[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



        1992-1993
        Biennial Report to Congress
        on the Administration
        of the Coastal Zone Management Act
        Volume I - Executive Summary
        April 1994


















            HT
            392
            .U558b
            1992/93

            V.






                                  ,"I Or C0
                                   t           UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                               The Under Secretary for
                                               Oceans and Atmosphere
                                               Washington, D.C. 20230
                                  "4rES 0' V-*




                                                March 1, 1994









         The President
         President of the Senate
         Speaker of the House of Representatives

         Sirs:

              I am pleased to submit the Biennial Report of the Office of
         Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service,
         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, pursuant to
         Section 316 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
         amended (16 U.S.C. 1451, et seq.) for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993.
         The report discusses the progress made during these years in
         administering the coastal zone management and estuarine research
         reserve programs and the challenges encountered.

                                             Sincerely,





                                            D. James Baker




























                                                       THE ADMINISTRATOR  N, To












                              The Biennial Report to Congress is a status report on implementa-
                      tion of the national Coastal Zone Management Program (CZM) and Na-
                      tional Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) under the Coastal
                      Zone Management Act of 1972 (CZMA). Covered in the report are the
                      major accomplishments in program administration, particularly in imple-
                      menting the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990, and
                      problems encountered for the two preceding years. The CZMA requires
                      that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration submit this
                      report to Congress no later than April 1. Reporting requirements are set
                      forth in Section 316 of the CZMA.


                              The first of the report's two volumes is a national overview of
                      programs under the CZMA and highlights efforts in implementing the
                      programs for the preceding fiscal years. It will give a brief history of the
                      Coastal Zone Management Program and National Estuarine Research
                      Reserve System and NOAXs vision for the future of both programs.
                      Volume I also identifies NOAA:s interest through the CZMA in other
                      environmental programs legislated and authorized by Congress, several of
                      which are now facing re-authorization.

                              Volume 11 provides a more detailed discussion of the program areas
                      highlighted in the National Overview, including case examples, especially
                      in areas implemented under the 1990 Amendments. Volume 11 also contains
                      a section covering the status and accomplishments of each state coastal
                      management program and estuarine research reserve site. The section is
                      organized by state, and contains summaries for state coastal management
                      programs and reserve sites located within that state. Volume 11 also con-
                      tains appendices summarizing the status of coastal management programs
                      and estuarine reserves, allocation of funds, and regulations issued during
                      the biennium.







                               ArmolrN_9,

                              nORR


                                           0


                           ;q'9@-MENT OF Co












                                                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                         Biennial Report, Volume I





                     The Value of the Coast     .....................................................................................................................................................1


                     Coastal Zone Management         ..............................................................................................................................................2


                     National Estuarine Research Reserves        ............................................................................................................................4


                     CZMA - The New Challenge           ........................................................................................................................................5

                               Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs          .................................................................................................6
                               Enhancement Program        ......................................................................................................................................6
                               Program Development      .......................................................................................................................................7
                               Program Administration       ....................................................................................................................................7
                               Federal Consistency     ..........................................................................................................................................7
                               Coastal Zone Management Fund          ......................................................................................................................7
                               Program Evaluations      .........................................................................................................................................8
                               National Estuarine Research Reserve System         ...................................................................................................8
                               Excellence Awards          .....................................................................................................................................9
                               Education and Outreach       ....................................................................................................................................9


                     CZM Interaction at the Federal Level       ............................................................................................................................. 10


                     Building International Partnerships      ................................................................................................................................. I I

                     The Future Agenda      .......................................................................................................................................................... 12





                                                                                                       The Value of the Coast






                                                                                                             tA
                             s the interface between
                                                                                     I communities.
                 land and water, the U.S. coastline
                 supports a wide range of human
                 activities     from industry, min-
                                                                                                                  P
                                                                                 'T
                                                                             1,-g . . ....... .-,--
                 ing and shipping to fisheries and
                                                                                              R',
                 recreation - that provide the na-
                 tion with a host of economic and
                                                                                        0.,
                                                                                       ME M"
                 environmental benefits. Coastal
                                                                                                  E,!WtP,
                 waters are among the nation's
                 most biologically producti
                                               ve 'e-
                 gions, providing the nutrients,
                 nurseries and spawning grourds
                 for the vast majority of all marine
                 life, including 70 percent of the
                 U.S. commercial and recreational
                 fisheries harvest. In 1988, for ex-
                 ample, commercial fishery em-                    The recreation and tourism     than 127 million people, an in-
                 ployment topped 350,000 and             industries, which stimulate bil-        crease of about 60 percent. The
                 more than 17 million people spent       lions of dollars in economic activ-     human population density of
                 over $7 billion on recreational salt    ity, also have a large stake in         coastal counties is already more
                 water fishing.                          coastal areas. The average Ameri-       than 10 times the national average,
                                                         can visits the shore for recreational   and is projected to increase by 12
                         The U.S. coastline also         enjoyment an average of 10 days         percent by the year 20 10.
                 supports land and water transpor-       a year. Coastal recreation goes
                 tation and facilitates economic         much beyond traditional beach-                   The many demands for
                 activity. There are approximately       going. An estimated 94 million          access  to and use of coastal re-
                 190 seaports in the U.S. handling       people are involved in boating and      sources have placed considerable
                 record volumes of foreign and           fishing annually. Wind surfing,         stress on this fragile and finite
                 domestic cargo - 2,088.0 million        snorkeling and SCUBA diving are         area. Nonpoint source pollution
                 short tons in 1988 alone, accord-       among the other leisure activities.     threatens the health of the nation's
                 ing to the U.S. Maritime Admin-                                                 shores and biologically productive
                 istration. Industrial and commer-               Coastal areas are also          estuarine ecosystems. Coastal wet-
                 cial centers - ranging from ship-       home to most of the nation's popu-      lands are disappearing at alarming
                 building and offshore drilling plat-    lation and include such major cit-      rates. The State of Louisiana is
                 form construction yards to oil re-      ies as San Francisco, Seattle, De-      experiencing the largest loss, with
                 fineries, electric generating plants    troit, Boston, New York and New         over 50 square miles disappearing
                 and seafood processing facilities       Orleans. Almost half of the U.S.        each year. Natural hazards, like
                     are also located in coastal re-     population resides in coastal coun-     Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki and
                 gions. Many of these facilities are     ties, which account for only I I        the typhoon that hit Guam in 1992,
                 drawn to the coast because they         percent of the Nation's land area.      continue to threaten the people
                 depend on access to water trans-        From 1960 to 2010, the National         who live along the coast. The fed-
                 portation and port facilities. These    Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-          eral government has spent a tre-
                 A














































                 trade industries are vital to the       istration (NOAA) projects the U.S.      mendous amount of money on di-
                 nation's economy and provide jobs       coastal county population will in-      saster assistance in flood hazard
                 for many Americans.                     crease from 80 million to more          zones along the coast - over $5
                                                                                                 billion from 1965 to 1989.






         COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT-
         Balancing Preservation and a Healthy Economy




                 n 1972, the Congress en-                Under the CZMA partner-         and implementation of CZM pro-
         acted the Coastal Zone Manage-          ship, the federal government and        grams; allocating federal funds to
         ment Act (CZMA) to deal with the        participating states share the re-      implement these programs; and
         increasing stresses on the nation's     sponsibility for effectively manag-     ensuring that state CZM interests
         coastal areas. Administered by          ing coastal areas and resolving         are represented at the federal level
         NOAA, the CZMA created a                conflicts between competing uses.       and that the federal interest is ad-
         unique, voluntary partnership of        States and island territories are on    equately represented in state CZM
         federal and state government to re-     the front line, developing coastal      programs.
         duce conflicts between land and         zone management (CZM) pro-
         water uses in the coastal zone and      grams, which are designed to meet               Two kinds of federal in-
         to protect fragile coastal resources.   their individual needs, but also        centives are built into the CZMA
         To this end, the CZMA seeks a           take into account the broader na-       to foster state participation. The
         balance between preservation and        tional interest in wise management      first incentive is federal matching
         economic development, and pro-          of coastal resources. NOAA pro-         funds, which help states meet the
         motes the wise use of the valuable      motes the joint federal- state inter-   cost of implementing and enhanc-
         and declining resources of the          est in coastal management by as-        ing CZM programs. The second
         nation's 95,000 miles of shoreline.     sisting states with development         incentive is federal consistency
                                                                                         authority - a tool which allows
                                                                                         CZM programs to address the ad-
                                                                                         verse impacts of federal activities
                                                                                         on coastal resources. Specifically,
                                                                                         this provision requires that federal
                                                                                         actions and federally pen-nitted ac-
                                                                                         tivities be consistent with a state's
                                                                                         federally approved CZM program,
                                                                                         if those actions or activities affect
                                                         "gm,fl
                                                          'RT
                                                                                         natural resources, land uses or
                                                                                         water uses in the state's coastal

                                                                                         zone.
                       t"O
                                                                                                 To receive federal ap
                                                                                         proval, state CZM programs must
                                                                                         adhere to the guidelines specifi-
                                                                                         cally articulated in the CZMA.
                                                                                         Specifically, these programs must
                                                                                         work to:


                                                                                               reduce the risk to life and
                                                                                             property from coastal storms
                                                                                             and erosion by directing
                                                                                             coastal development away
                                                                                             from hazardous areas;


                                                                                              protect dunes as the first line
                                                                                             of defense against storms;

                                                                   2





                                                                                   COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT-
                                                                   Balancing Preservation and a Healthy Economy



                      manage land use as they             resolve complex interagency     shoreline has evolved to work to-
                    impact coastal resources and         conflicts that arise in land use ward a balance of wise use and
                    water quality;                       decisionmaking.                  protection of sensitive coastal ar-
                     increase public access to the                                        eas. This number is expected to
                                                             Since 1976,  with the ap-    grow in the future. NOAA cur-
                    nation's coastal resources for   proval of the first state CZM pro-   rently is working with the states
                    recreational enjoyment;          gram in Washington, a network of     of Georgia, Ohio, Texas, Minne-
                                                     29 state and territory programs      sota and Indiana to develop CZM
                      assist cities in revitalizing  covering 94 percent of the U.S.      programs for federal approval.
                    urban waterfronts;


                    9 assure that industries depen-
                    dent on coastal locations, such
                    as ports, marinas and commer-
                    cial fish landings, are not pre-
                    empted by land uses that do
                    not require a waterfront loca-
                    tion; and


                                                                                                A01b







                   State Coastal Management Program                                                    Above: Sealions take
                                                                                                       refuge along the
                                                                                                       Alaskan coast.


                                                                                                       Previous Page
                                                                                                       Near left: Managers at
                                                                1 Q7                                   the Rookery Bay NERR
                                                                                                       in Florida work to
                                                                                                       protect wildlife, such as
                                                                                                       this egret.

                                                                                                       Far left: The Cape
                                                                                                       Hatteras Lighthouse
                                                                                                       depicts the history and
                            00                                                                         culture of North
                                                                                                       Carolina's coast.


                                                          01

                        Not Pictured                                        Key
                           N. Mariana Islands, Guam,                           Approved
                           Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands,                     Eg Developing Program
                           American Samoa
                        E2 Palau                                               Non-participating
                                        .Pao '"wo."


                                                                      3





         NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVES
         Monitoring Natural and Human Processes




                he CZMA partnership also       estuaries so that stresses on these     Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, to
         extends to the nation's estuaries,    highly productive areas can be          the mudflats and coastal sage of
         those shallow waters where rivers     minimized.                              Tijuana River, California.
         meet the sea. Estuaries are vital
         to sustaining marine life and, by             Since 1972, the national                Research and education
         nature, to providing storm and        estuarine reserve program has           projects are emphasized at reserve
         flood protection and pollution        grown from one 4,400-acre site in       sites in order to produce informa-
         control. The CZMA created a           Oregon to a 22-site system man-         tion useful to coastal managers.
         National Estuarine Research Re-       aging almost 425,000 acres of es-       Over the years, NERRS research
         serve System (NERRS) to pre-          tuarine lands and water in 20 states    functions include performing pi-
         serve estuarine areas from pollu-     and Puerto Rico. Known as Na-           lot projects on coastal restoration;
         tion and the pressures of develop-    tional Estuarine Research Re-           assessing and abating nonpoint
         ment for long-term monitoring         serves, these areas protect a wide      source pollution; monitoring spe-
         and research. Administered by         range of special ecosystems, from       cies; conducting inter-disciplinary
         NOAA, the NERRS is a federal-         the Port Orford cedar forest of         studies of estuarine productivity;
         state partnership designed to pro-    South Slough, Oregon, to the salt       and creating computer modeling
         tect areas representative of the es-  marsh of Sapelo Island, Georgia;        of ecosystems disrupted by human
         tuarine environment throughout        from the swamp forests in Old           activity. The NERRS also promote
         the nation. Through this program,     Woman Creek, Ohio, to the blue          an awareness of estuarine re-
         NOAA and the states have the          crabs and brown pelicans in Weeks       sources for the public through lec-
         opportunity to study the natural      Bay, Alabama; and from the salt         tures, interpretive exhibits, and
         and human processes that affect       ponds and barrier dunes in              outreach programs.


         The National Estuarine Research Reserve System

                    Padilla Bay, WA                                 5t. Lawrence River, NY
                                                                Woman Creek, OH I H        on River, NY
                                                                                               Wells, ME
            5outh 51ough, OR                                                                     reat Bay, NH
                                                                                                 a uoit Bay, MA
                                                                                               arraganeett Bay, RI
                                                                                           M Ilica iver, NJ
       5an Francisco Bay, CA                                                              Delaware
            Elkhorn 51ough, CA                                                          Chesapeake Bay, Maryland
                                                                                         hesapeake Day, Virginia
                 TUuana River, CA                                                      North Carolina
                                                                                      North Inlet/Winyah Bay, SC
                                                                                     ACE Basin, 5C
                                                                                     5apelo Island, GA
                 Waimanu Valley, HI                                                  East Coast of Florida
                                                          Weeks L3ay, AL                         Jol7os Bay, PR
         T






















































                                                                              Rookery Bay, FL
                       0 DE51GNATEP 51TE5                  Apalachicola Bay, FL
                          PROP05EP 51TE5




                                                                 4





                                                                                               CZMA - The New Challenge





                              ver the past 20 years,     grams. Furthermore, state coastal        CZMA - The New Challenge
                 state CZM programs have gener-          management programs have
                 ated many positive returns. By dis-     helped encourage revitalization of               In 1991, Congress pre-
                 couraging development in highly         urban waterfronts in cities like        sented a new challenge to coastal
                 vulnerable areas of the shoreline,      Baltimore, Seattle, Detroit and         states and island territories to con-
                 state CZM programs have suc-            Philadelphia and have promoted          front the most pressing coastal is-
                 ceeded in protecting life and prop-     water dependent uses of the coast,      sues. With enactment of the
                 erty from natural hazards. Cur-         such as ports and marinas, com-         Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
                 rently, over 13 states have estab-      mercial fisheries and recreation.       Amendments (CZARA) of 1990,
                 lished building setbacks from the                                               states were asked to do more to
                 ocean and passed laws to protect                 The experiences of the         combat the problems of coastal
                 dunes which are the first line of       past 20 years demonstrate that this     water quality,          specifically
                 defense from storms.                    federal-state partnership is work-      nonpoint source pollution - pol-
                                                         ing well and is producing measur-       lution resulting primarily from
                          CZM programs are also          able, beneficial chan es in the         runoff from land use activities.
                                                                                  9
                 guarding fragile coastal habitats       management of coastal resources.        Nonpoint source pollution contrib-
                 against pollution and unwise de-        But the job is far from over. As        utes more than half of the sus-
                 velopment. Between 1985 and             coastal populations continue to         pended solids, metals, and bacte-
                 1988, state CZM programs ac-            increase, the demand for intensive      ria which contaminate U.S. coastal
                 quired 3,400 acres of ecologically      development of the coastal zone         waters. CZARA also encourages
                 and recreationally important            will increase, creating conflicting     states to develop new and innova-
                 coastal areas. Along Alaska's           and competing demands for hous-         tive approaches for tackling such
                 Bristol Bay, a 100 foot develop-        ing, industrial and urban develop-      critical national issues as wetlands
                 ment-free buffer protects the habi-     ment, and recreational facilities on    loss, cumulative and secondary
                 tat of the sockeye salmon, an im-       these finite resources.                 impacts of growth, increased
                 portant commercial and subsis-                                                  threats to life and property from
                 tence fishery. Additionally, several
                 states, including Virginia and
                                                           Boaiers, albng Ogni inuck"Piver, 'Alaska.
                 Washington, are developing edu-
                 cational, incentive-based and regu-
                 latory shellfish enhancement pro-
                 grams to restore degraded shellfish
                 beds.


                          Public recreational use of
                 coastal  areas has been enhanced
                                                                                                                       @ 41
                 through   improved public access
                 ways and construction of board-
                                                                                                                401
                 walks and boat launching facili-
                                                               Al-     1%
                 ties. Between 1985 and 1988, 359
                 public access- projects, such as
                 fishing piers, boat launches and                                                          @6
                 dune walkovers, were constructed
                 under the leadership of CZM pro-


                                                                           5





         CZMA - The New Challenge





         coastal hazards and dwindling op-        To assist states in developing                      control of cumulative
         portunities for public access to the     coastal nonpoint programs,                       and secondary impacts of
         shoreline.                               NOAA and EPA sponsored seven                     development along the
                                                  regional workshops in 1993 to pro-               coast;
            Coastal Nonpoint Pollution            vide states and island territories
                  Control Program                 with a chance to discuss technical                  protection from coastal
                                                  and program guidance, as well as                 hazards;
                 Over the past three years,       identify needs for technical assis-
         NOAA has worked closely with             tance from federal agencies.                       special area management
         states to respond to these new, am-                                                       planning;
         bitious mandates. The new Coastal             Enhancement Program
         Nonpoint Pollution Control Pro-                                                           - management of ocean
         gram (CNPCP), under section                      NOAA has also worked                     resources;
         6217 of CZARA, recognizes that           closely with the states in imple-
         the solution to coastal nonpoint         menting a new, voluntary Coastal                   reduction of marine de-
         pollution depends upon effective         Zone Enhancements Program un-                    bris in the coastal environ-
         state and local action. Under this       der section 309 of CZARA. The                    ment; and
         new program, NOAA and the En-            program gives states and territo-
         vironmental Protection Agency            ries the opportunity to compete for                siting of energy and gov-
         are working with states to develop       additional federal funds to                      ernment facilities along
         coastal nonpoint pro-                                                                     the coast.
         grams by July 1995 that
         address land uses gener-                                                                  The program encourages
         ally known to cause or                                                                    coastal states and territories
         contribute to coastal                                                                     to develop new and inno-
                                                                                                   vative appr
         nonpoint pollution. These                                                                             oaches to tack-
                                                                                                   ling these problems. States
         coastal nonpoint pro-
         grams will include en-                                                                    are encouraged to achieve
         forceable policies to en-                                                                 these     objectives      b y
                                                                                               Q
         sure implementation of
                                                                                                   strengthening their coastal
                                                ...... ........ ...
         management measures                                THo@@  Tl@                             management programs
         that are both remedial and
                                                              V
                                                                                             C     with new laws, regulations,
         preventative.                                                                             or other enforceable
                                                  strengthen their coastal manage-        mechanisms to provide greater
                 In implementing       section    ment programs in any of eight ob-       protection for coastal resources.
         6217, NOAA and EPA published             jectives for national interest en-
         two guidance documents - one             hancement .                                      All eligible coastal states
         specifying management measures                                                   and island territories are partici-
         for sources of nonpoint pollution                The objectives include:         pating in the new Coastal Zone
         in coastal waters and one discuss-                                               Enhancements Program. States
         ing NOAA and EPA expectations                      wetlands protection and       began the effort by assessing the
         for program development. The                     restoration;                    status of their coastal resources
         technical guidance covers a vari-                                                and current management pro-
         ety of nonpoint sources, including                  increased opportunities      grams in each of the eight en-
         agriculture, forestry, urban runoff,             for public access to coastal    hancement areas and creating
         hydromodification and marinas.                   areas;    6                     multi-year strategies for action.





                                                                                                CZMA        The New Challenge





                  NOAA evaluated the states' work                                               Y.
                  and awarded enhancement grant
                  funding based on the evaluations.
                  The most common priority areas
                  identified by the states are wet-
                  lands protection, control of cumu-                    M
                  lative and secondary impacts of
                  growth, protection from coastal
                                                                                                       Niw,
                  hazards, and public access to
                  coastal areas.


                          Now    in the third year of
                  implementation, the Coastal Zone
                  Enhancements Program has en-
                  abled NOAA and the states to bet-
                  ter address the coastal issues of the   the CZMA. Under              section    other federal agencies, increased
                  1990s and prepare for the issues        306(d)(14), state coastal manage-       guidance to states on the use of the
                  of the future. Through these ef-        ment programs must provide for          federal consistency review pro-
                  forts, NOAA and the states have         public participation in the state re-   cess, and worked with the states
                  laid the foundation for substantial     view of federal agency consis-          during appeals to the Secretary of
                  improvements in the way the na-         tency deterninations under section      Commerce on consistency deter-
                  tion manages coastal resources.         307(c)(1). The second require-          minations.
                                                          ment, under section 306(d)(15),
                       Program Development                stipulates that each coastal man-                  Coastal Zone
                                                          agement program provide a                       Management Fund
                          With the reinstatement of       mechanism to ensure that all state
                  section 305 program development         agencies adhere to the program.                  With the creation of the
                  funds, NOAA is assisting five           NOAA developed policy guidance          new Coastal Zone Management
                  states - Georgia, Indiana, Minne-       for those provisions and is cur-        Fund under section 308 of
                  sota, Ohio, and Texas - in devel-       rently asessing state compliance        CZARA, NOAA is working to
                  oping coastal zone management           with these requirements. NOAA           identify projects that benefit CZM
                  programs. Each of these states          will review each state's compli-        and National Estuarine Research
                  welcomed the opportunity to con-        ance with the guidance during rou-      Reserve activities. The CZM Fund
                  tinue and complete work that be-        tine program evaluations under          enables NOAA to sponsor re-
                  gan in the 1970's to join in the fed-   section 312.                            gional or inter-state demonstration
                  eral-state partnership. The states                                              projects, emergency grants, and
                  are working closely with NOAA                  Federal Consistency              other projects that are designed to
                  to craft CZM programs that bal-                                                 further national objectives of the
                  ance use and protection of coastal               Greater emphasis has been      CZMA. While CZM Fund mon-
                  resources.                              placed on outreach to states and        eys were directed for program ad-
                                                          federal agencies to promote the         ministration and the enhancement
                       Program Adminstration              benefits of the federal consistency     grants program during the bien-
                                                          provisions under section 307 of         nium, an increased budget alloca-
                          In addition, NOAA issued        the CZMA. Through its federal           tion for FY 1994 will enable
                  policy  guidance on two new re-         consistency coordinator, OCRM           NOAA to fund projects benefitting
                  quirements under section 306 of         has improved coordination with          CZMA programs.
                                                                            7





        CZMA - The New Challenge




             Program Evaluations              Waimanu Valley from the National      rine Research Reserve System
                                              Estuarine Research Reserve Sys-       under Section 315, through stra-
                NOAA also instituted          tem. In addition, NOAA placed         tegic planning activities for re-
        changes to the CZMA program           four state CZM programs and           search, monitoring and education
        evaluation process, as required by    three estuarine reserves on work      projects. These activities will de-
        the 1990 amendments. NOAA is-         programs to correct adherence         fine long-term goals for the
        sued a final rule in July 1992,       problems. This interim step to in-    NERRS program. For example, a
        which included new provisions on      voking sanctions has enabled          new, focused NERRS research
        interim sanctions and increased       NOAA to work with the states and      program is exploring natural and
        opportunities for public participa-   reserves to improve their pro-        human-induced change in estua-
        tion in the reviews of state CZM      grams, rather than terminate fund-    rine ecosystems, specifically tar-
        programs and estuarine reserves.      ing. These states and reserves are    geting the problem of nonpoint
        During the biennium, NOAA             making progress in correcting pro-    source pollution. In addition,
        placed the Waimanu Valley Na-         gram deficiencies.                    phased monitoring programs at
        tional Estuarine Research Reserve                                           reserve sites are generating valu-
        in Hawaii on interim sanctions.              National Estuarine             able, long-term data that will help
        The State of Hawaii chose not to         Research Reserve System            define the future needs of estua-
        correct the problems and recently                                           rine resource management. The
        requested that NOAA withdraw                  Great strides were made in    reserves also continue to deliver
                                              administering the National Estua-     high quality and innovative edu-
                                                                                    cation programs, such as Kids
                                                                                    Network, a joint venture with Na-
                                                                                    tional Geographic that allows stu-
                                                                                    dents to explore the estuarine en-
                                           -7,                                      vironment. Furthermore, NOAA
                                                                                    has been working with four states
                                                                                    to bring on new reserves in San
                          10
                                                                                    Francisco Bay CA, Mullica River-
                                                                                    Great Bay NJ, St. Lawrence River
                                                                                    NY, and the East Coast of Florida.







        Above: Canoeing on the Hudson River

        Right: Oil spill pollution, clean-up and
                                                                 'M
        prevention is emerging as an issuefor
        ocean and coastal managers.

        Far right: Public access to coastal
        history in Pennyslvania.




                                                                                           CZMA - The New Chollenge-




                        Excellence Awards              nity at-large to facilitate good,      lems relating to conservation and
                                                       sound coastal resource manage-         development of the shoreline. At
                        NOAA initiated an awards       ment decisions. To this end,           Coastal Zone 93 (CZ 93), the
                 program recognizing excellence in     NOAA annually sponsors a pro-          eighth conference in the series,
                 coastal and ocean management. In      gram managers'meeting in Wash-         NOAA spotlighted its ongoing ef-
                 September 1992, NOAA hosted an        ington D.C. to bring together man-     forts to deal with a myriad of
                 awards ceremony in Washington,        agers of state coastal programs,       coastal and ocean problems, such
                 D.C. honoring the first recipients    National Estuarine Research Re-        as coastal nonpoint source pollu-
                 of the awards. During the cer-        serves and National Marine Sanc-       tion and the threats of coastal haz-
                 emony, NOAA honored Walter B.         tuaries and share information on       ards, such as hurricanes, and
                 Jones, late Chairman of the House     new concepts and research devel-       showed how building partnerships
                 Merchant Marine and Fisheries         opments. This forum enables            and promoting education can en-
                 Committee for his long-standing       NOAA and the states to identify        hance sound resource protection.
                 commitment to protecting ocean        creative and innovative ways of
                 and coastal resources. In addition,   dealing with coastal environmen-               In addition to sharing in-
                 NOAA honored 17 people and            tal problems.                          formation with the states and the
                 government agencies across the                                               coastal and ocean community at
                 country who dedicated countless               NOAA also plays an active      large, NOAA recognizes the value
                 hours and energy to improving the     role in the Coastal Zone Confer-       of educating the public on exist-
                 state of our nation's ocean and       ence series, an international forum    ing and future threats to our
                 coastal resources.                    devoted to ocean and coastal man-      country's coastal resources. In
                                                       agement. The conference brings         1982, NOAA and coastal states
                    CZM Interaction through            together disparate disciplines that    launched a nationwide observance
                     Education and Outreach            deal with ocean and coastal issues     to focus on the beauty, diversity
                                                       - professional planners, engi-         and value of coastal habitats.
                         NOAA recognizes          the  neers, government officials, scien-    Called "Coastweeks," this nation-
                 growing need to share information     tists, business leaders, and educa-    wide observance takes place the
                 with state and local governments      tors - to discuss, debate, and find    last two weeks in September and
                 and the ocean and coastal commu-      solutions to the conflicting prob-     the first week in October and fea-
                                                                                              tures a number of activities, in-
                                                                                              cluding statewide and local beach
                                                                                              cleanups, boat cruises, coastal
                                                                                              walks, seminars, art shows, pho-
                                                                                              tography contests and museum
                                                                              g@ggr           exhibits. These activities, which
                                                                              'smp,
                                              P
                                                                                    Ti,
                                                                                    o
                                                                                              take place in coastal communities
                                                                                              and at National Estuarine Re-
                                                                                    ... . ...........
                                                           A;@
                                                                                              search, Reserve and National Ma-
                                                                                              rine Sanctuary sites around the
                                                                                              U.S., are aimed at educating the
                                                                                              public on the urgent need for im-
                                                                                              proved coastal planning and man-
                                        IX
                                                                                              agement.




                                                                         9





         CZM Interaction at the Federal Level





                 he job of sound coastal        munity Rating System and devel-         NOAA worked with the State of
         management does not rest solely        oping a nationwide coastal erosion      North Carolina and the U.S. Navy
         at the state level. NOAA recog-        mapping program. NOAA has also          to resolve a long-standing dispute
         nizes the need to coordinate and       participated in FEMA's post disas-      over the appropriate use of con-
         integrate the CZM program with         ter mitigation team visits to           sistency regarding Navy activities.
         other federal agency programs that     Florida and Hawaii to inspect the       This resulted in an agreement be-
         have compatible goals. In 1993,        damage caused by Hurricanes             tween North Carolina and the U.S.
         NOAA updated an agreement that         Andrew and Iniki, respectively,         Navy outlining the appropriate use
         was negotiated in 1988 with the        and to recommend actions to miti-       of consistency and the types of ac-
         Environmental Protection Agency        gate damage from future storm           tivities the state has the authority
         (EPA) on ways to better coordinate     events.                                 to review.
         the national CZM program with
         EPKs National Estuary Program,                 NOAA also assists states
         which aides in the development of      in resolving any differences be-        OCRM staff members visit the
         region-specific restoration and        tween them and federal agencies         Chesapeake Bay Reserve in Maryland.
         protection strategies for the          over the implementation of
         nation's estuaries. This agreement     the Federal consistency
         establishes a mechanism at the na-     provisions under section
         tional level to ensure that CZM        307 of the CZMA. Over the
         programs and individual NEP pro-       past two years, NOAA has
         grams complement and reinforce         placed greater emphasis on
                                                                                        E
                                                                                          @J
         each other.                            outreach to states and Fed-
                                                eral agencies to promote
                 Over the past two years,       benefits of federal consis-
         NOAA and the Federal Emer-             tency and to ensure that
         gency Management Agency have           states and federal agencies
         worked closely with the U.S. Con-      fulfill their consistency re-
         gress on legislation to reforrn the    sponsibilities. For example,
         National Flood Insurance Program
         (NFIP). One of the most important                    C, wfl;, MN@V,
                                                                           pp;!':
         factors in coastal development has                       IN
         been the NFIP, which provides
         Federal flood insurance for struc-
                                                         7': -
         tures built in high hazard areas.
         Under its original mandate,
                                           the
         NFIP is to be used as a tool to pro-
         mote sound floodplain manage-
         ment, as well as reduce flood
         losses     and      the     federal
         government's disaster relief ex-
         penditures      a mandate that is
         fully consistent with that of the
         CZMA. NOAA has worked with
         FEMA on a number of issues, in-                                                        5
                                                                                               MV
         cluding developing erosion risk
                                                                                                  41 @4            A
         management criteria for the Com-                        10





                                                                                               Building Intemotionol Portnerships





                               ecognizing that threats
                                                                                                                 6A
                   to natural resources are not stayed
                   by national boundaries, NOAA ac-
                   tively participates in international
                                                                                                             ROL,
                   activities to improve the quality of
                   and strengthen the protection of
                                                                                                                          .17
                   coastal and marine resources. Pri-
                   ority support is given to those ac-
                   tivities which directly involve U.S.
                   ocean and coastal resources over
                                                                                         NN'll
                   which NOAA has responsibility.
                                                                                        Umg,
                   These are primarily transboundary                                         mi
                   issues with Canada, Mexico, the
                                                                International conferences, such as the Pre-World Coast Conference 93
                   Caribbean region and the Pacific             Workshops sponsored by the U.S.A. in New Orleans, and the one below in
                   island states. Among these activi-           Japan, fuel partnerships between the United States and other coastal
                                                                countries.
                                 605wn fkm*ftm wortshop an the mmv6xty AftesuneW of                            During the past few years,
                                        Sea L" RIW a1W Coo" ZOM Mamwffwd
                                                                                                      integrated coastal zone manage-
                                                                                                      ment (ICZM) has become an im-
                                                                                                      portant issue on the international
                                                                                                      agenda. Specifically, an Intergov-
                                                                                             5
                                                                                                      ernmental Panel on Climate
                   Fm
                                                                                                      Change is focusing on ways to
                                                                                                      deal with the impact of coastal cli-
                                                                                                      mate change, and the United Na-
                                                                                                      tions Conference on Environment
                                                                                                      and Development is assisting na-
                                                                                                      tions with achieving their goals for
                                                                                                      sustainable           development.
                                                                                                      Throughout all these negotiations
                                                                                                      and conferences, the U.S. has
                   ties are NOANs efforts to protect        a joint agreement wi      'th the pre-    served as a leader in supporting
                   the habitats of the Tijuana River        miers of two Canadian provinces           ICZM through 20 years experi-
                   National Estuarine Research Re-          - New Brunswick and Nova                  ence and support gained from
                   serve from pollution sources in          Scotia - to promote a regional ap-        implementation of the CZMA. To
                   Mexico, and the international co-        proach to protecting the Gulf's re-       date, fewer than 40 coastal nations
                   ordination and cooperation be-           sources. Since that time, the             either have developed, or have be-
                   tween the U.S. and Canada to pro-        Council's existence has continued         gun to develop and implement
                   tec@ the valuable resources of the       to lead, either directly or indirectly,   some form of ICZM, but over 100
                   Gulf of Maine through the Gulf of        to many coordinated and collabo-          more have expressed interest in
                   Maine initiative.                        rative efforts in the region, cover-      developing programs. OCRM rep-
                                                            ing the areas of communications           resentatives have in many ways
                          The Gulf of Maine Coun-           and public awareness to resource          facilitated the exchange of
                   R




































                   cil was formed in 1989 when gov-         management, pollution inventory           knowlege, including the manage-
                   ernors from Maine, Massachu-             and prevention, scientific research       ment of marine protected areas,
                   setts, and New Hampshire entered         and monitoring.                           with other countries.





         The Future Agenda





                   uring the past two years,     proactive, integrated, ecosystem-       2005; increased resources to state
         NOAA developed a strategic plan,        wide management.                        CMPs to strengthen integrated
         defining the agency's role and                                                  management efforts and address
         agenda through 2005, in light of                OCRM's activities will          cumulative impacts on a water-
         the significant environmental           continue to support the goal of         shed basis; and development of
         problems and issues facing our          environmental          stewardship      coastal nonpoint pollution control
         nation. Among its major compo-          through state-based coastal zone        programs. To promote ecosystem
         nents, the plan espouses environ-       management programs and site-           management, NOAA will support
         mental stewardship, with a vision       specific National Estuarine Re-         estuarine reserves in developing
         for ecosystem health. That vision       search Reserves. Among the              ecosystem characterizations of
         entails managing economic devel-        CZM-related activities that NOAA        selected sites and will initiate edu-
         opment in coastal ecosystems in         will support through its strategic      cation and outreach efforts.
         ways that maintain 'their               plan are: development of new            NOAA will also support inte-
         biodiversity and long-term pro-         coastal management programs             grated ecosystem protection
         ductivity for sustained use. To ac-     (CMPs), bringing the total of fed-      through participation with Na-
         complish that vision requires           erally approved programs to 35 by       tional Estuary Programs desig-
                                                                                         nated by the Environmental Pro-
                                                                                         tection Agency, including pro-
                                                                                         grams for the Gulf of Maine, Gulf
                                                                                         of Mexico, and others.


                                                                                                 The job of coastal zone
                                                                                         management is far from complete.
                                                                                         With adequate resources at the
                                                                                         state and federal level, the 1990s
                                                                                         can be a decade of significant
                                                                                         progress in protecting valuable
                                                                                         coastal resources and sustaining a
                                                                                         healthy economy. State CZM pro-
                                                                                         grams can make great strides in
                                                                                         protecting coastal water quality,
                                                                                         managing impacts from coastal
                                                                                         growth and development, protect-
                                                      @6
                                                                                         ing and restoring coastal habitats,
                                                                                         mitigating the impacts from
                                                                                         coastal storms, and enhancing
                                                                                         public access and recreational op-
                                                                                         portunities in coastal areas.
                                                   *_Imp





                                                                                Clean-up at Otter Point Cteek in Maryland
                                                                                keeps pollution from running downsticam
                A
                                                                                into the Chesapeake Bay and involves the
                                                                                community in their envitonment.


                                                                   12


























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                                                   13





                                                                                                          APPENDIX A
                                                                                                        Photo Credits




        p. 1    Oyster tonging: courtesy of Apalachicola NERR
        p. 2    Hatteras lighthouse: courtesy of North Carolina's Department of Environment, Health,
                and Natural Resources
        p. 3    Egret closeup: courtesy of Rookery Bay NERR
        p. 4    Alaska sealions: courtesy of Alaska's Division of Governmental Coordination, Coastal
                Program Division
        p. 5    Ognivinuck River: courtesy of Alaska's Division of Governmental Coordination, Coastal
                Program Division
        p. 6    Dune erosion: courtesy of Elaine Vaudreuil, NOAA/OCRM
        p. 7    Public beach access: courtesy of North Carolina's Department of Environment, Health,
                and Natural Resources
        p.8     Canoeing: courtesy of Hudson River NERR
                Oil spill pollution: courtesy of NOAA/Office of Resource Conservation and Assessment's
                Damage Assessment Center
        P. 9    Sailboat: courtesy of Neil Christerson, NOAA/OCRM
        p. 10   OCRM staff at Chesapeake Bay-MD NERR: courtesy of Maryland's Department of Natural
                Resources, Coastal and Watershed Resources Division
        p. 11   International Conferences: courtesy of Ben Mieremet, NOAA/OCRM
        p. 12   Coastal cleanup: courtesy of Maryland's Department of Natural Resources, Coastal and
                Watershed Resources Division




                                 Special thanks also to program staff from NOAAIOCRM,
                       state coastal management programs, and national estuarine research reserves
                         for their assistance in collecting and writing information for this report.


                             COAS
                                                               COORDINATOR, WRITER, EDITOR
                                      .. ..........
                                                                           Elaine Vaudreuil
                                                          NOAA      OCRM /Policy Coordination Division
                  .. .............. .
                                                   A
                                                                       LAYO LIT AND DESIGN
                                                                 Elleen Kane and Elaine Vaudreuil
              L
                                                         NOAA/OCRM/Policy Coordination Division

                                                               CONTRIBUTING- WRITER, EDITOR
                                                   M             Diane K. Garner and Elleen Kane


                                                   z
              L







                                                               14






                                                                                                                                       NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY



                                                                                                                                       3 6668 14111335 9




































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                                                                                "ArEs   ov.

                                                             U.S. Department of Commerce,
                                             National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
                                                                  National Ocean Service,
                                            Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management