    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                         STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE U.S. COASTAL ZONE

                                  Materials prepared for the

                              Office of Coastal Zone Management

                                              by

                                 The Conservation Foundation
                               1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W.
                                   Washington, D.C.   20036

           Prepared under Contract No.:
            NA 8AAA02282 (OCZM)

                     ,1980
           392
           -S83
           19 80
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                    STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE U.S. COASTAL ZONE

                              Materials prepared for the

    I                   ~~~~~~Office of Coastal Zone Management

        3                               ~~~~~~~~~~~by

    U                     ~~~~~~~The Conservation Foundation
                           1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W.
                               Washington, D.C.   20036

                             U. S.- DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                             COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                            2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
    5                    ~~~~~~CHARLESTON SC 29405-24 13

     prepared under Contract N.
    .p NA 8OAAA02282 (OCZM)
    DL.August 26, 1980
                              Property of CSC Library                      hf

                  STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE U.S. COASTAL ZONE

    Prepared by:

    The Conservation Foundation
    1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
    Suite 300
    Washington, D.C.  20036

    Contract No:  NA 80AAA02282 (OCZM)                      August 26, 1960

     TABLE OF CONTENTS

    I    NTRODUCTION                                                  1

    Section I  THE SHOREFRONT                                         3

            1.  Length of the United States Shoreline                 4
            2.  Ownership of the Shoreline by State                   6
            3.  The Uses of the Shoreline by State                    7
            4.  Length of Beach by State                              8
            5.  Length of Eroding Shoreline by State                 10
            6. Expenditures on Beach Erosion
                  Control Projects                                  11
            7. 'Characteristics of Major Barrier Islands             12
            8.  Length of Barrier Island by State                    19
            9.  Development Status of Major Barrier Islands          20

    Section II  PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS                             23

            10. River and Basin Discharge to the Seas                24
            11. Changes in Sea Level Observed at Selected
                  Coastal Points                                    28
            12. Tide Ranges for Selected Coastal Points              30
            13. Sea Surface Water Temperatures for Selected
                  Coastal Points                                    34

    Section III  WATER QUALITY                                       36

            14.  Condition of Shellfish Waters                       37
            15a. Bioconcentration of Metals by Shellfish             39
            15b. Bioconcentration of Metals by Phytoplankton         40
            16a. Biocontamination -- Mussel Watch Hot Spots          40

          TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

            16b. Biocontamination -- The Occurrence of Biocide
                   Residues in Juvenile Estuarine Fishes by
                   State -- 1972-1976                                    42
            17.  Types and Amounts of Ocean Disposal by
                   Geographic Area -- 1973-1978 43
            18a. Oil Spills by Year Reported by the United
                   States Coast Guard                                    45
            18b. Oil Spills Reported During Outer Continental
                   Shelf Operations in the Gulf of Mexico                47
            18c'. Oil Spills by Coast -- 1975-1977                        47
            18d. Oil Spills by Location -- 1976 and 1977                  47
            18e. Oil Spills by Coast and Location -- 1976
                   and 1977                                              48
            18f. Oil Spills by Source (Volume and Number)
                   -- 1975-1977                                          50
            18g. Oil Spills by Leading Causes (Volume)
                   -- 1975-1977                                          50
            18ho Oil Spills by Leading Causes (Number)
                   -- 1975-1977                                          51

    Section IV   COUNTY PROFILES                                          53

            19.  Coastal Counties -- Names and 1976 Population            54
            20.  Agriculture in Coastal Counties                          59
            21a. Employment and Business Establishments                   60
            21b. Coastal County Population by State -- 1960,
                   1970, 1976                                            63
            21c. Coastal County Nonmetropolitan Population by
                   State -- 1960, 1970, 1976                             64
            21d. Coastal County Metropolitan Population by
                  -State -- 1960, 1970, 1976                             65
            21e. Coastal County Population by Regions --
                   1960, 1970, 1976                                      66
            21f. Coastal Population Characteristics by State
                      1976                                               67

    Section V  ENERGY                                                     70

            22.  Coastal Electrical Generating Capacity by State          71
            23.  Nuclear Power Plants in the Coastal Zone                 73
            24a. Revenue and Production Value of Outer Continental
                   Shelf Leases                                          77
            24b. Producing Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas
                   Leases                                                78
            24c. Total Offshore Oil Production by State                   78
            24d. Total Offshore Gas Production by State                   78
            24e. Offshore Production of Crude Oil and Condensates
                   by Year                                               80
            24f. Offshore Production of Natural Gas by Year               81

      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

    Section VI  ESTUARINE AND WETLAND RESOURCES                                82

            25. Fish and Wildlife Estuarine Habitat Lost --
                    1947-1967                                                  83
            26.  Existing Coastal Wetlands and Wetlands Loss by
                    Type -- 1780, 1954, 1978                                   84
            27.  Wetland Type Descriptions                                    85
            28. 1954 Estimates of Coastal Wetlands by State and
                   Type                                                       87
            29.  Most Recent State Estimates of Coastal Wetlands               88
            30.  Dredge and Fill Permits and Reported Violations              90
             a.  --From all Coastal Districts                                 90
             b.  -- Districts New England and New York, New York              91
             c.  -- Districts Philadelphia, Pennsylvania through
                       Savannah, Georgia                                       91
             d.     Districts Jacksonville, Florida through Galveston,
                       Texas                                                   91
             e. --   Districts Los Angeles, California through Seattle,
                      Washington                                              92
            31a. Use of Wetland Types by Game and Fur Animals                  93.
            31b, Number of Game and Fur Species Using Wetlands
                   by State                                                   94

    Section VII  LIVING RESOURCES                                              95

            32a. History of Domestic Fishery Landings.                         96
            32b. History of Commercial Landings of Selected Species           98
            32c. History of Fisheries Employment                               98
            32d. Value of the Catch in Constant Dollars per
                   Fisherman                                                  98
            33.  Current Catch Compared to Record Catch by State              99
            34.  State Landings -- 1978               ,                       100
            35a. Top 20 U.S. Fisheries Ports -- 1976-1978 by Value
                   of Catch                                                  101
            35b. Top 20 U.S. Fisheries Ports -- 1976-1978 by Weight
                   of Catch                                                  102
            36.  Commercial Catch Per Fisherman -- 1974                       103
            37.  Estuarine Recreational Fisheries                            104
             a.  -- Number of Fish by Year                                   104
             b.  -- Number of Anglers by Year                                105
             c.  -- Weight of Fish Caught by Year                            105
             d.  -- Number of Fish Per Angler                                106
            38. Leading Species in the 1970 Recreational Fish
                   Catch by Region                                           107
            39.  Coastal Colonies of Herons and their Allies                 110
            40.  Endangered Species                                          114

      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

    Section VIII  NATURAL AREAS                                            125

            41.  Coastal National Parks                                   126
             a.  -- Acreage and Visitation                                126
             b.  -- Size and Visits by Region                             127
             c.  -- Size and Visits by Class of Park                      128
            42.  National Wildlife Refuges                                128
             a.  -- Acquisition Costs and Acreage by State                129
            ,.b.  --Visits by State                                        130
             c.  -- Visits by Region                                      130
             d. -- Endangered and Threatened Species Reported on
                       National Wildlife Refuges                           131
            43. Private Conservancy Holdings -- Numbers and
                   Acreage by State                                       133
            44.  Estuarine Sanctuaries                                    135

    Section IX  RECREATION                                                 137

            45.  Saltwater Recreational Fishing                           138
             a.  -- Participation and Expenses                            138
             b.  -- Per Capita Activity                                   138
             c.  -- Constant Dollar Expenditures                          140
            46. Coastal Recreation -- Boating, Swimming, and Water
                    Skiing                                                 142

    Section X  HURRICANES                                                  144

            47.  Damages and Deaths from Major Hurricanes in
                   the United States -- 1954-1979                         145

    Section XI 'PORTS                                                      150

            48.  Port Development Expenditures by Public Port
                   Authorities -- 1946-1978                               151
            49. Expenditures of the Corps of Engineers --
                    Navigation Projects                                    154
            50.  Commerce at Selected Ports -- 1977                       156

    Section XII  APPENDIX                                                  158

            51.  Comparative Coastal Areas                                159
            52.  Concentration of Certain Elements in Sea Water           161
            53.  Conversion Factors                                       162
             a.  -- Length Conversion Factors                             162
             b.  -- Area Conversion Factors                               162
             c.  -- Volume Conversion Factors                             163
             d.  --Mass Conversion Factors                                163
             e. --  Hydrocarbon Weight and Energy Equivalents             163
             f.  -- Metric Prefixes                                        164
            54.  State Ranks                                              165

    *    INTRODUCTION

               The information selected for presentation in this almanac was
          selected on the basis of relevance to resource issues, the quality of
          data, and economy in production of the document. We have selected data
          that are nationwide or regional in scope and, to the extent feasible,
          available by individual states. We have selected data that are recent
          in time, collected by known and uniform standards, and that related to
          natural resources. We excluded Alaska, usually, because it is less well
    I    ~known, studied, and catalogued, and because it is unique in so many ways.
          We excluded Hawaii,.usually, because it also is unique in many ways. We
          also excluded the Great Lakes in order to focus on the ocean coast,
    3     ~although it is popular these days to talk of the great lakes as part
          of the nation' s "coastal zone".
               We have organized the data tables by natural resource categories
    I    ~and by the categories of use of the resources.  Thus, information on
          recreational fish catches appears in a fisheries resource category while
          data on cash expenditures and days spent fishing appears in a use
          category with other recreational information.
               The information that we present is derived largely from existing
          publications. In some cases, we have copied material directly from
          original sources; distilling the most important facts. In other cases
          (e.g., Tables 32d, 36, 38, and 45c) we have reorganized available
          information and presented it in new formats to reveal fresh insights.
          In some instances, we have taken raw information and analyzed it by
          our own methods (e.g., Tables 8, 9, 20, 21, 23, and 30).
               While the federal government collects a great many facts, many of
          them are unavailable in a form that relates specifically or comprehe'n-
          sively to the coastal zone. For example, the government provides insurance
          to homeowners in flood prone areas but detailed information is not available
          about the extent and type of coastal investment, the proportion of policies
          in high hazard zones, the extent of land use controls provided by local
    3     ~go vernment for resource protection, and so forth.  Similarly, the federal

    I       ~INTRODUCTION

    U      ~government has a large investment in wetlands protection but has not
           produced a recent national inventory of wetland types and the extent of
           past losses.
                On the positive side, we are able to use some of the massive amount
           of general statistical data which, though not specifically oriented to
           the coast, can be used for coastal purposes where available an a county-
           by-county basis. In order to make use of this information, we have compiled
           a list of coastal counties which we have designated as being truly coastal
           in character. The information on energy, agriculture, employment, and
           population in the coast is all based on this county list.
                Each table, or set of tables is preceded by interpretative comments
           which may briefly state the significance of the data and select a few
           highlights to bring to the reader's attention. Where necessary, we have
           added caveats about potential problems and limitations of the data, or we
    *      ~have described the origins of the data.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    H~  SHOREFRONT

     U         ~~The coast consists of uplands and wetlands adjacent to and interacting
         with ocean's and estuarine waters, as well as whatever freshwater may be a part
         of it. In contrast to this broad ill-defined band, or zone, the shorefront is
         itself the edge where land and water meet. It is the line we cross going
         from one realm to the other.
              We provide in this section some of the fundamental characteristics describ-
    I    ~ing this place -- how big it is, who owns it, what do we do with it, how we
         have tried to protect it. Barrier islands are given considerable attention in
         this section, because they are so heavily influenced by the forces of the sea
    1     -- storms, tides, currents, and winds--and are therefore often poorly suited for
         occupancy.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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     1. SHORELINE LENGTH (Cont.)

    Table 1.  LENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES SHORELINE.

                                      General             Tidal              National
                                      Coastline1         Shoreline,         Shoreline2
    United States                        13,443              91,154             80,577
    Coterminous only                      4,993              53,677             32,344
    Atlantic                              2,069              28,673             18,691
    Gulf of Mexico                        1,631              17,141              8,989
    Pacific                               7,623              40,298             52,897
    Artic                                 1,060               2,521               ---
    Maine                                   228               3,478              2,500
    New Hampshire                             13                131                 40
    Massachusetts                            192              1,519              1,200
    Rhode Island                              40                384                340
    Connecticut                            ---                  618                270
    New York                                 127              1,850                638
    New Jersey                              130               1,792                469
    Pennsylvania                           ---                   89               ---
    Delaware                                  28                381                226
    Maryland                                  31              3,190              1,939
    Virginia                                 112              3,315                993
    North Carolina                          301               3,375              3,661
    South Carolina                           187              2,876              3,063
    Georgia                                  100              2,344                204
    Florida (Atlantic only)                 580               3,331              2,316
    Florida (Gulf only)                      770              5,095              3,949
    Florida (Atlantic and Gulf)           1,350               8,426              6,265
    Alabama                                   53                607                352
    Mississippi                               44                359                247
    Louisiana                               397               7,721              1,943
    Texas                                   367               3,359              2,498
    California                              840               3,427              1,827
    Oregon                                   296              1,410                500
    Washington                               157              3,026              2,337
    Alaska (Pacific only)                 5,580              31,383 ---
    Alaska (Artic only)                    1,060              2,521               ---
    Alaska (Pacific and Artic)            6,640              33,904             47,300
    Hawaii                                   750              1,052                930

    Sources: 'U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA. 1975. The Coastline of the
              United States; 2U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1971. The National
              Shoreline Study.

                                            5

     2. SHORELINE OWNERSHIP

          The ownership of the shoreline is a major factor in determining who has
    access from land to sea.  This table summarizes the ownership of the shore-
    line shoreward of Mean High Water, most of which is privately owned (in the
    majority of states, the land seaward of Mean High Water is public property).
    Public ownership landward of Mean High water is at a minimum in the North
    Atlantic region (13%), and at a maximum in the South Atlantic region (56%).
    Note: "Non-federal public" ownership is land owned by the states, counties
    or other non-federal public entity.

     Table 2. OWNERSHIP OF THE SHORELINE BY STATE.

                                                          Non-Federal
                                              Federal        Public         Private
         State or Region                     Miles   %      Miles   %      Miles   %
     Maine                                       20    *        60    2      2420   97
     New Hampshire                                2    5        10   25        28   70
     Massachusetts                               90    8       175   15       935   78
     Rhode Island                                10    3        50   15       280   82
     Connecticut                                  5    2        50   19       215   80
     New York                                    34    5       202   32       402   63
     New Jersey                                  67   14       130   28       272   58
     Delaware                                    12    5        46   20       168   74
     Maryland                                   225   12        35    2      1679   87
     Virginia                                   109   11       115   12       769   77
     North Carolina'                            573   16        59    2      1038   28
     South Carolina'                            435   14      1452   47       832   27
     Georgia                                     29   14        23   11       153   75
     Florida'                                   689   11       277    4      5203   83
     Florida (Atlantic)'                        159    7        87    4      2028   88
     Florida (Gulf)'                            530   13       190    5      3175   80
     Alabama                                      2    *        13    4       337   96
     Mississippi                                 33   13        43   17       171   69
     Louisiana                                  246   13       332   17      1366   70
     Texas                                      388   16        55    2      2055   82
     California                                 411   22       357   20      1057   58
     Oregon                                      83   17       158   32       238   48
     Washington                                 155    7       107    5      2075   89
          TOTAL'                              3618   11      3749   12    21693   67
     Maine to Virginia                          574    7       873   11      7168   87
     North Carolina to Atlantic Florida'       1196   13      1621   18      4051   44
     Gulf Florida to Texas                     1199   13       633    7      7104   79
     Pacific                                    649   14       622   13      337U   72

     I  Some shoreline of uncertain ownership
    * Less than 1%
    Source:  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1971.  The National Shoreline Study.

        *                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~6

     3. SHORELINE USES

         How has the shoreline been portioned among major uses?  This table pro-
    vides the answer by four, broad categories. Public recreational shoreline
    -- including public parks, boat launch ramps and moorage facilities for
    recreation -- has the smallest slice.  Private recreational shoreline --
    including similar facilities for private use -- is next. Non-recreational
    shoreline -- including shoreline developed for nonrecreational activities,
    such as industries, residences, and harbors -- is second to largest.  Un-
    developed shoreline with no facilities -- including considerable recreational
    opportunity for those who would rough it -- has the largest slice.

    Table 3.  THE USES OF THE SHORELINE BY STATE.

                             Public        Private      Nonrecreational
                            Recreation   Recreation        Developed       Undeveloped
    State or Region          Miles    %   Miles    %   Miles            %   Miles
    Maine                       13    *      967   39      260         10    1260    50
    New Hampshire                8   20       30   75        2          5        0     0
    Massachusetts              235   20      800   67       85          7       80     7
    Rhode Island                50   15      270   79       20          6        0     0
    Connecticut                 30   11      225   83       15          6        0     0
    New York                   210   33       70   11      250         39      108    17
    New Jersey                 290   62       35    7       12          3      132    28
    Delaware                    33   15       34   15        3          1      156    69
    Maryland                   105    5      111    6    1623          84      100     5
    Virginia                    50    5       56    6      155         16      732    74
    North Carolina              98    3      321    9      239          7    3003    82
    South Carolina              84    3       50    2      580         19    2349    77
    Georgia                     16    8        5    3        0          0      183    89
    Florida                    386    6      763   12    1445          23    3672    59
    Alabama                     32    9      210   60        5          1      105    30
    Mississippi                 31   13      106   43       10          4      101    41
    Louisiana                   18    *       28    1       46          2    1851    95
    Texas                      386   15      160    6      107          4    1845    74
    California                 432   24      178   10      228         12     989    54
    Oregon                     205   41       81   16      110         22      104    21
    Washington                 147    6       40    2       77          3    2073    89
      TOTAL                   2859    9    45.42   14    5272          17   18843    60

    Maine to Virginia         1024   12    2598   30    2425           28    2568    30
    North Carolina to
      Texas                   1051    6    1645    9    2432           13   13109    72
    Pacific                    784   17      299    6      415         20    3166    68

    * Less than l%
    Source:  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1971.  The National Shoreline Study.

                                            7

     4. BEACH LENGTH

         Sunbathing is the core of a coastal. vacation.  The states are blessed
    with varying amounts of beaches -- from 2 to 79% of their total shoreline.
    The Pacific coast has the highest percentage of shoreline as beaches (55%),
    but states on other coasts may also have extensive beaches.
         The definition of a beach in the National Shoreline Study (from which
    this information is taken) is somewhat variable. Most Corps Districts define
    a beach as an area with sand between high and low tide, but one District
    (Alaska) calls it an area of unconsolidated material between the low and ex-
    treme high waterlines.

    Table 4.  LENGTH OF BEACH BY STATE.

                               Pct. of                                     Pct. of
                      Miles   National        State               Miles   National
                        of     Shoreline        or                  of      Shoreline
    State              Beach   in Beaches    Region                 Beach   in Beaches
    Maine                  60        2         Alabama                227         65
    New Hampshire         25        63         Mississippi             97         39
    Massachusetts        940        78         Louisiana              835         43
    Rhode Island         185        54         Texas                  377         15
    Connecticut          145        54         California             412         23
    New York             331        52         Oregon                 300         60
    New Jersey           215        46         Washington            1847         79
    Delaware              76        34           TOTAL              10983         30
    Maryland              46         2
    Virginia             294        30         Maine to Virginia   2320           27
    North Carolina      1269        35         North Carolina to
    South Carolina       196         6           Atlantic Florida  3600           25
    Georgia              102        50         Florida Gulf to
    Florida Atlantic    390         15           Texas               2504         29
    Florida Gulf         968        26         Pacific               2559         55

    1 See Table i for "National Shoreline" lengths by State.
    Source:  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1971.  The National Shoreline Study.

           S. SHORELINE EROSION
               Nature continually shapes the coastline. It tears sediments away from
            oeplace (erosion), and leaves them in another (deposition).  Erosion and
          deposition may operate in the same place but during different seasons (see
          below). Many areas have undergone net erosion loss in recent years. Nation-
          wide, almost half of our shores are erod-ing. The North Atlantic states have
          the highest percentage of erosion, while the South Atlantic states have the
          lowest. New York is the state with the highest percentage of eroding shore-
          line (100%), and Washington State has the lowest percentage of eroding shore-
    '.   ~line (4%).
               Erosion is a natural hazard and presents a problem for the owners and
          users of many shoreline developments and facilities. In this table, there
    I    ~are two classes of erosion.  The first is critical, and the second is non-
          critical. An area experiencing one or the other is significantly eroding.
          Critical erosion is erosion which "pres-ents a serious problem because the
          rate of erosion considered in conjunction with economic, industrial,
    I    ~recreational, agricultural, navigational, demographic, ecological, and
          other relevant factors indicates that action to halt such erosion may be
          justified" (Source, same as table 5) Noncritical erosion does not mean
    I    ~insignificant:  "Many noncritical eroding shores in all probability would
          have been classified critical if development had occurred close to the
          shore." (Source, same as table 5).

              EROSION AND DEPOSITION OPERATE SEASONALLY. The processes of erosion and
     Edeposition can work in the same place but at different seasons.  This figure
         shows the growth and erosion of a beach near Carmel, California by a series of
         dated slopes, based on actual measurements. Vertical dimension is exaggerated
     Iten times.  The dotted line shows how the berm was cut back during the following
         winter. (Figure courtesy of Scientific American)

             *                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9

     5. SHORELINE EROSION (Cont.)

    Table 5.  LENGTH OF ERODING SHORELINE BY STATE.
                                                                Signif-
                                Critically   Non critically   icantly
    State or          Total       eroding         eroding        eroding1  Not eroding
    Region          Shoreline   Miles         Miles          %      %       Miles
    Maine             2,500         20         2,475        99     99           5
    New Hampshire        40          2    5       36       90      95           2      5
    Massachusetts    1,200         135   11   1,030         86     97          35      3
    Rhode Island        340          5    7      310        91     98           5      1
    Connecticut         270         25    9      240       89      98           5     2
    New York            638        299   47      399       53    100            0     0
    New Jersey          469        122   26      110        23     49         237    51
    Delaware            226         28   12       31        14     26         167    74
    Maryland          1,939        180    9   1,500         77     86         259    13
    Virginia            993        258   26      300        30     56         435    44
    North Carolina   3,661         539   15      723       20      35       2,399    66
    South Carolina   3,063          57    2      191         6      8       2,815    92
    Georgia             204          7    4       37        18     22         160    78
    Florida           6,266        292    5      690       11      16       5,284    84
    Alabama             352         33    9      111        32     41         206    59
    Mississippi         247         37   15       69        28     43         142    57
    Louisiana         1,943         29    2   1,554         80     82         360    19
    Texas             2,498         93    4      259        10     14       2,146    86
    California        1,827         80    4   1,487         81     85         260    14
    Oregon              500         64   11      102       20      33         335    67
    Washington        2,337          7            91         4      4       2,239    96
       TOTAL         31,513     2,332    7  11,685         37      45     17,496    55

    Maine to
      Virginia        8,615      1,094   13   6,371        74      87       1,150    13
    North Carolina
      to Georgia      6,928        603    9      951        14     22       5,374    78
    Florida to
      Texas          11,306        484    4   2,683        24      28       8,138    72
    Pacific           4,664        151    3   1,680         36     39       2,834    61

    *Less than 1%
    'Significantly eroding = critically eroding and non critically eroding.
     Source:  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  1971.  The National Shoreline Study.

                                           10
      3                                  ~~~~~~~~~~.10

    6. EROSION CONTROL

        To September 30, 1978, $109 million have been spent for Federal/local
    cooperative beach protection projects authorized by The Congress and managed
    by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The purpose of most projects has been to
    forestall beach erosion, a process driven by powerful natural forces that often
    frustrates the most advanced engineering technology. While groins, bulkheads,
    and seawalls are imperfect solutions because they go against nature, people
    who have already built too close to the sea often have no better solution.
    Table 6 presents the total reported costs by the Corps for beach protection
    but does not include elaborate inlet navigation projects with their jetties
    and seawalls, which could otherwise be classified as beach erosion control
    measures.

    Table 6. EXPENDITURES ON BEACH EROSION CONTROL PROJECTS.
                                           Construction Costs
                         No. of         Total             Local            Percent
    State                Projects        Federal         Contribution'        Local
    Maine                     0 .........
    New Hampshire             2.          821,583            325,999            28
    Massachusetts             8         2,360,178          1,450,245            38
    Rhode Island              3         1,066,261            345,146            24
    Connecticut              18         2,312,104          1,047,195            31
    New York                  2        19,772,153         13,872,883            41
    New Jersey                5         2,945,601          1,146,325            28
    Delaware                  2           329,365               0                0
    Maryland                  1            97,750             80,648            45
    Virginia                  3         2,256,366            385,845            15
    North Carolina            1  -        620,000               0                0
    South Carolina            1         1,535,352            637,336            29
    Georgia                   1         2,137,738          2,024,856            49
    Florida                  13        17,998,725          9,765,976            35
    Alabama                   0 ---....
    Mississippi               1         1,133,000               0                0
    Louisiana                 0 .........
    Texas                     1         1,543,344          1,543,344            50
    California               12         9,244,867          4,370,646            32
    Oregon                    0 .........
    Washington                1         5,868,378            225,069             4
       TOTAL                           72,042,165         37,221,513            34

    TOTAL FEDERAL
      AND LOCAL                                  109,263,678

      Operation and maintenance costs assumed by local authorities and not
      listed here.
    Source: Adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chief of Engineers.
             FY 1978 Annual Report, Volume II, Field Reports.

    3    7m BARRIER ISLANDS

     I        ~~Barrier islands pose special beach problems.  These are the long low sandy
          islands located off mainland coasts. They are a subclassification of barrier
          structures which includes spits and peninsulas having many of the same planning
          problems as the barrier islands we list here. A few notable examples of
          barrier structures ate: Guano Spit, 32 miles long in St. Johns County, Florida;
          Cape San Blas. Spit, 20.4 miles long in Gulf County, Florida; Gulf Shores
    I    ~(Mobile Point Spit), 29.4 miles long in Baldwin County, Alabama; and Matagorda
          Peninsula, 51.4 miles long in Matagorda County, Texas. There are many others
          as well. Barrier islands range from wild and isolated to heavily urbanized.
          Galveston, Atlantic City, Miami Beach, and Hatteras are examples of cities
    I    ~located on barrier islands.  Active barrier islands are fronted by ocean
          beaches, and often backed by extensive marshes or mangrove swamps. These
          islands take the brunt of the ocean's force, and so provide a buffer between
    3    ~the mainland and the seas.  They change constantly in shape and size as
          well as in number, as new inlets open, or old inlets close. This dynamic
          feature drew the Department of the Interior to conclude that permanent human
    I    ~habitation of many barrier islands is hazardous-'  This same report lists
          almost 300 barrier islands, from which we selected for Table 7 true barrier
          islands generally over 500 acres in highland area, based on an earlier report
          (See Table 7 for source). Some no longer appear as islands, having recently
          become part of the mainland. A few (the sea islands of Georgia) are not
          strictly barrier islands, because they are Pleistocene rather than Holocene
      Iformations; i.e., they are composed of older sediments than the true barrier
          islands.
           1U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation
            Service. 1980. Alternative Policies for Protecting Barrier Islands Along
    I    ~the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States, and-Draft Environmental
            Impact Statement. Washington, D.C. 20243.

              3                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~12

     7. BARRIER ISLANDS (Cont.)

    Table 7.  CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR BARRIER ISLANDS (ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS).

    State/Island Name             Length      Access           County

    Atlantic Coast Barrier Islands

    Massachusetts
      Plum Island                   8.4       Bridge           Essex
      Monomoy Island                8.9       Boat             Barnstable

    New York
      Westhampton                   15.2      3 Bridges        Suffolk
      Fire Island                  53.4       Ferries,
                                             2 Bridges        Suffolk
      Jones Beach Island            14.5      3 Bridges        Suffolk and Nassau
      Long Beach Island              9.5      3 Bridges        Nassau

    New Jersey
      Sandy Hook                    12.7      Bridges,         Monmouth
                                              Ferry, Highway
      Island Beach                 20.9       3 Bridges        Ocean
      Long Beach Island             20.2      1 Bridge         Ocean
      Pullen Island                 4.3       Boat             Atlantic
      Brigantine                    8.2       1 Bridge         Atlantic
      Absecon                       8.3       6 Bridges        Atlantic
      Peck Beach                     8.4      4 Bridges        Cape May
      Ludlam Beach                  3.5       3 Bridges        Cape May
      Seven Mile Beach               7.7      4 Bridges        Cape May
      Wildwood                       6.6      3 Bridges        Cape May

    Delaware
      Fenwick Island
      (Delaware portion)            6.1       Highway          Sussex

    Maryland
      Fenwick Island                8.8       2 Bridges,
      (Maryland portion)                      Highway          Worcester
      Assateague Island
      (Maryland portion)           21.7       1 Bridge         Worcester

    Virginia
      Assateague Island
      (Virginia portion)           13.3       1 Bridge         Accomack
      Wallops Island                 6.5      Causeway         Accomack
      Metomkin Island                6.6      Boat             Accomack
      Cedar Island                  6.6       Boat             Accomack

                                           13

     7. BARRIER ISLANDS (Cont.)

    Table 7. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR BARRIER ISLANDS (ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS)
              (cont.).

    State/Island Name             Length      Access           County

    South Carolina (cont.)
      Bull Island                   7.1       Ferries          Charleston
      Capers Island                 3.1       Boat             Charleston
      Isle of Palms                 6.9       Bridge           Charleston
      Folly Island                  6.5       Bridge           Charleston
      Kiawah Island                10.1       Bridge           Charleston
      Seabrook Island               1.9       Bridge           Charleston
      Edisto Island                 5.8       Bridge           Charleston
      Hunting Island                4.2       Bridge           Beaufort
      Fripp Island                  3.9       Bridge           Beaufort
      Pritchards/Long Island        2.6       Boat             Beaufort
      St. Phillips Island           1.2       Boat             Beaufort
      Hilton Head Island           13.8       Bridge,          Beaufort
                                             Airport
      Dafuskie Island               3.7       Boat             Beaufort

    Georgia
      Savannah Beach                3.2       Bridge           Chatham
      Tybee Island                  5.6       Boat             Chatham
      Wassaw Island                 6.1       Boat             Chatham
      Ossabaw Island               10.2       Boat             Chatham
      St. Catherines Island        10.7       Boat             Bryan
      Blackbeard Island             8.0       Boat             McIntosh
      Sapelo       Island           5.8       Ferry            McIntosh
      Little St. Simons Island      7.8       Boat             McIntosh/Glynn
      St. Simons Island             4.3       Causeway         Glynn
      Jekyll Island                 8.4       Causeway,        Glynn
                                             Bridge
      Little Cumberland Island      2.8       Boat             Glynn
      Cumberland Island            16.6       Ferry            Glynn

    Florida
      Amelia Island                13.0       2 Bridges        Nassau
      Little Talbot Island          7.0       2 Bridges        Duval
      Anastasia Island             14.5       3 Bridges        St. Johns
      Canaveral                    53.8       Bridge,          Volusia/Brevard
                                             Causeway,
                                             Railroad
      Cocoa Beach Island           39.2       8 Bridges,       Brevard
                                             Causeways
      Vero Beach Island            28.5       5 Bridges,       Indian R./St. Lucie
                                             Causeways

                                           15

     7. BARRIER ISLANDS (Cont.)

    Table 7.  CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR BARRIER ISLANDS (ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS)
              (cont.).

    State/Island Name             Length      Access           County

    Florida (cont.)
      Hutchison Island             22.4       4 Bridges,       St. Lucie/Martin
                                              Causeways
      Jupiter Island               16.1       2 Bridges        Martin/Palm Beach
      Lake Worth                   12.1       2 Bridges        Palm Beach
      Palm Beach                   15.6       6 Bridges        Palm Beach
      Boca Raton                   14.5       3 Bridges        Palm Beach
      Hillsboro Beach               5.5       3 Bridges        Palm Beach/Broward
      Ft. Lauderdale               11.3       3 Bridges        Broward
      Hollywood Beach              13.2       Bridges          Broward
      Miami Beach                   9.4       6 Bridges        Dade
      Virginia Key                  1.8       Bridge           Dade
      Key Biscayne                  4.8       Bridge           Dade

    Number of Atlantic Coast Barrier Islands = 93

    Gulf of Mexico Barrier Islands
    Florida
      Cape Romano/Kice Island       4.8       Boat             Collier
      Marco Island                  4.6       2 Bridges        Collier
      Keewaydin Group               9.3       Boat             Collier
      Bonita Beach                  5.6       Bridge           Collier/Lee
      Lover's Key Group             2.7       2 Bridges        Lee
      Estero Island                 7.1       2 Bridges        Lee
      Sanibel Island               11.2       Causeway,        Lee
                                             Bridge
      Captiva Island                6.2       Bridge           Lee
      North Captiva Island          4.2       Boat             Lee
      Cayo Costa                    8.0       Boat             Lee
      Gasparilla Island             6.9       2 Bridges,       Lee/Charlotte
                                             Rail road
      Bocilla Island                6.2       Boat             Charlotte
      Manasota Key                 13.3       3 Bridges        Charlotte/Sarasota
      Casey Key                     7.1       2 Bridges        Sarasota
      Siesta Key                    7.3       2 Bridges        Sarasota
     Lido Key                      2.3       2 Bridges        Sarasota
      Longboat                     10.4       2 Bridges        Sarasota/Manatee
     Anna Maria Key                7.6       3 Bridges        Manatee
     Mullet Key                    2.6       Bridge           Pinellas
     Long Key                      4.1       3 Bridges        Pinellas
     Treasure Island               3.5       3 Bridges        Pinellas

                                           16

     7. BARRIER ISLANDS (Cont.)

    Table 7.  CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR BARRIER ISLANDS (ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS)
              (cont.).

    State/Island Name             Length      Access           County

    Florida (cont.)
      Sand Key                      14.1      4 Bridges        Pinellas
      Clearwater Beach Island       3.3       3 Bridges        Pinellas
      Caladesi Island                2.4      Boat             Pinellas
      Anclote Keys                   3.4      Boat             Pinellas/Pasco
      Dog Island                    8.0       Ferry            Franklin
      St. George Island            18.7       Bridge           Franklin
      Little St. George Island    10.1        Boat             Franklin
      St. Vincent Island            8.7       Boat             Franklin
      Hurricane/Shell Island         5.9      Boat             Bay
      Santa Rosa Island            47.9       4 Bridges        Okaloosa/Escambia
      Perdido Key                   13.2      2 Bridges        Escambia
        (Florida portion)

    Alabama
      Perdido Key                    1.6      2 Bridges        Baldwin
        (Alabama portion)
      Dauphin Island                13.8      Bridge           Mobile
      Little Dauphin Island          3.5      Bridge           Mobile

    Mississippi
      Petit Bois                     7.0      Boat             Jackson
        (Pettibone) Island
      Horn Island                   14.1      Boat             Jackson
      Ship Island'                   5.7      Tourboat         Harrison
      Cat Island                     3.9      Boat             Harrison

    Louisiana
      Chandeleur and Breton        27.8       Boat             St. Bernard/Plaquemines
        Islands
      Grand Isle                     7.2      Bridge           Jefferson
      Timbalier Island              8.3       Boat             Lafourche/Terrebone
      Isles Dernieres2             16.2       Boat             Vermillion/Cameron/
                                                                Terrebone

                                           17

     7. BARRIER ISLANDS (Cont.)

    Table 7.  CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR BARRIER ISLANDS (ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS)
              (cont.)

    State/Island Name              Length     Access           County

    Texas
      Galveston Island             28.6       Bridges          Galveston
      Matagorda Island             36.2       Boat,            Calhoun
                                             Airfield
      St. Joseph Island            19.3       Boat,            Aransas/Nueces
                                             Airfield
      Mustang Island                18.0      Ferry,           Nueces
                                             Bridges
      Padre Island North           75.1       Causeway         Nueces/Kleberg/Kenedy
      Padre Island South           39.9       Causeway         Willacy/Cameron

    Number of Gulf Coast Barrier Islands = 55

      Two islands
    2 Eight islands
    Source:  Adopted from John R. Clark, et. al., July 1977.  Review of Major
             Barrier Islands of the United States. New York: The Barrier
             Islands Workshop; Robert Peoples, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
             Washington, D.C.  Pers. comm.

                                           18

    8. BARRIER ISLANDS

         Over 1500 miles of major barrier islands front the Atlantic and Gulf
    Coasts. These islands maintain quiet sounds, estuaries or lagoons between
    themselves and the mainland for fisheries, nurseries for fishes, marshes,
    and recreation on calmer waters. This table compares the general shoreline
    to the length of barrier islands fronting each state. Maryland has the
    highest percentage of its shoreline fronted with barrier islands, because
    the general shoreline measures only Maryland's ocean coast. North Carolina
    is second.

    Table 8. LENGTH OF BARRIER ISLAND BY STATE.

                     No.    Total    % of      State           No.   Total  %   of
                     of     Length  General    or              of    Length  General
    State           Islands' (mi.) Shoreline2  Region         Islands (mi.)  Shoreline
    Massachusetts      2       18        9      Louisiana        11        59      15
    New York           4       93       73      Texas            6        217      59
    New Jersey        10      100       77        TOTAL        147      1,61U      47
    Delaware           1        6       21      Massachusetts to
    Maryland           2       31       98       Atlantic
    Virginia           9       67       60       Florida        95      1,063      50
    North Carolina   20       285       95      Massachusetts to
    South Carolina   18        96       51        Virginia      28        315      50
    Georgia           12       89       89       North Carolina
    Florida           49      560       41       to Atlantic
    Florida Atlantic 17 283             49        Florida       67        753      65
    Florida Gulf      32      247       32      Florida Gulf
    Alabama            3       19       86       to Texas        52       542      35

      not additive, because some islands are in two states.
      U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA.  1975.  The Coastline of the United
      States; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1971. The National Shoreline
      Study.
    Source:  Adopted from John R. Clark, et. al., July 1977.  Review of Major
             Barrier Islands of the UniteWdStates. New York: The Barrier Islands
             Workshop; Robert Peoples, U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
             Pers. comm.

                                          19

          9. BARRIER ISLAND DEVELOPMENT _

              Barrier island change constantly in size and shape. The Department of
      Ithe Interior has concluded that most are poor places for permanent human
         habitation.-' Nevertheless, over one-third of the length of major barrier
         islands is developed. Development reaches its peak in New Jersey, and is at
         a minimum in Mississippi. Over one-third of the length of major barrier
      Iislands is preserved.  Land which is preserved is defined as being owned by
         an individual or organization which has the intent and the ability to keep
         its property in an undeveloped state for the forseeable future. The highest
      Iproportion of preserved barrier island is on the North Atlantic coast (58%).
         Over one-quarter of barrier island length is currently uncommitted to either
         development or preservation, although some of this length is on the verge
     Iof development, because it has the facilities, such as roads, power, and
         sewage which will allow development. Florida has the greatest expanse in
         this last category.
              This information is presented, as is the other information on barrier
    I    ~islands, as length, because we find that the estimates of island area often
         vary widely between sources, while sources usually agree on length.
    Ii ~See Text to Table 7.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~2

     9. BARRIER ISLAND DEVELOPMENT (Cont.)

    Table 9. DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF MAJOR BARRIER ISLANDS.

                                                                      Undeveloped and
                                                                        unpreserved
                                                                      but with infra-
                                                     Undeveloped      structure for
                                                         and            development
    State or              Developed    Preserved    Unpreserved            extant
    Region                Miles   %    Miles   %    Miles        %    Miles           %
    Massachusetts           1.8  10      15.5  90          0     0         0          0
    New York               38.2  41      54.5  59          0     0         0          0
    New Jersey             70.0  70      24.9  24       3.8      4       2.1          2
    Delaware                3.0  49        2.3  38       0.8    13         0          0
    Maryland                8.8  29      21.7  71          0     0         0          0
    Virginia                3.0  4       64.4  96          0     0         0          0
    North Carolina         94.7  33    119.8  42       47.1    17       23.8          8
    South Carolina         33.2  35      34.5  36       21.4    22       6.9          7
    Georgia                15.3  18      41.4  49       28.2    33         0          0
    Florida               247.7  44      89.7  16    142.9    26        75.8         14
    Florida Atlantic      135.9  48      28.3  10      64.2    23       54.3         19
    Florida Gulf          103.8  43      45.4  19       72.7    30      21.5          9
    Alabama                 6.1  32       0.5   3       11.6    61       0.7          4
    Mississippi                0   0     26.8  87        3.9    13         0          0
    Louisiana               6.3  11      28.0  47      25.2    42          0          O-
    Texas                  29.0  13    116.4  54        55.1    25      16.6          8
      TOTAL               549.1  34    624.4  38    334.0    20    123.8              8

    Atlantic              403.9  38    407.3  38    165.5    16          87.1         8
    North Atlantic        124.8  40    183.3  58         4.6     1        2.1         *
    South Atlantic        279.1  37    224.0  30    160.9    21          85.0        11
    Gulf                  145.2  25    217.1  38    168.5    30          38.8         7

    * Less than 1%
    Source: Adopted from John R. Clark. July 1977. Review of Major Barrier
             Islands of the United States.  New York: The Barrier Islands Work-
             shop; Robert Peoples, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
             D.C. pers. comm.

                                            21

                  PERCENTAGE OF BARRIER ISLAND LENGTH DEVELOPED IN-ONE OF THE                          m
                  CATEGORIES ON THE HORIZONTAL AXIS                                                    >

               m                                                     I
               vs   rn                                   .               .                             _
               n A  c NORTH ATLANTIC REGION                                                            co

               s! =SOUTH ATLANTIC                                                                      0

                    GULF                                                                               <

                                                                                               0

               * r  NORTH ATLANTIC                                                                     m
     -         m                                                                                        z

                z  SOUTH ATLANTIC
         ~~~~~~~N  oF~~~~~~~~~~~ 0O
                    GULF
    Cr

    'CD
      o        m      I
      -h        m c    NORTH ATLANTIC
      CD      mr
      c D   <_ �0   SOUTH ATLANTIC
      o       00
                ' P   GULF
      CD

      n   n c=
                p  o *  NORTH ATLANTIC
      CD  o   m -
      un  m 1-4 tn m
          o- _ =Xo mSOUTH ATLANTIC
          OUTmm
          0o                  GULF
          z cGULF
          C= cD

            11 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

               Physical characteristics set a broad framework within which man,
          other animals, and plants must adapt and live. The flow of rivers to the
          sea dilutes in-rushing salt water, and the combination of the two forms
          estuaries (see Section VI). The salinity regime in an estuary changes
          in response to changes in river discharge. As river discharge varies, the
    *     ~salinity that a sedentary animal will experience also varies.
               Sea level changes daily due to solar and lunar tides. Animals that
          live within the zone continually covered and uncovered by ebbing and flooding
          tides--the intertidal zone--are adapted to living now under water, and then
    I    ~under the air for long periods of time.  Fifteen thousand years ago, sea level
          was 400 feet lower than it is today.
               The range of temperatures at some places along the coast is large
          --over 50 degrees F at some places. People and animals who use the sea
          year round must make provisions for this wide range of temperatures.

             *                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~23

     10. RIVER DISCHARGES

         Water which evaporates from the oceans and lakes forms the clouds which
    release rain or snow over land masses. Precipitation runs off the land and
    finds its way to rivers which flow to the coast. This water cycle has many
    implications.  First, the positioning of salinity gradients in estuaries is
    controlled in part by river flow. Second, terrestial runoff carries pol-
    lutants -- ranging from sediments to fertilizer to pesticides, and other com-
    pounds -- into estuaries and the ocean.  Third, many organisms have intricate
    adaptations to reproduction in the expected estuarine flow regimes. Thus,
    the flow of rivers to the sea is an important physical characteristic.
         The information presented in Table 10 refers to the average flow of
    rivers discharging to coastal waters where those coastal waters are adjacent
    to the coterminous United States. Thus the St. Lawrence River, for example,
    which drains the United States is not listed. The flow of each river is
    highly variable.  For example, the mean discharge of the Susquehanna River
    is about 40,000 cubic feet per second (cfs), but during Hurricane Agnes in
    June, 1972, its flow exceeded 1,000,000 cfs.
         The three rivers with the largest average discharge to the sea in the
    coterminous United States are (1) The Mississippi at 650,000 cfs (37% of the
    U.S. total), (2) the Columbia river at 281,200 cfs (16% of the U.S. total),
    and (3) the Mobile River at 63,160 cfs (4% of the U.S. total).

    Table 10.  RIVER AND BASIN DISCHARGE TO THE SEAS.

                                                                           River
                                            Area Discharge                Discharge
                                Area        as a % of U.S.      River     as a % of
                               Discharge     Discharge to    Discharge       Basin
       Basin or River             (cfs)'     Atlantic Ocean      (cfs)1       Total
    Passamaquoddy Bay to
    Penobscot Bay                23,500            6.5
    I   Penobscot River                                         16,750         71.3
    St. George River to Cape
    Cod Bay                      41,020           11.4
      Kennebec River                                            11,210         27.3
      Androscoggi n River                                        7,229         17.6
      Saco River                                                 4,040          9.8
      Merrimack River                                            9,183         22.4
    Cape Cod to New York-
    Connecticut State Line       34,810            9.7
      Connecticut River                                         21,400         61.5
      Housatonic River                                           3,799         10.9
    New York-Connecticut
    State Line to Cape May       32,770            9.1

                                          24

     10. RIVER DISCHARGES (Cont.)

    Table 10.  RIVER AND BASIN DISCHARGE TO THE SEAS (cont.)

                                                                              River
                                              Area Discharge                Discharge
                                   Area      as a % of U.S.       River     as a % of
                                 Discharge    Discharge to    Discharge        Basin
    Basin or River                  (cfs)     Atlantic Ocean       (cfs)       Total
      Hudson River and smaller
       streams                                                    22,700        69.3
    Cape May to Cape Henry         101,200          28.2
      Delaware River                                               19,900       19.7
      Susquehanna River                                           40,290        39.8
      Potomac River                                               13,700        13.5
      James River                                                 10,030         9.9
    Cape Henry to Neuse River       27,500           7.7
      Chowan River                                                 4,626        16.8
      Roanoke River                                                 8,620       31.3
      Pamlico River                                                4,693        17.1
      Neuse River                                                   5,703       20.7
    Cove Sound to Black River       28,440           7.9
      Cape Fear River                                               9,475       33.3
      Pee Dee River                                                15,270       53.7
    Santee River to Sapelo
    I sland                         35,290           9.8
      Savannah River                                              10,280        29.1
      Ogeechee River                                                3,513       10.0
    Altamaha River to Cape
    Kennedy                         25,860           7.2
      Altamaha River                                               12,140       46.9
      St. Johns River                                               8,868       34.3
    Cape Kennedy to Cape Sable       9,000           2.5

    Atlantic Ocean Total           359,400

                                                                              River
                                              Area Discharge                Discharge
                                   Area      as a % of U.S.       River     as a % of
                                 Discharge    Discharge to    Discharge        Basin
    Basin or River                  (cfs)     Gulf of Mexico       (cfs)       Total
    Cape Sable to Alligator
    Creek                            2,500           0.3
    Peace River to New River        27,200           3.1
      Suwanee River                                                   680       39.3
    Apalachicola River              26,700           3.0
    Wetappo Creek to Perdido
    River                           25,100           2.8
      Choctawhatchee River                                         7,360        29.3

                                           25

    10. RIVER DISCHARGES (Cont.)

    Table 10. RIVER AND BASIN DISCHARGE TO THE SEAS (cont.)

                                                                              River
                                              Area Discharge                Discharge
                                   Area      as a % of U.S.       River     as a % of
                                 Discharge    Discharge to    Discharge       Basin
    Basin or River                  (cfs)     Gulf of Mexico       (cfs)       Total
      Escambia River                                               6,880        27.4
    Mobile Bay                      64,200           7.2
      Mobile Bay                                                  63,160        98.4
    Pascagoula River to Pearl
    River                           31,200           3.5
      Pascagoula River                                            15,200        48.7
      Pearl River                                                 12.900        41.3
    Mississippi River              650,000          73.3
    Vermillion, Mermentau
    and  Calcasie Rivers            10,800           1.2
    Sabine River to Rio            49,700            5.6
    Grande
      Sabine River                                                  9,050       18.2
      Neches River                                                 8,240        16.6
      Trinity River                                                 7,490        15.1
      Brazos River                                                 6,220        12.5
      Colorado River                                                3,000        6.0
      Guadalupe and
        San Antonio Rivers                                         2,350         4.7
      Nueces River                                                   820         1.6
      Rio Grande                                                      660         1.3

    Gulf of Mexico Total           887,400
                                                                             River
                                              Area Discharge               Discharge
                                   Area      as a % of U.S.    River       as a % of
                                 Discharge    Discharge to   Discharge        Basin
    Basin or River                  (cfs)     Pacific Ocean       (cfs)       Total
    Colorado River                     200          0.04
    Tia Juana River to Ventura
    River                              500           0.1
    San Jose Creek to Pesadero
    Creek                            2,400           0.5
    San Francisco Bay               30,400           6.1
    Lagunitas Creek to Smith
    River                           42,100           8.4
      Eel River                                                   9,120        21.7
      Klamath River                                              17,100        40.6
      Smith River                                                 4,360        10.4

                                           26

    10. RIVER DISCHARGES (Cont)

    Table 10.  RIVER AND BASIN DISCHARGE TO THE SEAS (cont.)

                                                                            River
                                             Area Discharge               Discharge
                                   Area      as a % of U.S.    River       as a % of
                                 Discharge    Discharge to   Discharge       Basin
    Basin or River                  (cfs)     Pacific Ocean       (cfs)       Total
    Oregon Coastal Area             53,300          10.7
      Rogue River                                                11,000        20.6
      Umpqua River                                               10,700        2U.1
    Columbia River                281,200          56.4
    Naselle River to Nooksack
    River                           89,100         17.8
      Chehalis River                                              7,730         8.7
      Queets River                                                4,120         4.6
      Snohomish River                                             8,800         9.9
      Skagit River                                               16,350        18.4
      Nooksack River                                              3,720         4.2

    Pacific Ocean Total                   499,200
    Coterminous United States Total   1,746,000

    - cfs is cubic feet per second which equals 448.8 gallons per minute
    Source:  Alfonso Wilson and Kathleen T. Iseri.  1969.  River Discharge to the
             Sea from the Shores of the Conterminous United States, Alaska, and
             Puerto Rico. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
             Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-282.

                                           27

    11. SEA LEVEL CHANGES

         The sea has been slowly and relentlessly rising from polar ice melt.
    Changes in relative sealevel along U.S. coasts are due not only to the
    change in height of sealevel, but also to the changes in the level of the
    land. From both causes, relative sealevel is rising -- at over 2 feet
    per century at Galveston, Texas; but, in isolated cases, decreasing at
    over 4 feet per century in Juneau, Alaska.
         Many of our nation's coasts have shallow slopes that rise gradually.
    Relatively small changes in sealevel in these areas can drastically alter
    the extent of exposed or submerged lands. For example, on a coast with
    a 1 degree slope, a 20-inch vertical drop in sealevel would move the
    shoreline over 30 yards seaward.

    Table 11.  CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL OBSERVED AT SELECTED COASTAL POINTS.

                            cm/   inches/                                 cm/   inches/
                          decade  century                                decade  century
    Northeast Coast                             Southeast Coast
      Portland, ME           2.2     8.66        Charleston, SC            3.8    14.96
      Eastport, ME          3.3    12.99         Savannah, GA              3.1    12.20
      Boston, MA             2.8    11.02        Miami Beach, FL           2.6    10.24
      Woods Hole, MA        3.3    12.99       Gulf Coast
      Newport, RI            3.0    11.81        Key West, FL              2.3      9.06
      New London, CT        2.6    10.24         Pensacola, FL             2.7    10.63
      Montauk, NY            2.6    10.24        Galveston, TX             6.3    24.80
      New York, NY          2.9    11.42       Pacific Coast
      Sandy Hook, NJ        4.9    19.29         La Jolla, CA              1.7      6.69
      Atlantic City, NJ    4.1    16.14          Los Angelos, CA           0.5      1.97
      Lewes, DE             3.7    14.57         San Francisco, CA         1.3      5.12
      Philadelphia, PA      2.8    11.02         Astoria, OR              -0.1    -0.39
      Annapolis, MD          4.2    16.54        Seattle, WA                1.9     7.48
      Solomons, MD          4.0    15.75         Friday Harbor, WA          1.0     3.94
      Norfolk, VA           4.7    18.50         Juneau, AK              -13.4   -52.76
                                               Ketchikan, AK            -0.2    -0.79

    Source:  Modified from Steacy D. Hicks, March 20, 1978.  An average geo-
             potential Sea Level Series for the United States. J. Geophysical
             Research, Vol. 83, 1377-1379.

                                           28

    I~~11. SEA LEVEL CHANGES (Cont.)

     ~~~ALNIC OS HRLN A AIDGETYi h atadwl
    ~~udutdycninetinteftr.Tiiluraoncmrsth

     *           ALATI  CAS  WORELDIDE CHANGS VAIED GREATLEVLYnb inferdfo the radiocarbndwl
          aeofshalowatrelaine organisms and 11,00 depth ago which they wrbbeshreliei
          allctherece Satmhepoles were from theAla.Cnfimticsefof NothAeia, thecotnta
    I~~ea shelf wand other ladparts ofthworld. The dephincoverisenc of eehn et
          (tringes) frexsshampes pleat (dth)and the shelfo-wtherehsbn ulfomtions
    ~(i g   caleedcouritesy of(cienii mrcles).

              I~~~~~~~~~~~~2

    *    12. TIDE RANGES

     *         ~~The ebb and flood of the tide is one of the fascinatin g characteristics
          of the coast. Tides flood and drain many coastal wetlands and other inter-
          tidal areas, alternately subjecting the plants and animals to ocean waters,
          and the air. They produce currents (which often exceed three knots) in
    I    ~coastal waters which can be a detriment or an advantage to the mariner.
               Tides are produced by the pull of the sun and the moon on the earth,
    H~~and by the centrifugal force which produces a high tide on the side of the
          planet opposite the sun and the moon. The effect of the sun is about one-
          half that of the moon (0.46), because of the greater distance from the sun
          to the earth. In some places, the tide are semidiurnal, that is, there are
          two high and two low tides per day. In other plates, the tides are diurnal,
          that is, there is only one high and one low tide per day. In either case,
          the tidal patttern repeats itself every 24 hours and 50 minutes (the length
          of a lunar cycle). When the sun and the moon are in line, which is the case
          during new and full moons, they produce high high tides, and low low tides
          termed "spring tides." When the sun and the moon are perpendicular to one
    I     ~another, they produce lower high tides, and higher low tides termed "neap
          tides." There are about two weeks between spring tides, and about two weeks
          between neap tides. Freshwater flow, winds, and extremes of barometric
          pressure can alter the expected tide pattern.
               In this table, "mean range" is the difference between mean high and
          mean low waters. "Spring range" is the average range of tides which are the
          result of new and full moons. "Diurnal range" is the difference in height
          between mean higher high water, and mean lower low water in areas subject
          to diurnal tides. Of the stations given'here, the maximum mean range is 26.1
          feet in Anchorage, Alaska, or in the coterminous United States the maximum
          mean range is 18.2 feet in Eastport, Maine. The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia,
    I    ~Canada has the highest mean tide range in the world --38.4 feet --and a
          spring tide range in excess of 43 feet.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

    12. TIDE RANGES (Cont.)

                 TYPICAL TWIE CURVES FOR UNITED STATES PORTS

    F.u   I       1d   at Ie     IS 16  17 IS                      Lun., data: A-moon In apoget
    Ft.   A             OI   IE   a                                           0- loIt quarter
                                POsroN                                         E - Moon on Equator
                        ~~~~~~~I                                              �~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- new moon
        ( 7O r   'A  ri *I    I  a    '
                Al            .I  Ilit         I    II
        I flI51i r~ ~                   II
        I  II       I  I     11111  I  I I                I
         I ItI I I I I I 1 I I  1 ItI I t  I ill  I   It I I  I    I
     AIIlI    I I I  IIIII I   Iit II   1    I            I
      a 11  iii  Ii  iti  1i:1if 11 1  II
       It if         I I I I   III   iI14.JII II

               V               ~~~~~~ ~           ~~I 'I  I

                               NEW YORK                A    A
                                     I             1 it
                 it A~~~ IAli  F'ltIt All
        I IN lit 11 f  IN I     I I't fll  Il  I I 4I I 1111   II .1I I
        1    IVI  I I -  I     VI 1 f 11 'I  I   t I  II I    If  II  I
        0   IA   I        I     t      If if

                             NA69P      TON ROADS
                L    I           - -    I        A   AII A I
           VIV V V vJ V V V v     V VV  VU\ I 1/IlI% ti Xil
          I                    I   I   I    fyy VV  rI  ,rvA\
                           SAVANNAH RIVER ENTR             w
                                I    1       kAl   II  II  II
            S              i   I    .  I.   n  I it.l II   I A  I   III I
                                   A A gi 11 1;1 I~ ~II fltItIiI
         Itit II  lIft ItIt1111111 11 1111   II Itll 111 II II
        If illII II  I I I   II if IIf II If l  11I1t If V III 11    I
        II I) II          I      f            1  4  1 II I \   11 1 II          i
                                I -1U   II " II I II f II
                                               T V    u 0Uil

                                KEY WEST
          %0FX PW'-X- e__ X N_  t%.OF-xI %_/NIX-t    fI  I N,  t X1
                                               *  I      JV

           It~~~~~~~~          IPENSACOLA

     P r                            I.  -          -

          THE PATTERN OF TIDE at various places along the coast.  Note that the
    largest amplitude of tides is near new or full moons. Pensacola tides are
    diurnal tides -- one high and one low tide per day. The patterns depicted
    above Pensacola are semi-diurnal tide patterns -- two highs and two lows
    per day. The pattern at Galveston is a mixed pattern -- sometimes diurnal

    and som~times semi-diurnal. (Figure from same source as Table 12.)

                                                31
    I~~~~~~~ruo

    12. TIDE RANGES (Cont.)

    Table 12. TIDE RANGES FOR SELECTED COASTAL POINTS.

                             Mean  Spring                                 Mean  Spring
                             (ft)   (ft)                                  (ft)   (ft)
                                              Maryland (cont.)
    Maine                                        Crisfield (Little          2.0    2.4
      Eastport               18.2   20.7           Annemessex River)
      Bar Harbor             10.5   12.1      Baltimore (Fort McHenry)   1.1    1.3
      Portland                9.0   10.4         Annapolis                 0.9    1.0
    New Hampshire                                St. Mary's City            1.5    1.7
      Portsmouth              7.8    9.0       Virginia
    Massachusetts                                Assateague Beach           3.6    4.4
      Boston                  9.0   10.4           (Tom's Cove)
      Woods Hole              1.8    2.2         Ship Shoal Inlet           4.0    4.8
        (Oceanographic                          Tangier Sound Light        1.6    1.9
         Institution)                           Alexandria                 2.8    3.2
      Cape Cod Lighthouse    7.6    8.8          Norfolk                    2.8    3.4
    Rhode Island                                 Virginia Beach             3.4    4.1
      Newport                 3.5    4.4       North Carolina
      Block Island            2.9    3.6         Kitty Hawk (Ocean)         3.2    3.8
        (Old Harbor)                            Cape Hatteras              3.6    4.3
    Connecticut                                  Albemarle and Pamlico
      New London              2.6    3.1           Sounds
        (State Pier)                            Oracoke Inlet              1.9    2.3
      New Haven               6.2    7.1         Beaufort (Pivers           3.0    3.6
        (Harbor entrance)                          Island
    New York                                     Wilmington                 4.2    4.5
      Port Chester            7.2    8.5       South Carolina
      Brooklyn Bridge         4.3    5.2         Myrtle Beach               5.1    6.0
      Port Jefferson          6.6    7.6         Georgetown Lighthouse    3.8    4.4
      Fire Island             4.1    5.0         Charleston                 5.2    6.1
        Breakwater                                 (Customhouse Wharf)
    New Jersey                                   Folly Island               5.2    6.1
      Sandy Hook              4.6    5.6         Parris Island
      Atlantic City           4.1    5.0           (Beaufort River)         7.1    8.3
        (Steel Pier)                          Georgia
      Cape May Harbor         4.4    5.3         Savannah                   7.4    8.6
    Delaware                                     Sapelo Island              6.8    8.0
      Rehoboth Beach          3.9    4.7         Jekyll Point               6.6    7.7
      Cape Henlopen           4.1    4.9       Florida
    Maryland                                     (Atlantic Coast and Keys)
      Ocean City              3.4    4.1         Jacksonville (Dredge
                                                  Depot)                  2.0    2.3.

                                           32

    12. TIDE RANGES (Cont.)

    Table 12. TIDE RANGES FOR SELECTED COASTAL POINTS (cont.)

                            Mean  Spring                                 Mean  Diurnal
                            (ft)   (ft)                                  (ft)   (ft)
    Florida (cont.)                           Texas (cont.)
      Cape Canaveral         3.5    4.1         Pass Cavallo               --     1.4
      Ft. Lauderdale         2.3    2.8         Aransas Pass Channel       --     1.4
      (Bahia Mar Yacht Club)                    Port Isabel                --     1.3
      Miami Beach            2.5    3.0       (Pacific Coast)
      Key West               1.3    1.6       Washington State
                                               Seattle                   7.6   11.3
                            Mean  Diurnal       Friday Harbor,            4.5    7.7
    (Gulf Coast)            (ft)   (ft)           San Juan Island
      Everglades City        2.0    2.6         Bay City, Grays Harbor   7.1    9.2
      Naples                 2.1    2.8       Oregon
      Sarasota               --     2.1         Coos Bay                   5.6    7.3
      Clearwater             1.8    2.6         Astoria                    6.5    8.2
      Apalachicola           --      1.7      California
      Pensacola              --     1.3         Cape Mendocino             4.0    5.7
    Alabama                                     Alcatraz Island            4.1    5.8
      Mobile                 --      1.5        Carmel Cove, Carmel Bay  3.5    5.2
    Mississippi                                 Santa Barbara              3.6    5.3
      Biloxi                 --      1.8        Los Angeles                3.8    5.4
    Louisiana                                      (Outer Harbor)
      Chandeleur Light       --      1.2        San Clemente               3.7    5.3
      Timbalier Island       --      1.2        Point Loma                 3.7    5.3
      Mermentau River        --     2.5       Alaska
        (entrance)                              Sitka                      7.7    9.9
    Texas                                       Juneau                    13.8   16.4
      Sabine Bank            --      2.8        Port Valdez                9.7   12.0
        (Lighthouse)                            Anchorage                 26.1   29.0
      Galveston              --      1.4      Hawaii
        (Galveston Channel)                     Honolulu                   1.2    1.9

    Source:  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NOS, Tide Tables: 1978 High
             and Low Water Predictions East Coast of North and South America
             (Including Greenland); Tide Tables: 1978 High and Low Water Pre-
             dictions West Coast of North and South America (Including the
             Hawaiian Islands).

                                           33 .           _ .................

                                           33

    * 13. SEA TEMPERATURE

         Ocean temperature near the poles, the tropics, and in the depths of the
    ocean does not fluctuate much on an annual basis.  The temperate zone oceans
    on the other hand vary enormously on an annual basis. A 57-year record of
    temperatures at Charleston, South Carolina, reveals a 41 degree F difference
    between mean February and mean August sea temperatures. The same location
    has a 49 degree F difference between recorded maximum and minimum water
    temperatures. The east coast and west coast differ a good deal in the
    variability of temperature.  The six stations in California show a 34
    degree difference between recorded maximum and minimum temperatures within
    the entire state. Many single locations on the Atlantic or Gulf coasts
    display a 40 degree difference between mean temperatures, and a 50 degree
    difference between extreme temperatures.
         Temperature variations are important, because they dictate a very broad
    range of temperature adaptations that long-lived temperate zone animals must
    have. These temperature fluctuations are sufficiently regular, that many
    animals use them for proximate cues in their reproduction and migration
    cycles as well as in other activities.
         Ocean temperatures are determined by the amount of sun that an area re-
    ceives, as well as the length of time over which it receives sunlight.  Ocean
    currents that may reach an area also influence temperature. The warm Gulf
    Stream current, and the cool California current markedly effect the temper-
    ature along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

    CENTRIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT EQUIVALENTS.

                �C           �F        General Formulae:  �F = 9/5  0C + 32
                 0            32              �C = 5/9 (�F - 32)
                 5            41
                 10           50
                15            59.
                 20           68
                 25           77
                 30           86
                35            95
                 40            104

       from 1887 to 1893 is not used here
     2 no data collected 1947 to 1953
     3 to 1877
     Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Tidal Datums and
              Information Branch, Tides and Water Levels Division.

                                          34

     13. SEA TEMPERATURE (Cont.)

    Table 13. SEA SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SELECTED COASTAL POINTS (OF).4

                                FEBRUARY                   AUGUST
                                 coldest                   warmest           year of
                                 monthly                   monthly             first
                          max.   average   min.   max.   average    min.   record
    Eastport, ME           40      30.7      28      57       54.5       46      1929
    Portsmouth, NH         40       31.6     30      69       64.6       50      1944
    Boston, MA             52      29.8      28      75       70.7       50      1921
    Woods Hole, MA         39       29.5     27      77       73.2       66      1944
    Newport, RI            42       32.5      28     78       72.4       64      1955
    New London, CT         43      33.6      31      80       75.8       67      1947
    Bridgeport, CT         48      33.0      30      86       81.4       70      1964
    Montauk, NY            41       30.3      29     79       72.6       62      1947
    Willets Pt., NY        46       29.5     28      81       75.1       64      1931
    NY (The Battery),
      NY                  44       31.3      29      79       77.2       66      1926
    Sandy Hook, NJ         45      30.7      28      83       78.0       68      19441
    Atlantic City, NJ    44         29.8      28     80       76.1       57      1911
    Cape May, NJ           45      34.0      28      80       75.9       66      1965
    Philadelphia, PA       46       32.5     --      86       82.8       --      19222
    Lewes, DE              47      31.5      29      83       77.5       67      1947
    Solomons, MD           46       33.1     30      87       82.8       72      1937
    Baltimore, MD          45      32.4      31      86       82.0       71      1914
    Washington, DC         52       33.8      32     90       85.1       73      1944
    Kiptopeke Beach, VA  51         34.1     28      85       81.0       68      1951
    Myrtle Beach, SC       60       44.1      40     89       85.0       73      1951
    Charleston, SC         63      44.8      40      89       85.8       76      1921
    Ft. Pulaski, GA        64       45.8     41      89       86.2       78      1939
    Fernandina, FL         70       50.9     44      90       86.0       75      1944
    Miami Beach, FL        79       64.0      58     92       88.8       82      1939
    St. Petersburg, FL   76         55.4     50      90       87.4       80      1946
    Pensacola, FL          75       49.3     42      92       87.3       78      1923
    Dauphin Is., AL        69      46.4      45      91       86.8       77      1966
    Galveston, TX          66       46.4     44      92       87.9       80      1957
    Port Mansfield, TX   72        53.1      48      88       85.7       78      1963
    Newport Beach, CA    63         55.9      54     78       72.7       58      1955
    Los Angeles Harbor
      CA                   69      52.7      51      77       72.4       61      1923
    Avila Beach, CA        63       51.2     46      70       64.6       54      1945
    Santa Monica, CA       63       54.1      51     74       70.8       60      1945
    San Francisco, CA    58         48.4     44      66       63.4       50      19213
    San Francisco, CA    59         49.5      47     68       62.1       56      1855
    Crescent City, CA    57        46.0      44      65       61.1       48      1933
    Astoria, OR            50       36.0      32     75       71.6       58      1925
    Neah Bay, WA           51      42.2      38      62       55.8       47      1935
    Port Townsend, WA    48         40.1      39     56       54.4       45      1973
    Seattle, WA            51      43.7      42      64       59.1       52      1922
     See footnotes on previous page

                                             35

    U    III WATER QUALITY

     U         ~~The quality of coastal water is important to us even if we can't drink
          it, because we swim in it, harvest shellfish from it, and live near it. We
          have degraded coastal water quality by dumping sewage, discharging chemical
          wastes, and spilling oil and other toxic substances into it. These con-
          taminants are taken up and concentrated in the body tissue of shellfish and
          juvenile fishes and require the closing of shellfishing areas. They spoil
    I    ~our beaches and erode the beauty of the coast.
               The statistics presented in this section outline the character and
    I     ~magnitude of water quality problems; for example, the ability of some
          organisms to concentrate elements by two-million fold, the extent of
          ocean dumpings, closings of shellfish beds, and characteristics of oil
    I     ~spills.

             1                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~36

    *    14. SHELLFISH WATERS

     I         ~~The National Shellfish Register compiles information from state agencies
          on the status of the states' shellfish beds. In this classification, open
          waters are waters that are approved for the direct market harvesting of shell-
    I    ~fish.  These waters are below designated hazardous levels of pathogenic micro-
          organisms and/or industrial wastes, as determined by sanitary survey. Con-
          ditional waters are normally open waters subject to periodic closures.
          Restricted waters may be harvested if the shellfish are moved to open waters-
          and allowed to purge themselves of contaminants. Closed waters are closed
          to all shellfishing because of the current or probable future occurrence of
          hazardous levels of contaminants. Most often, these contaminants are bacteria
          from sewage discharges.
               The Pacific Coast states -- California, Oregon, and Washington -- have
    I     ~the highest percentage of closed waters (60.6% of the acreage classified here).
          Pennsylvania through Virginia have the lowest percentage --8.7%. Note though
          that not all waters are classified here.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

    14. SHELLFISH WATERS (Cont.)

    Table 14.  CONDITION OF SHELLFISH WATERS (ACRES), 1974

    State                     Open         Conditional        Restricted        Closed
      Maine                  930,325           6,531             6,728          101,281
      New Hampshire
      Massachusetts          310,881             325             4,091           29,060
      Rhode Island            96,019          10,836                 .           20,134
      Connecticut            248,751           2,227                             68,956
    Subtotal               1,585,976          19,929            10,819          219,431
      New York               477,241             266                            151,096
     New Jersey              244,695           7,544            23,370          119,581
    Subtotal                 721,936           7,810            23,370          270,677
      Pennsylvania
      Delaware               205,153             153                             28,251
      Maryland             1,213,576                                            111,319
      Virginia             1,315,209             724                            120,271
    Subtotal               2,733,938             877                            259,841
      North Carolina       1,379,563                                            604,038
      South Carolina         199,323           1,344                             74,917
      Georgia                 49,494                                            154,473
      Florida                663,126          84,099                          1,024,966
      Alabama                 81,937         187,513                             85,589
      Mississippi             76,232                                             27,678
    Subtotal               2,449,675         272,956                          1,971,661
      Louisiana            2,000,117                                            464,161
      Texas                  822,447                                            285,168
    Subtotal               2,822,564                                             749,329
      California              11,178           4,718                            263,045
      Oregon                   7,075           7,693                              13,305
      Washington             155,655          21,313                             42,382
    Subtotal                 173,908          33,724                            318,732

    Grand Totals          10,487,997         335.,296           34,189        3,789,671

    Source:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement, "National
             Shellfish Register of Classified Estuarine Waters-1974," EPA-330/1-
             75-002 (Denver, Colorado, December, 1975), p. 17.

                                           38

     15.BIOCONCENTRATION

         Some marine organisms are filter feeders, and filter large volumes of
    water as they feed, extracting nutrients. In the process of filtering or
    contacting this water they concentrate certain elements, sometimes to an
    extraordinary degree. A scallop, for example, can concentrate cadmium by
    over 2 million times.  In other words, a scallop may have a concentration
    of cadmium in its body 2 million times higher than the surrounding water.
    Phytoplankton are small plants that float in the upper layers of the ocean.
    They too concentrate certain elements, and these elevated concentrations
    may be passed on to the numerous animals that feed on the phytoplankton.
         The levels concentrated in shellfish or other biota can potentially
    be used as an indicator of recent average levels of an element or a pollu-
    tant in seawater. Bioconcentration is also important to human health
    because food species may concentrate pollutants to a level harmful to
    humans that eat them.

    Table 15a. BIOCENCENTRATION OF METALS BY SHELLFISH.

                                                   Enrichment factors

                                  Scallop                Oyster              Mussel
    Silver                             2,300               18,700                  330
    Cadmium                       2,260,000               318,000             100,000
    Chromium                         200,000               60,000             320,000
    Copper                             3,000               13,700               3,000
    Iron                            291,500                68,200             196,000
    Manganese                         55,500                4,000              13,500
    Molybdenum                            90                   30                   60
    Nickel                            12,000                4,000              14,000
    Lead                               5,300                3,300               4,000
    Vanadium                           4,500                1,500               2,500
    Zinc                              28,000              110,300               9,100

    Source:  R.R. Brooks and M.G. Rumsby.  1965.  The Biochemistry of Trace
             Element Uptake by some New Zealand Bivalves. Limology and
             Oceanography 10:521-527.

                                          39

    15. BIOCONCENTRATION (Cont.)

    Table 15b.  BIOCENCENTRATION OF METALS BY PHYTOPLANKTON.

    Element           Enrichment Factor         Element            Enrichment Factor

    Aluminum               10,000               Manganese                4,000
    Beryllium               1,000               Nickel                   5,000
    Cerium                 90,000               Niobium                  1,000
    Chromium                2,000               Plutonium                2,600
    Cobalt                  1,000               Scandium                 2,000
    Copper                 30,000               Silver                  20,000
    Iron                   40,000               Zinc                    20,000
    Lead                   40,000               Zirconium               60,000

    Source:  F.G. Lowman, et al., 1971.  In Radioactivity in the Marine
             Environment",at-i-onal Academy of Sciences, Washington.
             p. 161 In P.G. Brewer, 1975. Minor Elements in Sea Water
             In Chemical Oceanography. [eds.] J.P. Riley and G. Skirrow
             Academic Press, N.Y., p. 430.

    16.BIOCONTAMINATION

         Given that some marine organisms concentrate various compounds, their
    use as monitoring tools is enticing. They sample water continuously and for
    long periods without cost. Dr. Edward Goldberg at the Scripps Institution
    of Oceanography and others have capitalized on this feature in their "Mussel
    Watch" program. They have established 100 sampling location around the
    country, and collect mussels or oysters at intervals. Here, we identify
    "hot spots," or locations where levels of contaminants were higher than
    those sampled elsewhere for the sampled species. Note that oysters are
    usually more effective bioaccumalators than mussels.-
      Phillip Butler, pers. comm.

                                          40

    16. BIOCONTAMINATION (Cont.)

    Table 16a.  BIOCONTAMINATION -- MUSSEL WATCH HOT SPOTS

    Location                            Contaminant                         Cause

                                       HEAVY METALS
    South San Francisco Bay             Silver 2.3 ppm2
    Savannah River, and                 Silver 2.1-4.3 ppm
      Charleston, South Carolina4    Nickel 3.3-4.2 ppm
                                       Zinc 2660-4060 ppm
                                       Copper 192-220 ppm
                                       Cadmium 2.7-3.7 ppm
    New York to New Hampshire           Cadmium 1.2 to 6.2 ppm
                                       Copper 4.3 to 11 ppm
    Lake Sabine, Louisiana4             Copper 410 ppm
                                       Zinc 7080 ppm
                                       Silver 6.0 ppm

                                       HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
    San Francisco to San Diego          DDE' 17,000 ppb3               historical sewage
      especially San Pedro              DDD1 1,200 ppb                    outfall from
                                                                       manufacturing
                                                                       which is now
                                                                       discontinued

    South San Francisco Bay,            PCB 590 ppb                         Numerous
      California                                                           industrial
    Rincon Point, California            PCB 130 ppb                         sources
    Point Fermin, California            PCB 250 ppb
    San Pedro Harbor, California        PCB 440-8700 ppb
    San Diego Harbor, California        PCB 360-1400 ppb
    Boston to New York                  PCB to 838 ppb
    St. Augustine, Florida              PCB 149 ppb
    Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island   PCB 281-626 ppb

                                       PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
    Espirito Santo Bay, Texas4          Contained aromatic compounds
    Matagorda Bay, Texas4               characteristic of petroleum
    Galveston Bay, Texas4               and which are not natural
    Boundary Bay, Washington            constituents of organisms

    1 Breakdown product of DDT, a biocide. 2ppm is parts per million (1 ppm
    equals one millionth of a gram per gram of organism dry weight). 3ppb is
    parts per billion (1 ppb equals one billionth of a gram per gram of organism
    dry weight). 4oysters, all others are mussels.
    Source: E.D. Goldberg, et al. 1978. The Mussel Watch Environmental Conser-
             vation, 5(2):1-25.

                                            41

        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

     16. BIOCONTAMINATION (Cont.)

          Fishes contact compounds in seawater either via their gills, from their
    food, or by transmission from their parents. If a compound is fat soluble,
    fishes can store it, and so fish too are useful monitoring tools. Information
    on three chlorinated hydrocarbons is presented here. PCB's are used as insu-
    lators in electric devices.  They are no longer manufactured.  DDT and Dieldrin
    are now in restricted use in the U.S.; they are both long-lived pesticides.
          Connecticut, California, and Maryland rank highest in the percentage of
    samples with PCB, DDT, and Dieldrin residues respectively. Washington state,
    Delaware, and Georgia rank highest in the average concentration of residues
     (in those samples with residues) of PCB, DDT, and Dieldrin respectively.

    Table 16b. BIOCONTAMINATION -- THE OCCURRENCE OF BIOCIDE RESIDUES IN JUVENILE
                ESTUARINE FISHES BY STATE -- 1972-1976.

                       PCB                  DDT               DIELDRIN
                % samples Average  % samples Average  % samples Average  No. of
                  with    concen-    with    concen-    with    concen-  Estuaries
                residues  tration' residues  tration1 residues  tration  sampled

    Rhode Island   75        330        28         21       --         --        1
    Connecticut    87        323        31        41         8         15       4
    New York        63       262        72        76         4         24       3
    Delaware        51       780        75        213        4         59        3
    Maryland        36       306        58        108       25         30       8
    Virginia        38        439        67        64         4         10       3
    North Carolina  9        242        48        36         2         20      19
    South Carolina  1        182        29         19       --         --       6
    Georgia          3       323        10        22         3         60       9
    Florida         26        83        52         24       18         10      11
    Alabama         23       163        69        35        --         --       3
    Mississippi      0        --        29         75       10         17       4
    Louisiana        2       256        12        38         2         15      14
    Texas           24       135        67        49        12         20       9
    California      31       229        87         77        2         34        7
    Oregon          10       182        26         24       --         --        5
    Washington      17      1674         4         23       --         --       6

      The arithmetic average in parts per billion of geometric means of positive
      samples in all collection years.
    Source: P.A. Butler and R.I. Schutzmann. 1978. Residues of Pesticides and
             PCB's in Estuarine Fish, 1972-76 - National Pesticide Monitoring
             Program. Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 12(2):51-59.

                                           42

             17. OCEAN DISPOSAL

                Many of the Nation's most difficult waste disposal problems have been
          solved  by ocean dumping,  an activity that has been a source of controversy
          for the last 10 years. The greatest trouble has been over the practice of
          New York City to dump sewage sludge in the shallow waters offshore from
          Sandy Hook,  New Jersey.   This  sludge  has blighted  an area of many square
          miles of ocean bottom displacing marine bottom life and has occasionally
          washed up on Long  Island beaches where  it has been termed  "black mayonnaise"
          because of its appearance and consistency.

             Table 17.  TYPES AND AMOUNT OF OCEAN DISPOSAL BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA (IN APPROX. TONS) -- 1973-1978.
             WASTE TYPE                                           (A)       ATLANTIC
                                   1973          1974           1975         1976           1977          1978
             Industrial Waste    3,642,000     3,642,000      3,322,300     2,633,200      1,783,600    2,5485,C00*
             Sewage Sludge       4,898,900     5,010,000      5,039,600     5,134,000      5,270,900    5,535,C00*
             Construction and
              Demolition Debris    973.700        770,400       395,900       314,600        379,000      241,CCO
             Solid Waste                 0              0             0             0           <100             0
             Explosives                  0              0             0              0             0             0
             Incinerated
              (Wood)                10,800        15,800          6,200         8,700         15,100       18,COO
             Incinerated
              (Chemicals)                0              0             0             0              0             0
               TOTALS            9,526,200     9,438,200      8,764,000     8,227,400      7,311,700    8,342,000
             *  1978 increase over 1977 due to plant shut down during a strike in 1976-77 at NL industries
                (a permittee).
             �* 1978 increase primarily due to upgrading of sewage treatment plants to secondary treatment
                in NYC, Middlesex Co. and Joint Mtg. of Essex & Union Cos.
             WASTE TYPE                                            (B)          GULF
                                    1973          1974          1975          1976           1977          1978
             Industrial Waste     1,408,000       937,700       119,600      100,300           60,200       173
             Sewage Sludge                0              0            0             0               0          0
             Construction and
              Demolition Debris           0              0            O             0               0          0
             Solid Waste                  0              0            0            0                0         0
             Explosives                   0              O            0             0               0          0
             Incinerated
              (Wood)                      0              0            O            O                0         0
             Incinerated
              (Chemicals)                 0        12,300         4,100            0           17,600         0
               TOTALS             1,408,000        950,000      123,700      100,300           77,800       173

    -I                                                           43

    I                                                           43

    I

    17. OCEAN DISPOSAL (Cont.)

    WASTE TYPE                                            J(C)        PACIFIC
                             1973          1974           1975          1976           1977          1978

    Industrial Waste              0              0            0             0                0          0
    Sewage Sludge                 0              0            0             0                0          0
    Construction and
     Demolition Debris            0              0            0             0                0          0
    Solid Waste                 240           200             0             0                0          0
    Explosives                    0              O            0             O                O          O'
    Incinerated
     (Wood)                       0             0             0             O                0         O
    Incinerated
     (Chemicals)                  O              0            O             0           12,100          0

      TOTALS                    240           200             0             0           12,100          0

    WASTE TYPE                                          TOTALS OF A, B, AND C

                             1973          1974           1975          1976            1977         1978

    Industrial Waste      5,050,800     4,579,700      3,441,900    2,733,500        1,843,800    2,548,173
    Sewage Sludge         4,808,900      5,010,000     5,039,600    5,270,900        5,134,000    5,535,000
    Construction and
     Demolition Debris      973,700        770,440       395,900       314,600         379,000             0
    Solid Waste                 240            200              0            0            <100             0
    Explosives                    0              0              0            0               0             0
    Incinerated
     (Wood)                  10,800         15,800         6,200         8,700          15,100        18,000
    Incinerated
     (Chemicals)                  0        12,300          4,100             0          29,700             0

      TOTAL              10,934,440    10,388,400      8,887,700    8,327,700        7,401,600    8,101,173

    Source:  Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Waste Water Programs.  June 1979.
             Annual Report to Congress January-December 1978, Washington, D.C.

                                                      44

     18. OIL SPILLS

    I
       ~foTherFederal Water Pollution Control Act requires that any discharge
      f oil or hazardous substance in harmful quantities, be reported to the
     "appropriate agency of the United States Government." The Coast Guard has
    Been designated as that agency by Executive Order 11735. Tables 18a to 18h
    Summarize some of the information that has been reported to the Coast Guard.
     Table 18i reports hydrocarbon spills during outer continental shelf acti-
    Iities (including pipeline spills, production spills, and spills from
      ollisions) in the Gulf of Mexico. Table 18b is derived from the U.S.
      eological Survey.
    Im    The Coast Guard not only records coastal spills, but also spills on in-
      and waters. In some cases it has been possible to exclude inland spills from
      he data reported here. Tables 18d, f, e and i detail information which is
     applicable only to coastal waters. In the other cases, although the absolute
    Eumbers would change if it were possible to eliminate inland spills, the rank
    Ind the percentage of particular events quite probably would not.
          These tables show that while most spills are small in volume, a very few
    Iarge spills contribute most of the spilled volume. Most spillage occurs on
    1he Gulf Coast (numbers and volume), in ports and harbors (by number), and far
     offshore by volume.  The leading source of spills is classified "unknown" or
     "miscellaneous" (by number) and is "hull or tank rupture or leak" (by volume).
    She largest volume per spill is associated with pipelines, while offshore
    =roduction and miscellaneous or unknown sources have the smallest volume per
     spill.
    I

    i
    ITable 18a. OIL SPILLS BY YEAR REPORTED BY THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD --
                 1972-1 977J1
     Year Thousands of Gallons                           Number of Spills
      972                       16,764                         8,380
      973                       20,481                        11,003
     1974                       16,916                        11,435
      975                       14,967                        10,141
      976                       23,125                        10,660
      977                       17,6235                       10,6205

    4

    I

    I

              I                              ~~~~~~45

     18. OIL SPILLS (Cont.)

    Table 18b.  OIL SPILLS REPORTED DURING OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OPERATIONS
                 IN THE GULF OF MEXICO.2

               Spills of 50 Bbl. or More         Spills of Less Than 50 Bbl.
               Number    Barrels Spilled         Number       Barrels Spilled
    Year                  Largest   Total
    1970         7        53,000   84,325            --       .
    1971        11           450    1,285          1,245            1,493
    1972         2           100       150         1,159            1,032
    1973         4         9,935   22,175          1,171              921
    1974         8        19,833   22,721          1,129              667
    1975          2          166       266         1,126               711
    1976         3         4,000    4,714            948              522
    1977         4           300       670           864              611
    1978         3           900    1,139            873              581
    TOTAL        44          --   137,445          8,515            6,538

    Total Spilled  143,983 barrels or 6,047,286 gallons

    Table 18c.  OIL SPILLS BY COAST -- 1975-1977.1

    Coast            Number of Spills    %         Gallons Spilled    %
    Atlantic               7,322          31         11,981,278         31
    Gulf                  10,575          45         14,930,794         39
    Pacific                5,3975         23         11,625,8775        30
    TOTAL                 23,294         100         38,537,949        100

    Table 18d.  OIL SPILLS BY LOCATION -- 1976 and 1977.1

                                 Number of Spills      %       Gallons Spilled    %
    River Channels                    3,305             21         2,816,468          9
    Ports and Harbors                 6,649             43         3,058,634         10
    Beaches & Nonnavigable Waters       888              6         6,880,809         22
    0 to 3 miles offshore             3,386              22        1,072,631          3
    3 to 12 miles offshore              703               5           47,500          *
    12 miles + offshore                 6925             4        17,325,0835        56
    TOTALS                           15,590            100        31,201,125        100

                                           47

      18. OIL SPILLS (Cont.)

    Table 18e.  OIL SPILLS BY COAST AND LOCATION -- 1976 and 1977. 1

                                                         Volume of            Gallons
                                        Number of          Spills               Per
    Atlantic                             Spills   Pct.  (Gallons)    Pct.    Spill
      Total                               4,627          10,515,589             2,273
      River Channels                      1,457    31        829,559      8       569
      Ports & Harbors                     2,336    50    1,194,674    11          511
      Beaches & Nonnavigable Waters         340      7       517,149      5     1,521
      O to 3 miles offshore                 403      9       404,361     4      1,003
      3 to 12 miles offshore                 81      2        12,667      *       156
      12 + miles offshore                    43      *    7,557,179    72   175,748
    Pacific
      Total                               3,629          11,184,954             3,082
      River Channels                        422    12         96,236      *       228
      Ports & Harbors                     2,275    63    1,149,484    10          505
      Beaches & Nonnavigable Waters         223      6       243,778      2     1,093
      0O to 3 miles offshore                688    19         86,500      *       126
      3 to 12 miles offshore                 64      2         4,175      *        65
      12 + miles offshore                    31      *    9,604,781    86   309,832
    Gulf
      Total                               7,260            9,500,582            1,309
      River Channels                      1,426    20    1,890,673    20        1,326
      Ports & Harbors                     2,038    28        714,476      8       351
      Beaches & Nonnavigable Waters         325      4    6,119,882    64    18,830
      0 to 3 miles offshore               2,295    32        581,770      6       254
      3 to 12 miles offshore                558      8        30,658      *        55
      12 + miles offshore                   618      9       163,123      2       264

                                            48

      18. OIL SPILLS (Cont.)

        THE WRECK OF THE ARGO MERCHANT. The Argo Merchant, a Liberian tanker,
    ran aground 28 miles southeast of Nantucket Island carrying 7.3 million
    gallons of heavy industrial fuel oil. This grounding occurred in December,
    1976. (photo courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)

                                         49

    18. OIL SPILLS (Cont.)

    Table 18f.  OIL SPILLS BY SOURCE (VOLUME AND NUMBER) -- 1975-1977.1

                            Number    % of        Volume       % of        Gallons
                              of      Total      of Spills     Total         Per
         Source             Spills    Number    (Gallons)      Volume       Spill
    Vessels                  9,679       31s     28,871,5285       52       2,982
    Land Vehicles            1,215       4        1,941,003         4       1,598
    Non Transportation       4,385       14      12,100,987         2       2,759
      Facilities
    Offshore Production      3,639       12         433,546         1          119
    Pipelines                1,672        5       9,350,683        17       5,592
    Marine Facilities        1,609        5         879,593         2          547
    Land Facilities           .505        2         640,593         1        1,269
    Misc. or Unknown         8,717       28         970,586         2          111
    TOTAL                   31,421      100      55,188,519       100        1,756

    Table 18g.  OIL SPILLS BY LEADING CAUSES (VOLUME) -- 1975-1977.1

           Cause4                                       Gallons Spilled
    Hull/Tank Rupture/Leak                                  25,876,701
    Other Structural Failure                                10,614,536
    Pipe Rupture/Leak                                        6,942,916
    Transportation Pipeline Rupture/Leak                     3,123,443
    Unknown/Miscellaneous                                    1,397,778
    Tank Overflow                                            1,110,311
    Other Equipment Failure                                  1,077,496
    Other Personnel Error                                      864,088
    Improper Handling Operation                                798,088
    Valve Failure                                              741,103

                                           50

     18. OIL SPILLS (Cont.)

    Table 18h.  OIL SPILLS BY LEADING CAUSES (NUMBER) -- 1975-1977.1

           Cause                                        Number of Spills
    Unknown/Miscellaneous                                     10,632
    Other Equipment Failure                                    2,792
    Tank Overflow                                              2,534
    Pipe Rupture/Leak                                          2,402
    Hull/Tank Rupture/Leak                                     2,3755
    I mproper Handling Operation                               1,625
    Other Personnel Error                                       1,433
    Transportation Pipeline Rupture/Leak                       1,308
    Other Structural Failure                                   1,284
    Valve Failure                                               1,008

    * less than 1%

    Source:   1U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard.  1978.
               Polluting Incidents in and around U.S. Waters: Calendar Year
               1977 30 pp.;                             1977, Calendar Year
               T97E 31 pp.;                              1976, Calendar Year
               1975. 24 pp.

              2U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey-Conservation
               Division. 1979. Outer Continental Shelf Statistics Calendar
               Year 1978.

              3Excludes one spill of 9.6 million gallons in international
               waters off Hawaii.

              Railroad/Highway/Aircraft Accidents were the cause of 1,495,129
               gallons of oil spill in 1976 and 1977. It was not reported as a
               cause in 1975.

              $Includes one 9.6 million gallon spill from the Hawaiian
               Patriot spill that did not reach the U.S. 200 mile lTimit.

      18. OIL SPILLS (Cont.)

          PELICANS RECOVER FROM OIL SPILL. These birds were soaked with oil by
    the wreck of the Ocean Eagle in San Juan harbor, Puerto Rico. (photo
    courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard by CPHOT John Lehman, U.S.C.G.)

                                                52
          I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    ~~VCUNYPOIE

     ~~~~epe iteadbsnsearatrcetoteUScat.C-
    ~~~ety 7preto u ouaioad2pecnofurbsessae

            Pepe.iteadbusinesses farms andtfrmacreagad mtropoltan UaSd nonmtoliant pour-
          laininth coastal counties.o Yeactaonly Th seerctint of ourlntiaeas intecasta
           countaies. soeewhast arbiotrar becsagiultue thanoe temsight sexpectio var gretl
             Thsablscecordibe, stoathe purpseste, the compieOurnrtei for designationt and

          our list of coastal counties are given in Table 19 and its accompanying text.
          These counties define the land portion of the coast.

              I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5

          19. COASTAL COUNTIES

               Large amounts of statistical information are available for individual
          whole counties but very little for coastal parts of the counties, separately.
          The best that one can do for most of the data sets is to treat all counties
          that touch on coastal waters as coastal entities. Thus, one must first
          identify counties that one considers to be coastal and compile a list for
    I    ~each state.  Because some coastal counties have large areas far from coastal
          waters this procedure will err slightly by including some areas which are
          not coastal. In states that have no large rivers (e.g., Maine, New Hampshire,
    I    ~and Alabama) this is a simple task.  But states with large rivers (e.g., New
          York, Virginia, and Oregon) present a more difficult problem, because one
          must decide how far up the rivers to go. The list of coastal counties that
          we present is one which includes counties which we find to have substantial
          shoreline along, or physical interactions with saline waters. As with
          any list of coastal counties, ours is somewhat arbitrary. The reader will
    I     ~find that this list of coastal counties is shorter than many and could be
          categorized as a list of "maritime counties." Tables 20, 21, 22, 23 and 51
          are based on this list of coastal counties.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~5

    19. COASTAL COUNTIES (Cont.)

    Table 19.  COASTAL COUNTIES -- NAMES AND 1976 POPULATION.

    Alabama                                   Florida
      Baldwin                   69,600          Bay                            90,200
      Mobile*                  344,300          Brevard                       231,400
      67 Counties                               Broward*                      850,200
       2 Coastal Counties                       Charlotte                      42,800
                                                Citrus                         38,300
    California                                  Collier                        64,100
      Alameda*               1,097,100          Dade*                       1,438,500
      Contra Costa*            598,700          Dixie                           6,600
      Del Norte                 15,900          Duval*                        556,500
      Humboldt                 105,900          Escambia*                     226,500
      Los Angeles*, 1        7,003,800          Flagler                         7,500
      Marin*                   221,400          Franklin                        7,700
      Mendocino                 59,100          Gulf*                          10,400
      Monterey                 271,500          Hernando                       30,000
      Napa                      91,400          Hillsborough*                 581,500
      Orange*                1,755,600          Indian River                   45,500
      San Diego*             1,616,500          Lee                           159,600
      San Francisco*           663,600          Levy                           16,600
      San Luis Obispo          131,600          Manatee                       123,700
      San Mateo*               584,100          Martin                         46,800
      Santa Barbara*           284,200          Monroe                         50,100
      Santa Clara*           1,194,600          Nassau                         29,900
      Santa Cruz               162,900          Okaloosa                      103,600
      Solano*                  193,800          Palm Beach*                   466,200
      Sonoma                   255,200          Pasco                         137,100
      Ventura                  450,900          Pinellas*                     646,200
       58 Counties                              St. Johns                      39,800
       20 Coastal Counties                      St. Lucie                      69,300
                                                Santa Rosa*                   48,100
    Connecticut                                 Sarasota                      162,600
      Fairfield*               800,200          Taylor                         14,200
      Middlesex                125,200          Volusia                       209,500
      New Haven*               759,400          Wakulla                         9,000
      New London               243,900          Walton                         17,700
       8 Counties                                67 Counties
       4 Coastal Counties                        34 Coastal Counties

    Delaware                                  Georgia
      Kent                      91,900          Bryan                           8,300
      New Castle*              400,400          Camden                         11,900
      Sussex                    89,600          Charlton                        6,600
       3 Counties                               Chatham*                      188,000
       3 Coastal Counties                       Glynn                          48,900

                                            55

    19. COASTAL COUNTIES (Cont.)

    Table 19.  COASTAL COUNTIES -- NAMES AND 1976 POPULATION (cont.).

    Georgia (cont.)                           Maryland (cont.)
      Liberty                   23,800          Kent                           16,700
      McIntosh                   8,300          Queen Annes                    21,600
       159 Counties                             St. Marys                      52,500
       1 Consolidated Government                Somerset                       19,800
       7 Coastal Counties                       Talbot                         25,800
                                                Wicomico                      59,600
    Louisiana                                   Worcester                      27,200
     -Cameron                    9,100           23 Counties
      Iberia                    62,700           14 Coastal Counties
      Jefferson*               413,400          Baltimore City*               818,600
      Lafourche                 74,800           1 Independent City
      Orleans*                 564,100           1 Coastal Independent City
      Plaquemines               26,300
      St. Bernard* 60,100                     Massachusetts
      St. Charles               33,300          Barnstable                    132,800
      St. John the Baptist      25,900          Bristol*                      469,300
      St. Mary                  61,600          Dukes                           7,800
      St. Tammany               81,900          Essex*                        627,800
      Tangipahoa                73,000          Nantucket                       5,500
      Terrebone                 85,800          Norfolk*                      618,200
      Vermillion                45,300          Plymouth*                     380,700
      Washington                42,900          Suffolk*                      714,400
       64 Parishes                               14 Counties
       15 Coastal Parishes                        8 Coastal Counties

    Maine                                     Mississippi
      Cumberland*              204,400          Hancock                        19,100
      Hancock                   39,400          Harrison                      145,500
      Knox                      32,400          Jackson                       110,900
      Lincoln                   23,800           82 Counties
      Sagadohoc                 26,100             3 Coastal Counties
      Waldo                     27,000
       16 Counties                            New Hampshire
       8 Coastal Counties                       Rockingham                    166,600
                                                10 Counties
    Maryland                                      1 Coastal County
      Anne Arundel*            350,000
      Baltimore*               642,300        New Jersey
      Calvert                   28,000          Atlantic*                     190,600
      Cecil                     55,200          Bergen*                       878,400
      Charles                   62,500          Cape May                       74,700
      Dorchester                30,200          Cumberland                    132,400
      Harford                  140,200          Hudson*                       574,100

                                            56

    19. COASTAL COUNTIES (Cont.)

    Table 19.  COASTAL COUNTIES -- NAMES AND 1976 POPULATION (cont.).

    New Jersey (cont.)                        Oregon
      Middlesex                 592,300         Clatsop                        39,200
      Monmouth                  490,500         Columbia                       32,400
      Ocean                     305,600         Coos                           60,100
      Salem*                     62,600         Curry                          14,400
      Union*                    517,000         Douglas                        82,800
       21 Counties                              Lane*                         242,800
       10 Coastal Counties                      Lincoln                        28,100
                                                Tillamook                      18,600
    New York                                      36 Counties
      Bronx*                  1,329,200           8 Coastal Counties
      Kings*,2                2,381,600
      Nassau*                 1,404,400       Rhode Island
      New York*               1,407,100         Bristol*                       45,700
      Queens*                 1,968,900         Kent*                         149,700
      Richmond*                 328,800         Newport                        81,700
      Rockland*                 254,300         Providence*                   572,100
      Suffolk*                  127,500         Washington                     86,500
      Westchester*              879,300           5 Counties
       62 Counties                               5 Coastal Counties
        9 Coastal Counties
                                              South Carolina
    North Carolina                              Beaufort                       60,100
      Beaufort                   39,900         Charleston*                   263,000
      Bertie                     20,900         Colleton                       29,500
      Brunswick                  32,900         Georgetown                     38,200
      Camden                      5,700         Horry                          88,900
      Carteret                   36,400         Jasper                         13,200
      Chowan                     11,500          46 Counties
      Craven                     69,100            6 Coastal Counties
      Currituck                  10,200
      Dare                        9,600       Texas
      Hyde                        5,700         Aransas                        10,800
      New Hanover                95,900         Brazoria                      130,700
      Onslow                    115,100         Calhoun                        17,800
      Pamlico                     9,600         Cameron                       174,200
      Pasquotank                 28,300         Chambers                       13,300
      Pender                     21,000         Galveston*                    189,800
      Perquimans                  8,700         Harris*                     2,067,900
      Tyrell                      3,900         Jackson                         12,900
      Washington                 14,900         Jefferson                     245,200
       100 Counties                             Kenedy '                           600
        18 Coastal Counties                     Kleberg                        33,000

                                           57

     19. COASTAL COUNTIES (Cont.)

    Table 19.  COASTAL COUNTIES -- NAIES AND 1976 POPULATION (cont.)

    Texas (cont.)                              Virginia (cont.)
      Matagorda                  29,000          Chesapeake*                    108,100
      Nueces*                   251,900          Hampton*                       126,700
      Refugio                     9,100          Hopewell                        23,900
      San Patricio               51,300          Newport News*                  142,100
      Willacy                    16,800          Norfolk*                       284,100
       254 Counties                              Portsmouth*                    108,600
        16 Coastal Counties                      Suffolk                         46,400
                                                Virginia Beach*                224,200
    Virginia                                     Williamsburg                     11,600
      Accomack                   31,200           38 Independent Cities
      Caroline                   16,300            9 Coastal Independent Cities
      Charles City                6,500
      Essex                       8,000        Washington
      Gloucester                 17,100          Clallam                         42,300
      Isle of Wight              20,100          Grays Harbor                    61,600
      James City                 20,900          Island                           36,400
      King and Queen              6,000          Jefferson                       12,400
      King George                 9,500          King*                        1,148,100
      King William                8,200          Mason                           24,400
      Lancaster                   9,800          Pacific                         16,000
      Mathews                     8,100          Pierce*                        420,800
      Middlesex                   7,000          San Juan                          5,600
      New Kent                    7,300          Skagit                          55,800
      Northampton                15,400          Snohomish*                     269,500
      Northumberland              9,600          Thurston                        97,200
      Prince George              20,800          Wahkiakum                         3,700
      Richmond                    6,600          Whatcom                         91,500
      Surry                       6,000           39 Counties
      Westmoreland               13,400           14 Coastal Counties
      York*                      31,300
       95 Counties
       21 Coastal Counties

    * Metropolitan county
    1 Most populous coastal county
    2 Second most populous coastal county
    3 Second least populous coastal county
    4 Least populous coastal county
    Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
             1977. Current Population Reports, Series P-25.

    21a. EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS
         Business is attracted to the coast for many reasons, among them:
    access to bulk transportation facilities and marine resources.  Based on
    our list of coastal counties (Table 19), 28 percent of all American busi-
    nesses and employees are located in the coast.  Outside of the completely
    coastal states (Rhode Island and Delaware), California 6as the greatest
    proportion of its businesses and employees in coastal counties (more than
    75 percent), while North Carolina and Georgia have the lowest proportion
    of their businesses and employees in the coast (about 6 percent).

    Table 21a.  EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS.

                     Coastal Employees  7 of State  Coastal Businesses  X of State
        State            (in 100's)1        Total          (in 100's)1        Total
    Maine                     1,270           47                 115             51
    New Hampshire               335            14                 33             18
    Massachusetts            5,988             32                422             38
    Rhode Island             2,920            100                202            100
    Connecticut              6,080             60                392             63
    New York                37,532             68              2,473             68
    New Jersey              11,735             53                759             54
    Delaware                  1,904           100                111            100
    Maryland                 6,056             56                364             53
    Virginia                  3,180            24                219             25
    North Carolina            1,032             6                 87              9
    South Carolina            1,172            14                 96             19
    Georgia                     878             6                 60              6
    Florida                 13,140            56               1,036             58
    Alabama                   1,078            12                 76             12
    Mississippi                 741            14                 44             11
    Louisiana                4,878            49                 302             44
    Texas                    12,158            32                658             26
    California              53,512            85               3,419             79
    Oregon                    1,201            19                116             22
    Washington               6,460            69                 498             65

    All Coastal States    177,141             63.8            11,675            61.6
    United States          626,478           28.32           41,428             28.22

    1 As of March 12, 1976
    2 % of nation's employees or businesses in coastal counties
    Source:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County Business
               Patterns: 1976.

                                          60

     20. AGRICULTURE
         Coastal regions, especially the coastal plain from New Jersey through
    Texas, provide large flat areas that are amenable to agriculture. Agriculture
    effects coastal waters because the fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides
    necessary for agriculture most easily enter coastal waters when applied in
    coastal counties. In addition, agriculture has historically impacted coastal
    resources by converting wetlands to agricultural purposes.  As with any use
    of the land, agriculture changes the natural land forms and characteristics.
    For these reasons agricultural activity is important to coastal managers.
    Table 20.  AGRICULTURE IN COASTAL COUNTIES.

                     No. of  % of       Farm        % of    % of area
       State          Farms'  Farms2   Acreage'  Acreage2  in Farms' Acres3  Acres'
    Maine             2,226    34.6       437,713    28.7        8.8    196.6   236.7
    New Hampshire       372    15.0        45,829      9.0      10.4    123.2   210.0
    Massachusetts    1,662    37.0        174,981    29.1       10.2    105.3   133.8
    Rhode Island        597   100.0        61,068   100.0        9.1    102.3   102.3
    Connecticut       1,356    39.6       151,867    34.5       10.4    112.0   128.6
    New York          1,066      2.4       66,904     0.7        4.9      62.8   215.4
    New Jersey        2,929    39.5       344,317    35.8       15.4    117.6   129.8
    Delaware          3,400   100.0       630,605   100.0       49.7    185.5   185.5
    Maryland          8,473    56.0   1,489,238    57.0         35.7    175.8   173.7
    Virginia          5,150      9.7   1,207,571    12.5        26.7    234.5   183.7
    North Carolina   8,193       9.0   1,321,727    11.8        23.9    161.3   123.2
    South Carolina   3,947    13.5        802,029    13.0       24.2    203.2   211.0
    Georgia             534      1.0      168,965      1.2       7.1    316.4   252.7
    Florida          13,010    40.1   5,098,284    38.6         27.7    391.9   406.6
    Alabama           2,109      3.7      406,832      3.4      22.6    192.9   209.1
    Mississippi         685      1.3      110,507      0.8       9.6    161.3   266.7
    Louisiana         5,800    17.0   1,589,947    17.0         21.9    274.1   274.8
    Texas             8,923      5.1   6,654,449       5.0      74.5    745.8   770.9
    California       21,147    31.2   9,431,361    28.2         41.2    446.0   493.3
    Oregon            4,995    18.7   1,177,533        6.5      11.2    235.7   681.8
    Washington        7,597    25.8       698,346      4.2       5.9      91.9   566.5

    Total Coastal
      Counties      104,171    15.0  32,070,073    10.3         27.4    307.9   448.3
    Coastal States 696,128   100.0 312,105,501   100.0 (116,844,291)5
    All U.S.      2,314,013        1,017,030,357                44.9              439.5

      Coastal
    2 Coastal as a percentage of the state
    3 Per coastal farm
    4 Per farm
    5 Total coastal county area in acres
    Source:  Adapted from Q.S. Department of Commerce.  Bureau of the Census.
             Census of Agriculture: 1974.

                                            59

    21a. EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS (Cont.)

        SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA FROM 50,000 FEET. Of the states which are not
    entirely coastal, California has the highest proportion of its employees and
    businesses in the coastal counties. This is an infrared view of California
    taken by a U-2 aircraft in part of a NASA effort to analyze earth resources.
    (photo courtesy of NASA)

                                         61

            .2. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

               Many of our largest cities are in coastal counties, and so it is not
          surprising that a large fraction of the American public lives in this narrow
          strip. This population makes demands for living space, recreation, and waste
          disposal, and these demands must be met largely within the coastal counties
          and waters.
               We break coastal population into population living in metropolitan (as
          determined by the Bureau of the Census), and non-metropolitan counties. This
          division reveals a number of interesting trends. Between 1960 and 1970, popu-
          lation growth in the coast exceeded that in the rest of the nation by 58 per-
    I ~cent. Between 1970 and 197~6, however, population growth in the coast trailed
          population growth in the nation by 32 percent. These tables show that _this
          trend is the result of decreases in population in the metropolitan areas of'
          the Northeast, and the Mi-d-Atlantic. Coastal non-metropolitan counties have,
          since 1960, outstripped national growth.
               We find that 27.1 percent of all Americans lived in coastal counties in
          1976. The Department of Commerce (Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract
          of the United States, 1979) concludes that 53 percent of the 1976 population
          -of the United States was coastal. The difference arises from two sources.
          First, we do not include counties around the Great Lakes. Excluding the Great
          Lakes from the Commerce figures would leave 39 percent of the population in
    I    ~the coast.  The remaining difference arises from our differences in defining
          coastal counties. Theirs includes any county or independent city entirely
          or substantially within 50 miles of U.S. coastal shorelines, whereas ours
          included only those that touch on saline waters. Therefore, our county list
          is shorter (see Table 19). By any measure, many Americans live in the
          narrow strip of land that constitutes the U.S. coast.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~6

     21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

    Table 21b.  COASTAL COUNTY POPULATION BY STATE -- 1960, 1970, 1976.

                                                                  % Change
                                                         In the Coast  In the State
        State         1960          1970          1976    60-70  70-76  60-70  70-76
    Maine              439,851       464,883      509,700   5.7    9.6    2.4    8.0
    New Hampshire       99,029       138,951      166,600  40.3   19.9   21.5   12.1
    Massachusetts   2,597,027    2,862,093    2,956,500  10.2    3.3   10.5    1.8
    Rhode Island       859,488      949,723       936,000  10.5   -1.1   10.1   -1.1
    Connecticut      1,588,514    1,882,926    1,928,700  18.5    2.4   19.6    2.3
    New York        10,694,633   11,574,982   10,081,100   8.2  -12.9    8.7   -1.0
    New Jersey       3,146,738    3,718,552    3,818,200  18.2    2.7   18.2    2.6
    Delaware           446,292       548,104      581,900  22.8    6.2   22.8    6.2
    Maryland         2,026,229    2,293,907    2,350,200  13.2    2.5   26.5    5.2
    Virginia*          688,158    1,327,372    1,356,400  92.9    2.2   17.2    8.7
    North Carolina    441,605       477,404       538,400   8.1   12.8   11.5    7.5
    South Carolina    403,667        441,785      492,900   9.4   11.6    8.7    9.8
    Georgia            272,618       286,837      295,800   5.2    3.1   16.4    8.6
    Florida         3,776,208    5,379,329    6,577,400  42.5   22.3   37.1   23.0
    Alabama            363,389       376,690      413,900   3.7    9.9    5.4    6.1
    Mississippi        189,050       239,944      275,500  26.9   14.8    1.8    6.7
    Louisiana        1,335,181    1,546,663    1,660,200  15.8    7.3   11.8    6.4
    Texas            2,258,833    2,828,725    3,254,300  25.2   15.0   16.9   12.5
    California      12,320,082   15,724,192   16,757,800  27.6    6.6   27.0    0.1
    Oregon             393,635       455,570      508,400  15.7   11.6   18.2   11.5
    Washington       1,756,506    2,220,278    2,284,800  26.4    2.9   19.5    0.1

    Total Coastal  46,096,733   55,738,910   57,744,700  20.9    3.6   16.8    5.2
    National'      179,108,000  202,728,000  213,377,000  ---              13.22   5.32
    Total
    % Coastal           25.7          27.5         27.1    ---      ---    ---    ---
    Coastal States 94,936,612  110,925,225  116,741,069  ---        ---    ---

                                          63

     21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

    Table 21c.  COASTAL COUNTY NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION BY STATE -- 1960, 1970,
                1976.

                                                                      % Change
         State            1960         1970          1976       1960-1970  1970-1976
    Maine                 257,100       272,355       305,300       5.9        12.1
    New Hampshire          99,029       138,951       166,600      40.3        19.9
    Massachusetts          79,674       106,547       146,100      33.7        37.1
    Rhode Island          140,945       179,934       168,200      27.7        -6.5
    Connecticut           274,610       345,164      369,100       25.7         6.9
    New York                 0             0             0          --          --
    New Jersey          1,031,903    1,435,060    1,595,500        39.1        11.2
    Delaware              138,846       162,248       181,500      16.9        11.9
    Maryland              388,143       469,667       539,300      21.0        14.8
    Virginia*             271,284       331,142      331,300       22.1         O.U
    North Carolina        441,605       477,404      538,400        8.1        12.8
    South Carolina        187,285       194,135      229,900        3.7        18.4
    Georgia                84,319        99,021       107,800      17.4         8.9
    Florida               897,869    1,358,150    1,811,800        51.3        33.4
    Alabama                49,088        59,382        69,600      21.0        17.2
    Mississippi           189,050       239,944       275,500      26.9        14.8
    Louisiana             466,701       564,439       622,600      20.9        10.3
    Texas                 653,738       679,457       744,700       3.9         9.6
    California            949,739    1,305,379    1,544,400        37.4        18.3
    Oregon                230,745       242,212      265,600        5.0         9.7
    Washington            327,703       387,382      446,400       18.2        15.2

    Total Coastal       7,159,376    9,047,973   10,459,60U        26.4        15.6
    National Total    51,373,000   53,503,000   57,714,000          4.12        7.92
    % Coastal              13.9          16.9          18.1

                                           64

    21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

    Table 21d.  COASTAL COUNTY METROPOLITAN POPULATION BY STATE -- 1960, 1970,
                1976.

                                                                      % Change
        State             1960          1970         1976       1960-1970  1970-1976
    Maine                 182,751       192,528       204,400        5.4         6.2
    New Hampshire            0             0             0           --         --
    Massachusetts       2,517,353    2,755,546    2,810,400          9.5         2.0
    Rhode Island          718,543       769,789       767,800        7.1       -0.3
    Connecticut         1,313,904    1,537,762    1,559,600         17.0         1.4
    New York           10,694,633   11,574,982   10,081,100          8.2      -12.9
    New Jersey          2,114,835    2,283,492    2,222,700          8.0        -2.7
    Delaware              307,446       385,856       400,400       25.5         3.8
    Maryland            1,638,086    1,824,240    1,810,900         11.4        -0.7
    Virginia*             416,874       996,230    1,025,100       139.0         2.9
    North Carolina           0             0             0           --          --
    South Carolina        216,382       247,650       263,000       14.5        6.2
    Georgia               188,299       187,816       188,000       -0.3         0.1
    Florida             2,878,339    4,021,179    4,765,600         39.7       18.5
    Alabama               314,301       317,308       344,300        1.0         8.5
    Mississippi              0             0             0           --         --
    Louisiana             868,480       982,224    1,037,600        13.1         5.6
    Texas               1,605,095    2,149,268    2,509,600         33.9        16.8
    California         11,370,343   14,418,813   15,213,400         26.8         5.5
    Oregon                162,890       213,358       242,800       31.0        13.8
    Washington          1,428,803    1,832,896    1,838,400         28.3         0.3

    Total Coastal      38,937,357   46,690,937   47,285,100         19.9         1.3
    National Total'  127,079,000  148,730,000  155,860,000          17.02       4.82
    % Coastal             30.6          31.4          30.3

                                           65

     21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

    Table 21e.  COASTAL COUNTY POPULATION BY REGIONS -- 1960, 1970, 1976.

                         1960           1970          1976      % Change  %   Change
                                     All Coastal Counties       1960-1970   1970-1976
    Northeast3        16,278,542    17,873,558   16,578,600          9.8        -7.3
    Mid Atlantic4      6,307,417      7,887,935    8,106,700        25.1          2.8
    South Atlantic5   4,894,098       6,585,355    7,904,500        34.6        20.0
    Gulf               4,146,453      4,992,022    5,603,900       20.4          12.3
    Pacific           14,470,223    18,400,040   19,551,000        27.1          6.3

                                         Metropol i tan
    Northeast         15,427,184    16,830,607   15,423,300         9.1         -8.4
    Mid Atlantic       4,477,241      5,489,818    5,459,100        22.6         -0.6
    South Atlantic    3,283,020       4,456,645    5,216,600       35.8         17.1
    Gulf               2,787,876      3,448,800    3,891,500        23.7         12.8
    Pacific           12,962,036    16,465,067   17,294,600        27.0           5.0

                                        Nonmetropolitan
    Northeast            851,358      1,042,951    1,155,300       22.5         10.8
    Mid Atlantic       1,830,176      2,398,117    2,647,600        31.0         10.4
    South Atlantic    1,611,078       2,128,710    2,687,9U0       32.1         26.3
    Gulf               1,358,577       1,543,222    1,712,400       13.6         11.0
    Pacific            1,508,187      1,934,973    2,256,400       28.3         16.6

    *There were jurisdictional changes between 1960 and 1976
     1 Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii
    2 7 increase in the National Total
    3 Maine to New York
    4 New Jersey to Virginia
    5 North Carolina to Florida
    6 Alabama to Texas
    7 California to Washington
      Coastal States Totals (1970-110,925,225; 1976-116,741,069; 1960-94,936,612)
    Source: 1960 and 197U is adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
             of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Vol. I, Part A; 1976
             is adapted from Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
             Current Population Reports, Series P-25.

                                           66

              21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

             Table 21f.  COASTAL POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS BY STATE -- 1976.

                    % of Population in  % Nonmetro-            % of Population in   % Nonmetro-
                     Coastal Counties      politan              Coastal Counties        politan
             State        (1976)            (1976)      State       (1976)               (1976)
             ME            47.6              59.9       SC           17.3                 46.6
             NH            20.1             100.0       GA            5.9                 36.4
             MA            51.1               4.9       FL           78.8                 27.5
             RI           100.0              18.0       AL           11.3                 16.8
             CT            62.2              19.1       MIS          11.6                100.0
             NY            55.8               0.0       LA           42.8                 37.5
             NJ            51.9              41.8       TX           25.8                 22.9
             DE           100.0              31.2       CA           83.9                  9.2
             MD            57.0              22.9       OR           21.9                 52.2
             VA            26.8              24.4       WA           66.9                 19.5
             NC             9.9             100.0       Total
                                                          Coastal   49.5                 18.1
                                                          National  27.1                 37.0

                      POPULATION GROWTH OF PARTS OF THE NATION AS COMPARED TO THE NATION
                AS A WHOLE

               cD
               OL.O
               o c    2.32%-

               I-=

                                                                     (1.32% Per Year)
    I
               I,.o

                 CD
               oL

                                POPULATION GROWTH--1960  to 1970
               -                                                     (1 .32%  Per Year)

                o.

               Zr
                                POPULATION GROWTH--1960 to 1970

                                                      67

          21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

               POPULATION GROWTH OF PARTS OF THE NATION AS COMPARED TO THE NATION
          AS A WHOLE

              Here, we compare the growth rate of parts of the United States to the
          nation as a whole. The tic marks along the vertical axis mark growth rates
          1% greater, and 1% less than annual national growth rate. Note that a 2%
          annual growth rate (which is about the rate of the Nonmetropolitan coastal
          counties) means that the population will double in about 35 years. The
          parts of the nation whose growth is shown here are:

              A.  Coastal Counties (as listed in Table 19)
              B. Coastal States (as listed in Table 19)
              C.  Nonmetropolitan coastal counties (as listed in Table 19)
              D.  National nonmetropolitan counties
              E. Metropolitan coastal counties (as listed in Table 19)
              F. Metropolitan counties nationwide.

           0
           V)

           D I=
           o �   1.88% -

           o~ fezNATIONAL
           Io                A   B    C    D   E    F        F       TO
                                                          GROWTH
                       -j<,~~~~~~~~ ~~  -(0.88% Per Year)

           z, m-0.12% -

    I~~~~~L CDj
           z~
            L-
    I~I

                         POPULATION GROWTH--1970 to 1976.

                                             68

    21. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.)

        THE CHESAPEAKE BAY TO NEW YORK CITY FROM OUTER SPACE. This six
    photograph montage was taken from an Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1
    (ERTS-1) at an altitude of 562 statute miles. Many notable geographic
    landmarks are obvious: The Barriers islands along the coast of New Jersey,
    and the Delmarva peninsula; the Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers flowing into
    the Chesapeake Bay; the Delaware river broadening out into the Delaware
    Bay; and the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania. (photo courtesy of NASA)

                                         69

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          prodcaed. ofstuare.nTe locqustionsf pathisculargy, have susantial potentialfo
          toimpacts    Soityilhae todcid oastoalaneepce  environmental

                    coss  gans  te  enfis  f  oatalloaton--eein   i  mndth

             2.ELECTRICAL POWER

               Given the demands of coastal population and business, energy generation
          in the coast is a necessity. Coastal counties, adjacent to enormous supplies
          of cooling water, provide the technological criteria essential to the instal-
    E~~lation of electrical generating facilities. This table lists all sources of
          electrical generating capacity -- nuclear, hydroelectric, coal, oil, gas and
          geyser. Each of these has its own peculiar effects on the coast. The infor-
    I ~mation given here is based on the county list given in Table 19.
               The Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions have large amounts of capacity
          installed within the coastal counties (63 and 64% of the state totals
    E      ~respectively).   The Gulf Coast  (excluding Florida) has the lowest percentage
          of it capacity installed in coastal counties (26). Georgia has the
          smallest percentage of its electrical generating capacity in the coast
          of any state with 7 percent of the total in coastal counties.
               Note that because several plants are typically located at one site,
    I    ~the number of sites of electrical  plants is considerably less than the
          number of plants.

     ~~~~HRA ISHREfrmperpatunrtcebylodcce
    ~~coin    acashevstestesurneosses(asLdig
    I~~aiona Poob onCak

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

    22. ELECTRICAL POWER (Cont.)

    Table 22. COASTAL ELECTRICAL GENERATING CAPACITY BY STATE (ALL SOURCES).

                               Number of       Capacity        Percentage of States'
        State                   Plants         (Megawatts)      Plants      Capacity
    Maine                         62               1,691          41            83
    New Hampshire                 10                 635          22            41
    Massachusetts                 81               5,845          44            61
    Rhode Island                   8                 249         100           100
    Connecticut                   53               5,751          61            93
    New York                     153              17,923          31            57
    New Jersey                    79               8,985          66            72
    Delaware                      23               1,632         100           100
    Maryland                      85               6,946          88            76
    Virginia                      41               3,937          38            38
    North Carolina                17               2,671          10            17
    South Carolina                27               2,288          14            19
    Georgia                       23               1,076          13             7
    Florida                      264              25,441          85            91
    Alabama                       10               1,950           7            11
    Mississippi                    9               1,797          25            33
    Louisiana                     45               6,043          37            48
    Texas                         98              12,489          27            25
    California                   208              26,205          38            70
    Oregon                        34               1,076          17            11
    Washington                    77               2,212          30            12

    All Coastal                1,407             136,842          37            45
    All United States'         9,174             578,666          152           242
        Region
    Northeast                    367              32,094          38            63
    Mid Atlantic                 228              21,500          65            64
    South Atlantic               331              31,476          39            44
    Gulf                         162              22,279          24            26
    Pacific                      319              29,493          32            45

    1 Excluding Alaska and Hawaii
    2 Coastal county plants or capacity as a percentage of the nations total.
    Source:  Adapted from Kenneth J. Shanks.  April, 1979.  Inventory of Power
             Plants in the United States. U.S. Department of Energy, Office
             of Energy Data and Interpretation.

                                           72

    I~3 NUCLEAR POWER

               The coast provides technologically feasible sites for nuclear power
    I    ~plants, because of the access to massive amounts of cooling water typical of
          the coast. We give the name and location of existing and projected nuclear
          power plants, along with figures on the capacity (in Megawatts = MW), the
          maximum   AT (the maximum increase in temperature of the effluent water
    I    ~in  OF), and the rate of water intake in cubic feet per second (cfs).  A
          nuclear power plant is deemed coastal if it occurs in one of the coastal
          counties listed in Table 19. It may be instructive to compare these to
    I    ~the figures on temperature in Table 13, and river discharge in Table 10.
               If Construction proceeds as projected, 11 of 21 coastal states plan to
          increase the percentage of their electrical generating capacity based on
    I    ~coastal nuclear power.  At present, Maine has the highest percentage of its
          capacity installed as coastal nuclear power with 42 percent.
               Note that because several plants are typically located at one site,
          the number of sites of nuclear power plants is considerably less than the
          number of plants.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

       23. NUCLEAR POWER (Cont.)

     Table 23. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN THE COASTAL ZONE.
                                                                                          Coastal Nuclear Power
                                                                                             and % of States

                                                             Max.    Intake               Existing    Projected
     State    Location          Plant Name             MW    A T       (cfs)    Status    Capacity    Capacity
     ME       Wiscasset          Yankee                864    25        950       Op.         42            32
     NH       Seabrook          Seabrook 1b           2200    45      1733      12/82          0           57
                                    I     2b                                    12/84
     MA       Plymouth           Pilgrim 1             678    29        720       Op.
                                    H    2C           1180                       6/85          7           16
     RI       N. Kingston        Rome Pt. 1           2300                      11/86          0            90
                                    a 2                                         11/88
     CT       Haddam Neck       Haddam                 662    22       870        Op.         35           45
              Waterford         Millstone 1            662    22       935        Op.
                                    "      2           910    23      1150        Op.
                                    * 3               1156                       5/86          3
     NY       Brookhaven         Shoreham              844    20       1275      9/80           7           11
               Buchanan          Indian Pt 1            275    15       695        Op.
                                    �      2          1013    15      1950        Op.
                                    * 3               1013    16      1920        Op.
               Suffolk Co.       Jamesport 1b          1191                      7/88
                                        ~ 2b      ~1191                         7/90
     NJ       Lacey Twp.        Oyster Creek           550    20       960        Op.         14           34
                                Forked R.b            1251                     12/83
              Salem             Salem 1               1170    14      5100        Op.
                                    "  2a             1115                        79
               Salem Co.         Hope Creek lb         1067                       9/84
                                    M 2b              1067                       5/86
     MD       Lusby              Calvert Cliffs 1      918    10      5490        Op.         20           13
                                    "            2     911                        Op.
     VA       Williamsburg      Surry 1                847.5  14        --        Op.         16           10
                                        ~~"     ~     847.5                      Op.
     NC       Southport          Brunswick 1           866.7  14      4000        Op          11             6
                                    a 2                866.7                      Op.
     FL       Florida City      Turkey Pt 3            760    15       --         Op.         12           11
                                    a 4                760                        Op.
               Fort Pierce       St. Lucie 1            850                        Op.
                                    "      2b          850                       4/83
               Crystal R.        Crystal R. 3           890    17      1520        Op.
     LA       St. Charles Co.  Waterford 3a           1165                       4/81          0             5
     TX       Matagorda Co.    South Tx. 1            1250                      10/80          0             3
                                    '      2          1250                      3/82
     CA       San Clemente       San Onofre 1           450    19       793        Op.          1           12
                                        "   2a        1181    20      2213      11/81
                                    "       3a        1181                      11/83
              Diablo Canyon    Diablo Canyon 1a    1136    20         3684        79
                                      ~"      2a    1159                         79
                                       '"   ~3        1181                       1/83
              Humbolt Bay       Humbolt Bay 3           65.3                      Op.
     OR       Ranier             Trojan 1              1216.0                     Op.         12             9
     WA       Grays Harbor       Satsop lb            1240                       1/84
               County            Satsop 2b             1240                       7/85          0            8

    Source:  Adapted from Kenneth J  Shanks.  April, 1979.  Inventory of Power Plants in the United
             States.  U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Data and Interpretation.
             John Clark and Willard Brownell, 1973.  Electric Power Plants in the Coastal Zone:
             Environmental Issues. American Littoral Society Special Publication No. 7.
             Highlands, NJ.
             Plant Status, New York Times, Oct. 23, 1979, Page B7.
    Footnotes
      aoperation Permit pending
      bconstruction Permit pending
      cconstruction Permit pending

                                                          74

          24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS

               Oil and gas are produced offshore in great quantities. In 1978 over 13
          percent of domestically produced oil and over 26 percent of domestically pro-
          duced natural gas came from offshore wells. Offshore waters have two divi-
          sions. The Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) includes shelf waters beyond state
          territorial waters. The OCS is under federal jurisdiction and has an area
          of 875,000 square miles. Oil and gas produced shoreward of the boundary are
          produced on state lands. In Texas and West Florida, the state lands extend
          3 marine leagues offshore (about 10 miles), and everywhere else the state
          lands extend to only three miles offshore. The seaward limit of the OCS
    *     ~is not well defined legally, but extends roughly to include all submergd
          lands that lie under less than 200 meters of water (about 650 feet).
     I        ~ ~~The U.S. Department of the Interior determines which areas will be bid
          upon. A bidder proposes some combination of royalties, and bonus for the
    I     ~right to drill for specified minerals.  In addition, he is charged a rental
          fee which is set by the Department of the Interior. The U.S. Geological
          Survey, on the basis of exploratory findings selects that bid which it
          believes will produce the most revenue. Minimum royalties have been 16-2/3%
          of the production value of minerals taken from the lease. Annual rental and
          minimum royalty has been $3-10 per acre. A lease is typically about 5,000
          acres. Through this bidding and royalty system, the federal government has
    I     ~received 70% of the total production value of the oil and gas produced on the
          OCS from 1953 through 1978. In some years, however, the revenue paid by the
          drilling companies to the federal government has been greater than the pro-
          duction value of the minerals, due to (among other reasons) large bonuses
    I    ~paid for the lease initially, compensated for by oil and gas obtained at
          a later date.
               Most of the U.S. offshore (state and federal) oil and gas has been
          produced off the coast of Louisiana. b
               Note that some conversion factors pertaining to oil and gas may b
          found in Table 53f.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~7

    24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS (Cont.)

        AN OIL PLATFORM in the Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana* (photo courtesy
    of U.S. Coast Guard)

                                        76

    24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS (Cont.)

    Table 24a.  REVENUE AND PRODUCTION VALUE OF OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LEASES.

                                                                  % Cumulative Revenue
                    Total Revenue    Total Production Value          of Cumulative
    Year           (in Thousand $)         (in Thousand $)          Production Value
    1953                   2,358                  5,037                     47
    1954                 147,660                 14,370                    774
    1955                 117,197                 27,061                    575
    1956                  11,716                 39,498                    324
    1957                  14,840                 61,073                    200
    1958                  20,150                 96,471                    129
    1959                 118,829                150,473                    110
    1960                 323,782                200,970                    127
    1961                  51,345                273,636                     93
    1962                 564,570                376,676                    102
    1963                  98,963                450,866                     87
    1964                 194,939                506,784                     76
    1965                 146,445                594,223                     65
    1966                 354,466                801,725                     60
    1967                 675,859                947,215                     63
    1968               1,558,052              1,179,912                     77
    1969                 362,029              1,443,870                     66
    1970               1,238,961              1,707,593                     68
    1971                 456,012             2,135,677                      59
    1972               2,624,958              2,229,179                     69
    1973               3,494,981              2,486,865                     80
    1974               5,598,758              3,570,054                     94
    1975               1,723,325             3,924,915                      86
    1976               2,967,860              4,402,440                     83
    1977               2,509,742             5,774,056                      76
    1978               2,941,112            .7,096,500                      70
    TOTAL             28,318,912             40,497,138 1                   70

      Columns do not add to totals, because of rounding after addition.

                                            77

      24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS (Cont.)

    Table 24b.  PRODUCING OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS LEASES (BY YEAR AND
                ADJACENT STATE).

             California          Texas             Louisiana             Total
    Year    No.   Acres       No.    Acres       No.     Acres       No.       Acres
    1954     0      0          0       0          58     240,028      58       240,028
    1955     0      0          4      5,760      102     432,316    106       438,076
    1960     0      0         13     23,040      285   1,141,959    298    1,164,999
    1965     0      0         13     37,620      406   1,632,544    419    1,670,164
    1970    10    42,256      34    146,340      557   2,329,365    601   25,117,961
    1971    12    53,776      34    146,340      596   2,497,933    642    2,698,049
    1972    16    76,816      39    166,320      636   2,659,880    691    2,903,016
    1973    17    82,576      42    174,960      660   2,769,934    719    3,027,470
    1974    29   145,012      44    186,480      668   2,803,654    741    3,135,146
    1975    14    63,617      44    189,630      725   2,987,540    783    3,240,787
    1976    14    63,617      70    330,414      749   3,082,564    833    3,476,595
    1977    24   121,672      92    454,278      780   3,317,335    896    3,893,285
    1978    24   121,672    121    615,583       786   3,366,831    931    4,104,086

    Table 24c.  TOTAL OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION BY STATE THROUGH 1978.

                          State Lands                    OCS Lands            State %
                    Thousands    % of State's   Thousands    % of State's   of Total
    Adjacent           of           Total           of            Total        Offshore
     State          Barrels        Offshore       Barrels        Offshore       Prod.
    Alaska            663,445        100              0              0            7.9
    California     1,670,050          90           185,561          10           22.1
    Louisiana      1,165,074          20         4,660,298          80           69.5
    Texas              17,960         43            23,808          57            0.5

    Table 24d.  TOTAL OFFSHORE GAS PRODUCTION BY STATE THROUGH 1978.
                                                                              State %
                   Millions     % of State's      Millions      % of State's  of Total
    Adjacent          of           Total            of             Total       Offshore
     State       Cubic Feet       Offshore      Cubic Feet        Offshore      Prod.
    Alaska         733,690          100               0              0           1.4
    California     628,737           90             69,860          10           1.4
    Louisiana    8,786,472           19         37,458,119          81          90.5
    Texas        1,825,685           53          1,619,004          47           6.7

                                            78

     24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS (Cont.)

        THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF. Spottail pinfish and gorgonians (soft
    coral) at a depth of about 100 feet 30 miles off the coast of North
    Carolina. This rock outcrop is an unusual "island" on the shelf off the
    Atlantic Coast (Photo by Mark Hooper).

                                          79

     24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS (Cont.)

    Table 24e. OFFSHORE PRODUCTION OF CRUDE OIL AND CONDENSATES BY YEAR.

                Total U.S.      Total Offshore                           % of Domestic
                Production        Production        % from    % from      Production
                (millions of      (millions of       OCS       State      from Offshore
    Year          barrels)          barrels)          Lands    Lands          Sources
    1954            2,315                48.6           7         93            2.10
    1955            2,484                59.1          11         89            2.38
    1956            2,617               73.4           15         85            2.8U
    1957            2,617                83.7          19         81            3.20
    1958            2,449               86.2           29         71            3.52
    1959            2,575               100.1          36         64            3.89
    1960            2,574              116.8           43         57            4.54
    1961            2,622               133.4          48         52            5.09
    1962            2,676              162.2           55         45            6.06
    1963            2,753               188.1          56         44            6.83
    1964            2,787              214.8           57         43            7.71
    1965            2,849              242.7           60         40            8.52
    1966            3,028              300.3           63         37            9.92
    1967            3,216               368.2          60         40           11.45
    1968            3,329              471.2           57         43           14.15
    1969            3,372               525.8          59         41           15.59
    1970            3,517              575.7           63         37           16.37
    1971            3,454              615.1           68         32           17.81
    1972            3,456              614.8           67         33           17.79
    1973            3,361               582.7          68         32           17.34
    1974            3,203              532.7           68         32           16.63
    1975            3,057              495.3           67         33           16.20
    1976            2,968              462.9           68         32           15.60
    1977            2,985              438.7           69         31           14.70
    1978            3,150              416.6           70         30           13.23
    1954-1978      73,414            7,909.1           61         39           10.77

                                            80

    24. OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS (Cont.)

    Table 24f. OFFSHORE PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS BY YEAR.

              Total U.S.       Total Offshore
              Production         Production        % from      % from
             (billions of       (billions of         OCS       State        % Offshore
    Year      cubic feet)         cubic feet)        Lands      Lands        OCS & State
    1954         8,743                 84.8           66          34            0.97
    1955          9,405               128.2           63          37            1.36
    1956        10,082                143.4           58          42            1.42
    1957         10,680               174.3           47          53            1.63
    1958        11,030                258.0           49          51            2.34
    1959         11,620               353.4           59          41            3.04
    1960        12,771                440.5           62          38            3.45
    1961         13,254               478.1           67          33            3.61
    1962        13,877                640.3           71          29            4.61
    1963         14,66.7              763.3           74          26            5.20
    1964        15,462                849.8           73          27            5.50
    1965        16,040                939.4           69          31            5.86
    1966        17,207              1,373.2           73          27            7.98
    1967        18,171              1,837.8           65          35           10.11
    1968        19,322              2,321.3           66          34           12.01
    1969        20,698              2,844.7           69          31           13.74
    1970        21,921              3,218.1           75          25           14.68
    1971        22,493              3,750.7           74          26           16.67
    1972        22,532              3,757.4           81          19           16.68
    1973        22,647              3,975.3           83          17           17.55
    1974        21,601              4,229.8           83          17           19.58
    1975        20,109              4,257.5           81          19           21.17
    1976        19,952              4,296.3           84          16           21.53
    1977        20,025              4,540.0           82          18           22.67
    1978         19,597             5,104.1           86          14           26.05
    1954-1978  413,906             50,759.7           78          22           12.26

    Source:  Adapted from U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey-
             Conservation Division. Outer Continental Shelf Statistics-
             Calendar Year 1978.

                                           81

    ~V SU AI EADWTADRSUC.

     ~~~~"netayisasm-nlsdcatlbdofwtrhihasare

    ~~~onciowihteoeseanwihnwihsawtrimeuebl

     ~~~~yi c   ly " estuaryisesaebreedmiyetlndls.dCoastalbodofalierwetlhansafe
          arnectionawitha are sujo peridi imesion and soitheir whaichsetater ismpsreab-
          merctivity and otecreattibut ises aive pnetarte ofither marin tenironent.tire

          widely believed that they are key parts of the marine environment. Further,
          many terrestial species have coastal wetlands as a part of their habitat.
               Estuaries lengthen the shoreline, and therefore provide points of access
    *      ~to the coastal waters for many people.
           1Donald W. Pritchard. 1967. "What is an estuary: Physical Viewpoint."
            In Estuaries, edited by George H. Lauff. AAAS. Washington, D.C.

             *                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~82

     25. ESTUARINE AREAS

         The total area of coastal estuaries is over 15 million acres. This is
    about one-half of the area of the state of New York.  In 1967 the U.S. Fish
    and Wildlife Service considered almost half of the estuarine area to be "im-
    portant habitat" for fish and wildlife.  In the twenty years preceding this
    report, the area of this important habitat had decreased by almost 8 percent.
    California experienced the greatest decrease as the San Francisco-Suisun Bay
    lost 192,000 out of 294,000 estuarine acres between 1950 and 1967 until filling
    was virtually stopped by state action�  Maryland, Georgia, and Virginia each
    lost less than 1 percent of their important estuarine habitat in the years 1947
    to 1967.

     Table 25.  FISH AND WILDLIFE ESTUARINE HABITAT LOST -- 1947-1967.

                                        Acres of Estuaries
                                          Basic Area       Area of Basic        Percent
                                              of           Habitat Lost         Loss
                               Total       Important        by Dredging            of
         State                 Area         Habitat          and Filling          Habitat
     Alabama                    530,000       132,800              2,000            1.5
     California                 552,100       381,900           255,8U0            67.0
     Connecticut                 31,600        20,300              2,100           10.3
     Delaware                   395,500       152,400              8,500            5.6
     Florida                  1,051,200       796,200             59,700            7.5
     Georgia                    170,800       125,000                800            0.6
     Louisiana                3,545,100    2,076,900              65,400            3.1
     Maine                       39,400        15,300              1,000            6.5
     Maryland                 1,406,100       376,300              1,000            0.3
     Massachusetts              207,000        31,000              2,000            6.5
     Mississippi                251,200        76,300              1,700            2.2
     New Hampshire               12,400        10,000              1,000           10.0
     New Jersey                 778,400       411,300             53,900           13.1
     New York                   376,600       132,500             19,800           15.0
     North Carolina           2,206,600       793,700              8,000            1.0
     Oregon                      57,600        20,200                700            3.5
     Rhode Island                94,700        14,700                900            6.1
     South Carolina             427,900       269,400              4,300             1.6
     Texas                    1,344,000       328,100             68,100            8.2
     Virginia                 1,670,000       428,100              2,400            0.6
     Washington                 193,800        95,500              4,300            4.5
       TOTAL                15,347,000    7,115,900              563,000            7.9

     Source:  Modified from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Tabulation, p. 30,
              hearings on estuarine areas, House Merchant Marine and Fisheries
              subcommittee on fisheries and wildlife conservation, March 6,
              8, 9, 1967.

                                            83

    26. WETLAND TYPES AND LOSS

         The Soil Conservation Service has estimated the original, natural
    wetlands of this country at 127 million acres.'
         In 1956, the Interior Department published a wetlands survey, which
    was the product of state and federal investigations of portions of states.
    They classified wetlands into 20 types. Types 1 through 11 are noncoastal.
    The remainder are coastal and are defined in Table 27. These wetland types
    are, despite their shortcomings, now widely used although a new classifica-
    tion system has recently been developed by the Fish and Wildlife Service.2
         Experienced wetland scientists have estimated the acreage of wetland
    types at various times in the past, and from these figures, gross wetland
    loss can be imprecisely determined. These figures can present a misleading
    picture of a very dynamic system, however. For example, it appears that
    mangroves (Type 20) have sustained no losses between 1954 and 1978.  However,
    in 1954, the mangrove stands in the Florida Keys and Bay had been devastated
    by a series of hurricanes, and the inventory that year followed a succession
    of wet years. Between 1954 and 1978, there was revegetation of mangroves
    at some sites but considerable natural and man-induced losses at other
    locations, particularly the filling of mangrove swamps on the southwest
    Florida coast for housing developments. However, the digging of new
    drainage canals, the reopening of old canals, and the development of
    waterways for recreation craft has resulted in saline intrusion and the
    extension of the mangrove forest northward into the Everglades.3 A very
    dynamic story is hidden behind two numbers.  (R. Macomber, U.S. Army Corps
    of Engineers, pers. comm.)

       Wetlands of the United States.  Circular 39, 1956.

       L.M. Cowardin, V. Carter, F.C. Golet, E.T. LaRoe, 1979.  Classification of
       Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Department of
       the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services.
       103 pp.

    3 The Trees of South Florida:  The Natural Environments and Their Succession,
       Frank C. Craighead, Sr., 1971.

    Table 26.  EXISTING COASTAL WETLANDS AND WETLANDS LOSS BY TYPE -- 1780, 1954,
               1978.

                          Existing Wetlands
                         (millions of acres)         Acres of Wetland Lost Annually
    Wetland Types         1780   1954    1978          1780 to 1954       1954 to 1978
      12 to 14             6.0    4.0      2.0             11,500             83,000
      15 to 18             4.5    3.7      3.2              4,800             20,800
         20                0.5    0.5      0.5               0                  0
       TOTAL              11.0    8.2      5.7             10,300            103,800

    Source:  R. Macomber, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, pers. comm.;

                                          84

    27. WETLAND TYPES

    Table 27.  WETLAND TYPE DESCRIPTIONS.

    Type            Name                  Water Depth              Dominant Plants
     12       Coastal shallow            Up to 6 inches        Diverse freshwater and
               fresh' marshes            at high tide       brackish species including
                                                         many grasses, reeds, rushes
                                                                  and sedges

    13         Coastal deep             Up to 3 feet           Diverse freshwater and
               fresh marshes            at high tide              brackish species

     14        Coastal open             Up to depths              Pondweeds, milfoils,
                freshwater               of 10 feet           wildcelery, wigeongrass,
                                                                    and others

     15         Coastal salt             A few inches             Glassworts, saltwort
                  flats                at high tide                  and seablite

     16         Coastal salt          A few inches at            Saltmeadow cordgrass,
                 meadows            monthly high tide               and saltgrass

     17     Irregularly flooded          Up to a few                 Needlerush
               salt marshes           inches at times

     18      Regularly flooded        Up to 2 feet at            Saltmarsh cordgrass
               salt marshes          daily high tide

     20       Mangrove swamps            Up to 2 feet                 Mangroves
                                                                 (four species)

      Includes low brackish estuaries where mean salinities are below 10%.
    Source: U.S. Department of the Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1971.
             Wetlands of the United States. Their extent and their value to
             waterfowl and other wildlife. Circular 39.

         27. WETLAND -(PES (Cont.)
     I
     i
    I
    I
    I
    I
    !

    I
    I
    I
    I
    I

                 t f,',,SH nr Bogue Inlet, North Carolina (Photo by Mark Hooper).
                                              86
     ,'. .-
    -
    .C~~Ei~-.---.t= �:i~i~S~- C�~iZL~~l
                                     �t us--At -,~~~~~~~; ': h xOi-5S  =rz  ''

     28. WETLAND AREA

          The 1954 wetlands survey of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service deter-
     mined that there were over 7 million acres of coastal wetlands. Almost half
     of this area was in Louisiana. In general, the data for this survey were
     collected by examination of maps and field checks or by relying on the
     knowledge of local state and federal agents.  These data generally exclude
    wetlands less than 40 acres in size.

    Table 28. 1954 ESTIMATES OF COASTAL WETLANDS BY STATE AND TYPE

                                              Acres of Wetland Type
        State              12&13         15&16         17              18         Total

    Maine1                 11,549        16,178        ---           1,455        29,182
    New Hampshire             400         5,285        ---             375         6,060
    Massachusetts,          3,435        34,520        ---           7,940        45,895
    Rhode Island              195         1,360        ---             645         2,200
    Connecticut             6,442         7,496        ---           2,037        15,975
    New York'              9,010         24,855        ---          11,530        45,395
    New Jersey'           69,750        150,440        ---          20,870       241,060
    Delaware              20,714         49,578        ---          43,756       114,048
    Maryland               70,330        64,790      53,050         15,890       204,060
    Virginia                 ---         20,250      24,700         86,100       210,250
    North Carolina        47,500           ---      100,450         58,400       206,350
    South Carolina        80,400           ---      91,000         345,000       516,400
    Georgia               31,700            650      74,850        285,650       392,850
    Florida               38,800         39,600    302,900          46,100       950,400
                                                              20-523,000
    Alabama               17,350           ---       12,100           ---         29,450
    Mississippi            28,463         1,758       5,790         18,398        54,409
    Louisiana          2,951,262         33,000      15,400        520,800    3,520,462
    Texas                  44,114       528,053      18,378         18,888       609,433
    California            10,730         23,497        ---          83,605       117,832
    Oregon                 10,250         1,125        ---           1,895        13,270
    Washington               ---          8,340        ---           6,795        15,135
      TOTAL            3,452,394    1,010,775    698,618         1,576,129    7,260,916

    Source:  'George P. Spinner.  1959.  A plan for the marine resources of the
               Atlantic coastal zone. New York: American Geographical Society,
               remaining states from 1954 wetland surveys published by the U.S.
               Department of the Interior, U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
               Game.

                                           87

    29. WETLAND AREA

         Since the 1954 wetlands survey of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
    many of the states have conducted their own surveys.  These surveys were con-
    ducted for a variety of reasons, by a variety of methods, and used a variety
    of criteria. For example, some states surveyed every wetland, regardless of
    size, while others included only those over 40 acres in size.  Because of this
    diversity, these results should not be compared to those in Table 28 for the
    purpose of determining changes in the area of wetland. Each state defined its
    own wetland types, and in order to list them together, we have superimposed
    the categories shown below. The "Salt to Brackish" category is a subdivision
    of the other two categories. The "All Coastal" and "All Tidal" categories are
    probably equivalent, and reflect each state's own designation. Louisiana has
    the greatest wetland acreage followed by Florida, Georgia, and Texas (in that
    order).

     Table 29. MOST RECENT STATE ESTIMATES OF COASTAL WETLANDS (ACRES).

        State                Salt to Brackish       All Coastal       All Tidal

     Maine                          16,909              28,303 ---
     New Hampshire                    ---                 ---              7,500
     Massachusetts                  43,280 ......
     Rhode Island                    3,668              15,635 ---
     Connecticut                             --- 15,387
     New York                                             ---      -- 23,500
     New Jersey                       ---                -- 245,000
     Delaware                       74,516              83,450 ---
    Maryland                      165,379             211,647 ---
    VVirginia                      164,886                ---            212,874
     North Carolina                158,850             206,350 ---
     South Carolina                369,463             515,235 ---
     Georgia                          ---                               475,000
     Florida                       981,803           2,254,1bU ---
    Alabama                        16,004             121,603 ---
    Mississippi                    63,982              64,805 ---
     Louisiana                   2,066,763           3,910,664 ---
    Texas                         374,912             412,516 ---
    California --- 126,000 ---
    Washington                       ---               15,135 ---
    Oregon                         18,823              29,933 ---
      TOTAL                     4,519,238           7,995,436          979,261

    Coastal and Tidal                                         8,974,697

                                       88

    29. WETLAND AREA (Cont.)

     Source

     ME Frederick B. Hurley. pers. comm., Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife.
         Augusta, Maine.
     NH C.H.J. Breeding, et. al., October, 1974. Soil Surveys of New Hampshire Tidal Marshes,
         University of New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Res. Rpt. No. 40.
     MA W.P. MacConnell, 1975. Bulletin 630, Massachusetts Cooperative Extension Center,
         University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
     RI W.P. MacConnell, 1974. Remote Sensing Land Use and Veqetative Cover in Rhode Island,
         Cooperative Extension Service, University of Rhode Island, Kingston.
     CT Robert Leach, pers. comm., Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
     NY John Ren Kavinsky, pers. comm., New York Department of Environmental Conservation,
         Division of Marine Resources, Tidal Wetlands Bureau.
     NJ Thomas F. Hampton, undated memorandum, Properties Affected by the Wetlands order
         and Procedural Rules and Regulations. New Jersey Department of Environmental
         Protection, Division of Marine Resources, Trenton.
     DE F.C. DNrber, et. al., 1976. An Atlas of Delaware's Wetland and EstuarineResources.
         Delaware Coastal Management Program, Technical Report No. 2.
     MD Elder Ghigiarelli, pers. comm., Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Coastal
         Zone Unit, Annapolis.
     VA Arthur F. Harris, pers. comm., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point.
     NC Kenneth A. Wilson, April, 1962. North Carolina Wetlands, Their Distribution and
         Management. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Comm., Raleigh.
     SC Ralph W. Tiner, Jr., 1979. An Inventory of South Carolina's Coastal Marshes. South
         Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Marine Resources Center, Charleston
         Technical Report No. 23.
     GA Fred Marland, pers. comm., Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Marshland Protection
         Brunswick, Georgia.
     FL Anonymous, March, 1978. Statistical Inventory of Key Biophysical Elements in Florida's
         Coastal Zone. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Division of Environmental
         Programs, Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning, Tallahassee.
     AL B.A. Vittor and J.P. Stout, 1975. Delineation of Ecological Critical Areas in the
         Alabama Coastal Zone. Marine Environmental Science Consortium, Dauphin Island.
     MS  Lionel Electeris, 1973.  The Marshes of Mississippi, pp. 147-190.  In J.Y. Christmas
         [ed.] Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Inventory and Study, Mississippi.
     LA William S. Perret, et. al., 1971. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estuarine Inventory
         and Study, Louisiana-Phase I, Area Description.  Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries
         Commission.
     TX John Batterton, pers. comm., Texas Bureau of Economic Geology.
     CA Bruce M. Browning, pers. comm., California Department of Fish and Game, Coastal,
         Wetlands Program, Sacramento.
     OR G.J. Atkins and C.A. Jefferson, August 1973. Coastal Wetlands of Oregon. Oregon
         Coastal Conservation and Development Commission, Florence.
     WA No recent data, information transferred from Table 28.

                                                   89

    30. DREDGE AND FILL PERMITS AND
          VIOLATIONS

          Based  on records from October 1977 through September 1978, when a viola-
    tion of federal dredge and fill law (Section 404 of the Clean Water Act) is
     reported, 28 percent of the projects receive an after-the-fact permit, 60
    percent are found not to require a permit, and 12 percent are submitted for
     litigation.  When an application is submitted, 16 percent are withdrawn or
    cancelled, and I percent are denied. Sometimes the applications are with-
    drawn or cancelled by the applicant, because "we work with the applicant
    and in some cases where issuance is unlikely we might 'discourage' the
    applicant from further processing because the permit would not likely be
    approved."' Therefore, the distinction between the withdrawn and denied
    categories is not as clear cut as it might be.
         These data are based on the reports of coastal districts, which cover
    large areas. When we queried district offices as to the percentage of per-
    mits which were issued in either coastal or tidal waters, we were told that
    it was more than three quarters. Of the offices that were contacted, only
    the Mobile, Alabama district quoted a lower figure -- 35 percent.
         These data are applicable to wetlands, because a portion of the dredging
    and filling takes place within wetlands. The Corps has no record of what
    this portion is.

      Pers. comm. Curtis L. Clark, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  April, 1980.

    Table 30a. DREDGE & FILL PERMITS (A TO C) AND REPORTED VIOLATIONS (D TO G)
                FROM ALL COASTAL DISTRICTS.

                  Section 10       Section 404        Section 10 &
                   Permits           Permits         404 Permits          All Permits
    Action1                  %                 %                   %
      A              857   14       279       22         951      18       2,087    16
      B               52    *        19        2          84       2          155     1
     C            5,436   86       958       76       4,241      80       10,635    83
      D              297   32        71       17         212      29          580    28
      E              535   57       297       72         422      57       1,254    60
     F              104   11        44       11         107      14          255    12
     G              936  100       412      100         741    100        2,082   100

                                          90

           30. DREDGE AND FILL PERMITS AND VIOLATIONS (Cont.)

           Table 30b. DREDGE & FILL PERMITS (A TO C) AND REPORTED VIOLATIONS (D TO G) --
                        Districts New England and New York, New York

                          Section 10       Section 404        Section 10 &
                           Permits           Permits          404 Permits          All Permits
           Action1          #       %        #         %         #         %          #        %
             A              76    16         23       10        172      31         271      21
             IB              5      1         2        *         10        2          17       1
             C             400    83       215       90        378       68         993      78
             D -            70    32          8      47         81       38         159      35
             E              86    39          9      53         93       43         188      41
             F              65    29          0       0         42       19         107      24
             G             221   100         17     100        216      100         454    100

           Table 30c,  DREDGE & FILL PERMITS (A TO C) AND REPORTED VIOLATIONS (D TO G) --
                        Districts Philadelphia, Pennsylvania through Savannah, Georgia

                          Section 10       Section 404        Section 10 &
                           Permits           Permits          404 Permits          All Permits
           Action1          #       %        #         %         #         %         #         %
             A              187   12         86       21         374     23         647      18
    I~~~
             B               22    1          9        2          37      2           68      2
             C            1,383   87       315       77       1,228      75       2,926      80
             D              101   48         32       17          87     30         220      32
             E              107   50        131      71          187     64         425      62
             F                4    2        21       11           19      6          44       6
             G              212  100        184     100          293    100         689    100

           Table 30d.  DREDGE & FILL PERMITS (A TO C) AND REPORTED VIOLATIONS (D TO G) --
                        Districts Jacksonville, Florida through Galveston, Texas

                          Section 10       Section 404        Section 10 &
                           Permits           Permits          404 Permits          All Permits
           Action           #       %        #         %         #         %         #         %
             A              416   12        107      24          302     11         825      13
             B               20    *         7        2           28.     1          55       *
             C            2,904   87       333       74       2,316      88       5,553      86
             D               49   32         20       20          25      18          94     24
             E               78   51         67      66           75     55         220      56
             F               25  16          14      14           37     27          76      19
             G              152  100        101     100          137    100         390    100

                                                   91

    30. DREDGE AND FILL PERMITS AND VIOLATIONS (Cont.)

    Table 30e. DREDGE & FILL PERMITS (A TO C) AND REPORTED VIOLATIONS (D TO G) --
                Districts Los Angelos, California through Seattle, Washington

                  Section 10       Section 404       Section 10 &
                   Permits           Permits         404 Permits         All Permits
    Action          #       %        #        %        #         %          #        %
      A            178     19        63      40       103       24          344    23
      B              5      *         1       *         9        2           15      *
      C           749      80        95      60       319       74        1,163    76
      D            77      22        11      10        19       20          107    19
      E           264      75        90      82        67       71          421    76
      F            10       3         9       8         9        9           28    .5
      G           351    100        110     100        95      100          556   100

                  Action  Meaning
     Application    A      Cancelled or withdrawn
          "         B      Denied
          "         C      Permit or Letter of Permission issued
     Violations      D     After the fact applications accepted
                    E     Permit not necessary, or reported violation already
                            under permit
                    F     Submitted for litigation
            ~"      G      Sum of D, E and F

    * Less than 1%
    Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data.

         SOME DREDGE AND FILL PERMITS ALLOW DREDGING OF VALUABLE WETLANDS.
    This photograph is from Davis, North Carolina (Conservation Foundation
    photo by M. Fahay).

                                           92

    31. WETLAND ANIMALS

        The 1954 wetlands survey of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed
    25 species of game and fur animals which make use of coastal wetlands.  The
    report also discussed more generally the use of wetlands by migratory birds.
    These species were discussed because they are widely known or used directly
    by man. Numerous other animals, both terrestial and aquatic, are found in
    wetlands, or depend in some way on wetlands.  Some of these are listed in
    Table 39. The wetland types are described in Table 27.

    Table 31a.  USE OF WETLAND TYPES BY GAME AND FUR ANIMALS.

         Species:                    Number of States Reporting Use in Wetland Type
                                  12   13    14   15   16   17   18   19    20
    Small Game:
      Gallinules                        7    7       6    1    1    1    1 ....
      Grouse, Sage                      1 I ....                1   --    1    I    --
      Mourning dove                     1 i --    2  ..........
      Pheasant                          7    2  ..              2   --    1  ....
      Quail, Bobwhite                   4   --....               1  ........
      Rails                            12   11       4    5    9    8   10   --          1
      Rabbit, Cottontail                9    2  ..............
      Rabbit, Swamp                     4    3    --       1    4    3    3  ....
      Snipe                            10    5    --    3    4    3    4    3    --
      Woodcock                          5  1 .. ....
    Big Game:
      White-tailed deer                 6    5    --       1    1    1    2  ....
      Black-tailed deer i 1    --    1    2   --    2    2    --
    Fur Animals:
      Beaver                            4    4       1   -- i --    2    1    --
      Bobcat I I .......
      Fox (Red and Gray)               10    5                       --  8 2 7 1-
      Mink                             16   13       9   --    4    4    7    3    --
      Muskrat                          16   16    11 I 10    5   11    3    --
      Nutria i 1                                     1  ....          1  ..   ...
      Opossum                           4   --    --   --   -- I           --   --
      Otter                            13   12    10   --    5   --    5    1    --
      Raccoon                          17   12    11    2   11    6   10    5    --
      Skunk                             4    4       1    1    1    1    1    1
      Weasel                            2  2 ...............
    Alligator                            3    3      1   --    I    1  ......

                                        93

    31. WETLAND ANIMALS (Cont.)

    Table 31b.  NUMBER OF GAME AND FUR SPECIES USING WETLANDS BY STATE.

                                         Number of Species Using Wetland Type
    State                             12   13    14   15   16   17   18   19    20

    Alabama                            5    2    --   -.            6   --   --    --
    California                         4    4      4   -.  .        -    1    1    --
    Connecticut                        8    6      5   --    5   --    4  .    ..
    Delaware                           9    4       3   --    4   --    4    .    --
    Florida                            7    6       1    1   --    4    4   --        1
    Georgia                           12    3       3    2    4    5    5   --    --
    Louisiana                         19   19      4    4    6    5    3   --    --
    Maine                              5    4       4 --       3 --       3    3    --
    Maryland                           4    2       2   --    2    2    2    2    --
    Massachusetts                     10    9       4   --    3   --    3   --    --
    Mississippi                       11    7       5    4    6    6    5    1    --
    New Hampshire                      9    6       4   --    8   --    6    5    --
    New Jersey                         9    7      4   --    7   --    7    5    --
    New York                           8    6       5   --    7   --    6    1    --
    North Carolina                     5    2       1   --   --    4    2   --    --
    Oregon                             6    6    --   --    6  --         6    6    --
    Rhode Island                       8    6      4   --   --   --   --   --    --
    South Carolina                     7    4       3    1    2    3    3   --    --
    Texas                              4    4    --   --   --   --   --
    Virginia                          12   10       4    5    5    3    3   --    --
    Washington                        --   --    --    2    2   --    5    3    --

    Source:  U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
             Wetlands of the United States: Their extent and their value
             to waterfowl and other wildlife. Circular 39.

                                            94

         VHI LIVING RESOURCES

     I         ~~~In 1880 the fisheries of the United States and Alaska brought in 1.7
          billion pounds of fish whose value was 39 million dollars. By 1979, the
    E     ~weight of the catch had increased by 3.7 times, and the value of the
          catch had increaed by 57 times. The 6 billion dollar a year commercial
          fishery provides high quality protein to eat, and oils for a variety of
          commercial uses.
     3        ~ ~~The recreational fishery provides additional fishes for food and
          also for recreation. In 1970, the recreational catch was 240, of the
          total catch. The fisheries are a resource which is susceptible to
          human interference whether it be overfishing, pollution, or placing
          dams in the path of fish migrating upstream to spawn such as the shad
          and salmon.
               Other species live in the coast too. Table 39 provides an example
          of a species which is making a comeback from near extinction, while
          Table 40 lists species which are presently close to extinction.

     32. FISHERIES HISTORY

         The retail value of the domestic fisheries landings in 1979 was over
    six billion dollars. This catch is heavily derived from nearshore waters.
    The catch'of six species (Table 32b) has historically accounted for about
    half the value of the fishery. These species are either entirely, or par-
    tially (usually for the purpose of reproduction, or as a nursery for juven-
    iles) estuarine dwelling, although only some species of shrimp are ever
    estuarine dwelling.  For the fishery as a whole, about half of the catch
    (by value) is caught within 3 miles of shore. The percentage caught within
    3 miles of shore by weight is even greater.  In 1975, for example, 60% of
    the weight of the catch came from within 3 miles of shore. (Source same as
    table)
         Annual domestic fishery landings from 1950 to 1977 have weighed about
    5 billion pounds. In 1978, the catch reached 6 billion pounds. Whether the
    1978 and 1979 catches are a product of the recently initiated 200-mile
    Fishery Conservation zone (The Fishery Conservation and Management Act)
    is unknown. However, recent increases are in species not managed under the
    FCMA.  The dockside value of the catch has grown from 99 million dollars in
    1940 to over 1800 million in 1978. Commercial fisheries have historically
    provided employment to over 200,000 people. The recent year of greatest
    income for fishermen (adjusted for inflation) was 1973.  A GNP deflator
    was used to adjust for inflation.

    Table 32a.  HISTORY OF DOMESTIC FISHERY LANDINGS.
                                                                 Percentage of Catch
             Retail Value      Dockside Value    Catch Weight        Caught within 3
              (in millions      (in millions       (in billions        miles of shore
    Year      of dollars)        of dollars)         of pounds)   (by dockside value)
    1979         6,352              2,234              6.3                  49
    1978        5,994               1,854              6.0                  46
    1977        5,437               1,515              5.2                  49
    1976        3,754               1,353              5.3                  47
    i1975        3,008                971              4.8                  47
    1974        3,004                 899              4.9                  51
    1973         2,801                907              4.7                  49
    1972        2,129                 704              4.7                  41
    1971         1,968                643              5.0                  46
    1970         1,850                 613              4.9                  --
    1960           --                 354              4.9                  --
    1950          --                  347              4.9                  --
    1940           --                  99              4.1                  --
    1930           --                 1U4              3.3                  --
    1920           --                  78              2.2                  --
    1908           --                  51              1.8                  --
    1900           --                  43              1.8
    1880           --                  39              1.6                  --

      catch of 1920 and earlier refer to U.S. catch without Alaska.
    Source: 1930-1880: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census,
              1960. Historical Statistics of the United States Colonial Times
             to 1951.

                                           96

    32. FISHERIES HISTORY (Cont.)

        THE HOLLY F. MURPHY AND CAPTAIN STACY II, two trawlers, berthed at
    Morehead City, California. The booms on each boat hold the trawls open.
    (photo by Mark Hooper)

                                         97

    32. FISHERIES HISTORY (Cont.)

    Table 32b. HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL LANDINGS OF SELECTED SPECIES (IN MILLIONS OF
                DOLLARS).

    Year    Menhaden    Shrimp    Salmon    Blue Crabs    Oysters    Clams    Total
    1979      109          472        413         31            66         79     1170
    1978       98          386        255         28            61         74       902
    1977       68          355        221         27            53         74      798
    1976       67          331        196         23            53         63       733
    1975       49          226        116          19           43         41      494
    1974       66          178        121          19           34         39      457
    1973       73          219        125         17            35         35      504
    1972       31          193         63          14           34         32       367
    1971       36          167         78         12            30         31      354
    1970       34          130         99          10           29         29       331
    Table 32c.  HISTORY OF FISHERIES EMPLOYMENT.
                Number Employed         Number Employed in Processing
    Year          as Fishermen                   and Wholesaling                Total
    1975           168,013                            92,310                   260,323
    1970            140,538                           86,813                   227,351
    1965            128,565                           86,864                   215,429
    1960            130,431                           93,625                   224,056
    1950            161,463                          102,015                   263,478
    1940            124,795                           90,215                   215,010
    1930            119,716                           78,996                   198,712

    Table 32d. VALUE OF THE CATCH IN CONSTANT DOLLARS PER FISHERMAN.

                          Dockside      Constant Dollar
                         Value (in           Value         Dockside   Constant Dollar
              No.        millions      (in millions of   Value Per       Value Per
    Year   Fisherman   of dollars)       1972 dollars)    Fisherman       Fisherman
    1975   168,000           971              763            5,780          4,543
    1974   161,000           899              775            5,584          4,814
    1973   149,000           907              857            6,087          5,754
    1972   139,000           704              704            5,065          5,065
    1970   141,000           613              671            4,347          4,757
    1965   129,000           446              600            3,457          4,653
    1960   130,000           354              515            2,723          3,964
    1955   144,000           347              568            2,410          3,950
    1950   161,000            99              185              615          1,147

    Source:  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS.  1973.  Fishery Statistics
             of the United States 1970.  NMFS Statistical Digest No. 64;
             Fisheries of the United States, Annual Reports for the Years 1979 to
             1971. NMFS Current Fisheries Statistics 8000, 7800, 7500, 7200, 6900,
             6700, 6400, 6100, 5900; U.S. Department of Commerce; U.S. Bureau of
             the Census, 1979. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1979.

                                            98

    33. RECORD CATCHES

          In recent decades the value of the catch has increased, but the weight
    of the catch has remained fairly constant.  However, the peak weight of
    the catch is long past in many states. Only five states have recorded peak
    catches in the 1970's (Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Oregon),
    while 3 states (Rhode Island, New York, Maryland) recorded their peak catches
     in the last century.

    Table 33. CURRENT CATCH COMPARED TO RECORD CATCH BY STATE.

                              Year of Record Catch            1978 Catch  x 100%
          State                      (Pounds)                 Record Catch
    Maine                              1950                       53.4
     New Hampshire                       --                         --
    Massachusetts                      1948                       58.0
     Rhode Island                       1899                       65.4
     Connecticut                       1930                         5.7
     New York                           1880                       10.8
     New Jersey                         1956                       30.3
     Delaware                           1953                        0.3
    Maryland                           1890                       42.2
     Virginia                           1972                       80.9
     North Carolina                    1959                        87.4
     South Carolina                     1965                       77.4
     Georgia                            1927                       36.7
     Florida                            1938                       71.0
     Alabama                            1973                       79.4
     Mississippi                        1971                       94.2
     Louisiana                          1978                      100.0
     Texas                              1960                       43.6
     California                        1936                        41.0
     Oregon                             1978                      100.0
     Washington                         1941                       70.1

     Source: U'S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. 1979. Fisheries of the
              United States, 1978. NMFS, Current Fisheries Statistics, No. 7800.

                                            99

    35. FISHERIES PORTS

         San Pedro, California was the leading fisheries port in the nation both
    by value and weight of the catch from 1976 through 1978 (3 year average).
    San Pedro achieves this status because it is the port of record for much
    of the fish caught in the Pacific Ocean.  New Bedford, and Gloucester are
    the leading North Atlantic ports; Key West and Beaufort-Morehead City are
    the leading South Atlantic ports. Among Gulf Coast ports Brownsville-Port
    Isabel, Texas and Cameron, Louisiana lead (these ports are listed by value
    and weight, respectively.) While there are many ports in the country, the
    top twenty account for about half of the weight and value of the catch.
    We have combined three years worth of data rather than present just the
    most recent data to smooth out temporary increases and decreases of ports.

    Table 35a.  TOP 20 U.S. FISHERIES PORTS -- 1976-1978 BY VALUE OF CATCH.

                                       Millions of        Percentage of
                                         Dollars            Total U.S.       Cumulative
             Port                     (3 year average)       Catch Value        Percent
    San Pedro, CA                           106.1                6.7              6.7
    Dutch Harbor, AK                         69.8                4.4             11.1
    Kodiak, AK                               67.7               ,4.3             15.4
    San Diego, CA                            47.7                3.0             18.5
    New Bedford, MA                          45.6                2.9             21.4
    Brownsville-Port Isabel, TX              39.3                2.5             23.9
    Dulac-Chavin, LA                         37.5                2.3             26.2
    Aransas Pass-Rockport, TX                35.3                2.2             28.5
    Freeport, TX                             25.6                1.6             30.1
    Ketchikan, AK                            25.1                1.6             31.7
    Cameron, LA                              24.9                1.5             33.3
    Bayou La Batre, AL                       24.1                1.5             34.8
    Gloucester, MA                           22.3                1.4             36.3
    Empire-Venice, LA                        20.3                1.2             37.5
    Cape May-Wildwood, NJ                    20.1                1.2             38.8
    Petersburg, AK                           18.7                1.1             40.0
    Akutan, AK                               18.5                1.1             41.2
    Key West, FL                             18.3                1.1             42.4
    Golden Meadow-Leeville, LA               17.8                1.1             45.5
    Eureka, CA                               16.6                1.0             44.5

                                            101

     35. FISHERIES PORTS (Cont.)

    TABLE 35b.  TOP 20 U.S. FISHERIES PORTS -- 1976-1978 BY WEIGHT OF CATCH.
                                      Millions of       Percentage of
                                          Pounds           Total U.S.      Cumulative
            Port                   (3 year average)    Catch Weight          Percent
    San Pedro, CA                          494.4               8.9               8.9
    Cameron, LA                            432.7               7.8              16.7
    Pascagoula-Moss Pt., MS                275.2               4.9              21.7
    Empire-Venice, LA                      232.4               4.2              25.9
    Dulac-Chauvin, LA                       230.3              4.1              30.1
    Kodiak, AK                              169.5              3.0              33.2
    Gloucester, MA                          160.1              2.9              36.1
    San Diego, CA                           131.0              2.3              38.4
    Dutch Harbor, AK                        105.8              1.9              40.3
    Beaufort-Morehead City, NC              96.1               1.7              42.1
    New Bedford, MA                          70.7              1.2              43.4
    Pt. Judith, RI                          55.32              1.0              44.4
    Ketchikan, AK                            55.21             1.0              45.4
    Biloxi, MS                              47.6               0.8              46.2
    Cape May-Wildwood, NJ                    45.1              0.8              47.0
    Eureka, CA                              42.8               0.7              47.8
    Rockland, ME                             40.12             0.7              48.5
    Bellingham, WA                          35.5               0.6              49.2
    Portland, ME                             34.5              0.6              49.8
    Astoria, OR                              34.2              0.6              50.4

     1 Based on 1977 and 1978
    2 Based on 1978
     Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. Fisheries of the United
              States, Annual Reports for the Years 1978 through 1976. NMFS
              Current Fisheries Statistics 7800, 7500, 7200.

                                           102

     36. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
         Not only does the commercial fisheries catch vary between states, but
    so does the catch per fisherman. New York has the lowest weight of catch
    per fisherman, while Mississippi has the highest weight of catch per fisher-
    man; 39 times that of a New York fisherman. The range in value of catch
    per fisherman is also broad. A Texas fisherman lands a catch worth 6.8
    times that of a Maryland fisherman.
         In order to determine catch per fisherman, we combined full and part-
    time fisherman by counting each part-time fisherman as one-half of a full-
    time fisherman. A full-time fisherman is defined as someone who receives
    more than half his annual income from fishing.  Part-time fisherman receive
    less than half their annual income from fishing. It was not possible to
    make this distinction for California, or most other Pacific fishermen.
    Table 36.  COMMERCIAL CATCH PER FISHERMAN -- 1974.

                                       Weight of   Value of    Thousands  Thousands
                                         Catch       Catch      of Pounds of Dollars
                      Full    Part   (Thousands  (Thousands)       Per         Per
                      Time    Time   of Pounds)  of Dollars)  Fisherman  Fisherman

    Maine              6,863  11,330    138,352       48,499        11.04       3.87
    New Hampshire         98     406       3,146       1,277        10.45       4.24
    Massachusetts      4,420   4,812    273,753       82,873        40.10      12.14
    Rhode Island       1,505   1,687      79,483      18,899        33.84       8.05
    Connecticut          392     722       3,629       2,584         4.82       3.43
    New York           3,176   9,385      37,422      28,263         4.76       3.59
    New Jersey         1,947   1,134    143,582       19,812        57.11        7.88
    Delaware             205     349       7,055       1,717        18.59       4.52
    Maryland           4,459  11,774      64,317      22,898         6.22        2.21
    Virginia           4,556   3,530    444,827       33,076        70.37       5.23
    North              2,832   1,908    238,301       20,000        62.94        5.28
     Carolina
    South              1,304     467      20,079      13,117        13.06       8.53
     Carolina
    Georgia            1,304     459      17,750      11,947        11.57        7.79
    Florida            2,168     642      56,943      18,512        22.88       7.44
     (Atlantic)
    Florida            6,699   1,793    115,836       56,531        15.25        7.44
     (Gulf)
    Alabama            1,615      180     31,564      21,016        18.51       12.33
    Mississippi        1,442     406    305,758       14,347       185.87       8.72
    Louisiana          9,101   2,247  1,114,898       86,028       109.04       8.41
    Texas              5,945     520      85,980      92,659        13.86       14.93
    California        16,681    ---      874,978    134,737         52.45        8.08
    Oregon             4,486       18 86,229          26,015        19.18        5.79
    Washington       10,505      339    146,021       61,581        13.68        5.77
      TOTAL          91,703   54,108

    Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. Fisheries
             Statistics of the United States 1974. Statistical Digest No. 6700.

                                           103

    37. RECREATIONAL FISHERIES

         Many people participate in the recreational fishery, and much of their
    catch is at some point in its life cycle estuarine dwelling.  These tables
    give characteristics of the recreational catch for selected estuarine species.
    Sea trout were landed in largest numbers of any of these species in 1960, 1965,
    and again in 1970. Croaker, and flatfishes also comprise a large proportion
    of estuarine species landed. The data were collected by the National Oceanic
    and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, a part of the Department of Commerce).
    No study was made of the 1975 fishery, but studies are forthcoming for the
    1979 and 1980 fisheries.  An individual is counted as an angler for each
    species that he or she catches. For this reason, addition of the total
    number of anglers is not a meaningful statistic.
         The data for participants in the recreational fishery is given under the
    Recreational heading (Section 9).

    Table 37a.  ESTUARINE RECREATIONAL FISHERIES -- NUMBER OF FISH BY YEAR.

                              1970               1965             1960
                                          (THOUSANDS OF FISH)
    Bluefish                  36,458             30,525            23,814
    Catfish                   56,265              41,739           32,695
    Croaker                   66,016              51,134           45,577
    Black Drum                14,710               5,676            9,577
    Red Drum                  18,164              11,195           15,277
    American Eel                3,111              4,118            2,079
    Flatfish*                 52,078             48,432            44,895
    Mullet                     4,283              18,448           19,240
    Chinook Salmon               912                 856              468
    Coho Salmon                1,447               1,384              364
    Sea Trout                 96,825              87,615           83,836
    Striped Bass              16,268              18,251           12,402
    Steel head                   724                 427              675
       TOTAL                 367,261            319,800          290,899

                                          104

     37. RECREATIONAL FISHERIES (Cont.)

    37d.  ESTUARINE RECREATIONAL FISHERIES -- NUMBER OF FISH PER ANGLER.

                               1970             1965                1960

    Bluefish                    25.3              32.0               26.5
    Catfish                     43.3              61.5               40.7
    Croaker                     48.1              42.6               48.8
    Black Drum                  30.8              17.8               20.6
    Red Drum                    21.0              14.4               23.9
    American Eel                 8.6              12.6               13.1
    Flatfish*                   20.4              22.3               22.8
    Mullet                      60.3              71.5              209.1
    Chinook Salmon               4.2               4.6                3.7
    Coho Salmon                  4.5 4.5                              2.7
    Sea Trout                   53.6              61.9               66.1
    Striped Bass                17.2              21.1               18.1
    Steelhead                    6.2              11.2               10.2

    *  The flatfish category includes winter and summer flounder, but excludes
       Pacific flatfishes.
       Source:  Adapted from  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS.  The 1970
                Saltwater Angling Survey.  Current Fisheries Statistics b20U;
                U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
                Wildlife. 1968. The 1965 Salt-water Angling Survey. Resource
                Publication 67;  U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport
                Fisheries and Wildlife. The 1960 Salt-Water Angling Survey.
                Circular 153.

                                           106

    38. RECREATIONAL FISHERIES

         The 1970 recreational catch yielded 1.58 billion pounds of fishes.
    The commercial catch for 1970 was 4.9 billion pounds. Thus, recreational
    fisheries accounted for 24% of the total catch in 1970.  The highest pro-
    portion of the recreational catch was landed in the South Atlantic Region.
    Within any given region, about 15 species or species groups will account for
    957 of the fish caught (the 1970 survey lists 79 species or species groups
    in all). In a given region the most common fish landed typically accounts
    for 20% of the catch. In total, the Spotted Seatrout, the Croaker, and
    Catfishes were the three most commonly caught species.

    Table 38. LEADING SPECIES IN THE 1970 RECREATIONAL FISH CATCH (BY NUMBER OF
                FISH CAUGHT) BY REGION.
                                                     New Jersey to Cape Hatteras,
           Maine through New York                             North Carolina

                         %   Cumulative %                             %   Cumulative %

    Atlantic Mackerels  29         29          Spot                    20        20
    Winter Flounders    18         47          Puffers                 16        36
    Puffers               9        57          Atlantic Mackerels    11          47
    Bluefish               9       66          Perches                  9        56
    Summer Flounders       7       73          Bluefish                 7        63
    Striped bass           4       77          Striped Bass             6        69
    Tautog                4        80          Weakfish                 6        75
    Cods                   3       83          Winter Flounders         4        79
    Porgies                2       86          Searobins                4        83
    Searobins             2        88          Croakers                 3        85
    Kingfishes             2       91          Summer Flounders         2        88
    Conner                 2       93          Black sea basses         2        90
    American Eel           2       95          Yellow Perch             2        92
    TOTAL Number Caught   117,014,000          Miscellaneous            2        94
    TOTAL Pounds Caught   267,451,000          Catfishes                1        95
                          (17% of Total)      TOTAL Number Caught   168,209,000
                                              TOTAL Weight Caught   246,267,000
                                                                   (16% of Total)

                                            107

    38. RECREATIONAL FISHERIES (Cont.)

    Table 38. LEADING SPECIES IN THE 1970 RECREATIONAL FISH CATCH (BY NUMBER
               OF FISH CAUGHT) BY REGION (cont.).

       Cape Hatteras, North Carolina          Florida Keys through Mississippi
            through Florida Keys                          River Delta

                        %   Cumulative                            % %   Cumulative
    Grunts              12        12        Croakers               19        19
    Porgies               9       21        Spotted Seatrout       15        34
    Kingfishes           8        29        Catfishes              14        49
    Spotted Seatrout      8       36        Sand Seatrout          12        60
    Bluefish             7        43        Porgies                 7        67
    Spot                  7       50        Kingfishes              6        74
    Catfishes            6        56        Grunts                  5        78
    Yellowtail Snapper   6        62        Red Drum                4        82
    Puffers              5        67        Summer Flounders        2        84
    Croakers              5       72        Black Drum              2        87
    Jacks                 4       75        Mullets                  2       89
    Black Seabasses      4        79        Red Snapper             2        90
    Black Drum           3        82        Groupers                2        92
    Spanish Mackerels    3        85        King Mackerel           1        94
    Red Drum              3       88        Spanish Mackerels       1        95
    Groupers              2       90        TOTAL Number Caught   188,888,000
    King Mackerel         2       92        TOTAL Pounds Caught   334,120,000
    Summer Flounders      2       94                               (21% of Total)
    Snook                 1       95
    TOTAL Number Caught   184,177,000
    TOTAL Pounds Caught   403,913,000 (26% of Total)

      Mississippi River Delta through          Mexico through Pt. Concepcion,
                  Mexico                                 California
                          %  Cumulative                            % %  Cumulative
    Spotted Seatrout     25       25        Pacific Basses         19       19
    Catfishes             16      41        Surfperches            18       37
    Croakers             14       55        Bonitos                11       48
    Grunts                12      67        Rockfishes               9      58
    Sand Seatrout         8       75        California corbina      8       65
    Red Drum               6      81        Croakers                7       72
    Black Drum             5      87        California halibut      7       79
    Kingfishes             3      90        Barracudas              5       83
    Summer Flounders       2      92        Miscellaneous           3       86
    Porgies                2      94        Sculpins and cabezon   2        88
    Snappers               1      95        Tunas                   2       91
    TOTAL Number Caught    97,708,000       California yellowtail  2        92
    TOTAL Pounds Caught   151,608,000       Jack mackerel           2       94
                          (10% of Total)    Pacific flatfishes      1       95
                                             TOTAL Number Caught  37,221,000
                                             TOTAL Weight Caught  94,234,000
                                                                  (6% of Total)

                                            108

    38. RECREATIONAL FISHERIES (Cont.)

    Table 38. LEADING SPECIES IN THE RECREATIONAL FISH CATCH (BY NUMBER
                OF FISH CAUGHT) BY REGION (cont.).

     Pt. Concepcion through Alaska
          (excluding Canada)

                         %  Cumulative %
     Smelts              18        18
     Rockfishes           12       30
     Pacific Flatfishes   9        39
     Striped Bass          8       47
     Sculpins and Cabezon 8        55
     Surfperches           7       62
     Miscellaneous         7       69
     Coho Salmon           6       75
     Cutthroat Trout       5       80
     Chinook Salmon        4       83
     Ling Cod              3       86
     Steelhead             3       89
     Cods                  2       92
     Sablefish             2       94
     Croakers              1       95
     TOTAL Number Caught   24,100,000
     TOTAL Pounds Caught   79,230,000
                           (5% of Total)

     Source: Adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS.
              1970 Salt-Water Angling Survey. Current Fisheries Statistics
              6200.

                                          109

    *    39. COLONIAL BIRDS

              Herons were almost hunted to extinction early in this century for their
          feathers. They reestablished themselves, but are again in decline. This most
          recent decline may be due to loss of wetlands habitat (Source same as table).
          Herons live in colonies as do a number of other species. Associated with
         these colonies are a number of other species. (The birds belonging to each
          of        ths-rop r given in the footnote to this table.)
                 Thenumersof colonies listed here are a conservative count of coastal
          or near coastal colonies. They are thought to include all large colonies
          (more than 250 nests) and most medium colonies (50 to 250 nests). Many small
         colonies were found, but many were missed.
              Of course, many other species of birds dwell in coastal habitats, or
    U    ~can otherwise be found at the coast.  Many bird guides list coastal species,
          and the Audubon Society Christmas counts (published annually in the July
          issue of American Birds) census some bird populations at specific coastal

          locations.

          Table 39. COASTAL COLONIES OF HERONS AND THEIR ALLIES.'
    I     ~State                                         Number of Coastal Colonies

          Maine                                                      20
          New Hampshire -
          Massachusetts                                              14
    I     ~Rhode Island                                                3
          Connecticut I
          New York                                                   21
          New Jersey                                                 18
    U     ~Del aware                                                   2
          Maryl and                                                  29
          Virginia                                                   35
    I     ~North Carolina                                             38
          South Carolina                                             23
          Georgia  ,28
    I     ~Florida (Atlantic Coast and Keys)                          73
          Alabama                                                     2
          Mississippi                                                12
          Louisiana                                                 146
    I     ~Texas                                                     120

                                               110

    39. COLONIAL BIRDS (Cont.)

    1 Species of herons and allies           Associated colonial and noncolonial
    included in census of Atlantic           species found breeding in Atlantic
           Coast Colonies.                          Coast heron colonies.

    Great blue heron**,*                     Brown pelican*,**
    Great white heron                        Double-crested cormorant
    Green heron                              Anhinga*,**
    Little blue heron**,*                    Least bittern
    Cattle egret*,**                         Scarlet ibisa
    Reddish egret**,*                        Common eider
    Great egret**,*                          Bald eagle
    Snowy egret**,*                          Osprey
    Louisiana heron*,**                      American oystercatcher**
    Black-crowned night heron*,**            Great black-backed gull
    Yellow-crowned night heron*,**           Herring gull
    Wood Stork                               Laughing gull*,**
    Glossy ibis**                            Gull-billed tern*,**
    White ibis*,**                           Forster's tern*,**
    Roseate Spoonbill**,*                    Common tern**
    White faced ibis*,**                     Least tern*,**
                                            Royal tern*,**
    Note:  Only those species above          Sandwich tern*,**
           the line are listed in            Black skimmer*,**
           the Atlantic Coast Census         White Pelican*
                                            Olivaceous cormorant*,**
    *  Listed in the Texas Colonial          Sooty tern*,**
       Waterbird Census.                     Caspian tern*,**
    ** Listed in the Louisiana,
       Mississippi and Alabama                asingle record and not considered
       survey.                                 a regular nester.

    2 Only Mobile County.
    Source:  R.G. Osborn and T.W. Custer.  1978.  Herons and Their Allies:
             Atlas of Atlantic Colonies, 1975 and 1976. U.S. Fish and
             Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services. 211 pp.;
             Gene W. Blaclock et al. 1978. Texas Colonial Waterbird Census,
             1973-1976. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, FA Report
             Series No. 15; J.W. Portnoy.  1977.  Nesting colonies of seabirds
             and wading birds--coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.
             U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services.
             FWS/OBS-77/07.  126 pp.

    39. COLONIAL BIRDS (Cont.)

      COMMON EGRET in flight. (Photo by Mark Hooper).

                                       112

      39. COLONIAL BIRDS (Cont.)

    BABY HERONS in the nest. (Photo by Irving Hooper).

                                         113

    *   40. ENDANGERED SPECIES

                Aspecies is the collection of populations of interbreeding, or poten-
          tially interbreeding organisms. Throughout time, species have evolved, and
          gone extinct for a great number of reasons. In some cases, man has acceler-
    E ~ated this process of extinction by hunting, environmental contamination or
          other habitat alteration. The Endangered Species Act was passed in December
          1973 in order to minimize man's extinction of species. Under the Act protec-
    E ~tion is afforded to plants, mammals, fishes, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and
          invertebrates (except for certain pest insects). It classifies species close
          to extinction as either endangered or threatened, and prescribes acts to pro-
          mote their conservation. %An endangered species is defined in the act as "any
    I    ~species [or subspecies] which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a
          significant part of its range." A threatened species is "any species [or sub-
          species] which is likely to become an endangered species within the forseeable
          future throughout all or a significant part of its range." The decision to
          place a species into one of these classifications rests primarily with the
          Department of Interior (although some species are under the jurisdiction of
          the Commerce Department) in consultation with the states, other federal agen-
    U    ~cies, and interested persons or organizations.  These species are listed in
          the Federal Register.
               The species given here are or were found in coastal counties. This
    3     ~list was provided by Dr. John Nagy and Mr. Charles E. Calef of the Brookhaven
          National Laboratory. He used a county list very similar to ours. The species
          in this table are only those actually listed (as opposed to proposed or can-
          didate species) as of January 1, 1980.
               The following notation is used in this table:

     I         ~~E Endangered
               T Threatened
               B Either E or T depending on location
    I        ~ ~~E* Extirpated from c-oastal counties.

            3                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~114

    40. ENDANGERED  SPECIES (Cont.)

        ALLIGATORS ARE AN ENDANGERED SPECIES, They lay one clutch of eggs
    per year which incubate for 90 days. This 7.5 foot long mother alligator
    is opening her nest. She has about 27 eggs inside and will carry roughly
    one-third 'of the hatchlings to the water in her mouth. The rest will make
    it on their own. Hunting has reduced alligators to their endangered status.
    (Okeefenokee National Wildlife Refuge in Georgia) (Photo by Eugene Meyers).

            Table 40.  ENDANGERED SPECIES.                                                                                                                 o
                                                        ME NH  MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DE  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  AL  MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA
                        MAMMALS                                                                                                                            m
                                                                                                                                                         z
             1) Myotls sodalis                                        E   E   E   E        E                                                               0
                  Bat, Indiana
                                                                                                                                                         z
             2)  irsus arctos horribilis                                                                                              T*  T*  T*          G0
                  Bear, Grizzly                                                                                                                            m
                                                                                                                                                         M
             3) Felis concolor couguar                   E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*                                                     M
                  Cougar, Eastern
                                                                                                                                                         U)
             4) Odocoileus virginianus clavium                                                                   E                                          U
                  Deer, Key                                                                                                                                (O
                                                                                                                                                         m
             5) Odocoileus virginianus leucurus                                                                                            E   E           Cn
                  Deer, White-tailed, Columbian

             6) Vulpes macrotis mutica                                                                                                E                    0
                  Fox, Kit, San Joaquin

             7) Panthera onca                                                                                                     E*  E*
                  Jaguar

    CN       8) Fells yagouaroundi cacomitli                                                                                       E
                  Jaguarundi

             9) Trichechus manatus                                                                  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*
                  Manatee, West Indian (Florida)

             10) Fells wiedil                                                                                                     E*
                  Margay

             11) Relthrodontomy; raviventris                                                                                          E
                  Mouse, Harvert, Salt Marsh

                MAMMALS (Cont.)                  ME  Nit  MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DiE  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  AL  MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA

    12) Fells pardalls                                                                                                    E*  E                          m
         Ocelot                                                                                                                                         Z
    13) Enhydra lutris nereis                                                                                                      T   T   T >
         Otter, Sea, Southern                                                                                                                           G
                                                                                                                                                         m
    14) Fells concolor coryl                                                                       E* E* E    E   E   E
         Panther, Florida                                                                                                                               rn

    15) Dipodomys heermanni morroensis                                                                                             E                     C
         Rat, Kangaroo  M~orro Bay                                                                                                                       -
                                                                                                                                                          m
    16) Monachus tropicalls                                                                                 Em
         Seal, Monk, Caribbean (West Indian)

    17) Sciurus niger cinereus                                                   E*  E   E
         Squirrel'. Fox, Delmarva Peninsula

    18) Balaenoptera musculus                    E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                             E   E   E
         Whale, Blue

    19) Balaenoptera physalus                     E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                            E   E   E
         Whale, Finback

    20) Eschrichtius gibbosus                     E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*                           E   E   E
         Whale, Gray

    21) Megaptera novaeangllae                    E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                            E   E   E
         Whale, Humpback

    22) Eubalaena spp.                            E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                            E   E   E
         Whale, Right

    23) Balaenoptera borealis                     E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                            E   E   E
          Whale, Sei

    24) Physeter catodon                          E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                            E   E   E
          Whale, Sperm

                   MAMrIALS (Cont.)                 ME  Nil  MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DE  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  AL  MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA                     -

       25) Canis lUPUS.E E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*                                               E*                  E*  E*            mn
             Wolf, GrayZ

       26) Canis rufus                                                                                E*E    *E*E    *E
             Wolf, Red                                                                                                                                      GZ

                   BIRDSm

         1) Gymnogyps californianus                                                                                                   E   E*                 0
             Condor, California

        2) Grus canadensis pulla                                                                                        E
             Crane, Sandhill, MissIssippi                                                                                                                   0n

         3) Grus americana                                                                                                   E* E                            CO
             Crane, Whooping

        4) Numenius borealis                         E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*                          E*  E*
             Curlew, Eskimo                                                                                                                                 c

         5) maliaeetus leucocephalus                 E   E   E   E   E  *E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   T   T
    co ~~Eagle, Bald
         6) Falco peregrinus anatum                  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E   E   E   E
             Falcon, Peregrine, American

         7) Falco peregrlnus tundrius                E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E
             Falcon, Peregrine, Artic

         8) Branta canadensis leucoparela                                                                                             E   E
             Goose, Canad-, Aleutian

         9) Rostrhamus sociabilis plunmbeus                                                                     E
             Kite, Florida Everglade (Snail Hawk)

    m - - - - - - - - - - - - -    I

                          BIRDS (Cont.)
                                                         ME 'NH  MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DE  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  AL  MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA
                                                                                                                                                            o
              10) Pelecanus occidentalis                                                             E*  E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                    m
                     Pelican, Brown                                                                                                                                   Z

              11) Tympanuchus cupido attwaterl                                                                                        E*  E             >
                     Prairie chicken, Greater, Attwater's                                                                                                             Z
                                                                                                                                                            m
              12) Rallus longirostris obsoletus                                                                                                E          :D
                     Rail, Clapper, California                                                                                                                        m

              13) Rallus longirostris levipes                                                                                                  E                      O)
                     Rail, Clapper, Light-Footed                                                                                                                     -m
                                                                                                                                                            m
              14) Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi                                                                                                  E                      0
                     Shrike, Loggerhead, San Clemente                                                                                                                 m
                                                                                                                                                            Cn
              15) Ammospiza maritima mirabilis                                                                          E
                     Sparrow, Cape Sable

               16) Amphispiza belli clementae                                                                                                   T
                     Sparrow, Sage, San Clemente

              17) Ammospiza maritima nigrescens                                                                         E
                     Sparrow, Seaside, Dusky

               18) Melospiza melodia graminea                                                                                                   E*
                     Sparrow, Song, Santa Barbara

               19) Sterna albifrons browni                                                                                                      E
                     Tern, Least, California

               20) Vermivora bachr.dnii                                                               E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*
                     Warbler Bachman's

               21) Campephilus principalis                                                                 E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*  E*
                     Woodpecker, Ivory-Billed

               B1IRDS (Cont.) M AN CG LA SL XC RW
                                               ME  NU  MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DE  M    AN    CG    LA    SL    XC    RW

    22) Picoides (Dendrocopus) borealis                                             E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   Em
          Woodpecker, Red-CockadedZ

                PLANTS                                                                                                                                  Z
                                                                                                                                                    G)
     1) Arabis macdonaldiana                                                                                                     E                      m
          Rockcress, Mc Donald's a
                                                                                                                                                    m

     2) Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum                                                                                       E'                     0
          Wallflower, Coftra Costa                                                                                                                      U
                                                                                                                                                    -u
     3) Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii                                                                             E                          m
          Cactus, Black Lace                                                                                                                            m

     4) Dudleya traskiae                                                                                                         E                      Cn
          Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island                                                                                                              )
                                                                                                                                                    0-

     5).Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii                                                                                      E                      :
          Manzanita, Raven's (Presidio)

     6) Rhododendron chapmanii (minus var. chapmanii)                                                      E
          Rhododendron, Chapman

     7) Lotus scoparius ssp. traskiae                                                                                            E
           Broom, San Clemente

     8) Pogogyne abramsll                                                                                                        E
           Pogogyne, San Diego

     9) Harperocallis flava                                                                                E
           Harper's Beauty

    10) Malacothamnus clementinus                                                                                                E
           Bushmallow, San Clemente Island

                   PLANTS (Cont.)
                                                  ME NH MA RI CT NY NJ BE MD VA NC SC GA FL AL MS LA TX CA OR WA

       11) Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellil                                                                                  E                    mn
              Evening-Primrose, Antioch Dunes                                                                                                       o
        12) Orcuttia mucronata                                                                                                 E                    Z
              Grass, Orcutt. Cramptan's                                                                                                             G
                                                                                                                                                      mn
        13) Delphinium kink lense                                                                                              E                    3
              Larkspur, San Clemente Island                                                                                                         M
        14) Castilleja grisea (hololeuca ssp. grlsea)                                                                          E                    c)
              Indian Paintbrush, San Clemente Island
        15) Cordylanthus nmaritimus ssp. maritimus                                                                             E   E*               C
              Bird's-Beak, Salt Marsh                                                                                                               mn
                   REPTILES                                                                                                                         C)
         1) Alligator mississippiensis                                                      E   B   T   T   E   E   T   B
              Alligator, American
         2) Crocodylus acutus                                                                            E
    -~~~      Crocodile, American

         3) Crotaphytus silus                                                                                                  E
              Lizard, Leopard, Blunt-nosed

         4) Klauberina riversiana                                                                                              T
              Lizard, Night, Island

         5) Thamnnophis sirtalis tetrataenia                                                                                   E
              Snake, Garte.-, San Francisco
         6) Drymarchon corals couperi                                                            T*  T   T   T*  T*
              Snake, Indigo, Eastern

    -~~~m -w VW                                                                                 -~--

                              REPTILES (Cant.)
                                                              ME  NH  MLA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DC  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  AL  MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA

                    7) Nerodia (Natrix) fasciata taeniata          -T                                                                                                m
                         Snake, Water-, Salt Marsh, Atlantic                                                                                                        o
                    8) CheloniamyWas                           T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   E   T   T   T   T   T   T   Tz
                         Tuttle, Sea, Green                                                                                                                         G)
                                                                                                                                                                   m
                    9) Eretmochelys imbricata                  E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E  -E   E   E   E   E   E   E                     :U
                         Turtle, Sea, Ilawksbill                                                                                                                     M
                   1O) Dermochelys coriacea                    E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                     C,)
                         Turtle, Sea, Leatherback                                                                                                                    -
                                                                                                                                                                   0n
                   11) Caretta caretta                         T   T- T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   Tm
                         Turtle, Sea, Loggerhead                                                                                                                    c

                   12) Lepidochelys kemipii                    E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E  E    E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E                     C
                         Turtle, Sea, Ridley, Kemp's (Atlantic)0
                   13) Lepidochelys olivacea                   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T   T
                         Turtle, Sea, Ridley, Olive (Pacific)

                rQ    ~~~      INSECTS
                    1) Shijimiaeoides battoides allyni                                                                                         E
                         Butterfly, Blue, El Segundo
                    2) Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis                                                                                            E
                         Butterfly, Blue, Lotis
                    3) Icaricia icario~des missionensis                                                                                        E
                         Butterfly, Blie, Mission

                    4) Pseudophilotes enaptes smithi                                                                                           E
                         Butterfly, Blue, Smith's

              INSECTS (Cont.)                                                                                                                   o
                                           ME  Nl  MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DE  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  Al. MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA                 m

    5) Callophrys mossii bayensis                                                                                          E
         Butterfly, Elfin, San Bruno                                                                                                             >
                                                                                                                                          Z
    6) Apodemia mormo langei                                                                                               E                    G)
         Butterfly, Metalmark, Lange's                                                                                                          m

    7) Papilio andraemon bonhotei                                                                    T                                           m
         Butterfly, Swallowtail, Bahama
                                                                                                                                          C)
    8) Papilio aristodemus ponceanus                                                                  T
         Butterfly, Swallowtail, Schaus'                                                                                                         )

              FISH                                                                                                                              m
    1) Etheostoma sellare                                                       E
         Darter, Maryland                                                                                                                       o

    2) Etheostoma okaloosae
         Darter, Okaloosa
    3) Gasterosterus aculeatus williamsonii                                                                                E
         Stickleback, Threespine, Unarmored

    4) Acipenser brevirostrum                E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E   E  .E
         Sturgeon, Shortnose
              AMPHIBIANS

    1) Hyla andersonil                                                                               E
         Frog, Tree-, Pine Barrens, (Florida population)

    2) Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum                                                                                     E
         Salamander, Long-Toed, Santa Cruz

              AMPHIBIANS (Cont.)
                                           ME  NHl MA  RI  CT  NY  NJ  DE  MD  VA  NC  SC  GA  FL  AL  MS  LA  TX  CA  OR  WA               z

    3) Bufo houstonensis                                                                                             E
         Toad, Houston                                                                                                                        Z

               SNAILS                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                                       :I3
     1) Orthalicus reses                                                                             E                                         m
          Snail, Tree, Stock Island                                                                                                            C
                                                                                                                                       -U
               CLAMS                                                                                                                           m
                                                                                                                                       0
    NO LISTED SPECIES FOR COASTAL COUNTIES OF CONTERMINOUS U.S.                                                                                m
                                                                                                                                       C)
               CRUSTACEANS
                                                                                                                                       0
    NO LISTED SPECIES FOR COASTAL COUNTIES OF CONTERMINOUS U.S.
              OTHERS

    NO LISTED SPECIES FOR COASTAL COUNTIES OF CONTERMINOUS U.S.

     VIII NATURAL AREAS

         Coastal county nonmetropolitan population growth outstripped other
    population growth between 1960 and 1976 (see the tables and figures in
    Section II). Population growth in these areas places demands on the
    development of the more natural areas of the coast. These natural
    areas provide not only for the preservation of wildlife, but also for
    recreational opportunities for millions of people. In this section,
    we show the results of federal efforts, as well as the efforts of two
    private groups to conserve natural areas in the coast. Although the
    amounts preserved seem large--4.6 million acres of federal coastal pro-
    perty, and nearly 200,000 acres of private conservancy property--these
    acres are less than 4% of the total area of the coastal counties.

                                         125

    41. NATIONAL PARKS

         The enabling legislation of the National Park System (1916) establishes
    the purpose of the service "to conserve the scenery and the natural and
    historic objects therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such
    manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for future generations."
         Of the 321 units in the National Park System, 41 are on the Atlantic Gulf
    and Pacific Coasts of the contiguous 48 states. These areas occupy over 3.4
    million acres and were visited by over 65 million people in 1978. The recent
    trend shows an annual increase in visitation of 6.5% annually.
         The gasoline shortage of 1979 led to a decrease in visits to the National
    Park system of 7.6%.  The trend through 1978 had suggested that coastal park
    visitation would double in the next 11 years, but future increases are depend-
    ent on the availability of gasoline. Even with reduced energy use, the coastal
    parks will remain a public recreation resource of major significance.
         The acronyms describing each park type are given in full name in Table
    41c.

    Table 41a.  COASTAL NATIONAL PARKS, ACREAGE AND VISITATION.

                                               1978 Visitors       Average Annual %
                                   Acres      (in thousands)    Increase 1970-1978

    Acadia NP, ME                    38,631         3,130.0                1.4
    Assateague Island
     NS, MD-VA                       39,631         2,135.9               2.9
    Biscayne NM, FL                 103,642           177.4 9.3 9
    Boston NHP, MA                     ---          2,749.0                --
    Cabrillo NM, CA                      144        1,338.2               0.8
    Canaveral NS, FL                 57,627           882.6               9.4
    Cape Cod NS, MA                  44,596         5,025.9               2.6
    Cape Hatteras, NS, NC            30,319         2,043.3               5.0
    Cape Lookout NS, NC              28,400            54.3              16.4
    Castillo De San Marcos NM, FL         20 774.6                        4.2
    Channel Islands NP, CA          124,740            56.1                5.4
    Colonial NHP, VA                  9,462        10,804.2               2.45
    Cumberland Island NS, GA         36,978            36.4              25.6
    De    Soto NMe, FL                    30          142.2               0.7
    Everglades NP, FL             1,398,800         1,136.1              -1.5
    Fire Island NS, NY               19,579           637.1               3.9
    Ft. Caroline NMe, FL                 139          168.0               6.8
    Ft. Clatsop NMe, OR                  130           88.7              -3.8
    Ft. Frederica NM, GA                214            42.0               5.4
    Ft. Jefferson NM, FL             47,125            18.7                3.9
    Ft. Matanzas NM, FL                  299          293.5               4.3
    Ft. McHenry NM, MD                   43           527.8              -1.0
    Ft. Point NHS, CA                     29          806.0               6.1
    Ft. Pulaski NM, GA                 5,615          348.9               3.9

                                           126

    41. NATIONAL PARKS (Cont.)

    Table 41a.  COASTAL NATIONAL PARKS, ACREAGE AND VISITATION (cont.)

                                                1978 Visitors       Average Annual %
                                     Acres       (in thousands)    Increase 1970-1978

    Ft. Raleigh NHS, NC                  157           349.2                 2.2
    Ft. Sumter NM, SC                     64           204.9                 1.7
    Gateway NRA, NY-NJ                26,172         9,017.5                 3.44
    Golden Gate NRA, CA               38,677         8,960.9                23.03
    Gulf Islands NS, FL-MS           139,775         3,971.6                15.22
    Jean Lafitte NHP, LA              20,000           304.5                 1.7
    Mar-A-Lago NHS, FL                     17           ---          7       -- 7
    Olympic NP, WA                   908,781         2,996.6                 3.0
    Padre Island NS, TX              133,918           867.0                 2.1
    Point Reyes NS, CA                67,265         1,945.8                 5.5
    Redwood NP, CA                   109,028           513.4                 8.6
    St. Croix Island NM, Me               35            ---                      2
    Sagamore Hill NHS, NY                 78           187.3                 2.7
    Salem Maritime NHS, MA                  9          300.2                  .5
    San Juan Island NHP, WA            1,752            76.4                 9.5
    Statue of Liberty NM, NY-NJ           58         1,507.9                 3.3
    Wright Brothers NM,NC                431           483.5                 -.2

    Table 41b.  COASTAL NATIONAL PARKS SIZE AND VISITS BY REGION.

                                               Visitors          Average Annual %
                 # Areas        Acreage    (in thousands)    Increase 1970-1978
    Atlantic         26           442,216       41,881.4                 3.0
    Gulf              6         1,739,648        6,440.1                 9.5
    Pacific           9        .1,250,546       16,782.1               14.1
    All              41         3,432,410       65,103.6                 6.7

    1 first data 1972
    2 first data 1973
    3 first data 1974
    4 first data 1975
    5 first data 1976
    6 first data 1977
    7 not open to public
     8 no Federal facilities
    9 first data 1978

                                           127

     41 NATIONAL PARKS (Cont.)

    Table 41c.  COASTAL NATIONAL PARKS -- SIZE AND VISITS BY CLASS OF PARK.

                                                     Visitor in    Average Annual %
                             # Areas      Acreage    (thousands)  Increase 1970-1978
    National Park (NP)            5       2,579,980        7,832.2            2.1
    National Seashore (NS)       10         598,088       17,599.9            6.5
    National Monument (NM)       12         157,690        5,717.4            2.4
    National Historic             4          22,214       13,934.1            2.4
      Park (NHP)
    National Memorial (NMe)       3             299          398.9            2.3
    National Recreation           2          64,849       17,978.4           13.2
      Area (NRA)
    National Historic Site        5             290        1,642.7            3.9
      (NHS)

    Source adapted from:  U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
                          1971, 1973, 1975, 1976. Public Use of the National
                          Parks, annual report;
                          1978. National Park Statistical Abstract.

     42. NATIONAL, WILDLIFE REFUGES
         The National Wildlife Refuge System was established in 1965.1 Wildlife
    Refuges are the product of legislation which consolidated the authority of
    the Department of the Interior to administer lands for the conservation of
    fish and wildlife, including habitats of threatened or endangered species.
    As of 1978 over 100 refuges containing over 1 million acres have been ac-
    quired for this purpose in the coastal area. Florida, with 17, has the
    most coastal refuges.  These refuges, in addition to providing sanctuary
    for wildlife, serve as parks. There were over 13 million visits to coastal
    refuges in 1978.

      U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
       1972. A Compilation of Federal Laws relating to Conservation and Develop-
       ment of our Nation s Fish and Wildlife Resources, Environmental Quality,
       and Oceanography.  pp. 36-37.

                                          128

    42. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES .(Cont.)

    Table 42a.  NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES -- ACQUISITION COSTS AND ACREAGE
                BY STATE.

                      Total      Number of   Acquisition  Costs         Area of
                    Number of      Coastal    of Coastal Refuges   Coastal Refuges
       State          Refuges       Refuges       (in thousands)         (in acres)
    Maine                6             6                1,118              26,661
    New Hampshire        1             0 ...
    Massachusetts        7             6                  889              10,783
    Rhode Island         4             4                    0                 543
    Connecticut                        1                    2                 183
    New York             9             7                  178               5,681
    New Jersey           4             4               9,528               35,430
    Delaware             2             2               3,891               24,062
    Maryland             5             4               3,171               21,391
    Virginia             8             5                  260              23,695
    North Carolina       8             5                  839              90,304
    South Carolina       5             3                  893              53,371
    Georgia              8             6                  824              35,100
    Florida             21            17              10,237              277,033
    Alabama              4             0                 --- --
    Mississippi          6             1                7,335               8,814
    Louisiana            7             5                  285             232,478
    Texas               11             6               10,158             164,317
    California          21             6               4,613               17,009
    Oregon              16             4                  469               8,836
    Washington          16             9               4,019               16,219
      TOTAL            170           101              58,707            1,051,910

    Source:  U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
             Annual Report of Lands under control of the U.S. Fish and
             Wildlife Service as of September 30, 1978.

                                           129

    42, NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES (Cont.)

    Table 42b.  NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES -- VISITS BY STATE.

                       Visits for Consumptive      Total     No. Refuges    No. Coastal
       State            Wildlife Recreation'        Visits     Reporting        Refuges
    Maine                         4,537              33,775        2               6
    New Hampshire                           ---       -     -      0               0
    Massachusetts               105,612           1,280,362        4               6
    Rhode Island                  6,591              47,121        4               4
    Connecticut                       0                 400        1               1
    New York                         13               5,421        1               7
    New Jersey                   25,806             322,358        2               4
    Delaware                      6,997              87,965        2               2
    Maryland                     12,222             145,646        2               4
    Virginia                    489,626           1,767,765        3               5
    North Carolina              187,533           1,532,741        4               5
    South Carolina               12,661              53,496         1              3
    Georgia                      30,431              58,016        6               6
    Florida                     714,194           7,078,804       10              17
    Alabama                       ---                 ---0                         0
    Mississippi                   ----                             0               1
    Louisiana                    53,704              67,830        4               5
    Texas                        62,281             652,458        5               6
    California                        0               1,346        3               6
    Oregon                        3,300              12,772        3               4
    Washington                   36,633             629,536        6               9
      TOTAL                   1,913,141         13,777,812        62             101

    Table 42c.  NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES -- VISITS BY REGION

                       Visits for Consumptive      Total     No. Refuges    No. Coastal
       Region           Wildlife Recreation        Visits      Reporting        Refuges
    Maine to Virginia           651,404           3,690,813       21              39
    North Carolina to
      Texas                   1,060,804           9,443,345       30              43
    Pacific                      39,933             643,654       11              19

     1 includes hunting, fishing, clamming, crabbing, and other
    Source:  U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
             National Wildlife Refuge--Public Use Report--Visits--FY '78.

                                           130

         42d. ENDANGERED SPECIES

               The conservation of species threatened with extinction is a primary
            golof the National Wildlife Refuge System.  This table displays the states
             wihhave a coastal refuge reporting the occurence of a given endangered
          species. In contrast, table 40 gives the state-by-state breakdown of en-
    I     ~dangered species in the coastal counties.  Because the National Wildlife
          Refuge list of endangered species is not an exhaustive list of species
          actually on the refuges, the comparison of the lists shows the absence of
    I    ~many endangered species that occur in coastal counties from the coastal
          National Wildlife Refuges. Additionally, some of these species may not
    U     ~occur within a coastal National Wildlife Refuge.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

    42d. ENDANGERED SPECIES (Cont.)

    Table 42d.  ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES REPORTED ON NATIONAL WILDLIFE
                 REFUGES.

                                               States with the Species on a
    Species                                  Coastal National Wildlife Refuge

    American Alligator (T-Threatened)        GA, FL, LA, TX
    American Alligator                       NC, SC
    American Crocodile                       FL
    Atlantic Ridley Turtle                   MA, GA, FL
    Attwaters Greater Prairie Chicken        TX
    Bald Eagle (T)                           OR, WA
    Bald Eagle                               ME, MA, RI, NJ, DE, MD, VA, NC, SC,
                                             GA, FL, TX, CA
    California Brown Pelican                 CA, OR, WA
    California Least Tern                    CA
    Columbian White-tailed Deer              OR, WA
    Delmarva Peninsula Fox Squirrel          MD, VA
    Dusky Seaside Sparrow                    FL,
    Eastern Brown Pelican                    NC, SC, GA, FL, TX
    Eastern Indigo Snake (T)                 FL
    Everglade Kite                           FL
    Florida Manatee                          FL
    Florida Panther                          FL
    Green Sea Turtle (T)                     FL
    IHawksbill Turtle                        FL
    Humpback Whale                           CA
    Jaguarundi                               TX
    Key Deer                                 FL
    Leatherback Sea Turtle                   MA, FL
    Light-footed Clapper Rail                CA
    Loggerhead Sea Turtle (T)                MD, VA, NC, SC, GA, FL
    Mississippi Sandhill Crane               MS
    Ocel ot                                  TX
    Peregrine Falcon                         ME, MA, NJ, DE, VA, NC, GA, FL, LA,
                                             TX, CA, OR, WA
    Red-cockaded Woodpecker                  MD, VA, NC, GA, FL
    Red Wolf                                 LA, TX
    Santa Cruz Long-Toed Salamander          CA
    Whooping Crane                           TX

    Source:  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Memorandum from the Associate
              Director, Wildlife Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
              June 7, 1979.

                                            132

     43. PRIVATE CONSERVANCIES

         Private groups hold over 100 coastal properties for the purpose of pre-
    servation.  The coastal properties of The Nature Conservancy and the Audubon
    Society are listed here. The largest single property is The Nature Conser-
    vancy holding on Santa Cruz Island, California which is 55,000 acres and
    provides habitat for seven endangered or threatened species. West coast
    sanctuaries account for seventeen of these sanctuaries while sanctuaries in
    Maine number thirty four.
         One of the outstanding properties held by The Nature Conservancy is
    The Virginia Coastal Reserve. This reserve is 35,000 acres of 13 barrier
    islands off the eastern shore of Virginia. These islands are shown below.

                                       .3VI'

        THE VIRGINIA COASTAL RESERVE. These 13 barrier islands make up the
    reserve which is owned by The Nature Conservancy. (from The Nature
    Conservancy).

                                         133

    43. PRIVATE CONSERVANCIES (Cont.)

    Table 43.  PRIVATE CONSERVANCY HOLDINGS -- NUMBERS AND ACREAGE BY STATE.

                            The Nature Conservancy           Audubon Society
    State                     Number        Acres            Number    Acres
    Maine                       28          2,878               6         906
    Connecticut                  4            117                1        200
    New York                    12            432                1        267
    Maryland                      1             16               1         58
    Virginia                     2         33,760              --          --
    North Carolina                3         7,306                1      3,500
    South Carolina                1        23,777                1        250
    Florida                      12         5,060                6      4,149
    Louisiana                   --             --                1     26,800
    Texas                         2         2,383                9     10,617
    California                   7         61,315               2       2,700
    Oregon                        3           608               --         --
    Washington                    5           431               --         --
      TOTAL                     80        138,083              30      49,553

    Total 110 Sanctuaries
          187,636 Private Sanctuary Acres

    Source: The Nature Conservancy, 1800 North Kent Street, Arlington, VA,
             22209; The National Audubon Society Sanctuary Director, Miles
             Wildlife Sanctuary, West Cornwall Road, Sharon, CT, 06069.

                                           134

              4.ESTUARINE SANCTUARIES

               The Estuarine Sanctuaries system operated by the Coastal Zone Management
    ~~~fi c       of The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Department of
          Commerce) is the only federal program directed exclusively to the nation's
          estuaries. The five listed below are the only seacoast sanctuaries in the
          coterminous United States. The authorizing legislation for Estuarine
          Sanctuaries was passed in October, 1972. The Sanctuaries are established
    H~~and added to the system for the purpose of providing "living laboratories"~
          for scientific research, and public education to be operated by the individual
          states.

          Table 44.  FEDERAL ESTUARINE SANCTUARIES -- LOCATIONS AND SIZES. 1'2

    I     ~Name and Location                             Acreage
          Sapelo Island                                   7,400
          McIntosh County, Georgia

          South Slough                                    4,200
          Coos Bay, Coos County, Oregon

          Rookery Bay                                     8,500
          Collier County, Florida

    I     ~Apalachicola River/Bay                        193,000
          Franklin County, Florida

    I     ~Elkhorn Slough                                  1,510
          Monterey County, California

    1      1 ~Source:  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Estuarine Sanctuary Program
           2Additional Federal Estuarine Sanctuaries are located in Hawaii,
    3       ~~(5900 acres) and, Ohio (637 acres).

             3                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~135

    I      ~44 ESTUARINE SANCTUARIES (Cont.)

                                                                    Wol. *%6~m~d Land &a 81 Qeiwj. elm.
                                                                    411,1 L."l*t U64.. Wooid
                                                                 0`4I-1 P~odelnw klofy Wa pUped federlAln
                                                                    Ilad GM...-a-f Is, Notnl Eoaino Selagvuo.lyc
                                                                    I Depu-now. of hate'st fieoSurces)
                                                                    La-e# A0916ch-cole Uin, �s.uEnwomnbullj
                                                                  thgooprod Lease "'eklws
                                                                =3 1u"i~m-lery bmeideieis of preo.md Nausea,
                                                     )~~~~~~~~~xu'e10ttol(oiina
                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C "fonI-
                                                                     Under ftdv "NwAad - e

                   I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' mol    siw7

                I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RKACIT

            I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o

                  APALACHICOLA BAY ESTUARINE SANCTUARY. This sanctuary is the nation's
           largest. It occupies over 300 square miles in the Florida panhandle. (from
           Florida Department of Administration, Division of State Planning, Bureau of
           Land and Water Management, April, 1977. The Apalachicola River and Bay
           System: A Florida Resource. )

              I                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~136

            JX RECREATION

              The nation's ocean beaches and waters and its estuaries, sounds and
          bays comprise an enormous recreational asset. Millions of saltwater fisher-
    I    ~men spend billions of dollars and many days fishing every year.  Millions of
         others swim or boat in the coastal area. The continued ability of these
         people to enjoy the coast depends upon their ease of access to aesthetically
         pleasing areas where they can find waters whose quality exceeds certain minimal
         requirements and which contain a reasonable abundance of desirable fishes.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

    45. RECREATIONAL FISHING

         Twenty-two million fishermen spent 4.5 billion dollars on saltwater
    recreational fishing in 1975. As can be seen in the accompanying figure,
    a dramatic increase in these expenditures has occurred since 1955. Tables
    45a, b, and c describe participation and economic aspects of recreational
    fishing (Tables 37 and 38 summarize the catch of these fishermen.)

    Table 45a. SALTWATER RECREATIONAL FISHING -- PARTICIPATION AND EXPENSES.

             Number of                           Number of days
             Fishermen'   Expendituresf    of Participation            Passenger Miles
    1955     4,557,000         488,939,000         58,621,000            2,904,001,000
    1960     6,292,000         626,191,000         80,602,000            3,404,945,000
    1965     8,305,000         799,656,000          95,837,000           4,138,307,000
    1970     9,460,000       1,224,705,000        113,694,000            5,459,276,000
     1975b   16,307,000     3,450,358,000         207,212,000                   a
    1975c   22,687,000       4,508,311,000        260,617,000                   a
    1975d   25,372,000                            240,019,000

    Table 45b.  SALTWATER RECREATIONAL FISHING -- PER CAPITA ACTIVITY.

              Expenditures Per         Days of Participation         Automobile Miles
               Participant                 Per Fisherman              Per Fisherman
    1955             107                        12.9                          637
    1960             100                        12.8                          541
    1965              96                        11.5                          498
    1970             129                        12.0                          577
    1975b            212                        12.7                           a
    975C             199                        11.5                           a
    1975d             a                          9.5                           a

               I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                                                      FISHING ON BIRD SHOAL, NORTH
                                                 CAROLINA. (Following Page) This
                                                 angler is trying his luck on Bird
                                                 Shoal. This island near Beaufort,
                                                 North Carolina, was preserved by
                                                 the efforts of The Nature Conser-
                                                 vancy in conjunction with the local
                                                 citizenry. (Photo by Irving Hooper)

                                           138

        I     45. RECREATIONAL FISHING (Cont.)

      I
      I

              I~~~~~~~~~~139
     I
     I

     I
    I
    I
    I
    I
    I

                                        139

                                      :YPlg~�xs�TI�l�;�~--  -v

    45. RECREATIONAL FISHING (Cont.)

    Table 45c.  SALTWATER RECREATIONAL FISHING -- CONSTANT DOLLAR EXPENDITURES
                (ADJUSTED TO THE 1972 DOLLAR).

                       Expenditures              Expenditures Per Fisherman
    1955                 801,802,000                          175.9
    1960                 911,884,000                          144.9
    1965               1,075,963,000                          129.6
    1970               1,340,526,000                          141.7
    1975b             2,711,479,000                           166.3
    1975c             3,542,877,000                           156.2
    1975d                    a                                  a

      The definition of a fisherman varied from year to year.  This table
      outlines those differences.

    A fisherman                                     Previous to
    includes       1975            1970                1970          1955
    those over:    9 yrs. old      12 yrs. old      12 yrs. old      12 yrs. old
    participating: 1 dy. or more  3 dys. or more  3 dys. or more  3 dys. or more
    spending:      $0.00 or more  $7.50 or more   $5.00 or more   $5.00 or more

    fishing in      including      including        including        excluding
    all saltwater   Alaska          Alaska           Alaska           Alaska
    states:         and Hawaii      and Hawaii       and Hawaii       and Hawaii

    a not available
    b excluding sea run fishes
    c includes sea run fishes
    d clamming, crabbing and shell collecting
    e a fisherman had to meet either the participation or spending requirements.
    f in dollars of the year indicated
    Source:  U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau
             of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; 1970 National Survey of Fishing and
             Hunting, Resource Publication Number 95, 108 pp; U.S. Department of
             the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1975 National Survey of
             Hunting Fishing and Wildlife Associated Recreation. 98 pp; U.S.
             Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract
             of the United States.

                                          140

             45. RECREATIONAL FISHING (Cont.)

                         SALTWATER RECREATIONAL  FISHERMEN
                                        expenditures

    I

                     3500 -
                                                          Current

                     3000 -

                   :CO                              '                  constan:
                                                                  (1972)
                   . 2500-
                   O i-

                   AL 2000-
                   0
                   O                                             /

                   V) 1500-
                   Z

                         -                            ,- /
                     1000-                      --'

                      500 -

                                19'55    19'60    19'65    1970    19'75
                                           YEARS

                 Dramatic increases in fishing expenditures have occurred during the
            70's even accounting for inflation.  (By Ruth Ann Hill)

                                               141

     46. BOATING, SWIMMING, WATER SKIING

         Swimming represents one of the most popular forms of recreation at the
    shore.  On the average, Americans swam almost five days each at the coast,
    and the Department of Commerce expects us to spend even more time swimming
    in the future. Pleasure boating and water skiing are also very popular
    activities.  The figures here describe recreational activity in Bureau of
    Economic Analysis zones contiguous to the shore rather than at the shore.
    Since these zones are often large, these figures include some activity in
    noncoastal areas.

    Table 46. COASTAL RECREATION -- BOATING, SWIMMING, AND WATER SKIING
               (DAYS IN THOUSANDS).
                                                                 Water
                  Boating'      % In-    Swimming2        % In-    Skiing    % In-
      Region         Days       crease3      Days         crease      Days    crease
    New England
      ME-CT           5,551         20       35,052          13       2,203       20
    Mid-Atlantic
      NY-DE          10,688        23        71,421          14       4,189      26
    South Atlantic
      MD-FL          12,664         19       42,661          14       6,622       16
    Gulf
      AL-TX           5,539        18        19,371          12       2,962      14
    Pacific
      CA-WA          14,603        21        63,626          16       8,826       13
     TOTAL         49,045         21       232,232          14      24,803      17

      other than water skiing
    2 other than pool swimming
    3% increase expected 72-78
    Source: Modified from Robert J. Kalter, Recreation Activities in the Nation's
             Estuarine Zone.  In Estuarine Control & Assessment, Volume I.  EPA.
             Report Number 400/1-77-007A March, 1977. Office of Water Planning
             and Standards, pp. 83-94. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
            Analysis, Zones Contiguous to Shore.

                                          142

      46. BOATING, SWIMMING, WATER SKIING (Cont.)

        SUNBATHING represents an immensely popular form of recreation. This
    is Miami Beach (Photo by Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority).

                                         143

    1   X. HURRICANES

     I          ~~~Hurricanes are powerful storms with winds exceeding seventy three miles
          per hour- that lash the coasts and the interior of the United States. In
          addition to their winds and rains, they may be accompanied by storm surges
    I    ~which can completely wash over low-lying areas.  Since Galveston was de-
          vastated by a hurricane in 1900 which killed 6,000 people, the trend has
          been toward reports of increased property damage, and decreased loss of life.
    I    ~The two major hurricanes in 1979 caused $2.6 billion in property damage and
          claimed ten casualties.
               Hurricane season typically extends from early June through October,
          with a few storms in November, although one aberrant hurricane struck the
          coast in February.

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

    47. HURRICANES

    Table 47.  DAMAGES AND DEATHS FROM MAJOR HURRICANES IN THE UNITED STATES --
               1954-1979.

    Name of                Time          Damages        Deaths          Region
    Hurricane           (Month-Year)   (Millions)       (Number)       of Losses
    Carol                  Aug 54          $461            60          Northeast
    Hazel                  Oct 54           281            95          Southeast/
                                                                     Northeast
    Diane                  Aug 55           832           184          Northeast
    Audrey                 Jun 57           150           390          Gulf
    Donna                  Sep 60           387            50          Southeast/
                                                                     Northeast
    Carla                  Sep 61           408            46          Gulf
    Betsy                  Sep 65         1,420            75          Southeast!
                                                                     Gulf
    Beulah                 Sep 67           200            15          Gulf
    Camille                Aug 69         1,421           256          Gulf/
                                                                     Northeast
    Celia                  Aug 70           453            11          Gulf
    Agnes                  Jun 72         2,100           122          Northeast
    Carmen                 Sep 74           150             1          Gulf
    Eloise                 Sep 75           550            21          Gulf/
                                                                     Northeast
    David                  Sep 79           320             5          Southeast/
                                                                     Northeast
    Frederic               Sep 79         2,300             5          Gulf

    Source:  Dacy and Kunreuther (1969), The Economics of Natural Disasters,
             Years 1954-1965; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hurricane Reports,
             1966-1978; Platt, R. and McMillan, G. (1978), Paul Hebert,
             National Hurricane Center, pers. comm.

                                           145

    47. HURRICANES (Cont.)

           a18-

           16-

           4-
                   14 Probability of Occurence    I
                               In a Glven Year  f             /

      Maxlmum 10/

       Surge  ut of ive

    Adi nistrat ion accobany hurrice                  is   I      sows 100.
            Floridpaprobabilitment   of  loc eNce o     f oasto        e o
             46-

               Texas   Louisiana IMIAIr      Florida          I Ga ISCI  NC

    probability of storm surges of a givenheight at a given location. The
    Texas-Louisiana border, the southern tip of Florida, and the coast of
    South Carolina are most likely to have the highest storm surges. The
    solid lines are based on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and University of
    Florida probability estimates of annual occurrence of a storm surge on
    an open beach area; dotted lines based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric
    Administration data, probability of occurrence is 1 out of 100.

        Note: Greater heights are possible in bays and estuaries. Furthermore,
    about 3 feet should be added to account for wave runups, also, the effect
    of the astronomical tide must be taken into consideration.   (from U.S.
    Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Coastal Zone Management, November
    1976.  Natural Hazard Management in Coastal Areas)

                                        146

        47. HURRICANES (Cont.)

                  2200                .15500

                  2000 -    DAMAGE                 DEATHS          -5000
     I                ~~~~~~~~~~(Adjusted' .3 1957-59 base)-

                 loo  .450

    I             ~~~~~~1600 -                                     -4000 Z

                 ,1400 -                             30

                                          el, fz   ~~~~~~35000.

    I~~~~~g 1 00-<                  25                              -000L

                            0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                                   *  *  I I  S    S  I a  *    ,  ~ ,  ,    *  , ,  ,Z
    I~~~~~~~o  00L

    U~~~~~~ZU
                                              "147~~~~~~~

    I~~~~~L                                0                          503

    47. HURRICANES (Cont.)

                                                              5

     ....                                    3                                 A

                                                       I.. -4-, ,

                      r": ,                     �-. z I            \

                          2- 10  36020                                                  3 1
                         \   ..,..2

         1   2.                GRE T HURRICANEI   .  6 21 .

      a hurricane (winds exceeding 73 miles per hour) or great hurricane (winds in
            exce\ 20 Al  se. 32

    Zone Management, November 1976. Natural Hazard Management in Coastal Areas)

              *                                148
                                        148

      47. HURRICANES (Cont.)

        HURRICANE BEACHED FREIGHTERS. Hurricane Camille beached these large
    freighters at Gulfport, Miss. (Photo by U.S. Coast Guard).

                                          149

            Xi PORTS

                Port facilities are vital facilities for export and import. Walk
           to any major port and see the huge amounts of material going in and
           ioorfrmVnzea                 Potalopoiemnjosawelaout--grain from Kansas, coal from West Virginia, oil from Saudi Arabia,
           commercial link, and so public port authorities oversee some aspects
    I      ~of their development.
                The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for providing and
           maintaining access to ports. Since there exist considerable economies
    I      ~of scale in shipping (It is less expensive to ship I ton of say coal in
           a large boat than in a smaller boat) many harbors are being dredged and
           maintained to greater depths than previously.

              I~~~~~~~~~~~~~5

          48. PORT EXPENDITURES-PORT AUTHORITIES

               Port development has been funded by both public and private funds. The
          public funding is typically through local or state port authorities. These
          quasi-public agencies receive funding through bonds based on municipal col-
          lateral, and on collateral based on their own revenue (75%), and from federal,
          state, and local sources. Their revenue comes from fees charged for port use,
    I    ~and services, as well as rent.  The Maritime Administration (part of the
          Department of Commerce) collects information on public expenditures at 110
          ports by survey. These figures indicate that almost five billion dollars have
    I    ~been spent on construction and modernization of pier and wharf facilities in
          the 33 years preceeding 1979. It is widely believed that private expenditures
          are equal to or greater than this sum, but specific figures are not available.
          It is worth noting that the recent trend has been towards the construction of
          new facilities particularly for bulk and container cargoes rather than towards
          modernization and rehabilitation of existing facilities. Oil facilities have
          been privately constructed, and are not reflected here in public expenditures.
     I       ~ ~Nationally, the port of New York has benefited from more public invest-
          ment than any other port (over 700 million dollars). Baltimore is second
          nationally. (1946-1978) On the Gulf coast, New Orleans Louisiana leads with
    I    ~over 180 million dollars in port authority expenditures, and Long Beach,
          California leads on the Pacific Coast with over 230 million spent by its_
    I     ~port authority.

     48. PORT EXPENDITURES--PORT AUTHORITIES(Cont.)

    Table 48. PORT DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES BY PUBLIC PORT AUTHORITIES (IN
               THOUSANDS) -- 1946-1978.

                            1966-19722                1973-19782            1946-1978 3
    State                Total        %    %        Total       X    X        Total
       Port          Expenditures  New   MR' Expenditures  New    MR   Expenditures
    Maine
       Portland            4,048       0   100        1,047     64    36        9,082
       Searsport             -       -      -                                       35
    New Hampshire
       Portsmouth            -        -     -         2,298    100    -         4,706
    Massachusetts
       Boston             69,930      92     8        8,093     -    100      135,498
       Fall River            -       -      -         1,756     33    67        3,139
    Rhode Island
       Providence            -        -     -           -       -      -        4,030
    Connecticut
       New Haven           1,692      72    28        6,700     83    17       17,212
       New London            870       0   100          -       -      -        1,470
    New York/New
    Jersey
       Port of New       109,516     90    10      110,250      96      4     705,444
       York & vicinity
    Delaware
       Wilmington                                     9,168     20    80       25,215
    Maryland
       Baltimore         131,046      92     8       59,715     74    26      274,680
       Cambridge             -        -     -           -       -      -        1,190
    Virginia
       Newport News       20,900      73    27        1,483     81    19       48,635
       Norfolk               -        -     -       23,675      76    24      108,129
    North Carolina
       Morehead City      19,473    100    *1        10,230    100      0      36,800
       Wilmington         17,353      95     5        9,352     82    18       40,613
    South Carolina
       Charleston          9,296    100      0       30,750     91      9      66,497
       Georgetown          1,585    100      0          375    100      0       3,460
       Port Royal                           -           -       -      -        1,500
    Georgia
       Brunswick             -        -     -           -       -      -        3,047
       Savannah           19,600    100      0      44,279      90    10       94,526
    Florida
       Fort Pierce           -        -     -            69      0   100        1,789
       Jacksonville       32,670      63    37       13,730    100      0      54,903
       Miami               6,910    100      0       13,015     98      2      26,207
       Palm Beach            535      25    75        7,911     93      7      10,870
       Panama City         3,139    100      0          -       -      -        3,889
       Pensacola           2,500    100      0        1,641     96      4      11,141
       Port Canaveral      1,300    100      0        8,295    100      0      10,825
       Tampa              47,557      96     4       36,548    100      *      89,130

                                           152

    48. PORT EXPENDITURES-PORT AUTHORITIES(Cont.)

    Table 48. PORT DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES BY PUBLIC PORT AUTHORITIES
               (IN THOUSANDS) -- 1946-1978.

                            1966-19722                1973-19783            1946-19783
    State                Total        %    %        Total       %    %        Total
       Port           Expenditures  New   MR   Expenditures  New   MR   Expenditures
    Alabama
       Mobile              6,301      17    83       55,192     40    60       95,750
    Mississippi
       Gulfport              -        -     -        12,252    100      0       18,452
       Pascagoula         10,050      71    29        3,036      0   100       27,111
    Louisiana
       Baton Rouge         3,170      31    69          -       -      -       46,269
       New Orleans        37,304     64    36        51,852     80    20      187,480
    Texas
       Beaumont              -        -     -        11,413     63    37       34,708
       Corpus Christi      5,106      76    24       17,106     89    11       61,104
       Freeport            1,215     94      6          -       -      -        6,983
       Galveston          19,400     81    19       40,100      90    10       84,174
       Houston            14,941      50    50       44,774     93      7     116,953
       Port Arthur        13,584    100    *1         2,264     88    12       12,010
       Port Isabel           -        -     -           -       -                   33
    California
       Hueneme             6,801      84    16          -       -      -        6,899
       Humbolt Bay           -        -     -           -       -      -           560
       Long Beach         41,455      51    49       39,723     49    51      236,197
       Los Angeles        33,424     89    11        36,088     86    14      170,436
       Redwood City          -        -     -           -       -      -         1,694
       San Diego          11,081    100      0          -       -      -       35,864
       San Francisco      32,786      56    44       27,870     50    50       92,510
       Ventura               -        -     -           -       -      -         1,398
    Oregon
       Coos Bay              -        -     -         9,000     44    56        9,705
       Portland           17,245     95      5      60,600      77    23      105,679
    Washington
       Anacortes             120    100      0          -       -      -         1,470
       Bellingham          3,238       4    96          400      0   100        6,648
       Everett             3,883      91     9        6,000    100      0      11,543
       Gray's Harbor       9,721      97     3        2,720    100      0      12,823
       Olympia               106       0   100        2,247      0   100        3,650
       Port Angeles          721      95     5          -       -      -        1,101
       Seattle            66,314      86    14       36,947     54    46      136,876
       Tacoma             22,187      96     4       24,000     88    12       53,333
       Vancouver             -        -     -           -       -      -         1,105
    Sources:  * Less than 1%.   'Modernization and Rehabilitation.  2Department
              of Commerce, Maratime Administration March 1974.  North American
              Port Development Expenditure Survey.  3Department of Commerce,
              Maratime Administration December 14, 1979.  North American Port
              Development Expenditure Survey (Unpublished Final Draft), provided
              by Bob Wardwell, MARAD.

                                           153

    49. PORT EXPENDITURES-CORPS

         The Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintaining access to the
    nation's ports. This requires the expenditures of money--approved project by
    congress--on navigation projects. The figures presented here are the expen-
    ditures made to September 30, 1978.
         Paralleling the pattern of expenditures of port authorities, the Port of
    New York has had the highest construction expense.  Along the Gulf coast,
    Baton Rouge/New Orleans, Louisiana has had the highest construction expense,
    but on the Pacific Coast, Portland/Vancouver, Oregon and Washington has had
    the highest construction expense.

    Table 49.  EXPENDITURES OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS -- NAVIGATION PROJECTS.

                                                                      Operation &
    State    Port                               Construction           Maintenance
    ME       Portland                              9,588,710             1,915,357
              Searsport                               572,568                12,912
    NH       Portsmouth                             5,384,043              481,859
    MA       Boston                               25,313,083             6,358,852
              Fall River                            5,550,091            1,395,947
    CT       New Haven                             4,205,246             6,564,471
              New London                              622,994               278,034
    RI       Providence                           25,417,022             3,687,995
    NY/NJ    Port of NY & vicinity               198,761,688           104,964,671
    DE/PA    Delaware R.                          57,879,028           191,964,671
    DE       Wilmington                            1,954,725            16,792,568
    MD       Baltimore                            38,071,275            20,783,208
              Cambridge                               195,974                53,728
    VA       Norfolk/Newport News                 40,665,225            40,822,404
    NC       Morehead City                         6,527,364            16,842,494
             Wilmington                            1,840,958            2,575,374
    SC       Charleston                           10,037,813            53,630,099
             Georgetown                            7,061,755            23,489,069
             Port Royal                            1,786,100            4,863,540
    GA       Brunswick                              4,235,968           19,842,149
              Savannah                             42,222,721           82,560,940
    FL       Fort Pierce                             356,056             2,225,915
             Jacksonville                         47,265,962           29,480,251
             Miami                                24,412,096            2,115,476
             Palm Beach                            6,904,021             2,796,616
             Panama City                           1,638,045             3,760,538
             Pensacola                             1,469,693             3,555,612
             Port Canaveral                        7,341,910            11,561,432
             Tampa                                57,704,688            10,456,731

                                          154

     49. PORT EXPENDITURES-CORPS (Cont.)

    Table 49. EXPENDITURES OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS -- NAVIGATION PROJECTS
               (cont.)

                                                                      Operation &
    State    Port                               Construction           Maintenance
    AL       Mobile                               15,698,837            40,705,964
    MS       Gulfport                                904,775            18,102,275
             Pascagoula                            6,572,985           13,818,331
    LA       Baton Rouge/New Orleans             114,222,690           249,534,627
    TX       Beaumont/Port Arthur                 56,136,815            78,394,758
             Corpus Christi                       38,870,873           37,770,855
             Freeport                              2,566,959            20,116,667
             Galveston                            29,096,392           40,734,104
             Houston                              35,760,382            62,003,392
    CA       Hueneme                                 978,426                15,225
             Humbolt Bay                           9,342,509            27,932,343
             Los Angeles/Long Beach               34,896,831             3,176,894
             Redwood City                          1,672,722             3,452,270
             San Francisco                         2,091,647           40,046,543
             San Diego                            26,409,734             1,478,264
             Ventura                               1,711,539             5,336,584
    OR       Coos Bay                             29,193,673            31,765,842
    OR/WA    Portland/Vancouver                   48,189,597           146,292,913
    WA       Anacortes                             1,047,607               427,886
             Bellingham                            2,570,683                62,966
             Everett                               1,775,744             3,653,303
             Gray's Harbor                         5,030,851            48,867,436
             Olympia                                 464,782               584,652
             Port Angeles                            470,873                47,327
             Seattle                               7,497,942            38,151,837
             Tacoma                                2,435,500             1,279,534

    Source:  Adapted from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chief of Engineers.
             FY 1978 Annual Report, Volume II -- Field Reports.

                                          155

    50. PORT COMMERCE

         Enormous amounts of commerce pass through coastal ports. Incoming oil,
    and automobiles, and outgoing grain. Many other materials and products pass
    through these ports. It is worth noting that regionally, the ports with the
    largest construction expenditure (Table 49) or port authority expense also
    have the largest reported commerce--New York, New Orleans, Los Angeles, and
    Long Beach, California.

    Table 50.  COMMERCE AT SELECTED PORTS -- 1977.

    State    Port                                    Tons - 2,000 lbs.
    ME       Portland                                     18,326,110
             Searsport                                    1,497,184
    NH       Portsmouth                                   3,499,854
    MA       Boston                                       25,975,275
              Fall River                                   5,285,473
    CT       New Haven                                   11,119,383
              New London                                   3,074,590
    RI       Providence                                    8,642,484
    NY/NJ    Port of New  York & vicinity               185,292,125
    DE       Wilmington                                    2,917,774
    MD       Baltimore                                   44,756,359
             Cambridge                                      109,406
    VA       Norfolk                                     43,862,200
             Newport News                                 8,730,346
    NC       Morehead City                                 2,904,715
             Wilmington                                   9,504,953
    SC       Charleston                                   10,629,971
             Georgetown                                   1,798,340
             Port Royal                                     173,488
    GA       Brunswick                                     1 889,696
              Savannah                                     9,875,678
    FL       Fort Pierce                                     180,727
             Jacksonville                                15,108,032
             Miami                                        3,504,543
             Palm Beach                                     681,978
             Panama City                                  1,393,065
             Pensacola                                    3,105,287
             Port Canaveral                               2,807,463
             Tampa                                       45,619,951

                                          156

    50. PORT COMMERCE (Cont.)

    Table 50.  COMMERCE AT SELECTED PORTS -- 1977 (cont.).

    State    Port                                      Tons - 2,000 lbs.
    AL       Mobile                                         35,943,893
    MS       Gulfport                                        1,094,796
              Pascagoula                                    23,832,891
    LA       Baton Rouge                                    70,008,229
             New Orleans                                  162,991,985
    TX       Beaumont                                       48,918,843
              Port Arthur                                   30,753,732
              Corpus Christi                                46,871,695
             Freeport                                      15,332,518
             Galveston                                      9,563,626
             Houston                                      104,291,267
    CA       Hueneme                                         1,875,743
             Humbolt Bay                                    1,644,573
             Los Angeles                                   31,325,506
             Long Beach                                    32,985,424
             Redwood City                                     410,293
             San Francisco                                  1,931,693
    OR       Coos Bay                                        7,599,421
    OR/WA    Portland                                       21,400,262
             Vancouver                                      2,832,673
    WA        Anacortes                                      8,968,313
             Bellingham                                     1,718,417
             Everett                                        4,589,002
             Gray's Harbor                                  2,646,192
             Olympia                                          536,458
             Port Angeles                                   3,283,012
             Seattle                                       16,432,876
             Tacoma                                        10,699,337

    Source:  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chief of Engineers. FY 1978 Annual
             Report, Volume I--Summary and Highlights, pp. 95-98.

                                           157

    I
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    ~I
    :I15
    I

    51. COASTAL AREAS

         Here, we compare the area of coastal features to one another. This
    information is summarized from earlier tables. One potentially important
    classification that is not presented here, nor is it available elsewhere,
    is the area of nonfederal coastal parks.
         The areas in the accompanying figure are shown to be mutually exclusive,
    but this is not the case. Many acres of wetlands and estuaries are also re-
    corded in other categories such as parks. If we could eliminate the dupli-
    cation of acreage in several categories, the percentage of uncommited area
    would increase.

    Table 51.  COMPARATIVE COASTAL AREAS.

                                                                          % of
                                  Square                       % of      Maritime
                                   Miles         Acres        Lower 48   Counties
    United States                 3,615,123   2,313,678,720      120.0       --
    Lower 48                      3,022,261   1,934,247,040      100.0       --
    Maritime Counties               182,569     116,844,291        6.0      100.0
    Maritime County Farms            50,039      32,025,073        1.7       27.4
    Salt to Brackish Marshes          7,061       4,519,238        0.23       3.9
    Coastal & Tidal Marshes          13,999       8,959,562        0.46       7.67
    Outer Continental Shelf         875,000     560,000,000       29.0      479.3
    Leased OCS                       15,619       9,996,196        0.517      1.78'
    Oil, Gas, Salt & Sulphur
      Producing OCS                   6,412       4,104,086        0.212      0.733
    Coastal National Parks            5,363       3,432,418        0.177      2.9
    Coastal National Wildlife
      Refuges                         1,644       1,051,910         .054      0.9
    Estuaries                        23,980      15,347,000        0.793     13.1

      percent of Outer Continental Shelf

                                          159

     51. COASTAL AREAS (Cont.)

                            LA G
     I~~~~~~~~~

                3              B C F                  G

                                     E

         LAND USE IN THE COASTAL COUNTIES.  the large rectangle represents
    the area of the coastal counties of the lower 48 states (Listed in Table
    19). The subunits within this rectangle represent the area committed to
    various features as follows:
         A. Farms (Table 20)
         B. Salt to brackish Marshes (Table 29)
        C.  Coastal Marshes not in B (Table 29)
        D. Coastal National Parks (Table 41)
         E. Coastal National Wildlife Refuges (Table 42)
        F.  Estuaries (Table 26)
        G. Other
    Note that many of these features overlap. That is, there are many acres of
    marsh within the National Wildlife Refuges, for example.  If we could remove
    the overlap, the area of G would increase.

                                         160

    52. ELEMENTS OF SEAWATER

         This table gives some of the elemental components of standard seawater.
    These elements are in these concentrations the salts in saltwater. Salinity,
    the concentration of salts in water, comprises 35 parts per thousand in
    normal seawater. The concentration of salts varies as seawater is diluted
    by freshwater runoff, especially in estuaries and nearshore waters. The
    concentration of some of these elements, or the form that the elements
    take can be altered as a function of biological or industrial processes.
         Methodological advances have very recently cast doubt on the con-
    centration of elements which are found in small quantities such as Arsenic,
    Selenium, and Tin. This is especially true of transition elements, heavy
    metals, and metalloids. Revisions are currently underway, and should
    appear in about 1982 in Chemical Oceanography.
    Table 52. CONCENTRATION OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER.

                 Total concentration                        Total concentration
                 micrograms per liter                       micrograms per liter
    Element       of seawater (ppb)             Element       of seawater (ppb)

    Hydrogen         110,000,000                Gallium                  0.03
    Lithium                  180                Germanium                0.05
    Boron                  4,440                Arsenic                  3.7
    Carbon                28,000                Selenium                 0.2
    Nitrogen             150,000                Bromine             67,000
    Oxygen           880,000,000                Krypton                  0.2
    Fluorine               1,300                Rubidium               120
    Neon                       0.12             Strontium           80,000
    Sodium            10,770,000                Zirconium                0.03
    Magnesium          1,290,000                Niobium                  0.01
    Aluminum                   2                Molybdenum              10
    Silicon            2,000,000                Silver                   0.04
    Phosphorous               60                Cadmium                  0.1
    Sulfur               905,000                Tin                      0.01
    Chlorine          18,800,000                Antimony                 0.24
    Argon                     4.3                Iodine                 60
    Potassium            380,000                Xenon                    0.05
    Calcium              412,000                Cesium                   0.4
    Titanium                   1                 Barium                  2
    Vanadium                   2.5              Tungsten                 0.1
    Chromium                   0.3              Gold                     0.004
    Manganese                  0.2              Mercury                  0.03
    Iron                       2                Thallium                 0.01
    Cobalt                     0.05             Lead                     0.03
    Nickel                     1.7              Bismuth                  0.02
    Copper                     0.5              Thorium                  0.01
    Zinc                       4.9              Uranium                  3.2

    Source:  Peter G. Brewer, 1975.  Minor elements in seawater In J.P. Riley
             and G. Skirrow [eds.] Chemical Oceanography Volume I T2d edition.

                                           161

    3    53. CONVERSION FACTORS

                Conversion factors for common units are presented in these tables. The
           units across the top of the table are the starting units, and the units in the
           column on the left are the final units. The body of the table is the factor
           by which the starting unit is multiplied to obtain the final product. For ex-
           ample, how many square miles are there in 1,000 acres? From Table 50b. mul-
    I    ~tiply 1,000 by 1/640 and find that 1,000 acres is 1.56 square miles.  Conver-
           sion of metric units is simply a matter of 'moving decimal points as the unit
           prefixes change.  For example, 59 centimeters is 0.59 meters.

    I     ~Table 53a.  LENGTH CONVERSION FACTORS.

                     Centi-                                                    Kilo-
                     meter    Inch         Foot       Yard         Meter       meter       Mile
    U    ~ ~Cm.         1*     2.54*       30.48*      91 *44*      100*            1O5 l.609x105
           In.      0.394         1*        12*         36*      39.37       3.973x104    63,360*
           Ft.    3.28X10-2    1112           1*         3*        3.281      3.28x103      5,280*
           Yd.   1.094x10-2    1112        1112          1*        1.094      1.094x103    1,760*
           Meter    0.01*    2.54x10-2*   0.305 _   0.914 _    1*               1,000*  1.606x103
           Km.       1X10-5* 2.54xlO05* 3.05x104   9.14x104   1 *10-3                 1*1    1.609
    I     ~~Mi.   6.214x10-6    1/12        1112       1/12       6.214xlO04  6.2l4xlO-1        1*

           Table 53b. AREA CONVERSION FACTORS.
       3               ~~~~~Ft2      Yd2        Acres      Hectares        Kin2    7 Mi27
           Sq.ft.        1*           9*       43,560*    1.076x10-5  1.076x107  2,788x107
           Sq.yds.     1112           1*         4,840*    1.196x104   1.196x106  3.098x106
           Acres     2.296xlO05  2.066xlo04       1*       2.471         247.105       640*
           Hectares  9.297x10-6  8.36lxlO-5   0.4047          1*           100*     258.999
           Sq km.    9.297xlO-8  8.361xlO07  4.047xlO03  0.01*               1*        2,590
    3     ~Sq~mi.    3.589x10-8  3.228x10-7       1/12     3.86xlO_3       0.386         1*

              1                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~162

              53. CONVERSION FACTORS (Cont.)

             Table 53c.  VOLUME CONVERSION FACTORS.

                                  Liter        Gallon (U.S.)       Cubic Foot      Barrel (oil)
             Liter                  1*              3.785            28.316          158.987
             Gallon             2.642xlO-1            1*              7.481            42*
             Cubic foot         3.532xl0-2        1.337x10-1           1*              5.682
             Barrel(oil)        6.290x10-3        2.381x10-2         0.1777              1*

             Table 53d.  MASS CONVERSION FACTORS.

                               Gm.           Lbs.         Kg.         Short Tn.      Metric Tn.
             Gm            1*               453.6      1,000*         9.070x105            106*
             Lbs           2.205x103       -1*         2.205          2,000*         2.205x103
             Kg                  10-3*      0.4535     1*             9.070x102      1,000*
             Short Tn.    1.103xlO-6          5x10-4   1.103x10O-3    1*             1.102
             Metric Tn.        1x10-6*   4.536x10-4         1x10-3    9.070x10-1    1*

             Table 53e.  HYDROCARBON WEIGHT AND ENERGY EQUIVALENTS

                         Weight equivalents
             1 Barrel of Crude Oil (Domestic) = 295 pounds (42 gallons)
             1 Barrel of Gasoline = 259 pounds (42 gallons)
             1 Barrel of Liquified Petroleum Gas = 190 pounds (42 gallons)

                          Energy equivalents
             1 Barrel of Crude Petroleum has the energy value of 5604 cu. ft. of
                 Natural Gas-Dry
             1 Barrel of Crude Petroleum has the energy value of 0.228 short tons of
                 Anthracite Coal
             1 Short Ton of Anthracite Coal has the energy value of 4.379 barrels of
                 Crude Petroleum
             1 Short Ton of Anthracite Coal has the energy value of 24,541 cu. ft. of
                 Natural Gas-Dry
             I 1 Barrel of Gasoline has the energy value of 0.90 barrels of Crude Petroleum
             1 Barrel of Gasoline has the energy value of 5070 cu. ft. of Natural Gas-Dry
             1000 cu. ft. of Natural Gas-Dry has the energy value of 0.178 barrels of
                 Crude Petroleum
             1000 cu. ft. of Natural Gas-Dry has the energy value of 0.041 short tons of
                 Anthracite Coal

             * Exactly
             Source: ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables

                                                    163

    -I

    53. CONVERSION FACTORS (Cont.)

    Table 53f.  METRIC PREFIXES.

    Prefix                          Factor by which unit is multiplied

    gi ga                                          109
    mega                                           106
    kilo                                           103
    hecto                                          102
    deka                                           10
    deci                                           10l1
    centi                                          10-2
    milli                                          10-3
    micro                                          10- 6
    nano                                           10-9
    pico                                           10- 12

                                            164

           54. STATE RANKS

                How do the Istates compare in their coastal characteristics? This table
              rnsthe sta tes in 17 important categories.  Louisiana ranks first most
             often.It leads in the percentage of the shoreline undeveloped, the area
    I     ~of estuaries, the area of wetlands, and the weight of the 1978 fisheries
           catch. In all cases, the states are ranked from highest (1) to lowest (21).
           The letters at the head of each column are interpreted below.
    *     ~Column                          Ranked Based on                      From Table
             A                Length of general coastline I
             B                Length of tidal shoreline I
    U      ~~C                Percentage of privately owned shoreline                2
             D                Percentage of undeveloped shoreline                    3
             E                Percentage of shoreline as beaches                     4
    I      ~~F                Percentage of noneroding shoreline                     5
             G                Percentage of general shoreline length
                               fronted by barrier islands8
    3       ~~H               Percentage of coastal county area in farms            20
                 I           ~~~Percentage of population in coastal
                               counties                                           21 f
                 J           ~~~Percentage of electrical generating
                               capacity in coastal counties                       22
             K                Area of estuaries                                     25
             L                Area of coastal wetlands                              28
    *1     ~~M                 Area of Coastal National Wildlife
                               Refuges                                            42 a
             N                Weight of the 1978 fisheries catch                    34
             0                Value of the 1978 fisheries catch                     34
             P                Weight of the 1978 fisheries catch
                               per fisherman                                      36
             Q                Value of the 1978 fisheries catch
                               per fisherman                                      36

    I     ~footnotes
            *ties are ranked according to the average rank that the states would
    I      ~ ~receive if they were not tied.  Thus, for example if three states are
             tied for the first rank, they would all be ranked second.

             3                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~165

     54. STATE RANKS (Cont.)

    Table 54. STATE RANKS

                                             STATE RANK IN CATEGORY:

    State
                            A       B      C       D       E       F       G       H
    Maine                     7       3       1     11      20      20      --      18
    New Hampshire           20      21      14      20*      4      16      --      13.5*
    Massachusetts            8      14       9      17       2      17      13      15
    Rhode Island             17     18       6      20*      6      19      --      17
    Connecticut             21      16       8      20*      7      18      --      13.5*
    New York                 12     12      16      16       8      21       6      21
    New Jersey              11      13      17      14      10      11       5      11
    Delaware                 19     19      12       8      14       6      11       2
    Maryland                18       8       4      18      21      15       1       4
    Virginia                 13      7      10       7      15      12       8       6
    North Carolina            5      5      20       4      13       8       2       8
    South Carolina            9     10      21       5      19       2       9       7
    Georgia                 14      11      11       2       9       5       4      19
    Florida                   1       1      5       9      17       4      10       5
    Alabama                  15     17       2      13       3       9       3       9
    Mississippi              16     20      15      12      12      10      --      16
    Louisiana                3       2      13       1      11      13      12      10
    Texas                     4      6       7       6      18       3       7       1
    California               2       4      18      10      16      14      --       3
    Oregon                    6     15      19      15       5       7      --      12
    Washington              10       9       3       3       1       1      --      20

                                              166

      54. STATE RANKS (Cont.)

    Table 54.  STATE RANKS

                                         STATE RANK IN CATEGORY:

    State               I     J       K       L      M       N       0       P      Q

    Maine               11      5     19      16       8      7       7      17      18
    New Hampshire       16   *12      21      20     20.5*  21       20      18     17
    Massachusetts       10     9      14      13      14      5       3       7       3
    Rhode Island         1.5*  1.5*  17       21     18      13      15       8      8
    Connecticut          6     3      20      17      19     19      19      20     20
    New York             8    10      12      14     17      15      13      21     19
    New Jersey           9     7       7       6       6      9      10       5      9
    Delaware             1.5*  1.5*  11       11       9     20      21      10      16
    Maryland             7     6       4       9      11     14      14      19      21
    Virginia            13    13       3       7     10       3       8       3     15
    North Carolina    20    17         2       8      4       6      11       4      14
    South Carolina    17    16        10       4       5     17      17      15       5
    Georgia             21    21      16       5       7     18      18      16      10
    Florida              4     4       6       2       1      8       5      12     11
    Alabama             19    19.5*   9       15      20.5*  16      12      11       2
    Mississippi         18    14      13      12     16       4      16       1      4
    Louisiana           12    11       1       1       2      1       2       2       6
    Texas               14    15       5       3       3     12       4      13       1
    California           3     8       8      10      12      2       1       6       7
    Oregon              15    19.5*  18       19      15     11       9       9     12
    Washington           5    18      15      18      13     10       6      14      13

                                             167

      INDEX

    Agriculture, 59                                 Boating
    Amphibians                                         see Recreation
       endangered, 124,132                          Businesses, 60
    Areas                                           Clean Water Act, 90
       coastal farms, 59
       coastal National Parks, 126-128              Commerce
       coastal National Wildlife Refuges, 129          coastal businesses, 60
       coastal summary, 159-160                        at selected ports, 156-157
       estuaries, 83                               Continental Shelf, see Outer
       leased Outer Continental Shelf, 78              Continental Shelf
       Outer Continental Shelf, 75                 Constant dollar data
       wetlands, 84,87,88                              commercial fisheries catch, 98
    Audubon Society                                    saltwater recreational fishing,
       bird counts, 110                                140-141
       coastal properties, 134                     Conversion factors
    Barrier Islands (Major), 7-22                      area, 162
       development status, 20-22                       hydrocarbon
          developed, 21-22                                energy equivalents, 163
          preserved, 21-22                                weights, 163
          undeveloped and unpreserved, 21-22          lengths, 162
       individual islands, 7-18                        mass, 163
          lengths, 7-18                               metric prefixes, 164
          access, 7-18                                temperature, 34
       preserved by Nature Conservancy, 133            volume, 163
       state characteristics, 19                   Counties, see also population
          number of islands, 19                       with barrier islands, 7-18
          percent of shoreline fronted by, 19         coastal counties listed, 54-58
          total length, 19                            coastal county characteristics.
    Beach length                                          agriculture, 59
       by state, 8                                        energy, 72-73
    Bioconcentration factors                              nuclear energy, 73
       phytoplankton, 40                                  population, 53-67
       shellfish, 39                               DDT (or DDD or DDE)
    Birds                                              in finfish, 42
      coastal colonies, 110-111                       in shellfish, 41
       endangered and threatened, 118-120,132

                                          168

     INDEX (Cont.)

                                               Farms
    Dieldrin                                       see agriculture
       in finfishes, 42                         Finfish, see also fisheries,
    Dredging                                       recreation, estuaries,
       permits and violations, 90-92               biocontamination, 42
    Electrical Generation, see also                endangered, 123
       nuclear power                            Fish
       coastal capacity, 72                        see finfish, fisheries,
       number of plants, 72                        recreation, estuaries
       percent coastal, 72                      Fisheries
    Elements, see also bioconcentration            coastal, 96
       factors, metals, pollution                  employment, 98
       of seawater, 161                               by state, 103
    Employees                                      history, 96,98
       coastal, 60                                    constant dollar value, 98
       fisheries, 98                                  dockside value, 96
          by state, 103                               employment, 98
    Endangered species, 114-124,132                   percent caught nearshore,
       defined, 114                                   96
    Endangered Species Act, 114                       retail value, 96
    Energy, see also electrical generation,           selected species value, 98
       gas production, nuclear power, oil          ports
       production, Outer Continental Shelf            by value, 101
       equivalents and weights, 163                   by weight, 102
       factors affecting coast 70-81                  record catches by state and
    Erosion, see also Sea level changes               year, 99
       controT-project expenditures, 11               recreational, 104-109, see also
       defined, 10                                 recreation
       lengths,                                       estuarine by year, 104-106
          critically eroding, 10                      by number of anglers, 105
          noncritically eroding, 10                   by number of fish, 104
          not eroding, 10                             by number of fish per
       seasonality, 9                                 angler, 106
    Estuaries                                         by weight of fish, 105
       area by state, 83                              by region, 107-109
       defined, 82                                    surveys, 104
       freshwater flow of rivers, 24-27               by state, 100
       habitat loss, 83                            value
       recreational fishes, 107-109                   by leading ports, 101
       sanctuaries, 135                               by state, 100
    Expenditures                                      constant dollar, 98
       erosion control projects, 11                   dockside, 96
       of port authorities, 151-153                   history, 98
       of saltwater recreational fishermen,           per fisherman, 98
       138                                            retail, 96
       of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,            weight
       11,154-155                                     by leading ports, 102
                                                     history, 98
                                                     record by state, 99
                                                     by state, 100

                                          169

      INDEX (Cont.)

    Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 96   National Parks (cont.)
    Freshwater discharge, 24-27                            by region, 127
    Gas production (offshore, see also Outer            listed, 126-127
       Continental Shelf                                percent change in visitation
       by adjacent state, 78                               by class of park, 128
       federal, 78, 81                                     by park, 126-127
       state, 78, 81                                       by region, 127
       by year, 81                                      visitation
    Habitat loss                                           by class of park, 128
       estuaries, 83                                       by park, 126-127
       wetlands, 84                                        by region, 127
    Halogenated hydrocarbons                         National Wildlife Refuges, see
       see DOT, Dieldrin, PCB                           also reserves
    Hurricanes, 144-149                                 acquisition costs by state,
       damages, 145,147 129
       deaths, 145,147                                  area by state, 129
       frequency by location, 148                       endangered species in, 132
       recent                                           visits by state and region
          damages, 145                                  130
          deaths, 145                               Natural hazards
          listed, 145                                  see erosion, hurricanes
          location, 145                             Nature Conservancy, The
       surges expected, 146                             coastal properties, 133-134,139
    Insects                                          Nuclear power
       endangered and threatened, 122-123               capacity
    Islands (see barrier islands)                          existing, 73
    Laws                                                   projected, 73
       Clean Water Act, 90                                 by state, 73
       Endangered Species Act, 114                      cooling water
       Fishery Conservation and Management                 change in temperature, 73
       Act, 96                                             intake, 73
       Water Pollution Control Act, 45                  plant listing, 73
    Mammals                                          Ocean
       endangered and threatened, 116-118,132           dumping, 43-44
    Mangroves                                           seawater elements, 161
       see wetlands                                 Oil
    Metals, Heavy                                       conversion factors, 163
       in shellfish, 41                                 petroleum hydrocarbons in
    Metric prefixes, 164                                shellfish, 41
    Minerals                                            spills, 46-51
       see gas production, oil production, Outer           by coast, 47
       Continental Shelf                                   by coast and location, 48
    National Parks                                         by leading causes (number
       area                                                only), 51
          by class of park, 128                            by leading causes (volume
          by park, 126-127                                only), 50

                                          170

      INDEX (Cont.)

    Oil (cont.)                                      Ports 150-157
          by location, 47                              Army Corps of Engineers
          during OCS operations, 47                    expenditures, 154-155
          by sources, 50                               commerce, 156-157
          by year, 45                                  leading fisheries ports
    Oil production (offshore), see also                    by value, ll1
       Outer Continental Shelf                             by weight, 102
       by adjacent state, 78                           port authority expenditures,
       federal, 78,80                                   151-153
       state, 78,80                                    renovation, 151-153
       by year, 80                                 iRanks
    Outer Continental Shelf see also gas                of states, 166-167
       production, oil production                   Recreation
       defined, 75                                      see also fisheries,
       energy production                               recreational boating by
          value by year, 77                            region, 142
          revenue to the federal government, 77        saltwater fishing
       leased area by year and adjacent state, 78          automobile miles, 138
    PCB                                                    days fishing, 138
       in finfish, 42                                      expenditures, 138
       in shellfish, 41                                   fisherman defined, 140
    Pesticides, see DDT, Dieldrin                          number of fishermen, 138
    Phytoplankton                                          per capita activity, 138
       bioconcentration factors, 40                        surveys, 104
       defined, 39                                     shoreline devoted to, 7
    Plants, see also Wetlands                           swimming by region, 142
       endangered, 120-121                             water skiing by region, 142
    Pollution                                       Reptiles
       biocontamination                                endangered and threatened,
          finfish, 42                                  121-122,132
          shellfish, 41                             Reserves
       ocean dumping , 43                               see National Audubon Society;
       shellfish water closings, 38                    estuaries, sanctuaries;
    Population                                          National Parks, National
       by coastal counties, 53-58                      Wildlife Refuges, The Nature
       by metropolitan counties, 64                    Conservancy
          percent change, 65                        Revenue
       by nonmetropolitan counties, 64                 from OCS leases, 77
          percent change, 65                        Rivers
       by region, 65                                   freshwater flow, 24-27
          nonmetropolitan, 65                       Salinity
          percent change, 65                           elemental components
          metropolitan, 65                          Salt marshes, see Wetlands
       by state, 63                                 Sea level changes, 28-29, see
          percent change, 63                           also tides
       percent nonmetropolitan by state, 67         Shellfish, see also fisheries,
       percent coastal by state, 67                    recreation
                                                      bed closings, 38

                                           171

      INDEX (Cont.)

    Shellfish (cont.)                           Wetlands
       bioconcentration factors, 39                area
       biocontamination, 41                           most recent estimates, 84,88
       endangered, 124                          Wetlands
    Shoreline                                          original, 84
       length, 5                                      1780, 84
          general coastline, 5                        1954,. 84,87
          national shoreline, 5                    dredge and fill permits, 90-92
          tidal shoreline, 5                       loss, 84
       ownership, 6                                types
          federal, 6                                  area (1954), 84,87
          nonfederal public, 6                        defined, 85
          private,  6                              wildlife use
       uses, 7 by state, 94
          nonrecreational, 7                          by wetland type, 93
         Irecreational, 7                      Weight
          undeveloped, 7                           see fisheries, energy,
    Swimming, see recreation                       conversion factors
    Temperature                                 Whales, see mammals
       change in nuclear power plants, 74       Wildlife
       conversion factors, 34                      in wetlands, 93-94
       sea surface, 34-35                          refuges (see Audubon Society;
    Threatened species, 114-124, 132                 estuaries, sanctuaries;
       defined, 114                                  National Parks, National
    Tide                                             Wildlife Refuges, The Nature
       causes, 30                                    Conservancy)
       patterns, 30-31
       ranges, 31-33
    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
       erosion control expenditures, 11
       port expenditures, 154-155
       role in dredge and fill permits, 90-92
    U.S. Coast Guard
       role in reporting oil spills, 45
    U.S. Department of the Interior
       endangered species, 114
       oil and gas leases, 75
    Water
       freshwater flow, 24-27
       quality, 36-52
       sea water elements, 161
       use by nuclear power plants, 73
    Water Pollution Control Act, 45
    Water Skiing, see recreation

                                          172