line, and only at approved
              locations in Mitchell Bay.


           U. S. Forest Service

           1. Monitor operations of sportfishing guides on Forest Service lands.

           2. Ensure that permitted guiding activities (both fishing and non-fishing) inSalt Lake
              and Hasselborg River do not restrict access to subsistence fishing sites.


           Angoon Fish and Game Advisory Committee

           I .Present the issue of Salt Lake coho user conflict before the State Board of Fish to
              evaluate the number of coho taken by sport anglers and develop allocation strategies
              that protect the resource and are equitable to all user groups.

           2. Recommend to State Board of Fish that coho sportfishing in Salt Lake be evaluated in
              terms of either

              A. Daily Bag Limit; or

              B. Resource conservation measures including
                  1. Minimum Kill policy
                  2. Catch and release with barbless hook





                                                   -71-









          Angoon Phinning and Zoning Commission

          1. Hold a public meeting to discuss the Salt Lake coho user conflict. Invite the Angoon
              elders and local sportfish guide, Dick Powers. Discuss specific ways to alleviate the
              conflicts, including alternative sportfishing sites and resource conservation
              measures. Determine what would be fair and acceptable to each user group.




















































                                                 -72-






            Appendix C

                 DOCUMENTATION of PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT


            PUBUC NOTICES

            Consultant presentations were publicized throughout the community on available
            bulletin boards and via community-wide CB radio. The consultants met with local repre-
            sentatives of ADFG Subsistence, Kootznoowoo Corporation, and the Angoon Community
            Association.


            PUBLIC MEETINGS IN ANGOON

            Jan. 22 & 23,1990    Discussion of AMSA issues and preparation of questionnaire with
                                 Planning & Zoning Commission and City Council

            Feb.22,1990          Public Hearing on Future Land Uses, Issues, and Activities in the
                                 AMSAs

            May 14,1990          Public Hearing for comments on AMSA Public Review Draft

            May 15,1990          Joint Executive Session with City Council and Planning & Zoning
                                 Commission to review policies and agency recommendations

            A community-wide questionnaire on future land uses in the AMSAs was available at the
            City office and distributed by staff in February 1990. In addition to the participants at the
            public hearing, other individuals received the questionnaire from the consultants
            through meeting contacts or at the Senior Center. Extra copies were kept available at the
            City office.

            Copies of the Draft AMSA Plan were made available to the public and the members of the
            City Council 'and Planning & Zoning Commission for public review in early May, 1990.


            SLTAEMIARY OF PUBLIC HEARINGS

            Public Hearing on Future Land Uses,
            Issues and Activities in the AMSAs
            February 22,1990

            Attendance List:

               1.  George Jim Sr.
               2.  Mary Willis
               3.  Charlie Joseph
               4.  Floyd Kookesh
               5.  Gilbert Willard
               6.  Jean Hogue
               7.  Dennis Eames




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               8.  Cynthia Ann Jim
               9.  Frank Lane
              10.  Matilda Gamble
              11.  George B. Johnson, Jr.
              12.  Norman Nelson
              13.  Roxanne Turner

            Synopsis: Five members of the Planning and Zoning Commission and seven members of
            the public attended the hearing. Most of the testimony did not focus on future land uses.
            Several of the speakers discussed the perceived problem between guided sportfishing and
            subsistence fishing. Others discussed the impacts on traditional resources from
            commercial fishing, tourists, and sports hunters. All issues on the questionnaire were
            addressed, although specific information was not forthcoming about locations where
            certain uses and activities might be compatible. Seven questionnaires were completed
            and returned to the consultants.


            Pub& Hearing on
            Draft AALSA Plan
            May 14,1990

            Attendance List:

               1.  George Jim Sr.
               2.  George B. Johnson, Jr.
               3.  Lydia George
               4.  Cynthia Jim
               5.  Norman Nelson
               6.  Matilda Gamble
               7.  Pauline Johnson
               8.  Mary Bixby, DGC
               9.  Roxanne Turner

            Synopsis: Five members of the Planning and Zoning Commission and one member of the
            public attended the hearing. The consultant, Roxanne Turner, gave an overview of the
            contents of the Public Review Draft, and Mary Bixby discussed the coastal management
            program and implementation of AMSA plans. Discussion focused on the policies in the
            management section and the agency recommendations in Appendix A. Several revisions
            were proposed and adopted by a majority of those present.


            CONSULTANT PRESENTATIONS TO ANGOON PLANNING & ZONING
            CON[MISSION AND/OR CITY COUNCIL

            The consultants made presentations, answered questions and took comments on the
            AMSA Public Review Draft during three trips to Angoon:

                                January 22 and 23,1990
                                February 22,1990
                                May 14 and 15,1990

            All presentations and discussions were open to the public and have been tape-recorded
            with copies available from the City of Angoon.




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           AppendixD

                                     REFERENCES CITED


           Alaska Heritage Resources Survey. Office of History and Archeology. Alaska
           Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation.

           AngoonAMSA Nomination Report to the Coastal Policy Council. September 19,1988.

           Angoon AMSA Public Hearing Tape. Angoon,Alaska. March1989.

           Angoon Coastal Management Program. Concept Approved January 1990. Superscript
           Consultants. Juneau, Alaska.

           Bering Straits Coastal Resource Service Area Board. Conceptually Approved October
           1986. Volumes 1, 2, and 3.

           Cenaliulriit Coastal Management Program. Bethel, AK. Effective march 1985.

           Concept Approved Areas Which Merit Special Attention in Southern Southeast Alaska
           (Hydaburg). July 1983.

           de Laguna, Frederica. The Story of a Tlingit Community. Bureau of American
           Ethnology Bulletin 172. Washington D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1960.

           Etolin Island Mariculture Pilot Project. Alaska Department of Natural Resources,
           Division of Land and Water Management. Southeast Regional Office. 1988.

           Eyak Lake AMSA Cooperative Management Plan. Conceptual Approval March 1985.
           Professional Fishery Consultant. Cordova, Alaska.

           George,. Gabriel and Robert G. Bosworth. Use of Fish and Wildlife by Residents of
           Angoon, Admiralty Island, Alaska. Technical Paper No. 159. Alaska Department of
           Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Juneau. April 1988.

           George, Gabriel and Matthew Kookesh. Salt Lake Coho Subsistence Permit Fishery.
           Technical Paper No. 70. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence.
           Juneau. 1982.

           Goldschmidt, Walter and Theodore Haas. Possessory Rights of the Natives of
           Southeastern Alaska. Unpublished report. Washington, D.C. Commissioner of Indian
           Affairs. 1946.

           Hoonah Coastal Management Program. Revised reprint of February 1984 concept
           approved plan which was prepared and printed by C112M I-fill, Portland, OR. June 1984.

           Kookesh, Albert. Personal communications, 1990.

           Kookesh, Matthew. Personal communications, 1990.





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            Mitchell, Ken. Personal communications, 1990.

            Oberg, Kalervo. The Social Economy of the Tlingit Indians. University of Washington
            Press, Seattle. 1973.

            Olson, Ronald Leroy. Social Structure and Social Life of the Tlingit in Alaska.  Berkeley:
            University of California Press. 1967.

            Painter, Rodger. Angoon Mariculture Project Final Report. Sea Culture of Alaska, Inc.
            January 3,1990.

            Peck, Dr. Cyrus E. The Tides People: A Narrative Account of Tlingit Culture and Values
            Written by a Tlingit. February 1986.

            Revised Sitka District Coastal Management Program. Concept Approved Draft. City and
            Borough of Sitka. April 1988.

            Sharp, Frank. Personal communications, 1990.

            Stanley, Samuel. Report to the Bureau of Indian Affairs on Changes in Tlingit Social
            Organization. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Juneau. 1965.

            Swanton, John R.. Social Conditions, beliefs, and linguistic relationship of Tlingit
            Indians. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1904-1905. 1908.

            Thornton, Thomas F. Utilization and Management of the Sitkoh Bay Sockeye Salmon
            Fishery. January 1990. Draft of Technical Report Number 174. Division of Subsistence,
            Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska.

            Zuboff, Marlene. Personal communication, 1990.





























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