[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]







                           Guide'lines for
                113arrier Beach
              Management. in Massachus'etts

                            ,"A



                                                  4,  114 41









             A Report of the'Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force
                            February 1994









        HT392
        .M4G85
        1994













                                                                            G u i d e I i n e s
                                           for Barrier Beach Management in Massachusetts













                                              A Report of the Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force








                  60

















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                   rk     C7-                                                  US Department of Commerce
                  <S-                                                          NOAA Coastal Sorviccc Center Library
                                                                               2234 South Hobson Avenue
                         C-DI                                                  Charleston, SC 29405-2413
                         1 j





                                   Table of Contents                                                                                                             PAGE
                                   Foreword        ............................................................................................................................I

                                   Introduction       .........................................................................................................................9

                                               Goals     .....................................................................................................................9
                                               Understanding Barrier Beaches/Q&A                       ................................................................... 11


                                   1. A Beach Manager's Guide to the Regulations                           ............................................................. 25
                                               Definitions      ............................................................................................................ 25

                                               General Characteristics             ........................................................................................ 27
                                               Delineation of Barrier Margins               ............................................................................. 30
                                               Applicable Federal and State Laws                    ..................................................................... 31


                                   2. Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act/Barrier Beach Resources                                      ............................ 37

                                               Barrier Beaches          ................................................................................................... 39

                                               Coastal Beaches and Tidal Flats                  ......................................................................... 40

                                               Coastal Dunes          ..................................................................................................... 44
                                               Salt Marshes        ........................................................................................................ 48
                                               Land Containing                                                   ...................................................... 51
                                               Land Under Salt Po6ds               ........................................................................................ 55
                                               Land Under Ocean              .............................................................................................. 57
                                               Protection of Rare Species Habitat                   ..................................................................... 60


                                   3. Other Federal and State Statutes Applicable to Barrier Beaches                                   ............................... 63
                                               Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973                        ........................................................... 64
                                                        (16 United States Code 1531)
                                               Mass. Endangered Species Act (Mass. General Laws Chapter 131 A)                                        .............. 66
                                               Mass. Historical Commission                 .............................................................................. 70


                                   4. Public Use/Recreational Activities                   ............................................................................... 71
                                               Pedestrian Uses, including Hunting, Fin and Shellfishing,
                                               Kite4lying, Pets, and Hiking             ..........................6...........6 .......................................... 72
                                               Camping, Including Fires              ...................................................................................... 77
                                               Watercraft, Including Boats and Jet-skis                    ............................................................. 78
                                               Plant Harvesting          .................................................................................................. 81
                                               Non-Motorized Transport, Including Horseback Riding and Bicycles                                    .................. 82
                                               Fireworks      ......................................  ...................................................................... 84
                                               Off-Road Vehicle Use             .......................................................................................... 85









                                      5. Restoration and Management Activities                        ........................................
                                                                                                                                           .............................. 97
                                                   Erosion Control and Restoration Techniques                        ...................................................... 98
                                                         Dune and Beach Construction/Reconstruction                           .............................................. 98
                                                         Moving Beach Material               ............................................................................... 111
                                                   Beach Cleaning           ................................................................................................. 113
                                                         Stone and Cobble            ....................................................................................... 113

                                                         Litter   ............................................................................................................ 114

                                                         Wrack       ......................................................................................................... 116
                                                   Salt Ponds        ......................................................................................................... 118

                                                   Construction of Facilities            ................................................................................... 119

                                                   Nuisance Control           ............................................................................................... 122

                                                         Insects     ........................................................................................................ 122

                                                         Exotic Plants        ............................................................................................... 124
                                                   Rare Species Predators               .................................................................................... 127
                                                   Other Wildlife Management Issues                   .................................................................... 129
                                                   Trash    ................................................................................................................. 131



                                      6. Public Education and Outreach                     ................................................................................. 133


                                      Appendix A.           Barrier Beaches in Massachusetts                    .......................................................... 145
                                      Appendix B.           Federal Coastal Barrier Resource System (COBRA)
                                                            Units in Massachusetts             ............................................................................ 163
                                      Appendix C.           Beach Staging Areas for Migratory Shorebirds                        ........................................ 167
                                      Appendix D.           Off-Road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment and
                                                            Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines                    ................................................... 173
                                      Appendix E.           Federal, State, Regional, and Municipal Laws                       ......................................... 177
                                      Appendix F.           State Environmental Agency Contacts                      .................................................... 183
                                      Appendix G.           Glossary      ................................................................................................... 187
                                      Appendix H.           Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife "Guidelines for Managing
                                                            Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and
                                                            their Habitats in Massachusetts               ................................................................ 195
                                      Appendix 1.           Mass Department of Environmental Protection
                                                            "Recommended Conditions for Barrier Beaches                          .. .................................... 211
                                      Appendix J.           Mass. Department of Environmental Protection "Wetlands Protection
                                                            Program Interim Policy 91-2: Criteria for Evaluating and
                                                            Permitting Openings of Salt Ponds in Order to Manage, Maintain or
                                                            Enhance      Marine Fisheries         .. ....................................................................... 221
                                      Appendix K. Access for the Physically Challenged                             ...................................................... 227
                                      Appendix L. Bibliography                 ............................................................................................. 233
                                      Appendix M. Matrix             ....................................................................................................... 265







                                     List of Figures

                                     Figure      1 :     Types of barrier beaches              ............................................................................. 10
                                     Figure      2:      Reconstruction of the growth of Sandy Neck                       ............................................... 12
                                     Figure      3:      Barrier island formation            ............................................................................... 12
                                     Figure      4:      Mechanisms of sand transport                 ..................................................................... 14
                                     Figure      5:      Overwash surges and fans                 .......................................................................... 14
                                     Figure      6:      Barrier Beach Inventory Project map                   ........................................................... 17
                                     Figure      7:      Barrier environments           .................................................................................... 26
                                     Figure      8:      Coastal dunes with beach grass                  .................................................................. 44
                                     Figure      9:      Salt marsh zonation for New England                    .......................................................... 48
                                     Figure 10:          Shellfish harvesting         ...................................................................................... 52
                                     Figure 11:          Map of estimated habitats of
                                                         stale-listed rare wetlands wildlife              ................................................................. 61
                                     Figure 12:          Barrier beach pedestrian closure for piping plovers                       ..................................... 74
                                     Figure 13:          Beach terminology diagram               ..........................................................  .............. 88
                                     Figure 14:          Fencing plan for piping plover nests                 ............................................................ 90
                                     Figure 15:          Types of barrier beach off-road vehicle closures                      ......................................... 94
                                     Figure 16:          Determining dune failure potential                ............................................................. 102
                                     Figure 17:          Sample of warning sign for nesting area                    .................................................... 138
                                     Figure 18:          Sample of warning sign for seal pupping area.                       .......................................... 140
















                                                       FOREWORD











                         On May 29, 1992, the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office, the
                         Massachusetts Audubon Society and the Association for the Preservation of Cape
                         Cod co-sponsored a "Conservation of Our Barrier Beaches" Symposium in Brewster,
                         Mass. At the conclusion of the symposium, the co-sponsors resolved to explore some
                         of the outstanding and pressing questions and issues that had been raised and left
                         unanswered by symposium participants. With unanimous support, the co-sponsors,
                         along with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection which had
                         advocated for the formation of such a group with the Audubon Society since 1991,
                         established the Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force. Later that summer, an
                         agenda, schedule and membership list were drawn up by the co-sponsors and the
                         Department.

                         In addition to the Symposium resolution, other forces leading to the establishment of
                         the Task Force were:


                                 * The federal government's addition to the U.S. Endangered Species List of
                         the piping plover;
                                 9 The establishment of jurisdiction, under the Massachusetts Wetlands
                         Protection Act, over the use of off-road vehicles on barrier beaches at Nauset Beach
                         in the Town of Orleans; and
                                 -  The enactment of an Endangered Species Act by the Massachusetts
                         Legislature.

                         The Guidelines that follow are provided as a public service to those given
                         responsibility for implementing and complying with a myriad of federal, state, and
                         local laws relevant to barrier beaches. They are designed to serve as a reference tool
                         to those charged with the responsibility of preparing, reviewing, and implementing
                         barrier beach management plans. This reference book need not be read cover to


                                                                    1









                        cover in order to be understood, although that effort is certainly encouraged. A
                        Matrix in the Appendix allows for quick and easy access to the most recent
                        interpretation of laws and how they apply to actual and potential barrier beach uses.

                        For each potential barrier beach use covered in this document, the Task Force has
                        provided a "Summary of Wetlands Protection Act Regulatory Performance Standards"
                        and prepared a set of "Recommended Management Measures" that may be
                        appropriate for your beach. All recommendations may not be suitable for all
                        areas. Each beach should be managed site-specificallyl Granted, there are
                        certain general principles that are relevant to the natural functioning and
                        management of all barrier beaches, however, the application of a particular
                        recommendation depends upon the individual circumstances of nature and
                        use. Local authorities may know these issues best and should tailor their
                        management plans accordingly.              Beach managers and conservation
                        commissions should work together in this regard.

                        These Guidelines are intended to set barrier beach stewards headed in the direction
                        of responsible beach management. It is recognized that many beach management
                        issues will remain to be discussed and reviewed on a case-by-case basis with municipal
                        conservation commissions, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
                        Protection, the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the managers themselves in
                        order to meet the standards   of environmental law. The Task Force's intent is to
                        equip local beach managers in order for them to be proactive, rather than reactive,
                        in their management approach.

                        Beach managers should prepare barrier beach management plans and submit them to
                        their municipal conservation commissions as a Notice of Intent for review under the
                        Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and any relevant municipal wetlands
                        protection by-law or ordinance. The conservation commission can then issue an
                        Order of Conditions based on the elements of the plan within their jurisdiction.
                        Therefore, each barrier beach management plan in Massachusetts will be subject to
                        a full, legally advertised public hearing prior to any final approval.

                        We also recommend that the public be involved in each step of the planning process.
                        The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office offers a "Guide to Public
                        Involvement" (January 1988) that may assist managers in working with the public.
                        Management plans should also be routinely updated.

                        Where barrier beaches cross political and jurisdictional boundaries, it is recommended
                        that a regional approach be used in drafting management plans.

                        In conjunction with the drafting of the Guideline4 the Task Force recommended
                        that the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection independently issue
                        a Wetlands Policy in the form of a generic Order of Conditions specific to off-road
                        vehicle use, the building of structures, and beach nourishment and dune restoration
                        activities on barrier beaches. This was done and appears in Appendix 1.


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                        The Task Force also recommended that the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                        Wildlife independently issue a policy on "Off-Road Vehicle Management Guidelines
                        for Piping Plovers and Terns in Massachusetts." That policy appears in Appendix H.

                        Together, these two follow-up documents will help implement the Task Force's
                        recommendations. The Department of Environmental Protection and the Division of
                        Fisheries and Wildlife enforce the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and
                        Endangered Species Act respectively and are appropriately equipped to perform this
                        function. The Task Force has convened varied barrier beach interests who have been
                        able to come together in a constructive way to provide barrier beach stewards with
                        Guidelines that may help them in the tough and complex task of barrier beach
                        management.                              I

                        Users of the Guidelines should be aware that the document is equally applicable to
                        barrier beaches under Commonwealth stewardship as they are to those under the
                        ownership of Massachusetts' cities and towns. Federal agencies and private individuals
                        and organizations are also encouraged to apply the Guidelines, where appropriate,
                        to barrier beaches under their jurisdiction. The result can be a consistent and uniform
                        method of managing the 681 barrier beaches throughout the Bay State. In addition,
                        these Guidelines advance the goals and objectives of the Secretary of Environmental
                        Affairs' "Environmental Agenda," and Massachusetts Executive Orders, Number 181
                        and Number 190, while also serving as policy for the Secretary's Coastal Zone
                        Management Program.

                        The Guidelines provide for an ecosystems-based management approach designed to
                        foster responsible use and protection of the Commonwealth's barrier beaches.
                        Implementation of the Guidelines can be considered application of Best
                        Management Practices.

                        The Task Force's guiding principles regarding the incorporation of text into the
                        Guidelines were that: 1) the information be readable; and 2) the information be
                        relevant to barrier beach management today. The sounding board for all information
                        included in the Guidelines came from representatives of the Beach Managers
                        Association of Massachusetts. The Association's members are charged with the day-to-
                        day responsibility of managing most of the 18,750 acres of barrier beaches throughout
                        the Commonwealth.


                        Since establishment of the Task Force, many individuals, environmental groups,
                        federal, state, and local government agencies, advocacy, special interest, and user
                        groups have expressed a desire to participate in the Task Force's deliberations. The
                        Task Force has welcomed their participation and in many instances has charged a
                        particular group with the responsibility for drafting a section of the Guidelines where
                        that group had expertise. No individual, agency, or group has been denied an
                        opportunity to participate in the Task Force's deliberations.

                        In drafting these Guidelines, the Task Force employed a consensus approach in
                        arriving at group decisions. There were no votes taken where a majority could rule.


                                                                  3








                        Alternatives were developed and explored in order to satisfy the group's interests
                        inside of existing environmental law. Reaching consensus took more time than"a
                        centralized approach. The added time, however, was devoted to understanding
                        people's perspectives and values. The results, I believe, were more creative and
                        effective, as expressed in the Guidelines'"Recommended Management Measures."

                        Some members of the Task Force have had differences in the past, continue to have
                        differences, and will inevitably express differences in the future. However, the Task
                        Force members have worked from a shared sense of common ground -- that is, the
                        protection and responsible use of the Commonwealth's barrier beaches.

                        The Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs and its agencies remain
                        available to provide technical assistance to barrier beach stewards on interpretation
                        and application of the Guidelines








                        John J.
                        Ch i      , Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force &
                        Assistant Director, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office
                        February 19%
























                                                                  4
















                                   The Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force





                    Membership


                    John J. Clarke, Task Force Chairman
                    Assistant Director
                    Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                    Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                    C. Diane Boretos, Environmental Analyst
                    Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                    Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental Protection/
                    Bureau of Resource Protection/Division of Wetlands and Waterways/ Southeast
                    Regional Office

                    John Crane, Beach Conservation Officer
                    Town of Plymouth Park Department

                    Rob Gatewood
                    Association for the Preservation of Cape Cod; and Town of Barnstable

                    Joe Grady, Treasurer
                    Beach Managers Association of Massachusetts

                    Anne Hecht & Susi von Oettingen, Endangered Species Biologists
                    U.S.Department of the Interior/Fish & Wildlife Service/Division of Ecological Services

                    Karst R. Hoogeboom, Manager
                    Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                    Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental
                    Management/Division of Resource Conservation

                    Chris Kennedy, Regional Supervisor for Martha's Vineyard & Nantucket/
                    The Trustees of Reservations/Wakeman Conservation Center

                    Laurie Martinelli, Director of Public Policy
                    Massachusetts Audubon Society



                                                         5








                       Scott Melvin, Rare Species Zoologist
                       Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Fisheries, Wildlife &
                       Environmental Law Enforcement/Division of Fisheries and Wildlife

                       Robert B. Pond, Executive Director
                       Stripers Unlimited

                       Cliff White
                       Massachusetts Beach Buggy Association



                       Technical Adibors


                       Brad Blodget, Ornithologist
                       Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Fisheries, Wildlife &
                       Environmental Law Enforcement/Division of Fisheries and Wildlife

                       Lois Bruinooge, Legal Counsel
                       Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                       Paul G. Caruso, Marine Fisheries Biologist
                       Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Fisheries, Wildlife &
                       Environmental Law Enforcement/Division of Marine Fisheries

                       Robert Golledge, Wetlands Section Chief
                       Commonweatlh of Massachusetts
                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental Protection/
                       Bureau of Resource Protection/Division of Wetlands and Waterways

                       Brian A- Harrington
                       Manomet Bird Observatory

                       Scott Hecker
                       Coastal Watershed Program
                       Massachusetts Audubon Society

                       Karl Honkonen, Coordinator of Interpretation
                       Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental
                       Management/Division of Forests and Parks

                       Jim O'Connell, Coastal Geologist


                                                              6









                      Jim O'Connell, Coastal Geologist
                      Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                      Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                      Karl Rask, Regional Extension Specialist
                      County of Barnstable Cooperative Extension Service

                      David Rimmer
                      Trustees of Reservations/Crane Beach, Ipswich

                      Pam Rubinoff, Cape Cod Regional Coordinator
                      Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                      Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management




                      Others


                      Paul Accomando
                      Parker River Refuge Access Committee, Inc.

                      Patricia Eldredge, Aide to Senator Henri Rauschenbach
                      Cape & Islands District

                      Bob Fultz, South Shore Regional Coordinator
                      Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                      Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                      William C. Henchy, Esq.
                      Co-chair Brewster Conservation Commission


                      Representative Frank M. Hynes
                      4th Plymouth District

                      Brenden O'Neill, Aide to Rep. Robert C. Lawless
                      4th Barnstable District


                      Andy Ringold, Superintendent
                      U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service/Cape Cod National Seashore

                      Anne Smrcina, Public Information/Education Specialist
                      Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                      Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management






                                                             7

















                                                 INTRODUCTION







                        Goals


                        The Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force set three primary goals in the
                        development of these Guidelines:

                        9 To draft guidelines for barrier beach management in Massachusetts that will serve
                        as policy and planning guidance for those with stewardship responsibilities over barrier
                        beach ecosystems in Massachusetts;

                        * To include the most relevant and useful information regarding the protection and
                        responsible use of barrier beaches; and

                        * To have state, federal, local and regional/county governments and private entities
                        consider the recommendations in the guidelines and adapt them to their particular
                        circumstances as policy.



















                                                                  9
















































                                                                                              AN



                                                                      z1h








                 A--                                  B                                  C




















                                   Figure 1.        Types of barrier beaches: (A) Bay Barriers, (B) Barrier Spits, and
                                                    (C) Barrier Islands.


                                                                       10








                       Understanding Barrier Beaches

                       There are several basic questions that are often raised about barrier beaches, their
                       ecology, and their importance in the ecosystem. The Task Force has attempted to
                       answer some of the most common questions and provide an overall understanding
                       about the role barrier beaches play in the coastal environment.




                       What Is A Barder Beach?


                       A barrier beach is a narrow strip of beach and dunes separated from the mainland by
                       a marsh, bay, river, or any other water body. The gently sloping beach extends from
                       the frontal dune line to the offshore sand bar where waves first normally break.
                       Dunes are hills or ridges of sand deposited by the wind and/or wave action, or. can be
                       artificially deposited, and are often covered with beach-grass. All dunes extending
                       from the beach to the marsh, bay or river are part of the barrier beach. Together the
                       beach, dunes, tidal flats and associated water bodies comprise the dynamic barrier
                       beach ecosystem. Barrier beaches provide storm buffers for both humans and wildlife
                       in harbors and upland areas behind the barrier. They also serve as habitat for a
                       variety of plant and animal life, several of which are endangered in Massachusetts and
                       throughout the nation.

                       In the Bay State, there are three basic types of barrier beaches: bay barrier, barrier
                       spit, and barrier island. A bay barrier is connected to the mainland at both ends. A
                       barrier spit is only connected at one end, and a barrier island is not connected to the
                       mainland at all.





                       Why aW How Do Bamer Beaches Change?

                       Barrier beaches are always changing. In just a year's time these changes become
                       clearly evident. In the summer, when waves are generally less steep, the beach builds
                       up becoming higher and wider. Large, steeper waves that occur in the fall, winter and
                       early spring, cut into the beach and cause it to narrow and flatten. Over a longer
                       period of time, many barrier beaches throughout the Commonwealth tend to migrate
                       landward. This occurs when waves break and carry sand from the ocean side over the
                       beach and dunes, to the landward side. This movement also occurs when sand is
                       swept through tidal inlets into the bays and rivers behind barrier beaches. The
                       landward movement of the barrier beach is caused by storm overwash, as well as the
                       gradual rise in sea level which Massachusetts and other areas of the East Coast have
                       been experiencing for thousands of years. In some areas of the coast, the rate of
                       landward movement is as much as several feet per year. Its most dramatic effects are
                       felt during storm events.













                                                                  8
                                              8
                                                                  IR                   IR








                                  .0










                                                                                                                2

































                                           0     2   4

                                              Miles


                                                                                                   3



                                 Figure 2.       Reconstruction of the growth of Sandy Neck and development of
                                                 Barnstable Marsh, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Redfield 1972).

                                 Figure 3.       Barrier island formation by spit accretion and inlet breaching (from
                                                 Hoyt 1967).



                                                                    12









                        The strength of the barrier beach system lies in its natural dynamic character. This
                        character is most clearly represented by the beach's and dune's abilities to respond
                        (move and reshape) to storm winds and waves as a complete ecological unit. When
                        left unaltered, barrier beaches respond to storm overwash quite well by building up
                        again. The overwash provides the substrate for re-establishment of landward saltmarsh
                        and/or dunes, as well as, in some cases, allowing landward migration. Aerial
                        photographs of barrier beaches often show the re-establishment of saltmarsh or dunes
                        on overwash fans. Beachgrass grows on overwash fans and traps windblown sand to
                        begin the formation of new dunes. Eventually, the barrier- beach will look much as
                        it did before the storm, although it may now be slightly closer to the mainland. The
                        barrier is not "breaking down" during overwash episodes, it is simply responding to the
                        natural cycles upon which it depends.

                        As part of the barrier beach system, overwash plays an important role in wave energy
                        dissipation. While the overwash fan itself is important in dissipating storm wave
                        energy, the active process of overwash is critical. The process of overwash acts as an
                        energy release mechanism preventing numerous other overwashes, from forming by
                        redirecting wave energy through itself. The overwash is important to the continued
                        existence of the barrier. It allows the barrier beach to migrate landward in response
                        to storms and relative sea level rise. When considering the importance of overwash
                        episodes, the entire barrier profile, including its readjustment, must be considered. A
                        barrier beach profile includes not only the portion of the barrier which can be seen,
                        but also the seaward area out to the wave base or closure point. Wave base is the
                        seawardmost depth where sediment movement occurs under normal day-to-day or
                        storm wave action. Along the eastern seaboard, the 27 foot bathymetric contour is a
                        representative wave base under severe storm conditions. Therefore, under severe
                        storm conditions, the barrier beach profile extends to that bathymetric contour. The
                        active profile changes under varying storm intensities. Consequently, the alteration
                        of a portion of the profile can result in the interruption of the barrier's equilibrium
                        and may result in additional, unnecessary damage during a subsequent severe storm.
                        For example, bulldozing overwash material onto the seaward side of the barrier from
                        an overwash area, will result in a changed barrier profile. The placement of material
                        on top of the established natural equilibrium profile can result in the unnecessary loss
                        of barrier material during the next storm through an artificial lowering and thinning
                        of the barrier.


                        Many times, the usual human response to overwashes and the resultant shoreline
                        retreat and flooding is to build seawalls, groins or other hard structures in an attempt
                        to "protect the beach." Unfortunately, these alterations, along with paving and
                        bulldozing, interfere with the natural processes of the barrier beach. They prevent
                        overwash and interfere with beachgrass and dune growth, contributing to erosion in
                        surrounding areas. These disturbances are damaging to the system as a whole. Once
                        the natural beach and dune rebuilding processes'are interrupted, the barrier beach
                        defenses against future storms are diminished. In an attempt to "stabilize" the barrier
                        beach through armoring, such as building a seawall or revetment, the beach areas
                        adjacent to and in front of the armoring erode or scour at an accelerated rate and
                        may entirely disappear over time.


                                                                   13












                                                                           Flood,tTidiil
                                                                              De a




                                                                                                                Dune                          Iloach Ridge
                                                                                                                Migrollo
                                      --------------
                                         Scorped
                                           Dune


                                                                  Overvilosh


                                                                                                                     Littoral Drdt
                                                                                  Ebb                                                          Firwailing Wind



                                                                                                                                                                         4









                                                                                              PROFILE A-A'

                                                                           BEACH          THROAT- WASHOVER FA               FLATS











                                                                                                 ''MARSH  4-


                                                                           VEGETATED                   A:
                                                                            BARRIER            - - - - - - - - - - Baseline
                                                                             FLATS
                                                                                                        FAN




                                                                                                      AN           -401E,


                                                                                                                                                   5






                                                  Figure 4.               Mechanisms of sand transport on barrier beaches (modified from
                                                                          Godfrey 1976).

                                                  Figure 5.1              Overwash'surges during storm conditions (above) and resulting
                                                                         washover fans (below).




                                                                                                     14









                         In many instances, coastal banks adjacent to barrier beaches serve as the principal
                         sediment source for the barrier. It is therefore advised that, wherever and whenever
                         possible, coastal banks serving as sediment sources for adjacent barrier beaches,
                         remain or be returned to an undeveloped, unarmored state in order to allow for
                         healthy coastal beaches and dunes. It is recommended that, in a proactive approach,
                         barrier beach managers identify the major sediment sources for their barriers and
                         participate, if necessary, in proceedings of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act
                         and the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act in order to protect the future supply
                         of that source.





                         W4 ShouN Cifizens Be Concemed About Barfier Beaches?

                         Development on barrier beaches can pose significant hazards to the public's health
                         and safety. In 1900, over six-thousand people lost their lives when a hurricane caused
                         flooding and overwash of the barrier beach in Galveston, Texas. While storm warning
                         systems have improved greatly since that tragedy, the number of people living on
                         these hazard prone areas has also increased dramatically. According to the U.S.
                         Department of Commerce, 45% of the total land area in Massachusetts is coastal
                         while over 75% of the population lives in coastal areas. In addition, 50% of all
                         construction occurs in the same communities.


                         There are other reasons   why citizens should be interested in barrier beaches. Tax
                         money is used to indirectly promote development in barrier beach areas. Citizens are
                         currently helping to pay for subsidized loans, disaster assistance, and the development
                         of infrastructure, including roads, sewers, and water lines, for these beaches. One
                         estimate indicates that it.could cost the nation approximately $112 billion in the next
                         20 years should the government continue to invest in barrier development.

                         According to State-Federal Hazard Mitigation Team reports, "Hurricane Bob"
                         (August, 1991), the "Halloween Northeaster" (October 1991), and the "December '92
                         Northeaster" cost taxpayers over $50 million (over and above monies paid from the
                         Federal Flood Insurance Program) to repair public roads, seawalls, sewer and water
                         lines, buildings, and other public facilities in the Bay State. The 1991/1992 storm
                         season also caused billions of dollars in damages to private property -- much of this
                         on barrier beaches. Approximately two thirds of the homes destroyed by those storms
                         were located on barrier beaches. Many of these homes were behind seawalls and
                         other erosion control structures which gave homeowners a false sense of security.
                         Those same seawalls also contributed to beach erosion thereby reducing the natural
                         storm defenses of the barrier beach. Most of these seawalls were reconstructed at
                         public expense in much the same way as they had existed prior to the storm season.
                         The large seawall and stone mound structure on Minot Beach in Scituate has been
                         reconstructed nineteen times. It was reconstructed after the "Blizzard of '78" with a
                         cost to the taxpayers of over $700,000. Despite the immense size of this structure
                         many of the homes behind it continue to be heavily damaged by coastal storms.


                                                                   15








                          How Should Banier Beaches Be Managed?

                          Barrier beaches are managed for a variety of reasons, including recreation, tourism,
                          ecosystem protection, conservation, and residential usage.              There are many
                          considerations to address. Federal, state, and local agencies have a variety of
                          jurisdictional interests in the barriers.     Bringing all these issues together in a
                          management plan should help to codify management goals and initiatives. There are
                          many resources to use in development of a plan.

                          Executive Order Number 181 (1980), established a framework for the management
                          of barrier beaches in Massachusetts. The Order directs that state acquisition of
                          barrier beaches be made a priority. This Order assigns the highest priority for use of
                          disaster assistance funds to relocate willing sellers from storm damaged barrier beach
                          areas. Also, state and federal monies for construction projects will not be used to
                          encourage new growth and development on barrier beaches. These economic policies
                          recognize barrier beaches as hazard-prone areas where future storm damage will
                          inevitably occur.

                          Local governments play an important role in barrier beach management. Since
                          municipal commissions, committees and boards review proposals for construction
                          activities on barrier beaches, a large responsibility resides with local officials to ensure
                          that proposed activities reflect both the natural and economic hazards and the
                          environmental sensitivity characteristic of barrier beaches. The Massachusetts Barrier
                          Beach Task Force strongly encourages municipalities to develop management plans
                          for locally owned barrier beach areas to promote appropriate use.

                          The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office has readily available maps
                          which identify and delineate each barrier for each coastal city and town in the
                          Commonwealth ("Coastal Zone Management Barrier Beach Inventory Project,"
                          December 1982). [See Appendix C for the complete list and -municipal location of
                          each barrier beach.] Coastal Zone Management also has available data indicating the
                          rate of shoreline erosion and accretion through its "Massachusetts Shoreline Change
                          Project" (January, 1989).       Other excellent references are the "Barrier Beach
                          Management Sourcebook," developed by Coastal Zone Management (1983) and the
                          "Barrier Island Sourcebook" (Leatherman, 1979). Appendix K is a bibliography that
                          highlights these and other publications that will be useful to supplement these
                          Guidelines.


                          With the addition of "Wildlife Habitat" to the list of interests protected under the
                          Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and the passage of a state Endangered
                          Species Act (1990), barrier beach management has moved to a new level of
                          importance -- beyond flood control and storm damage protection -- to the protection
                          of wildlife habitats and rare species on barrier beaches.

                          With all that has been learned since promulgation of the Massachusetts Wetlands
                          Protection Act's Coastal Regulations in 1978, the addition of new statutes protecting
                          wildlife habitat and endangered species, and our on-site experiences regarding the


                                                                      16


















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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Gloucester Quadrangle
                                                   Barrier Beach Inventory Project                                                                        Barrier Beach Unit Code System                                                                               Massachusetts - Essex County
                                                   Executive Office of Environmental Affairs                                                                          Gt -9                                                                The geological field research and mapping was
                                                   Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management                                                                              Town       Barrier unit                                              compiled and produced under contract with
                                                   Richard F Delaney, Director                                                                                        Barrier Beach Margins                                                The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies
                                                                                                                                                        The seaward and landward margins of all barrier
                                                   Project Coordinator: Gary Clayton                                                                    beach units extend to mean low water and include                                   Principal Investigator: Lester B. Smith, Jr.
                                                   Geologic Advisor: Jeffrey Benoit                                                                     contiguous marsh and/or tidal flats.                                               Date of completion: April 1982
                                                                                                                                                                      no contiguous marsh and/or tidal flats
                                                   Maps depict Barrier Beaches subject to                                                                             are present                                                          Base maps are U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangles -
                                                   Executive Order No. 181.                                                                                                                                                                  7.5 Minute Series (Topographic)
                                                                                                                                                                      contiguous marsh and/or lidal flats                                  Department of Public Works, Massachusetts
                                                                                                                                                                      are part of the barrier beach unit


                                                                                                                                                                      Scale in Feet   1:4o,ooo
                                                                                                                                                           1000       0   1000 M WW 4000 WW                       G@
                                                                                                                                           North                                                                 0.@:Wgl. Lwatton

                                                     The preparation of this publication was funded by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmosphelfic Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, under a program implementation granl to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5










                                                                                                                                        dynamics of barrier beach ecology, the Task Force hopes that these Guidelines will
                                                                                                                                        serve to help better understand barrier beach processes in order that ecosystems-
                                                                                                                                        based management of these fragile coastal resources can be improved.













































            Figure 6.      Barrier Beach Inventory Project map of Gloucester.




                                            17                                                                                                                                  18







                        Barrier Beach Economics, including Fees and Financing

                               The coast and coastal zone of Massachusetts is the most significant economic
                        natural resource in the state. According to data from "Valuing Coastal Zone
                        Management," a March 1990 report, prepared for the National Coastal Resources
                        Research and Development Institute by the University of North Carolina/Chapel
                        Hill's Center for Urban and Regional Studies, the Coastal Gross National Product has
                        been growing faster than the overall Gross National Product. The Massachusetts
                        Coastal Zone Management Program has determined that over half of the
                        Commonwealth's share ($70.7 billion in 1985) of the Gross National Product
                        originates from coast-related activities. Included among these activities are the third
                        largest fisheries industry in the United States and an important tourism industry that
                        centers around bathing beaches and tourist attractions. These businesses are strongly
                        dependent on healthy coastal ecosystems.


                        VALUING THE COAST


                               Barrier beaches comprise approximately 222 miles (or a little more than 21%)
                        of the state's 1,500-mile beach shoreline (as determined by the Army Corps of
                        Engineers). The 681 barrier beaches along the Massachusetts coast provide a wealth
                        of resources that contribute greatly to the economic health of the Commonwealth.
                        According to the Massachusetts Audubon Society's white paper "Turning the Tide:
                        Toward a Liveable Coast" (1992), measuring the value of barrier beaches is difficult,
                        both because of a lack of availability of basic data and because the very nature of
                        some of the resources make assigning a dollar value a difficult task. Estimating the
                        aesthetic value or desirability and attractiveness of coastal resources is an even more
                        imprecise process. Nevertheless, the following information will provide some insight
                        into the magnitude of economic contributions that barrier beach resources provide in
                        Massachusetts.


                                                      Storm and Erosion Control
                               The value of storm and erosion protection capabilities of barrier beaches is
                        enormous and well documented. Barrier beaches deflect the force of onshore waves,
                        and function as wave energy absorbers during coastal storms.
                               While there are no definitive numbers for the storm protective value of
                        barrier beaches, the flood control and erosion control benefits of wetlands have been
                        documented by the Environmental Law Institute in "Our National Wetland Heritage"
                        and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development's "United
                        States of America National Report." As discussed earlier, coastal wetlands reduce the
                        impact of storm tides and waves before they reach upland areas. The mats of wetland
                        vegetation, with their complicated root systems, bind and protect soil against erosion.
                        While an exact correlation may not be possible, using an annual protection value of
                        $2,020 per acre of wetland as determined by the federal government, the 49,000 acres
                        of saltmarsh wetland behind Massachusetts' barrier beaches provide as much as $600
                        million in storm and erosion protection every year.



                                                                  19











                                                                  Fisheries
                                  The waters of the Commonwealth are rich in finfish and shellfish, including
                          lobsters. Saltmarsh areas protected by barrier beaches are important to fisheries for
                          two reasons: they are a major source of nutrients for shellfish and finfish; and they
                          provide protected spawning and feeding grounds for many of the most economically
                          significant commercial fisheries. According to "Our National Wetland Heritage," it
                          has been estimated that 90 percent of the species of commercial importance either
                          pass their entire lives in estuarine environments that are protected by barrier beaches
                          or require estuaries as nursery grounds.          From information provided in the
                          Massachusetts Audubon Society's white paper, a conservative estimate of the
                          cumulative value of all Massachusetts commercial fisheries, including nearshore and
                          offshore waters, was $1 billion for 1984.
                                  Using figures from "The Massachusetts Marine Economy" (April 1991)
                          prepared by the Massachusetts Centers of Excellence Corporation, an estimated 1.1
                          million recreational fishermen made 4 million fishing trips in 1986. They caught about
                          26 million fish, with over 19.5 million coming from Massachusetts' coastal waters.
                          Sixty percent of the recreational catch came from enclosed coastal waters (river
                          mouths, bays, sounds), many of which are, protected by barrier beaches. While it is
                          hard to isolate the economic impact of barrier beaches on recreational fishing, it has
                          been estimated that recreational finfishing contributed $638 million to the state
                          economy in 1988. Over 24,000 people took part in recreational shellfishing in
                          Massachusetts in 1987 and harvested food items valued at $4.4 million.
                                  From this data, it is clear that commercial and recreational fisheries provide
                          significant contributions to the state's economy. It is also clear that the role barrier
                          beaches play in the creation and protection of saltmarsh habitat for fisheries is
                          important in maintaining the economic and ecological health of those fisheries.

                                                           Tourism and Recreation
                                  Massachusetts' coastline lies within a day's drive of one-quarter of the nation's
                          population. As the state has moved away from a manufacturing economy, the tourism
                          industry has become the I  -argest single component of the state's economy. According
                          to U.S. Travel Data Center figures, residents of the U.S. made an estimated 17
                          million trips to Massachusetts in 1990 (an average 1.9 people per trip party, or 32.2
                          million person-trips). For 70 percent of these visitors, the primary purpose of
                          traveling was for pleasure. Fifty-four percent of the visits occur in summer, the most
                          popular season to visit Massachusetts. Thirty-six percent of the tourists visited the
                          beach or seashore (11.6 million visits), showing that the coast of Massachusetts has
                          a strong influence on its tourism value. The Massachusetts Office of Travel and
                          Tourism reports that seaside areas are the fastest growing tourist areas in the state,
                          with tourism in coastal counties growing at a rate of 13% in 1988, compared to a rate
                          of less than 9% for the rest of the state.
                                  In 1990, expenditures by domestic visitors (not including international tourists)
                          to the coastal counties of Massachusetts totaled over $5.8 billion. Not all of this can
                          be attributed directly to the use and enjoyment of coastal resources. Visits to historic
                          sites, attendance at conventions, and other attractions unrelated to proximity to the
                          coast probably accounted for the majority of tourism in the metropolitan Boston area.
                          Nevertheless, visitors attracted to the coast do provide significant support for the
                          economies of some regions, particularly the Cape and Islands. It is estimated by the

                                                                     20








                        U.S. Travel Data Center that over 80,000 jobs can be attributed to tourism in the
                        state's coastal counties.
                                Spending a day at the beach is probably the most typical coastal recreation
                        activity. Quantifying the direct economic value of beach use is difficult because many
                        beaches are free. Indirect economic benefits, such as income to area motels and
                        restaurants, are also hard to quantify because no comprehensive data is kept on beach
                        attendance. Research by the State of Florida and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                        indicates that recreational users of the coast spend $45 to $55 per day on beach-
                        related expenditures. The State of Florida has also determined that each dollar spent
                        by tourists has a multiplier effect on the state's economy of 5.18. Research has yet
                        to be undertaken in Massachusetts to determine the multiplier effect here. In 1987,
                        the state's parks attracted 11.9 million visitors, 1.7 million of whom visited state
                        beaches. Based on a 1992 Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management
                        survey, half of all state park users also spent money in local restaurants and bought
                        gifts during their trip. Attendance at the state and federally owned beaches, including
                        Cape Cod National Seashore, Horseneck Beach Reservation, and Salisbury Beach
                        Reservation, was almost 10 million in 1989. Private and town beaches accounted for
                        several million more visitors.


                                                                 Boating
                        According to the Massachusetts Marine Trades Association, in 1987, Massachusetts
                        ranked nineteenth nationally in terms of registered boats in the Bay State (196,541).
                        For the same year, the Commonwealth also supported $312,435,000 worth of boat,
                        motor, trailer, and accessory purchases.


                                                               Real Estate
                                The value of coastal real estate has traditionally been higher than the state
                        average. The Massachusetts Department of Revenue has calculated that, currently,
                        coastal real estate per acre is worth approximately two and a half times non-coastal
                        teal estate. As indicated in "Valuing Coastal Zone Management," it was determined,
                        for instance, that people in Rhode Island are willing to pay anywhere from $4,000 to
                        $20,000 additional for a house with a view of the coast.


                                                       Intrinsic Value of the Coast
                                In addition to direct economic values, the coast has intrinsic worth that is not
                        easily translated into dollars. This worth can be termed non-market value, even
                        though something is not bought and sold, it still may have economic value.
                        Economists have found that many people are willing to pay for scenic vistas, proximity
                        to the coast or the assurance that coastal resources and aesthetics will be preserved
                        for the future. Other studies have shown that people are willing to pay as much as
                        $5.00 for a visit to a beach that they currently enjoy for free. People may even be
                        willing to pay for protection of resources that they may never directly use, just for the
                        satisfaction of knowing that unspoiled panoramas, healthy ecosystems and their
                        attendant diversity of nature exist. While the intrinsic value of Massachusetts' coastal
                        resources, and specifically barrier beaches, has not been analyzed in detail, studies in
                        other areas have found that the intrinsic value can be as high as 50 percent of the
                        direct economic benefits incurred from resource use.




                                                                   21










                         FINANCING


                                 It is important that beach managers work closely with their boards of
                         selectmen or mayor's offices in order to adequately finance the operation of barrier
                         beaches. Based on discussions with municipal officials and the Mass. Department of
                         Revenue, the following are provided as possible funding options.

                                 Municipalities should anticipate certain expenses when managing their barrier
                         beaches. Actions necessary in order to financially prepare for barrier beach
                         management plan implementation should include the preparation of balance sheets
                         that clearly iflustrate the expenses and revenues associated with beach management.
                         If barrier beaches are to continue to attract visitors/users and revenue, communities
                         should realize that financial commitments to these resources, such as maintenance and
                         management, are crucial. It is recommended that the municipality's general fund
                         provide the primary source of revenue for beach management. Barrier beach
                         revenues, however, should not be used to subsidize the general fund.
                                 Fair'and equitable fees and fines should be levied by those with stewardship
                         responsibilities over barrier beaches to accommodate the costs to maintain the beach.
                                 Beach permit user fees can be levied for entrance and beach-related
                         recreational uses. The Task Force recommends that revenues generated from
                         entrance and beach uses be dedicated to beach and facilities' maintenance and
                         improvements. An assessment should be made in order to determine whether or not
                         beach-generated fees are adequate enough to pay for beach-related maintenance and
                         improvements. With minimum state and federal assistance available to maintain such
                         public services, it is recommended that, wherever possible, barrier beach fees be used
                         to offset the costs of providing services at barrier beaches.

                         Fees can be dedicated to:
                                 *Infrastructure maintenance and improvement -- entrance stations; parking
                                 lots and roads; bath houses; utilities (electricity, water, telephone, heat);
                                 machinery, equipment and vehicles; access ramps and boardwalks; beach grass
                                 plants and planting; fencing and signs; and
                                 e Services/Management -- lot attendants; police and fire protection; public
                                 works staff; lifeguards; conservation officers and health agents; plover/tern
                                 wardens; harbormasters and shellfish wardens;'barrier beach-related municipal
                                 expenses (personnel insurance, pensions, retirement and municipal building
                                 expenses); any outstanding beach-related debt service; beach acquisition
                                 programs; and public education.

                         Fee options can be broken down to include:
                                   Beach Lot Permits
                                         - Year-round Resident
                                         - Rental Resident
                                         - Daily/Weekly Visitor
                                   Off-Road Vehicle Permits
                                         - Resident
                                         - Nonresident


                                                                   22









                               e Horseback Riding Permits
                               o Pedestrian Access (walk-ins)
                                Bicycle Access
                                Vessel Landings

                               Although municipal beach and parking fees often differ for non-residents and
                       residents, the Task Force recommends that where fees are charged to local residents,
                       non-residents should not be charged more than twice the local amount. Although the
                       tax burden for municipal barrier beach care and maintenance is weighted to the local
                       resident, where the environmental integrity of a barrier beach will not be
                       compromised, public access for all residents of the Commonwealth is encouraged at
                       a reasonable cost.
                               Fines imposed against violators of barrier beach regulations can also be
                       dedicated to barrier beach management. Further information on this subject is
                       discussed later on.


                                                          Enterprise Fund
                               As an alternative to general fund appropriations, proceeds can be dedicated
                       to a special Barrier Beach Enterprise Fund. Enterprise funds have been successfully
                       used in harbors, for instance, to insure that the community has adequate monies,
                       generated by the users, to maintain and improve facilities when necessary. This is an
                       accounting procedure that requires town meeting or city council approval. In order
                       to separately account for the revenue and expenses of providing services at barrier
                       beaches, municipalities are urged to establish such a fund.
                               An enterprise fund works as follows: through municipal adoption of Mass.
                       General Laws Chapter 44, ï¿½53F 1/; all monies collected for beach use are placed in the
                       fund and all beach-related costs come out of this fund. Expenditures are itemized on
                       an annual budget and subject to the municipal appropriations process. The account,
                       as with all other accounts, is managed by the municipal treasurer.
                               By accounting for all the revenues and costs associated with barrier beaches,
                       beach  managers can:
                               1) Demonstrate to the public how much of the costs of providing these
                               services are recovered through user charges and how much, if any is being
                               subsidized through taxes;
                               2) Adjust user service fees to make barrier beaches self-supporting in cases
                               where beach facilities are currently a burden on the tax base; and
                               3) Accrue earnings to fund long-term maintenance or faciliti     i provement
                                                                                            les Im
                               plans without money being directed to the general operating fund.

                       For additional information and guidance on establishing an Enterprise Fund, contact
                       the Massachusetts Department of Revenue/Division of Local Services/Bureau of
                       Accounts at (617) 727-2300. A detailed "Handbook" is available.


                                        Non-Criminal Citations Using Local Bylaws/Ordinances
                               If a municipality has a local barrier beach or wetland protection
                       bylaw/ordinance, there is a recommended enforcement technique which can be used


                                                                 23









                          to bring about compliance before escalating to a lawsuit. The legislature has
                          authorized. municipal governments to use a non-criminal ticketing procedure to
                          enforce local laws.
                                  The ticketing statute, Mass. General Laws Chapter 40, ï¿½21D, provides that any
                          ordinance, bylaw, rule, or regulation of any municipal office, board, or department
                          may be enforced by this method as long as the violation is subject to a specific
                          penalty.. Only a few municipalities have actually adopted this process; some have
                          made it applicable to a few specific bylaws/ordinances while others have given it more
                          wide-ranging applications. Typical environmental laws enforced by this method
                          include wetland bylaws/ordinances and regulations, conservation land rules and
                          regulations, rubbish disposal and littering regulations, shellfish regulations, and
                          violations of zoning bylaws/ordinances.
                                  Use of the ticketing procedure allows an enforcement official to issue a ticket
                          which provides for a specific sum of money to be paid as a penalty for the violation
                          of a local law. The violator must pay the ticket or request an appeal in writing to the
                          district court. If appealed, a hearing will be held on the matter within twenty-one days
                          following the date the ticket was written.
                                  Advantages to use of the non-criminal ticket include:
                                  1) The criminal stigma is taken away from enforcement efforts;
                                  2) The need to prove a case in a trial setting is for the most part eliminated;
                                  and
                                  3) Many local laws can be enforced by a process similar to that employed for
                                  minor traffic violations, a process with which most people are familiar.

                          For further information and details, refer to the Mass. Department of Environmental
                          Protection's Division of Wetlands and Waterways manual entitled: "An Enforcement
                          Manual For Wetlands Protection In Massachusetts" (1990).


                          NOTE: The procedural aspects of Mass. General Laws Chapter 40, ï¿½21D have recently
                          been amendei4 and additional amendments are likely in the near future. Consult with
                          your town counsel or city solicitor for guidance before proceeding with this enforcement
                          method.



























                                                                    24












                                                         CHAPTER1

                                  A Beach Manager's Guide to the Regulations






                          Definitions



                          The criteria used for identifying and delineating barrier beaches in Massachusetts are
                          based on the definition of a barrier beach as contained in the Preamble of
                          Massachusetts Executive Order Number 181. This definition of a barrier beach is also
                          identical to that of the Coastal Regulations of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection
                          Act:


                                  Barrier Beach means a narrow low-lying           strip of land generally
                                  consisting of coastal beaches and coastal dunes extending roughly
                                  parallel to the trend of the coast. It is separated fiom the mainland by
                                  a narrow body of fresh, brackish or saline water or a marsh
                                  system .... (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29)

                          Since coastal beaches and coastal dunes comprise a barrier beach, it is important to
                          understand the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Regulatory definitions for these
                          resource areas. The definitions are as follows:


                                  Coastal Beach means unconsolidated sediment subject to wave, tidal and
                                  coastal storm action which forms the gently sloping shore of a body of saft
                                  water and includes tidal flats.     Coastal beaches extend from the mean low
                                  water line landward to the duneline, coastal bankline or the seaward edge of
                                  existing man-made structures, when these structures replace one of the above
                                  lines, whichever is closest to the ocean .... (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27)

                                  Coastal dune means any natural hill, mound or ridge of sediment landward of
                                  a coastal beach deposited by wind action or storm overwash. Coastal dune also
                                  means sediment deposited by artificial means and serving the purpose of storm
                                  damage prevention or flood control....(310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.28)







                                                                      25





























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                                                                                                          W,


          HST'll,
          HNI--
                                                                       .3-
          MSL
          LNT;@
          LST
                  LAGOON  SEDIMENTS      PEAT    OVERWASH     SOIL    DUNE     DRIFT         STEP SHOREFACE
                                                   LAYERS            BEDDING   LINES               SEDIMENTS



                                                Barrier environments (Godfrey 1976)





















                                Figure 7.      Barrier environments (Godfrey 1976).



                                                                 26








                        General Characteristics




                        For management purposes, the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office has
                        identified and mapped 681 Massachusetts barriers in its "Coastal Zone Management
                        Barrier Beach Inventory Project" (April, 1982). Individual maps are available to the
                        public by contacting the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office at (617)727-9530.
                        Approximately 15 additional barriers have been identified and will be included in a
                        future revision of the Inventory. The following general criteria from the regulatory
                        definitions were used in the identification process:

                        narrow low-lying strip of land:
                                Barrier beach landforms are generally low-lying and narrow in width due to
                                their geologic origin and evolution. The width and height of a barrier beach
                                varies due to numerous factors including sediment supply, sediment transport
                                patterns and rates, exposure to waves and human alterations.                   In
                                Massachusetts, barrier dimensions range in width from over thousands of feet
                                to those on the order of tens of feet.



                        consist of coastal beaches and coastal dunes:
                                Coastal beaches and coastal dunes are formed by coastal processes such as
                                wave, tidal, wind and coastal storm action. Their existence is very important
                                and in part distinguishes barrier beach landforms from other coastal landforms
                                that comprise the Massachusetts coast. Unaltered dunes may range in height
                                from a few feet above sea level to over fifty feet in elevation. As a result of
                                filling, construction or structural stabilization, many barrier beaches have
                                heavily altered beach and dune areas. These areas remain important buffers
                                that help protect landward areas from storm damage and flooding. Regardless
                                of the type of alterations thathave occurred, the beach or dune deposits, if
                                not their forms, continue to exist. Consequently, those barrier beaches that
                                have been subject to human alteration and structural development remain
                                protected by the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and have been
                                mapped by the Coastal Zone Management Office. Most other coastal
                                landforms in Massachusetts consist entirely of bedrock or glacial sediment.
                                These other, areas are not barrier beaches but may be classified as another
                                type of coastal wetland such as rocky intertidal shore or coastal bank.

                        parallel to the trend of the coast:
                                The mainland Massachusetts coast is quite irregular due to a non-uniform
                                distribution of primary coastal deposit& (glacial landforms; and bedrock).
                                Barrier beaches fill irregularities in the primary deposits, and they are
                                generally oriented perpendicular to the direction of maximum wave fetch.
                                Consequently, barrier beaches run parallel to the trend of the coast, but, since
                                the coast is so irregular, barrier beach orientation is likewise variable.


                                                                   27








                          separated from the mainland by a wetland or waterbody:
                                  Ile definition of a barrier beach also clearly states that the landforin is
                                  separated from the mainland by a narrow body of fresh, brackish or saline
                                  water or a marsh system." It is an important characteristic of a barrier beach
                                  that such a marsh or water body exist landward of the barrier.

                          a barrier beach may be joined to the mainland at one or both ends:
                                  At the lateral boundaries the barrier beach "ends" where there is no longer
                                  a wetland or waterbody behind the landform and when a glacial, bedrock or
                                  fill upland is encountered. The barrier may also terminate at a water body,
                                  marsh or inlet. If one end terminates in this manner, the barrier is called a
                                  barrier spit. If both ends terminate this way, it is called a barrier island. Bay
                                  barriers, which are the most common barriers found in Massachusetts, occur
                                  when both margins are attached to upland areas.

                          developed barrier beaches:
                                  Neither Executive Order Number 181 nor the definition of a barrier beach
                                  imply that altered barrier beaches should be identified or designated with any
                                  special status. Also, a landform does not have to be above any specific size
                                  threshold to be considered a barrier beach.           Whether small or large,
                                  developed or undeveloped, these coastal barriers remain subject to significant
                                  storm damage and may provide important habitat for wildlife. Therefore, if
                                  a landform meets the geomorphic requirements, it is identified as a barrier
                                  beach regardless of size and degree of alteration (such as development). This
                                  is an important point that should not to be overlooked by barrier beach
                                  managers.

                          artiflcially created landforms:
                                  Artificially created landforms with characteristics similar to natural barrier
                                  beaches exist along the Massachusetts coastline. These features, however, do
                                  not reflect the geologic evolution necessary for the landform to be classified
                                  as a barrier beach nor do these artificial landforms necessarily respond to
                                  storm processes in the same manner as a naturally-formed barrier does. An
                                  example of such a structure is the Stoney Point Dike in Buzzards Bay.

                          perched barrier beach:
                                  In certain coastal areas, beach and dune deppsits overlie irregular glacial
                                  surfaces. If a glacial landform extends above mid-tide, the overlying beach
                                  and dune resource areas are not identified as a barrier beach. When an
                                  underlying glacial surface only extends to amid-tide elevation these landforms
                                  are identified by the Coastal Zone Management Office as barrier beaches.
                                  This criterion was selected because it could be applied to most coastal areas
                                  through a combination of aerial photo use and direct field observation. Also,
                                  identified "perched barriers" provide storm damage protection and flood
                                  control.   Overwash fans are present on several perched barriers in
                                  Massachusetts indicating that these landforms are dynamic, potentially storm
                                  hazardous areas that may also play a role in providing wildlife habitat,


                                                                     28








                                 particularly for the rare piping plover.

                         influenced by regular tidal action:
                                 All barrier beaches influenced by tidal action have been identified and
                                 mapped, even small barriers in coastal eftibayments. If a barrier landform is
                                 large enough to consist of a coastal dune, then it is identified as a barrier
                                 beach when it satisfies the wetland definitions. Depositional features in areas
                                 not subject to tidal influences or only subject to tidal action episodically (such
                                 as in ponds occasionally opened to the sea) are not identified as barrier
                                 beaches, because they do not satisfy the regulatory definitions.







































                                                                  29








                         Delineation of Barrier Margins


                         The margins of a barrier   beach include the seaward (exposed) side to low tide in
                         tidally influenced areas, the landward (protected) side and lateral margins.

                         The lateral margins of barrier beaches. encountered in Massachusetts include upland
                         margins and water body or wetland margins. The water body or wetland margin is
                         usually a straightforward determination. The upland/barrier beach margin delineation,
                         however, can be difficult to determine. Therefore, this delineation will be discussed
                         in detail. There are three basic types of barrier/upland margins: (1) coastal bank; (2)
                         dune-upland; and (3) bedrock.

                         coastal bank margin:
                                Most of Massachusetts' barriers are bay barriers with coastal bank lateral
                                margins. In most instances, coastal banks consist of glacial sediment which
                                were formed by major ice advances over New England. These deposits are
                                variable in composition and texture. They may consist of glacial till, glacial
                                outwash or glacial lake or marine deposits.

                         dune-upland margin:
                                This boundary occurs when coastal dunes are present on top of or seaward of
                                an upland. The upland may consist of glacial material, bedrock or artificial
                                fill. The dune-upland margin can form when a barrier beach builds laterally
                                in front of an upland or when a barrier migrates landward and attaches itself
                                to an upland. This margin also occurs when the landward niarsh or water
                                body behind a barrier has changed to upland as a result of artificial filling of
                                a portion of the marsh/wetland area.

                         bedrock margin:
                                The lateral margin of a barrier beach can terminate at bedrock, which is
                                massive rock material formed by metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary
                                processes.    Bedrock can be found in several areas along the coast of
                                Massachusetts.



















                                                                   30







                           Applicable Federal and State Laws


                           Numerous federal, state, regional, and local laws have been enacted that pertain to
                           the use and protection of barrier beaches. In this section, the Task Force has
                           attempted to summarize the most pertinent aspects of each major piece of legislation.
                           For a comprehensive citation of federal, state, regional and municipal law, s&
                           Appendix E.


                           FEDERALJURISDICIION



                           Coastal Barrier Resources Act (1982), last amended 1990, 16 U.S. Code 3502 et
                           seq.    Restricts future federal expenditures and federal financial assistance on
                                   designated undeveloped coastal barrier beaches which have the effect of
                                   encouraging development of the barriers.            Barrier units designated by
                                   Congress have been mapped by the U.S. Department of the Interior and
                                   typically include those areas that are undeveloped (approximately I house per
                                   5 acres). There are 54 units on 90 Massachusetts barrier beaches [see
                                   Appendix B]. No new federal flood insurance may be issued, as depicted on
                                   new Flood Insurance Rate Maps. Enforced by the U.S. Office of Management
                                   and Budget. Contact the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office at
                                   (617) 727-9530.

                           Coastal Zone Management Act of 197Z last amended in 1990,16 U.S. Code 1451
                           et seq. National program overseeing the Coastal Zone Management Programs of
                                   member states, including Massachusetts.             See State jurisdiction for
                                   Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management.

                           Endangered Species Act (1973) last amended 1988, 16 U.S. Code 1531 et seq.
                                   Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior, through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                   Service, to list fish, wildlife and plants found to be threatened or endangered,
                                   such as the Piping Plover or the Roseate Tern, and provides for their
                                   protection and recovery. Prohibits "taking" of listed species. Contact the U.S.
                                   Fish & Wildlife Service at (603) 225-1411.

                           Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act (1987), 33 U.S. Code 1901
                           et seq.
                                   Prohibits all ships from dumping plastics into the sea and regulates other type
                                   of material that may be dumped within the waters of the U.S. Contact the
                                   U.S. Coast Guard at (617) 223-3000 (N.H. border to Plymouth/Manomet
                                   Point) or (401) 528-5335 (Plymouth/Manomet Point to R.I. border) or the
                                   Center for Marine Conservation at (202)429-5609.


                                                                       31








                        National Environmental Policy Act (1970), last amended 1984, 42 U.S. Code 4321
                        et seq.
                               Requires an assessment of environmental impacts from federally-sponsored
                               projects with significant impacts and may result in the preparation of an
                               environmental impact statement by the federal agency. Contact the
                               Environmental Protection Agency at (617)565-3715.,

                        National Flood Insurance Act (1968), 42 U.S. Code 4001 et seq.
                               Implemented by Federal Emergency Management Agency. Structures within
                               the mapped 100-year fl6odplain are required to be built in accordance with
                               the federal standards and state building code, regarding floor elevations and
                               floodproofing. Federal regulations are implemented through the state and
                               local building code and enforced by the municipal building inspector. Contact
                               the Federal Emergency Management Agency at (617) 223-9561 or the
                               municipal building department.

                        Submerged Lands Act (1953)
                               The Federal Government released and relinquished to the states, all of its
                               claims, rights, interests, title, and ownership of the lands and resources
                               beneath navigable waters within the territorial limits (3 miles) of the state's
                               Mean High Water line.

                        Rivers & Harbors Act (1899), 33 U.S. Code 401 et seq.
                               Authorizes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to regulate structures below
                               Mean High Water and work in navigable waters of the U.S. Permit required.
                               Contact the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at 1-800-362-4367.

                        Water Pollution Control Act (1972), 33 U.S. Code 1251 et seq.
                               Requires applicants to obtain a certification or waiver from the Mass.
                               Department of Environmental Protection before the U.S. Army Corps of
                               Engineers issues. a permit for discharge of dredge or fill materials into water
                               and wetlands of the U.S. Permit required. Contact the U.S. Army Corps of
                               Engineers at 1-800-362-4367.
















                                                                  32










                          STATEJURISDICIION



                          Areas of Critical Environmental Concern - Mass. General Laws Chapter 30, ï¿½ï¿½61 -
                          62H; 301 Code of Mass. Regulations 12.00
                                  Currently there are barrier beaches located within eight of the thirteen coastal
                                  Areas of Critical Environmental Concern as designated by the Massachusetts
                                  Secretary of Environmental Affairs (see list below). The critical'area program
                                  regulations direct all Executive Office of Environmental Affairs agencies to
                                  take action, administer programs, and revise regulations to: a) acquire useful
                                  scientific data on the designated area; b) preserve, restore and enhance the
                                  resources of the critical area; and c) ensure that activities in or impacting on
                                  the area are carried out so as to minimize adverse effects on the values and
                                  resources of the Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Additionally, state
                                  agency actions within a designated area, and projects requiring state permits
                                  or funding, may require Mass. Environmental Policy Act review pursuant to
                                  the Environmental Policy Act regulations at 301 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                  11.00.


                                  Town                                    Area of Critical Env. Concern


                                  Bourne                                  Back River
                                  Plymouth                                Ellisville Harbor
                                  Eastham, Orleans & Brewster             Inner Cape Cod Bay
                                  Gloucester, Essex, Ipswich,             Parker River/Essex Bay
                                    Rowley & Newbury
                                  Brewster, Chatham, Harwich              Pleasant Bay
                                    & Orleans
                                  Barnstable & Sandwich                   Sandy Neck/Barnstable Harbor
                                  Falmouth & Mashpee                      Waquoit Bay
                                  Wellfleet, Truro & Eastham              Wellfleet Harbor


                                  For further information regarding the Area of Critical Environmental Concern
                                  program, and for a copy of the "Program Guide" with detailed maps (June,
                                  1993), contact the Mass. Department of Environmental Management, 100
                                  Cambridge Street, 14th Floor, Boston, MA 02202 at (617)727-3160.


                          Clean   Water Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 21, ï¿½42; 314 Code of Mass.
                          Regulations 1.00 - 15.00
                                  Under ï¿½401 of the Federal Clean Water Act, the Massachusetts Department
                                  of Environmental Protection's Division of Wetlands and Waterways is
                                  required to certify that activities for which federal permits are needed,
                                  including the filling of wetlands under ï¿½ 404 of the federal statute, will not
                                  violate the Massachusetts Water Quality Standards. Water Quality Certificate
                                  required. Contact the Massachusetts Department of Environmental


                                                                    33









                                 Protection's Division of Wetlands and Waterways at (617) 292-5695 or the
                                 appropriate Division regional office.

                         Coastal Wetlands Restriction Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 130, ï¿½105; 302
                         Code of Mass. Regulations 4.00
                                 Some coastal wetlands have deed restrictions which "run with the land" and
                                 limit activities that would alter the wetlands. Work in these areas requires
                                 consistency with the coastal restriction as well as an Order of Conditions from
                                 the municipal conservation commission.             Contact the Massachusetts
                                 Department of Environmental Protection's Conservancy Program at (617)
                                 292-5907.


                         Coastal Zone Management - Mass. General Laws Chapter 21A., ï¿½4A,- 310 Code of
                         Mass. Regulations 20.00 and 21.00
                                 Coordinates the state's coastal zone-management program and provides a role
                                 in policy development; offers technical assistance to communities to develop
                                 and implement comprehensive coastal management plans. Coastal Zone
                                 Management reviews projects that require a federal permit, receive federal
                                 funds, or are a direct federal activity for consistency with Massachusetts
                                 Coastal Zone Management cnforceable Program Policies. Consistency
                                 Certificate required. Contact the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs'
                                 Coastal Zone Management Office at (617) 727-9530.

                         Endangered Species Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 131A; 321 Code of Mass.
                         Regulations 10.00
                                 Prohibits the "taking" of State-listed rare plants and animal species. Specific
                                 Significant Habitats can be designated and any alteration requires a permit.
                                 Contact the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife at (617) 727-9194.

                         Fish and Wildlife Regulations - Mass. General Laws Chapter 131; 321 Code of
                         Mass. Regulations 1.00 - 9.00
                                 Control of the taking or possession of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
                                 and inland fish through regulation of allowable species, quantities, sizes, times,
                                 places, and methods of taking. Includes requirements for permits. Contact the
                                 Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Law
                                 Enforcement's Division of Fisheries and Wildlife at (617) 727-3151.

                         Marine Fisheries Regulations - Mass. General Laws Chapter 130; 322 Code of
                         Mass. Regulations 1.00 - 12.00
                                 Control of the taking, possession, and distribution of marine finfish and
                                 shellfish through regulation of allowable species, quantities, sizes, times,
                                 places, and. methods of taking. Includes requirements for state permits.
                                 Contact the Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and
                                 Environmental Law Enforcement's Division of Marine Fisheries at (617) 272-
                                 3193.






                                                                    34









                         Public Waterfront Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 91; 310 Code of Mass.
                         Regulations 9.00
                                 Codifies the Public Trust Doctrine (Colonial Ordinances of 1641 - 1647) and
                                 the public's right to fish, fowl, and navigate in the tidelands and great ponds.
                                 Subsequent case, law supplements the understanding of this public right.
                                 Regulates activities below the Mean High Water line, including docks and
                                 piers, dredging, and beach nourishment. State policy for barrier beaches
                                 encourages the use of dredged material for beach nourishment, given
                                 sediment compatibility. Public funds used for beach nourishment requires
                                 strolling access for the public on the nourished beach. Permit/license required..
                                 Contact the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's
                                 Division of Wetlands and Waterways Program at (617) 292-5695.

                         Title 5 of State Environmental Code - Mass. General Laws Chapter 21A, ï¿½13; 3 10
                         Code of Mass. Regulations 15.00
                                 Authorizes the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's
                                 Division of Water Pollution Control to regulate the design, construction, and
                                 maintenance of on-site subsurface disposal systems. Communities may adopt
                                 more stringent regulations when local conditions warrant higher standards.
                                 Permit required. Contact municipal board of health or the Massachusetts
                                 Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Water Pollution
                                 Control at (617) 292-5673.

                         Wetlands Protection Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 131, ï¿½40; 310 Code of
                         Mass. Regulations 10.00
                                 Activities in wetland resource areas, such as dunes, beaches, tidal flats and
                                 coastal banks, are subject to performance standards outlined in the regulations
                                 that protect the interests of the Act, including storm damage prevention and
                                 protection of wildlife habitat. The local conservation commission implements
                                 the regulations as overseen by the Department of Environmental Protection's
                                 Division of Wetlands and Waterways. Orders of Conditions regulate proposed
                                 activities to minimize or prohibit impacts to wetland resource areas. Permit
                                 required.     Contact the municipal conservation commission or the
                                 Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's Wetlands and
                                 Waterways Program at (617) 292-5695.

                         Executive Order Number 181 Barrier Beaches (1980)
                                 Acknowledges the importance of barrier beaches as a migrating landform
                                 providing storm damage prevention and flood control.                 Discourages
                                 development on barriers with state and federal grants, and encourages
                                 preparation of management plans. These Guidelines further advance the
                                 Executive Order.        Contact the Massachusetts Executive Office of
                                 Environmental Affairs's Coastal Zone Management Office at (617)727-9530.

                         Executive Order Number 190 Regulation of Off-Road Vehicle Use on Public
                         Lands Containing Coastal Wetlands Resources (1980)
                                 Directs state agencies to balance competing uses of public lands and


                                                                    35









                               minimizes the degradation of the wetlands resources due to off-road vehicle
                               use, through management and monitoring. These Guidelines further advance
                               the Executive Order. Contact the Massachusetts Executive Office of
                               Environmental Affairs' Coastal Zone Management Office at (617) 727-9530.

                       Architecture Access Board - 521 Code of Mass. Regulations 2.00 - 3.00; Building
                       Code, 780 Code of Mass. Regulations 1.00 - 34.00
                               Rules governing construction of public and private facilities in federally
                               mapped 100 year flood zones; construction of public facilities on bathing
                               beaches; and access to such structures. Permits required. Contact municipal
                               building inspectors.




































                                                               36








                                                        CH A PTE R'2

                 Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act/Barrier Beach Resources
                   (as defined in the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations)




                               The primary state legal requirements with which the barrier beach manager
                       developing a management plan must comply are found in the Massachusetts Wetlands
                       Protection Act and Regulations (Mass. General Laws Chapter 13 1, ï¿½40; 3 10 Code of
                       Mass. Regulations 10.00). Under this Act and its Regulations, the various component
                       parts of the barrier beach system have been defined and their functions detailed. This
                       Chapter presents those legal definitions, the specified functions of each resource area,
                       and summarizes the performance standards for each resource area.

                               Each resource area associated with barrier beach systems is discussed, with
                       pertinent information in the following categories:
                               * Definitions (including exact wording from the Regulations and additional
                               information to clarify meaning);
                               9 Function (including "presumptions of significance," critical characteristics,
                               physical processes, and biological processes); and
                               * Summary of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards.

                               The barrier beach-related resource areas as listed in the Massachusetts
                       Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations are:
                               *  Barrier Beaches
                               *  Coastal Beaches and Tidal flats
                               e  Coastal Dunes
                               *  Salt Marshes
                               9  Land Containing Shellfish
                               9  Land Under Salt Ponds
                               9  Land Under the Ocean


                               This Chapter also contains a separate section on rare species wildlife habitat.
                       Note that the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations require safeguards for rare
                       species habitat that are in addition to the regulatory performance standards for
                       general wildlife habitat. This section is entitled:

                               * Protection of Rare Species Habitat

                       [Fresh water wetland resources, such as bogs, can also be present on banier beaches.
                       For those perfonnance      standards,  see the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act and
                       Regulations at 310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.55-60.1


                                                                  37









                          General Information




                                 Barrier beach systems are subject to a plethora of federal, state, and municipal
                          statutes, bylaws/ordinances and regulations. The primary federal and state authorities
                          are summarized in Chapter 1, while a more complete listing of federal and state laws
                          appears in Appendix E.
                                 Of the state requirements, the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and
                          Regulations are extremely important for beach stewards to understand because many
                          activities on barrier beaches must comply with the performance standards found in the
                          Regulations.
                                 The Task Force offers the following regulatory summaries as a service to
                          barrier beach stewards, but recommends a careful reading of the Act and Regulations
                          prior to undertaking management activities. In addition, the Task Force recommends
                          that beach managers consult with their municipal conservation commission or the
                          Mass. Department of Environmental Protection to determine whether proposed
                          management activities fall within the Wetlands Protection Act's jurisdiction. The
                          Department of Environmental Protection has developed "Recommended Conditions
                          for Bat?ier Beaches, " found in Appendix 1, to assist barrier beach managers in meeting
                          the regulatory performance standards
                                 The "Definition" sections found in this Chapter are quoted from the Wetlands
                          Regulations, but the "Functions" and "Performance Standards" sections are not; the
                          "Functions" sections contains additional information not found in the Wetlands
                          Regulations, while the "Performance Standards" sections are summaries of the
                          regulatory requirements for each resource area. Consult the appropriate section of
                          310. Code of Mass. Regulations 10.00 for the exact regulatory language.
                                 Baffier beach managers should also note that municipalities are free to adopt
                          wetlands bylaws/ordinances and regulations which provide greater levels of protection
                          than contained in the state Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations. (See Loveguist
                          v. Conservation Commission of Dennis 379 Mass. 7 (1979).) The Task Force
                          recommends that beach managers consult with their municipal conservation
                          commissions to learn more about local requirements.
















                                                                    38









                        Barrier Beaches
                        (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29)



                        Definition


                                Barrier Beach means a narrow low-lying strip of land generally consisting of
                                coastal beaches and coastal dunes extending roughly parallel to the trend of
                                the coast. It is separated from the mainland by a narrow body of fresh,
                                brackish or saline water or a marsh system. A barrier beach may be joined to
                                the mainland at one or both ends. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29(2)]

                                This definition is more fully discussed in Chapter I of these Guidelines.


                        Functfons


                                The Wetland Regulations presume that barrier beaches, including all of their
                        coastal dunes, are significant to storm damage prevention, flood control, the
                        protection of marine fisheries, wildlife habitat, and where there are shellfish, to land
                        containing shellfish. "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean 11plays a role"
                        in protecting any of the interests.

                                     Critical Characteristics, Physical and Biological Processes
                                The characteristics of a barrier beach which are critical to the protection of
                        the interests listed above are those critical characteristics listed for coastal beaches,
                        tidal flats, and coastal dunes, as well as the barrier beach's ability to respond to wave
                        action, including storm overwash sediment transport.
                                The physical and biological processes of barrier beaches are discussed in detail
                        in Chapter 1 of these Guidelines. In addition, the physical and biological processes
                        of coastal beaches, tidal flats, and coastal dunes are discussed in more detail in the
                        Sections of this Chapter pertaining to each Resource Area.


                        Summ&y of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                When a barrier beach is significant to storm damage prevention, flood control,
                        marine fisheries or the protection of wildlife habitat, the following performance
                        standards apply:
                                e Each    of the performance standards listed for coastal beaches and for
                                all coastal dunes which make up a barrier beach (see Sections entitled
                                "Coastal Beaches and Tidal Flats" and "Coastal Dunes".in this Chapter).
                                * No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                standard).


                                                                   3.9









                          Coastal Beaches and ridal Flats
                          (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27)

                          fWinffions


                                  Coastal Beach means unconsolidated sediment subject to wave, tidal and
                                  coastal storm action which forms the gently sloping shore of a body of salt
                                  water and includes tidal flats. Coastal beaches extend from the mean low
                                  water line landward to the dune line, coastal bankline or the seaward edge of
                                  existing man-made structures, when these structures replace one of the above
                                  lines, whichever is closest to the ocean. P10 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                  10.27(2)(a)]

                                  Tidal Flat means any nearly level part of a coastal beach which usually
                                  extends from the mean low water line landward to the more steeply sloping
                                  face of the coastal beach or which may be separated from the beach by land
                                  under the ocean. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27(2)(b)]

                                  The size of the unconsolidated sediments which make up coastal beaches may
                          range from very fine particles to small rocks several inches in diameter, as on a
                          shingle or cobble beach. Tidal flats are commonly found both along exposed
                          shorelines and in protected estuarine areas. They may be completely surrounded by
                          water at mean low water and may or may not be connected to the rest of the beach.


                          Funcdons


                                  The Wetland Regulations presume that coastal beaches, including tidal flats,
                          are significant to the interests of storm damage prevention, flood control, and the
                          protection of wildlife habitat. In addition, the Regulations presume that tidal flats are
                          significant to the protection of marine fisheries and, where there are shellfish, to land
                          containing shellfish. "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean "plays a role"
                          in protecting any of the interests.

                                                          Critical Characteristics
                                  The characteristics of coastal beaches which are critical to -,storm damage
                          prevention or flood control are the ability of the coastal beach to respond to wave
                          action, and the volume (quantity of sediments) and form of the beach. The
                          character.istics of coastal beaches which are critical to the protection of marine
                          fisheries or wildlife habitat are the distribution of sediment grain size, water
                          circulation, water quality, and relief and elevation.

                                                            Physical Processes
                                  Coastal beaches serve as a sediment source for dunes and subtidal areas and
                          for downdrift coastal areas. Sediments move from subtidal areas to beaches to dunes
                          and back again, in a constant shifting of sediment caused by wind and waves. Coastal


                                                                     40








                        beaches prevent storm damage and contribute to flood control by dissipating wave
                        energy, reducing the height of storm waves, and providing sediment to other coastal
                        features which, in turn, enhance those same features.

                                                         Biological Processes
                                Tidal flats provide many critical links in the marine food web. They are sites
                        where organic and inorganic materials, may be entrapped and recycled into the water
                        column for reuse by algae and other primary producers. Tidal flats are valuable
                        habitats for many invertebrates, including a variety of polychaete worms and bivalve
                        and gastropod mollusks. These organisms utilize plankton and microalgal-produced
                        nutrients and detritus and contribute extraordinary numbers of larvae to the food web.
                        These larvae in turn provide a valuable food source for the young stages of
                        commercially-important fish and crustaceans, as well as for migratory and wintering
                        shorebirds. Adult invertebrates that live in tidal flats provide food for a variety of
                        species, including the commercially valuable winter flounder and crustaceans.
                            Coastal beaches are extremely important in recycling nutrients derived from storm
                        drift and tidal action. Vegetative debris along the drift (or wrack) line is vital for
                        resident and migratory shorebirds, which feed on invertebrates that eat this
                        vegetation. The intertidal zone below the wrack line on coastal beaches supports
                        many invertebrates such as mollusks and crustacea which are also eaten by shorebirds.
                        A number of birds nest on the coastal berm between the toe of a dune and the high
                        tide line. Isolated coastal beaches on small islands provide relatively predator-free
                        areas for coastal birds to rest, feed, and nest in, and some such islands are important
                        haul-out areas for harbor seals. Detailed information on staging areas for migratory
                        shorebirds is found in Appendix D.

                        Summary of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                When a coastal beach is significant to storm damage prevention, flood control
                        or the protection of wildlife habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                9 Any project on a coastal beach (with a few specified exceptions as stated
                                in the Wetlands Protection Act Regulations) must not have an adverse effect
                                by increasing erosion, decreasing the volume or changing the form of any
                                coastal beach or an adjacent or downdrift coastal beach.
                                0 Any groin, jetty, solid pier, or other solid rill structure which will
                                interfere with littoral drift, in addition to complying with the foregoing
                                standard, must be constructed as follows:
                                        - It must be the minimum length and height demonstrated to be
                                        necessary to maintain beach form and volume. In evaluating necessity,
                                        coastal engineering, physical oceanographic and/or coastal geologic
                                        information must be considered;
                                          Immediately after construction, any groin must be filled to
                                        entrapment capacity in height and length with sediment of grain size
                                        compatible with that of the adjacent beach;
                                         Jetties trapping littoral drift material must contain a by-pass system
                                        to transfer sediments to the downdrift side. of the inlet or must be
                                        periodically redredged to provide beach nourishment to ensure that
                                        downdrift or adjacent beaches are not starved of sediments.

                                                                  41









                                                                   Migratory ShowbLm&


                                       A number of locations in the Bay State are vital to the migration of arctic shorebirds.
                              These sites typically are places with unusually high biological productivity with rich invertebrate
                              food resources favored by shorebirds to rapidly accumulate fat necessary for their 2,000-mile
                              nonstop flights over the Atlantic Ocean to landfalls in northeastern South America. Only one
                              species, Black-bellied Plover, gathers in Massachusetts in substantial numbers during northward
                              migration. On the other hand, most shorebirds are migrating southward during the peak of the
                              summer outdoor recreational season (July through mid-September). During lower tides,
                              shorebirds are widely distributed over large expanses of tidal flats, and generally have alternate
                              locations they can use when disturbed. In contrast, habitat requirements for resting areas seem
                              quite specific, and at most staging areas there are few high tide resting sites available, so when
                              disturbance occurs the species frequently have no or few alternative sites to use. Finally, the
                              amount of coastal space available to'shorebirds is substantially less at high tide times than at
                              low tide times.


                              Shorebirds Defined
                                       The Massachusetts coast plays a critical role in the international migration systems of
                              a variety of shorebirds that are ephemeral visitors to New England, visiting during their
                              migratory journeys between arctic nesting grounds of Canada and Alaska, and wintering
                              grounds, which for some kinds, are as distant as the southernmost coasts of South America.
                                       Technically speaking, shorebirds are the sandpipers, plovers and their allies. They do
                              not include other coastal birds such as terns'or gulls. In spite of their name, many shorebirds
                              are not coastal birds; some are upland animals, some use fresh water wetlands, and one -- the
                              Woodcock -- is essentially a woodland bird. But most species of shorebirds are essentially
                              coastal marine animals for much of their life.


                              Management and Conservation
                                       Shorebirds making stopovers on Massachusetts coastal beaches and tidal flats include
                              some of the earliest southbound migrants seen in New England. Earliest birds appear during
                              the first week of July. Peak numbers occur during the last third of July and the first third of
                              August, also the peak beach recreation season in coastal New England. One species, the
                              Dunlin, migrates substantially later with peak numbers occurring during October and
                              November.
                                       Just as an aircraft must store an enormous volume of fuel before a long flight, so too
                              must migratory birds. Instead of petroleum, bird reserves are layers of fat accumulated prior
                              to departure. A typical shorebird leaves Massachusetts after visiting 10-14 days and weighing
                              60% more than when it arrived.
                                       It is this basic, ingrained need to gain fat which underlies most of the conservation
                              issues faced in trying to protect shorebird migration systems.
                                       In order to get the fat, shorebirds must consume enormous amounts of food. Indeed,
                              because of their high body temperatures, and their high activity levels, even meeting daily
                              metabolic requirements requires huge amounts of food.
                                       There are few areas where shorebirds can meet their fattening requirements for
                              migration. Important areas in Massachusetts include the Ipswich, Merrimac, North & South
                              and Parker River Estuaries, and tidal embayments such the Pleasant and Nauset Bay regions,
                              Plymouth/Kingston/Duxbury Bays, and Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge. The Westport
                              River estua Iry also is important to the DunIin. [For a complete listing of important migrating
                              shorebird staging areas, see Appendix D.)



                                                                              42








                                       Beach nourishment with clean sediment of a grain size compatible with that
                                     on the existing beach may be permitted.

                                     When a tidal flat is significant to marine fisheries or the protection of wildlife
                            habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                          In addition to complying with the requirements for coastal beaches,
                                     a project on a tidal flat must, if water-dependent, be designed and constructed
                                     using the best available measures to minimize adverse effects, and if the
                                     project is non-water-dependent, it must have no adverse effect, on marine
                                     fisheries or wildlife habitat caused by:
                                              - alterations in water circulation;
                                              - alterations in the distribution.of sediment grain size; and
                                              - changes in water quality, including, but not limited to, other than
                                              natural fluctuations in the levels of dissolved oxygen, temperature or
                                              turbidity, or the addition of pollutants..
                                         No   project may be permitted on a coastal beach or tidal flat which
                                     wiff.have any adverse effect on specified habitat sites of rare vertebrate or
                                     invertebrate species (See Section entitled, "Protection of Rare Species
                                     Habitat" for more information on this standard).

                                     While visiting Massachusetts, shorebirds need two types of habitat resources: good
                            feeding  areas and relatively undisturbed resting areas. Coastal intertidal flats are used for
                            feeding during lower tidal periods (day or night) whereas resting areas, typically coastal barrier
                            beaches, or sometimes high salt marsh, are used during higher tidal periods, generally for the
                            three hours either side of high tide times. Best feeding areas generally are in sheltered tidal
                            waters of estuaries and bays where small sediment grain size is associated with high abundance
                            and availability of 'invertebrate animal prey (small worms, crustaceans, and noncommercially-
                            important bivalves.)
                                     Habitat requirements of shorebirds at resting areas seem quite specific; virtually all are
                            close to the feeding flats, are open habitats affording shorebirds good view of approaching
                            predators, and are relatively undisturbed locations. At most coastal migration staging areas
                            there are few high tide resting sites available, so when disturbance occurs shorebirds frequently
                            have few, if any, alternative sites to use. Finally, the amount of coastal space available to
                            shorebirds is substantially less at high tide than at low tide. Recent studies in Plymouth have
                            shown that chronic disturbance of resting sites is associated with a steady decline in shorebird
                            numbers.
                                     Because most shorebirds are migrating southward during the peak outdoor recreational
                            season (July through mid-September), and competing with humans for some of the most
                            popular coastal resources, shorebird management efforts are most needed at this season. In
                            general, management efforts are particularly needed to reduce chronic disturbance of resting
                            areas during high tide periods; during lower tides shorebirds are widely distributed over large
                            expanses of tidal flats, and generally have alternate locations they can use when disturbed.

                            Shorebirds as a Recreational Resource
                                     Birdwatching is a popular outdoor recreational activity in coastal Massachusetts, so
                            managing for abundant and diverse birdlife is warranted. Shorebirds are an importantsummer
                            attraction to birdwatchers, including many that.visit the coast from distant states to see
                            migrating shorebirds. Minimizing disturbance of shorebird habitat from birdwatchers and other
                            beach users will help ensure that the Massachusetts coast remains an important recreational
                            resource to naturalists.



                                                                           43








































                 j








                                                                      )t

                                                                                                          7@











                                              X,





                                Figure 8.      Coastal dunes with beach grass (courtesy of Mass. Department of
                                               Environmental Management).



                                                                 44









                         Coastal Dunes
                         (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.26)



                         nofinNon


                                 Coastal Dune means any natural hill, mound or ridge of sediment landward
                                 of a coastal beach deposited bywind action or storm overwash. Coastal dune
                                 also means sediment deposited by artificial means and serving the purpose of
                                 storm damage prevention or flood control. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                 10.28(2)]


                         Funcdons


                                 The  Wetland Regulations presume that coastal dunes are significant to storm
                         damage prevention, flood control, and the protection of wildlife habitat. This is
                         particularly true of the coastal dunes closest to the coastal beach. On barrier beaches,
                         the Wetlands Regulations presume that all coastal dunes (no matter how far from the
                         coastal beach) are per se significant to storm damage prevention and flood control.
                         "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of
                         the interests.


                                                          Critical Characteristics
                                 The characteristics of coastal dunes which are critical to storm damage
                         prevention, flood control, and the protection of wildlife habitat are:

                         1) Erosional Capability: the ability of coastal dunes to erode in response to
                                 coastal beach conditions. Ile erosion of coastal dunes by waves, usually
                                 during storms, supplies sand to the adjacent coastal beach.
                         2) Coastal Dune Form and Volume: the volume and form (height and width) of
                                 coastal dunes provide a buffer which resists wave approach during storms and
                                 retards stormline retreat. Coastal dune form and volume are the result of a
                                 combination of factors, the most important of which are wind and vegetation.
                                 Natural water flow, in the form of storm overwash, is also an important
                                 process in controlling coastal dune form and volume, because through this
                                 mechanism, sand is carried landward to initiate dune formation.
                         3) Vegetative Cover: vegetation contributes to the growth and stability of coastal
                                 dunes by providing conditions favorable to sand deposition. Wrack material,
                                 such as beachgrass stems, is carried to the strand line by wind and wave
                                 activity where it accumulates and often is buried by sand blowing from the
                                 coastal beach. Seeds of many plants become mixed with these materials and
                                 may subsequently germinate.
                         4) Ability of the Dune to Move Landward or Laterally: on shorelines, coastal
                                 dunes bordering the coastal beach move landward and laterally in response to
                                 the prevailing predominant winds with the rest of the shoreline. This allows


                                                                   45











                                 coastal dunes to maintain their form and volume. If the dune was not allowed
                                 to continually build landward, the dune would gradually be eroded from the
                                 seaward side and would become smaller and smaller, and would therefore be
                                 more likely to be completely washed away in a storm with its protective values
                                 lost altogether.
                         5) Ability of the Dune to Continue Serving as Bird Nesting Habitat: several
                                 species of birds, including tems and piping plovers, nest in dunes and depend
                                 upon the type (or lack) of vegetative cover, topography, and hydrologic
                                 regime of the dune system.

                                                             Physical Processes
                                 The set of dunes closest to the coastal beach are the ones that are nearly
                         always significant to storm damage prevention and flood control, and are therefore
                         subject to the performance standards summarized below. The dunes behind the one
                         or two rows of dunes closest to the beach may contribute to storm damage prevention
                         and flood control, but are less likely to do so than the front dunes. However, on
                         barrier beaches, all coastal dunes are alwpM significant to these interests.
                                 Artificially constructed dunes are included in the definition because they also
                         play a role in protecting inland properties from storm waves and flooding.
                                 All coastal dunes on a barrier beach are important because their volume
                         constitutes the major portion of the total volume of the barrier beach above high
                         water and each line of dunes is intricately related. The volume and form provide a
                         buffer from storm waves and elevated sea levels for landward properties and landward
                         coastal wetlands.
                                 Coastal flora are also important to the functioning of coastal dune systems.

                                                            Biological Processes
                                 A variety of birds, seabirds, shorebirds and song birds nest at the base or sides
                         of dunes and in the interdunal area. The particular species that utilize these habitats
                         vary depending upon vegetative community cover, topography, and hydrologic regime.
                         Wet meadows or vernal pool habitats occur in a few dune systems, serving as
                         important feeding areas for a wide variety of bird species. Dune systems also support
                         a variety of mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.


                         SUMM&Y of Weffwds ProteCtfon Regulatory Performwce StWdc-vds

                                 When a coastal dune is significant to storm damage prevention, flood control
                         or the protection of wildlife habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                 0 Any alteration of, or structure on, a coastal dune or within 100 feet
                                 of a coastal dune must not have an adverse effect on the coastal dune by:
                                         - affect ing the ability of waves to remove sand from the dune;
                                         - disturbing the vegetative cover so as to destabilize the dune;
                                         - causing any modification of the dune form that would increase the
                                                 potential for storm or flood damage;
                                         - interfering with the landward or lateral movement of the
                                                 dune;
                                         - causing removal of sand from the dune artificially; or

                                                                    46








                                          interfering with mapped or otherwise identified bird nesting
                                               habitat.
                                   When a building already exists upon a coastal dune, a project accessory to
                                the existing building may be permitted, provided that such work, using the
                                best commercially available measures, minimizes the adverse effect on the
                                coastal dune caused by the impacts listed above.
                                0 The following projects may be permitted, provided that they have
                                no adverse effect on the coastal dune caused by the impacts listed above:
                                       - pedestrian walkways, designed to minimize the disturbance
                                               to the vegetative cover and traditional bird nesting habitat;
                                       - fencing and other devices designed to increase dune development,
                                               and direct vehicular and pedestrian traffic; and
                                       - plantings compatible with the natural vegetative cover.
                                   No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                standard).

































                                                                 47









                                   AA&                            SMIN TIDES Ik EQUINOCTAL HIGH TIDE

                                                                DItWTLI"E
                                                                                                                         SPRING TIDE
                                                                     Sall              Salicornio.     DRIFTILINE
                                                                      Panne
                       eaccholis       Phrogmiles     Juncas                                                               HIGH TIDE
                         1.                &         Gorardi              Spartino Patens
                        Allyrica         T,,1.                                  a
                    Rhas Radicans                                         Distichfis SpIcato           spartima                 M.S. L.

                                                      upper                     Lower                  (short)   (fall).           LOW TI
                                                                                                                          Ma:orv
                                                                                                        Upper   Lower         Flats     Eel


                                                                            Marsh                         Low Marsh                   It
                        )hrub         Reedgross                       High
                       Border            Marsh


























                                       Figure 9.          Salt marsh zonation for New England.



                                                                                48









                          Sak Marshes
                          (310 Code of Mass. Regulabons 10.32)




                          Definidon


                                  Salt Marsh means a coastal wetland that extends landward up to the highest
                                  high tide line, that is, the highest spring tide of the year, and is characterized
                                  by plants that are well adapted to or prefer living in, saline soils. Dominant
                                  plants within salt marshes are salt meadow cord grass (Spartina patens) and/or
                                  salt marsh cord grass (Spartina altemiflora).    A salt marsh may contain tidal
                                  creeks, ditches and pools. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.32(2)(a)]

                                  Salt marshes are usually located adjacent to tidal waters. Salt marshes are flat,
                          open areas characterized by grasses that are bordered by upland or inland wetland
                          vegetation.



                          FuncHons


                                  The Wetland Regulations presume that salt marshes are significant to the
                          protection of marine fisheries, wildlife habitat, and where there are shellfish, to the
                          protection of land containing shellfish, to the prevention of pollution, to storm
                          damage prevention, and to ground water supply. "Significant" is defined in the
                          Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of the interests.

                                                          Critical Characteristics
                                  The characteristics of salt marshes which are critical to the protect  'ion of the
                          interests listed above are: 1) the growth, composition and distribution of salt marsh
                          vegetation; 2) the flow and level of tidal and fresh water; and 3) the presence and
                          depth of peat.

                                                              Physical Processes
                                  Salt marsh cordgrass and underlying peat are resistant to erosion and dissipate
                          wave energy, thereby providing a buffer that reduces wave damage. The peat and
                          fine sediment material that underlie a salt marsh function as a barrier between the
                          fresh groundwater that is found landward of the salt marsh and the ocean. This
                          relatively impervious layer of peat acts essentially as a dam and thus serves to help
                          maintain the level of fresh groundwater, or the water table, in the adjacent upland
                          areas. The destruction or removal of this peat layer could create a drainage conduit
                          for groundwater which would lower the nearby water table.
                                  Salt marsh plants and the sediments bound to their network of vegetative
                          roots and rhizomes act to reduce pollution of the coastal zone by absorbing and
                          binding contaminants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals delivered by
                          surface runoff from upland areas. Salt marsh can also retain nutrients such as


                                                                     49









                        nitrogen and phosphorus that otherwise may contribute to algal blooms in coastal
                        waters.


                                                          Biological Processes
                                Salt marshes also play an important role in the protection of marine fisheries
                        and land containing shellfish, and provide important wildlife habitat. Salt marshes are
                        extremely productive natural systems that export large volumes of organic material
                        (detritus) to the ocean and estuaries where the detritus supports extensive marine
                        food chains. The basis of the coastal marine food web is the phytoplankton organisms
                        which depend, in part, on these nutrients for their productivity. Changes in the
                        growth or species composition of phytoplankton will directly affect the remainder of
                        the food web. . The young stages of many organisms entering the fisheries pass
                        through a planktonic stage during which the availability of phytoplanktonic food
                        organisms is a controlling factor in their survival. The total net production of salt
                        marsh grasses may be as much as three times higher than the total net production of
                        a Missouri tall grass prairie.
                                Salt marshes provide spawning and nursery areas for finfish as well as
                        important food, shelter, breeding areas, and migratory and overwintering areas for
                        many wildlife species. Many bird species feed on finfish, shellfish, and other food
                        species produced in salt marshes or through the salt marsh's contribution to the
                        marine food chain.



                        Summary of Wetlands PrOleCtbn Regulatory Performance SUndards

                                When a salt marsh is significant to the protection of marine fisheries,. the
                        prevention of pollution, storm damage prevention or ground water supply, the
                        following the following performance standards apply:
                                * A proposed project in a salt marsh, on land within 100 feet of a salt
                                marsh or in a body of water adjacent to a salt marsh must not destroy any
                                portion of the salt marsh and must not have an adverse effect on the
                                productivity of the salt marsh.     Alterations in growth, distribution and
                                composition of salt marsh vegetation must be considered in evaluati ng adverse
                                effects on productivity. The harvesting of salt marsh hay is not prohibited.
                                0 A small project within a salt marsh, such as an elevated walkway or
                                other structure which has no adverse effects other than blocking sunlight from
                                the underlying vegetation for a portion of each day, may be permitted if the
                                project complies with all other applicable requirements of these regulations.
                                0 A project which will restore or rehabilitate a. salt marsh, or create
                                a salt marsh, may be permitted.
                                9 No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species. (See Section
                                entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                standard.)





                                                                  50








                          Land Containing Shellfish
                          (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.34)


                          Definitions


                                  Land containing shellflsh means land under the ocean, tidal flats, rocky
                                  intertidal shores, salt marshes and land under salt ponds when any such land
                                  contains shellfish. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.34(2)(a)]

                                  Shellrish means the following species: Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians);
                                  Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica); Oyster
                                  (Crassostrea vb*nica); Quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria); Razor clam (Ensis
                                  directus) ; Sea clam (Spisuld         sofidissima);   Sea scallop (Placopecten
                                  magellanicus);    Soft shell clam (Mya arenaria).           P10 Code of Mass.
                                  Regulations 34(2)(b)]

                                  Land containing shellfish differs from the other Resource Areas in that it is
                          both an interest to be protected under the Wetlands Act and a Resource Area.



                          Functions


                                  The Wetland Regulations presume that "land containing shellfish" is significant
                          to the protection of shellfish resources as well as the protection of marine fisheries
                          when - it has been identified and mapped by the conservation commission or the
                          Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, either based upon maps and
                          designations of the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries or upon maps and
                          written documentation of the shellfish constable. "Significant" is defined in the
                          Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of the interests.

                                                            Critical Characteristics
                                  The characteristics of land containing shellfish which are critical          to the
                          protection of the interests listed above are: shellfish; water quality; water circulation;
                          and the naturafrelief, elevation or distribution of sediment grain size of the land.

                                                               Physical Processes
                                  The quality of water over land containing shellfish is affected by alterations
                          in salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, temperature and the addition of
                          pollutants. These physical and chemical characteristics influence shellfish in a number
                          of ways, including growth, reproduction and mortality. For example, various shellfish
                          species have particular salinity requirements. A salinity range of approximately 5-8
                          parts per thousand is the critical salinity boundary between fresh water and marine
                          faunas. Below this level of salinity, even the most hardy of marine organisms cannot
                          survive because a number of vital physiological processes are impaired.
                                  Water circulation patterns help maintain the temperature, dissolved oxygen,
                          and salinity levels of waters over landcontaining shellfish, thereby helping to maintain

                                                                      51










































                                                     M- M-.r ---


                                                          5-




















                             Figure 10.     Shellfish harvesting (courtesy of Mass. Department of
                                           Environmental Management).



                                                           52








                         conditions needed for productive shellfish beds. Water currents also supply nutrients
                         and disperse pollutants.
                                  Bivalves that burrow into sediments have specific depth and grain size
                         requirements. Thus, the natural relief, elevation, and distribution of sediment grain
                         size of land containing shellfish is important. The size of sediment grains has three
                         general effects on shellfish populations. First, the young of various species prefer
                         specific particle sizes in which to burrow. The success of adult shellfish, therefore,
                         depends on the availability of the specific particle size needed by the young. Second,
                         the young larval stages respond to the microstructure of the sediment surface and will
                         not settle successfully if particle size or texture is not suitable. Further, the success of
                         larvae which have settled and are undergoing metamorphosis may be affected by the
                         compaction of the surface layer of sediments. This compaction depends, in part, on
                         particle size and shape. Third, the oxygen tension in the water within the sediments
                         is partially a reflection of water circulation. This, in turn, is a function of the particle
                         size and compaction. Oxygen tension within water layers affects the mortality rate of
                         newly settled larvae.

                                                             Bioloocal Processes
                                  Shellfish are: .1a nIimportant commercial, recreational and ecological resource
                         in Massachusetts. As a food source, shellfish are important to people because they are
                         high in protein and are produced in a relatively short period of time.
                                  The ecological value of shellfish resources is less obvious, but no less
                         significant. As biological consumers, shellfish are a vital link between the abundant
                         phytoplankton and other important segments of the coastal ecosystem. As producers,
                         shellfish may be viewed in two ways. First, adult shellfish represent a valuable
                         resource to humans and to members of the marine ecosystem which feed directly or
                         indirectly on them. Second, the planktonic stages of shellfish which are produced in
                         extraordinary quantities during the spring and summer months in coastal waters
                         represent a significant source of food for the young life stages of marine fish and
                         crustaceans important to commercial and recreational fisheries. Therefore, the
                         maintenance of naturally productive shellfish beds plays a direct role in maintaining
                         fish stocks by supplying food to the young of commercially important fishes. Various
                         birds feed on immature and mature shellfish as well as on the other invertebrate food
                         species that are abundant in many shallow shellfish bed areas.


                         Summary of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                  When a Resource Area, including land under the ocean, tidal flats, rocky
                         intertidal shores, salt marshes, or land under salt ponds is significant to the protection
                         of land containing shellfish and the protection of marine fisheries, the following
                         performance standards apply:
                                  0   Any -project on land containing shellfish must not adversely affect
                                  such land or marine fisheries by a change in the productivity of the land
                                  caused by:
                                          - alterations of water circulation;
                                          - alterations in relief elevation;
                                          - the compacting of sediment by vehicular traffic;

                                                                     53









                                        - alterations in the distribution of sediment grain size;
                                        - alterations in natural drainage from adjacent land; or
                                        - changes in water quality, including, but not limited to, other
                                        than natural fluctuations in the levels of salinity, dissolved oxygen,
                                        nutrients, temperature, or turbidity, or the addition of pollutants.
                                   A project which temporarily has an adverse effect on shellfish productivity
                                 but which does not permanently destroy the habitat may be permitted if the
                                 land containing shellfish can and will be returned substantially to its former
                                 productivity in less than one year from the commencement of work.
                                 * For land containing shellfish that is significant because it has been
                                 designated by the Mass. Division,of Marine Fisheries or the municipal
                                 shellfish constable (except in Areas of Critical Environmental Concern), a
                                 project may be permitted, if the shellfish are moved to a suitable location
                                 after consultation with the shellfish constable and the Massachusetts Division
                                 of Marine Fisheries. The project may not be commenced until after the
                                 moving and replanting of shellfish has been commenced.
                                 9 Projects approved by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries that
                                 are specifically intended to increase the productivity of land containing
                                 shellfish may be permitted. Aquaculture projects approved by the appropriate
                                 local and state authority may also be permitted.
                                 * No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                 habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                 entitled, '.'Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                 standard).


























                                                                  54









                         Land Under Salt Ponds
                         (3-10 Code of Mass. Opgulations 10.3M



                         Definitfor;


                                 Salt Pond means a shallow enclosed or semi-enclosed body of saline water
                                 that may be partially or totally restricted by barrier beach formation. Salt
                                 ponds may receive freshwater from small streams emptying into their upper
                                 reaches and/or springs in the salt pond itself. P 10 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                 10.33(2)]


                         Functfons


                                 The Wetland Regulations presume that land under salt ponds is significant to
                         the protection of marine fisheries and wildlife habitat and, where there are shellfish,
                         to the protection of land containing shellfish.        "Significant" is defined in the
                         Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of the interests.

                                                          Critical Characteristics
                                 The characteristics of land under salt ponds which are critical to the protection
                         of the interests listed above are: water circulation, distribution of sediment grain size,
                         freshwater inflow, productivity of plants, and water quality.

                                                     Physical and Biological Processes
                                 Salt ponds are areas of high marine productivity that may function as nursery
                         grounds for offshore fish, as well as supporting resident populations of commercially
                         important fish, mollusks and crustaceans. The abundance of these marine organisms
                         is dependent upon the primary production of phytoplankton, algae and other plant
                         communities that include eel grass and Spanina altemiflora . Salt ponds also provide
                         spawning areas for shellfish and are nursery areas for crabs and fish. In addition to
                         the many birds which feed on fish found in salt ponds, waterfowl also eat
                         invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans from salt ponds, and some bird species
                         eat rupia and eel grass which may be rooted in land under salt ponds.
                                 The critical productivity of salt ponds also depends upon the freshwater inflow
                         and water circulation that enhance the availability of the essential nutrients required
                         for plant growth.


                         Summc-uy of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                 When land under a salt pond is significant to the protection of marine
                         fisheries or wildlife habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                 9 Any project on land under a salt pond, on lands within 100 feet of
                                 the mean high water line of a salt pond, or on land under a body of water
                                 adjacent to a salt pond must not have an adverse effect on marine fisheries

                                                                    55









                                  or wildlife habitat of the salt pond caused by:
                                          - alterations of water circulation;
                                          - alterations in the distribution of sediment grain size and the
                                          relief or elevation of the bottom topography;
                                          - modifications in the flow of fresh and/or salt water;
                                          - alterations in the productivity of plants, or
                                          - alterations in water quality, including, but not limited to, other than
                                          normal fluctuations in the level of dissolved oxygen, nutrients,
                                          temperature or turbidity, or the addition of pollutants.
                                     Projects specifically required and intended to maintain the depth and the
                                  opening of a salt pond to the ocean in order to maintain or enhance the
                                  marine fisheries or for the specific purpose of fisheries management may be
                                  permitted.
                                  * No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                  habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                  entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                  standard).

































                                                                     56









                         Land Under the Ocean
                         L310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.25)



                         Definiffon


                                 Land Under the Ocean means land extending from the mean low water line
                                 seaward to the boundary of the municipality's jurisdiction and includes land
                                 under estuaries. PIO Code of Mass. Regulations 10.25(2)(a)]

                                 Nearshore Areas of land under the ocean means that land extending
                                 from the mean low water line to the seaward limit of a municipality's
                                 jurisdiction, but in no case beyond the point where the land is 80 feet below
                                 the level of the ocean at mean low water. However, the nearshore area shall
                                 extend seaward only to that point where the land is 30 feet below the level
                                 of the ocean at mean low water for municipalities bordering Buzzard's Bay
                                 and Vineyard Sound ... 40 feet below the level of the ocean at mean low water
                                 for Provincetown's land in Cape Cod Bay, and 50 feet below the level of the
                                 ocean at mean low water for Truro's and Wellfleet's land in Cape Cod Bay.
                                 [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.25(2)(b)]

                                 Land under the ocean includes land under bays, estuaries and under portions
                         of rivers which are tidally influenced, such as the Taunton River in the Berkley and
                         Dighton area, as well as land under the open ocean out to the municipality's
                         boundary.

                         Funcfions


                                 The Wetland Regulations presume that nearshore areas of land under the
                         ocean are significant to the protection of marine fisheries and, where there are
                         shellfish, to the protection of land containing shellfish, to storm damage prevention,
                         flood control, and the protection of wildlife habitat. The Wetland Regulations
                         presume that land under the ocean beyond the nearshore areas is significant to the
                         protection of marine fisheries and where there are shellfish, to the protection of land
                         containing shellfish. "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean "plays a role"
                         in protecting any of the interests.

                                                         Critical Characteristics
                                 The characteristic of nearshore land under the ocean which is critical to the
                         protection of storm damage prevention or flood control is the bottom topography of
                         the land. The characteristics of land under the ocean which are critical to the
                         protection of marine fisheries and wildlife habitat are: water circulation, distribution
                         of sediment grain size, water quality, finfish habitat, and important food for wildlife.

                                                            Physical Processes
                                 Nearshore areas of land under the ocean (generally areas up to 80 feet of


                                                                   57









                          depth below mean low water, or to a lesser depth in certain specified areas near the
                          Cape and Islands) play an important role in storm dama            prevention an
                                                                                        ge                 d flood
                          control.
                                  As waves travel from deep to nearshore areas, the natural bottom topography
                          changes their direction and height because of refraction, bottom friction and
                          percolation. Ile effect of these changes is to reduce the energy of the waves, thereby
                          reducing storm damage and flooding.
                                  The amount of wave energy which reaches the shoreline also depends, in part,
                          upon how much energy is lost as the wave shoals, prior to breaking. Ile shallower
                          the water and more gradual the slope, the greater the loss of energy. Energy is also
                          lost due to the pumping action of shoaling waves, that is, the forcing of water
                          (percolation) into the sea bed. Submerged bars also help dissipate storm wave energy.
                                  Nearshore areas of land under the ocean also serve as a sediment source for
                          coastal beaches and coastal dunes.


                                                             Biological Processes
                                  Land under the ocean (including nearshore areas), which includes estuaries
                          and tidal rivers, plays an important role in maintaining shellfish and marine fisheries.
                          Such land provides habitat for productive plant communities, such as eelgrass bcds,
                          that produce large amounts of particulate matter and dissolved nutrients which
                          support marine organisms such as pbytoplankton and detritovore populations. These
                          organisms, in turn, are prey for bottom dwelling, or benthic, organisms. Many species
                          of commercially valuable fish consume both plankton and benthic organisms at some
                          point in their life cycle.
                                  Such land also provides spawning and nursery sites for fish, crustaceans, and
                          shellfish, and prime feeding and shelter habitat for adult organisms which comprise
                          the commercial and recreational fisheries.
                                  Nearshore areas of land under the ocean provide important habitat for birds.
                          Waterfowl feed heavily on vegetation (such as eel grass, widgeon grass, and
                          macrophytic algae) and invertebrates (such as polychaetes and mollusks) found in
                          estuaries and other shallow submerged land under ocean. Coastal waterbirds such as
                          terns, gulls, and herons feed on fish in these areas.


                          Summary of Webands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                  When land under the ocean is significant to the protection of marine fisheries.,
                          protection of wildlife habitat, storm damage prevention or flood control, the following
                          performance standards apply:
                                  0   Improvement dredging for navigational purposes must be designed
                                  and carried out using best available measures to minimize adverse effects
                                  caused by changes in:
                                          - bottom topography which will result in increased flooding or
                                          erosion caused by an increase in the height or velocity of waves
                                          impacting the shore;
                                          - sediment transport processes which will increase flood or erosion
                                          hazards by affecting the natural replenishment of beaches;
                                          - water circulation which will result in an adverse change in flushing

                                                                     58









                                        rate, temperature, or turbidity levels; or
                                            marine productivity which will result from the suspension or
                                        transport of pollutants, the smothering of bottom organisms, the
                                        accumulation of pollutants by organisms, or the destruction of marine
                                        fisheries habitat or wildlife habitat.
                                     Maintenance dredging for navigational purposes must be designed
                                 and carried out using the best available measures to minimize adverse impacts
                                 caused by changes in marine productivity which will result from the suspension
                                 or transport of pollutants, increases in turbidity, the smothering of bottom
                                 organisms, the accumulation of pollutants by organisms, or the destruction of
                                 marine fisheries habitat or wildlife habitat.
                                 0 Projects other than improvement or maintenance dredging must not
                                 cause adverse effects by altering the bottom topography so as to increase
                                 storm damage or erosion of coastal beaches, coastal banks, coastal dunes, or
                                 salt marshes.
                                 0 Projects other than improvement dredging must, if water-dependent,
                                 be design'ed and constructed using best available measures to minimize
                                 adverse effects, and if non-water-dependent, must have no adverse effects, on
                                 marine fisheries habitat or wildlife habitat caused by:
                                        - alterations in water circulation;
                                        - destruction of eelgrass (Zostera mwina ) or widgeon grass (Rupia
                                        maritina ) beds;
                                        - alterations in the distribution of sediment grain size;
                                        - changes in water quality, including, but not limited to, other
                                        than natural fluctuations in the level of dissolved oxygen, temperature
                                        or turbidity, or the addition of pollutants; or
                                        - alterations of shallow submerged lands with high densities of
                                        polychaetes, mollusks, or macrophytic algae.
                                   No   project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                 habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                 entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                 standard).



















                                                                  59








                         Protection of Rare Species Habitat
                         (310 Code of Mass. Rpgulgons 10.3n




                         EWiniffons


                                 Estimated Habitat Maps (see opposite page) of state-listed vertebrate and
                         invertebrate occurrences are provided by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                         Wildlife's Natural Heritaee & Endangered Species Program as a service to municipal
                         conservation commissions who are charged with protecting rare species habitat under
                         the Wetlands Protection Act. These maps define the estimated geographical extent
                         of habitats of all listed rare wetland wildlife species for which occurrences have been
                         reported and documented to the satisfaction of the Program.

                                 The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection defers to the scientific
                         opinions of the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's Natural Heritage and
                         Endangered Species Program in determining the location and extent of actual habitat
                         of state-listed rare species. The Department also relies on the Natural Heritage
                         Program to determine whether a proposed activity will have an adverse effect,
                         whether short- or long-term, on the habitat of the local rare species population. The
                         Heritage Program's opinion is presumed to be correct and may be overcome only
                         upon a clear showing to the contrary.

                                 See the next chapter of this document for a complete list of rare species likely
                         to be associated with barrier beach ecosystems.




                         Function


                                 Rare species wildlife habitat provides all the requisite essentials for
                         breeding, nesting, foraging and resting for the species listed at 310 Code of Mass.
                         Regulations 10.60. Certain rare, state-listed species have specialized requirements
                         that are met by the ecosystem on barrier beaches. Selected species, which barrier
                         beach managers are particularly likely to encounter, are discussed further on in this
                         document.




                         Summary of Welfc-inds Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                 When a project is proposed to alter a Resource Area which is part of the
                         actual habitat of a state-listed species, the following performance standard applies:
                                 * No project may be permitted which will have any short or long-term
                                 adverse effect on the habitat of the local population of that species.


                                                                   60




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                                                               Figure 11 -                       Mass. Natural Heritage and Endangered Species
                                                                                                 Program map of estimated habitats of state-
                                                                                                 listed rare wetlands wildlife for Gloucester.



                                                                                                                                  61











                               The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife acts as the scientific
                        authority in making this determination. A determination made by the Division is
                        presumed to be correct, although it can be rebutted by a clear demonstration of
                        contrary information before a municipal conservation commission.

                               Appendix H, the Division's "Guidelines for Managing Recreational Use of
                        Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns, and Their Habitats in Massachusetts," and
                        Appendix 1, the Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                        Conditions for Barrier Beaches," should be consulted for additional information and
                        recommended conditions.





















































                                                                62















                                                     CHAPTER 3

                  Other Federal and State Statutes Applicable to Barrier Beaches





                               Several other federal and state laws' are important for beach managers to
                       understand in carrying out their responsibilities on barrier beaches. This Chapter
                       discusses some of the most important of these federal and state statutes and their
                       applicability to Massachusetts barrier beaches.

                               Where appropriate, this Chapter includes for each piece of legislation the
                       following information:
                               * General Explanation; and
                               9 Summary of Regulatory Requirements.

                               The laws discussed in this Chapter are:
                               9 Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S. Code 1531);
                               9 Mass. Endangered Species Act (Mass. General Laws Chapter 131A);
                                       and
                               * Mass. Historical Commission.


                               Additional statutes and regulations which may be of interest to barrier beach
                       stewards are found in Chapter 1 -- "A Beach Manager's Guide to the Regulations,"
                       and Appendices E -- "Federal, State, Regional, and Municipal Laws"and K -- "Access
                       for the Physically Challenged."
















                                                                63








                          Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973
                          (16 United States Code 1531)





                                  This law, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, authorize the U.S.
                          Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service to list, based on the best
                          available biological data, plants and animals determined to be "Endangered" or
                          "Threatened." "Critical Habitat" designations are based on biological and other
                          information.
                                  If the following federally listed Endangered and Threatened species occur on
                          Massachusetts barrier beaches, their presence may have significant management
                          implications for beach managers.

                                          SPECIES                                   STATUS
                                          bald eagle                                Endangered
                                          peregrine falcon                          Endangered
                                          piping plover                             Threatened
                                          roseate tern                              Endangered,
                                          Northeastern beach tiger beetle           Threatened

                                  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service also has a list of rare flora and fauna found
                          on barrier beaches in Massachusetts.


                                  Direct or indirect habitat-altering activities may adversely affect listed species.
                          Of particular importance in Massachusetts are the following species:

                          1) Bald eagle: Eagles,may appear along barrier -beaches at any season of the year.
                          Barrier beaches are important to eagles primarily for foraging purposes. Eagles
                          primarily seek carrion--dead fish, birds and mammals--scavenged on sand/mudflats and
                          along the tide line.
                          2) Peregrine falcon: Migrant peregrine falcons may appear along barrier beaches
                          at any time of the year, but are most frequently noted in September-October and
                          more occasionally through the winter months to the end of May. The entire barrier
                          beach functions as a feeding ground for the peregrine falcon. Prey consists primarily
                          of birds.
                          3) Piping plover: Massachusetts barrier beaches provide some of the most
                          important nesting habitat for this species on the Atlantic Seaboard. [See more
                          complete discussion in Chapter 2 and the next section.]
                          4) Roseate tern: Small numbers of roseate terns, occur within larger common tern
                          colonies on barrier beaches in Massachusetts. These seabirds use isolated dune areas
                          for nesting and rearing their young. Large sandflat areas adjacent to the dunes
                          function as "nursery grounds" for recently fledged young, and, in some cases, as
                          11staging areas" for birds prior to fall migration. [See more complete discussions in
                          Chapter 2 and the next section.]


                                                                      64








                           5) Northeastern beach tiger beetle: This tiger beetle formerly inhabited wide,
                           sandy beaches throughout much of the northeastern United States. Today only a
                           single population occurs north of Maryland, on a privately-owned beach on Martha's
                           Vineyard. Adults feed on insects, amphipods, and carrion, and larvae inhabit burrows
                           in upper portions of the intertidal zone. Larvae appear to be destroyed by off-road
                           vehicles, heavy pedestrian traffic, and severe storms. Habitat may be further degraded
                           by coastal development and beach stabilization structures.



                           Summcvy of Regulatoiy Requirements

                                   Federal regulations prohibit "taking," including harassing, harming, pursuing,
                           hunting, shooting, wounding, killing, trapping, capturing, or collecting listed wildlife
                           species; as well as attempting to engage in such conduct; or causing such acts to be
                           committed. In addition, federal agencies must consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlire
                           Service prior to undertaking, authorizing, or funding any activity that may affect listed
                           species.
                                   In 1979, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Massachusetts Division of
                           Fisheries and Wildlife executed a Cooperative Agreement, as provided under Section
                           6 of the U.S. Endangered Species Act, under which the two agencies share some
                           responsibilities for management of fedefally-listed species. These species also occur
                           on the "Massachusetts List of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern Species."
                           For non-federal entities, compliance with the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act
                           and the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act, as defined in these Guidelines@ will
                           generally assure compliance with the prohibitions on "take" contained in federal law.
                           However, federal agencies are further obligated to conduct a "Section 7 consultation"
                           under the U.S. Endangered Species Act for proposed activities that may affect listed
                           species.





















                                                                       65








                        Massachusetts Endangered Species Act
                        (Mass. General Laws
                        Chapter 131A: 321 Code of Mass. Rqgulations 10.QW

                               This law and the regulations promulgated thereunder establish procedures for
                        the listing of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern species native to
                        Massachusetts, and the designation of "Significant Habitat" for Endangered and
                        Threatened species, and establish rules and prohibitions regarding activities which
                        could result in a "taking" of such species or alter "significant habitat."

                               Rare species of plants and animals that are likely to occur on Massachusetts
                        barrier beaches and are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or Special
                        Concern by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (321 Code of Mass.
                        Regulations 10.60) are listed below. For a complete listing, refer to the Regulations.


                               ANIMAL SPECIES                                 STATUS
                               Diamondback Terrapin                           Threatened
                               Short-eared Owl                                Endangered
                               Piping Plover                                  Threatened
                               Northern Harrier                               Endangered
                               Peregrine Falcon                               Endangered
                               Bald Eagle                                     Endangered
                               Least Tern                                     Special Concern
                               Roseate Tern                                   Endangered
                               Common Tern                                    Special Concern
                               Arctic Tern                                    Special Concern
                               Gray Seal                                      Special Concern
                               Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle                Endangered


                               PLANT SPECIES                                  STATUS
                               Seabeach Amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)         Historical
                               Purple Needlegrass (Aristida purpurascens)     Threatened
                               Seabeach Needlegrass (Aristida tuberculosa)    Special Concern
                               Pygmyweed (Crassula aquatica)                  Threatened
                               Common's Panic-grass                           Special Concern
                                 (Dichanthelium commonsianum)
                               Mattamuskeet Panic-grass                       Endangered
                                 (Dichanthelium mattamuskeetense)
                               Saltpond Grass (Diplache maritima)             Threatened
                               Sea Lyme-grass (Elymus mollis)                 Endangered
                               Saltpond Pennywort                             Special Concern
                                 (Hydrocotyle verticillata)
                               Oysterleaf (Mertensia maritima)                Endangered
                               Pinnate Water Milfbil                          Special Concern
                                 (Myriophyllum pinnatum)


                                                                 66









                                 Adder's Tongue Fern                               Threatened
                                    (Ophioglossurn vulgatum)
                                 Prickly Pear (Opuntia humifusurn)                 Threatened
                                 Stigose Knotweed                                  Special Concern
                                    (Polygonum setaceum. var. interjectum)
                                 Lion's Foot (Prenanthes serpentiaria)             Endangered
                                 Seabeach Dock (Rumex pallidus)                    Threatened
                                 Knotted Pearlwort                                 Threatened
                                    (Sagina nodosa var. nodosa)
                                 Bristly Foxtail (Setaria geniculata)              Special Concern
                                 Salt'Reedgrass (Spartina cynosuroides)            Special Concern
                                 American Sea-blite (Suaeda americana)             Special Concern




                         Summary of Regulatory Requirements

                                 Regulations pursuant to the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act prohibit
                         the "take" of any species of animal or plant listed as Endangered, Threatened or
                         Species of Special Concern in Massachusetts. In reference to animals, "take" means
                         to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, hound, kill, trap, capture, collect, process, disrupt
                         the nesting, breeding, feeding or migratory activity or attempt to engage in any such
                         conduct, or to assist in such conduct. In reference to plants, "take" means to collect,
                         pick, kill, transplant, cut or process or attempt to engage or to assist in any such
                         conduct. The regulations further state that: "All state agencies shall utilize their
                         Authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the Massachusetts Endangered Species
                         Act and these regulations; review, evaluate and determine the impact on Endangered,
                         Threatened and Special Concern species or their habitats of all works, projects or
                         activities conducted by them; and use all practicable means and measures to avoid or
                         minimize damage to such species or their habitats'." This includes any work, project
                         or activity either directly undertaken by a state agency or indirectly by other parties
                         with funds provided by a state agency.
                                 The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife has prepared "Guidelines
                         for Managing Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns, and
                         Their Habitats in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, to assist barrier beach
                         managers in meeting these regulatory requirements.












                                                                     67









                                                                    Piping Plover

                                     Piping plovers are small, sand-colored shorebirds that nest on sandy beaches
                            along the Atlantic Coast from South Carolina to Newfoundland.               The U.S. Atlantic
                            Coast population is listed as "Threatened" by the U.S. Department of the Interior's
                            Fish & Wildlife Service under provisions of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973
                            and was estimated at 790 pairs in 1992 (a 6% increase over the previous year). fn
                            Massachusetts, the piping plover is also listed as "Threatened" by the Massachusetts
                            Division of Fisheries and Wildlife under provisions of the Massachusetts Endangered
                            Species Act. An estimated 290 pairs nested in Massachusetts in 1993, from Plum Island
                            south to the Rhode Island border and east to Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and
                            Nantucket.
                                     Piping plovers nest on coastal beaches above the high-tide line, sand flats at
                            the end of sand spits, gently sloping foredunes and in blow-out or washover areas
                            between or behind primary dunes. They also nest on areas where sandy dredged
                            material has been deposited.       Nests are simple "scrapes" in the sand or mbdures of
                            sand, gravel and shells.     Nests are placed on open sand or in patches of sparse to
                            moderately dense beach grass and other dune vegetation.                   Piping plovers are
                            dependent upon natural processes of beach erosion and accretion through wind and
                            wave action to maintain areas of suitable nesting habitat.
                                     Piping plovers return to nesting beaches in Massachusetts from mid-March
                            through late April or early May. Males establish and defend territories and court
                            females. Nesting may occur from mid-April through late July. Clutch size is usually
                            4 eggs; average incubation period is 27-28 days. Piping plovers fledge only a single
                            brood per season, although renesting will occur in response to nest los& Chicks are
                            precocial and able to move about within hours after hatching. Chicks remain together
                            with one or both parents until they fledge at 25-35 days of age. Both adults and
                            chicks feed on a variety of invertebrates found in intertidal sand and mud flats,
                            wrack, and on upper beaches and dunes. Preferred feeding habitats of both adults and
                            chicks are intertidal areas of wrack (seaweed, vegetation, shells and other organic
                            debris deposited on the beach by tidal action). Unfledged chicks may be present from
                            late May until mid-August.

                                                                     L-ewl Tem


                                     Least terns are whitish-colored black-capped birds sporting a white forehead and a
                            black-tipped yellow bill. These small (10") seabirds nest along the Atlantic Seaboard from
                            southern Maine to Florida. In Massachusetts, the least tern is fisted as a "Species of Special
                            Concern" by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife under provisions of the
                            Massachusetts Endangered Species Act. An estimated 2,642 @pairs nested at 51 sites in
                            Massachusetts in 1992.
                                     Least terns occupy nesting grounds similar in most respects to those of the piping
                            plover and the two species commonly nest in close proximity to each other. Least terns arrive
                            in Massachusetts in early May, engage in elaborate courtship rituals, mate and quickly establish
                            colonies. Actual nesting occurs from about the third week of May through mid-July. Nesting
                            groups range in size from just a few pairs to 500 or more pairs. Nesting groups mount mutual
                            defense tactics, notably mobbing and defecating upon intruders with great accuracy. Least terns
                            nest in their own colonies and do not join in mixed colonies with other species of terns.
                                     Nests are formed as shallow "scrapes" in the sand, usually in sandy areas devoid of
                            vegetation, but sometimes in areas of sparse beach grass, beach pea and other dune vegetation.
                            Least terns, like the piping plovers, have nested along the eastern barrier beaches for thousands


                                                                          68









                             of years, capitalizing opportunistically on natural processes of beach erosion and accretion.
                                      Clutches consist of 1-3 eggs. The average incubation period is 21-23 days. Incubating
                             adults, clutches of eggs and the young are extremely cryptic. These terns are single brooded,
                             but will renest multiple times in response to nest loss. Chicks are precocial and may run
                             considerable distances along the beaches in the prefledging period. Fledging occurs at about
                             20-22 days. Adults deliver fish caught in the surrounding waters to the chicks. Soon.after
                             fledging, least terns stage and depart southward; most are gone before the end of August.


                                                        Common, Roseate and Arctic Tems

                                      These 3 similar-appearing species of whitish-colored black-capped seabirds commingle
                             in large nesting colonies and are hence treated as a group. The common tern is indeed the
                             most "common" of the group. In 1992, some 8,600 pairs were estimated at 35 sites in
                             Massachusetts; only 9 of these sites exceeded 100 pairs. Unlike the common tern, the Arctic
                             tern is regarded as a "peripheral" species in Massachusetts. At the southern limits of its natural
                             range in Massachusetts, the Arctic tern has been declining since the 1950s and reached an all-
                             time low of only 8 pairs in 1992. Both of these species are fisted by the Massachusetts Division
                             of Fisheries and Wildlife as a "Species of Special Concern!' under provisions of the
                             Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.
                                      The Northeastern population of the roseate tern is listed as "Endangered" by both the
                             U.S. Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service under the U.S. Endangered Species
                             Act of 1973 and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's Natural Heritage and
                             Endangered Species Program under provisions of the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.
                             In 1992, nearly 85 percent of the entire Northeastern population was concentrated in two
                             colonies--Bird Island, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts and Great Gull Island, off the eastern end
                             of Long Island, New York. Out of an estimated 1,412 pairs in Massachusetts in 1992, 1,375
                             pairs (97 percent) were at Bird Island. Away from Bird Island, small numbers of roseates may
                             be found and should be expected with large nesting groups of common terns.
                                      All three of these "larger" tern species differ dramatically from the least tern in habitat
                             preference. Unlike the least tern, they prefer to establish colonies on offshore islands including
                             barrier islands and the remote tips of barrier beaches. Unfortunately for these terns, most of
                             the optimal offshore nesting sites have been gradually usurped by gulls since the 1950's. As a
                             result, terns have been forced to settle at a limited number of secondary inshore sites that leave
                             them more exposed to disturbance by a variety of factors including human activity and a host
                             of land-based predators.
                                      The life histories of these 3 species of terns is generally similar though differing in
                             particulars. Exemplifying the three, common terns select dune areas with moderate to dense
                             stands of beach grass and other dune vegetation. Birds arrive from the south in early May.
                             Colony sites are generally selected before the end of May. Ritualized courtship and pair
                             formation occurs on the beach and sandflats about the colony site. Nesting groups range from
                             just a few to 4,000 or more pairs. Nests are "scrapes" in the sand, usually lined with beach grass
                             and seaweed. Clutches of 2-3 eggs are produced. Both parents share incubation duties for a
                             term of about 23 days. The young are precocial and seek the shade of vegetation and are
                             brooded by the adults. Diet of these terns is almost exclusively fish. Adults rise from the colony
                             to aggressively mob and defecate on intruders.
                                      As the young approach fledging at about 28 days, the bare sandy berm areas proximate
                             to the colony assume importance to the birds as rearing or nursery areas for the young. At
                             some sites, thousands of young terns may be present in these areas from late July through mid-
                             August. After mid-August, most terns have fledged and all three species gather in "staging
                             areas" prior to departure for winter quarters by the end of August.


                                                                             69








                        Massachusetts Historical Commission




                                As early as possible in the planning stages of a project licensed or permitted
                        by the Massachusetts Department    of Environmental Protection, in whole or in part,
                        the Department should notify the Massachusetts Historical Commission in order for
                        the Commission to determine whether the project will have an effect on a historic or
                        archaeological property which is listed in the State Register of Historic Places. Ile
                        Department does not have' to notify the Commission of a project if it clearly does not
                        have an area of potential impact due to the nature of the project. However, if a
                        project is likely to impact a geographical area and cause a change in the historical,
                        architectural, archaeological, or cultural qualities of a property, the Department
                        should notify the Massachusetts Historical Commission. Notification to the
                        Commission is through the project applicant's submission of a Project Notification
                        Form, or, in the case of a project which also requires a Massachusetts Environmental
                        Policy Act review, an Environmental Notification Form. [A Massachusetts Historical
                        Commission Project Notification Form is found in Appendix A of 950 Code of Mass.
                        Regulations 71.00.]
                                Within thirty days of receipt of a Project Notification Form, the Historical
                        Commission will determine whether the project will have any adverse effect on a State
                        Register property and will provide written comment. If the Commission determines
                        that a project will have an adverse effect, the Commission and Department of
                        Environmental Protection should immediately consult to discuss ways to eliminate,
                        minimize or mitigate the adverse effect. The purpose of the consultation process is
                        to avoid damage to historic or archaeological properties through the adoption of
                        prudent and feasible means. Under Chapter 9 ï¿½27C of the Mass. General Laws, the
                        discovery of any archaeological resources on lands owned or controlled by the
                        Commonwealth or any of its subdivisions, should be reported to the State
                        Archaeologist at the Massachusetts Historical Commission.
                               For further information, contact the Massachusetts Historical Commission, 80
                        Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, (617) 727-8470.
















                                                                 70














                                                      CHAPTER 4

                                         Public Use/Recreational Activities







                                Barrier beaches have long been used by the public for a variety of purposes,
                        including many recreational activities. While many uses have little impact on the
                        resources of the barrier beach, other activities have been shown to have significant
                        impacts.

                                This Chapter describes, for the barrier beach resource areas addressed in
                        Chapter 2:
                                ï¿½ Activity Descriptions;
                                ï¿½ Resource Impacts; and
                                9 Recommended Management Measures.

                        The activities covered in this Chapter include:
                                e  Pedestrian Uses, including Hunting, Fin and Shellfishing, Kite-flying,
                                        Pets, and Hiking;
                                e  Camping, including Fires;
                                9  Watercraft, including Boats and Jet-Skis;
                                9  Plant Harvesting;
                                *  Non-Motorized Transport, including Horseback Riding and Bicycles;
                                e  Fireworks; and
                                *  Off-Road Vehicle Use.




















                                                                 71








                          Pedestrian Uses, including Hunting,, Fin and Shelifishing,
                          19W
                                Mng, Pets and Hiking




                                  Pedestrians engage in a variety of activities on barrier beaches, including:
                          wildlife observation (birdwatching), beach strolling, fishing access, hunting, and
                          jogging. Kite flying at the beach is a popular sport that is viewed as a passive activity.
                          Shellfishing in the intertidal and subtidal areas abutting the barrier is common for
                          both recreational and commercial purposes.           Hunting and fishing can occur
                          throughout the barrier  beach ecosystem.



                          Resource    Impacts

                                  Pedestrian access is important to encourage and maintain at barrier beaches.
                          However, if left unmanaged, large, concentrated and frequent volumes of pedestrians
                          can have significant impacts on barrier beach resources, including:
                                . * dune vegetation (destruction of vegetation can lead to blow-outs and
                          general lowering of dune profiles and impact wildlife habitat);
                                  * wetlands (marshes, swamps, semi-flooded areas) which contain peaty soils
                          (destruction of vegetation can produce depressed trails, with subsequent widening as
                          pedestrians seek drier ground);
                                  a upper wrack,fine (destruction of sand-binding plants which would otherwise
                          start growing there);
                                  * wildlife (the human disturbance factor and low tolerance of some species).

                                  Wildlife can be adversely impacted by visitor-generated garbage left at the
                          beach, since it may be ingested or may attract predators to nesting areas.
                                  Discarded kite string and monofilament line can cause wildlife entanglement
                          problems.
                                  Nesting and feeding shorebirds may perceive kites as potential predators,
                          thereby temporarily abandoning nests, leaving young vulnerable to temperature
                          changes and predation. Shorebirds, terns and waterfowl may suffer serious injury or
                          death from entanglement in kite strings, either during flight or from lengths of string
                          discarded on the beach.
                                  Unleashed or uncontrolled pets can harass, capture or kill wildlife, particularly
                          nesting birds, eggs, and hatchlings. Additionally, unleashed or uncontrolled pets may
                          cause disturbance to other beach users during seasonal high use periods. Animal
                          waste can have an adverse impact on coastal beaches, water quality, and tidal flats.
                          Vegetation, dune form and function can also be adversely affected.





                                                                     72








                        Recommended Management Measures

                            0   The Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                Habitats in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                                     General Pedestrian Use/Hiking
                            0   Pedestrian impacts should be managed in order to minimize adverse impacts
                                to barrier beach natural resources associated with this activity.

                                In most instances, large, concentrated and frequent volumes of pedestrian
                                activity should be prohibited from coastal dunes and wetlands. However,
                                where large, frequent and concentrated volumes of pedestrians will be
                                channeled through dunes, the following precautions should be taken:
                                    in establishing cross-over paths through dunes, there should be the
                                minimum number of paths necessary to provide safe access and egress from
                                the back of the barrier beach to the beach front.;
                                  pedestrian traffic should be managed through the use of ramps and elevated
                                boardwalks, fences, thick vegetation, and signs;
                                - trails should be constructed such that they cause no harm or disturbance to
                                state-listed rare species;
                                - non-ramped pedestrian trails through dunes to the beach front should be
                                periodically inspected in order to determine whether or not the location of
                                the trail or the volume of traffic are contributing to excessive wear and
                                erosion. If so, the trail may have to be relocated or a ramp or boardwalk built
                                and the old trail restored-,
                                - trails should not be constructed so that they create blowouts;
                                - pedestrian trails should not cross over unstable dunes; and
                                - pedestrian routes should not be constructed so that they create wind and
                                wave tunnels; they should follow an "S" pattern.          [See Chapter 5 for
                                information on construction of pedestrian pathways and boardwalks.]

                                On beaches where there is pedestrian traffic which could harm or disturb
                                incubating plovers or terns, their eggs, or chicks, refuge areas with at least a
                                50 yard-radius around nests should be delineated with warning signs and
                                symbolic fencing above the high tide line [see figure on page 72]. Only
                                persons engaged in rare species monitoring, management, or research
                                activities should enter the refuge areas, although individuals may pass by
                                outside. Refuge areas should remain fenced as long as viable eggs or
                                unfledged chicks are present.

                                Refuge areas around nests should be expanded if a 50-yard radius is deemed
                                inadequate to protect incubating adults or unfledged chicks from harm or
                                disturbance. This may include situations where plovers or terns are especially
                                intolerant of human presence, or where a 50-yard radius refuge provides


                                                                  73













                                    Barrier Beach Pedestrian Closure to Protect
                       Piping Plover Chicks Between Hatching and Fledgling Periods
                                                           (approximately 35 days)



















                                                                          50 Yards


                                                                  0



                                   RP                                              Alk
                                                                  0                        Mean HITh Water

                                                                 Ocean



                                        Symbolic Fencing

                                    0 Piping Plover Nest















                                  Figure 12.       Barrier beach pedestrian closure to protect piping plover chicks
                                                   between hatching and fledging periods (approximately 35 days).
                                                                      74 Z5OYards









                                insufficient escape cover or alternative foraging opportunities for plover
                                chicks. If nests are discovered outside fenced areas, fencing should be
                                extended to create a sufficient buffer to prevent harm or disturbance to
                                incubating adults, eggs, or unfledged chicks. On some beaches where plovers
                                and terns have traditionally nested or where suitable habitat occurs, it may be
                                necessary to symbolically fence portions of habitat during March or April,
                                prior to plover nesting, or during May, prior to tern nesting, if, in the opinion
                                of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its agent, failure
                                to do so could discourage plovers or terns from nesting as a result of
                                disturbance from human use.


                                Rearing or nursery areas used by unfledged or recently-fledged tern chicks,
                                as identified by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its
                                agent, should be delineated by beach managers with posts, warning signs, or
                                symbolic fencing not later than June 21. Only persons engaged in rare species
                                monitoring, management, or research should enter posted or fenced tern
                                nursery areas while unfledged tern chicks or tern chicks being fed by adult
                                terns are present, although individuals may pass by outside these areas. Such
                                nursery areas may be re-opened when all tern chicks have fledged and are not
                                being fed by adult terns.

                            ï¿½   Viewing platforms should be constructed where people congregate at stairways
                                and scenic overviews.


                            ï¿½   Concessions that sell refreshments should be encouraged to use biodegradable
                                materials and seek alternatives to enhance waste reduction.


                            ï¿½   Users should be encouraged to follow a carry in-carry out policy on garbage,
                                trash, and refuse.



                                                                 Hunting
                            0   Hunting conducted in accordance with existing Mass. Division of Fisheries and
                                Wildlife regulations is a legitimate and acceptable recreational activity on
                                barrier beaches.



                                                                   Pets
                                Pets should be leashed or under control of their owners at all times from
                                April 1 to August 31 on beaches where piping plovers or terns are present or
                                have traditionally nested. Pets should be prohibited on these beaches from
                                April 1 through August 31 if, based on observations and experience, pet
                                owners fail to keep pets leashed and under control and staff resources
                                prohibit enforcement of leash laws. Hunting dogs, as is traditional, should be
                                kept under the control of hunters at all times. This guideline is especially
                                important in remote areas which are difficult to manage and yet attractive to
                                wildlife.




                                                                   75










                                                                  Kite-Flying
                                  From April 1 to August 31, kite flying should be prohibited within 200 yards
                                  of both nesting territorial adults and unfledged juvenile piping plovers and
                                  terns.





                                                                   Finfishing
                                  Sport finfishing on barrier beaches is an activity that, for public safety reasons,
                                  should be separated from recreational swimming areas during active beach use
                                  hours.



                                                                  Shellfishing
                                  Shellfishing is regulated at the municipal level by Mass. General Laws, Chapter
                                  130 and by Fishing & Shellfishing Regulations at 322 Code of Mass.
                                  Regulations 1.00 - 12.00. Aquaculture is also regulated under the Mass.
                                  Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations at 310 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                  10.04 (a)(b).



                                                                 All Activities
                                  Informative and educational signs are encouraged.




























                                                                      76








                         Camping, including Fires

                                 Uses include people staying overnight in tents, self-contained camping vehicles
                         or in the open. This activity may also include accessory uses such as camp fires and
                         chase vehicles.



                         Resource Impacts

                                 Tenting and associated heavy pedestrian use may impact vegetation or
                         landform. Generally, when limited and well managed, there are few impacts on
                         coastal beaches or heavily vegetated areas. Other activities, such as accessory fires
                         and waste disposal, including human waste, may cause significant impacts if not
                         properly managed. Camping and fires can: destroy vegetated cover as well as alter
                         dune form and function; can impact rare species, rare species habitat, and migratory
                         shorebirds through disturbance of nesting, resting, and feeding activities; and can
                         impact erosion control structures and signage through the use of these structures as
                         combustion material. Fires can create a public safety threat and debris problem
                         through improper disposal. The procedure of extinguishing a fire through burial is
                         dangerous as coals may continue to burn underground for an extended period of time,
                         producing no visible smoke, but posing a safety threat to barefoot beachgoers.


                         Recommended Management Measures

                             0   Camping areas should be delineated by beach managers and cited in their
                                 plans. The areas should be located at least 100 yards from identified nesting
                                 sites and off-road vehicle corridors.


                             0   Camping should be prohibited in rare species habitat and significant migratory
                                 shorebird areas, and limited in coastal dunes.

                             0   Designation of camping areas should include assessment of flammability of
                                 adjacent flora, access availability by vehicle or foot, waste disposal facilities,
                                 wildlife considerations, and scenic views.

                             0   Educational programs for campers should take place.

                             0   A "carry in-carry out" policy for trash should be implemented.

                             0   A policy requiring fires in containers will alleviate the problem of buried fires
                                 as the camp fire user can carry the fire to the water to extinguish it or fill the
                                 container with water on location.


                             0   Informative and educational signs are encouraged.

                             9   See section on "Off-road Vehicle Use" (page 85)


                                                                     77








                          Watercraft. including Jet Skis




                                  In some instances, vessel access to barrier beaches has been encouraged by
                          beach managers where vehicular access has been restricted. In order to properly
                          manage vessel access to barrier beaches and islands, beach managers are encouraged
                          to work closely with municipal harbormasters, the Massachusetts Harborm              *asters
                          Association, the boating public, yacht clubs, the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary and the
                          U.S. Power Squadron.
                                  Recreational watercraft, including boats, jet skis, sailboards and other vessels
                          are popular at many beaches. Some of these activities have occurred at beaches since
                          colonial times and, in certain instances, are provided for in the Colonial Ordinances
                          of 1641 and 1647. However, watercraft use adjacent to public bathing beaches is also
                          regulated by other state and federal laws, such as 323 Code of Mass. Regulations
                          2.00-2.14 (others are cited at Appendix E). Small craft, typically under twenty-five
                          feet in length, are most commonly observed launching and landing around beach and
                          marsh areas. Such vessels anchor just offshore and move passengers to the beach in
                          small dinghies. In addition, individual watercraft such as jet skis and sailboards have
                          become more popular.
                                  Impacts from watercraft can take two forms: on-water and/or onshore.
                          Although on-water activities may impact barrier beaches directly or indirectly, the
                          impacts of onshore activities of humans accessing beaches via watercraft have a more
                          direct affect on a beach.



                          Resource lmpacft

                                  Most vessel owners in Massachusetts operate their boats in a conscientious
                          and environmentally sensitive manner. In some instances, however, adverse impacts
                          to the barrier environment can occur when vessel and beach regulations are not in
                          place or are violated, more often at remote barrier beach locations not easily managed
                          by beach managers.
                                  Impacts are not likely to occur from minimal Or occasional use of watercraft.
                          It is the chronic impacts that should be evaluated due to popular use in specific areas.
                                  Barrier beach resources impacted by watercraft include: beaches, salt marsh,
                          land containing shellfish, and land under the ocean. Coastal dunes may be impacted
                          by pedestrians associated with vessel use. Vessel access at barrier beaches may conflict
                          with recreational swimming. It may also conflict with rare species and wildlife habitat
                          protection, especially at remote ends of barrier spits. Changes in bottom topography,
                          alteration of substrate vegetation, and increased sedimentation due to prop wash and
                          hull impacts may also occur. Increased access by small craft on barrier spits can
                          create a large human disturbance factor to areas otherwise inaccessible to most people
                          but commonly used as nesting, feeding, resting and migration habitat for rare species
                          and other wildlife.




                                                                      78











                                                                 On-water
                                 Barrier beaches in Massachusetts that are popular for watercraft activities
                         share many common traits. Often the preferred areas for landing and recreating are
                         on the sheltered backside of beaches. These areas are typically associated with a salt
                         marsh system or a bay, important resource areas known for their fragility. Many times
                         the preferred watercraft use areas are also remote, enhancing their wildlife value.
                         Resource impacts that may occur from on-water watercraft activities include changes
                         in underwater topography from increased water column mbdng and sedimentation;
                         disturbance and contamination of economically-important shellfish beds'and waters;
                         increased beach and marsh bank erosion from watercraft wake; water contamination
                         from gas, oil and waste tank discharges; and disturbances to nesting, feeding, resting
                         and migration habitat for rare species and other wildlife from watercraft noise.

                                                                  Onshore
                                 Onshore activities of humans accessing beaches from watercraft take on
                         similar characteristics to other forms of human use on beaches. Individuals from
                         watercraft do not necessarily act differently than other persons accessing a beach by
                         other means. However, onshore activities related to watercraft regularly occur in
                         remote areas where management is difficult. Therefore, activities prohibited in well-
                         patrolled areas of beaches may occur more often in remote areas accessed by
                         watercraft due to lack of enforcement. Specific potential onshore impacts from
                         humans accessing beaches via watercraft include damage to dunes and fragile beach
                         vegetation, disturbance to wildlife (primarily resting, nesting and feeding shorebirds
                         and terns) from humans and pets, and contamination from trash and human waste.


                         Recommended Management Measures


                                                                  General
                             0   Watercraft use should be balanced with other uses, potentially warranting
                                 special area use designations both on-water and shoreside.

                             0   Where symbolic fencing is inadequate in protecting rare species, such as terns
                                 and plovers, or wildlife habitat, such as significant migratory shorebird staging
                                 areas, and where there is no active rare species management plan in place,
                                 beach managers should consider negotiated alternative management measures,
                                 including, but not limited tp, temporary restrictions on the launching and
                                 beaching of small craft on those portions of the barrier beach that provide
                                 nesting, feeding, resting, or migration habitat for rare species and other
                                 wildlife. Discussions should include representatives from the beach owner and
                                 manager, the municipal conservation commission, The Massachusetts Division
                                 of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the user groups.

                            0    In order to protect dunes, beaches, and salt marsh resources, the number of
                                 watercraft and associated visitors should be assessed and managed where and
                                 when necessary.



                                                                    79









                                  Signs should be erected at these areas to inform users of the management
                                  issues.


                                                                   On-water
                                  Management of on-water activities of watercraft involves regulatory statutes
                                  that exceed the scope of this document. However, there are certain measures
                                  a beach manager can employ, such as working with appropriate authorities to
                                  designate areas for swimming or boat landing only, in an effort to ensure
                                  public safety. Speed limits can be posted around high-use watercraft areas for
                                  public safety. Buoys and signs should delineate such special use areas.
                                  Unfortunately, certain other on-water impacts may be impossible for a beach
                                  manager to enforce. In such cases, cooperation with local harbormasters,
                                  Massachusetts Environmental Police Officers and the U.S. Coast Guard may
                                  assist in solving a problem. [See Mass. General Laws Chapter 90B, ï¿½ï¿½1-5.]

                                  Potential conflicts can exist between exercise of the public trust rights to "fish,
                                  fowl and navigate," recreational swimming, and the protection of rare species
                                  and wildlife habitat. Beach managers are therefore urged to designate,
                                  wherever safe and practicable, launching and landing areas for watercraft.

                                                                   Onshore
                                  Impacts from onshore activities associated with watercraft can be effectively
                                  managed using a variety of techniques that allow for continued use of the
                                  resource while balancing the needs for conservation with recreation.
                                  However, to achieve this balance, beach managers must commit resources to
                                  specific areas where pedestrians from watercraft regularly come onshore.
                                  Some of the recommended management measures include: fencing and
                                  signage to protect fragile dune areas; fencing and signage to protect wildlife
                                  areas; general signage to inform users about the area and regulations
                                  governing its use; regular staffing to directly educate users about the fragile
                                  barrier beach environment and encouraging respect for the resources;
                                  enforcing regulations; and encouraging conscientious on-water operation of
                                  watercraft. These techniques have proven effective and should be adopted
                                  for all high-use watercraft areas.

                                                              Pedestrian Impacts
                                  Pedestrian impacts associated with vessel landings and launching can have an
                                  impact on barrier beach natural resources, especially in remote areas of
                                  barrier beaches not easily managed. Refer to the "Pedestrian Use" section in
                                  this Chapter regarding the impacts and recommended management measures.









                                                                      80







                         Plant Harvesting


                                Plant Harvesting includes removal of living and dead plant material from the
                         barrier marshes and beaches. Sea lavender is commonly removed from high salt
                         marsh areas, and American Beach Grass seed stocks are commonly removed from
                         dune areas. Large scale removal of coastal vegetation can have an adverse impact on
                         dunes and beach stabilization, seed sources and food sources for animals.


                         Resource Impacts

                                Removal of sea lavender has effected the Massachusetts population of sea
                         lavender by depleting the seed source within the salt marsh community.
                                Removal of American Beach Grass seed stocks can limit the spread of the
                         grass and lead to dune destablilization and erosion.


                         Recommended Management Measures

                            ï¿½   Unauthorized harvesting of barrier beach plants, such as sea lavender,
                                American Beach Grass and Spartina@ should be prohibited.

                            ï¿½   Informative and educational signs are encouraged.

























                                                                 81








                         Non-motorized Transport, including Horseback Riding and
                         ftycles



                                 Non-motorized transport uses include: recreational horseback riding,
                         horseback patrol, and mountain biking.


                         Resource Impacts

                                 Within the barrier beach system, there are areas where this type of activity is
                         more appropriate or less damaging than others. However, where this activity destroys
                         vegetation, it also is likely to adversely impact dune shape and function. The
                         introduction of feces from horses to land or water from direct contact or runoff can
                         contribute to human health problems and water quality degradation.


                         Recommended Management Measures

                            ï¿½    Bicycles and horses should be encouraged to remain on established paths. The
                                 use of coastal dunes for official horse patrol or recreational purposes is
                                 discouraged. Dunes should only be traversed when accessing or exiting a
                                 coastal beach, and then, access should be over a designated trail. Horses
                                 should also be directed away from tidal flats as feces can have an adverse
                                 impact on shellfish.

                            ï¿½    On beaches where horses are used and could harm or disturb incubating
                                 plovers or terns, or their eggs, or chicks, refuge areas of at least a 50-yard
                                 radius around nests and above the high tide line should be delineated with
                                 warning signs and symbolic fencing.

                            ï¿½    Refuge areas around nests should be expanded if a 50-yard radius is deemed
                                 inadequate to protect incubating adults or unfledged chicks from harm or
                                 disturbance. This may include situations where plovers or terns are especially
                                 intolerant of human presence, or where a 50-yard radius refuge provides
                                 insufficient escape cover or alternative foraging opportunities for plover
                                 chicks. If nests are discovered outside fenced areas, fencing should be
                                 extended to create a sufficient buffer to prevent harm or disturbance to
                                 incubating adults, eggs, or unfledged chicks. On some beaches where plovers
                                 and terns have traditionally nested or where suitable habitat occurs, it may be
                                 necessary to symbolically fence portions of habitat during March or April,
                                 prior to plover nesting, or during May, prior to tern nesting, if, in the opinion
                                 of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its agent, failure
                                 to do so could discourage plovers or terns from nesting as a result of
                                 disturbance from human use.



                                                                    82








                            0   Rearing or nursery areas used by unfledged or recently-fledged tern chicks,
                                as identified by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its
                                agent, should be delineated with posts, warning signs, or symbolic fencing not
                                later than June 2L Only persons engaged in rare species monitoring,
                                management, or research should enter posted or fenced tern nursery areas
                                while unfledged tern chicks or tern chicks being fed by adult terns are present,
                                although individuals may pass by outside these areas. Such nursery areas may
                                be re-opened when all tern chicks have fledged and are not being fed by adult
                                terns.


                            0   Beach managers should establish appropriate areas for the use of all non-
                                motorized transport to avoid rare species habitat and other sensitive coastal
                                resources according to season.

                            0   Non-motorized transport often allows the public easy access to distant areas.
                                Beach managers should develop measures to manage and educate this user
                                group as enforcement of rules and regulations is often difficult in remote
                                areas.


                            0   Informative and educational signs are encouraged.






























                                                                   83









                         Fireworks



                                 This activity includes the  setting-off of large scale, municipally sanctioned
                         Fourth of July-type fireworks attracting thousands of people.


                         Resource Impacts

                                 The landing of fireworks and associated debris can result in quick-moving fires,
                         especially during dry summer months. The result is destruction of vegetation that
                         holds dunes in place. Fireworks may cause disturbance to nesting, feeding, and
                         resting rare species and cause disturbances to wildlife habitat.


                         Recommended Management Measures

                                 The launching and large-scale viewing of fireworks should be prohibited on
                                 coastal dunes, in salt marshes, and near wildlife habitat, especially that of
                                 nesting rare species (April 1 to August 31).

                             ï¿½   Launching and viewing areas for municipally sanctioned Fourth of July-type
                                 fireworks events should be established in conjunction with the beach manager
                                 and municipal fire warden so as to avoid adverse impacts to rare species,
                                 wildlife habitat and barrier beach and wetland natural resources. Particular
                                 attention, should be paid to the management of large and concentrated
                                 volumes of pedestrian traffic associated with this activity in order to avoid
                                 adverse impacts to sensitive and critical natural resources. [See "Pedestrian
                                 Use" section earlier in this Chapter.]

                             ï¿½   Codes regulating the launching or lighting of fireworks should be strictly
                                 enforced on barrier beaches.






















                                                                    84









                         Off-Road Vehicle Use




                                The off-road vehicle user group includes: beach-goers; fisherman; recreational
                         overnight users with self contained campers which may have trailered "chase" vehicles
                         and boats; private property owners; and special users such as those engaged in
                         research and monitoring, minimal maintenance, law enforcement, emergencies and
                         public safety.


                         Resoufce Impacts

                                Most off-road vehicle owners in Massachusetts operate their vehicles in a
                         conscientious and environmentally sensitive manner. In some instances, however,
                         adverse impacts to the barrier environment may occur when vehicle and beach
                         regulations are not in place or are violated, more often at remote barrier beach
                         locations not easily managed by beach managers.
                                Coastal beaches may be impacted through the churning of tires; tidal flats may
                         be impacted through compaction of the substrate; vegetation may be destroyed; and
                         dunes may be destabilized.
                                According to "The Impact of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems in
                         Cape Cod National Seashore: An Overview" (Leatherman and Godfrey, 1978), it is
                         said that: "The sheering and compressional effects of off-road vehicle passage extend
                         to a depth of approximately 20 centimeters; the shear stresses of the turning wheels
                         disaggregate the drift and break plant rhizomes. The integrity of drift lines is
                         destroyed by off-road vehicle traffic, as the material is scattered about the beach.
                         Vehicle impact also decreases the rate of decay of organic material. Bacterial counts
                         associated with the drift were normally very high but were markedly reduced when
                         vehicles pulverized the organic deposits."
                                "Vehicle traffic also crushes and kills seedlings of annuals and the young plants
                         of perennials, such as Ammophila@ which are associated with the drift. It was found
                         that the effect of 100 passes of an off-road vehicle does not differ significantly from
                         that of 10 passes; only a few passes are required to break up the deposit and kill all
                         the vegetation. Thus, the major effect of vehicles on the high beach was on drift lines
                         and developing dunes, with traffic severely limiting new dune formation."
                                Vehicle travel through the coastal dune can destroy the vegetated mat and can
                         contribute to erosion of dune form and function. Travel over salt marshes can
                         destroy the vegetated mat and cause erosion. Shellfish resources may be impacted
                         due to compaction of soil and crushing existing organisms, depending on the depth
                         of shellfish and other organisms, substrate type, weight and use of vehicle.
                                Off-road vehicle use may degrade piping plover habitat by crushing wrack
                         (seaweed, shells and other organic material deposited on the beach by tidal action)
                         into the sand and making it unavailable to the plovers as cover or foraging substrate.
                         Wrack is a preferred feeding habitat for piping plovers, especially chicks.
                                Vehicles can degrade piping plover habitat by creating ruts that may trap or
                         impede movements of chicks, and by causing disturbance that may prevent plovers


                                                                   85









                         from using habitat that is otherwise suitable (Goldin and others, 1990; Strauss, 1990;
                         Melvin and others, 1993). For a complete list of citations, see Appendix H, the
                         Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                         Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their Habitats in
                         Massachusetts."
                                Ile use of off-road vehicles may also impact other migratory shorebirds
                         feeding and resting on beaches, tidal flats, coastal dunes and salt marshes. Vehicles
                         and other associated activities may disturb and interrupt feeding and resting activity
                         by driving through or adjacent to the associated habitats. Impacts are potentially
                         greatest during the southward part of shorebird migration (July Ist - September 15th)
                         when public use of beaches is highest.
                                The use of off-road vehicles may affect the survival and productivity of state
                         and/or federally listed endangered species, such as piping plovers and terns. Vehicles
                         can crush concealed eggs and chicks, even adult birds. Typical behaviors of piping
                         plover chicks make them much more vulnerable than least tern chicks to off-road
                         vehicles. Chicks frequently move back and forth between the foredune and preferred
                         feeding habitats in the wrack line and intertidal zone. These movements place piping
                         plover chicks in the paths of vehicles moving along the berm or through the intertidal
                         zone. Because piping plover chicks typically leave the nest within a day of hatching
                         and typically run out onto the open beach, the wire fencing placed around nests or
                         nesting areas to deter predators is ineffective in protecting chicks from vehicles.
                         Plover chicks and least tern chicks may stand in or walk and run along tire ruts, and
                         young chicks sometimes have difficulty crossing deep ruts or climbing out of them.
                         Chicks sometimes stand motionless or crouch, rather than flee, as vehicles pass by.
                                Piping plovers may be vulnerable to disturbance during periods of courtship
                         and territory establishment in March and April. Similarly, least terns may be
                         vulnerable in May and June. Common, roseate and Arctic terns are highly disturbed
                         by any vehicle or pedestrian intrusion into their colonies. Prolonged or repeated
                         disturbances at colonies can lead to egg and chick loss from exposure and predation
                         or site abandonment.


























                                                                  86








                        1) OFF-ROAD VEHICLE DRIVING CORRIDORS


                        Recommended Management Measures

                           ï¿½    The Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                Habitats in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.



                                                            Beach Corridors
                           ï¿½    Where.off-road vehicle use takes place or is proposed to take place on a
                                barrier beach, off-road vehicle beach driving corridors should be designated
                                by beach managers. Corridors should be located such that they avoid wildlife
                                habitat, particularly that of rare species; wrack lines; salt marsh; vegetated
                                areas on coastal beaches; tidal flats; overwash areas; and coastal dunes. A
                                coastal beach off-road vehicle driving corridor should be located at a minimum
                                of 10 feet seaward of the spring high tide line to the most seaward berm crest
                                (see figure on page 88). Back dune or back barrier vehicle routes should be
                                eliminated wherever and whenever possible and restored.

                           ï¿½    When designating beach driving corridors, beach managers should also
                                consider separating vehicle use areas from other beach recreational activities,
                                such as bathing, hiking and walking.

                           ï¿½    Between July 1 and September 15, areas that are identified as significant
                                feeding, resting and staging areas for migratory shorebirds should be closed
                                to off-road vehicles by posting and fencing the areas or by altering off-road
                                vehicle travel corridors. Shorebirds are most suscetible to disturbances at high
                                tide when they roost on upper portions of the beach.                This is a
                                recommendation only, designed to protect from disturbance migratory
                                shorebirds that are feeding and roosting while on their way to South America.

                           ï¿½    In instances where off-road vehicle access has been closed in order to comply
                                with environmental laws, beach managers are encouraged to work with local
                                officials, the public, and, where appropriate, state and federal officials to
                                resolve any conflicts through planning and discussions. Reasonable alternative
                                access routes should always be investigated.

                                When the use of a vehicle corridor creates an unstable dune area such as a
                                blowout, or results in a reduction in foredune height, volume or function, then
                                the trail should be relocated with the old crossover closed and the area
                                restored. Activities that produced such damage should be reviewed for
                                compliance with environmental law. [Such contingency plans should be part
                                of the overall beach management scheme.]


                                                                  87













                                                        Beach Terminology Diagram



                                                                                          tie.
                                                                  r V@Z- -
                                               A4
               Dune
               Ridge





                                     Drift Line
                                      Deposits
                                                                         Berm Crest


                                                                                                                     4E
                                                   10'          ORV Corridor                                                     :7-

              4---Foredune                       *----L- Backshore                         Foreshore ---w

                                        Swft (Eo@-) HO Tk1w                   Normal @O Tkja          Lo., Tide           TIdW FLift
                                        Sprft MWMO) Wrack Line                Oaly Wrack Urw





















                                       Figure 13.         Beach terminology diagram (adapted from: U.S. Department of the
                                                          Interior/National Park Service/Cape Cod National Seashore).



                                                                               88








                           ï¿½   Travel through off-road vehicle corridors should be on well established vehicle
                               trails, delineated with posts, signs, and/or fencing.

                           0   Adequate protection measures should be applied to beach trails during high
                               or exceptionally high tides so that drivers will not damage the seaward edge
                               of dunes. Some trails may be closed during certain time periods depending
                               on the width of the beach and height of the tide.

                           ï¿½   Travel may be further restricted due to other changing beach conditions and
                               rare species nesting activity.

                           ï¿½   Severely rutted trails should be repaired in order to keep off-road vehicles
                               from using unauthorized areas and to confine vehicles to designated routes.

                           ï¿½   All designated off-road vehicle corridor routes should be indicated on maps
                               and diagrams provided with off-road vehicle permits.

                               Parking should be permitted only within oversand vehicle corridors. However,
                               in order to avoid traffic obstruction, parking should not be permitted on
                               previously made trails within the corridor.

                               Parking in blowout areas should be prohibited and controlled by posting and
                               cable fencing. The use of snow fence in such areas is not encouraged as it
                               may adversely impact nesting shorebirds.

                               In some instances, beach managers may be able to provide for overnight
                               camping by self-contained vehicles along the coastal beach corridor. A self-
                               contained vehicle is a motor home or truck with an attached camper shell,
                               with permanently mounted holding tanks with a 3 day capacity for containing
                               black and gray water.

                               Overnight camping and sleeping should be permitted only in self-contained
                               recreational vehicles along the off-road vehicle corridor. For safety reasons,
                               tents should not be permitted within the corridor. Vehicles and campers
                               should possess a valid permit visibly displayed.



                                                           Dune Crossovers
                               Where off-road vehicle corridor crossover routes are located on coastal dunes,
                               they should be the minimum number of routes necessary in order to provide
                               safe access and egress over the dune to the vehicle corridor located on the
                               beach front.


                               Ramps should be constructed as the prime vehicle corridor route through
                               coastal dunes. Vehicle ramps can be constructed by placing 2A inch boards
                               on edge, with short spacers between each 2A, and held together by cables
                               which pass through the studs and spacers. The spaces between the studs allow
                               sand to filter through when the ramp is lifted and reset. If the site becomes

                                                                 89

































                          7



                                                                                                 -w



























                                Figure 14:      Fencing plan to protect piping plover nests and unfledged chicks
                                                from pedestrian, non-motorized transport, and off-road vehicles
                                                (courtesy of Mass. Department of Environmental Management).



                                                                  90








                                 stablej beach grass plants will grow in the spaces between the studs (Carlson
                                 and Godfrey, 1984). Also see the Guidelines@ Chapter 5.

                                 Non-ramped crossover trails from the backside of the beach through dunes to
                                 the beach front corridor should be periodically inspected in order to
                                 determine whether or not the location of the trail or volume of traffic is
                                 contributing to excessive dune erosion. If so, the trail may have to be
                                 relocated or a ramp built and the old trail restored.

                                 Non-ramped trails should be constructed such that:
                                         a. Dune routes do not include sharp turns and steep grades;
                                         b. Trails do not cross unstable dunes;
                                         c. Trails avoid sensitive areas such as nesting bird areas, blowouts, and
                                                 sites of rare species of plants and animals;
                                         d. Wind and wave tunnels are not created. Routes through dunes
                                                 should be curved in an "S" fashion.


                                 Dune crossover traffic should be confined to designated routes by use of cable
                                 fences.


                            ï¿½    See Appendix D, "Off-road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment and
                                 Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines."


                                                          Information/Education
                            0    Use of vehicles allows access to remote areas and as a result the impact may
                                 involve human waste. The use of public or privately maintained toilet facilities
                                 may be necessary.

                            ï¿½    Driving hours should be established, advertised, and well know by all beach
                                 users.


                                 Speed limits should be 15 miles per hour, unless otherwise posted.

                                 Speed limits in self-contained vehicle areas should be 5 miles per hour.

                                 Speed limits near posted bird nesting colonies, nursery areas or roosting areas
                                 should be 5 miles per hour for all vehicles.

                                 Informative and educational signs should be used to:
                                         a. Mark designated off-road vehicle trails and access points across
                                         foredunes; and
                                         b. Mark restricted areas, when appropriate, such as rare bird species
                                         nesting areas.

                                 Along with the issuance of an off-road vehicle permit, educational information



                                                                    91









                                 specific to the beach should be provided to drivers. Some beach managers
                                 also require drivers to view a brief audio-visual presentation. [See Chapter
                                 6 -- "Public Education and Outreach."]



                         2) BARRIER BEACH VEHICLE QUOTA

                         Recommended Management Measures

                                 As a general rule, it is recommended that a certain number of square feet of
                                 frontal coastal beach be allowed for each off-road vehicle entering the beach.
                                 This will determine the amount of vehicles allowed on a barrier beach at any
                                 one time.


                                 In determining the appropriate number of vehicles for a specific area, the
                         beach manager should first estimate the square footage of available coastal beach, ten
                         feet from the Spring High Tide to Mean High Tide. Bathing areas, salt marshes,
                         coastal dunes, tidal flats, rare species habitat, wrack, and staging areas for migratory
                         shorebirds should not be included in the land areas used to calculate the number of
                         square feet allowable.

                              Available Area/Number of Vehicles = Area per Vehicle (in square feet)

                         This recommendation must be interpreted by beach managers on a case-!?Y-case basis
                         depending largely upon the characteristics of the barrier beach under consideration
                         for off-road vehicle operations.



                         3) RARE SPECIES MANAGEMENT

                         Recommended Management Measures

                                 The following Jurisdictional matters should be evaluated by beach managers
                         and regulators:
                                 1)   Wildlife habitat and rare species habitat is protected under the
                         Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and enforced by the municipal conservation
                         commission and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection;
                                 2) Rare species are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act and
                         the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act, which are enforced by the U.S. Fish and
                         Wildlife Service and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, respectively;
                         and
                                 3) Wildlife habitat, including that for rare species can and in some instances
                         ,may be protected under municipal wetlands protection by-laws/ordinances and
                         enforced by the municipal conservation commission.



                                                                   92









                                 Refer to Appendix H, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's
                                 "Guidelines for Managing Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns
                                 and Their Habitats in Massachusetts."


                                 Under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act regulations, if a proposed
                         project is found to alter a resource area which is part of the actual habitat of a state-
                         listed rare wildlife species, such project shall not be permitted to have any short or
                         long term adverse effects on the habitat of the local population of that species. The
                         Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program of the Massachusetts Division of
                         Fisheries and Wildlife acts as the scientific authority to determine what is actual
                         habitat and to provide an opinion about whether proposed activities subject to the
                         Mass. Wetlands Protection Act will have adverse effects on rare wildlife habitat. An
                         opinion issued by the Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program is presumed
                         to be correct, although this presumption is rebuttable and may be overcome upon a
                         clear showing to the contrary.
                                 The Massachusetts Endangered Species Act and its regulations are
                         administered by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. The Act
                         prohibits the "taking" of any species of animal or plant listed as "Endangered,"
                         "Threatened," or "Species of Special Concern" in Massachusetts. For animals, "taking"
                         is defined as: "to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, hound, kill, trap, capture, collect,
                         possess, disrupt the nesting, breeding, feeding, or migratory activity or attempt to
                         engage in any such conduct, or to assist such conduct." Regulations implementing the
                         Act state further that: "All state agencies shall utilize their authorities in furtherance
                         of the purposes of Massachusetts Endangered Species Act and these regulations;
                         review, evaluate and determine the impact on Endangered, Threatened and Special
                         Concern species or their habitats of all works, projects, or activities conducted by
                         them; and use all practicable means and measures to avoid or minimize damage to
                         such species or their habitats." This includes "any work, project, or activity either
                         directly undertaken by a state agency, or if undertaken by a person, which seeks the
                         provision of financial assistance by an agency or requires the issuance of permits by
                         an agency."

                             0   Where there is no management undertaken to effectively implement the
                                 Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                 Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                 Habitats in Massachusetts" (Appendix H), estimated rare species habitat
                                 should be closed entirely to all off-road vehicle activity from mid-April
                                 through late July. It should be noted, that development and implementation
                                 of a management plan, which includes comprehensive monitoring, may result
                                 in temporary closures of less duration then closures made without any
                                 management. The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife should be
                                 consulted regarding the development of such plans and the employment of
                                 rare species monitors.

                             0   Off-road vehicular access for shellfishing should be a component of beach
                                 management plans and cross-reference municipal shellfish management plans.
                                 Such plans should be established by and with local officials, the Massachusetts


                                                                     93









                                                Types of Barrier Beach Off-Road Vehicle Closures to Protect
                                              Piping Plover Chicks Between Hatching and Fledgling Periods
                                                                                                    (aWroximately 35 days)



                                                                          arrie.
                                                                           eachf,


                                                                                                              Barrier
                                                                                                                                                         Barrier
                                                                                                               Spit                                        Spit



                                                                                  100
                                                                                  Yards
                                                                           ...                                             100
                                                                                                                           Yards                                         100
                                                                                                                                                                           ards
                                                                                  100
                                                                                  Yards                                     100
                                                                                                       .... ..              Yards
                                                                                                                                                                          IDO
                                                                                                                                                                       @Yards


                                                                  Barrier
                                                                  Beach




                                              Figure I                                      Figure 2                                    Figure 3

                                              Closure of a section of beach to through      Nest situated such that closure of          Closure of beach 100 yards north and
                                              traffic. Accesslegress to open beach          beach 100 yards north and south of the      south of the nest. Continued
                                              areas is possible in either direction. Not    nest is necessary. Traffic originates       vehicletfoot passage allowed in area of
                                              excluding pedestrian access.                  from one direction only or by ferry. Not    barrier beach inaccessible to plover
                                                                                            excluding pedestrian access.                chicks due to natural features such as
                                                                                                                                        high dunes. Not excluding pedestrian
                                                                                                                                        access.




                                                 Key:
                                                          Off-road vehicle corridor                                           Area temporarily closed to off-road vehicles

                                                    0     Rare species nest with hatched but unfledged birds                  Impenetrable natural feature





                                                    Figure 15:               Types of barrier beach off-road vehicle closures to protect piping
                                                                             plover chicks between hatching and fledging (approximately 35
                                                                             days). (This is a graphic illustration of Appendix H: Massachusetts
                                                                             Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                                                             Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and
                                                                             Their Habitats in Massachusetts."




                                                                                                          94









                                  Division of Marine Fisheries and in compliance with the above recommended
                                  regulatory and management measures of the Massachusetts Wetlands
                                  Protection Act, Mass. Endangered Species Acts, and U.S. Endangered Species
                                  Act.




                          4) ESSENTIALVEHICLES

                          Remmmended Management Measures

                              ï¿½   When all or part of a barrier beach is temporarily closed to off-road vehicle
                                  use due to the presence of rare species, such as unfledged plover or tern
                                  chicks, the beach manager should establish a policy that considers closing the
                                  beach entirely to all off-road vehicles or closing it to recreational vehicles with
                                  the exception of one or more "essential uses," where absolutely necessary.
                                  The use of essential vehicles at a barrier beach will depend upon the site, its
                                  conditions, and the amount and type of essential use proposed.

                                  A certain amount of essential off-road vehicle use may be appropriate and
                                  necessary for effective management of the barrier. The use of such vehicles
                                  may be considered essential for the minimal amount of activity necessary to
                                  provide for:
                                           ï¿½ Public safety;
                                           ï¿½ Law enforcement;
                                           *Minimal maintenance of public property;
                                           e Access to private dwellings not otherwise accessible;
                                           e Rare species monitoring and management; and
                                           e Research (wildlife, plants, geology).

                              ï¿½   Escorts are recommended for essential vehicles to insure compliance with all
                                  pertinent regulations and guidelines.

                              ï¿½   Refer to Appendix H, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries, and Wildlife's
                                  "Guidelines for Managing Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns
                                  and Their Habitats in Massachusetts," especially "IV. Management Guidelines"
                                  for "Essential Vehicles."


                              0   After a period of time where essential vehicles are used, a thorough re-
                                  evaluation should be made regarding any impacts from such use on wildlife
                                  habitat and rare species. Management plans should be adjusted accordingly.

                              ï¿½   Also see the previous section on Management Measures for "Off-road Vehicle
                                  Driving Corridors."





                                                                      95












                                                       CHAPTER 5

                                     Restoration and Management Activities





                                  Due in part to the uses described in the previous chapter, as well as the
                         natural actions of erosion and relative sea level rise, the barrier beach manager is
                         often confronted with various management options regarding restoration or protection
                         of resources. These options range from "hands-off' or "let nature take its course"
                         policies to engineering/construction solutions.

                                  This Chapter describes the various restoration and management activities that
                         occur on barrier beaches, including:
                                  9 Activity Descriptions;
                                  9 Resource Impacts; and
                                  * Recommended Management Measures.

                                  Among the activities covered are:
                                  9 Erosion Control and Restoration Techniques, including: 1) dune and beach
                         construction and reconstruction; and 2) moving beach material. Covered under
                         construction and reconstruction are soft solutions (fences, Christmas trees, native and
                         exotic plants, and beach nourishment) and hard structures (groins, jetties, revetments,
                         seawalls, and bulkheads). Moving beach material entails overwash deposits and beach
                         scraping;
                                  * Beach Cleaning of: 1) stone and gravel; 2) litter; and 3) wrack (including
                         day-to-day, storm, and winter wrack);
                                  e Construction of Facilities, including pedestrian crossovers and walkways,
                         vehicle crossovers, roadways and parking lots, buildings and septic systems, and access
                         for the physically challenged;
                                  * Nuisance Control, including: 1) insects; and 2) exotic plants;
                                  9 Rare Species Predators;
                                  - Other Wildlife Issues; and
                                  * Trash.


                                  These activities generally occur in resource areas subject to the jurisdiction of
                         the municipal conservation commission and the Mass. Department of Environmental
                         Protection under the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act and will require the filing of a
                         Notice of Intent.       Consult Appendix 1, the Massachusetts Department of
                         Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier Beaches" for
                         additional guidance.     In addition, many municipalities have adopted wetlands
                         bylaws/ordinances that further regulate activities in resource areas, and should be
                         consulted prior to undertaking these restoration and management activities.

                                                                    97








                        Erosion Control and Restoraflon Techniques


                        1) Dune and Beach Construction and Reconstruction

                               Under. the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act, two of three primary
                        functions of a barrier beach are storm damage protection and flood control.
                        Managing a barrier beach in order to preserve these important natural functions
                        becomes increasingly necessary as development along the coast continues to increase
                        and relative sea level continues to rise. Barrier beaches must also be protected and
                        managed as places that provide important wildlife habitat, including that of rare
                        species -- the third primary function regulated on barrier beaches under the Wetlands
                        Act.   Beach managers are thus placed in the precarious position of drafting
                        management plans that serve all these functions. When public health, safety and
                        structures are threatened by erosion, in and near rare species habitat, conflicts can
                        arise regarding the best methods of simultaneously protecting structures, wildlife
                        habitat, and rare species.    The following may serve as helpful discussion in
                        determining the best methods for achieving these goals.
                               Management strategies should be determined by local issues in conformance
                        with federal, state, and local law. Consideration should be given to storm damage
                        prevention, flood control, and wildlife habitat in determining specific actions.


                        Resource Impacts - Soft Solutions

                               Coastal dunes and beaches can be naturally or artificially established or
                        enhanced. High dunes, natural or artificial, reduce erosion of the foreshore during
                        storms by acting as a sediment supply. Small, localized dune stabilization efforts,
                        particularly the planting of dune vegetation, are usually considered conservation and
                        storm damage prevention measures. Dune building techniques are generally used QDIX
                        when there is a need to protect existing facilities or access to those facilities.
                               A variety of measures have been used effectively over the years to stabilize
                        dunes, slow erosion of dunes and beaches, and trap and accrete sand to build up
                        beaches and dunes. Snow fences are placed along foredunes or beach berms to trap
                        and accrete sand. Rows of discarded Christmas trees are used to fill breaks in
                        foredunes, and beach grass or other vegetation is planted to trap sand and stabilize
                        beaches and dunes. Hard structures, such as jetties and breakwaters, (discussed later
                        on in this chapter) have been used to reduce wave@ action, and groins have been
                        placed on many beaches to trap sand. Seawalls constructed of concrete or stone have
                        been built on a number of beaches and dunes in an attempt to protect buildings from
                        damage by waves.
                               While many of these methods have been effective in preventing or slowing
                        erosion on a limited scale, they do not offer the all purpose panacea -- for they too
                        can present problems for beach managers. Sand gathering devices can alter the
                        natural geology and ecology of the barrier beach; create aesthetic problems by
                        introducing man-made structures or non-indigenous items into the natural
                        environment; and reduce the ability of the beach to allow for dune rollover and to

                                                                98








                        protect the backshore from flooding.
                                In addition, sand gathering devices can affect wildlife habitat and rare species.
                        Breeding habitat for terns and piping plovers and other barrier beach species in
                        Massachusetts and elsewhere along the Atlantic coast has been degraded or lost as
                        the result of a variety of coastal development and coastline stabilization activities.
                        Beaches and dunes have been altered to the point of being unacceptable to terns and
                        plovers through construction of recreational and residential dwellings, commercial
                        buildings, boardwalks, piers, roads and parking lots. Such activities not only physically
                        alter or cover over habitat used by nesting terns and nesting, feeding and roosting
                        plovers, but may also increase human use of adjacent beaches, which in turn may
                        result in increased human-caused disturbance of adult birds or mortality of eggs or
                        chicks.



                                                    Snow Fences and Christmas Trees
                                Snow fences and Christmas trees may be an appropriate means of building
                        dunes for storm damage protection and flood control or maintaining a barrier beach
                        system to manage blowing sand in and around built facilities and structures. However,
                        snow fences may create steep dune faces that are incompatible with plover nesting.
                        Snow fencing or Christmas tree fences placed in washover areas, blowouts, or other
                        areas used for nesting may represent actual physical barriers to plovers. The planting
                        of beach grass or other vegetation may result in habitats that are too densely
                        vegetated to be used by nesting least terns and plovers. All of these stabilization
                        structures or activities may temporarily impede some coastal storms from eroding and
                        scouring dunes and beaches, but they can also adversely affect least tern and plover
                        nesting habitat.
                                Wire from damaged snow fencing can also pose a threat to coastal wildlife,
                        including birds, fish, marine mammals, and others.
                                Discarded Christmas trees, used in coastal beach and dune erosion control and
                        restoration projects may become unearthed through wind and wave action and
                        become a solid waste nuisance along the coast.



                                                            Beach Nourishment
                                 Nourishment" refers to the placement of sand on a beach or barrier beach
                        to increase its volume. The feasibility of nourishment should be evaluated in
                        combination with modification to any existing erosion control structures.
                                Nourishment sand may be obtained from several different sources and by
                        different methods. Sand may be moved from updrift of a groin to the downdrift
                        beach with an earthmoving machine such as a front-end loader. Sand dredged from
                        navigation channels may be pumped onto the eroded beach with hydraulic machinery.
                        Typically, sand nourishment must be performed periodically if the source of natural
                        sand no longer exists for a given beach area. Beach erosion rates should be
                        determined, the sources of sand and the mechanisms of beach nourishment must be
                        investigated, and the frequency and volume of sand necessary to maintain the beach
                        must be identified. Storm frequency and magnitude can greatly affect how much and
                        how often sand nourishment may be required.
                                Beach renourishment using dredged and other off-site materials is often the

                                                                    99









                         preferred alternative to hard structures and a positive step for storm damage
                         prevention on barrier beaches. Beach nourishment projects also could be a significant
                         type of habitat alteration that may be either beneficial or detrimental to nesting
                         plovers and terns, particularly least terns. Deposition of dredged material on beaches
                         can substantially improve the quality and availability of plover and least tern habitat
                         by creating areas of nesting substrate that are higher, wider, and less vegetated than
                         were previously present at the site. Beach nourishment activities may adversely affect
                         breeding terns and plovers, if dredged material is not suitable nesting substrate, or if
                         deposition of dredged material occurs at a1ime and place that disturbs nesting birds.



                                                                   Plants
                                 Restoring dunes and marshes with vegetative plantings in appropriate areas
                         can be an effective method of storm damage restoration and erosion control,
                         especially in overwash areas in front of sections of developed barrier beaches. In
                         planning such restoration activities, care must be taken not to destroy rare species
                         habitat by improperly planting in overwash fans and low relief foredune areas that
                         may be utilized by species, such as piping plovers.



                         Recommended Management Measures


                                                            General Information
                             ï¿½   The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                 Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                             ï¿½   Environmental impacts may be less of a concern in small dune stabilization
                                 projects outside of rare species habitat. Large dune building or restoration
                                 projects require serious consideration. An investigation of the dynamics of
                                 the barrier beach and the role the existing size of the dunes play in the barrier
                                 dynamics, such as landward migration, must be considered. In addition, the
                                 volume of sand added and its ultimate destination as a result of reworking by
                                 aeolian and storm processes must be considered. Impacts to saltmarsh and
                                 shellfish habitat are examples of off-site impacts that must be considered.

                             ï¿½   It should be remembered that coastal dunes are presumed to be significant to,
                                 among other interests, storm damage prevention, flood control, wildlife and
                                 rare species habitat.

                             ï¿½   Tbe source of sand for natural dune building is the adjacent beach. Where
                                 beach volume has been reduced by human alterations (such as coastal
                                 engineering structures), another sand source may be required. Sand which is
                                 artificially or mechanically brought in to build a dune should be compatible
                                 with the sand in adjacent natural dunes (see "Nourishment" section in this
                                 chapter). Vegetative plantings should be done in conjunction with this
                                 artificial dune construction.



                                                                    100



   I


                                    The dimensions of an artificial dune should be similar to adjacent unaltered
   16                               natural dunes, if the latter are available for comparison.                  If not, an
                                    experienced coastal geomorphologist should be consulted to determine the
                                    optimum dune dimensions and locations.


                                          Geomorphic Needs for Maximum Shoreline Property Protection
                                                                 on Barrier Beaches


                           This opinion is based solely on shoreline property protection interests. It is recognized that
                           multiple interests, such as rare species protection, for bartier beach use must be balanced in any
                           initiative.

                                    The geomorphic needs for maximum shoreline property protection include:

                               0    A wide, gently sloping beach or steep foreshore with a high, wide, multiple
                                    berm backbeach;

                               0    A continuous, densely vegetated foredune ridge;

                                    High volume foreduries, ideally with the frontal dune reservoir greater than
                                    540 square feet (as explained in the National Flood Insurance Program and
                                    Related Regulations [44 Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, ï¿½65.11].
                                    For example, a dune with greater than 540 square feet of sand in the frontal
                                    dune quadrant has in most cases survived a 100-year storm event, although in
                                    a seriously eroded state; dunes without the requisite amount of sand in the
                                    frontal quandrant may be washed away in a similar type of storm [see figure
                                    on page 102];

                                    Densely vegetated, continuous or undulating, high volume inter- and backdune
                                    fields;

                                    When considering the long-term stability of a barrier beach, some overtopping
                                    of dunes may be beneficial in certain areas in order to allow for storm-related
                                    (wave) energy release mechanisms to occur and in order to allow for dune and
                                    beach overwash, necessary in any barrier beach migration. However, in the
                                    sole interest of protecting property/structures, artificial dune construction with
                                    dune grass plantings or dune building enhancement techniques in overwash
                                    areas, such as constructing multiple rows of snow/sand fencing accompanied
                                    by dense dune grass plantings, should begin immediately following an
                                    overwash event; and

                                    A nearshore sand bar is also beneficial.

                                    In summary, for maximum shoreline protection, it may be necessary that there
                           be a continuous, high volume, densely vegetated dune field, particularly foredunes,
                           fronted by a wide, gently sloping beach, or steep foreshore, with multiple berm
                           backbeach.



                                                                         101



















                                                                 VERTICAL UNE FROM PEAK
                                                                 OF FRONTAL DUNE
                          SAND RESERVOIR TO BE ANALYZED
                          TO DETERMINE DUNE FAILURE
                          POTENTIAL                                       INLAND EXTENT OF
                                                                          PRIMARY FRONTAL DUNE
                                        Still Water Flood Level
                                  100-YEAR SWFL -            PRIMARY
                                                             FRONTAL
                                                              DUNE
                                                                                  BACKSHORE -

                                     BEACH -
               N-G.V.D.                                   MINIMUM
                                                    LIMIT OF V ZONE







                                 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING
                                 DUNE FAILURE POTENTIAL AND V ZONE MAPPING
















                            Figure 16:    Factors to be considered in determining dune failure potential and
                                          velocity zone mapping (adapted from Federal Emergency
                                          Management Agency National Flood Insurance Program and
                                          Related Regulations, Federal Register, Volume 53, Number 88,
                                          May 6, 1988, page 16271).



                                                         102











                                                            Sacrificial Dunes
                                "Sacrificial dunes," as defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and
                                supported by the Federal Emergency Management Agency have been
                                designed and erected on some barrier beaches in Massachusetts as a means
                                of short-term storm damage protection to landward development. These are
                                typically low-lying man-made dunes, the purpose of which is to withstand a
                                storm of five years in frequency. However, in their design, they will be
                                sacrificed during a minor storm while having provided only temporary
                                protection for landward development. These dunes must also be regularly
                                maintained, often at significant expense for the protection they provide.
                                Because these are federal activities, they will be subject to a ï¿½7 finding made
                                by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the permitting federal agency under
                                the U.S. Endangered Species Act (see page 63). Such activities will also be
                                reviewed by the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office for federal
                                consistency with state coastal policies.



                                                                 Fences
                                In highly exposed areas, sets of sand fence installed during the autumn and
                                parallel to the beach and dune face build a dune more quickly than beach
                                grass plantings (Knutson, 1977). The most effective technique, however, is to
                                plant beach grass in conjunction with fence use.

                                'Me best fence material is snow fence with a 50% porosity, held in place by
                                posts at 10 to 15 foot intervals. Snow fence is widely available, catches sand
                                better than brush fence, is less expensive than fabric fence, requires less labor
                                to install than fabric or brush fence, and is less subject to vandalism than
                                fabric fence (Woodhouse, 1978).

                                Whenever and wherever possible, coastal managers should allow natural
                                processes of beach and dune accretion and erosion to occur, and should not
                                undertake beach and dune stabilization projects that will alter and degrade
                                wildlife habitat, particularly for rare species such as terns and plovers.
                                Although installation of snow fencing and beach grass plantings are usually
                                encouraged as the most natural stabilization methods, they should generally
                                not occur in actual rare species habitat.

                                Use of snow fencing and shrubs is typically an effective means for controlling
                                pedestrian access and delineating vehicle travel corridors and parking lots in
                                heavy use areas. There should be no placement of tires, pallets or other solid
                                waste on barrier beaches.




                                                             Christmas Trees
                                The use of discarded Christmas trees for coastal beach and coastal dune
                                erosion control and restoration purposes should be carefully scrutinized.
                                Discarded Christmas trees may be used in appropriate instances to restore an
                                eroded dune which protects an existing built facility, previously designated off-

                                                                   103









                                 road vehicle routes, or pedestrian access routes. However, discarded Christmas
                                 trees should not be placed in actual rare species habitat.



                                                            Beach Nourishment
                             0   Sand used for nourishment should be similar in size to that of the natural
                                 beach. Sometimes sand of a larger size is necessary for nourishment if all
                                 natural sources of sand have been depleted.

                             0   When used for beach nourishment, compatible material should have a grain
                                 size that is equal to or less than 10% of that which is presently on site or was
                                 on site. To determine if sand is "compatible" with the nourishment site,
                                 scientific assistance should be sought.

                                 Dredged material to be deposited on tern and plover nesting beaches for the
                                 function of storm damage prevention should be sand or a combination of
                                 sand, gravel or shells if it is to also be acceptable nesting substrate.
                                 Deposition should take place between September 15 and April 1, when
                                 nesting terns and/or plovers and migratory shorebirds are not present. In
                                 accessing dredging work sites, vehicles should not enter areas where there are
                                 unfledged terns and plovers. Compatible dredged material will be most
                                 attractive to breeding least terns and piping plovers if the deposition area
                                 gradually slopes to the water's edge and if it is not subsequently planted with
                                 beach grass or crisscrossed with snow fencing for stabilization purposes.



                                                 Dune Stabilization in Rare Species Habitat
                                 On beaches and dunes that have been determined to be actual rare species
                         habitat, alterations to the natural system are generally discouraged and often
                         prohibited under the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act and Mass. Endangered Species
                         Act.    However, there may be instances where erosion control projects, such as dune
                         and beach rebuilding and enhancement, including the installation of snow fences, the
                         planting of beach grass, and other soft solutions for beach and dune stabilization, may
                         be necessary in order to protect public health and safety by preventing or minimizing
                         an imminent threat from storm damage and flooding.
                                 In such cases, the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office, Mass. Division of
                         Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Department of Environmental Protection will provide
                         technical assistance and will determine, on a ease-by-case basis, whether such
                         projects may be permitted with appropriate monitoring and controls.
                                 In such instances, the following information should be provided in a Notice
                         of Intent, filed under the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act, to the municipal
                         conservation commission, Mass. Department of Environmental Protection, and Mass.
                         Division of Fisheries and Wildlife:






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                         1. Documentation showing that the erosion control project as designed will prevent
                         or minimize an imminent threat from storm damage and flooding to existing:
                             0   Structures;
                             0   Necessary infrastructure;
                             0   Sole access to existing structures; and/or
                             0   Necessary navigational interests.

                         2.  A written opinion from a qualified coastal geologist, geomorphologist, or other
                         expert in such matters, showing that the erosion control project, as designed, will
                         prevent or minimize an imminent threat to those interests it is designed to protect.
                         [This minimum level of documentation may be supplemented with additional
                         supporting materials.]

                         3. A timetable showing that no work will take place         when rare species are present
                         on site.


                         4. Comprehensive data necessary to determine whether or not an imminent threat
                         exists (as requested in #1 above) could be quite costly. Therefore, a preliminary
                         analysis may be performed which incorporates a minimal amount of necessary
                         information. Such information should include:
                             ï¿½   Beach and dune cross-sectional profiles;
                             ï¿½   Tidal and storm elevations, such as mean high water, mean low water, ten-,
                                 fifty-, and 100-year storm elevations superimposed on the beach and dune
                                 cross-sectional profiles;
                             ï¿½   Location and elevation of structures, access to those structures, navigation
                                 channels and basins, and/or natural resources that are claimed to be in
                                 imminent danger from storm and flood damage. For structures, first floor and
                                 ground elevations should be indicated and accompanied by notation on the
                                 community Flood Insurance Rate Map. In addition, the presence of a coastal
                                 engineering structure, such as a revetment, seawall, groin, jetty, or breakwater,
                                 protecting the structure should be noted;
                                 A plan, or preferably a low altitude aerial photograph, showing the location
                                 of existing conditions, such as: state-listed rare species habitat; overwash
                                 areas; snow fencing; areas of planted beach grass; off-road vehicle and
                                 pedestrian corridors; jeopardized dwellings; dwelling access routes; jeopardized
                                 necessary infrastructure; navigation basins and channels; natural resources; and
                                 proposed dune construction or dune building enhancement projects, including
                                 proposed snow fence, beach grass, and sediment nourishment locations.
                                 Tidal elevations and tidal time lags for both bay and ocean side of the barrier,
                                 along with any other relevant supporting data.

                                 A written opinion from the Mass. Natural Heritage and Endangered Species
                         Program will then be issued to the municipal conservation commission and Mass.
                         Department of Environmental Protection regarding whether the proposed minimum
                         necessary erosion control project, with mitigative measures, will or will not have a
                         short- or long-term adverse impact on the local population of rare species. The
                         municipal conservation commission or the Mass. Department of Environmental


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                            Protection will then decide whether or not the proposed project meets the
                            Performance Standards of the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act.


                            77sese technical requirements are based on the agencies' best and current thinking and are subject
                            to change as more research is completed and more individual cases are reviewed under the Mass.
                            Wetlands Protection Act and Mass. Endangered Species Act.



                                                               Plants - Native Species
                                     The following is a suggested species list for the various vegetated zones found
                            on barrier beaches:


                                     Pioneer Zone (beach face)
                                             Beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus)
                                             Seabeach sandwort (Arenaria peploiles)
                                        0    Sea rocket (Cakile edentula)
                                        0    Dusty miller (Artemisia stellerfana) - a "naturalized" species
                                     The above plants may be termed "dune initiators" in that over time they can
                                     form embryonic dunes by trapping sand and by providing a seed source for the
                                     foredune areas. These plants often occur naturally from seed sources brought
                                     in with wrack material.


                                     Primary Dune
                                        0    American beachgrass (Ammophila brevifigulata)
                                        0    Beach pea (Lathyrus Japonicus)
                                             Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens)
                                     American beachgrass is the best species to use for erosion control because of
                                     it's extensive root systems and ability to accumulate sand rapidly. However,
                                     for reasons not well understood, it does not do well in sand-starved interdunal
                                     areas (some scientists attribute this phenomenon to the nutrient supply
                                     associated with fresh. sand).

                                     Secondary Dune
                                        0    American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata)
                                        0    Beach plum (P@unus maritima)
                                             Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens)
                                             Bayberry (Mytica pensylvanica)
                                             Beach heather (Hudsonia tomentosa)
                                             Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
                                             Beach rose (Rosa rugosa)
                                     This last item is a "naturalized" species that may be used as a last resort in
                                     pedestrian control. Care should be taken so that the planting of beach rose
                                     does not in any way adversely effect rare species habitat.

                                     Secondary Dune Salt Marsh Border
                                             Marsh elder (Iva ftutescens)
                                             Groundsel - tree (Baccharis halimifolia)


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                                          Sweet gale (Mytica gale)
                                  These species should be planted above the spring tide line.

                                  Salt Marsh
                                     ï¿½    Smooth Cordgrass (Spardna altemiflora)
                                     ï¿½    Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Sparfina paten      s)
                                  Smooth cordgrass requires daily inundation by the tides. Therefore,
                                  this species should be planted between mean low water and mean high
                                  water. Saltmeadow cordgrass, may be planted from mean high water to
                                  spring high water.


                                                    Planting Information -- Nativei Species
                                  For a detailed description and information on propagation and planting
                                  techniques for dune and marsh areas, there are several good publications
                                  listed at the end of this section. The following are some general guidelines
                                  for American Beachgrass and smooth cordgrass.

                                  American Beachgrass: Plant 1-2 culms on 18 inch centers, 8 inches in
                                  depth. For a greater density, culms can be planted 12 inch on center, but
                                  keep in mind the rhizomes (underground roots) of this plant can spread 6 to
                                  10 feet horizontally annually. Sand should be pressed firmly down around the
                                  culms after planting. Planting should occur from fall to early spring. Planting
                                  fertilization may be done with low amounts of nitrogen (15-25 pounds per
                                  acre) to enhance the establishments of the new culms.

                                  Smooth Cordgrass: There are three factors to consider when deciding
                                  whether or not to plant Spattina altemiflora:      tidal range, wave activity, and
                                  salinity. In areas with a limited tidal range, of less that three or four feet, the
                                  plants can be placed between Mean Low Water and Mean High Water.
                                  However, in areas with a larger tidal range, plants may only survive between
                                  Mean Sea Level and Mean High Water. The upper and lower limits of
                                  growth may be estimated by looking at nearby established stands of marsh
                                  grass. Salt marshes occur generally in areas of low wave energy. The larger
                                  the open water (referred to as off-shore fetch) over which wind can blow and
                                  generate waves, the more intense wave conditions will be at the shoreline. If
                                  planting or transplanting is not to originate from a site nearby with similar soil
                                  salinity, soil should be tested for salinity. SpaWna altemiflora will tolerate
                                  a wide range of salinity, from almost fresh to very salty ( 2.5 to 42.5 parts per
                                  thousand) soil solutions. Salinities of soil solutions exceeding 45 parts per
                                  thousand could cause a die-back of plantings.
                                          Sprigs (part of plant consisting of a least one node) or plugs (mass of
                                  roots and stems with some original soil) should be planted four to six inches
                                  deep, two to three feet spacings between plants in staggered rows. In more
                                  exposed sites, plugs should be planted closer together.




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                                                  Planting Information -- Exotic Species
                                VAen selecting the plant species, only indigenous species should be used.
                                Native plants have evolved over time to adapt to the region's climate, soil
                                conditions, diseases, and other factors. Native plants are much more valuable
                                to the native wildlife who have also evolved utilizing the indigenous plant
                                species for food, cover and brooding areas. Introducing exotic plant materials
                                can have devastating effects on the local ecological balance. For example,
                                common reed (Phragmites), long presumed to be an exotic, has taken over
                                many acres of formerly highly productive fresh and salt water marshes across
                                the nation.


                        Referernes


                        Lewis, Roy R. III, editor. "Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plant Communities."
                                CRC Press, Incorporated, Boca Raton, Florida.
                        "Propagation of Sparfina for Coastal Erosion Control," University of Massachusetts
                                Cooperative Extension Service, Information Bulletin No. 3, July 1985.
                        "Marine and Coastal Facts, Establishing New Salt Marshes,"              University of
                                Massachusetts, Cooperative Extension Service, and Massachusetts Institute of
                                Technology Sea Grant Program. No. 7.





























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                         Resource Impacts - Hard Structures


                                                             Groins and Jetties
                                 Groins are designed to trap sediment from longshore drift to build a protective
                         or recreational beach. Jetties are designed to direct or confine river or tidal flow into
                         a channel and prevent or reduce the shoaling of the channel by littoral material.
                         Both are generally shore perpendicular structures which interrupt longshore sediment
                         transport. Beaches generally accrete on the updrift side of these structures, however,
                         without adequate natural or artificial sediment by-passing, areas immediately downdrift
                         become sediment starved and erosion results. Erosion of the downdrift beach
                         diminishes the storm damage prevention and flood control characteristics of the beach
                         possibly resulting in unnecessary storm damage to landward structures and resources.
                         Increased overwash events may occur as a result of downdrift erosion caused by these
                         structures. In addition, the resultant changes in sediment volume and elevation may
                         affect shellfish and finfish and their habitat.


                                                    Revetinents, Seawalls and Bulkheads
                                 Revetments, seawalls and bulkheads are structures placed parallel or nearly
                         parallel and adjacent to the shoreline in order to separate a land area from a water
                         area. The primary purpose of a seawall or revetment is to protect the upland area
                         from erosion by waves and currents. The distinction between the three structures is
                         mainly a matter of purpose. It is generally accepted that seawalls are vertical
                         structures for protection against heavy wave action whereas bulkheads act as retaining
                         walls, preventing crumbling or slumping of the earth or sand behind them. Bulkheads
                         are often associated with piers, wharves, and filled tidelands. Revetments are placed
                         on a slope for protection against waves and currents and largely depend on the
                         underlying soil for support.
                                 All three structures prohibit natural processes from eroding the underlying
                         landform, thereby trapping    the primary source of beach and dune material that is
                         required to resupply beaches and dunes (and other landforms formed by coastal
                         processes). These coastal engineering structures, particularly vertical structures, can
                         also cause erosion in front of them due to reflection of storm waves. Flanking
                         erosion and scouring of abutting property due to wave refraction can also occur and
                         can be a major concern. Over the short-term, in addition to the above impacts, in the
                         presence of these engineered structures the critical sand sharing system between
                         dunes, beaches and the nearshore areas, particularly during coastal storms, is unable
                         to function. This sand sharing system contributes to decreased storm wave damage by
                         temporary erosion of the dune and beach to form nearshore sand bars which help
                         dissipate storm wave energy. Following a storm, nearshore bars migrate landward and
                         lead to berm development and eventually sand transport back to the primary dunes
                         by way of aeolian processes. Over the long-term, the most serious adverse effect of
                         these coastal engineering structures is their interference with the landward shifting of
                         the barrier beach.







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                        Recommended Management Meawres


                                                         General Information
                           ï¿½ The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                               Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.



                                                          Groins and Jetties
                           ï¿½   Groins are generally prohibited on barrier beaches under the Mass. Wetlands
                               Protection Act. Jetties may only be allowed to protect existing navigation
                               channels.


                           ï¿½   Several corrective techniques are suggested to minimize downdrift erosion
                               problems being caused by existing groins: remove, shorten, or lower the
                               groin; increase the porosity of the groin; backfill the groin to capacity with
                               compatible material; or nourish the eroding downdrift beach.

                           ï¿½   Adverse impacts caused by jetties can be minimized by establishing or
                               constructing a sediment by-pass system across the inlet. Downdrift beach
                               nourishment may also be required.

                               Site specific analyses are necessary to determine the appropriate corrective
                               techniques(s).


                                                 Revetments, Seawalls and Bulkheads
                               New seawalls, revetments and bulkheads on barrier beaches are generally
                               inconsistent with the performance standards under the Mass. Wetlands
                               Protection Act, and, therefore, are likely to be prohibited.





















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                         2) Moving Beach Material



                         Resource Impacts


                                                           Overwash Deposits
                                 Barrier beaches exhibit a dynamic equilibrium due to the forces of winds,
                         waves, tides, currents, storms and relative sea level rise. The stability of a barrier
                         beach depends primarily on its ability to respond and reshape to these natural forces
                         and to maintain its dynamic equilibrium through overwash. Overwash is the principal
                         mechanism by which sediment is transported across a barrier beach and occurs when
                         storm waves breach or overtop a dune system. Overwashed material is commonly
                         carried into the landward bay or onto the landward saltmarsh and visibly extends the
                         landward limit of the barrier. The overwashed material provides for new substrate for
                         both new dune and saltmarsh development with drift piles (wrack) providing the
                         nuclei for their growth. On an eroding or transgressive barrier, overwash is critical
                         to the continued existence of the barrier. As the seaward side of the barrier erodes,
                         overwash allows for the same environmental conditions and habitats to be continually
                         recreated through time, only shifting more landward. If overwash is prevented or
                         overwashed material is removed on an eroding or transgressive barrier, the barrier will
                         continue to narrow over time (from both sides) and the barrier may become
                         increasingly susceptible to breaching. The physical removal of sand and gravel from
                         overwash areas artificially narrows and lowers the barrier on the landward side. This
                         practice results in erosion of both sides of the barrier and a hastened demise of the
                         beach. In addition, removal of sand and gravel from an overwash area may make the
                         barrier more susceptible to storm wave damage from the bay side if an adequate
                         distance (fetch) across the landward water body exists for waves to develop.

                                                             l1each Scraping
                                 Beach scraping is the process of removing sand from a beach in order to
                         rebuild storm-damaged dunes. Artifically removing sand from a beach lowers the
                         beach elevation and may change the slope of the beach thereby causing subsequent,
                         increased storm damage to landward areas. In addition, if a coastal beach slope is
                         altered as a result of scraping, waves may break differently on the beach face
                         mimicing storm conditions with the result being increased erosion. Typically, the
                         beach will repair itself with time to create a stable slope/profile.



                         Recommended Management Measures


                                                           General Inrormation
                                 The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                 Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix I, should be consulted.










                                                            Overwash Deposits
                            0   The removal of overwash material that has been deposited on a coastal beach,
                                coastal dune or salt marsh is generally not consistent with the performance
                                standards of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and is therefore
                                ,likely to be prohibited. Overwash materials, in this instance, should be left in
                                place.

                            0   Management options for removal of overwash material in roads and parking
                                lots or back barrier navigation channels is site-specific. However, the preferred
                                managment option is to place the overwash material back into the pre-storm
                                foredune location, or if possible, slightly landward of this location. It should
                                be noted, however, that continually removing the material from the barrier
                                may have the long-term impact of narrowing the barrier by starving the barrier
                                of needed sediment.


                            0   Overwash sites on barrier beaches and dunes are often prime rare species
                                habitat for piping plovers and should generally be left in an unaltered state.

                                                              Beach Scraping
                            0   Beach scraping is generally not consistent with the performance standards of
                                the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act, as changing the form or volume of a
                                coastal beach is not allowed. 'Ilierefore, beach scraping is likely to be
                                prohibited.



























                                                                   112




   16                     Beach Cleaning

                          1) Stone and Cobble

                          Resource impacts

                                 Stone and cobble are natural by-products of glacial erosion; much of the
                          cobble on Massachusetts beaches was created during the last great Ice Age as ice
                          sheets retreated northward. Pieces of rock were subsequently deposited in secondary
                          landforms, such as beaches. Eroding beaches with low volumes of updrift sediment
                          input generally contain sizable volumes of cobble in the nearsurface substrate. Cobble
                          on a beach provides for substrate which helps provides elevation to the beach profile
                          or berm. A high sandy or cobble berm provides storm damage prevention and flood
                          control for landward areas.
                                 The practice of removing cobble from beaches has been identified as a
                          possible cause of increased storm damage. The removal of sand or cobble from a
                          beach lowers the beach profile thereby allowing storm wave energy to dissipate in
                          more landward areas possibly causing otherwise avoidable damage. The isolated cases
                          where this practice has been conducted in the Commonwealth have usually been for
                          the purpose of recreational enhancement resulting in a greater expanse of sandy
                          beach surface. However, if cobble exists on the surface of a beach, it is generally just
                          as abundant below the surface due to the glacially derived nature of landforms in
                          Massachusetts. After a short period of time following cobble removal, surficial sands
                          are generally winnowed out and cobble reappears.


                          Recommended Management Measures

                             ï¿½   The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                 Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                             ï¿½   'Me practice of stone and cobble removal from beaches is generally
                                 inconsistent with the performance standards under the Massachusetts
                                 Wetlands Protection Act and is therefore likely to be prohibited.

                             ï¿½   Management options for removal of overwash materials, such as cobble, that
                                 have been deposited on roads and parking lots or back barrier navigation
                                 channels is site-specific. However, the preferred management option is to
                                 place the overwash material back onto the pre-storm location, or if possible,
                                 slightly landward of this location.      It should be noted, however, that
                                 continually removing overwash cobble from the barrier beach may have the
                                 long-term impact of narrowing the barrier (as shown previously in the section
                                 on "Moving Beach Material - Overwash Deposits").




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                        2) UUer

                        Re-source Impacts

                                Although litter may be considered primarily a problem of aesthetics, debris
                        items on the beach may also lead to wildlife entanglement or ingestion. Known
                        causes of entanglement include monofilament line and netting, six-pack yokes, and
                        rope. Mistaking debris as food items, marine animals have eaten balloons, plastic
                        bags, and assorted plastic pieces. Debris may come from either land-side sources,
                        such as beachgoers, or marine sources, such as recreational and fishing boats. A large
                        portion of the marine debris is caught up in the wrack line, while land-side litter often
                        blows up into dunes and beach grass areas.


                        Recommet7ded Mcewagemwt Measures

                                Litter should be removed by hand whenever possible. For public safety and
                                aesthetic reasons, litter should be removed on a daily basis early each. morning
                                and, when possible, each evening at recreational beaches during the summer
                                season. Lifeguards are often best employed to carry out this function with
                                hand-held poled nets prior to going on life saving duty.

                                The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Managment Office sponsors a "Coastsweep"
                                program each September (traditionally the third Saturday in September)
                                during "Coastweeks." This typ   e of volunteer cleanup has proven to be an
                                effective means of educating the public about the problems and hazards of
                                debris along the beach. By involving schools, youth groups, civic organizations,
                                and businesses, this public service program creates a feeling of stewardship
                                among participants for their beaches. The program also gives beach managers
                                the opportunity to clean sections of beach that are typically inaccessible, due
                                to distance or topography, to typical beach cleaning methods.
                                        During the cleanup, volunteers use data cards to catalog the types of
                                debris collected. This information is later analyzed at both state and national
                                levels. In Massachusetts, it has been shown that plastics represent about two-
                                thirds of all debris counted (by item number, not weight). Cigarette butts are
                                the single most prevalent debris item.
                                        Cleanup volunteers are instructed to collect all man-made items, such
                                as plastic, foamed plastic (such as styrofoam), rubber, glass, metal, paper,
                                wood, and cloth, but to leave organic materials in place. These "natural" items
                                include animal wastes, seaweeds, dead animals, and drift wood. Volunteers
                                are told to notify the beach manager or local cleanup coordinator when they
                                come across any potentially hazardous materials, such as suspected medical
                                wastes, and not touch the materials themselves. With items such as 55-gallon
                                drums of unknown contents, they are instructed to mark the information on
                                the card, notify the beach manager, but not attempt to remove the item
                                personally.



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                             A regular program of volunteer beach cleanups, or an "Adopt a Beach"
                             program, can provide the needed hands to remove the constant influx of
                             debris that comes from both landside and waterside sources, as well as many
                             of the small, but oftentimes dangerous items such as broken glass, that may
                             be missed during regular beach maintenance. Contact the Massachusetts
                             Coastal Zone Mangement Office at (617) 727-9530 to participate in
                              Coastsweep."

                             Spring beach cleanups are also encouraged.

                             Beach concessions should be encouraged to use recycled materials and to
                             recycle discarded items.

                             Also refer to the section on "Trash" discussed later in this Chapter.



































                                                             115









                          3) Wrack

                          Resource Impacts


                                                             Day-to-Day Wrack
                                 Washed-up eel grass or seaweed is a source of nutrients and seeds for the
                          pioneer species of flora associated with wrack lines, provides foraging habitat for
                          shorebirds, and provides substrate for accumulating sand for the beach berm.



                                                      Storm Wrack and Winter Wrack
                                 In "T'he Impact of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems in Cape Cod
                          National Seashore: An Overview" (Leatherman and Godfrey, 1978), the authors state
                          that: "The most sensitive zone of the high beach is the drift-line zone, which consists
                          chiefly of organic material deposited on the backshore during high spring tides or
                          storms. Drift lines on northern beaches contain large quantities of marine algae,
                          eelgrass, and marsh detritus. Bacteria and fungi quickly break down this organic
                          matter, releasing nutrients into the sand and eventually back to the sea. The drift-line
                          zone also contains fragments and seeds of dune plants and is therefore a significant
                          site for new dune development on open sand. Regeneration of beach grass
                          (Ammophila) on a bare sand beach is almost exclusively by growth of plant fragments
                          washed from eroding dunes and redeposited on the beach as drift. Once the plants
                          are established, embryonic dunes can develop, provided they are not destroyed by
                          storms or off road vehicle impact."
                                 Beach cleaning may have an effect on wildlife habitat and rare species. Beach
                          cleaning, done either by hand or mechanically, such as with a Cherrington machine,
                          may substantially reduce the quality and quantity of foraging substrate available to
                          shorebirds, including the rare piping plover, by removing wrack (seaweed, vegetation,
                          shells and other organic debris deposited by tidal action). Wrack is beneficial to
                          piping plovers in two ways. First, it is a primary substrate for invertebrate life, such
                          as various types of amphipods and dipteran larvae, eggs and adults that serve as food
                          for plovers. Second, wrack provides cover for plovers, especially small chicks.
                                 Data from three separate studies have shown that wrack is a preferred feeding
                          habitat for piping plover chicks. At Breezy Point on Long Island, Goldin and others
                          (1990) found that plover chicks spent 59% of their time feeding. Of that feeding
                          time, 76% was spent in wrack, although wrack comprised only 8% of available feeding
                          habitat above the intertidal zone. At 6 beaches in Massachusetts in 1988 and 1989,
                          plover chicks spent 35% of their time feeding (Hoopes and others 1992, unpublished
                          data). Of that feeding time, 63% was in wrack, although wrack comprised only 3%
                          of available feeding habitats at all sites combined. At Seawall Beach in Maine, Gibbs
                          (1986) found that plover foraging activity on the upper beach was concentrated
                          around seaweed clumps, and track densities in plots that contained seaweed were
                          more than twice that of plots without seaweed.
                                 In the "Buzzards Bay Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan,"
                          published by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office and the U.S.
                          Environmental Protection Agency (August, 1991), the issue of beach wrack at
                          Buttermilk Bay in Bourne was thoroughly researched and monitored by the Buzzards


                                                                   116








                           Bay Project. The document's "Management Recommendations and Action Plans
                           (Volume I, page 167) contains the following:
                                              "Beach wrack, which in Buttermilk Bay consists largely of decaying eelgrass and
                                    algae, appears to act as a protected repositoty for fecal colifonn. 77tis wrack has been
                                    found to be an important source of fecal colif6nn. ne relationship between wrack and
                                    the fecal indicator was studied in the field as well as under simulated conditions in the
                                    laboratory. Laboratory experiments showed that (1) fecal indicators are present and
                                    dissociate from wrack and (2) incubation in wrack piles along the shoreline prolongs
                                    survival, and possibly induces growth, of fecal coliform.
                                             Field testing involved removing wrackfrom four beaches and monitoring bacteria
                                    before and after removal. At one of four sites, bacterial counts on outgoing tides were
                                    distinctly lower than counts prior to removal. Both laboratory erperiments and field
                                    observations clearly show the potentialfor wrack to be a signficant factor influencingfecal
                                    coliform levels in the bay. However, it is probably only in poorly flushed areas that
                                    removing the wrack will show major water quality improvement. Because the efficiency
                                    of this strateV is questionable and probably impractical on a large scale, it does not
                                    appear that this is a priority management option.


                           Recommended Management Measures

                               ï¿½    The Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                    Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                    Habitat in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                    of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                    Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                               ï¿½    Mechanical beach cleaning equipment, such as Cherrington machines, should
                                    not be used in rare species habitat. Inorganic debris and materials considered
                                    hazardous to public health or safety should be removed by hand as soon as
                                    possible.

                               ï¿½    Sufficient wrack should be left on the beach in order to provide a seed source,
                                    nutrient source, and foraging habitat for shorebirds. Wrack removal should
                                    be prohibited in rare species habitat and significant migratory shorebird
                                    staging areas from April 1 to September 15.

                                    Managers should limit the amount of eel grass or seaweed removed from the
                                    beach by the public for composting or aesthetic reasons, to protect the
                                    interests described.


                                    In areas where it has been determined by public health officials that excessive
                                    amounts of washed up vegetation is a public health and/or safety hazard, only
                                    that amount of material necessary to abate the public health or safety threat
                                    should be removed from the beach. The municipal conservation commission
                                    should be consulted prior to any removal activity.





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                        Saft Ponds



                        Recommended Management Measures

                               Where it is proposed to cut or dredge a barrier beach in order to "drain" a salt
                               pond to improve marine fisheries, the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act
                               must be complied with along with Mass. Department of Environmental
                               Protection Policy 91-2 "Criteria for Evaluating and Permitting Openings of
                               Salt Ponds in Order to Manage, Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries,"
                               found at Appendix I







































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                       ConstrucUon of Facilities



                       Recommended Management Measures

                                                         General Information
                          ï¿½    The Mass. Division    of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                               Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                               Habitat in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                               of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                               Beaches," found in Appendix I, should be consulted.

                          0    This section has been the subject of statutory and regulatory interpretation by
                               municipal conservation commissions and the Massachusetts Department of
                               Environmental Protection since promulgation of the Massachusetts Wetlands
                               Protection Act's Coastal Regulations in 1978 and the subsequent adoption of
                               municipal wetlands bylaws/ordinances. There is thus a well defined and
                               documented case history guiding beach managers and others on how to
                               properly address proposed construction activities on barrier beaches. For
                               statutory, regulatory, and policy information, contact the relevant municipal
                               conservation commission at the city or town hall and the Massachusetts
                               Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Wetlands and
                               Waterways at (617) 292-5695.         For technical assistance, contact the
                               Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office at (617) 727-9530.

                          ï¿½    For information on the restoration and development of ocean beach
                               recreation areas, see the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
                               Management publication: "Sandcastles and Sandpipers" (1988).                The
                               publication provides detailed guidelines on: dune stabilization, protection and
                               access; beach parking and circulation; construction of beach facilities,
                               including compliance with regulations, architectural style and scale, building
                               materials and structure locations; bathhouses and comfort stations; and
                               management and maintenance operations of beach facilities. Copies of the
                               document can be obtained from the Department by calling (617) 727-3160.

                               Development on barrier beaches is discouraged. However, recreational,
                               environmental protection, and interpretive facilities may be appropriate in
                               some instances.



                                                    Buildings and Septic Systems
                               Septic system placement is regulated through the Massachusetts Sanitary
                               Code, Title 5. Contact the Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's
                               Division of Water Pollution Control at (617) 292-5673 or the municipal board
                               of health office for more detailed information.

                               Septic systems should not be located in flood plain Velocity Zones            as


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                                  indicated on the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Flood Insurance
                                  Rate Maps.

                                  All new or expanded structures on barrier beaches should be elevated, at a
                                  minimum, above the 100-year floodplain on pile foundations and in
                                  accordance with the State Building Code and Federal Emergency
                                  Management Agency regulations and be at a minimum of two (2) feet above
                                  existing topography to allow for the movement of sand and sediments due to
                                  wave and wind action.


                                  Habitable structures should not be built in flood plain Velocity Zones on
                                  barrier beaches, as identified on the Federal Emergency Management
                                  Agency's Flood Insurance Rate Maps.

                                  Where coastal erosion seriously threatens the integrity of an existing structure
                                  and the safety of its occupants, a policy of shoreline retreat should be
                                  considered by barrier beach residents. Such a policy can include relocation
                                  of a structure on site, to complete removal of a structure from the barrier
                                  beach. Where properties have been repeatedly and substantially damaged by
                                  storms, funds should be made available to acquire abandoned sites from
                                  willing sellers. Such properties should eventually be turned over to local
                                  authorities and managed for public access purposes.


                                               Vehicle Crossovers, Roadways and Parking Lots
                             ï¿½    In some instances where roads on migrating barrier beaches are subject to
                                  continual and repeated storm damage, it may be necessary to investigate
                                  permanent road abandonment and relocation, such as was done with Pamet
                                  Road at Ballston (barrier) Beach in the Town of Truro; or the construction
                                  of a bridge, as was done at Doane Road at Coast Guard (barrier) Beach in
                                  Eastham.



                                              Pedestrian Crossovers, Walkways and Boardwalks
                             ï¿½    Control of Access -- The barrier dune system, associated coastal wetlands, and
                                  the adjacent pioneer vegetation community are all very sensitive to foot
                                  traffic. Because pedestrians will use the easiest route to their destination,
                                  beach access routes must be designed to appear the easiest and most direct
                                  in order to be successful in protecting the coastal environment. Access should
                                  be controlled beginning as far back from the beach as possible, with fencing,
                                  a railing or vegetation barrier around the parking lots and along walks, and
                                  through the use of elevated'boardwalks with handrails on both sides.

                             ï¿½    Boardwalk Walkover System -- Coastal regulations prohibit alteration of the
                                  grade or profile of barrier dunes or the installation of structures that impede
                                  the free movement of sand or water. Therefore:
                                          1) Elevated boardwalks should be constructed in a manner which
                                  involves negligible alteration to the primary dune;

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                                      2) Boardwalks should be elevated to a minimum 2-foot clear space
                               with only posts or pilings in contact with the dune. This 2-foot minimum clear
                               space will allow for penetration of sunlight, grass growth, and easy movement
                               of sand underneath and will help in restricting random beach access. Planking
                               should be one (1) inch apart;
                                      3) Elevated boardwalks should be ramped where possible (avoiding
                               steps) with railings on both sides and designed for accessibility by the
                               physically challenged (see Appendix K);
                                      4) Periodically along the length of a boardwalk (particularly at the
                               ocean end), the boardwalk should be constructed in abutting breakaway
                               segments. In the event of a major storm, damage would be confined to only
                               a portion of the boardwalk instead of the entire structure; and
                                      5) Boardwalks should be constructed in a zig-zag fashion in order to
                               avoid the development of wind and wave tunnels through the dune systems.

                                                 Access for the Physically Challenged
                               Access for the phycially challenged (also known as handicapped access) at
                               barrier beaches is a topic deserving of special attention and is thus detailed
                               in Appendix K. Access to barrier beaches must comply with the Americans
                               With Disabilities Act of 1990. Care must also be taken to comply with the
                               Masachusetts Wetlands Protection, Endangered Species, and Public
                               Waterfront Acts. The general guiding principle is to provide the highest level
                               of access while preserving the environment and character of access sites.



























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                          Nuisance Control



                          1) insects



                          Resource Impacts


                                                              Greenhead Flies
                                 Greenhead flies complete their entire lifecycle within a few miles of salt marsh
                          areas, and larvae forage around the surface muck, wet thatch and vegetation. Female
                          flies are equipped to pierce the skin, thus acting as a nuisance to humans. This
                          occurs mainly during daylight hours.
                                 Greenhead flies have few natural predators. Robber flies, kingbirds, large
                          dragonflies and swallows capture adults while larvae are consumed by other insects
                          and crustaceans. Greenhead larvae prey on deer fly larvae, somewhat controlling
                          their numbers. Greenhead flies are not known to cause a public health or ecological
                          risk.


                                                                Mosquitoes
                                 The salt marsh mosquito (Aedes solicitans) also occurs in great numbers near
                          salt marsh areas. Adult females bite humans and animals and may fly over ten miles
                          in search of blood. Salt marsh mosquitoes are generally a nuisance from early June
                          to late September and are most active at dawn and dusk.


                          Recomended Management Measures


                                                              Greenhead Flies
                              0  The use of commercial pesticides to kill greenhead flies should be avoided in
                                 barrier beach ecosystems.

                              0  Control of greenhead flies around high intensity public beach use areas, such
                                 as coastal summer residences and marinas, may be politically necessary. One
                                 common method of control that poses no public health risk is the use of
                                 greenhead fly box traps. These traps attempt to control greenhead fly
                                 populations by capturing adults, although their overall effectiveness remains
                                 questionable. Greenhead fly trap boxes attract only female flies after they
                                 have laid their eggs and are looking for a warm spot in which to die.
                                 Attracting tree swallows through the establishment of tree swallow nesting
                                 boxes along barrier beaches may be a more effective means of controlling a
                                 greenhead fly nuisance as the tree swallow feeds on these flies throughout the
                                 course of their lifecycle.

                              0  Other means of greenhead fly management include educating the public and
                                 the use of warning signs during the peak fly season of July and August.


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                                 Personal measures to reduce the fly nuisance to humans include: the-wearing
                                 of light colored or ultraviolet (UV) reflective clothing and long sleeved shirts
                                 and pants (biting flies prefer dark objects over light); the application of a
                                 repellant; avoiding use of sprays and perfumes, and decreasing metabolic
                                 activity (and concomitant sweating) that serves to attract the biting fly;
                                 conducting activities in wind-prone areas and when flies are less active,
                                 especially in the early morning; keeping vehicle windows closed; and using
                                 screens at coastal residences.


                                                                Mosquitoes
                                 Adult mosquitoes have few natural predators. Some birds, such as swifts and
                                 swallows, and small bats consume mosquitoes but only in a small proportion
                                 to their total diet. Larvae are heavily predated by marine fish. One possible,
                                 yet scientifically unproven, method of control that is ecologically safe is open
                                 water marsh management, whereby a system of interconnecting pools permits
                                 fish to move into shallow areas to feed where mosquitoes breed. It is very
                                 difficult to control the nuisance level of salt marsh mosquitoes once they have
                                 emerged as adults. Because mosquitoes will fly miles to obtain a bloodmeal
                                 and are active during the day, it is difficult to avoid this species when engaged
                                 in outdoor activities within a few miles of a salt marsh.


                                 The use of commercial insecticides should be avoided on barrier beach
                                 ecosystems.

                            ï¿½    Public education and personal control methods should be made available to
                                 the public by beach managers. Control techniques for salt marsh mosquitos,
                                 biting midges, and others include: the wearing of light colored clothing;
                                 frequenting breezy areas; avoiding.peak activity at dawn or dusk; and using
                                 screens at coastal residences.


                            ï¿½    An "integrated pest management" approach should be taken to manage any
                                 insect species below its nuisance level. Water management in combination
                                 with biological pest control can be used to control salt marsh mosquitoes
                                 without negatively impacting the environment. It is important to emphasize
                                 the potential negative impact of aerial spraying.

                            ï¿½    Insect repellents may be a problematic solution. Recently, the Massachusetts
                                 Audubon Society issued a warning about a common active ingredient in these
                                 products. They reported: 117he safety of insect repellents has undergone
                                 closer review. Repellents with DEET (NN-diethyl-m-toluamide)         as the active
                                 ingredient are the most effective but have caused serious toodc effects when
                                 ingested, including seizures, a coma and even death. 77te chemical also is
                                 readily absorbed through the skin and should be applied sparingly, especially
                                 on children if it is used daily. Applications to the clothing may be preferable
                                 in any case. Preparation with lower concentrations of DEET (35% or less) are
                                 also effective and may be a better choice because they are less likely to cause
                                 dangerous side effects.




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                         2) Exotic Plants


                         Barrier beach wildlife depend upon many types of vegetation for food, nesting and
                         predator escape.       Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicada L) and Phragmites
                         (Phragmites australis ) are examples of invasive plants which are of particular concern
                         to barrier beach managers due to their tendency to crowd out competing native
                         vegetation in marshes, bogs, wet meadows, and other areas.


                         Resource Impacts

                                                             Purple Loosestrife
                                 Purple loosestrife was introduced to North America from Eurasia in the early
                         1800's. This magenta flowering plant began rapid expansion westward away from the
                         Northeast seaport communities until today where it has reached the Pacific
                         Northwest.
                                 Purple Loosestrife occurs widely in wet habitats such as marshes, fens, sedge
                         meadows, wet meadowlands, along roadside ditches, and around impoundments. It
                         can quickly crowd out native vegetation creating a monoculture which provides little
                         food or shelter for wildlife. Of particular interest is it's fecundity. A single stalk can
                         produce in excess of 300,000 seeds with a seed viability rate of 98%. Densities of
                         80,000 + stalks/acre have been observed in some locations, which has the potential
                         of creating a seed stock of 24 billion seeds/acre. Seeds are carried afield by wind,
                         water and in mud attached to animals.



                                                       Common Reed (Phragmites)
                                 Phragynites australis is a perennial wetlands grass which can attain heights of
                         6-12 feet and is usually found in dense colonies bordering on marshes, swamps,
                         potholes and along the marsh-upland interface. Phragmites occurs naturally as well
                         as in disturbed areas. Often, it is an indicator of ecosystems stressed by pollution,
                         sedimentation, flooding, and filling.
                                 As in purple loosestrife control, phragmites should first be identified as either
                         stable noninvasive stands or as expanding/invasive. Stable naturally occurring stands
                         should be left alone as this species does not preclude biodiversity as some other
                         nuisance species may.
                                 Phraginites is comprised of a horizontal rhizome which allows the stand to
                         spread, a vertical rhizome which comprises the stalk and an aerial rhizome which
                         bears the fruit. The aerial shoots emerge and flower from July-September. 'Fhe seeds
                         may be distributed by wind or by birds which nest among the Phragmites.
                               I Phragmites has the ability to draw upon subsurface water sources and thus
                         may be effected by water table levels. It can withstand flooding up to 3 feet in depth
                         which can also limit competition from other native plant species. The plant however
                         has a I'imited tolerance to wind and wave action which may break the stalks. It's
                         biggest threat is to destabilize spartina marshes which support large diverse
                         populations of wildlife.


                                                                    124








                         Recommended Management Measures


                                                            Purple Loosestrille
                             0  Most property managers have resorted to mechanical and chemical means of
                                control. However, the best control method is by far early detection and
                                removal of the few individual specimens by hand, using care not to shake
                                seeds or fragments of the plant.

                             0  The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and various state
                                environmental management agencies recommend that affected areas of 3 acres
                                or less with less than 100 plants be treated by hand removal of all purple
                                loosestrife plants, taking care to remove the stock and tap root. Bag and
                                remove the plants immediately from the area and burn the plants to prevent
                                accidental seed distribution to other non-affected sites.


                                Where there are 4 acres or more of 100 plants, it is recommended that,
                                wherever possible, natural levels of salinity be restored to the barrier beach
                                ecosystem in order to inhibit the spread of such invasive species.

                                Monitoring: Beach managers should properly plan for purple loosestrife
                                control by documenting area size affected, relative number of plants in the
                                treatment area and the creation of photo documentation showing pre-control
                                and post-control. Monitoring and control efforts for loosestrife should be
                                conducted over several years since the plant can be expected to recolonize
                                areas after initial control efforts have ceased.


                                Future Control Efforts: Purple loosestrife control must be handled
                                aggressively to prevent uncontrolled spread of this non-indigenous vegetation.



                                                       Common Reed (Phragmites)
                             0  Areas that have been invaded by Phraginites have excellent potential for
                                recovery by natural wetlands vegetation. Phragmites control should be
                                centered around hand and mechanical removal.


                             0  Prescribed burning is effective in destroying the seed inventory of a stand but
                                firebrands can create uncontrolled spot fires and generally the prescribed burn
                                temperatures cannot kill the underground rhizomes due to the wet soil
                                conditions under which Phragnites exists.

                             9  Selective manipulation of water levels can also be effective in controlling
                                vitality of established stands, however this action may be unacceptable for
                                wildlife management purposes.

                             0  Selective cutting or mowing may be effective if the cutting is done in late July
                                since most of the food reserves can be removed from the upper portions of
                                the plant. This method must be used over successive years in order to remove


                                                                  125









                                regenerated stalks. Care must also be used not to mow the stand too early
                                or late in the year, as the result may be to increase the density of the stand.

                            0   Wherever possible, vegetation along public access trails should be maintained
                                by careful and selective hand pruning methods.

                            0   In all cases, the beach manager must ensure that rare/threatened species are
                                protected.

                            0   It is imperative that barrier beach managers learn as much as possible about
                                vegetation control techniques, and consult with local, regional and wildlife
                                regulators.

                                Monitoring: Beach managers are urged to adopt a plan for controlling
                                Phraginites before taking any action. The first issue is to decide if the stand
                                in question is expanding in size. If not, it is recommended that no further
                                control be attempted. If monitoring of the stand area or density indicates
                                invasive tendencies, then the beach manager should begin photo
                                documentation of the area along with species inventories and planning for
                                prescribed controls.



                         References


                                The Nature Conservancy has produced several resource pamphlets on
                         Phragmites and purple loosestrife which can assist managers in deciding the best
                         methods for controlling these species. Copies of the "Element Stewardship Abstract
                         for Phraginites Aitstrailis and Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L)" are available
                         from The Nature Conservancy, 1800 North Kent Street, Arlington, VA 22209.
                                In addition, the Illinois Department of Conservation has produced a
                         document, entitled "Vegetation Management Guideline, Purple Loosestrife," which
                         can be obtained by writing to Randy Heidorn, Illinois Department of Conservation,
                         Region II Office, 110 James Road, Spring Grove, Illinois 60081.















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                         Rare SMIes Predators


                         Resource Impacts

                                Management to reduce effects of predators on plover and tern productivity
                         is an important component of rare species recovery efforts on many Massachusetts
                         beaches. Potential predators of plover and tern eggs or chicks include red foxes,
                         striped skunks, mink, raccoons, opossums, Norway rats, feral cats, crows, gullsi
                         grackles, black-crowned night-herons, great-horned owls, northern harriers, and
                         American kestrels. Populations of many of these species have probably increased as
                         human use of the coastal zone has increased. Predation on eggs or chicks can
                         substantially reduce productivity of ground-nesting birds such as plovers and terns.
                         Predator management to enhance breeding success of plovers and terns should only
                         be considered if predation has been clearlyidentified as a significant factor limiting
                         productivity. Predator management should be undertaken only after consultation with
                         the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife and, when appropriate, the U.S. Fish and
                         Wildlife Service, and after appropriate letters of authorization or depredation permits
                         have been obtained from the Division and the Service.



                         Recommended Management Measures

                            ï¿½   Predators of plovers and terns can often be managed through non-lethal
                                means. Wire mesh predator enclosures placed around plover and tern nests
                                have proven effective in deterring many predators and reducing egg losses
                                (Rimmer and Deblinger, 1990, 1992; Melvin et al. 1992). Predator exclosures
                                are relatively cost-effective, especially when used around individual plover
                                nests or small numbers of tern nests, and should be considered as the first
                                option for predator management. Managers wishing to erect predator
                                exclosures around tern or plover nests must first obtain a letter of
                                authorization from the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife.


                            ï¿½   Predator removal through lethal means, such as shooting, trapping, or
                                poisoning should only be considered as a last resort. Predator removal can be
                                costly and time-consuming, and is often of questionable effectiveness. Beach
                                managers considering lethal predator control should first consult with the
                                Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. For furbearers, which are considered
                                valuable natural resources, the first attempt at lethal predator control should
                                be to open the area to trapping during the regulated trapping season.
                                However, efforts to control predators to reduce impacts to rare, ground-
                                nesting birds may not be effective unless all individuals are removed.
                                Continued removal may be possible, but requires a permit from the Division.
                                Lethal control or trapping and removal of avian predators protected by the
                                federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (e.g., raptors, gulls, night-herons, grackles)
                                also requires a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


                                                                  127









                               Beach managers should take all possible steps to remove garbage that
                               may attract predators to beaches. Trash containers should be placed
                               at all parking lots and beach access points and around concession
                               areas, bathhouses, and restrooms. Trash containers should be emptied
                               frequently enough to prevent them from overflowing. Beach users
                               should be educated about how their litter may indirectly affect beach-
                               nesting birds by attracting predators.



                       References


                       Melvin, S.M., L.H. MacIvor and C.R. Griffin. 1992. "Predator Exclosures.          a
                               technique to reduce predation on Piping Plover nests. " Wildlife Society Bulletin
                               20:143-148.


                       Rimmer, D.W. and R.D. Deblinger. 1990. "77le use of predator exclosures to protect
                               Piping Plover nests." J. Field Ornithol. 61:217-223.

                       Rimmer, D.W. and R.D Deblinger. 1992. "Use of fencing to limit terrestfial predator
                               movements into Least Tem colonies." Colonial Waterbirds. 15(2'):226-229.























                                                               128








                          Other Wildlife Management Issues


                          Resource impacts

                                 Just as predators affect the reproductive success of piping plovers and least
                          terns, other species of wildlife have the potential of affecting ecological features of
                          barrier beaches leading managers to consider developing management programs.
                                 White-tailed deer have become too abundant at various coastal sites in the
                          northeastern United States due to a lack of predators, no-hunting policies, and mild
                          winters. Epidemic Lyme disease occurs onlyin areas where populations of white-
                          tailed deer are dense (Spielman et al. 1985, Lastavica et al. 1989, Wilson and
                          Deblinger 1993). Lyme disease is caused by the bite of an infected deer tick. Deer
                          tick abundance is correlated with the presence and abundance of white-tailed deer
                          (Wilson and Deblinger 1993). In addition, deer have the capability of exceeding
                          ecological carrying capacity and causing extensive destruction to vegetation, including
                          American beachgrass (Deblinger et al. in press). Although such destruction has not
                          been correlated with increased erosion rates, the possibility exists. Moreover, a lack
                          of understory vegetation could reduce habitat of other species, thereby decreasing
                          biodiversity (Diamond 1992).
                                 Other species of wildlife that may affect barrier beaches include raccoons
                          (inhabit buildings, carry rabies ) and muskrats (destroy newly planted beachgrass).


                          Recommended Management Measures

                                 Hunting or trapping programs should be developed within the existing
                                 framework of seasons and bag limits published in the Mass. Division of
                                 Fisheries and Wildlife Abstracts. In special circumstances, when wildlife
                                 becomes a nuisance to the public health and safety or causes property
                                 damage, the Division should be contacted. Controlled, limited deer hunting
                                 has been shown to reduce deer to acceptable levels while reducing the threat
                                 of Lyme disease (Deblinger et al. 1993).

                                 Beach managers should educate the public about these potential public health
                                 risks and provide the following safety tips: vaccinate cats and dogs for rabies;
                                 do not feed wild animals; do not approach or handle wild animals; secure
                                 food, garbage, and trash; distribute literature and post warning signs about
                                 rabies and Lyme disease.



                          References


                          Deblinger, R.D., M.L. Wilson, D.W. Rimmer, and A. Spielman. 1993. "Reduced
                                 abundance of immature deer ticks (Acad: Ixodidae) following incremental


                                                                   129









                               removal of deer." J. Medical Entomol. 30:144-150.

                       Deblinger, R.D., D.W. Rimmer, J.J. Vaske, G. Vecellio, and          M.P. Donnelly.
                               "Ecological  and hunter support of a controlled        deer hunt in coastal
                               Massachusetts. " Northeast Wildlife. In press.

                       Diamond, J. 1992. "Must we shoot deer to save nature?" Natural History Magazine,
                               American Museum of Natural History, pp. 2-9.

                       Lastavica, C.C., M.L. Wilson, V.P. Berardi, A. Spielman, and R.D. Deblinger. "Rapid
                               emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts."
                               New England J. Medicien 320:133-137.

                       Spielman, A., M.L. Wilson, J.E. Levine, and J. Piesman. 1985. "Ecoloff of Isodes
                               dammini--bome human babesiosis and Lyme disease." Ann. Rev. Entomol.
                               30:439-460.


                       Wilson, M.L. and R.D. Deblinger. 1993. 'Vector management to reduce the risk of
                               Lyme disease. "    In Ginsberg, H.S. (ed.), Ecology and Environmental
                               Management of Lyme Disease. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.






























                                                                130









                        Trash



                       See previous section in this chapter on "Beach Cleaning -- Litter."


                       Recommended Management Measures

                          s.   It is especially important that trash of any kind not be discarded in remote
                               barrier beach areas that are typically difficult to manage. Such debris can
                               create a nuisance among wildlife and result in artificially created dependent
                               feeding behaviors not supported in the already stressful winter months.

                               Trash barrels should not be located on the beach itself but at pedestrian
                               access/egress sites. This will eliminate the need for maintenance vehicles to
                               travel through dunes and onto the beach and eliminate an attractive
                               destination for nuisance animals.


                          0    Trash containers should be tightly secured against racoons, dogs, gulls, and
                               wind. Trash can attract predators and thus should be removed from the
                               barrier on a routine basis.


                          0    Garbage should be contained in order to avert predator and pest species
                               problems.   Managers may consider a "carry in-carry out" policy which
                               eliminates the need for garbage containers at beach access sites. Weather and
                               animals can spread trash left unattended in containers. There should be
                               regular trash removal from beaches at the end of each day during the summer
                               season. Where there are lifeguards and parking lot attendants at beaches, a
                               routine "clean sweep" should be made of the beach early each morning by
                               beach personnel using poled nets prior to intensive visitor use.

                               Public education should be directed to minimizing trash and can be
                               highlighted during beach cleanup events. Again, the Massachusetts Coastal
                               Zone Management Office sponsors such events each September during
                               "Coastweeks" and encourages additional cleanups in the spring.














                                                               131














                                                        CHAPTER 6

                                             Public Education and Outreach





                                 One of the most important means of achieving performance standards
                         pertaining to barrier beach management and for maintaining barrier beaches in
                         optimum condition is through a well-designed and understandable public education
                         program. An informed beachgoer is much more likely to abide by proposed
                         management guidelines if he/she understands the principles involved in the posted
                         rules and regulations. An educated beach-goer is the best beach-goer.

                                 Unfortunately, education is often the last item on a beach manager's busy
                         schedule. Creating an effective program takes time, funding, and the personnel
                         resources that are often tied up in other projects. Writing and producing education
                         materials, such as flyers, brochures, exhibits, may overburden an already meager park
                         budget.

                                 In the best of all possible worlds, it would be great to have the resources to
                         produce individually tailored education materials for each site. But, as this is the real
                         world, education often requires the adaptation of existing materials. Sadly, a review
                         of education materials now available for use by beach managers, shows few listings for
                         materials on barrier beach dynamics or beach management options. But that does not
                         mean that there is nothing out there, or that something cannot be created in the
                         future.


                                 The following listing offers the best of the materials now available, a short
                         description of each, and where to obtain them. Materials include:

                                 e Brochures
                                 * Curricular Materials
                                 9 Signs and Exhibits
                                 e Videos/Slide Shows
                                 e Other Materials -- books, booklets, maps, reports

                                 One additional method by which a beach manager may wish to get a message
                         out to the public is to enlist the assistance of the local media. Local newspapers and
                         radio stations may be interested in periodic reports on beach management issues.
                         Talk to the paper's editor or the station manager about a continuing feature (the
                         beach manager or a designee may be asked to write the copy and submit it to the
                         paper/station for editing).


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                       Reference Materials




                       BROCHURES

                       Brochures are an ideal way of quickly explaining a complicated issue to a large
                       population. If the material needed is not on this list, try creating an original
                       publication. For ease of reading and comprehension, try to keep the amount of copy
                       down; illustrate with drawings, photos, or graphics where appropriate; and leave
                       enough white space to create high readability -- too much copy will discourage many
                       readers. Keep the material lively, with lots of active verbs, and make the message a
                       positive one -- lots of "do's" rather than "do not's." A wealth of information can be
                       contained on one 8-1/2"xll" paper (2 sides, three columns per side, two folds,
                       photocopied).


                       The "Plymouth Long Beach Information Booklet" is an excellent example of a locally-
                       produced beach information document. The publication, produced on 8-1/2 x 11"
                       paper and folded, 16 pages total, covers general rules and regulations, town by-laws,
                       summary of off-road vehicleM]dlife mangement plan, a map, description of permitted
                       activities, driving and safety tips, flora and fauna, other beach facts, and a beach
                       violation report form.



                       The Beach, 77te Dunes And You; Alabama Department of Environmental Management,
                       2204 Perimiter Road, Mobile, AL 36615. Also available in photocopy from Mass.
                       Coastal Zone Management, 100 Cambridge St. Boston, MA 02202
                              Description: Describes why dunes are important, how to build dunes, how to
                              save dunes.


                       Beachcombers Guide to the North Atlantic Seashore; Massachusetts Audubon Society,
                       Lincoln, MA 01773. 1993.
                              Description: Plastic foldout brochure with full color illustrations of plant and
                              animals that live in tide pools and on the beach. Explains in simple terms
                              how beaches work and outlines a typical marine food web. Excellent field
                              guide for a wet environment.

                       77ze Care and Feeding of Sand Dunes; by Stephen Gabriel, Coastal Management
                       Specialist, City of Ocean City (1980). Copies available through Mass. Coastal Zone
                       Management Office.
                              Description: Describes the importance of dunes and how to go about
                              developing a dune stabilization program, including snow fencing and dune
                              grass planting.



                                                              134









                        Oversand Vehicles, Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service, Department
   16                   of the Interior, South Wellfleet, MA 02663; 508-487-3698.
                                Description: Brochure includes oversand vehicle route map, how to obtain
                                permits, required equipment, tire standards, beach driving tips, and
                                regulations.

                        Plymouth Long Beach Information Booklet, Plymouth Park Division, 508-830-4095.
                                Description: Excellent example of a locally-produced document that provides
                                user information pertaining to regulations and permitted activities. Insert
                                includes tide calendar (high and low tides, time and height) for May-
                                September season.

                        77te Roseate Tem; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, New
                        England Field Office, 400 Ralph Pill Marketplace, 22 Bridge St. Concord, NH 03301.
                        October 1991
                                Description: Endangered Species Fact Sheet describes the bird, nesting habits,
                                why Roseate Terns are so rare, the Endangered Species Act, why should we
                                be concerned, and what you can do to help. Basic information.

                        Sandy   Neck Beach Regulations, Town of Barnstable Natural Resource Department,
                        508-790-6272.
                                Description: General information brochure details off-road vehicle driving
                                tips, motor vehicle regulations, hunting regulations, fishing and shellfishing
                                regulations, horse regulations, general policy, and steps for obtaining permits.

                        Sharing the Beach with Least Tems, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
                        Wildlife Service, One Gateway Center, Newton Corner, Mass. 02158. no date
                                Description: Describes the bird, it's range, threats, nesting and chick rearing,
                                protection, and things you can do. Basic information.

                        Tems:   7heir Ecology and Consemation; Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA
                        01773. 1988.
                                Description: Describes the family of birds closely related to gulls, their
                                current status, and life cycle. Ways to help protect terns are listed.

                        TAat's All this About Critical Habitat for Piping Plovers, U.S. Department of the
                        Interior, Fish and Wildlife Scrvice, 22 Bridge St. Concord, NH 03301-4901 (603)225-
                        1411.1989.
                                Description: Describes the bird, the status, and steps needed to protect
                                critical habitat. Very thorough.

                        You Can Help Protect the Piping Plover; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
                        Wildlife Service, One Gateway Center, Newton Corner, Mass. 02158; no date.
                                Description: Describes the bird, it's range, breeding and feeding habits,
                                threats, and things you can do. An abridged version of #1 above.




                                                                  135










                         CURRICULAR MATERIALS




                         Educational programs, whether offered in visitor centers, on the beach with park
                         naturalists, or through schools, are important means of spreading the word about
                                                                           .rest in setting up or supplementing
                         proper barrier beach management. If there is inte
                         primary/secondary education programs, there are a variety of materials available for
                         your use.

                         The New England Aquarium has a Teacher            Resource Center that is open by
                         appointment for teachers and other educators (beach managers or park interpreters).
                         Videos, filmstrips, slide shows, "The Coast Kit," as well as books, magazines and
                         curricula can either be borrowed (usually free of charge) or copied (copies are $0.10
                         each). There is a wealth of information stored here. Contact Joel Rubin at 617-973-
                         6590 for more information.


                         Other materials that may prove useful in setting up an education program for students
                         (as well as their parents and other adults) include:



                         The Atlantic Coast. Piping Plover Lesson Plans. Produced by the U.S. Fish and
                         Wildlife Service. Available from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New England Field
                         Offices, 400 Ralph Pill Marketplace, 22 Bridge Street, Unit #1, Concord, NH 03301-
                         4901; 40 pages, 20 slides/free.
                                 Description: This package includes background information, slides, lesson
                                 plans, a simulation game, and worksheets intended for grades 5-7. Included
                                 in the package are two brochures -- "Why Save Endangered Species?" and
                                 "You Can Help Protect the Piping Plover" and the poster "Atlantic Naturalist:
                                 The Piping Plover."

                         Atlantic Naturalist. 7he Piping Plover (poster). Produced by the Quebec Labrador
                         Foundation/Atlantic Center for the Environment, 1988. Available from the Atlantic
                         Center for the Environment, 39 South Main Street, Ipswich, MA 01938, 508-356-0038
                         or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New England Field Offices, 400 Ralph Pill
                         Marketplace, 22 Bridge Street, Unit #1, Concord, NH 03301-4901.
                                 Description: Poster illustrates the habitat and problems facing the piping
                                 plover with tips on what individuals can do to protect this endangered species.

                         Beaches, Dunes and Bartier Islands.     Habitat Pac. Produced by the U.S. Fish and
                         Wildlife Service. Available from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of
                         Refuges, Educational Outreach Program, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA
                         01035, 413-253-8515; 30 pages/free.
                                 Description: The Habitat Pac includes background information, posters,
                                 student pages, and three activities. The materials are designed for use with
                                 students in grades 4-7.


                                                                  136









                        Charting Our Course - Educator Ac     tivity Book Produced by Mass. Coastal Zone
                        Management and the Mass. Marine Educators with funding from the Mass.
                        Environmental Trust. Available from Mass. Coastal Zone Management, 100
                        Cambridge St. Boston, MA 02202, 617-727-9530; 83 pages/free.
                                Description: An excellent activity guide for teachers of grades 4-12 on the
                                Gulf of Maine and the other coastal waters of Massachusetts. Five chapters
                                of information divided into background information, references and several
                                activities. Access to the coast is not a requirement for these activities, and
                                many of the experiments and projects can be done for minimal cost and with
                                readily available materials.

                        Erosion: The Good & Bad. Resource Lesson Package from Cape Cod National
                        Seashore, National Environmental Education Development Program, Headquarters,
                        Marconi Site, South Wellfleet, MA 02663; 508-349-3785; 6 pages/free.
                                Description: Lesson Plan, to be used in conjunction with a visit to the Cape
                                Cod National Seashore and viewing of "Sands of Time" video, contains fact
                                sheets on "Beaches and Breaches," "Erosion ... The Good and Bad of It," and
                                "The Eroding Cape Cod Landscape and Dune Stabilization," as well as list of
                                possible field trip and classroom activities.

                        Illustrated Field Guides  to Eastern Shore Manne Environments. Written by Barbara
                        Waters and illustrated by Carole Eldridge. 5 posters/free. Copies available from
                        Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office or Barnstable County Cooperative Extension
                        Office.
                                Description: These field guides cover: 1) Sandy Shore and Dunes; 2) Salt
                                Marshes; 3) Rocky Shore and Wooden Structures; 4) Salt Ponds; and 5) Tidal
                                Flats. Each has a drawing on one side and descriptive material about the
                                marine life on the reverse side. Appropriate for all elementary and secondary
                                school students.


                        Save Our Seas: A Cutficulum for Kndergarten Through the Twelfth Grade. Center
                        for Marine Conservation and California Coastal Commission; 106 pages/free. Copies
                        available through Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                Description: This compendium of activities, divided into four age groupings
                                (K-3, 4-6, 7-8, and 9-12), covers the issues of overpackaging, recycling, and the
                                hazards of marine debris. The curriculum can be combined with a class/school
                                beach cleanup or used alone.

                        Turning the Tide on Trash: A Learning Guide on Marine Debris. U.S. Environmental
                        Protection Agency; 80 pages/free. Copies available from U.S. Environmental
                        Protection Agency or Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                Description: This book provides background information on the hazards of
                                marine debris and includes a variety of activities that develop critical thinking
                                skills in various content areas. Includes a wall poster -- "Save Our Seas: Help
                                Stop Marine Debris!" Materials are designed for use in grades 3-6.




                                                                  137












                This area is a natural breeding ground for Terns and Plovers





                      THESE RARE BIRDS,
                 THEIR NESTS AND EGGS
                ARE. PROT@ECTED
                UNDER MASSACHUSETTS AND FEDERAL LAWS
                   Persons May Be Arrested and Fined for Killing,
                 Harassing or in Any Way Disturbing Birds Nesting
                  in This Area (MGL c. 131 ï¿½ 5,74 and Title 50 CFR).
                                    Divisionof
                                    Fishenes &Wildlife

              1tL=MTK>4 BY Am zcnFc)os. R-a%*. CT 0"39               (315)4"16




                     Figure 17. Sample of warning sign for nesting area.



                                          138
                 RESTRICTED AREA










                        SIGNS AND EXHIBrTS


                        For quick information and warnings, on-location signage is the best means of
                        informing the beach-going public. Ile signs must be quickly readable with a short,
                        pointed message. People loaded with beach gear and caring for children do not have
                        time to read anything longer than a few sentences. Signs must also fit into the
                        landscape without being so inconspicuous that they are ignored. Try to avoid visual
                        pollution (garish colors, overpowering designs), but attract attention with appropriate
                        use of color and careful attention to sign placement (high visibility, accessibility,
                        readability). All signs must be maintained for readability and quickly replaced if lost,
                        stolen or damaged.

                        The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office is working with the
                        Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management to develop a generic "sand
                        dunes/beach grass" information sign to be installed at state beaches within the next
                        year. The template will be available at no charge to any beach managers wishing to
                        install such a sign at their beaches.

                        Other materials include:



                        Sign: "Restricted Area... This area is a natural breeding ground for Terns and
                        Plovers. "  Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Field Headquarters,
                        Westboro, MA 01581.
                                Description: 8 1/2 x 11" sign to be posted on active breeding areas. Cites
                                Mass. General Laws Chapter 131 and 50 Code of Federal Regulations.
                                Produced by Voss Signs, Manlius, NY 13104-0553, 315-682-6418. [See sample
                                sign in this chapter.]


                        Sign:   "Seal pups rest on shore. Do not disturb theml It's the law." New England
                        Aquarium, Marine Mammal Rescue Program, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110-
                        3399, 617-973-5200.
                                Description: 8-1/2 x 11" sign to be posted on active seal pupping areas.
                                Available from the New England Aquarium. [See sample sign in this chapter.]













                                                                  139















                                    Seal        pups rest on shore
                                       Do not disturb them 1
                                                   It's the law.

                                               Report animals in distress to
                                                       LOCAL POLICE'

                                                                 or
                                   NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
                                           LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION

                                                                 or
                                              NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM
                                                  BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS







                                Figure 18.     Sample of warning sign for seal pupping area.



                                                                 140









                        VIDEOS/SUDE SHOWS


                        The Mass. Coastal Zone Managment Office has an extensive library of coastal related
                        educational video materials; call (617)727-9530 for more information.             In a
                        cooperative effort, the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office and the Woods Hole
                        Oceanographic Institution's Sea Grant Office have instituted a 13-week video project
                        for cable stations (13 weeks of 1/2-hour programs on various coastal issues, including
                        barrier beachmanagement) entitled "Shorewatch." The following shows may be of
                        particular interest to barrier beach managers.

                        In addition, the management at two Massachusetts beaches. (Race Point,
                        Provincelands, Cape Cod National Seashore and Sandy Neck in Barnstable) require
                        that individuals purchasing off-road vehicle permits view a short slide show pertaining
                        to beach driving safety and environmental care. Contact either of these programs for
                        more information about designing a similar type of program

                        Atnedca's Vanishing Coastlines; 19 minutes, color, VHS format. Available on loan
                        from Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                Description: Produced by the National Committee on Property Insurance and
                                narrated by famed coastal geologist Dr. Orrin Pilkey, this video presents an
                                interesting look at the issue of coastal erosion.

                        Me Beaches are Moving. 77ze Drowning of Amelica's Shoreline ; 60 minutes, color,
                        VHS format. Available from Environmental Media, 1-800-ENV-EDUC (1-800-368-
                        3382); $29.95. ISBN 1-56791-069-6. Order No. BM101.
                                Description: Hosted by Dr. Orrin Pilkey, this hour-long show illustrates beach
                                evolution using contemporary and historical film, video, and state-of-the-art
                                animation. Companion piece to book of the same name.

                        Cape Cod: The Sands of 7-inte; 15 minutes, color, VHS format. Available through the
                        Cape Cod National Seashore, Eastern National Park and Monument Association.
                        Cost is $19.95.
                                Description: This concise and well-illustrated video explains the formation
                                and geological history (and future) of Cape Cod, with particular reference to
                                its important coastal and barrier beaches (tape also includes three other short
                                programs).

                        Fabulous Wetlands; 7 minutes, color, VHS format. Available on loan from Mass.
                        Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                Description:   A humorous but informative look at the function and
                                importance of wetlands to the ecosystem.         Produced by the State of
                                Washington, Department of Ecology.

                        Plight  of the Plover; 6 minutes, color, VHS format.     Available through the U.S.
                        Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service     or the Mass. Coastal Zone
                        Management Office/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Office


                                                                 141









                         Shorewatch Program.
                                 Description: The conflict of wildlife habitat vs. recreational use is never more
                                 evident than in the efforts to protect the piping plover. This program points
                                 up the problems facing the survival of this small but important shorebird
                                 species.

                         Povait of a Coast; 30 min    utes, color, VHS format. Available on loan from Mass.
                         Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                 Description: This informative half-hour program looks at a wide range of
                                 coastal beach processes, including sediment transport, dune building,
                                 stabilization methods, and effects of development on shorelines. Scenes from
                                 the Blizzard of '78 are included.

                         Shifting Sands, 28 minutes, color, VHS format. Available on loan from the New
                         England Aquarium.
                                 Description: Produced by the Florida Institute of Oceanography and a
                                 Florida television station, this show looks at beach processes, particularly on
                                 the barrier beaches of the State of Florida.



                         Sea Beaches - Their Formation- and Erosion; Slide show with script. Available on
                         loan from the New England Aquarium.
                                 Description: This 24-slide show was produced by Educational Images in 1979
                                 and has a discussion on the function and dynamics of barrier beaches.
                                 Although some of the material is dated (discussion of pre-Miami dune
                                 nourishment), there are still some interesting images and discussion.
























                                                                   142










                        OTHER MATERLALS



                        At the Sea's Edge., An introduction to coastal oceanography for the amateur naturalist.
                        Fox, William T. New York: Prentice Hall Press (1983).
                                Description: Chapter on "Barrier Islands and Spits" contains an excellent
                                review of various theories of barrier beach formation and migration.

                        Barrier  Beach Inventory Project.   (1982) Mass. Coastal Zone Management, 100
                        Cambridge St. Boston, MA 02202. 57 maps. Individual maps available from
                        Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                Description: Geologic field research and mapping compiled and produced
                                under a contract with The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, 1982. All
                                beaches in the Commonwealth are listed and coded. A good reference tool.

                        Barrier  island Handbook.     Leatherman, S.P. College Park, MD: University of
                        Maryland Coastal Publications Series (1988).
                                Description: A nontechnical explanation of barrier island environments, their
                                evolution, and the impact of recreation and construction on them.

                        The Beaches are Moving. The drowning of America's shorefine. Kaufman, Wallace and
                        Orrin Pilkey. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press (1983, 1992). $12.95.
                        Available from Environmental Media, P.O. Box 1016, Chapel Hill, NC 27514; 1-800-
                        ENV-EDUC (1-800-368-3382). ISBN 0-8223-0574-7. Order No. BM102.
                                Description: 11is 355-page book describes how shorelines work and how, left
                                to their own devices, they protect and maintain themselves. A companion
                                piece to the video of the same name.

                        Coastal Rescue: Preserving Our Seashores. Miller, Christina G. and Louise A. Berry.
                        New York: Atheneum: (1989). ISBN 0-689-31288-1.
                                Description: This children's book (grades 5-9) examines different types of
                                coasts, how they are shaped by nature, how the, development of coasts has
                                destroyed plant and animal life, beaches, and marshes, and ways to use the
                                coasts' valuable resources and still preserve them.

                        Coastal Waterbird Newsletter. Scott Hecker, Editor. Massachusetts Audubon Society,
                        Lincoln, MA 01773.
                                Description: This newsletter describes nesting sites statewide and provides
                                news items on coastal waterbirds and the Audubon Society's Coastal
                                Waterbird Program.

                        Final Report. An Ecological Evaluation of Human Impacts on the Wasque Reservation
                        and Cape Poge Wildlife Refuge, Edgartown, M,4; Phase 111-1989. Lars H. Carlson
                        and Paul J. Godfrey, Department of Botany, UMASS/Amberst, Amherst, MA 01003
                        March 19,1990.
                                Description: Provides good information on how to manage a site-specific
                                barrier beach that is heavily used by a variety of visitors for many purposes.


                                                                 143



                                                0                                                                              1



                        Land's Edge. A natural history of banier beaches ftom Maine to North Carolina.
                        Hoel, Michael L Newbury, MA: The Little Book Publishing Company (1986). 142
                        pages/$6.95. Available at Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge headquarters, Chatham.
                        ISBNO-9616080-0-5.
                               Description: Provides a short history of barrier beaches, a description of
                               barrier dynamics, plants and ecosystems, predators and prey.

                        Restless Ribbons of Sand- Atlantic & Gulf Coastal Barriers.     Wells, John T. and
                        Charles H. Peterson. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 20
                        pages/frec. Available from the Cape Cod National Seashore headquarters.
                               Description: Excellent booklet describing attributes of barrier beaches from
                               Maine to south Texas -- a protective fringe along 2,700 miles of our nation's
                               shoreline.


                        Sanctuary.  ne Journal of the Massachusetts Audubon Society.        Vol. 31, No. 6,
                        July/August 1992 -- "On The Beach." Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA
                        01773.
                               Description: This issue contains articles on piping plovers, Plymouth Beach,
                               and the Coastal Waterbird Program.

                        Selection and Maintenance of Plant Matefials for Coastal Landscapes.     Karl Rask,
                        Cooperative Extension/University of Massachusetts and Soil Conservation Service/U.S.
                        Department of Agriculture, Issues in Water Quality Series, June 1990. Available from
                        Barnstable County Extension Service; copies also available from Mass. Coastal Zone
                        Management.
                               Description: Provides a concise review of the basic principles of coastal
                               landscaping including a list of plants for various settings.

                        U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service publications:
                               Atlantic Coast Piping Plover Recovery Plan. 1988. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                               Service, Hadley, MA- 74p.
                               Roseate Tem Recovery Plan -- Northeast Population. 1989. U.S. Fish and
                               Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA. 86p.
                               Northeastern 77ger Beetle Recovery Plan.      1993. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                               Service, Hadley, MA. 46p.

                        With Help of Fiiends, the Plover's Coming   Back Scott Allen, The Boston Globe,
                        August 24, 1992, p.29.
                               Description: This newspaper article explores the decline of this species and
                               what appears to be a comeback for the'northeast population.









                                                                144



   I


   I
   I
   I                               APPENDIX A
   I                      Barrier Beaches in Massachusefts
   I
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   I
   10
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   p                                    145
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                                                                    Me                        Y6wl
            COASTAL     ZONE                                   A.416, A&adwet6 022672
              MANAGEMENT



                                                        Barrier Beach Invento!y Prole
                                                        (State Designated Barrier Beaches)
                            Maps available from the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.

                            Ma
                                      UNIT CODE                           UNITS INCLUDED

                            2         Nb-1                                Sb-1 Salisbury Beach
                                                                          Np-1 Plum Island
                                                                          Nb-1 Plum Island
                                                                          RI-1    Plum Island


                            4         Is-2                                RI-1    Plum Island
                                                                          Is-1    Plum Island
                                                                          Is-2    Plum Island Sandy Point
                                                                          Is-3    Clark Pond
                                                                          Is-4    Little Neck
                                                                          Is-5    Cranes Beach
                                                                          Is-6    Cranes Beach/Castle Beach

                            5         Gt-9                                Is-6    Cranes Beach
                                                                          Gt-1    Castle Beach/Castle Neck
                                                                          Gt-2    Two Penny Loaf
                                                                          Gt-3    Coffins Beach
                                                                          Gt-4    Wingaersheek Beach
                                                                          Gt-6    Good Harbor Beach
                                                                          Gt-7    Brace Cove
                                                                          Gt-8    Easter Point
                                                                          Gt-9    Old House Cove
                                                                          Mc-1    Gray Beach
                                                                          Mc-2    Lily Pond
                                                                          Mc-3    Black Beach
                                                                          MC-4    White Beach


                            6         Rp-4                                Rp-1    Loblolly Cove
                                                                          Rp-2    Pebble Beach
                                                                          Rp-3    Cape Hedge Beach
                                                                          Rp-4    Long Beach
                                                                          Rp-5    Long Beach South/Briar Neck
                                                                          Rp-6    Good Harbor Beach

                            8         Bv-1                                Bv-1    Patch Beach



                                                                              146



   1
   16                       9         Mb-1                                 Mb-1    Devereux Beach
                            10        Nh-3                                 Sp-1    Palmer Pond/Phillips Beach
                                                                           Nh-1    Nahant Beach
                                                                           Nh-2    Little Nahant Beach
                                                                           Nh-3    Pond Beach
                                                                           Rv-1    Revere Beach
                                                                           Rv-2    Short Beach
                                                                           Wn-1 Short Beach


                            12        Bt-1 1                               Bt-6    Thompson Island
                                                                           Bt-7    Thompson Island Pond
                                                                           Bt-8    Thompson Island-NW Middle Barrier
                                                                           Bt-9    Thompson Island-SW Middle Barrier
                                                                           BVIO Thompson Island South Spit
                                                                           Bt-1 1 Thompson Island-SE
                                                                           Oc-1 Squantum Marina Spit
                                                                           Qc-2    Wollaston Beach-East


                            13        Hi-3                                 Wn-2    Yirrell Beach
                                                                           Bt-1    Great Brewster Island
                                                                           Bt-2    Gallops Island
                                                                           Bt-3    Rainsford Island
                                                                           Bt-4    Bass Point
                                                                           Bt-5    West Head Beach
                                                                           Bt-6    Thompson Island
                                                                           HI-1    Peddocks Island-West Head Beach
                                                                           HI-2    Peddocks Island-Prince Head Beach
                                                                           HI-3    Peddocks Island-Tombolo
                                                                           HI-4    Telegraph Hill-Allerton Hill Tombolo
                                                                           HI-5    Hog Island Spit
                                                                           HI-6    Nantasket Beach
                                                                           Qc-2    Wollaston Beach-East
                                                                           Oc-3    Adams Shore
                                                                           Qc-4    Sea St.
                                                                           Qc-5    Rock Island
                                                                           Oc-6    Gull Point
                                                                           Hn-1    Foley Beach Road
                                                                           Hn-2    Bumkin Island West Spit
                                                                           Hn-3    Worlds End
                                                                           Wm-1 Lower Neck Cove


                             14       Ct-2                                 HI-6    Nantasket Beach
                                                                           HIJ     Atlantic Avenue Beach
                                                                           HI-8    Crescent Beach
                                                                           HI-9    Black Rock Beach
                                                                           Ct-1    Black Rock Beach
                                                                           Ct-2    Sandy Beach
                                                                           St-2    The Glades

                            16        St-4                                 St-1    Bassing Beach


                                                                              147











                                                                        St-2 The Glades
                                                                        St-3   Minot Beach
                                                                        St-4   Mann Hill Beach & Egypt Beach


                            17       St-10                              St-4   Mann Hill Beach/Egypt Beach
                                                                        St-5   Sand Hills
                                                                        St-6   Cedar Point Tombolo
                                                                        St-7   Second Cliffs Barrier
                                                                        St-8   Peggotty Beach
                                                                        St-9   N. Spit, N. River Inlet
                                                                        St-10 Fourth Cliff Inlet Spit
                                                                        St-1 1 Humarock Beach
                                                                        Mf-1   Rexhame Beach


                            18       Db-1                               Mf-1   Rexhame Beach
                                                                        Mf-2   Sunrise Beach
                                                                        Mf-3   Brant Rock
                                                                        Mf-4   Green Harbor Point
                                                                        Mf-5   Blackmans Point
                                                                        Mf-6   Green Harbor South Spit
                                                                        Db-1   Duxbury Beach
                                                                        Pm-1   Plum Hills
                                                                        Pm-2   Saquish Beach

                            19       Pm-6                               Pm-2   Saquish Beach
                                                                        Pm-3   Saquish Beach
                                                                        Pm-4   Plymouth Beach
                                                                        Pm-5   Cordage Beach
                                                                        Pm-6   Goose Point Spit

                            20       Pm-8                               Pm-4   Plymouth Beach
                                                                        Pm-7   White Horse Beach
                                                                        Pm-8   Manomet Heights Barrier

                            21       Wh-1                               Wh-1   Red Brook


                            22       Bo-29                              Pm-9   Ship Pond
                                                                        Pm-10 Center Hill Pond
                                                                        Pm-1 1 Black Pond
                                                                        Pm-12 Ellisville Harbor Barrier
                                                                        Bo-29 Sagamore Beach
                                                                        Sd-5 Sagamore Beach

                            26       Ss-2                               SS-1
                                                                        Ss-2 Ocean Grove Beach
                                                                        Sm-1 Brayton Point Beach

                            28       Fh-1 5                             Fh-1 4 - Fh-1 6 Pope Beach

                            29       Mp-18                              Mr-1 1 Ram Island 2


                                                                           148











                                                                    Mr-12 Little Neck
                                                                    Mr-13 Converse Point
                                                                    Mr-14 Aucoot Cove
                                                                    Mp-1   Hiller Cove
                                                                    Mp-2   Peases Point/Point Connett
                                                                    Mp-3   Pine Island East Tombolo
                                                                    Mp-4   Strawberry Point Barrier
                                                                    Mp-5   Pine Island West Barrier Spit
                                                                    Mp-6   Crescent Beach
                                                                    Mp-7   Crescent Beach
                                                                    Mp-8   Ned Point
                                                                    Mp-9   Mattapoisett Village/Water St. Spit
                                                                    Mp-10 Eel Pond Barrier
                                                                    Mp-11 Sedge Island Spit
                                                                    Mp-12 Marsch Nerve Road Spit
                                                                    Mp-13 Shore View Road Spit
                                                                    Mp-14 Shell Beach North
                                                                    Mp-15 Shell Beach Middle
                                                                    Mp-16 Shell Beach South
                                                                    Mp-17 Bay View Avenue North
                                                                    Mp-18 Grand View Beach - Barrier
                                                                    Mp-19 Antassawarnock East Spit
                                                                    Mp-20 Antassawarnock West Spit
                                                                    Mp-21 Antassawarnock Brant 1. Cove
                                                                    Mp-22 Mattapoisett Neck
                                                                    Mp-23 Brant Island West Barrier Spit
                                                                    Mp-24 Bryant Beach
                                                                    Mp-26 Shaws Cove
                                                                    Fh-1 Shaws Cove West


                         30       Mr-5                              Mr-1   Wings Cove #1
                                                                    Mr-2   Wings Cove #2
                                                                    Mr-3   Wings Cove #3
                                                                    Mr-4   Piney Point
                                                                    Mr-5   Sedge Cove
                                                                    Mr-6   Kittanset Golf Club
                                                                    Mr-7   Point Road Beach
                                                                    Mr-8   Planting Island Causeway
                                                                    Mr-9   Planting Island Spit
                                                                    Mr-10 Ram Island 1
                                                                    Mr-1 1 Ram Island 2
                                                                    Wh-2   Peters Neck
                                                                    Wh-3   Jacobs Neck East
                                                                    Wh-4   Pleasant Harbor, Inner Barrier
                                                                    Wh-5   Pleasant Harbor, Southeast
                                                                    Wh-6   Pleasant Harbor, Bay St.
                                                                    Wh-7   Onset Island West
                                                                    Wh-8   Onset Island East
                                                                    Wh-9   Onset Bay
                                                                    Wh-10 Shell Point
                                                                    Wh-1 1 Hog Neck Tombolo



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                                                                Wh-12 Bass Cove, East Marsh
                                                                Wh-13 Bass Cove Middle Salt Marsh
                                                                Wh-14 Bass Cove West Salt Marsh
                                                                Wh-15 Widows Cove
                                                                Wh-16 Widows Cove South
                                                                Wh-1 7'Seminary Barrier
                                                                Wh-18 Cedar Point North
                                                                Wh-19 Cedar Point South
                                                                Wh-20 Stony Point West
                                                                Wh-21 Little Harbor Beach Crown Beach)
                                                                Wh-22 Bourne Cove Barrier Spit
                                                                Wh-23 Beach Rocks
                                                                Wh-24 Great Neck SW Coast West
                                                                Wh-25 Beach Point
                                                                Wh-26 Wareham River
                                                                Wh-27 Wareham River
                                                                Wh-28 Wareham Small Spit
                                                                Wh-29 Barneys Point
                                                                Wh-30 Swifts Neck (Angelo Road)
                                                                Wh-31 Swifts Neck, E & W Spits
                                                                Wh-32 Swifts Beach West
                                                                Wh-33 Marks Cove
                                                                Wh-34 Cromeset Neck West
                                                                Wh-35 Nobska Point Spit
                                                                Wh-36 Weweantic River
                                                                Bo-4 Tobeys Island
                                                                Bo-12 Wings Neck #1
                                                                Bo-13 Wings Neck #2
                                                                Bo-14 Wings Cove
                                                                Bo-15 Pocasset Harbor
                                                                Bo-16 Bassets Island
                                                                Bo-17 Barlows Landing
                                                                Bo-18 Red Brook Harbor
                                                                Bo-19 Patuisset
                                                                Bo-23 Long Point
                                                                Bo-24 Red Brook Harbor
                                                                Bo-25 Eustis Beach
                                                                Bo-26 The Anchorage
                                                                Bo-27 Meganseit Harbor
                                                                Fm-37 Sandy Beach
                                                                Fm-38 Crow Point/Sandy Beach
                                                                Fm-39 Silver Beach
                                                                Fm-40 Sandy Beach
                                                                Fm-41 Sandy Beach
                                                                Fm-42 Sandy Beach
                                                                Fm-43 Sandy Beach

                         31      Wp-3                           Wp-1 Horseneck Beach
                                                                Wp-2 Horseneck Beach
                                                                Wp-3 Acoxet Barrier Beach
                                                                Wp-4 Cocheast Pond Bay


                                                                  150









                                                               Wp-5 Richmond Pond
                                                               Wp-6 Quick Sand Point
                                                               Dm-13 Little Beach


                       32      DM-6                            Dm-1 Padanaram Marsh Barrier
                                                               Dm-2 Smith Neck
                                                               Dm-3 Bare Kneed Rocks
                                                               Dm-4 Round Hill
                                                               Dm-5 Salters Point
                                                               Dm-6 Cow Yard/East
                                                               Dm-7 Cow Yard/Middle
                                                               Dm-8 Cow Yard/West
                                                               Dm-9 Plummer Memorial Bridge South Spit
                                                               Dm-10 Demarest-l-loyd
                                                               Dm-1 1 Slocum Neck
                                                               Dm-12 Slocum Neck/South
                                                               Dm-13 Little Beach


                       33      Fh-23                           Fh-2 Sconticut Neck
                                                               Fh-3 Summit Drive
                                                               FhA Scpmtocft Neck
                                                               Fh-5 Jeruselum Road
                                                               Fh-6 Round Island Beach
                                                               Fh-7 W. Island Road
                                                               Fh-8 Nelson Beach
                                                               Fh-9 Sconticut Neck West Side
                                                               Fh-10 Sconticut Neck West Side
                                                               Fh-1 1 Shore Side Drive
                                                               Fh-12 Smugglers Road Barrier
                                                               Fh-13 Briarcliff Road Barrier
                                                               Fh-17 North Point Barrier
                                                               Fh-18 North Point South
                                                               Fh-19 West Island
                                                               Fh-20 West Island
                                                               Fh-21 West Island
                                                               Fh-22 West Island
                                                               Fh-23 West Island
                                                               Mp-20 Antassawamock West Spit
                                                               Mp-25 Ocean View Drive

                       34      Gn-67                           Fm-22 Falmouth Beach
                                                               Fm-23 Oyster Pond
                                                               Fm-24 Quissett Beach
                                                               Fm-25 Noboska Beach
                                                               Fm-26 Penzance Point Causeway
                                                               Fm-27 Flume Pond
                                                               Fm-28 Gunning Point
                                                               Fm-29 Little Sippewisset Barrier Spit
                                                               Fm-30 Saconesset Hills Barrier Spit
                                                               Fm-31 Black Beach
                                                               Fm-32 Chappaquoit Beach


                                                                 151












                                                                Fm-33 Little Island Road
                                                                Fm-34 Nemasket Road
                                                                Fm-35 Falmouth Cliffs Beach
                                                                Fm-36 Old Silver Beach
                                                                Gn-1 Mink Point West
                                                                Gn-2 Sheep Pen Harbor/North
                                                                Gn-3 Sheep Pen Harbor South
                                                                Gn-4 Nonamesset Island North
                                                                Gn-5 Nonamesset Island Middle Pond
                                                                Gn-6 Nonamesset Island South Pond
                                                                Gn-7 Monohansett Island Pond
                                                                Gn-8 Monohansett Island South Spit
                                                                Gn-58 North Shore Road
                                                                Gn-59 North Shore Road Point
                                                                Gn-61 North Shore Road East
                                                                Gn-62 Naushon Island/Northwest #1
                                                                Gn-63 Naushon Island/Northwest #3
                                                                Gn-64 Naushon Island/North
                                                                Gn-65 Northwest Gutter West
                                                                Gn-66 Northwest Gutter East
                                                                Gn-67 Uncatena Island North #1
                                                                Gn-68 Uncatena Island North #2
                                                                Gn-69 Uncatena Island North #3
                                                                Gn-70 Jimmy Point
                                                                Gn-71 Uncatena Island/Southeast
                                                                Gn-72 Bull Island
                                                                Gn-73 Nonamesset Island Inner Harbor
                                                                Gn-74 Nonamesset Island North #1
                                                                Gn-75 Nonamesset Island North #2



                         35      Fm-14                          Fm-1  Washburn Island
                                                                Fm-2  Meadow Neck
                                                                Fm-3  Squta Spit Quashnet
                                                                Fm-4  Quahnet North Spit
                                                                Fm-5  Caleb Pond
                                                                Fm-6  Whistlers Way
                                                                Fm-7  Washburn Island Northeast
                                                                Fm-8  Washburn Island East Salt Pond Spit
                                                                Fm-9  Washburn Island East Second Barrier
                                                                Fm-10 Washburn Island West Spit
                                                                Fm-1 I Washburn Is/Eel Pond Spit
                                                                Fm-12 Eel Pond Inlet West Spit
                                                                Fm-13 Bournes Pond Barrier
                                                                Fm-14 Green Pond
                                                                Fm-15 Great Pond
                                                                Fm-16 Mara Vista Spit
                                                                Fm-1 7 Great Bay Avenue Marsh Barrier
                                                                Fm-18 Little Pond
                                                                Fm-19 Falmouth Inner Harbor East Spit
                                                                Fm-20 Palmer Pond Barrier



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                                                                  Fm-21 Fresh River
                                                                  Ms-5   South Cape Beach
                                                                  Ms-6   Seconsett Island?


                        36       Bo-20                            Bo-2   Rocky Point Barrier Spit
                                                                  Bo-3   Toby's Island #1  Complex Barrier
                                                                  Bo-4   Toby's Island #2
                                                                  Bo-5   Toby's Island #3
                                                                  Bo-6   Toby's Island #4
                                                                  Bo-7   Toby's Island #5
                                                                  Bo-8   Tobys Island #6
                                                                  Bo-9   Bennett's Neck #1 Barrier Spit
                                                                  Bo-10 Bennett's Neck #2 Barrier Spit
                                                                  Bo-1 I Bennett's Neck #3 Barrier Spit
                                                                  Bo-20 Hen Cove
                                                                  Bo-21 Red Brook Harbor #1
                                                                  Bo-22 Red Brook Harbor #2
                                                                  Bo-28 Squeteague Harbor #2
                                                                  Fm-44 Squeteague Harbor Barrier Beach

                        37       Sd-3                             Sd-1 Sandy Neck Beach
                                                                  Sd-2 Scorton Shores
                                                                  Sd-3 East Sandwich Beach/Springhill Beach
                                                                  SdA Town Neck Beach


                        38       Ba-23                            Ba-12 Shallow Fresh March Barrier
                                                                  Ba-13 Eel River
                                                                  Ba-1 4 West Bay East Spitt
                                                                  Ba-15 Dead Neck Beach
                                                                  Ba-16 Wianno Head North Spit
                                                                  Ba-1 7 Town Landing Spit
                                                                  Ba-18 Handy Point Spit
                                                                  Ba-19 Tims Cove
                                                                  Ba-20 Cotult Bay
                                                                  Ba-21 Bluff Point
                                                                  Ba-22 Rushy Marsh Pond North Barrier
                                                                  Ba-23 Rushy Marsh Pond South Barrier
                                                                  Ba-24 Meadow Point
                                                                  Ms-1   Popponesset Beach
                                                                  Ms-2   Popponesset Island, Spit
                                                                  Ms-3   Deans Pond
                                                                  Ms-4   Flat Pond


                        39       Ba-7                             Ba-1   Kalmus Park Beach
                                                                  Ba-2   Ocean Street Beach
                                                                  Ba-3   Hawes Avenue
                                                                  Ba-4   Breakwater Shores
                                                                  Ba-5   Keyes Memorial Beach
                                                                  Ba-6   Squaw Island East Bay Barrier
                                                                  Ba-7   Squaw Island West Spit
                                                                  Ba-8   W. Hyannisport Spit



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                                                                            Ba-9 Cralgville Beach/Long Beach
                                                                            Ba-10 Dowses Beach
                                                                            Ba-1 1 Phinneys Bay
                                                                            Ba-25 Harbor Point Spit
                                                                            Ba-26 Bone Hill Barrier
                                                                            Ba-27 Matthias Lane Spit
                                                                            Ba-28 Calves Pasture Point Spit
                                                                            Ba-29 Sandy Neck
                                                                            Ym-5 Great Island Barrier
                                                                            Ym-6 Smith's Point Spit
                                                                            Ym-7 Uncle Robert's Cove Spit
                                                                            Ym-8 Pine Island South Spit
                                                                            Ym-9 Mill Creek
                                                                            Yrn-10 Grays Beach
                                                                            Ym-1 I Hyannis Park/Algonquin Street
                                                                            Ym-12 Hyannis Park/Baxter Avenue

                              4G       Dn-3                                 Dn-1    Swan Pond River East Spit
                                                                            Dn-2    Swan Pond River West Spit
                                                                            Dn-3    Bowsprit Lane
                                                                            Dn-4    West Dennis Beach (Davis Beach)
                                                                            Dn-5    Quivett Creek West Spit
                                                                            Dn-6    Coles Pond
                                                                            Dn-7    QuIvett Neck
                                                                            Dn-8    Bridge Street Barrier
                                                                            Dn-9    Sesult Neck
                                                                            Dn-1O Cape Cod Bay
                                                                            Dn-1 1  Corporation Beach

                              40b      Ym-4                                 Ym-1    Davis Beach
                                                                            Ym-2    Crowell Pond Beach
                                                                            Ym-3    Parker River East Spitf
                                                                            Ym-4    Sea Gull Beach
                                                                            Ym-5    Great Island Beach
                                                                            Ym-10 Gray's Beach
                                                                            Dn-12 Chapin Memorial Beach

                              41       Hw-5                                 Hw-1 Red River Beach
                                                                            Hw-2    Saquatucket Harbor East Spit
                                                                            Hw-3    Wychmere Harbor East Spit
                                                                            Hw-4    Allen Habor East Spit
                                                                            Hw-5    Herring River East Spit
                                                                            Cm-17 Cockle Cove - Bucks Creek Barrier
                                                                            Cm-18 Mill Creek Spit
                                                                            Cm-19 Forrest Beach
                                                                            Cm-20 Red River East Spit
                                                                            Dn-5    Quivett Creek West Spit
                                                                            Bt-1    Nanskaket East Spit
                                                                            Bt-2    Cape Cod Bay
                                                                            Bt-3    Paine Creek Beach
                                                                            Bt-4    Wings Island Barrier


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                                                                          Cm-2 Monomoy Beach
                   42        Cm-2                                         Cm-1.Nauset, Beach
                                                                          Cm-2 Monomy Beach
                                                                          Cm-3 Strong island East East Spit
                   43        Cm-15                                        Cm-4 Strong Island North Barrier
                                                                          Cm-5 Strong island West
                                                                          Cm-6 FOX Hill
                                                                          Cm-7. Foreside Harbour Spit
                                                                          Cm-8 Sedge Lane Beach
                                                                          Cm-9 Shell Drive
                                                                          Cm-10 Kendrick Road Barrier            
                                                                          Cm-11 Salt March Way Barrier                     
                                                                          Cm-12 Old Harbor Barrier                                                                                        
                                                                          Cm-13 Tern Island
                                                                          Cm-14 Morris island Chatham Habor Spit 
                                                                          Cm-15 Stage Harbour East Spit       
                                                                          Cm-16 Harding Beach
                                                                          Cm-17 Nauset Beach
                                                                          Ol-7 Nauset Beach
                                                                          ol-12 Hog island
                                                                          ol-13 The Horseshoe spit
                                                                          ol-14 Davis goad Barrier Spit
                                                                          ol-15 Quanset Road/northeast      
                                                                          ol-16 Quanset Road/ Cranberry Bog
                                                                          ol-17 Quanset Pond

                                                                          ol-1 Little Namskaket Creek East Spit
                                                                          ol-2 Skakett Beach /South
                                       01-9                               ol-3 Namskaket Beach
                             44                                           ol-4 Namskaket West Spit
                                                                          ol-5 Nauset Harbour South Spit
                                                                          ol-6 Orleans Beach
                                                                          ol-7 Nauset Beach/North
                                                                          ol-8 Cliff Road
                                                                          ol-9 Old Field Point
                                                                          ol-10 Sampson Island North Barrier
                                                                          ol-11 Sampson Island South Barrier
                                                                          Eh-1 Sunken Meadow Spit
                                                                          Eh-2 First Encounter Beach
                                                                          Eh-3 Boat Meadow Marsh Barrier      
                                                                          Eh-4 Bridge Roaad
                                                                          Eh-5 Rock Harbor North Split            
                                                                          Eh-6 Coast Guard Beach       
                                                                          Eh-7 Nauset Harbor /South                           
                                                                          Bt-1 Namskaket East Spit

                                                                          Wf-1 Duck Harbor Beach
                                                                          Wf-2 The Gut       
                                                                          Wf-3 Great Island/ Great Beach Hill Bay
                                                                          Wf-4 Jeremy Point Barrier Spit   
                                                                          Wf-5 Great Beach Hill South Harbor Spit    
                                                                                     
                                                                                   
                                                                                     
                                                                                            
                                     45  Wf-18                                              
                                                                                     
                                                                                      

                                                                                         155
                                                                                            
                                                                                             
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0








                                                                              Wf-6 Great Beach Hill North Harobr Spit
                                                                              Wf-7 Great Island South Harbor Spit
                                                                              Wf-8 Great Island East Spit
                                                                              Wf-9 West Mayo Beach.
                                                                              Wf-10 Chatham Cove Spit
                                                                              Wf-11 Indian Nock Tidal Inlet Barriers
                                                                              Wf-12 Field Point
                                                                              Wf-13 Hillside Avenue Spit
                                                                              Wf-14 Blackfish Creek South Spit
                                                                              Wf-15 Old Wharf Point North Spit
                                                                              Wf-16 Old Wharf Point South Spit
                                                                              Wf-17 Lieutenant Island Logy bay Spit
                                                                              Wf-18 Cliff Avenue Bay Barrier
                                                                              Wf-19 Lieutenant Island South Spit
                                                                              Wf-20 Lieutenant Island South Marsh
                                                                              Wf-21 Catboat Road Spit
                                                                              Wf-22 Audubon Sanctuary
                                                                              Eh-1   Sunken Meadow Spit
                                                                              Tr-3   Harbor Bar
                                                                              Tr-4   Pamet River South Spit
                                                                              Tr-5   Bound Brook Beach
                                                                              Tr-7   Ballston Beach


                              46       Tr-7                                   Tr-1   Beach Point
                                                                              Tr-2   Great Swamp Beach
                                                                              Tr-3   Pamet River North
                                                                              Tr-6   Head of Meadow Beach
                                                                              Tr-7   Ballston Beach


                              47        Pt-1                                  Pt-1   Long Point
                                                                              Pt-2   Race Point Beach
                                                                              Tr-1   Pilgrim Beach
                                                                              Tr-6   Head of Meadow Beach


                              48       Gn-33                                  Gn-27 South Rock East
                                                                              Gn-28 South Rock
                                                                              Gn-29 Pasque I/Quicks Hole Small Pond
                                                                              Gn-30 Pasque I/Quicks Pond
                                                                              Gn-31 Quicks Hole Pond
                                                                              Gn-32 Canapitsit Harbor
                                                                              Gn-33 Cuttyhunk Pond South Spit
                                                                              Gn-34 West End Pond South
                                                                              Gn-35 West End Pond Spits
                                                                              Gn-36 Fresh Water Pond Marsh
                                                                              Gn-37 Cuttyhunk Pond West
                                                                              Gn-38 Copicut North
                                                                              Gn-39 Copicut Neck spit
                                                                              Gn-40 Canapitsit - Small Pond North.
                                                                              Gn-41 Knox Point Marsh
                                                                              Gn-42 Knox Point East
                                                                              Gn-43 Rock Island Beach



                                                                                 156
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                                                                    Gn-44 Jeep Trail Pond/West of the Neck
                                                                    Gn-45 The Neck Tombolo
                                                                    GnA6 North Point/South Beach
                                                                    Gn-47 North Rock
                                                                    Gn-48, Pasque Island/Westend salt marsh
                                                                    Gn-49 Pasque Island/Nonh
                                                                    Gn-77 Penikese Island South Spit
                                                                    Gn-78 Penikese Island East


                          49      Ch-1 5                            Gn-9
                                                                    Gn-10 Great Swamp North Beach
                                                                    Gn-1 1 Great Swamp Large Pond
                                                                    Gn-12 Great Swamp South Pond
                                                                    Gn-13 South Bluff West Beach
                                                                    Gn-14 South Bluff East Beach
                                                                    Gn-15 Tarpaulin Cove Middle Beach
                                                                    Gn-16 Tarpaulin Cove Pond
                                                                    Gn-17 Tarpaulin Cove South Pond
                                                                    Gn-18 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse
                                                                    Gn-19 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse #2
                                                                    Gn-20 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse #3
                                                                    Gn-21 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse South
                                                                    Gn-22 French Watering Place
                                                                    Gn-23 French Watering Place South Beach
                                                                    Gn-24 Naushon Point
                                                                    Gn-25 Robinsons Hole South
                                                                    Gn-26 Pawque 1. Southwest Beach
                                                                    Gn-49 Pasque Island North
                                                                    Gn-50. Pasque Island North Pond Beach
                                                                    Gn-51 Robinsons Hole Pond
                                                                    Gn-52 West Beach
                                                                    Gn-53 Crescent Beach
                                                                    Gn-54 Kettle Cove Spit
                                                                    Gn-55 Kettle Cove North Beach
                                                                    Gn-56 Silver Beach
                                                                    Gn-57 Silver Beach East
                                                                    Ch-1 5 Cape Higgon South
                                                                    CN-16 Paint Mill
                                                                    Ch-17 Paint Mill #2
                                                                    Ch-18 Hadock Pond
                                                                    Wt-9 Grey Pond

                          50      Tb-9                              Wt-10 Tisbury Lane #1
                                                                    Wt-1 1 Tisbury Lane #2
                                                                    Wt-12 Tisbury Lane #2
                                                                    Wt-13 Doggetts Pond
                                                                    Wt- 14 Cedar Tree Neck
                                                                    Wt-15 Lilly Pond
                                                                    Wt-16 James Pond
                                                                    Wt-17 Lambens Cove
                                                                    Tb-1 Vineyard Haven Harbor Spit


                                                                      157








                                                                                  Tb-2 Cedar Nock North Spit
                                                                                  Tb-3 Cedar Neck South Spit
                                                                                  Tb-4 Cedar Neck Bay
                                                                                  Tb-5 Mink Meadows North
                                                                                  Tb-6 Mink Meadows South
                                                                                  Tb-7 Lake Tashmoo East Spit
                                                                                  Tb-8 Fat Point South
                                                                                  Tb-9 Lake Tashmoo South
                                                                                  Tb-10 Hillman Point 
                                                                                  Tb-11 Lake Tashmoo West Spit
                                                                                  Tb-12 Smith Brook
                                                                                  Tb-13 Norton point East
                                                                                  Ob-10 Vine Haven Harbor East Spit
                                                                                  Ob-11 Lagoon Pond inner Barrier Beach
                                                                                  Ob-12 Lagoon Pond Spite #1
													    Ob-13 Barnes Road-Lagoon Pond Spit

                                                                                  Ob-1 Joseph Sylvia State Beach Park
                          51a      Et-36                                        Ob-2 Sengekontacket Pond North Spit
                                                                                  Ob-3 Hamlin Pond
                                                                                  Ob-4 Hart Haven Barrier Beach
                                                                                  Ob-5 Oak Bluffs Harbor South Spit
                                                                                  Ob-6 Oak Bluffs Harbor North Spit
                                                                                  Ob-7 Crystal Lake Barrier Beach                       
                                                                                  Ob-8 Eastville #1
                                                                                  Ob-9 Eastville #2
                                                                                  Ob-11 Lagoon Pond Inner Barrier Beach
                                                                                  
                                                                                  Et-1 Edgartown Beach
                                                                                  Et-2 Haystack Point Spit
                                                                                  Et-3 ocean Heights View Barrier Beach
                                                                                  Et-4 Eagartown Beach South
                                                                                  Et-5 Edgartown Beach Spit
                                                                                  Et-6 Little Beach
                                                                                  Et-7 Inlet to Edgartown Harbor
                                                                                  Et-8 Bankers Way Beach
                                                                                  Et-9 Katama Road Salt Pond  salt pond
                                                                                  Et-10 Edgartown Bay Road/Salt Pond
                                                                                  Et-11 Bluefish Point
                                                                                  Et-34 Norton Point
                                                                                  Et-35 Edgartown Great Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                                  Et-36 Jobs Neck #1          
                                                                                  Et-37 jobs Neckk pond Barrier Beach

                                                                                  Et-13 Bayview Road Barrier Beach
                                51b      Et-1 5                                   Et-14 Wasque Road/West Beach
                                                                                  Et-15 School Road South Beach
                                                                                  Et-16 Long Point  
                                                                                  Et-17 Snow Point Barrier Beach
                                                                                  Et-18 Chappaquiddick Point
                                                                                  Et-19 Chappaquiddick Beach
                                                                                  Et-20 North Neck Road Barrier Beach

                                                                                  158
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                                                                   Et-21 North Neck Tombolo
                                                                   Et-22 John Oliver Point
                                                                   Et-23 Cape Poge Bay #1
                                                                   Et-24 Cape Poge Bay #2
                                                                   Et-25 Cape Poge Bay #3
                                                                   Et-26 Cape Poge Bay #4
                                                                   Et-27 Pease Pond Barrier Beach and Spit
                                                                   Et-28 Cape Poge Elbow
                                                                   Et-29 Shear Pon Pond Barrier Spits
                                                                   Et-30 Little Neck Spit
                                                                   Et-31 Cape Poge East Beach
                                                                   Et-32 Pocha Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                   Et-33 Washaqua Hill Barrier Beach
                                                                   Et-34 Norton Point

                          52      Wt-8                             Ch-1  ChIlmark Pond, Black Pt.
                                                                   Ch-2  Chilmark Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                   Wt-1  Watcha Pond #1
                                                                   Wt-2  Watcha Pond #2
                                                                   Wt-3  Watcha Pond #3
                                                                   Wt-4  Scubby Neck
                                                                   Wt-5  Homer Pond
                                                                   Wt-6  Salt Pond at Big Homer's Pond Road
                                                                   Wt-7  Long Cove
                                                                   Wt-8  Tisbury Great Pond
                                                                   Et-37 Jobs Neck Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                   Et-38 Pohoganot Road
                                                                   Et-39 Paqua Pond
                                                                   Et-40 Oyster Pond Barrier Beach

                         53       Ch-6                             Ch-2  Chilmark Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                   Ch-3  Chilmark Pond #2
                                                                   Ch-4  Stonewall Beach
                                                                   Ch-5  Squibnocket Bight
                                                                   Ch-6  Squibnocket Beach
                                                                   Ch-7  Menemsha Pond #1 Spit
                                                                   Ch-8  Nashaquftsa Pond Spit
                                                                   Ch-9  Menemsha Pond #1
                                                                   Ch-10 Menemsha Pond #2.
                                                                   Ch-1 1 Menemsha Pond #3
                                                                   Ch-12 Menemsha Pond #4
                                                                   Ch-13 Gay Head Coast Guard Station
                                                                   Ch-14 Menemsha Beach
                                                                   Ch-19 Nomans Land
                                                                   Gh-1 Long Beach
                                                                   Gh-2 Gay Head Town Beach
                                                                   Gh-3 Lobsterville/West Payson Rd. Spit

                         54       Nt-48                            Nt-39 Madaket Point
                                                                   Nt-40 Esther Island
                                                                   Nt-41 Tuckernuck South Spit



                                                                     159












                                                                       Nt-42 Tuckernuck Northwest Sound
                                                                       Nt-43 Muskeget Island Barrier Complex
                                                                       Nt-44 North Pond Small Barrier
                                                                       Nt-45 North Pond Bay Mouth Barrier
                                                                       Nt-46 Tuckernuck Island East Pond Spit
                                                                       Nt-47 Tuckemuck Island Bay Barrier Beach
                                                                       Nt-48 Tuckernuck Is. Thin Pond Bay Barrier

                           55       Nt-34                              Nt-1 Coatue Point
                                                                       Nt-2  Brant Point
                                                                       Nt-3  The Creeks
                                                                       Nt-31 Miacomet Pond
                                                                       Nt-32 Mioxes, Pond
                                                                       Nt-33 Reedy Pond
                                                                       Nt-34 Hummock Pond Bay Mouth Barrier
                                                                       Nt-35 Clark Cove
                                                                       Nt-36 Sheep Pond
                                                                       Nt-37 Long Pond Bay Barrier
                                                                       Nt-38 Hither Creek
                                                                       Nt-49 Jackson Point
                                                                       Nt-50 Jackson Point North
                                                                       Nt-51 Warren Landing Barrier Beach
                                                                       Nt-52 Eel Point
                                                                       Nt-53 Eel Point Road
                                                                       Nt-54 Capaum Pond
                                                                       Nt-55 Reed Pond
                                                                       Nt-56 Jetties Beach


                           56       Nt-28                              Nt-1  Coatue Beach (see above)
                                                                       Nt-4  Harbor View Road Beach
                                                                       Nt-5  Pimnys Point
                                                                       Nt-6  Shimmo Road #1
                                                                       Nt-7  Shimmo Road #2
                                                                       Nt-8  Abrams Point Spit
                                                                       Nt-9  Shawkerno Bader Beach
                                                                       Nt-10 Shawkemo #2
                                                                       Nt-1 1 UMass Research Center/Folgers Marsh
                                                                       Nt-12 Quaise Road
                                                                       Nt-13 Quaise Point
                                                                       Nt-14 Swains Neck
                                                                       Nt-15 Polpis Harbor
                                                                       Nt-16 Polpis Harbor #2
                                                                       Nt-17 Polpis Harbor #3
                                                                       Nt-18 Pocomo Meadow
                                                                       Nt-19 Pocomo Road
                                                                       Nt-20 Pocomo Road #2
                                                                       Nt-21 Squam Swamp Beach
                                                                       Nt-23 Wawinet Tombolo
                                                                       Nt-24 Squam Pond
                                                                       Nt-25 Squam Road Beach
                                                                       Nt-26 Seachacha Pond



                                                                          160










                                                                Nt-27 Tom Nevers Pond Barrier
                                                                Nt-28 Forked Pond Valley
                                                                Nt-29 Forked Valley West
                                                                Nt-30 Madequecham Barrier

                        57      Nt-23                           Nt-22 Great Pond Spit
                                                                Nt-23 Wawinet Tombolo


                        (f= barrier.map)













































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                   Federal Coastal Barrier Resource System (COBRA)
   I                            Units in Massachusetts
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                             Federal Coastal Barrier Resource System Units in Massachusetts


                            Coastal
                            Zone
                            Management
                            Mai)                    Unit                             Unit Code Name


                            1                       MA-01 P                          Salisbury Beach

                            2                       MA-02P                           Plum Island


                            3                       coo                              Clark Pond
                                                    MA-03                            Castle Neck


                            4                       MA-03                            Castle Neck
                                                    col                              Wingersheek Unit
                                                    Col B                            Brace Cove


                            5                       C01A                             Good Harbor Beach/Milk Island

                            6                       MA-04                            West Beach (2 units)

                            7                       MA-06                            Phillips Island

                            8                       MA-08P                           Snake Island
                                                    MA-09P                           Wallaston Beach
                                                    MA-10P                           Merrymount Park

                            9                       col C                            West Head Beach
                                                    MA-1 1                           Peddock/Rainsford Islands

                            10                      MA-12                            Cohasset Harbor
                                                    C02                              North Scituate


                            11                      C03                              Rivermoor
                                                    C03A                             Rexhame


                            12                      MA-13                            Duxbury Beach (Squash Neck -
                                                                                     Standish Shore)
                                                    C04                              Plymouth Bay

                            13                      C06                              Center Hill (Ship Pond, Salt
                                                                                     Pond)

                            14                      MA-1 4P                          Town Neck
                                                    C08                              Scorton


                            15                      cog/C09P                         Sandy Neck (C09 Mill Creek)



                                                                      164









                        16                       cog                              Sandy Neck
                                                 MA-1 SP                          Chapin Beach
                                                 MA-1 6                           Nobscusset
                                                 CIO                              Freemans Pond


                        17                       C11                              Namskaket Spits
                                                 C1 1 A-Cl I AP                   Boat Meadow
                                                 MA-20P                           Nauset Beach/Monomoy

                        18                       MA-1 7P                          Griffin/Great Islands
                                                 MA-17AP                          Lieutenant Island
                                                 MA-1 8                           Pamet Harbor
                                                 MA-18P                           Ballston Beach


                        19                       MA-1 9P                          Provincetown


                        20                       MA-19P                           Provincetown


                        21                       MA-20P                           Nauset Beach/Monomoy

                        22                       MA-20P                           Nauset Beach/Monomoy

                        23                       C12                              Chatham Roads


                        24                       MA-23P                           Davis Beach
                                                 C1 3/Cl 3P                       Lewis Bay

                        25                       C14                              Squaw Island
                                                 C1 5-Cl 5P                       Centerville


                        26                       C16                              Dead Neck
                                                 C17                              Popponesset Spit

                        27                       C18/C18P                         Waquoit Bay
                                                 C1 8A                            Falmouth Ponds (Bournes Pond,
                                                                                  Green Pond)

                        28                       C19                              Black Beach
                                                 MA-24                            Naushon Island (2 units)

                        29                       MA-30                            Herring Brook
                                                 MA-31                            Squeteague Harbor
                                                 MA-32                            Bassetts Island
                                                 MA-33                            Phinneys Harbor

                        30                       MA-24                            Naushon Island (rarpaulin Cove,
                                                                                  French Watering Place, Naushon
                                                                                  Pt., West Beach






                                                                   165









                            31                       C31                               Elizabeth Islands (West Pond,
                                                                                       Cuttyhunk Harbor, Quicks Hole
                                                                                       Pond, Pasque Island, Robinson
                                                                                       Hole)
                                                     MA-25P                            Penikese Island


                            32                       MA-26                             Harthaven
                                                     MA-27P                            Edgartown Beach
                                                     C26                               EelPond
                                                     C27                               Cape Poge
                                                     MA-28P                            Norton Point
                                                     C28                               South Beach


                            33                       C28                               South Beach


                            34                       C29/C29P                          Squibnocket Complex
                                                     MA-29P                            Nomans Land


                            35                       C29A                              James Pond
                                                     C29B                              Mink Meadows


                            36                       C20                               Coatue Unit
                                                     C21                               Sesachacha Pond


                            37                       C22                               Cisco Beach
                                                     C23                               Esther Island

                            38                                                         Tuckermuck Island (North Pond,
                                                                                       East Pond)
                                                     C25                               Muskeget Island

                            39                       C19A                              Buzzards Bay Complex (8 units)
                                                     MA-35                             Planting Island

                            40                       C1 9A                             Buzzards Bay Complex
                                                     C31A                              West Sconticut Neck (5 units)

                            41                       C31 B                             Harbor View


                            42                       MA-36                             Round Hill
                                                     C32                               Mishaum Point
                                                     MA-37P                            Demarest Lloyd Park
                                                     C33                               Little Beach


                            43                       C33                               Little Beach
                                                     C43/C43P                          Horseneck Beach (C34 3 units)
                                                     D01                               Little Compton Ponds

                            44                       C34A                              Cedar Cove





                                                                        166




















                                   APPENDIX C

                    Beach Staging Areas for Migratory Shorebirds



























                                        167









                                     Coastal Areas Important as
                                 Migratory Shorebird Staging Areas

                           Data from the Manomet Bird Observatory, Plymouth, MA


                   Type
                   GL    Government land, not park or wildlife
                   x     Not managed for wildlife or parks
                   SID   State/municipal park
                   PP    Private conservation land
                   U     Unknown status
                   NW    National Wildlife Refuge
                   ST    Sewage treatment plant
                   NP    National Park
                   SW    State wildlife area (refuge, mgt. area)
                   PW    Private wildlife sanctuary
                   PSF   Private sodfarm
                   NSW   National AND State Wildlife Refuge



                   Site                                      Type

                   BARNSTABLE, MILL POND                     x

                   BOSTON, EARHART DAM                       GL

                   EAST BOSTON, BELLE ISLE                   GL
                   (2 locations)

                   BOSTON, MYSTIC PARK                       GL

                   BOSTON, MALDEN RIVER                      GL

                   BOSTON, PINE RIVER                        GIL
                   (2 locations)

                   BOSTON, PUTNAM AVE; JUST SW               GL

                   BOSTON, ROCK ISLAND COVE                  GL

                   BOSTON, SAUGUS MARSH                      GL

                   BOSTON-WINTHROP, SNAKE ISLAND             GL
                   (4 locations)


                                                  168









                       BOSTON, SEAPLANE BASIN                                 x

                       BOSTON, THOMPSON ISLAND                                SID

                       BOSTON, WORLD'S END                                    Pp

                       BOSTON, WEIR RIVER                                     U

                       BREWSTER, PAINE'S CREEK                                x

                       BREWSTER, POINT OF ROCKS                               x

                       BREWSTER, QUIVET CREEK
                       & WING ISLAND BEACH                                    x


                       DENNIS, CHAPIN BEACH                                   x

                       EASTHAM, FIRST ENCOUNTER BEACH                         GL
                       (4 locations)

                       HULL, GUT                                              x
                       MARION, KITANSETT, BUTLER'S POINT.                     x

                       MARION SEWAGE TREATMENT


                       MONOMOY ISLAND NWR, NO. END                            NW
                       (9 locations)

                       EASTHAM, NAUSET MARSH                                  NP

                       ORLEANS, NEW ISLAND                                    NP

                       NEWBURYPORT HARBOR                                     GL
                       (3 locations)

                       EASTHAM, NAUSET
                       (COAST GUARD BEACH & NEW ISL.)                         Np
                       (5 locations)


                       PARKER RIVER NWR
                       (BEACH, SALT MARSH, IMPS)                              Nw
                       (3 locations)

                       PARKER RIVER NWR (PANNES)                              NW

                       REVERE POINT-O-PINES                                   U



                                                                169










                         SCITUATE, THIRD CLIFF                                  x
                         (5 locations)

                         SQUANTUM                                               x


                         FAIRHAVEN, WEST ISLAND                                 Sw

                         WINTHROP (BREAKWATER)                                  x

                         DUXBURY BEACH                                          PP, X
                         (3 locations)

                         PLYMOUTH BEACH                                         GL, X
                         (4 locations)

                         PLUM ISLAND                                            NW
                         (2 locations)

                         BOSTON, UMASS & MORRISSY BLVD                          GL, X

                         NANTUCKET HARBOR FLATS                                 GL, X

                         LYNN HARBOR                                            -GL, X

                         BRIDGEWATER STATE FARM

                         ROWLEY                                                 x


                         MANOMET, MBO BEACH                                     x
                         (2 locations)

                         MONOMOY-NORTH AND SOUTH ENDS                           NW


                         BREWSTER, WING ISLAND                                  x


                         PLYMOUTH BAY FLATS                                     x


                         SCITUATE & MARSHFIELD,
                         NORTH & SOUTH RIVERS                                   x


                         WESTPORT


                         PLUM ISLAND (REFUGE BEACH)                             NW

                         NEWBURYPORT/PLUM ISLAND                                NW
                         (2 locations)



                                                                  170








                 ORLEANS, NAUSET (NORTH BEACH)            NP
                 (3 locations)

                 HULL, ALLERTON POINT                     x

                 MONOMOY ISLAND NWR, SO. END              NW
                 (2 locations)

                 BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK
                 LEAST TERN COLONY AREA                   SW


                 BASS CREEK NEAR GRAYS' BEACH
                 TERN COLONY                              x


                 WELLFLEET BAY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY         PW


                 MASHPEE, SOUTH CAPE BEACH                x

                 ALLEN'S POND                             PW


                 ALLEN'S POND, EAST BEACH                 x


                 WESTPORT/DARTMOUTH TOWN LINE             x


                 DARTMOUTH, LLOYD CENTER                  PW

                 WESTPORT, ACOAXET                        x

                 WESTPORT, GOOSEBERRY ISLAND              SID

                 WESTPORT, TOWN BEACH/
                 HORSENECK BEACH                          SID


                 DUXBURY BEACH - SAQUISH                  GL, X

                 STAGE POINT BEACH (ROOST)                x

                 BARNSTABLE MARSH & BASS CREEK            x


                 BASS CREEK                               x


                 BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK TERN POND         Sw

                 BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK COVE              SW

                 BASS CREEK & SANDY NECK TERN POND        Sw


                 ALLEN'S POND


                                               171










                 NONQUITT SALT MARSH


                 SALTERS POINT


                 IPSWICH, CRANES BEACH (AREA A)          p

                 IPSWICH, CRANES BEACH (AREA B)

                 IPSWICH, CRANES BEACH (AREA C)

                 MINI-MOY (BETWEEN NO. & SO.
                 MONOMOY)

                 CHATHAM, SOUTH BEACH ISLAND

                 BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK                  SW




































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                     Off-Road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment
                      and Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines
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                                  Off-Road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment,
                                   and Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines
                                    (Adapted from The Cape Cod National Seashore Guide)


                                Where a barrier beach managment plan provides opportunities for off-
                                road vehicle use, the following will serve as recommended guidelines for
                                off-road vehicles and related equipment


                        Off-road vehicles should have:
                                1. Tires that meet minimum standards.
                                2. Required accessory equipment.
                                3. Valid state registration and inspection sticker.
                                4. A valid off road vehicle beach access permit affixed to the vehicle
                                       consistent with the vehicle's state registration number.

                        Operators should:
                                1. Possess a valid state operator's license.
                                2. Review educational programs.

                        Coastal Beach and Dune Driving Guidelines:
                                1. Avoid access on or over driftline zones or expanding dune edges;
                                2. Avoid access on or over dunes;
                                3. Avoid access on or over areas of nesting shore birds, migrating shore
                                       bird staging areas and rare, threatened and endangered species'
                                       habitat.
                                4. Avoid driving on wrack line.
                                5. Follow previously made trails within oversand vehicle corridor;
                                6. Tire pressure is critical. Tires should be deflated to the point that
                                       they will not cause adverse impacts to beach terrain. Friction may
                                       cause pressure increase as a vehicle is driven. The vehicle may have
                                       to be stopped and pressure reduced again.
                                7. Check tides before starting since some sections of beach may 'be
                                       impassable at high tide.
                                8. Don't spin tires or the vehicle will be dug into a hole; a light foot on
                                       the accelerator works best.
                                9. If the vehicle gets stuck check the tire pressure and lower pressure
                                       again if necessary; try backing up in the vehicle tracks before moving
                                       ahead.
                                10. Excessive speed endangers drivers, vehicles, other beach users, and
                                       wildlife, a slow, steady speed and correct tire pressure is more
                                       effective than faster speeds.
                                11. Tern and plover chicks may hide in vehicle tracks when frightened;
                                       always look out for wildlife when driving on the beach.

                                                                 174








                          Driving should not occur on:
                                  1. Foreshore and foredune areas
                                  2. Inner dune routes
                                  3. Posted shorebird nesting areas
                                  4. Beach areas designated for use by pedestrians only
                                  5. Outside of oversand vehicle corridors
                          Exception:    Vehicles may travel the foreshore when passing a beach cut which has
                          eliminated the legal oversand vehicle co)Wdor.


                          Safety and rights of way.-
                                  1. Riding on fenders, tailgate, roof, or any exterior portion of a vehicle
                                          not designed to carry passengers should be prohibited.
                                  2. When two vehicles meet on the beach, the operator of the vehicle
                                          with the water on the driver's right has the right of way. Self
                                          contained recreational vehicles should always have the right of way
                                          because of size and weight.


                          Oversand route maintenance:
                                  1. Tire pressure should be such that no adverse impact is caused to the
                                          beach terrain.
                                  2. The operator of a vehicle which becomes stuck in the sand should
                                          fill in all ruts or holes and remove any debris used to extricate the
                                          vehicle.



                          Recommended equipment for all vehicles:
                                  1. Shovel -- heavy duty type, equal to or better than a military folding
                                          shovel
                                  2. Tow device -- minimum length: 14 feet; minimum diameter:
                                          5/16 inch (chain), 1/4 inch (cable), I inch nylon or polypropylene, 3/4
                                          inch tow strap 1-1/2 inches wide (rope)
                                  3. Jack -- standard size and type provided by manufacturer
                                  4. Jack support board -- minimum size: 10 inches by 12 inches; minimum
                                          thickness: 5/8 inch for plywood; 1-1/2 inches for solid wood
                                  5. Tire pressure gauge -- must register to 5 pounds per square inch or
                                          lower
                                  6. Fire extinguisher
                                  7. First aid kit
                                  8. Spare tire -- must meet tire standards described below.
                                  9. Minimal tire standards (rim diameter/tire section width in millimeters/tire
                                          section width in inches)
                                          131185n.25
                                          14/195/7.50
                                          15+/225/8.75
                                          All tires should have a minimum profile series of 70.


                                                                     175









                             77je above standards are minimum recommended sizes. For efficient beach
                             trave4 a tire section width of at least 235 millimeters in a non-aggressive tread
                             design is recommended "Mud W Snow" tires are considered an aggressive
                             tread


                      Driver education materials (programs, displays, signs):
                             1. Describe the values of barrier beach, coastal resources, dune, salt
                                    marsh, and tidal flat environments
                             2. Describe the damage that inappropriate use of an off-road vehicle
                                    use can cause to beach, dune, salt marsh, and tidal flat environments











































                                                           176




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   I                  Federal, State, Regional and Municipal Laws
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                                        Laws That May Have Relevance to
                                             Barrier Beach Management






                       Federal Statutes



                              Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918                       16 U.S. Code 703

                              Coastal Zone Management Act                         16 U.S. Code 1451

                              Endangered Species Act                              16 U.S. Code 1531

                              Coastal Barrier Resources Act                       16 U.S. Code 3502


                              Rivers & Harbor Act of 1899                         33 U.S. Code 401


                              Water Pollution Control Act
                               (Clean Water Act)                                  33 U.S. Code 1251

                              Marine Protection, Research, and
                               Sanctuaries Act                                    33 U.S. Code 1401


                              Marine Plastic Pollution Research and
                              Control Act of 1987                                 33 U.S. Code 1901


                              National Flood Insurance Act                        42 U.S. Code 4001


                              National Environmental Policy Act                   42 U.S. Code 4321

                              Americans With Disabilities Act                     42 U.S. Code 12101


















                                                             178








                      State Statutes, Regulaflons and Executive Orders


                      Landowner Liability Limitations      Mass. General Laws Chapter 21, ï¿½17c

                      Coastal Zone Management Act          Mass. General Laws Chapter 21A, ï¿½4A
                      & Regulations                        301 Code of Mass. Regulations 20.00

                      CZM Federal Consistency
                      Regulations                          301 Code of Mass. Regulations 21.00

                      Clean Water Act                      Mass. General Laws Chapter 21, ï¿½42
                      & Regulations                        314 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-15.00

                      Sanitary Code/Title V Regulations    310 Code of Mass. Regulations 15.00

                      Handicap Access Act                  Mass. General Laws Chapter 22, ï¿½13A
                      & Regulations                        521 Code of Mass. Regulations 2-3.00
                                                                  (Architectural Access Board)

                      Mass. Environmental Policy Act       Mass. General Laws Chapter 30, ï¿½ï¿½61-62H
                      & Regulations                        301 Code of Mass. Regulations 11.00

                      Areas of Critical Environmental
                      Concern Regulations                  301 Code of Mass. Regulations 12.00


                      Motor Vehicles Act                   Mass. General Laws Chapter 90
                      & Regulations                        540 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-19.00

                      Motorboats & Other Vessels Act       Mass. General Laws Chapter 90B
                      & Regulations                        323 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-5.00

                      Public Waterfront Act                Mass. General Laws Chapter 91
                      & Regulations                        310 Code of Mass. Regulations 9.00

                      Marine Fish & Fisheries Act          Mass. General Laws Chapter 130
                      & Regulations                        322 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-12.00

                      Coastal Wetlands Restriction Act     Mass. General Laws Chapter 130, ï¿½.105
                      & Regulations                        302 Code of Mass. Regulations 4.00

                      Inland Fisheries, Game & Other
                      Natural Resources Act                Mass. General Laws Chapter 131
                      & Regulations                        321 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-9.00




                                                             179








                       Wetlands Protection Act              Mass. General Laws Chapter 131, ï¿½40
                       & Regulations                        310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.00

                       Endangered Species Act               Mass. General Laws Chapter 131A
                       & Regulations                        321 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.00

                       Ocean Sanctuary Act                  Mass. General Laws Chapter 132A
                       & Regulations                        302 Code of Mass. Regulations 5.00

                       Pesticide Control Act                Mass. General Laws Chapter 132B
                       & Regulations                        333 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-11

                       Building Standards                   Mass. General Laws Chapter 143
                       & Regulations                        248 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                                               (Plumbing)
                                                            521 Code of Mass. Regulations 2-3.00
                                                                    (Architectural Access Board)
                                                            780 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-34.00
                                                                    (Building Code, includes floodplain)

                       Mass. Historic Commission
                       Regulations                          950 Code of Mass. Regulations 70-71.00

                       Crimes Against the Person            Mass. General Laws Chapter 265

                       Crimes Against Property              Mass. General Laws Chapter 266

                       Crimes Against Public Health         Mass. General Laws Chapter 270


                       Executive Order No. 181: Barrier Beaches (1980)

                       Executive Order No. 190: Regulation of Off-Road Vehicle Use on Public Lands
                       Containing Coastal Wetlands Resources (1980)
















                                                              180







                    Rg9lonal/Couft


                    Cape Cod Commission Act         Chapter.716 of the Acts and Resolves of
                                                    1989; Chapter 2 of the Acts and
                                                    Resolves of 1990; Regional Policy Plan

                    Martha's Vineyard               Chapter 831 of the Acts and Resolves of
                    Commission Act                  1977





                    Lmal



                    Ordinances/Bylaws, Regulations, Rules, Policies and Guidelines

                          Examples:    Zoning
                                       Wetlands
                                       Waterways
                                       Animal Control
                                       Loitering
                                       Health


                    See the local city or town clerk for copies or further information.




















                                                     181







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   -I.
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   1                               APPENDIX F
   I                    State Environmental Agency Contacts
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                                                                                      Executive Off ice of
                                                        IE-= nvi ron mental 0%,ffairs


                                                                                                                -a Environmental Crimes Strike Force
                                                                                                                --a Massachusetts Environmental Trust
                                                                                                                -a Massachusetts Geographical Information System




                                          Massachusetts                       Massachusetts                                 Division of                   Water Resources
                                          Coastal Zone                         Environmental                             Conservation                         Commission
                                            Management                       Policy Act Unit                                 Services                              (WRC)
                                               (MGZM)                               (MEPA)                                      (DCS)





                                  Buzzards                        Massachusetts
                                  Bay Project                     Bays Program
                                     (BBP)                              (MBP)




                                  Department of                   Department of                    Department of                     Department of                       Metropolitan
                                  Environmental                   Environmental                  Fisheries, Wildlife                       Food &                             District
                                  Management                        Protection                   & Environmental                        Agriculture                      Commission
                                      (DEM)                             (DEP)                    Law Enforcement                            (DFA)                             (MOC)
                              m   Waquoit Bay                     m Bureau of Resource                (IDFWELW)                   m    Division of Agricultural      m   Division of
                                  National Estuarine                Protection                   a    Division of Fisheries            Development                       Recreational
                                  Research Reserve                w Bureau of Waste                   & Wildlife                  a    Division of                       Facilities & Programs
                              m   Division of                       Prevention                   m    Division of                      Regulatory Services           w   Division of
                                  Forests & Parks                 a Bureau of Waste                   Marine Fisheries                                                   Reservations &
                              m   Division of Resource              Site Cleanup                 m    Division or                                                        Historic Sites
                                  Conservation                    m Bureau of                         Environmental Law                                              s   Division of Parks
                                                                    Municipal Facilities              Enforcement                                                        Engineering &
                                                                                                 m    Public Acress                                                      Construction
                                                                                                      Board                                                          m   Division of Central
                                                                                                                                                                         Services
                                                                                                                                                                     w   Division of Watershed
                                                                                                                                                                         Management





















                                                                                                                184







                                      State Environmental Agency'Contacts
                                 relevant to the managment of barrier beaches


                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs: (617) 727-9800
A                      This is the Governor's cabinet level agency. See the flow chart on the facing page
                       for the bureaucratic breakdown. Coastal Zone Managment also has a "Coastal
                       Brier, which briefly explains the functions of the Commonwealth's environmental
                       departments, bureaus, divisions, offices and programs with telephone numbers and
                       addresses; call Mass. Coastal Zone Management at (617) 727-9530 for a copy.

                       (All numbers are in the 617 area e-rxept as noted)
                       Mass. Coastal Zone Management: 727-9530.
                       Mass. Environmental Policy Act Unit: 727-5830.
                       Department of Environmental Managment's Division of Forests and Parks:
                              727-3180 (includes Department owned public barrier beaches).
                       Department of Environmental Managment's Division of Resource Conservation:
                              727-3160.
                       Department of Environmental Protection has a Bureau of Resource Protection
                              under which falls the Division of Wetlands and Waterways: 292-5695
                              (administers the Mass. Wetlands Protection and Waterways programs).
                       Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Law Enforcement's Division
                              of Fisheries and Wildlife: 727-3151 (this Division includes the states'
                              Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program: 727-9194); the
                              Division ot Marine Fisheries: 727-3193; the Division of Law Enforcement:
                              727-9905; and a HOTLINE: 1-800-632-8075.
                       Metropolitan District Commission: 727-5215 (the Commission owns metropolitan
                              area public recreational barrier beaches).




















                                                              185



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 I                               Glossary
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                                                           Glossary




                        A-Zone: flood zone subject to still water flooding during a storm with a 100.
                               year recurrence interval, as defined and mapped by Federal Emergency
                               Management Agency.

                        accretion: may be either natural or artificial. Natural accretion is the buildup of
                               land, solely by the action of the forces of nature, on a beach by deposition
                               of water or airborne material. Artificial accretion is a similar buildup of
                               land by reason of an act of man, such as the accretion formed by a groin,
                               breakwater, or beach fill deposited by mechanical means.

                        aeolian: on barrier beaches, features caused by the winds; wind-blown.

                        backshore: zone of the shore or beach lying between the foreshore and the
                               coastline comprising the berm or berms and acted upon by waves only
                               during severe storms, especially when combined with exceptionally high
                               water. Also backbeach.

                        barTier beach: a narrow low-lying strip of land consisting of beach and dunes
                               extending parallel to the trend of the coast and separated from the
                               mainland by a fresh, brackish or salt water body or marsh. Resource Area
                               protected under the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310
                               Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29).

                        barrier island: a barrier beach that is unconnected to the mainland.

                        barrier lagoon: a bay roughly parallel to the coast and separated from the
                               open ocean by barrier islands. Also, the body of water encircled by coral
                               islands and reefs, in which case it may be called an atoll lagoon.

                        barrier spit: a barrier beach that is connected at one end to upland and
                               unconnected at the other end.


                        bay barrier: a barrier beach that is connected at both ends to upland.

                        beach: unconsolidated sediment subject to wave, tidal and coastal storm action
                               which forms the gently sloping shore of a body of salt water and extends
                               from the mean low waterline (including tidal flats) landward to the
                               duneline, coastal bankline or the seaward edge of coastal engineering
                               structures. Coastal beaches are a Resource Area protected under the
                               Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310 Code of Mass.
                               Regulations 10.27).


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                       beach nourishment: the process of replenishing a beach or dune with material
                               (usually sand) obtained from another location, by mechanical or hydraulic
                               8means.


                       berm: a nearly horizontal upper part of the beach or one sloping away from
                               the ocean.


                       breakwater: a linear mound-like coastal engineering structure constructed
                               offshore, typically parallel to the shoreline; designed to protect landward
                               property, a harbor or anchorage from storm waves.

                       coastal bank: the seaward face or side of any elevated landform, other than
                               a coastal dune, which lies at the landward edge of a coastal beach, land
                               subject to tidal action, or other wetland. Coastal banks are a Resource
                               Area protected by the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310
                               Code of Mass. Regulations 10.30) and may be significant to storm damage
                               prevention or flood control as a vertical buffer or as a sediment source for
                               beaches, dunes or barriers. Coastal bank differs from a coastal dune by the
                               fact that it has been glacially deposited. Top of coastal bank is defined in
                               the Wetlands Protection Program Policy 92-1.

                       coastal beach: see "beach."


                       coastal dune: see "dune."

                       cobble: rocks larger than pebbles and gravel but smaller than boulders; generally
                               around 3 inches (76 millimeters) in diameter.

                       conservation restriction: a legal agreement, either voluntary or involuntary,
                               designed to restrict use of privately owned land for conservation purposes.

                       current, longshore: the littoral current in the breaker zone moving essentially
                               parallel to the shore, usually generated by waves breaking at an angle to
                               the shoreline.


                       downdrift: in the direction of the predominant movement of sediment along
                               the shore.


                       dredging: the removal of sediment or excavation of tidal or subtidal bottom
                               to provide sufficient depths for navigation or anchorage.

                       drift: see "wrack"


                       dune: any natural hill, mound, or ridge of sediment landward of a coastal beach
                               deposited by the wind or storm overwash; sediment deposited by artificial
                               means and serving the purpose of storm damage prevention and flood
                               control. Coastal dunes are a Resource Area protected under the Wetlands

                                                              189









                                Protection Act and Regulations (See 310 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                10.28).

                        endangered: species threatened with imminent extinction, as defined by the state
                                and federal Endangered Species Acts.

                        entrapment capacity: when the updrift side of a groin or jetty is filled completely
                                with beach sediment.


                        eolian sands: sediments of sand s  ize or smaller which have been transported
                                by winds. They may be recognized in marine deposits off desert coasts by
                                the greater angularity of the grains compared with waterborne particles.

                        erosion: the wearing away of land by the action of natural forces. On a beach,
                                the carrying away of beach material by wave action, tidal currents, littoral
                                currents, or by deflation.

                        estuary: a semi-enclosed body of water with an open connection to the sea
                                that is measurably diluted by freshwater drainage.

                        floodplain: the area of shorelands extending inland from the normal yearly
                                maximum stormwater level to the highest expected stormwater level in a
                                given period of time (i.e. 5, 50, 100 years).

                        foredune: the first dune or dune ridge landward of the beach.

                        foreshore: the part of the shore, lying between the crest of the seaward berm
                                (or upper limit of wave wash at high tide) and the ordinary low-water
                                mark, that is ordinarily traversed by the uprush and backrush of the waves
                                as the tides rise and fall.


                        glacial till: deposits of rock matter carried by the glacial ice.

                        gravel: rounded rock particles with diameters from 2 to 75 millimeters (1/6
                                to 3 inches.)

                        groin: a narrow elongated coastal engineering structure constructed on the
                                beach perpendicular to the trend of the beach; its intended purpose is to
                                trap longshore drift to build up a section of beach.

                        headland (head): a high, steep-faced promontory extending into the sea

                        high water line: in strictness, the intersection of the plane of mean high water
                                with the shore. The shoreline delineated on the nautical charts of the
                                National Ocean Service is an approximation of the high water line. For
                                specific occurrences, the highest elevation on the shore reached during a
                                storm or rising tide, including meteorological effects.

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                        hurricane: an intense tropical cyclone with winds which move
                               counterclockwise around a low pressure system; maximum winds exceed 75
                               miles per hour.

                        intertidal zone (littoral zone): generally considered to be the zone between
                               mean high-water and mean low-water levels.

                        invertebrate: an animal without a backbone. Insects and mussels are
                               invertebrates.


                        jetty: a coastal engineering structure constructed perpendicular to the shoreline at
                               inlets; designed to prevent longshore drift from filling the inlet and to
                               provide protection for navigation.

                        littoral drift: the sedimentary material moved in the littoral zone under the
                               influence of waves and currents.


                        littoral processes: the movement of sediment, including sand, gravel, or cobbles
                               along the coast caused by waves or currents.

                        littoral transport: the movement of littoral drift in the littoral zone by waves
                               and currents. Includes movement parallel (Iongshore transport) and
                               perpendicular (on-offshore transport) to the shore.

                        marsh: a treeless form of wetland, often developing in shallow ponds or
                               depressions, river margins, tidal areas, and estuaries. Marshes may contain
                               either salt or fresh water. Prominent among the vegetation of marshes are
                               grasses and sedges.

                        mean   high water: the average height of all of the high waters recorded at a
                               given place over a 19 year period.

                        mean low water: the average height of all of the low waters recorded at a
                               given place over a 19 year period.

                        mean sea level: the average height of the surface of the sea at a given place
                               for all stages of the tide over a 19 year period.

                        mean tide level: a plane midway between mean high water and mean low
                               water. Not necessarily equal to mean sea level. Also half-tide level.

                        northeaster: a large asymmetrical low pressure storm system that produces
                               counterclockwise winds from 30 to 70 miles per hour which strike northeast
                               facing coastal areas.




                                                                191








                        overwash: the uprush and overtopping of a coastal dune by storm waters.
                                Sediment is usually carried with the overwashing water and deposited as a
                                washover fan on the landward side of the dune or barrier.


                        peat: partly decayed organic matter formed in boggy areas where high acidity
                                and a lack of oxygen limits decomposition.

                        perched barrier: a barrier beach where beach and dune deposits overlie irregular
                                glacial surfaces, whereas the underlying glacial surface extends to a
                                maximum elevation of mid-tide.


                        profile, beach: the intersection of the ground surface with a vertical plane;
                                may extend from the top of the dune line to the seaward limit of sand
                                movement.


                        revetment: an apron-like sloped coastal engineering structure constructed on
                                a bank or fronting a seawall; designed to dissipate the force of storm waves
                                and prevent erosion or undermining of a seawall.

                        salt marsh: a inarsh periodically flooded by salt water. Salt marshes are protected
                                under the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310 Code of
                                Mass. Regulations 10.32).

                        sand: loose material which consists of grains of rock material ranging between
                                0.0625 and 2.0 millimeters in diameter.


                        scour: removal of underwater material by waves and currents, especially at the
                                base or toe of a shore structure.


                        seawall: a vertical wall-like coastal engineering structure constructed parallel
                                to the beach and usually located at the base of a coastal bank.

                        sediment: solid fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks
                                and is transported or deposited by air, water, or ice. Essentially all
                                unconsolidated materials.


                        storm ridge: a low ridge of coarse gravel, cobbles and/or boulders piled up
                                by storm waves; located at the inner margin of the beach and not reached
                                by average waves or spring tides.

                        succession: the gradual replacement of one biotic community by another,
                                eventually leading to a more or less stable community.

                        tidal flats: marshy or muddy land areas which are covered and uncovered by
                                the rise and fall of the tide. Protected under the Wetlands Protection Act
                                and Regulations (See 310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27).


                                                                 192








                       tidal inlet: a breach in a coastal barrier generally opened by a major storm
                              and maintained by tidal flow.

                       tombolo: a barrier beach that connects an island to the mainland or to another
                              island.


                       updrift: the direction opposite that of the predominant movement of sediment
                              along the shore.

                       upland: a general term for high land or ground that is elevated above the
                              floodplain.

                       velocity zone (V-zone): flood zone subject to velocity water flooding during a
                              storm with a 100 year recurrence interval, as designated and mapped by the
                              Federal Emergency Management Agency.

                       washover fan: see "overwash."


                       wrack line: a line generally defining the landward limit of high tide or storm
                              wave uprush typically consisting of seaweed, shells and other submerged
                              organisms that have died.


                       Definitions developed from sources including. Bartier Island Handbook
                       (Leatherman, 1979); Guide to the Coastal Wetlands Regulations (Massachusetts
                       Coastal Zone Managment, 1978); and Shore Protection Manual (US Army Corps of
                       Engineers, 1984).


























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  16








                                          APPENDIX H


                                Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
                          Guidelines for Managing Recreational Use
                             of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers,
                          Terns and Their Habitats in Massachusetts































                                               195







                    Curnrnonv.-ealth of M ssachLlSeUS
                    Divisionot
                    Fisheffies &Wildlife
                    Wayne F. MacCallum, Director

                                                        April 21, 1993


              Dear Beach Manager:

              The attached- guidelines were developed by the Division of Fisheries
              and wildlife to help managers and property. owners comply with
              regulations pursuant toi,the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act
              and Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act pertaining to the
              protection of piping plovers, terns, and their habitats.

              These guidelines have evolved through numerous discussions and
              consultations with other state and federal resource management
              agencies, private conservation groupp, wildlife biologists, beach
              managers, beach users, and town conservation commissions. Through
              these guidelines, we are seeking to provide necessary protection to
              piping plovers and terns without unnecessarily restricting
              appropriate access to Massachusetts' beaches.

              Please contact the staff of our Natural Heritage and Endangered
              Species Section at 508-792-7270 if you have questions about these
              guidelines or would like to discuss specific issues of rare species
              management on your beaches.



                                                        Sincerely,
                                                        h4ew
                                                                 -;/- A@

                                                        Wayne F. MacCallum,
                                                        Director





              encl.








                    Division of Fisheries & Wildlife
                    Leverett Saltonstall Buildin&
                    -Government Center 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, NtA 02202 (617) 727-3151
                    An Agency of the Department of Fisheries. WikUife & Environmental Law Enforcement




                                                   196










             GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING RECREATIONAL USE OF BEACHES TO PROTECT
  16           PIPING PLOVERS, TERNS, AND THEIR HABITATS IN MASSACHUSETTS
                    Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
                    Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program
                              Field Headquarters, Rt. 135
                                 Westborough, MA 01581

                                     21 April 1993

                                    I. INTRODUCTION


                The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (the
           Division) has developed the following guidelines to assist beach
           managers and property owners with protecting piping plovers,
           least terns, common terns, roseate terns, arctic terns, and their
           habitats. Implementing these guidelines will help beach managers
           and property owners avoid potential violations of the
           Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (MGL c. 131A) and its
           implementing regulations (321 CMR 10.00) involving recreational
           use of beaches used by piping plovers and terns for breeding and
           nesting habitat.

                The Division intends to apply these guidelines in its review
           of Notices of Intent, pursuant to the Massachusetts Wetlands
           Protection Act regulations (310 CMR 10.37), for vehicular use of
           beaches where piping plovers and terns occur.

                The Department of Environmental Protection has developed a
           set of recommended conditions for barrier beach management to be
           used by municipal conservation commissions in drafting orders of
           Conditions. In addition, the Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task
           Force, coordinated by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, has
           developed a comprehensive set of guidelines covering the full
           range of barrier beach management issues. The following
           guidelines should be read and applied in conjunction with these
           other documents.


                Users of these piping plover and tern guidelines are advised
           that they do not supersede any law., regulation, or official
           policy of this or any other agency. Rather, these guidelines are
           intended to complement other regulatory review processes
           regarding recreational activities on beaches by providing a
           standard set of scientifically based management recommendations.

                This document contains five sections: 1) an introduction, 2)
           summaries of life histories of these species and threats to their
           continued existence in the state, 3) a summary of pertinent laws
           and regulations, 4) guidelines for managing and protecting
           plovers, terns, and their habitats, and 5) literature cited.

                In these guidelines, the Division has sought to provide the
           necessary protection to piping plovers and terns without





                                            197









              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                 2
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

              unnecessarily restricting appropriate access along all of the
              state's beaches. The Division has a long history of promoting
              the rights of citizens to enjoy a variety of outdoor pursuits,
              provided that they do not jeopardize the state's wildlife
              resources. The Division has worked to facilitate fishing and
              hunting access statewide and has supported the common law right
              of access to the shorelines of the coast and "Great Ponds" for
              the purposes of fishing and fowling. Although these guidelines
              make it clear that it will be necessary at times to restrict
              vehicular access temporarily on beaches where and when piping
              plovers and terns are present, the Division will only support
              such restrictions when it is necessary to protect the habitat,
              nests, and unfledged chicks of plovers and terns. The Division
              w
               ill continue to seek and consider management measures that offer
               i
              maximum flexibility in balancing recreational use with protection
              of rare species and their habitats. Even when vehicular access
              is.restricted, the Division will normally support continued
              access to beaches for fishermen and other recreational users by
              foot and by boat.


                       11. SPECIES STATUS, LIFE HISTORY, AND THREATS


              Piping Plover

                  Piping plovers are small, sand-colored shorebirds that nest
              on sandy, coastal beaches from South Carolina to Newfoundland.
              The U.S. Atlantic coast population is listed as "Threatened" by
              the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under provisions of the U.S.
              Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
              1988), and was estimated at 790 pairs in 1992 (U.S. Fish and
              wildlife Service 1992). In Massachusetts, the piping plover is
              also listed as "Threatened" by the Massachusetts Division of
              Fisheries and Wildlife under provisions of the Massachusetts
              Endangered Species Act. In 1992, 213 pairs of piping plovers
              nested on Massachusetts beaches (Melvin 1992).

                  Piping plovers nest on coastal beaches above the high-tide
              line, sand flats at the end of sand spits, gently sloping
              foredunes, and in blow-outs or washover areas between or behind
              coastal dunes. They may also nest where sandy dredged material
              has been deposited. Nests are simple scrapes in  the sand or
              mixtures of sand, gravel, and shells. Nests are  placed on open
              sand or in patches of sparse to moderately dense beach grass and
              other dune vegetation. Piping plovers depend on  natural
              processes of beach erosion and accretion through wind and wave
              action to maintain suitable nesting habitat.

                  Piping plovers return to nesting beaches in  Massachusetts





                                              198









              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                3
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

              from mid-March to early May. Males establish and defend
              territories and court females. Nesting may occur from mid-April
              through late July. Clutch size is usually four eggs, and eggs
              are usually incubated for 27-28 days before hatching. Piping
              plovers fledge only a single brood per season, but may renest
              several times if previous nests are lost. Chicks are precocial
              and able to move about within hours after hatching. They may
              move hundreds of yards from the nest site during their first week
              of life. Chicks remain together with one  or both parents until
              they fledge (are able to fly) at 25 to 35 days of age. Depending
              on date of hatching, unfledged chicks may be present from late
              May until mid-August, although most fledge by the end of July.
              Adults and chicks feed on amphipods, marine worms, flies, and
              other invertebrates. The.most important feeding habitats for
              both adults and chicks are intertidal areas and wrack (seaweed,
              vegetation, shells, and other organic debris deposited on the
              beach by tides and storms) (Gibbs 1986, Goldin et al. 1990,
              Hoopes et al. 1992).

                   Sandy beaches that provide nesting habitat for piping
              plovers are also attractive recreational habitats for people and
              their pets. Human recreational activities can be a source of
              both disturbance and direct mortality to piping plovers (Blodget
              1990, Melvin et al. 1991). People on beaches may inadvertently
              crush eggs, cause nests to be abandoned, and disturb or displace
              unfledged chicks. Unleashed dogs may chase adults, kill chicks,
              and eat eggs. Kites and fireworks are highly disturbing to
              piping plovers (Hoopes et al. 1992; Howard et al. 1993).

                   Unrestricted use of motorized vehicles on beaches is a
              serious threat to piping plovers and their habitats. Vehicles
              can crush both eggs and chicks (Burger 1986, Patterson 1988,
               trauss 1990, Melvin et al. 1991). In Massachusetts, biologists
              documented 7 incidents in which 9 chicks were killed by vehicles
              bSetween 1989 and 1992 (Melvin et al. 1993). Many biologists that
              monitor and manage piping plovers believe thatmany more chicks
              are killed by vehicles than are found and reported. On sections
              of Massachusetts beaches used by vehicles during nesting and
              brood-rearing periods, breeding plovers are gene'rally either
              absent or less abundant than expected given available nesting and
              feeding habitat. In contrast, plover abundance and productivity
              has increased on beaches where vehicle restrictions during chick-
              rearing periods have been combined with protection of nests from
              predators.

                   Typical behaviors of piping plover chicks increase their
              vulnerability to vehicles (Melvin et al. 1993). Chicks
              frequently move between the upper berm or foredune and feeding
              habitats in the wrack line and intertidal zone. These movements
              place chicks in the paths of vehicles driving along the berm or





                                             199








           Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                  4
           Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
           21 April 1993

           through the intertidal zone. Chicks stand in, walk, and run
           along tire ruts, and sometimes have difficulty crossing deep ruts
           or climbing out of them. Chicks sometimes stand motionless or
           crouch as vehicles pass by, or do not move quickly enough to get
           out of the way. Wire fencing placed around nests to deter
           predators is ineffective in protecting chicks from vehicles
           because chicks typically leave the nest within a day after
           hatching and move extensively along the beach to feed.

                 vehicles also degrade piping plover habitat by crushing
           wrack into the sand and making it unavailable as cover or a
           foraging substrate, by,creating ruts that may trap or impede
           .movements of chicks, and by causing disturbance that may prevent
           plovers from using habitat that is otherwise suitable (Goldin et
           al. 1990, Strauss 1990, Melvin et al. 1993).


           Least Tern


                 Least terns are small, white and black seabirds that nest
           along Atlantic coast beaches from southern Maine to Florida. The
           least tern is listed as a "Species of Special Concern" by the.
           Division of Fisheries and wildlife under provisions of the
           Massachusetts Endangered Species Act. An estimated 2,642 pairs
           .nested at 51 sites in Massachusetts in 1992 (Blodget 1992).

                 Least terns nest in habitats that are similar to those of
           the piping plover, and the two@species often nest near each
           other. Least terns arrive in Massachusetts in early May, engage
           in elaborate courtship rituals, mate, and quickly establish
           nesting colonies. Actual nesting occurs from about the third
           week of May to mid-July. Nesting colonies range in size from
           several pairs to over 500 pairs. Nests are shallow "scrapes"    in
           the sand, usually in sandy areas devoid of vegetation, but
           sometimes in areas of sparse beach grass, beach pea, and other
           dune vegetation. Least terns, like piping plovers, have nested
           along the Atlantic-coast for thousands of years and depend on
           natural processes of beac *h and dune erosion and accretion to
           maintain their habitats.

                 Clutches consist of 1-3 eggs and incubation averages 21 to
           23 days. Least terns are single-brooded, but will renest
           multiple times if previous nests are lost. Chicks are precocial
           and may move considerable distances along the beach before
           fledging, which occurs after 20-22 days. Adults deliver fish
           caught in the surrounding waters to chicks. Soon after chicks
           are able to fly, least terns gather in pre-migratory flocks and
           depart southward; most are gone before the end of August.

                 Least terns are vulnerable to disturbance from humans, pets,






                                              200









             Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                  5
             Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
             21 April 1993

             and vehicles during periods of courtship and egg-laying in May
             and June. Similar to piping plovers, incubating least tern
             adults, eggs, and chicks are extremely cryptic. Prolonged or
             repeated disturbance at colonies can lead to egg and chick loss
             from exposure, predation, or abandonment. Least tern chicks are
             also vulnerable to mortality caused by off-road vehicles, and may
             stand or crouch in or walk and run along vehicle ruts.


             Common. Roseate. and Arctic Terns

                  These three similar species of white and black seabirds nest
             together in mixed-species colonies.. All are slightly larger than
             the least tern. The common tern is indeed the most "common" of
             the group. In 1992, 8,600 pairs were estimated at 35 sites in
             Massachusetts, although only 9 of those colonies exceeded 100
             pairs (Blodget 1992). The arctic tern, at the southern edge of
             its natural range in Massachusetts, has been declining since the
             1950's and reached an all-time low of only 8 pairs in 1992. Both
             of these species are listed by the Massachusetts Division of
             Fisheries and Wildlife as "Species of Special Concern" under
             prov isions of the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.

                  The Northeastern population of the roseate tern is listed as
             "Endangered" by both the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the
             U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S. Fish and wildlife
             Service 1989), and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
             Wildlife under provisions of the Massachusetts Endangered Species
             Act. Of an estimated 1,412 pairs in Massachusetts in 1992, 1,375
             pairs (97%) nested on Bird Island in Buzzards Bay (Blodget 1992).
             The rest were scattered among large colonies of common terns.

                  These three species of larger terns prefer to nest on
             offshore islands and remote tips of barrier beaches.
             Unfortunately, gulls have usurped most optimal nesting sites
             since the 19501s, forcing terns to nest at a limited number of
             secondary inshore sites where they are more exposed to human
             disturbance and a host of land-based predators.

                  The life histories of these three species of terns are
             generally similar. Exemplifying the three, common terns select
             dune areas with moderate-to dense stands of beach gra -ss and other
             dune vegetation. Birds arrive from the south in early May and
             select colony sites before the end of May. Ritualized courtship
             and pair formation occur on the beach and sandflats adjacent to
             the colony site. Nesting colonies range from a few to over 4,000
             pairs. Nests are usually scrapes in the sand lined with beach
             grass andseaweed. Clutches of 2-3 eggs are laid and both
             parents share incubation duties for about 23 days. Young are
             precocial but are fed and brooded by adults. Diets of these





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            Massachuset,ts Division of Fisher4 .3 and Wildlife                 6
            Piping Plo%-:r and Tern Guideline!@.
            21 April 1993

            terns are almost exclusively fish. As the young approach
            fledging at about.28 days, they congregate in rearing or
            "nursery" areas on broad expanses of beach and sand flats, where
            they loaf and are fed by adults. At some sites, thousands of
            young terns may be present in thes'e nursery areas from late Tuly
            through mid-August. After mid-August, most terns ave fledq"-d
            and all three species gather at staging areas prior to departing
            for winter quarters by the end of August.

                  Prolonged or repeated disturbance at nesting colonies or
            nursery areas of common, arctic, or roseate terns can lead to egg
            and chick loss from exposure, predation, or abandonment. Eggs
            and young chicks tend to be less subject to mortality from
            vehicles because they occur more often in dune areas@ but older
            chicks are sometimes run over when they move onto the outer beach
            prior to fledging. Older chicks have also been found dead,
            tangled in kite string.





                                  Ill.   MASSACHUSETTS LAW


                  This section is provided to give a brief  overview of
            provisions ofthe Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and
            Endangered Species Act that are pertinent to the management of
            piping plovers, terns, and their habitats. The reader is
            strongly advised to read the official texts of t@e current laws
            and regulations cited below.


            Massachusetts Wetlands Protection-Act (MGL c. 131 s. 40)

                  The Natural Heritage and Endangered_Species Program of the
            Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (the Program)
            acts as the scientific authority to determine what is actual
            habitat and to provide an opinion about whether proposed
            activities subject to the Wetlands Protection Act will have
            adverse effects on rare wetlands wildlife habitat. Opinions
            issued by the Program are presumed to be correct, although this
            presumption is rebuttable and may be overcome upon a clear
            showing to the contrary.


            Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (MGL c-. 131A)

                  The Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (MESA) and
            regulations (321 CMR 10.00) are administered by the Massachusetts
            Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. The Act prohibits the
            "taking" of any species of animal or plant listed as




                                               202










          Massachusetts Division of Fisheries an Wildlife
          Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
          21 April 1993

          "Endangered", "Threatened", or "Species of Special Concern" in
          Massachusetts. For animals, "taking" is defined as: "to harass,
          harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, hound, kill, trap, capture, collect,
          process, disrupt the nesting, breeding, feeding, or migratory
          activity or attempt to engage in any such conduct, or to assist
          such conduct". Regulations implementing the Act state further
          that: "All state agencies shall utilize their authorities in
          furtherance of the purposes of MESA and these regulations;
          review, evaluate and determine the impact on Endangered,
          Threatened and Special Concern species or their habitats of all
          works, projects, or activities conducted by them; and use all
          practicable means and measures to avoid or minimize damage to
          such species or their habitats." This includes "any work,
          project, or activity either directly undertaken by a state
          agency, or if undertaken by a person, which seeks the provision
          of financial assistance by an agency or requires the issuance of
          permits by an agency".




                              IV. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES



          VEHICLE MANAGEMENT

          Protection of Nests and Nesting Habitat

               On beaches where vehicles will be driven, all areas of
          suitable piping plover nesting habitat, as determined by the
          Division, should be identified and delineated with posts and
          warning signs or symbolic fencing on or before April 1 each year.
          @uitable nesting habitat for all species of terns should be
          identified and so delineated on or before May 15 each year.

               All vehicular access into or through delineated nesting
          habitat should be prohibited. However, prior to hatching,
          vehicles may pass by such areas along designated vehicle
          corridors established along the outside edge of plover and tern
          nesting habitat. Vehicle may also park outside delineated
          nesting habitat, if beach width and configuration and tidal
          conditions allow. Vehicle corridors or parking areas should be
          moved, constructed, or temporarily closed if territorial,
          courting, or nesting plovers or terns are disturbed by passing or
          parked vehicles, or if disturbance is anticipated because of
          unusual tides or expected increases in vehicle use during
          weekends, holidays, or special events.


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         Massachusetts Division of.Fisheries and Wildlife
         Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
         21 April 1993

         Protection of  Chicks and Chick Habitat

              Sections  of beaches where unfledged piping plover or tern
         chicks are present should be temporarily closed to all vehicles
         not deemed essential. (See the provisions for essential vehicles
         below.)

              when unfledged plover chicks are present, vehicles should be
         prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal habitat within
         100 yards of either side of a line drawn through the nest site
         and perpendicular to the long axis of the beach. The resulting
         200 yard-wide area of protected habitat for plover chicks should
         extend from the ocean-side low water line to the bay-side low
         water line or to the farthest extent of dune habitat if no bav-
         side intertidal habitat exists. However, vehicles may be allowed
         to pass through portions of the protected area that are
         considered inaccessible to plover chicks because of steep
         topography, dense vegetation, or other naturally-occurring
         obstacles. If unfledged plover chicks move outside the original
         200 yard-wide area of protected habitat, then the boundaries of
         the protected area.should be adjusted to provide at least a 100
         yard buffer between chicks and vehicles.

              when unfledged least tern chicks are present, vehicles
         should be prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal habitat
         within 100 yards of either side of lines drawn through the
         outermost nests in the colony and perpendicular to the long axis
         of the beach. The resulting area of protected habitat for least
         tern chicks should extend from the ocean-side low water line to
         the bay-side low water line, or to the farthest extent of dune
         habitat if no bay-side intertidal zone exists. If unfledged
         chicks move outsi,.1--! the original protected area, then the
         boundaries of the protected area should be adjusted to provide at
         least a 100 yard-wide buffer between unfledged chicks and
         vehicles. However, vehicles may pass through any portions of the
         protected area considered inaccessible to least tern chicks
         because of distance, steep topography, dense vegetation, or other
         naturally-occurring obstacles. Because least tern chicks
         disperse from nests shorter distances and at older ages than
         piping plover chicks, under some circumstances it may be possible
         to allow passage of vehicles through portions of protected least
         tern chick habitat if,,in the opinion of the Division, this can
         occur without substantially increasing threats to least tern
         chicks or their habitats.



         Timing of Vehicle Restrictions in Chick Habitat

              Restrictions on use of vehicles in areas where unfledged
         plover or tern chicks are 'present should begin on or before the




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               Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                 9
               Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
               21 April 1993

               date that hatching begins and continue until chicks have fledged.
               For purposes of vehicle management, plover chicks are considered
               fledged at 35 days of age or when observed in flight, whichever
               occurs first. Tern chicks are considered fledged when they are
               capable of flight.

                    when piping plover nests are found before the last egg is
               laid, restrictions on vehicles should begin on the 26th day after
               the last egg is laid. This assumes an average incubation period
               of 27 days, and provides a I day margin of error.

                    When plover nests are found after the last egg has been
               laid, making it impossible to predict hatch date, restrictions on
               vehicles should begin on a.date determined by 1 of 3 scenarios:

                    1) If a plover nest found with a complete clutch is
                    monitored twice per day, at dawn and dusk (before 0600 hrs
                    and after 1900 hrs), vehicle use may continue until hatching
                    begins. Nests should be monitored at dawn and dusk to
                    minimize the time that hatching may go undetected if it
                    occurs after dark. Whenever possible, nests should be
                    monitored from a distance with spotting scope or binoculars
                    to minimize disturbance to incubating plovers.

                    2) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch before
                    May 22 (the earliest recorded hatch date for piping plovers
                    in Massachusetts), and is not monitored twice per day, at
                    dawn and dusk, then restrictions on vehicles should begin
                    May 22.

                    3) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch on or
                    after May 22, and is not monitored twice per day, at dawn
                    and dusk, then restrictions on vehicles should begin
                    immediately.

                    If hatching occurs earlier than expected, or chicks are
               discovered from an unreported nest, restrictions on vehicles
               should begin immediately.

                    If, in the opinion of the Division, ruts are present that
               are deep enough to restrict movements of plover chicks, or
               vehicle impacts on wrack are so severe that wrack must be allowed
               to accumulate naturally prior to hatching, then restrictions on
               vehicles should begin at least 5 days prior to the anticipated
               hatching date of plover nests. If a plover nest is found with a
               complete clutch, precluding estimation of hatching date, and
               availability of wrack has been substantially reduced by vehicle
               passage, or deep ruts have been created that could reasonably be
               expected to impede chick movements, then restrictions on vehicl.es
               should begin immediately.





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          Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
          Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
          21 April 1993

               Restrictions on use of vehicles in least tern chick habitat
          should begin as soon as hatching begins (as early.as June 12).
          Restrictions may begin later if, in the opinion of the Division,
          tern chicks are not endangered by vehicles because of distance
          or intervening steep terrain, dense vegetation, or other
          naturally-occuring barriers.

               Areas of dune, beach, or intertidal habitat used as nursery
          areas by unfledged or recently fledged tern chicks, as identified
          by the Division, should be delineated with postst warning signs
          or symbolic fencing no later than June 21. All access by
          vehicles into posted tern nursery areas should be prohibited
          while unfledged or recently-fledged tern chicks are present in
          these areas, until it is determined that use of nursery areas by
          young terns has ended (i.e. young terns are no longer being fed
          by adult terns).


          Essential Vehicles

               Essential vehicles, as defined by municipal conservation
          commissions pursuant to the Guidelines for Barrier Beach
          Management in Massachusetts developed by the Massachusetts
          Barrier Beach Task Force, should only travel on sections of
          beaches where unfledged plover or tern chicks are present if such
          travel is absolutely necessary and no other reasonable travel
          routes are available. Essential vehicles should travel through
          chick habitat areas only during daylight hours, except-in
          emergencies, and should be guided by a qualified monitor who has
          first determined the location of all unfledged plover and tern
          chicks. All steps should be taken to minimize number of trips by
          essential vehicles through chick habitat areas. Use of open, 3
          or 4-wheel motorized all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) or non-motorized
          all-terrain bicycles is recommended whenever possible for
          monitoring and law enforcement because of the improved visibility
          afforded operators. Homeowners should consider other means of
          access, e.g., by water, or shuttle services, during periods when
          chicks are present. A log should be maintained by the beach
          manager of the date, time, vehicle number and operator, and
          purpose of each trip through areas where unfledged chicks are
          present. Personnel monitoring plovers and terns should maintain
          and regularly update a log of the numbers and locations of
          unfledged plover and tern chicks on each beach. Drivers of
          essential vehicles should review the log each day to determine
          the most recent number and location of unfledged chicks.

               Travel by essential vehicles should avoid the wrack Ane and
          should be infrequent enough to avoid creating deep ruts that
          could impede chick movements. If essential vehicles are
          substantially reducing availability of wrack or are creating ruts


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          Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
          Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
          21 April 1993

          that could impede chick movements, use of essential vehicles
          should be further reduced and, if necessary, restricted to only
          emergency vehicles.


          MANAGEMENT OF OTHER RECREATIONAL USES

          The activities discussed in this section are not subject to the
          jurisdiction of the Wetlands Protection Act because they   are not
          considered to be alterations of wetland resources areas. The
          following guidelines should only be applied in reference   to the
          Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.

               On beaches where pedestrians, joggers, sun-bathers,
          picnickers, fishermen, boaters, horseback riders or other
          recreational users will be present in numbers that could harm or
          disturb incubating plovers or terns their eggs, or chicks, refuge
          areas of at least 50 yard-radius around nests and above the high
          tide line should be delineated with warning signs and symbolic
          fencing. only persons engaged in rare species monitoring,
          management, or research activities should enter refuge areas.
          Refuge areas should remain fenced as long as viable eggs or
          unfledged chicks are present.

               Refuge areas around nests should be expanded if a 50 yard-
          radius is deemed inadequate to protect incubating adults or
          unfledged chicks from harm or disturbance. This may incliide
          situations where plovers or terns and especially intolerant of
          @uman presence, or where a 50 yard-radius refuge provides
          insufficient escape cover or alternative foraging opportunities
          for plover chicks. If nests are discovered outside fenced areas,
          fencing should be extended to create a sufficient buffer to
          prevent harm or disturbance to incubating adults, eggs, or
          unfledged chicks. On some beaches where plovers and terns have
          traditionally nested or where suitable habitat occurs, it may be
          necessary to symbolically fence portions of habitat during March
          or April, prior to plover nesting, or during may, prior to tern
          nesting, if, in the opinion of the Division, failure to do so
          could discourage plovers or terns from nesting as a result of
          disturbance from human use.

               Rearing or nursery areas used by unfledged or recently
          fledged tern chicks, as identified by the Division, should be
          delineated with posts, warning signs, or symbolic fencing not
          later than June 21. Only persons engaged in rare species
          monitoring, management, or research should enter posted or fenced
          tern nursery areas while unfledged tern chicks or tern chicks
          being.fed by adult terns are present, although individuals may
          pass by outside these areas. Such nursery areas may be re-opened



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          Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
          Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
          21 April 1993

          when all tern chicks have fledged and are not being fed b@,. adult
          terns.


               Pets should be leashed and under control of their owners at
          all times from April 1 to August 31 on beaches where piping
          plovers or terns are present or have traditionally nested. Pets
          should be prohibited on these beaches from April 1 through August
          31 if, based on observations and experiences, pet owners fail to
          keep pets leashed and under control.

               Kite flying should be prohibited within 200 yards of nesting
          or territorial adult or unfledged juvenile piping plovers or
          terns from April 1 to August 31.

               Fireworks should be prohibited on beaches where plovers or
          terns nest from April 1 to August 31.


































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             Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                 13
             Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
             21 April 1993

                                     V. LITERATURE CITED


             Blodget, B.G. 1990. The piping plover story. Massachusetts
                   Wildlife. 60(2):18-25.

                   . 1992. Results of the 1992 Massachusetts tern inventory.
                   Unpubl. report. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                   wildlife, Westborough. 5 pp.

             Burger, J. 1986. Factors influencing the long term survival of
                   the piping plover in New Jersey. Unpubl. report. New
                   Jersey Department of Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Trenton. 42
                   PP.

             Gibbs, J.P. 1986. Feeding ecology of nesting piping plovers in
                   Maine. Unpubl. report. Maine Chapter, The Nature
                   Conservancy, Topsham. 21 pp.

             Goldin, M.R. C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1990. Reproductive
                   and foraging ecology, human disturbance, and management of
                   piping plovers at Breezy Point, Gateway National Recreation
                   Area., New York. Progress report-1989. Unpubl. report.
                   University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 58 pp.

             Hoopes, E.M., C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1992.
                   Relationships between human recreation and piping plover
                   foraging ecology and chick survival. Unpubl. report.
                   University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 77 pp.

             Howard, J.M., R.J. Safran, and S.M. Melvin. 1993. Biology and
                   conservation of piping plovers at Breezy Point, New-York.
                   UnpUbl. report. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 33
                   pp-

             Melvin, S.M. 1992. Status of piping plovers in Massachusetts,
                   1992 summary. Unpubl report. Massachusetts Division of
                   Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough. 14 pp.

                   j C.R. Griffin, and L.H. MAcIvor. 1991. Recovery
                   strategies for piping plovers in managed coastal landscapes.
                   Coastal Management 19:21-34.

             -1 A. Hecht, and C.R. Griffin. 1993. Mortality of piping
                   plover chicks caused by off-road vehicles on Atlantic coast
                   beaches. Wildlife Society Bulletin., (in press).

             Patterson, M. E. 1988. Piping plover breeding biology and
                   reproductive success on Assateague Island. M.S. Thesis.
                   Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,




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          Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                       14
          Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
          21 April 1993

               Blacksburg. 131 pp.

          Strauss, E. 1990. Reproductive success, life history patterns,
               and behavioral variation in a population of piping plovers
               subjected to human disturbance. Ph.D. Dissertation. Tufts
               University, Medford, Massachusetts. 143 pp.

          U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Atlantic coast piping
               plover recovery plan. U.S.Yish and Wildlife Service,
               Newton Corner, Massachusetts. 74 @,-p.                                                I

               . 1989. Roseate tern recovery plan. Northeastern
               population. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner,
               Massachusetts. 86 pp.

               . 1992. 1992 status update, U.S. Atlantic coast piping
               plover. Unpubl. report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
               Newton Corner, Massachusetts. 6 pp.








































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  I                                           APPENDIX I
  I                        Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
                           Recommended Conditions for Barrier Beaches
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                        Commonweafth of Massachusetts
                         ecutive Office of Environmental Affairs
                        Department of
                        Environmental Protection
             VAlltarn F. Wold
                Goww"M                                                                    I
            Danle! S. Greenbaum
               CommWsiorw



                                             June 30, 1993


          RE: Wetlands Act.Review for Activities on Barrier Beaches

          Dear Interested Party:

               The Secretary of Environmental Affairs established the Barrier
          Beach Task Force, chaired by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management
          Office (MCZM), to identify issues of major concern and develop
          recommendations for managing these sensitive coastal areas in the face
          of competing interests and uses. In conjunction with this effort, the
          Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has developed the
          attached "Recommended Conditions for Activities on Barrier Beaches" as
          guidance to conservation commissions, beach managers, and other
          interested parties in filing notices of intent and issuing orders of
          conditions under the Wetlands Protection Act (MGL c 131 5 40). We
          believe that these conditions offer appropriate protection for the
          public interests associated with barrier beaches while balancing the
          needs of competing users.

          Purpose of this Guidance

               Barrier beach systems are dynamic land forms that  undergo
          constant change and provide a variety of public benefits, including
          recreation, fishing, and important wildlife habitat. Accordingly, the
          Department recommends that barrier beach management plans be adopted
          to protect and manage these important values. As a result of the work
          of the Barrier Beach Task Force, MCZM is now finalizing "Guidelines
          for Barrier Beach Management in Massachusetts" to assist in the
          ,development of such plans.

               A number of beach owners and managers have developed, or are in
          the process of developing, management plans and filing notices of
          intent, as maybe appropriate, for certain activities on barrier
          beaches. others have not yet begun the process. The attached
          conditions are being issued in advance of the forthcoming Barrier
          Beach Task Force guidance document in order that those already in the
          permit process may be aware of the standards the Department would
          expect to be incorporated in orders of conditions. our goal is to
          ensure that when orders of conditions are needed, work can be approved
          quickly and that ongoing activities are not unnecessarily disrupted by
          the regulatory review process.



             One VAnter Street*Boston, Massachusetts 021080FAX (6M SWI049 0 Telephone (617) 292-5500





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                 June 30, 1993
                 Page 2

                      DEP has worked closely with interested groups to address the
                 conflicts that can arise from competing demands on barrier beach
                 resources. It became apparent through these discussions that
                 communication, coordination, and cooperation can resolve most
                 conflicts.    However, the effort to reconcile the use of off-road
                 vehicles (ORVs) with the protection of rare and endangered wildlife
                 species and their habitats continues to generate debate. Sound barrier
                 beach management plans will help balance these interests. All parties
                 have expressed a desire to be as flexible as possible to
                 allow ORV and other uses while avoiding impacts to wildlife and
                 habitats. Still, specific situations may arise where ORV use will
                 have to be limited or prohibited at certain times - when wildlife and
                 their habitats are vulnerable during critical periods in their life
                 cycles. The attached conditions reflect the need to achieve such a
                 balance.


                 Activities to be Recrulated Under the Wetlands Protection Act

                      In cooperation with CZM and the Barrier Beach Task Force, DEP has
                 reviewed the types of activities that occur on barrier beaches and has
                 determined that, while it is important to include a broad range of
                 activities in barrier beach management plans, not all of these
                 activities are subject to the Wetlands Protection Act. DEP recommends
                 that the following activities and projects be included in notices of
                 intent (NOIs) as well as management plans because they are appropriate
                 for review under the Wetlands Protection Act (MGL c 131 S 40) and its
                 regulations (310 CMR 10.00):

                      9     construction of buildings, walkways, roads, parking areas,
                            and other facilities;

                      0     ORV use and access to Barrier Beaches (310 CMR 10.29), which
                            generally include Coastal Dunes (310 CMR 10-.28) and Coastal
                            Beaches (310 CMR 10.27);

                      0     beach nourishment and dune construction or restoration
                            projects; and

                      0     beach cleaning activities involving heavy equipment (e.g.
                            tractor).

                      A number of other activities that take place on barrier beaches
                 and which may be included in barrier beach management plans may not be
                 appropriate for review under the Wetlands Protection Act. These
                 generally are "passive" recreational activities that are not likely to
                 alter barrier beaches. They are managed best by the communities and
                 beach managers who have first hand knowledge of local conditions and
                 interests. Examples of activities that do not, in DEP's opinion,
                 require the filing of an NOI are: foot traffic, boating and horseback
                 riding. While DEP recognizes that concentrated or excessive use of a
                 particular area has the potential to adversely affect part of a
                 barrier beach, the general experience has been that these activities
                 do not have adverse impacts and therefore are not subject to review
                 under the Wetlands Protection Act.




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           June 30, 1993
           Page 3




                One activity not specifically addressed in the attached
           recommendations is aquaculture activities. Efforts to evaluate
           environmental impacts and consolidate permitting for coastal
           aquaculture are ongoing. When these initiatives have been more fully
           developed, supplemental conditions will be issued that cover
           aquaculture activities as they relate to a number of regulatory
           programs.

                  DEP defets to the scientific opinions of the Natural Heritage
           and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) in determining the location and
           extent of actual habitat of state-listed rare species. DEP also
           relies on NHESP to determine whether a proposed activity will have an
           adverse effect, whether short- or long-term, on the habitat of the
           local rare species population. NHESP's opinion is presumed to be
           correct and may be overcome only upon a clear showing to the contrary.


                Barrier beach management plans may require modifications from
           time to time in order to protect these sensitive areas adequately as
           conditions change or when an unforeseen impact occurs. Plans should
           be adopted, reviewed, and modified based on input from a variety of
           local and state interest groups to ensure that all viewpoints are
           represented.

                I encourage you to review the attached'information when
           developing and implementing barrier beach management plans and in
           filing and reviewing notices of intent for certain activities
           conducted under such plans. If you have any questions or need
           assistance on these matters, please contact Robert Golledge, Wetlands
           Protection Program Chief in the Division of Wetlands and Waterways at
           617-292-5695.

                                           Aimo@rely'


                                                    Greenbaum
                                          commissioner


           c.c. Christy Foote-Smith, Director
                 Division of Wetlands and Waterways

                 Jeff Benoit, Director
                 Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management
                                                re@ G
                                       CGe           ree aun




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                              Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                              ExecLftive office of EnWonmentai Affairs
                              Department of
                   Willam F. Weld Environmental Protection
                     Gavomor
                 Daniel S. Greenbaum







                      RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS FOR ACTIVITIES ON BARRIER BEACHES
                                              June 1993

               The best approach for writing an order of conditions for a particular
               barrier beach is to look to the performance standards of the Wetlands
               Protection Regulations (310 CMR 10.00) for each of the wetland resource
               areas found on that barrier beach and make sure the order of conditions
               addresses those performance standards.

               For additional information on the background of the following
               recommended conditions, please refer to the "Guidelines For Barrier
               Beach Management In Massachusetts" published by the Massachusetts
               Coastal Zone Management Office.


               I.  Recommended Conditions for Vehicle Management

               A. Protection of Nests and Nesting Habitat

                    1. On beaches where vehicles will be driven, all areas of suitable
               piping plover nesting habitat, as determined by the Natural Heritage and
               Endangered Species Program (NHESP), shall be identified and delineated
               with posts and warning signs or symbolic fencing on or before April 1 of
               each year. Suitable nesting habitat for all species of terns shall be
               identified and*so delineated on or before May 15 of each year.

                    2. All vehicular access into or through delineated nesting habitat
               shall be prohibited except as provided elsewhere in these Conditions.
               Prior to hatching, vehicles may pass by such areas along designated
               vehicle corridors established along the outside edge of plover and tern
               nesting habitat.    Vehicles also may park outside delineated nesting
               habitat, if beach width and configuration and tidal conditions allow.
               Vehicle corridors or parking areas shall be moved, constricted, or
               temporarily closed if territorial, courting, or nesting habitat are
               disturbed by passing or parked vehicles, or if disturbance is
               anticipated because of unusual tides or expected increases in vehicle
               use during weekends, holidays, or special events.




               30 June 1993                                                      Page 1


                  One VAnter StreetsBoston, Massachusetts 021080FAX (617) 556-10490Telephone (617) 292-5SOO



                                              215









                      RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

            B. Protection of Piping Plover or Tern Chick Habitat

                 1. Sections of beaches where unf ledged piping plover or tern chick
            habitat exists shall be closed temporarily to all vehicles not deemed
            essential.

                 2. 'When unfledged plover chick habitat exists, as determined by
            NHESP, vehfcles shall be prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal
            habitat within one hundred (100) yards of either side of a line drawn
            through the nest site and perpendicular to the long axis of the beach.
            The resulting ti@o hundred (200) yard-wide area of protected habitat for
            plover chick habitat should extend from the ocean-side mean low water
            line to the bay-side mean low water line, or to the farthest extent of
            dune habitat if no bay-side intertidal habitat exists.           However,
            vehicles may be allowed to pass through portions of the protected area
            that do not serve as actual habitat, as determined by NHESP, due to
            site-specific conditions such as steep topography, dense vegetation, or
            other natural ly-occurring obstacles. The boundaries of the protected
            habitat shall be adjusted periodically to provide at least a one hundred
            (100)-yard buffer between actual habitat and vehicles unless site
            specific conditions allow for a reduction in this distance.

                 3. When unfledged least tern chicks occupy their habitat, vehicles
            shall be prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal habitat within
            100 yards of either side of lines drawn.through the outermost nests in
            the colony and perpendicular to the long axis of the beach, unless site
            specific conditions allow for a reduction in this distance.            The
            resulting area of protected habitat for least tern chicks shall extend
            from the ocean-side low water line to the bay-side mean low water line,
            or to the farthest extent of dune habitat if no bay-side intertidal zone
            exists. If unfledged chicks move outside the identified habitat, then
            the boundaries of the protected area shall be adjusted to provide at
            least a one hundred (100) yard-wide buffer, as determined by NHESP,
            between unfledged chick habitat and vehicles.     However, vehicles may
            pass through any portions of the actual habitat that are considered
            inaccessible as outlined above.

            C. Timing of Vehicle Restrictions in Piping Plover or Tern Chick
               Habitat

                 1.   Restrictions on use of vehicles in actual habitats where
            unfledged plover or tern chicks are present shall begin on or before the
            date that hatching begins and continue until chicks have fledged. For
            purposes of vehicle management, plover chicks are considered fledged at
            35 days of age or when observed in flight, whichever occurs first. Tern
            chicks are considered fledged when they are capable of flight.

                 2. When piping plover nests are found before the last egg is laid,
            restrictions on vehicles shall begin on the 26th day after the  last egg


            30 June 1993                                                      Page 2





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                          RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

               is laid.    This assumes an average incubation period of 27 days and
               providesa 1 day margin of error.

                     3. When plover nests are found after the last egg has been laid,
               making it impossible to predict hatch date, restrictions on vehicles
               shall begin on a date determined by 1 of 3 scenarios:

                          (a) If a plover nest found with a complete clutch is monitored
                     twice per day, at dawn and dusk (before 6:00 a.m. and after 7:00
                     p.m.), vehicle use may continue until hatching begins.          Nests
                     should be monitored at dawn and dusk to minimize the time that
                     hatching may go undetected if it occurs after dark.         Whenever
                     possible, nests should be monitored from a distance with a spotting
                     scope or binoculars to minimize disturbance to incubating plovers.

                          (b) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch before
                     May 20 (the earliest recorded hatch date for piping plovers in
                     Massachusetts) and is not monitored twice per day, at dawn and dusk
                     (before 6:00 a.m. and after 7:00 p.m.), then restrictions on
                     vehicles should begin on May 20.

                          (c) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch on or
                     after May 20 and is not monitored twice per day, at dawn and dusk
                     (before 6:00 a.m. and after 7:00 p.m.), then restrictions on
                     vehicles should begin immediately.

                     4.   If hatching occurs earlier than expected or chicks are
               discovered from an unreported nest, restrictions on vehicles shall begin
               immediately.

                     5.  If NHESP issues a notice that ruts have developed that may
               adversely affect the actual plover habitat, or that vehicle impacts on
               wrack are so severe that wrack must be allowed to accumulate naturally
               prior to hatching, then restrictions on vehicles shall begin at least 5
               days prior to the anticipated hatching date of plover nests. If a plover
               nest is found with a complete clutch, precluding estimation of hatching
               date, and if availability of wrack has been substantially reduced by
               vehicle passage or if deep ruts have been created that reasonably could
               be expected to impede chick movements, then restrictions on vehicles
               shall begin immediately.

                     6. Restrictions on the use of vehicles in least tern chick habitat
               shall begin as soon as hatching begins (as early as June 12).
               Restrictions may begin later if, upon notice from NHESP, tern chick
               habitat is not adversely affected by vehicles because of distance or
               natural ly-occurring barriers such as intervening steep terrain, or dense
               vegetation.

                     7.  Areas of dune, beach, or intertidal habitat used as nursery
               areas by unfledged or recently fledged tern chicks, as identified by

               30 June 1993                                                        Page 3





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                       RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

            NHESP,  should be delineated with posts, warning signs, or symbolic
            fencing  not later than June 21. All access by vehicles into posted tern
            habitat  shall be prohibited while unfledged or recently- fledged tern
            chicks are present in these areas, until it is determined that use of
            habitat by young terns has ended (i.e., young terns are no longer being
            fed by adult terns).

            D. Essential Vehicles

                  1. Essential vehicles, as defined by the Conservation commission
            pursuant to "Guidelines For Barrier Beach Management In Massachusetts"
            published by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management office, shall
            travel on sections of beaches where unfledged plover or tern chicks are
            present only if such travel is absolutely necessary and no other
            reasonable travel routes are available.

                  2. Essential vehicles should travel through chick habitat areas
            only during daylight hours, except in emergencies, and should be guided
            by a qualified monitor who first has determined the location of all
            unfledged plover and tern chicks.

                  3. All steps should be taken to minimize the number of trips made
            by essential vehicles through chick habitat areas.

                  4.   Use of open, 3- or 4-wheel motorized all-terrain vehicles
            (ATVs) or non-motorized all-terrain bicycles is recommended whenever
            possible for monitoring and law enforcement because of the improved
            visibility afforded operators. Homeowners should consider other means
            of access, e.g., by foot, water, or shuttle services, during periods
            when chicks are present.

                  5. A written log should be maintained by the beach manager of the
            date, time, vehicle number and operator, and purpose of each trip
            through areas where unfledged chicks are present. Personnel who monitor
            plovers and terns should maintain and regularly update a log of the
            numbers and locations of unfledged plover and tern chicks on each beach.
            Drivers of essential vehicles should review the log each day to
            determine the most recent number and location of unfledged chicks.

                  6. Travel by essential vehicles should avoid the wrack line and
            should be infrequent enough to avoid creating deep ruts that could
            impede chick movements.       If essential vehicles are substantially
            reducing availability of wrack or are creating ruts that could impede
            chick movements, use of essential vehicles should be further reduced
            and, if necessary, restricted to only emergency vehicles.



            II. Beach and Dune Restoration



            30 June 1993                                                         Page 4





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                          RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

                     1.   There shall be no removal of existing sediment from, or
                regrading of, coastal beaches (including tidal flats) for the purposes
                of beach or dune restoration.

                    .2. In order to protect the barrier's ability to migrate landward,
                sediment deposited through the overwash process shall not be removed
                from the ovetwash fans located on salt marsh areas (see Storm Damage
                Restoration Part V).

                     3.   Where dune reconstruction occurs proximate to salt marsh,
                siltation fencing shall be deployed and maintained at the work limit to
                contain fill. Disturbance beyond the work limit will not be permitted.

                     4. Storm wrack shall not be d    eposited on a salt marsh.

                     5. only indigenous plants and appropriate plant material shall be
                used. 6.  During beach cleaning activities, the applicant shall leave
                sufficient wrack to provide a seed source for the beach and to protect
                the wildlife habitat feeding function that the wrack provides to a
                variety of shorebirds. Beach cleaning should be accomplished using a
                rake in such a manner as to preserve the existing form, volume, and
                grain size distribution.


                III. Construction of Boardwalks And Elevated Walkways

                     1. Boardwalks and walkways should be elevated a minimum of 2 feet
                from grade with spacing in-between the planking sufficient to allow the
                passage of sunlight, but not to inhibit, where designated and
                appropriate, handicap access.

                     2. Access for the construction of boardwalks and walkways shall be
                provided in a location and manner that will not result in additional
                alterations to wetland resources.       The access route and method of
                construction shall be as shown on the plan of record.

                     3. For piers, walkways, or necessary equipment in any marsh:

                           (a) No creosote-treated timber shall be used.

                           (b) To the extent possible, piling shall be driven.             if
                     jetting is,required, displaced sand shall be raked smooth.

                           (c) Crane mats shall be used for any heavy equipment
                     traversing the marsh for construction purposes.

                           (d) No dredging material shall be placed on the marsh except
                     for material deposited for salt marsh restoration activities.

                30 June 1993                                                         Page 5





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                      RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)


            IV. Dredging

                 1.  There shall be no openings allowed through barrier beaches
            except for those projects that fall within the provisions and guidelines
            provided in the Department of Environmental Protection's Wetlands
            Protection Program Interim Policy 91-2, entitled "Criteria for
            Evaluating and Permitting openings of Salt Ponds In order to Manage,
            Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries."


            V. Storm Damage Restoration

                 1. All storm restoration activities shall have no adverse impact
            on actual Rare Species Habitat, as determined by NHESP, in foredune and
            overwash areas.     Replanting, installation and other restoration
            activities in Rare Species Habitat shall be done in consultation with
            NHESP.


                 2. The excavation of coastal beach (including the intertidal area)
            f or replacement of sand in a dune or any other Resource Area is
            prohibited.

                 3. When off-site sediment is used for storm damage restoration, a
            sediment grain-size analysis of the proposed off-site material shall be
            submitted to the Conservation Commission and DEP for review and approval
            prior to construction and deposition. This analysis shall be performed
            by a qualified professional. This off-site material shall   be of a grain
            size compatible to the existing sediment on the dunes-and beach.

                 4. Sediment deposited through overwash process onto the back side
            of the barrier shall not be removed from the overwash area except where
            necess.ary to address public safety. In all cases sediments shall remain
            within the barrier beach system.

            VI. Construction of Structures/Buildings

                 1. All habitable buildings shall be elevated above the one hundred
            (100) year floodplain on pile foundations and inlaccordance with the
            State Building Code (780 CMR 100.00) and Federal Emergency Management
            Agency regulations.

                 2. All buildings on barrier beaches shall be constructed on pile
            foundations at a minimum of two (2) feet above existing grade to allow
            the movement of sand and sediments due to wave and wind action.







            30 June 1993                                                       Page 6




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                                                APPENDIX J


                              Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
                           Wetlands Protection Program Interim Policy 91-2
                                      "Criteria for Evaluating and Permitting
                                       Openings of Salt Ponds in Order to
                                 Manage, Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries".




























                                                      221










                          Commonweartn oil Massacnuse*,ts
                          Executive Office of Environrnenia: Affairs
                          Department of
              Daniel S. Greenbaum Invirionmental Protection


                       Wetlands Protection Program Interim Policy 91-2

                   Criteria for Evaluating and Permitting Openings of Salt
                 Ponds In Order to Manage, Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries


              PURPOSE

              The purpose of this policy is to clarify the Department's
              position concerning when salt pond openings to. the ocean may be
              allowed pursuant to G.-L. c. 131 ï¿½40, the Wetlands Protection Act
              (the "Act"), and to give guidance to the issuing authority by
              providing a process for the evaluation of a pond opening
              proposal. This is an interim policy and is intended to allow the
              Department to gather information and further evaluate the'effects
              of pond openings.

              REGULATORY STANDARDS

              A salt pond opening is subject to the Act because it involves
              activities which will alter, dredge, fill or remove resource
              areas subject to protection under the Act. 310 CMR 510.33(3)
              provides, generally, that pro)ects in and around salt ponds may
              not have an adverse effect an the marine fisheries or wildlife
              habitat of the pond. However, 310 CMR S10.33(4) provides that
              "Notwithstanding the provisions of 10.33(3), activities
              specifically required and intended to maintain the depth and the
              opening of the salt pond to the ocean in order to maintain or
              enhance the marine fisheries or for the specific purpose of
              fisheries management, may be permitted." This provision
              evidence& an intent on the part of the Department to-allow
              projects "specifically required and intended" to maintain a salt
              pond opening necessary to manage, maintain or enhance marine
              fisheries.

              310 CMR 510.33(4) is silent concerning its interaction with the
              performance standards established under 310 CMR SS 10.27, 10'.28,
              .10.29, 10-.32 and 10.55 for resourc6 areas typically encountered
              around salt ponds. When the performance standards for these
              resource areas are read literally it is difficult, if not
              impossible, for pond opening projects to.satisfy the applicable
              performance standards.




              On* VAMW StreeteBoston, Massachusetts 021080FAX (617) $56-1049 Telephone (617) 292-SSOO


                                                - ot..%,Ad P.PW


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                                                         Wetlands Protection Program
                                                              Interim Policy 91-2
                                                                   Page 2

                  ANALYSIZ

                  As "activities specifically required and intended to maintain thle
                  depth and opening of a salt pond" must necessarily include the
                  breaching of the pond's associated barrier beach (when the
                  opening is presently closed) and would result in impacts to
                  adjacent resource areas, it is the Department's interpretation
                  that the openings may be allowed under limited, controlled
                  conditions when certain prerequisites are satisfAied.

                  When the alteration of inland resource areas will result from a
                  salt pond opening undertaken in accordance with this policy, such
                  alteration may be permitted under 310 CMR S10.53(4).   The issuing
                  authority may exercise its judgment to determine that a project
                  to manage, enhance or maintain marine fisheries, conditioned in
                  accordance with this policy, may improve the area's natural
                  capacity to protect the interests identified in the Act.

                  In order to give full meaning and effect to all regulatory
                  provisions, while protecting the interests of the Act, the
                  Department concludes that salt pond openings may be authorized by
                  the issuing atithority when:

                       a. the applicant demonstrates that the opening is necessary
                  to manage, maintain or enhance an existing or historically viable
                  marine fisheries and
                       b. c  .onditions are imposed that prevent or minimize adverse
                  effects to Coastal Beaches, Coastal Dunes, Barrier Beaches and
                  any affected inland resource area to the greatest extent
                  possible. "Minimize", as used in this policy, has the same
                  definition as found at 310 CMR S10.23.

                  If the issuing authority concludes that such conditions cannot be
                  developed, then it must deny the project.

                  The Department has determined that since salt marshes have a high
                  level of functional value, As recognized by the level of
                  protection afforded this resource'area under the regulations,
                  Pond openinq projects must satisfy the standards at 310 CMR
                  S10-32(3)-

                  Under no circ=stances may a project be permitted which will have
                  any adverse effect on the specified habitat site of rare species
                  as identified pursuant to 310 CMR SS10.37 and 10.59.

                  REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECT R M EW AND CONDITIONING

                       A.    Applicant Must Show That Opening Is For An Approvable
                             Purpose








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                                                 Wetlands Protection Program
                                                       Interim Policy 91-2
                                                            Page 3


           When the outlet of a salt pond which has supported a viable
           marine fisheries becomes closed (either because the outlet
           becomes filled in or its position shifts along the barrier
           beach), it may be desirable to periodically open the outlet
           artificially in order to manage, maintain or enhance the fishery.
           The threshold finding the issuing authority must make is whether
           the applicant has demonstrated that the primary purpose of the
           pond opening is to manage, maintain or enhance marine fisher-Jes.
           An applicant may propose activities to maintain the depth and
           opening of an existing opening, or activities to re-open a closed
           pond; provided the applicant demonstrates that the pond has been
           opened in the past as a result of natural or man-made causes, and
           that a viable fisheries in the pond presently exists or existed
           in-the past.

           The existence of a "viable fisheries" shall be determined by the
           issuing authority using best professional judgment (after
          .consultation with the Division of Marine Fisheries and the local
           shellfish constable) and shall be based upon submitted
           information. The existence of a viable marine fisheries and of
           prior openings may be demonstrated by reliable, credible
           information. The applicant may submit historical records,
           including photographic evidence, or if no records exist, he/she
           may submit an affidavit of one or more individuals made upon
           personal knowledge.

           If an applicant cannot demonstrate an approvable purpose,
           enabling the issuing authority to make this threshold finding,
           the issuing authority.must deny the project. For example, when
           the intended purpose of a salt pond opening is to control
           eutrophication,.or to reduce odor, the project would fall outside
           of this policy and would not be allowed unless it met all of the
           applicable performance standards of the regulations.

               B.   Permit conditions Must Minimize Adverse Impacts
           If an applir-ant demonstrates an approvable purpose, the issuing
           authority may permit the activity, provided conditions can be
           imposed that will prevent orminimize adverse effects to resource
           areas (except salt marshes) in and around the pond to the
           greatest extent possible. If conditions adequate to prevent or
         .minimize adverse effects cannot be imposed, an order of
           Conditions allowing the opening should not be issued.

           Proposed salt pond openings for which the applicant has
           demonstrated an approvable purpose should be evaluated in the








                                              224








                                                    wetlands Protection Program
                                                          interim Policy 91-2
                                                               Page 4

               following manner:

                    1. Assess all impacts to affected resource areas and their
               respective protected interests;
                    2. Develop conditions to prevent or minimize adverse
               effects to existing resource areas to the greatest extent
               possible, in accordance with the applicable regulatory
               provisions; and
                    3. Allow the opening if the project: a) does not have
               unacceptable adverse effects upon any'interests of the Act, and
               b) maximizes fisheries resource maintenance, enhancement or
               management and c) prevents or minimizes adverse effects so that
               the project, overall, contributes to those interests.


               INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

               The Notice of Intent (NOI) should document that the project is
               necessary to manage,,maintain or enhance marine fisheries; and
               provide baseline information on all resource areas which will be
               affected by the project. The information provided should be
               sufficient to allow the issuing authority to assess impacts to
               these resource areas'. Each proposed opening is unique and the
               level of information required to assess impacts and impose
               appropriate conditions necessarily will vary. The issuing
               authority should require the level of information appropriate to
               the particular project.

               At a minimum, the applicant should submit information:
                    a. describing the history of pond openings and its use as a
                    fishery, and the proposed plan for fisheries resource
                    management, enhancement, or maintenance;
                    b. delineating all affected resource areas and identifying
                    short- and long-term impacts to affected resource areas and
                    their affected interests.
                    c. describingthe location of, and impacts on, public and
                    private water supplies in the pond's vicinity;
                    d. assessinel wildlife habitat, including the presence of
                    rare species habitat in accordance with the applicable
                    procedures at 310 CMR SS10.37, 10.59 and 10.60; and
                    a. describing the history of storm events in the immediate
                    area of the pond and impacts of the events on existing
                    resource areas.

               In certain instances, the information presented will indicate
               that'no number of conditions will adequately prevent or minimize
               adverse effects so as to adequately protect the interests of the
               Act. For example, salt water intrusion may contaminate water







                                              225







                                            Wetlands Protection Program
                                                  interim Policy 9!-2
                                                        Page 5

          supplies to unacceptable levels and no alternative source may be
          available.  It may not be possible to condition a project so that
          there will be no adverse effect of specified habitat sites of
          rare species. In such instances, the project should be denied.

          MINIMUM CoNnITIONS

          Certain conditions will always be necessary to prevent or
          minimize adverse effects. For example, material excavated frcm
          the channel opening should not be removed from the barrier beach.
          Material should be stockpiled on site and placed, within the
          barrier beach system as appropriate - Any sediment lost due to
          excavation and scouring should be replenished to the barrier
          beach system. A time schedule for pond openings should be
          included in any Order of Conditions. The schedule should take
          into*account tide fluctuations, impacts on wildlife habitat of
          fluctuating water levels and exposure in inclement weather, storm
          forecasts and the potential presence of rare or endangered
          species in the area. Disturbance of-
          vegetation should be minimized to protect dune stability.
          Replication of any Bordering vegetated Wetlands altered directly
        .or by vegetative dieback should be required where possible,
          particularly within the area exposed by pond lowering, if the
          area does not naturally revegetate after two growing seasons.
          conditions protective of actual or potential water supplies
          should be incorporated.

          Specific monitoring provisions should be incorporated into the
          Order of Conditions to track the impacts of the.opening on the
          interests of the Act.. Reports on all monitoring should be
          submitted to the conservation commission and the Department and
          reviewed by the issuing authority to determine whether any change
          in conditions and methods of data collection is.warranted to
          protect the interests of the Act. Conditions should include a
          Provision authorizing the discontinuation of the pond openings,
          if necessary, to protect the interests of the Act.

          Finally, note that projects permitted under this policy may still
          need to obtain a license pursuant to G.L. c. 91, the Waterways
          Act, and re2ain subject to applicable terms of any restriction
          order adopt*cV under G.L. c. 131 j40A, Protection of Inland
          Wetlands, and-G.L. c. 130 S105, Protection of Coastal Wetlands.




                                            Date:
          Christy F@te-Smith, Director
          Division of Wetlands and Waterways
          Department of Environmental Protection







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 I
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 I                                 APPENDIX K
 I                       Access for the Physically Challenged
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                                         Access for the Physically Challenged


                                Applicable laws and regulations include the federal Americans with
                         Disabilities Act of 1990, the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards at 40 Code of
                         Federal Regulations 101-196, and the corresponding state laws, Mass. General
                         Laws Chapter 22, ï¿½13A and its regulations 521 Code of Massachusetts Regulations.
                         The Architectural Access Board has the responsibility for enforcing the Americans
                         With Disabilities Act at the state level. The Massachusetts Office on Disability has
                         the responsibility to provide technical assistance and guidance for compliance with
                         the Americans With Disabilities Act at the state level. Outdoor recreation
                         facilities at barrier beaches should, where practical, be designed to be accessible to
                         the greatest number of people as possible.




                         Definfflon


                                The federal government defines accessibility as: "Accessible programs or
                         facilities must offer the person with disability an opportunity to achieve
                         experiences similar to those offered others. Consideration should include persons
                         with mobility, visual, hearing, speech, and/or developmental impairments. Facilities
                         must be designed so that they can be approached, entered, and used by persons
                         with disabilities. An accessible facility must provide the person with a disability a
                         place to park, accessible routes, entrance to buildings, restrooms, water and the
                         services offered other visitors. Newly constructed or renovated facilities must
                         comply with the "Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards," 41 Code of Federal
                         Regulations 101-196.
                                Programs and services should be offered to the widest range of visitors,
                         including disabled persons, within an integrated setting. This should include
                         vendor services, interpretive programs, publications and educational signage and
                         brochures.
                                To ensure accessibility, provide:
                                1)      Diversity of recreational experience to varying skill levels;
                                2)      Involve persons with disabilities in planning and design;
                                3)      Achieve the optimal mix of facilities and services    appropriate to
                                        the geographic area;
                                4)      Provide an integrated access setting; and
                                5)      For federally funded projects, research and comply with the
                                        appropriate accessibility standards which are the Uniform Federal
                                        Accessibility Standards, the Americans with Disabilities Act
                                        Accessibility Guidelines, and the rules and regulations of the Mass.
                                        Architecture Access Board. This applies to all new construction,
                                        alteration, and reconstruction.






                                                                 228








                       Strakgic Approach to Planning and Design




                       Principles to Guide the Development of a Handicap Access Plan include:

                               1) Preserve natural integrity of site;
                               2) Provide optimal access for site;
                               3) Develop holistic access plan;
                               4) Integrate disabled and fully mobile access where possible;
                               5) Use a participatory design process;
                               6) Use common signage based on level of accessibility;
                               7) Use common sense;
                               8) Identify and meet your legal requirements; and
                               9) Get a good legal definition of disabled.*

                          The Americans With Disabilities Act, section 3 defines "disability" as: "a) a
                               physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the
                               major life activities of such individuals; b) a record of such on impairments;
                               or c) being regarded as having such an impairment."




                       Steps to Guide the Development of Handicap Access Design

                               In steps 1 and 2 of this approach you are characterizing your beach in terms
                       of appropriate access sites. In some cases, areas of special environmental concern
                       may also be developed. In these cases the site must be made accessible to the extent
                       it does not further endanger the site.

                               1) Identify key characteristics and areas of special environmental concern on
                                         the beach, such as:
                                       * High Energy Zones
                                       * Habitat for Endangered Species
                                       e Repeat Overwash Areas
                                       9 Topography
                               2) Define sites on the barrier beach according to the level of human
                                 modification:
                                       0    Developed - includes public structures, and open areas,
                                       administration, parking, interpretive and visitor services. These sites
                                       must be built or renovated to accommodate persons with disabilities.
                                       0 Undeveloped - no deliberate alteration. These sites will not
                                       normally be changed and no special facilities be provided for the sole
                                       purpose of access for disabled persons.
                                       9 Threshold - these areas include overlooks, trails-, exhibits and
                                       special features reached by short trails from developed to undeveloped

                                                                229









                                          areas. These areas should be judged on a case-by- case basis
                                          considering topography, environmental sensitivity, degree of
                                          development and alternative recreational experiences.
                                  3) With both I and 2 identified at each potential site then determine what
                                    level of accessibility is appropriate at the site;
                                          0 Accessible - Meets or exceeds Uniform Federal Accessibility
                                          Standards requirements. All programs and services are fully accessible
                                          for the majority of disabled persons.
                                          - Challenge Level 1 - More difficult but generally meets federal
                                          requirements. Parking, and all other facilities and interpretive
                                          programs are fully accessible. Grades and surfaces may be more
                                          challenging. Some assistance to the disabled may be necessary.
                                          * Challenge Level 2 - Most difficult. Buildings should be accessible.
                                          Grades and surfaces have not been severely altered in order to
                                          preserve natural setting.    Safety features are part of the design.
                                          Limited mobility persons may need assistance and severely disabled
                                          persons would not be encouraged to use facilities without assistance.
                                  4) Once natural features, development and level of accessibility for each site
                                    is determined then the appropriate architectural standards can be applied.
                                    Comprehensive standards can be found in the Uniform Federal Accessibility
                                    Standards. Here is a brief overview of features of accessibility which have
                                    specific architectural standards:
                                          ï¿½ Parking including spaces, access aisles, ramps;
                                          ï¿½   Access Routes - from parking to facilities, within facilities,
                                          connecting accessible sites, widths, turning areas, passing areas,
                                          surfaces;
                                          0     Entryways - connected by accessible routes, to public
                                          transportation, parking.    New construction requires at least one
                                          principal entrance at grade level should be accessible. In,altered
                                          buildings at least one entryway should be made accessible. A building
                                          serving a variety of transportation modes should provide one
                                          accessible entryway for each. It is preferable for emergency purposes
                                          that all entryways be accessible;
                                          o Ramps - Accessible: ramp required if slope is steeper than 1:20
                                          (5%), Maximum ramp slope 1:12 (8.3%) with a five foot level rest
                                          area every 30 feet. Challenge Level 1: ramp required if slope is
                                          steeper than 1:12 (8.3%), flatter preferred. Challenge Level 2: ramps
                                          generally not used at this level. Slopes greater than 1:12 are generally
                                          not usable for persons in wheel chairs without assistance;
                                          o Trails - no specific standards, only recommendations, including the
                                          following considerations: slope, surface, signage, passing space, and
                                          rest areas;
                                          o Signage - all directional, interpretive and educational signage shall
                                          consider all types of disabilities.
                                  5) Maintenance and Operations Plan - develop seasonal maintenance
                                    schedule - monitor sites to ensure accessibility.
                                    Sample Activity: swimming - to take place on beach and shore - issues


                                                                    230









                                you should address include, access to place and the waters edge.
                                         Pathway from Parking to Beach over Dune - Provide a firm
                                      stable path such as wood plank 4-5 ft. wide. Ramps to go over dunes
                                      should meet all ramp requirements for slope, not greater than 1:12,
                                      rest areas, turning, rails etc. An appropriate minimum height above
                                      dune grade for disabled persons ramps is at least 2' with greater
                                      heights possible where extended ramps can be accommodated.
                                      Spacing between planks should be no greater than 1/2". All structures
                                      should meet Federal Emergency Management Agency and State
                                      Building Codes.
                                      *  Provide a 4' X 4' leisure area - stabilize sand with wood
                                      planking and provide pathway to the area.
                                      * Pathway from beach to water - Stabilized sand or wood plank
                                      minimizes impact to beach while still providing good access. A
                                      wooden boardwalk built in sections can be used seasonally-
                                         Entering the Water - Provide handrails 30-34" high and sloped
                                      curb along edge of platform to gently stop wheelchairs. A rubber mat
                                      on sand can improve access.




                      Contacts


                      For more information on handicapped access requirements, contact:
                              U.S. Architectural & Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
                              1111 18th Street, N.W., Suite 501
                              Washington, D.C. 20036-3894
                              (202) 653-7834 v/TDD
                              (202) 653-7863 FAX

                              Architectural Access Board
                              Room 1310
                              One Ashburton Place
                              Boston, MA 02108
                              (617)727-0660, voice or TDD
                              1-800-828-7222


                              Massachusetts Office on Disability
                              Room 1305
                              One Ashburton Place
                              Boston, MA 02108
                              (617)727-7440







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                        References


                        Americans with Disabilities Act
                        Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities
                        Publication No. 17174-87-500-8/92


                        Document A117.1-1980
                        Design Standards American National Standards Institute
                        1430 Broadway
                        N.Y.,N.Y. 10018

                        Design Guide for Accessible Outdoor Recreation
                        Interim DRAFt for Review
                        U.S. Forest Service
                        ,Auditors Building
                        201 14th Street, S.W. at Independence Ave., S.W.
                        Washington, DC 20250
                        Attention: Access Coordinator, Recreation Staff

































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   I                             APPENDIX L
   I                              Bibliography
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                        Ackerman, Jerry. 1987. Plan would protect beaches, marshland along Massachusetts
                        coast. Boston Globe. April 15, 1987, p.73.

                        Anderson, Charles M. and Hilda W. Anderson. 1979. Flood emergency and
                        residential repair handbook. Washington DC: Federal Emergency Management
                        Agency (GPO).

                        Anderson, H.R. and LA. Appel. 1969. Geology and Groundwater Resources of
                        Ocean County, N.J. Special Report 29 prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey for
                        the U.S. Dept. of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy
                        and Supply, 93 pp.

                        Anderson, Lee G. and Christopher Kellogg. 1976. Economics of storm protection.
                        Newark, DE: Univ. of Delaware, College of Marine Studies. Delaware Sea Grant
                        technical report, Del-SG-2-76.

                        Anderson-Nichols & Co., Inc. 1980. Investigation of coastal storm and erosion
                        damage at five sites, Marblehead, MA. Draft report, Feb. 25, 1980. unpub. (available
                        at Mass. Coastal Zone Management).

                        Associated Press. 1987. Horseneck chosen to lead way in overhaul of state beaches.
                        Dartmouth, MA. July 23, 1997.

                        Associated Press. 1987. Panel: Plans must be made for rising seas. Washington, DC.
                        September 19, 1987.

                        Associated Press. Sea level rise could be devastating, say researchers. Philadelphia,
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                        U.S. General Accounting Office. 1992. Coastal Barriers -- Development Occuring
                        Despite Prohibitions Against Federal Assistance: Report to the Committee on
                        Environment and Public Works, US Senate, July 1992. (GAO/RCED-92-115)

                        Urban Research Development Corp. 1977. Guidelines for Understanding and
                        Determining Optimum Recreation Carrying Capacity. Bethlehem, PA: Bureau of
                        Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Department of the Interior.

                        Vories, Kimery, C. 1975. A selective review and guide to scientific literature for the
                        management of the coastal zone of Massachusetts. Boston: Commonwealth of Mass.,
                        Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Mass. Coastal Zone Management Pro-
                        gram, 25p.

                        Walton, Todd L. Jr. 1976. Hurricane-resistant construction for houses. Florida Sea
                        Grant Publication SUSF-SG-76-005. University of Florida, 13p.

                        Walton, Todd L. Jr.and Thomas C. Skinner. 1976. Beach dune walkover structures.
                        Florida Sea Grant Publication SUSF-SG-76-006. Gainesville FL: Florida Cooperative
                        Extension Service, Marine Advisory Program, 13p.

                        Wheeler, Nancy R. 1978. Effects of off-road vehicles on the infauna of Hatches
                        Harbor, Cape Cod National Seashore. National Park Service Cooperative Research
                        Unit Report No. 21. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.

                        Wheeler, Nancy. 1979. Effects of off-road vehicles on the infauna of Hatches
                        Harbor, Cape Cod National Seashore. National Park Service Cooperative Research
                        Unit Report No'. 28. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 47p. (NPSOSS)

                        White, Gilbert F. et. al.    1976. Natural hazard management in coastal areas.
                        Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA.


                                                                 258








                        White, Natalie. 1986. Inch by inch, sea is closing in; Westport will find out how
                        much. New Bedford Standard Times, July 7, 1986, p. 1.

                        Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Coastal Management Development
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                        11p.

                        Wolfe, P.E. 1977. The Geology and Landscapes of New Jersey. New York:
                        Crane-Russak, 351p.

                        Wood, F.J. 1976. The strategic role of Perigean spring tides. U.S. Department of
                        Commerce.


                        Woodhouse, W.W., Jr. 1978. Dune building and stabilization with vegetation. U.S.
                        Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Resource Center Special Report 3.
                        Ft. Belvoir, VA: C.E.R.C., 112p.

                        Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome. 1974. Propagation of
                        Spailina attemiflora   for substrata stabilization and salt marsh development. U.S.
                        Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center Technical
                        Memorandum No. 46. Ft. Belvoir, VA: C.E.R.C.

                        Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome. 1976. Ten years of de-
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                        Yasso, W.E. and E.M. Hartman, Jr. 1975. Beach forms and coastal processes.
                        MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 11. Albany, NY: New York Sea Grant
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                        Zaremba, Robert, Paul J. Godfrey, and Stephen P. Leatherman.                 1979. The
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                        Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts. National Park Service Cooperative Research
                        Unit Report No. 29. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 67p. (NPSOSS)










                                                                   259









                                                Migratory Shorebirds Bibliography
                                  (courtesy of Brian Harrington of the Manomet Bird Observatory)

                         Bell, Frederick W. and Vernon R. Leeworthy. 1976. An Economic Analysis of the
                         Importance of Saltwater Beaches in Florida. Report Number 82, Florida Sea Grant
                         College.

                         Berg, A., T. Lindberg, and K G. Kallebrink. 1992. Hatching success of Lapwings on
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                         62:469-476.


                         Bratton, S.P.   Boat Disturbance of Ciconiiformes in Georgia Estuaries Colon.
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                         Buick, A.M. and D. C. Paton. 1989. Impact of off-road vehicles on the nesting
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                         Burger, J. 1986. The effect of human activity on shorebirds in two coastal bays in
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                         Burger, J. 1988. Effects of demolition and beach clean-up operations on birds on a
                         coastal mudflat in New Jersey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci., 27:95.

                         Burger, J. 1991. Foraging behavior and the effect of human disturbance on the
                         Piping Plover (Charadfius-Melodus).     J. Coastal Res., 7:39-52.

                         Burger, J. 1991. Human activity influence- and diurnal and nocturnal foraging of
                         Sanderlings, (Calidris alba). Condor, 93:259-265.

                         Carlson, L.H. and P.J. Godfrey. 1989. Human impact management ona coastal
                         recreation and natural area. Bioligical Conservation, 49:141-156.

                         Colgan, Charles S. 1990. Valuing Coastal Zone Management: A report prepared
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                         Chapel Hill.

                         Galbraith, H. 1988. Effects of agriculture on the breeding ecology of Lapwings
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                         Hogan, William, Daniel Georgianna, and Toby Huff. 1991. The Massachusetts
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                         Jeffery, R. G. 1987. Influence of human disturbance on the nesting success of
                         African Black Oystercatchers. S. African J. Wild]. Res., 17:71-72.




                                                                 260








                        Kirby, J.S., S. Cross, J. E. Taylor, and I.H. Wolfanden. 1989. The distribution and
                        abundance of waders wintering on the Alt Estuary, Merseyside, England. Wader
                        Study Group Bull., 54:23-28.

                        Koepff, C. and F. Dietrich. 1986 Disturbance of coastal birds by boats. Vogelwarte,
                        33:232-248.


                        Kusler, Dr. Jon A., Corbin C.     Harwood, and Richard B. Newton. Our National
                        Wetland Heritage: A protection guidebook. Timothy R. Henderson Publisher.

                        Laursen, K. 1982. Recreational activities and wildlife aspects in the Danish Wadden
                        Sea. Schriftenreine dee Bundesminsters fur Eranhrung, Landwirtschart und Forsten,
                        275:63-83.


                        Mitchell, J.R., M.E. Moser, and J.S. Kirby. 1989. Declines in mid-winter counts of
                        waders roosting on the Dee Estuary. Bird Study, 35:191-198.

                        Pfister, C., B.A. Harrington, and M. Lavine. 1992. The impact of human disturbance
                        on shorebirds,.at a migration staging area. Biological Conservation, 60:115-126.

                        Pomerantz, G.A., et a].      1988. Assessing impact of recreation on wildlife: a
                        classification scheme. Wildl. Soc. Bull., 16:58-62.

                        Reichholf, J.H. 1988. Effects of anglers on the breeding of water birds in the
                        internationally important wetlands "Lower Inn River." Vogelwelt, 109:206-221.

                        Toland, B.      1992.   Use of the forested spoil islands by nesting American
                        Oystercatchers in southeast Florida. J.- Field Ornithol., 63:155-158.

                        United States of America National Report. 1992. United Nations Conference on
                        Environment & Development.

                        Visser, G. 1986. Disturbance and reactions of birds on the Noordvaarder high-tide
                        roosts in relation to the environment. RIN/rapport 86/17, Texel.

                        Williams, Ted. 1989. Tires, trees, terns, terrapins. Audubon, May 1.989, p. 26-33.

                        Yalden, D. W. 1986. The status of Golden Plovers in the Peak Park, England, in
                        relation to access and recreational disturbance. Wader Study Group Bull., 46:34-35.

                        Yalden, D.W. and P.E. Yalden. 1989. The sensitivity of breeding Golden Plovers
                        Pluvialis apricatia to human intruders. Bird Study, 36:49-55.

                        Yalden, P.E. and D.W. Yalden. 1990. Recreational disturbance of breeding Golden
                        Plovers Pluvialis-Apticarius . Biological Conservation, 51:243-262.





                                                                  261










                                                         Literature cited in the
                                  Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Guidelines



                         Blodget, B.G. 1990. The piping plover story. Massachusetts Wildlife, 60(2):18-25.

                         ------ 1992. Results of the 1992 Massachusetts tern inventory. Unpubl. report.
                         Westborough: Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, 5p.

                         Burger, J. 1986. Factors influencing the long term survival of the piping plover in
                         New Jersey. Unpubl. report. Trenton: New.Jersey Department of Fish, Game, and
                         Wildlife, 42p. pp.

                         Gibbs, J.P. 1986. Feeding ecology of nesting piping plovers in Maine. Unpubl.
                         report. Topsham: The Nature Conservancy, Maine Chapter, 21p.

                         Goldin, M.R., C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1990. Reproductive and foraging
                         ecology, human disturbance, and management of piping plovers at Breezy Point,
                         Gateway National Recreation. Area, New York. Progress Report-1989. Unpubl.
                         report. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 58p.

                         Hoopes, E.M., C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1992. Relationships between human
                         recreation and piping plover foraging ecology and chick survival. Unpubl. report.
                         Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 77p.

                         Howard, J.M., R.J. Safran, and S.M. Melvin. 1993. Biology and conservation of
                         piping plovers at Breezy Point, New York. Unpubl. report. Amherst: University of
                         Massachusetts, 33p.     pp.

                         Melvin, S.M. 1992. Status of       piping plovers in Massachusetts, 1992 summary.
                         Unpubl report. Westborough: Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, 14p.

                         ------ C.R. Griffin, and L.H. MacIvor. 1991. Recovery strategies for piping plovers
                         in managed coastal landscapes. Coastal Management, 19:21-34.

                         ------ A. Hecht, and C.R. Griffin. 1993. Mortality of piping plover chicks caused by
                         off-road vehicles on Atlantic coast beaches. Wildlife Society Bulletin. (in press)

                         Patterson, M. E. 1988. Piping plover breeding biology and reproductive success on
                         Assateague Island. M.S. Thesis. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
                         State University, 131p.

                         Strauss, E. 1990. Reproductive success, life history patterns, and behavioral variation
                         in a population of piping plovers subjected to human disturbance. Ph.D. Dissertation.
                         Medford, MA: Tufts University, 143p.

                         U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Atlantic coast piping plover recovery plan.


                                                                  262








                     Newton Corner, MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 74p.

                             1989. Roseate tern recovery plan, northeastern population. Newton Corner,
                     MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 86p.

                             1992. 1992 status update, U.S. Atlantic coast piping plover. Unpubt. report.
                     Newton Corner, MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 6p.











































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                                                                                                        COASTAL RESOURCE AREAS AND RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT MEASURES

                                                                                          LAND                        COASTAL BEACHES                                  COASTAL                                    SALT                             LAND UNDER                         LAND CONTAINING                             RARE SPECIES                                   STATE                                      FED
                                                ACTIVITY                           UNDER OCEAN                          INC. TIDAL FLATS                                  DUNES                               MARSHES                               SALT PONDS                               SHELLFISH                                 HABITAT                                     ESA                                      ESA

                                       1. Armoring Structures                  page(s) 57, 110                        40,110                                  45,110                                  49,110                                  55,110                                  51,110                                  60,110                                  66,110                                  64, 110
                                                                                                                                                           -------------------------------------------                                     -------------------------------------------                                      --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                       2. Beach Cleaning                       57,112-114,131                         40,112-114,131                          45,112-114,131                          49,112-114,131                                                                                                          60,112-113,131                          66,112-113,131                          64,112-113,131
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       I
                                 ---------------------------------------------                                      F@ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __    --------------------                  ---------------------                  ----------------------                  L---------------------                   ----------------------                 ---------------------                    --------------------
                                       3. Camping/Fires                                                             : 40, 77                                  45,77                                                                                                                                                           60, 77                                  66, 77                                  64, 77
                                 ------------------------------                                                                                  ------    --------                                                                                    ---------------             ---------------------                    ----------------------                 ---------------------                    --------------------
                                                                                          --------------            ---------------                                       -------------             ---------------------                  ------
                                       4.   Construction of                    57,119-121                             40,119-121                              45,119-121                              49,119-121                              55,119-121                              51,119-121                              60,119-121                              66,119-121                              64,119-121
                                            Public Facilities
                                            ï¿½ B ardwalks
                                            A Poarking              lots/roads
                                            ï¿½ Buildings
                                            ï¿½ Human control
                                                tructures
                                            ï¿½ sandicapped
                                                access
                                 --------------------------------------------                                                               --------       ---------                                ---------------------------------------                                                         ---------------------------------                                                                                ----------------
                                                                                                                    -------------                                                                                                          I                                                                                I                                      T-------------
                                       5. Dredging/Beach                       57,100-105                             40,100-105                              45,100-105                              49,100-105,118                          55,100-105,                             51,100-105,                             60,100-105,                             66,100-105,                             64,100-105,
                                            Nourishment
                                            --------------------------------------                                  ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ------------------                                                                                                      --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ---  1------     7--------------             --------------------
                                       6.   Dune Restoration                                                          40,100-105,112                          45,100-105,112                          49,100-105,112                          55,100-105,112                          51,100-105,112                          60,100-105,112                          66,100-105,112                          64,100-105,112
                                            ï¿½ Snow fencing
                                            ï¿½ Christmas trees
                                            ï¿½ Regrading
                                                                                                                    L-------------------------------------------                                    I----------------------                -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       7.   Fireworks                                                               : 40, 84                               : 45, 84                                                                                                                                                         : 60,84                                : 66, 84                                 : 64,84
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       I                       --------       ---------------------                                                                       ---------------             ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                    L--------------------
                                                                                                                    T-------------                                                                  T---------------------                 ------
                                       8. Harvesting/Gathering                                                        40,81                                   45,81                                   49,81
                                            (plant material, seed)
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       L---------------------                    --------------------                  ---------------------                  -------     --------------              ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                    L--------------------
                                       9. H rseback Riding/                                                           40, 82-83                               45, 82-83                               49, 82-83                                                                       51, 82-83                               60, 82-83                               66, 82-83                               64,82-83
                                            Noon-motorized
                                            Transport
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       ---------------------                  ---------------------                                                                                           ----    T---------------------                   r----------------------                T---------------------                   r--------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                    r---------------------                 i-----------------
                                       10. Hunting                                                                    40,72-75                                45, 72-75                               49,72-75                             :  55,72-75                                51,72-75
                                                                    ----------------------------------              ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                       11.  Kite-flying                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     : 60, 76                               @ 66                                     ; 64
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   4---------------------                   --------------------
                                       12.  Off-road Vehicles                                                         40,87-95                                45,87-95                                49,87-95                                                                        51,87-95                                60,87-95                                66,87-95                                64,87-95
                                            ï¿½ Recreational day
                                                use/ chase vehicles
                                            ï¿½ Recreational
                                                overnight (self-
                                                contained campers)
                                            ï¿½ Shellfishing
                                            ï¿½ Cottage access
                                            ï¿½ Off icial/special use
                                            ï¿½ Finfishing
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ------------------------------------------
                                       13. Pedestrian                                                                                                         45, 73-76                               49, 73-76                                                                                                               60, 73-76                               66,73-76                                64, 7a-76
                                            Recreation (hiking,
                                            birding, picnicking,
                                            swimming, tinfishing)
                                   -------------------------------------------                                      r---------------------                 ---------------------                    IT ---------------------               ---------------------                   T---------------------                   Ir --------------------                11 ---------------------                 r' --------------------
                                       14. Nuisance Control                                                                                                                                           49,122-123                              55,122-123                              51,122-123                              60,122-123                              66,122-123                              64,122-123
                                            ï¿½ :nse ts
                                            ï¿½ nvacive exotic
                                                plants
                                   -------------------------------------------                                      ---------------------                  -------------------------------------------                                     ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                       15. Pets                                                                       40, 75                                  45, 75                                  49,75                                                                                                                   60, 75                                  66, 75                                  64, 75
                                 --------------------------------------------                                       r---------------------                 ---------------------                    r---------------------                 i---------------------                  T---------------------                   I--------------------                  i---------------------                   r--------------------
                                       16. Planting                            57,125-126,106-108                     40,125-126,106-108                      45,125-126,106-108                                                                                                      51,125-126,106-108                      60,125-126,106-108
                                            ï¿½ Exotics
                                            ï¿½ Nonexotics
                                   -------------------------------------------                                      L-------------------------------------------                                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                       17. Shellfishing                        57,76                                  40,76                                                                           49,76                                   55,76                                   51,76                                   60,76                                   66,76                                   64,76
                                            ï¿½ Commercial
                                            ï¿½ Recreational
                                            ï¿½ Aquaculture
                                   -------------------------------------------                                      ---------------------                  I---------------------                   ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                       18. Watercraft                                                                 40,79-80                                45,79-80                                49,79-80                                55,79-80                                                                        60,79-80                                66,79-80                                64,79-80
                                            ï¿½ Jetskis
                                            ï¿½ Motorized boats
                                            ï¿½ Sailboards/surf
                                                board
                                            ï¿½ Misc. personal
                                                flotation devices






























                                                             Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management


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                                                                    Boston, Massachusetts 02202


                                                                            (617) 727-9530







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                                                                         Printed on Recycled Paper



                              Guidelines for Barrier Beach Management in Massachusetts was pfinted by Massachusetts, Coastal Zone Management and
                              is funded by a grant from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                              Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
                              reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies.


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