    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                               Guide'lines for
                    113arrier Beach
                  Management. in Massachus'etts

                                ,"A

                                                      4,  114 41

                 A Report of the'Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force
                                February 1994

            HT392
            .M4G85
            1994

                                                                                G u i d e I i n e s
                                               for Barrier Beach Management in Massachusetts

                                                  A Report of the Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force

                      60

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                       rk     C7-                                                  US Department of Commerce
                      <S-                                                          NOAA Coastal Sorviccc Center Library
                                                                                   2234 South Hobson Avenue
                             C-DI                                                  Charleston, SC 29405-2413
                             1 j

                                       Table of Contents                                                                                                             PAGE
                                       Foreword        ............................................................................................................................I

                                       Introduction       .........................................................................................................................9

                                                   Goals     .....................................................................................................................9
                                                   Understanding Barrier Beaches/Q&A                       ................................................................... 11

                                       1. A Beach Manager's Guide to the Regulations                           ............................................................. 25
                                                   Definitions      ............................................................................................................ 25

                                                   General Characteristics             ........................................................................................ 27
                                                   Delineation of Barrier Margins               ............................................................................. 30
                                                   Applicable Federal and State Laws                    ..................................................................... 31

                                       2. Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act/Barrier Beach Resources                                      ............................ 37

                                                   Barrier Beaches          ................................................................................................... 39

                                                   Coastal Beaches and Tidal Flats                  ......................................................................... 40

                                                   Coastal Dunes          ..................................................................................................... 44
                                                   Salt Marshes        ........................................................................................................ 48
                                                   Land Containing                                                   ...................................................... 51
                                                   Land Under Salt Po6ds               ........................................................................................ 55
                                                   Land Under Ocean              .............................................................................................. 57
                                                   Protection of Rare Species Habitat                   ..................................................................... 60

                                       3. Other Federal and State Statutes Applicable to Barrier Beaches                                   ............................... 63
                                                   Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973                        ........................................................... 64
                                                            (16 United States Code 1531)
                                                   Mass. Endangered Species Act (Mass. General Laws Chapter 131 A)                                        .............. 66
                                                   Mass. Historical Commission                 .............................................................................. 70

                                       4. Public Use/Recreational Activities                   ............................................................................... 71
                                                   Pedestrian Uses, including Hunting, Fin and Shellfishing,
                                                   Kite4lying, Pets, and Hiking             ..........................6...........6 .......................................... 72
                                                   Camping, Including Fires              ...................................................................................... 77
                                                   Watercraft, Including Boats and Jet-skis                    ............................................................. 78
                                                   Plant Harvesting          .................................................................................................. 81
                                                   Non-Motorized Transport, Including Horseback Riding and Bicycles                                    .................. 82
                                                   Fireworks      ......................................  ...................................................................... 84
                                                   Off-Road Vehicle Use             .......................................................................................... 85

                                          5. Restoration and Management Activities                        ........................................
                                                                                                                                               .............................. 97
                                                       Erosion Control and Restoration Techniques                        ...................................................... 98
                                                             Dune and Beach Construction/Reconstruction                           .............................................. 98
                                                             Moving Beach Material               ............................................................................... 111
                                                       Beach Cleaning           ................................................................................................. 113
                                                             Stone and Cobble            ....................................................................................... 113

                                                             Litter   ............................................................................................................ 114

                                                             Wrack       ......................................................................................................... 116
                                                       Salt Ponds        ......................................................................................................... 118

                                                       Construction of Facilities            ................................................................................... 119

                                                       Nuisance Control           ............................................................................................... 122

                                                             Insects     ........................................................................................................ 122

                                                             Exotic Plants        ............................................................................................... 124
                                                       Rare Species Predators               .................................................................................... 127
                                                       Other Wildlife Management Issues                   .................................................................... 129
                                                       Trash    ................................................................................................................. 131

                                          6. Public Education and Outreach                     ................................................................................. 133

                                          Appendix A.           Barrier Beaches in Massachusetts                    .......................................................... 145
                                          Appendix B.           Federal Coastal Barrier Resource System (COBRA)
                                                                Units in Massachusetts             ............................................................................ 163
                                          Appendix C.           Beach Staging Areas for Migratory Shorebirds                        ........................................ 167
                                          Appendix D.           Off-Road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment and
                                                                Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines                    ................................................... 173
                                          Appendix E.           Federal, State, Regional, and Municipal Laws                       ......................................... 177
                                          Appendix F.           State Environmental Agency Contacts                      .................................................... 183
                                          Appendix G.           Glossary      ................................................................................................... 187
                                          Appendix H.           Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife "Guidelines for Managing
                                                                Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and
                                                                their Habitats in Massachusetts               ................................................................ 195
                                          Appendix 1.           Mass Department of Environmental Protection
                                                                "Recommended Conditions for Barrier Beaches                          .. .................................... 211
                                          Appendix J.           Mass. Department of Environmental Protection "Wetlands Protection
                                                                Program Interim Policy 91-2: Criteria for Evaluating and
                                                                Permitting Openings of Salt Ponds in Order to Manage, Maintain or
                                                                Enhance      Marine Fisheries         .. ....................................................................... 221
                                          Appendix K. Access for the Physically Challenged                             ...................................................... 227
                                          Appendix L. Bibliography                 ............................................................................................. 233
                                          Appendix M. Matrix             ....................................................................................................... 265

                                         List of Figures

                                         Figure      1 :     Types of barrier beaches              ............................................................................. 10
                                         Figure      2:      Reconstruction of the growth of Sandy Neck                       ............................................... 12
                                         Figure      3:      Barrier island formation            ............................................................................... 12
                                         Figure      4:      Mechanisms of sand transport                 ..................................................................... 14
                                         Figure      5:      Overwash surges and fans                 .......................................................................... 14
                                         Figure      6:      Barrier Beach Inventory Project map                   ........................................................... 17
                                         Figure      7:      Barrier environments           .................................................................................... 26
                                         Figure      8:      Coastal dunes with beach grass                  .................................................................. 44
                                         Figure      9:      Salt marsh zonation for New England                    .......................................................... 48
                                         Figure 10:          Shellfish harvesting         ...................................................................................... 52
                                         Figure 11:          Map of estimated habitats of
                                                             stale-listed rare wetlands wildlife              ................................................................. 61
                                         Figure 12:          Barrier beach pedestrian closure for piping plovers                       ..................................... 74
                                         Figure 13:          Beach terminology diagram               ..........................................................  .............. 88
                                         Figure 14:          Fencing plan for piping plover nests                 ............................................................ 90
                                         Figure 15:          Types of barrier beach off-road vehicle closures                      ......................................... 94
                                         Figure 16:          Determining dune failure potential                ............................................................. 102
                                         Figure 17:          Sample of warning sign for nesting area                    .................................................... 138
                                         Figure 18:          Sample of warning sign for seal pupping area.                       .......................................... 140

                                                           FOREWORD

                             On May 29, 1992, the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office, the
                             Massachusetts Audubon Society and the Association for the Preservation of Cape
                             Cod co-sponsored a "Conservation of Our Barrier Beaches" Symposium in Brewster,
                             Mass. At the conclusion of the symposium, the co-sponsors resolved to explore some
                             of the outstanding and pressing questions and issues that had been raised and left
                             unanswered by symposium participants. With unanimous support, the co-sponsors,
                             along with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection which had
                             advocated for the formation of such a group with the Audubon Society since 1991,
                             established the Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force. Later that summer, an
                             agenda, schedule and membership list were drawn up by the co-sponsors and the
                             Department.

                             In addition to the Symposium resolution, other forces leading to the establishment of
                             the Task Force were:

                                     * The federal government's addition to the U.S. Endangered Species List of
                             the piping plover;
                                     9 The establishment of jurisdiction, under the Massachusetts Wetlands
                             Protection Act, over the use of off-road vehicles on barrier beaches at Nauset Beach
                             in the Town of Orleans; and
                                     -  The enactment of an Endangered Species Act by the Massachusetts
                             Legislature.

                             The Guidelines that follow are provided as a public service to those given
                             responsibility for implementing and complying with a myriad of federal, state, and
                             local laws relevant to barrier beaches. They are designed to serve as a reference tool
                             to those charged with the responsibility of preparing, reviewing, and implementing
                             barrier beach management plans. This reference book need not be read cover to

                                                                        1

                            cover in order to be understood, although that effort is certainly encouraged. A
                            Matrix in the Appendix allows for quick and easy access to the most recent
                            interpretation of laws and how they apply to actual and potential barrier beach uses.

                            For each potential barrier beach use covered in this document, the Task Force has
                            provided a "Summary of Wetlands Protection Act Regulatory Performance Standards"
                            and prepared a set of "Recommended Management Measures" that may be
                            appropriate for your beach. All recommendations may not be suitable for all
                            areas. Each beach should be managed site-specificallyl Granted, there are
                            certain general principles that are relevant to the natural functioning and
                            management of all barrier beaches, however, the application of a particular
                            recommendation depends upon the individual circumstances of nature and
                            use. Local authorities may know these issues best and should tailor their
                            management plans accordingly.              Beach managers and conservation
                            commissions should work together in this regard.

                            These Guidelines are intended to set barrier beach stewards headed in the direction
                            of responsible beach management. It is recognized that many beach management
                            issues will remain to be discussed and reviewed on a case-by-case basis with municipal
                            conservation commissions, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
                            Protection, the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the managers themselves in
                            order to meet the standards   of environmental law. The Task Force's intent is to
                            equip local beach managers in order for them to be proactive, rather than reactive,
                            in their management approach.

                            Beach managers should prepare barrier beach management plans and submit them to
                            their municipal conservation commissions as a Notice of Intent for review under the
                            Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and any relevant municipal wetlands
                            protection by-law or ordinance. The conservation commission can then issue an
                            Order of Conditions based on the elements of the plan within their jurisdiction.
                            Therefore, each barrier beach management plan in Massachusetts will be subject to
                            a full, legally advertised public hearing prior to any final approval.

                            We also recommend that the public be involved in each step of the planning process.
                            The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office offers a "Guide to Public
                            Involvement" (January 1988) that may assist managers in working with the public.
                            Management plans should also be routinely updated.

                            Where barrier beaches cross political and jurisdictional boundaries, it is recommended
                            that a regional approach be used in drafting management plans.

                            In conjunction with the drafting of the Guideline4 the Task Force recommended
                            that the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection independently issue
                            a Wetlands Policy in the form of a generic Order of Conditions specific to off-road
                            vehicle use, the building of structures, and beach nourishment and dune restoration
                            activities on barrier beaches. This was done and appears in Appendix 1.

                                                                      2

                            The Task Force also recommended that the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                            Wildlife independently issue a policy on "Off-Road Vehicle Management Guidelines
                            for Piping Plovers and Terns in Massachusetts." That policy appears in Appendix H.

                            Together, these two follow-up documents will help implement the Task Force's
                            recommendations. The Department of Environmental Protection and the Division of
                            Fisheries and Wildlife enforce the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and
                            Endangered Species Act respectively and are appropriately equipped to perform this
                            function. The Task Force has convened varied barrier beach interests who have been
                            able to come together in a constructive way to provide barrier beach stewards with
                            Guidelines that may help them in the tough and complex task of barrier beach
                            management.                              I

                            Users of the Guidelines should be aware that the document is equally applicable to
                            barrier beaches under Commonwealth stewardship as they are to those under the
                            ownership of Massachusetts' cities and towns. Federal agencies and private individuals
                            and organizations are also encouraged to apply the Guidelines, where appropriate,
                            to barrier beaches under their jurisdiction. The result can be a consistent and uniform
                            method of managing the 681 barrier beaches throughout the Bay State. In addition,
                            these Guidelines advance the goals and objectives of the Secretary of Environmental
                            Affairs' "Environmental Agenda," and Massachusetts Executive Orders, Number 181
                            and Number 190, while also serving as policy for the Secretary's Coastal Zone
                            Management Program.

                            The Guidelines provide for an ecosystems-based management approach designed to
                            foster responsible use and protection of the Commonwealth's barrier beaches.
                            Implementation of the Guidelines can be considered application of Best
                            Management Practices.

                            The Task Force's guiding principles regarding the incorporation of text into the
                            Guidelines were that: 1) the information be readable; and 2) the information be
                            relevant to barrier beach management today. The sounding board for all information
                            included in the Guidelines came from representatives of the Beach Managers
                            Association of Massachusetts. The Association's members are charged with the day-to-
                            day responsibility of managing most of the 18,750 acres of barrier beaches throughout
                            the Commonwealth.

                            Since establishment of the Task Force, many individuals, environmental groups,
                            federal, state, and local government agencies, advocacy, special interest, and user
                            groups have expressed a desire to participate in the Task Force's deliberations. The
                            Task Force has welcomed their participation and in many instances has charged a
                            particular group with the responsibility for drafting a section of the Guidelines where
                            that group had expertise. No individual, agency, or group has been denied an
                            opportunity to participate in the Task Force's deliberations.

                            In drafting these Guidelines, the Task Force employed a consensus approach in
                            arriving at group decisions. There were no votes taken where a majority could rule.

                                                                      3

                            Alternatives were developed and explored in order to satisfy the group's interests
                            inside of existing environmental law. Reaching consensus took more time than"a
                            centralized approach. The added time, however, was devoted to understanding
                            people's perspectives and values. The results, I believe, were more creative and
                            effective, as expressed in the Guidelines'"Recommended Management Measures."

                            Some members of the Task Force have had differences in the past, continue to have
                            differences, and will inevitably express differences in the future. However, the Task
                            Force members have worked from a shared sense of common ground -- that is, the
                            protection and responsible use of the Commonwealth's barrier beaches.

                            The Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs and its agencies remain
                            available to provide technical assistance to barrier beach stewards on interpretation
                            and application of the Guidelines

                            John J.
                            Ch i      , Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force &
                            Assistant Director, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office
                            February 19%

                                                                      4

                                       The Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force

                        Membership

                        John J. Clarke, Task Force Chairman
                        Assistant Director
                        Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                        Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                        C. Diane Boretos, Environmental Analyst
                        Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                        Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental Protection/
                        Bureau of Resource Protection/Division of Wetlands and Waterways/ Southeast
                        Regional Office

                        John Crane, Beach Conservation Officer
                        Town of Plymouth Park Department

                        Rob Gatewood
                        Association for the Preservation of Cape Cod; and Town of Barnstable

                        Joe Grady, Treasurer
                        Beach Managers Association of Massachusetts

                        Anne Hecht & Susi von Oettingen, Endangered Species Biologists
                        U.S.Department of the Interior/Fish & Wildlife Service/Division of Ecological Services

                        Karst R. Hoogeboom, Manager
                        Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                        Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental
                        Management/Division of Resource Conservation

                        Chris Kennedy, Regional Supervisor for Martha's Vineyard & Nantucket/
                        The Trustees of Reservations/Wakeman Conservation Center

                        Laurie Martinelli, Director of Public Policy
                        Massachusetts Audubon Society

                                                             5

                           Scott Melvin, Rare Species Zoologist
                           Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Fisheries, Wildlife &
                           Environmental Law Enforcement/Division of Fisheries and Wildlife

                           Robert B. Pond, Executive Director
                           Stripers Unlimited

                           Cliff White
                           Massachusetts Beach Buggy Association

                           Technical Adibors

                           Brad Blodget, Ornithologist
                           Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Fisheries, Wildlife &
                           Environmental Law Enforcement/Division of Fisheries and Wildlife

                           Lois Bruinooge, Legal Counsel
                           Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                           Paul G. Caruso, Marine Fisheries Biologist
                           Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Fisheries, Wildlife &
                           Environmental Law Enforcement/Division of Marine Fisheries

                           Robert Golledge, Wetlands Section Chief
                           Commonweatlh of Massachusetts
                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental Protection/
                           Bureau of Resource Protection/Division of Wetlands and Waterways

                           Brian A- Harrington
                           Manomet Bird Observatory

                           Scott Hecker
                           Coastal Watershed Program
                           Massachusetts Audubon Society

                           Karl Honkonen, Coordinator of Interpretation
                           Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Department of Environmental
                           Management/Division of Forests and Parks

                           Jim O'Connell, Coastal Geologist

                                                                  6

                          Jim O'Connell, Coastal Geologist
                          Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                          Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                          Karl Rask, Regional Extension Specialist
                          County of Barnstable Cooperative Extension Service

                          David Rimmer
                          Trustees of Reservations/Crane Beach, Ipswich

                          Pam Rubinoff, Cape Cod Regional Coordinator
                          Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                          Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                          Others

                          Paul Accomando
                          Parker River Refuge Access Committee, Inc.

                          Patricia Eldredge, Aide to Senator Henri Rauschenbach
                          Cape & Islands District

                          Bob Fultz, South Shore Regional Coordinator
                          Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                          Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                          William C. Henchy, Esq.
                          Co-chair Brewster Conservation Commission

                          Representative Frank M. Hynes
                          4th Plymouth District

                          Brenden O'Neill, Aide to Rep. Robert C. Lawless
                          4th Barnstable District

                          Andy Ringold, Superintendent
                          U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service/Cape Cod National Seashore

                          Anne Smrcina, Public Information/Education Specialist
                          Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                          Executive Office of Environmental Affairs/Coastal Zone Management

                                                                 7

                                                     INTRODUCTION

                            Goals

                            The Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task Force set three primary goals in the
                            development of these Guidelines:

                            9 To draft guidelines for barrier beach management in Massachusetts that will serve
                            as policy and planning guidance for those with stewardship responsibilities over barrier
                            beach ecosystems in Massachusetts;

                            * To include the most relevant and useful information regarding the protection and
                            responsible use of barrier beaches; and

                            * To have state, federal, local and regional/county governments and private entities
                            consider the recommendations in the guidelines and adapt them to their particular
                            circumstances as policy.

                                                                      9

                                                                                                  AN

                                                                          z1h

                     A--                                  B                                  C

                                       Figure 1.        Types of barrier beaches: (A) Bay Barriers, (B) Barrier Spits, and
                                                        (C) Barrier Islands.

                                                                           10

                           Understanding Barrier Beaches

                           There are several basic questions that are often raised about barrier beaches, their
                           ecology, and their importance in the ecosystem. The Task Force has attempted to
                           answer some of the most common questions and provide an overall understanding
                           about the role barrier beaches play in the coastal environment.

                           What Is A Barder Beach?

                           A barrier beach is a narrow strip of beach and dunes separated from the mainland by
                           a marsh, bay, river, or any other water body. The gently sloping beach extends from
                           the frontal dune line to the offshore sand bar where waves first normally break.
                           Dunes are hills or ridges of sand deposited by the wind and/or wave action, or. can be
                           artificially deposited, and are often covered with beach-grass. All dunes extending
                           from the beach to the marsh, bay or river are part of the barrier beach. Together the
                           beach, dunes, tidal flats and associated water bodies comprise the dynamic barrier
                           beach ecosystem. Barrier beaches provide storm buffers for both humans and wildlife
                           in harbors and upland areas behind the barrier. They also serve as habitat for a
                           variety of plant and animal life, several of which are endangered in Massachusetts and
                           throughout the nation.

                           In the Bay State, there are three basic types of barrier beaches: bay barrier, barrier
                           spit, and barrier island. A bay barrier is connected to the mainland at both ends. A
                           barrier spit is only connected at one end, and a barrier island is not connected to the
                           mainland at all.

                           Why aW How Do Bamer Beaches Change?

                           Barrier beaches are always changing. In just a year's time these changes become
                           clearly evident. In the summer, when waves are generally less steep, the beach builds
                           up becoming higher and wider. Large, steeper waves that occur in the fall, winter and
                           early spring, cut into the beach and cause it to narrow and flatten. Over a longer
                           period of time, many barrier beaches throughout the Commonwealth tend to migrate
                           landward. This occurs when waves break and carry sand from the ocean side over the
                           beach and dunes, to the landward side. This movement also occurs when sand is
                           swept through tidal inlets into the bays and rivers behind barrier beaches. The
                           landward movement of the barrier beach is caused by storm overwash, as well as the
                           gradual rise in sea level which Massachusetts and other areas of the East Coast have
                           been experiencing for thousands of years. In some areas of the coast, the rate of
                           landward movement is as much as several feet per year. Its most dramatic effects are
                           felt during storm events.

                                                                      8
                                                  8
                                                                      IR                   IR

                                      .0

                                                                                                                    2

                                               0     2   4

                                                  Miles

                                                                                                       3

                                     Figure 2.       Reconstruction of the growth of Sandy Neck and development of
                                                     Barnstable Marsh, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Redfield 1972).

                                     Figure 3.       Barrier island formation by spit accretion and inlet breaching (from
                                                     Hoyt 1967).

                                                                        12

                            The strength of the barrier beach system lies in its natural dynamic character. This
                            character is most clearly represented by the beach's and dune's abilities to respond
                            (move and reshape) to storm winds and waves as a complete ecological unit. When
                            left unaltered, barrier beaches respond to storm overwash quite well by building up
                            again. The overwash provides the substrate for re-establishment of landward saltmarsh
                            and/or dunes, as well as, in some cases, allowing landward migration. Aerial
                            photographs of barrier beaches often show the re-establishment of saltmarsh or dunes
                            on overwash fans. Beachgrass grows on overwash fans and traps windblown sand to
                            begin the formation of new dunes. Eventually, the barrier- beach will look much as
                            it did before the storm, although it may now be slightly closer to the mainland. The
                            barrier is not "breaking down" during overwash episodes, it is simply responding to the
                            natural cycles upon which it depends.

                            As part of the barrier beach system, overwash plays an important role in wave energy
                            dissipation. While the overwash fan itself is important in dissipating storm wave
                            energy, the active process of overwash is critical. The process of overwash acts as an
                            energy release mechanism preventing numerous other overwashes, from forming by
                            redirecting wave energy through itself. The overwash is important to the continued
                            existence of the barrier. It allows the barrier beach to migrate landward in response
                            to storms and relative sea level rise. When considering the importance of overwash
                            episodes, the entire barrier profile, including its readjustment, must be considered. A
                            barrier beach profile includes not only the portion of the barrier which can be seen,
                            but also the seaward area out to the wave base or closure point. Wave base is the
                            seawardmost depth where sediment movement occurs under normal day-to-day or
                            storm wave action. Along the eastern seaboard, the 27 foot bathymetric contour is a
                            representative wave base under severe storm conditions. Therefore, under severe
                            storm conditions, the barrier beach profile extends to that bathymetric contour. The
                            active profile changes under varying storm intensities. Consequently, the alteration
                            of a portion of the profile can result in the interruption of the barrier's equilibrium
                            and may result in additional, unnecessary damage during a subsequent severe storm.
                            For example, bulldozing overwash material onto the seaward side of the barrier from
                            an overwash area, will result in a changed barrier profile. The placement of material
                            on top of the established natural equilibrium profile can result in the unnecessary loss
                            of barrier material during the next storm through an artificial lowering and thinning
                            of the barrier.

                            Many times, the usual human response to overwashes and the resultant shoreline
                            retreat and flooding is to build seawalls, groins or other hard structures in an attempt
                            to "protect the beach." Unfortunately, these alterations, along with paving and
                            bulldozing, interfere with the natural processes of the barrier beach. They prevent
                            overwash and interfere with beachgrass and dune growth, contributing to erosion in
                            surrounding areas. These disturbances are damaging to the system as a whole. Once
                            the natural beach and dune rebuilding processes'are interrupted, the barrier beach
                            defenses against future storms are diminished. In an attempt to "stabilize" the barrier
                            beach through armoring, such as building a seawall or revetment, the beach areas
                            adjacent to and in front of the armoring erode or scour at an accelerated rate and
                            may entirely disappear over time.

                                                                       13

                                                                               Flood,tTidiil
                                                                                  De a

                                                                                                                    Dune                          Iloach Ridge
                                                                                                                    Migrollo
                                          --------------
                                             Scorped
                                               Dune

                                                                      Overvilosh

                                                                                                                         Littoral Drdt
                                                                                      Ebb                                                          Firwailing Wind

                                                                                                                                                                             4

                                                                                                  PROFILE A-A'

                                                                               BEACH          THROAT- WASHOVER FA               FLATS

                                                                                                     ''MARSH  4-

                                                                               VEGETATED                   A:
                                                                                BARRIER            - - - - - - - - - - Baseline
                                                                                 FLATS
                                                                                                            FAN

                                                                                                          AN           -401E,

                                                                                                                                                       5

                                                      Figure 4.               Mechanisms of sand transport on barrier beaches (modified from
                                                                              Godfrey 1976).

                                                      Figure 5.1              Overwash'surges during storm conditions (above) and resulting
                                                                             washover fans (below).

                                                                                                         14

                             In many instances, coastal banks adjacent to barrier beaches serve as the principal
                             sediment source for the barrier. It is therefore advised that, wherever and whenever
                             possible, coastal banks serving as sediment sources for adjacent barrier beaches,
                             remain or be returned to an undeveloped, unarmored state in order to allow for
                             healthy coastal beaches and dunes. It is recommended that, in a proactive approach,
                             barrier beach managers identify the major sediment sources for their barriers and
                             participate, if necessary, in proceedings of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act
                             and the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act in order to protect the future supply
                             of that source.

                             W4 ShouN Cifizens Be Concemed About Barfier Beaches?

                             Development on barrier beaches can pose significant hazards to the public's health
                             and safety. In 1900, over six-thousand people lost their lives when a hurricane caused
                             flooding and overwash of the barrier beach in Galveston, Texas. While storm warning
                             systems have improved greatly since that tragedy, the number of people living on
                             these hazard prone areas has also increased dramatically. According to the U.S.
                             Department of Commerce, 45% of the total land area in Massachusetts is coastal
                             while over 75% of the population lives in coastal areas. In addition, 50% of all
                             construction occurs in the same communities.

                             There are other reasons   why citizens should be interested in barrier beaches. Tax
                             money is used to indirectly promote development in barrier beach areas. Citizens are
                             currently helping to pay for subsidized loans, disaster assistance, and the development
                             of infrastructure, including roads, sewers, and water lines, for these beaches. One
                             estimate indicates that it.could cost the nation approximately $112 billion in the next
                             20 years should the government continue to invest in barrier development.

                             According to State-Federal Hazard Mitigation Team reports, "Hurricane Bob"
                             (August, 1991), the "Halloween Northeaster" (October 1991), and the "December '92
                             Northeaster" cost taxpayers over $50 million (over and above monies paid from the
                             Federal Flood Insurance Program) to repair public roads, seawalls, sewer and water
                             lines, buildings, and other public facilities in the Bay State. The 1991/1992 storm
                             season also caused billions of dollars in damages to private property -- much of this
                             on barrier beaches. Approximately two thirds of the homes destroyed by those storms
                             were located on barrier beaches. Many of these homes were behind seawalls and
                             other erosion control structures which gave homeowners a false sense of security.
                             Those same seawalls also contributed to beach erosion thereby reducing the natural
                             storm defenses of the barrier beach. Most of these seawalls were reconstructed at
                             public expense in much the same way as they had existed prior to the storm season.
                             The large seawall and stone mound structure on Minot Beach in Scituate has been
                             reconstructed nineteen times. It was reconstructed after the "Blizzard of '78" with a
                             cost to the taxpayers of over $700,000. Despite the immense size of this structure
                             many of the homes behind it continue to be heavily damaged by coastal storms.

                                                                       15

                              How Should Banier Beaches Be Managed?

                              Barrier beaches are managed for a variety of reasons, including recreation, tourism,
                              ecosystem protection, conservation, and residential usage.              There are many
                              considerations to address. Federal, state, and local agencies have a variety of
                              jurisdictional interests in the barriers.     Bringing all these issues together in a
                              management plan should help to codify management goals and initiatives. There are
                              many resources to use in development of a plan.

                              Executive Order Number 181 (1980), established a framework for the management
                              of barrier beaches in Massachusetts. The Order directs that state acquisition of
                              barrier beaches be made a priority. This Order assigns the highest priority for use of
                              disaster assistance funds to relocate willing sellers from storm damaged barrier beach
                              areas. Also, state and federal monies for construction projects will not be used to
                              encourage new growth and development on barrier beaches. These economic policies
                              recognize barrier beaches as hazard-prone areas where future storm damage will
                              inevitably occur.

                              Local governments play an important role in barrier beach management. Since
                              municipal commissions, committees and boards review proposals for construction
                              activities on barrier beaches, a large responsibility resides with local officials to ensure
                              that proposed activities reflect both the natural and economic hazards and the
                              environmental sensitivity characteristic of barrier beaches. The Massachusetts Barrier
                              Beach Task Force strongly encourages municipalities to develop management plans
                              for locally owned barrier beach areas to promote appropriate use.

                              The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office has readily available maps
                              which identify and delineate each barrier for each coastal city and town in the
                              Commonwealth ("Coastal Zone Management Barrier Beach Inventory Project,"
                              December 1982). [See Appendix C for the complete list and -municipal location of
                              each barrier beach.] Coastal Zone Management also has available data indicating the
                              rate of shoreline erosion and accretion through its "Massachusetts Shoreline Change
                              Project" (January, 1989).       Other excellent references are the "Barrier Beach
                              Management Sourcebook," developed by Coastal Zone Management (1983) and the
                              "Barrier Island Sourcebook" (Leatherman, 1979). Appendix K is a bibliography that
                              highlights these and other publications that will be useful to supplement these
                              Guidelines.

                              With the addition of "Wildlife Habitat" to the list of interests protected under the
                              Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and the passage of a state Endangered
                              Species Act (1990), barrier beach management has moved to a new level of
                              importance -- beyond flood control and storm damage protection -- to the protection
                              of wildlife habitats and rare species on barrier beaches.

                              With all that has been learned since promulgation of the Massachusetts Wetlands
                              Protection Act's Coastal Regulations in 1978, the addition of new statutes protecting
                              wildlife habitat and endangered species, and our on-site experiences regarding the

                                                                          16

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Gloucester Quadrangle
                                                       Barrier Beach Inventory Project                                                                        Barrier Beach Unit Code System                                                                               Massachusetts - Essex County
                                                       Executive Office of Environmental Affairs                                                                          Gt -9                                                                The geological field research and mapping was
                                                       Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management                                                                              Town       Barrier unit                                              compiled and produced under contract with
                                                       Richard F Delaney, Director                                                                                        Barrier Beach Margins                                                The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies
                                                                                                                                                            The seaward and landward margins of all barrier
                                                       Project Coordinator: Gary Clayton                                                                    beach units extend to mean low water and include                                   Principal Investigator: Lester B. Smith, Jr.
                                                       Geologic Advisor: Jeffrey Benoit                                                                     contiguous marsh and/or tidal flats.                                               Date of completion: April 1982
                                                                                                                                                                          no contiguous marsh and/or tidal flats
                                                       Maps depict Barrier Beaches subject to                                                                             are present                                                          Base maps are U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangles -
                                                       Executive Order No. 181.                                                                                                                                                                  7.5 Minute Series (Topographic)
                                                                                                                                                                          contiguous marsh and/or lidal flats                                  Department of Public Works, Massachusetts
                                                                                                                                                                          are part of the barrier beach unit

                                                                                                                                                                          Scale in Feet   1:4o,ooo
                                                                                                                                                               1000       0   1000 M WW 4000 WW                       G@
                                                                                                                                               North                                                                 0.@:Wgl. Lwatton

                                                         The preparation of this publication was funded by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmosphelfic Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, under a program implementation granl to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                            dynamics of barrier beach ecology, the Task Force hopes that these Guidelines will
                                                                                                                                            serve to help better understand barrier beach processes in order that ecosystems-
                                                                                                                                            based management of these fragile coastal resources can be improved.

                Figure 6.      Barrier Beach Inventory Project map of Gloucester.

                                                17                                                                                                                                  18

                            Barrier Beach Economics, including Fees and Financing

                                   The coast and coastal zone of Massachusetts is the most significant economic
                            natural resource in the state. According to data from "Valuing Coastal Zone
                            Management," a March 1990 report, prepared for the National Coastal Resources
                            Research and Development Institute by the University of North Carolina/Chapel
                            Hill's Center for Urban and Regional Studies, the Coastal Gross National Product has
                            been growing faster than the overall Gross National Product. The Massachusetts
                            Coastal Zone Management Program has determined that over half of the
                            Commonwealth's share ($70.7 billion in 1985) of the Gross National Product
                            originates from coast-related activities. Included among these activities are the third
                            largest fisheries industry in the United States and an important tourism industry that
                            centers around bathing beaches and tourist attractions. These businesses are strongly
                            dependent on healthy coastal ecosystems.

                            VALUING THE COAST

                                   Barrier beaches comprise approximately 222 miles (or a little more than 21%)
                            of the state's 1,500-mile beach shoreline (as determined by the Army Corps of
                            Engineers). The 681 barrier beaches along the Massachusetts coast provide a wealth
                            of resources that contribute greatly to the economic health of the Commonwealth.
                            According to the Massachusetts Audubon Society's white paper "Turning the Tide:
                            Toward a Liveable Coast" (1992), measuring the value of barrier beaches is difficult,
                            both because of a lack of availability of basic data and because the very nature of
                            some of the resources make assigning a dollar value a difficult task. Estimating the
                            aesthetic value or desirability and attractiveness of coastal resources is an even more
                            imprecise process. Nevertheless, the following information will provide some insight
                            into the magnitude of economic contributions that barrier beach resources provide in
                            Massachusetts.

                                                          Storm and Erosion Control
                                   The value of storm and erosion protection capabilities of barrier beaches is
                            enormous and well documented. Barrier beaches deflect the force of onshore waves,
                            and function as wave energy absorbers during coastal storms.
                                   While there are no definitive numbers for the storm protective value of
                            barrier beaches, the flood control and erosion control benefits of wetlands have been
                            documented by the Environmental Law Institute in "Our National Wetland Heritage"
                            and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development's "United
                            States of America National Report." As discussed earlier, coastal wetlands reduce the
                            impact of storm tides and waves before they reach upland areas. The mats of wetland
                            vegetation, with their complicated root systems, bind and protect soil against erosion.
                            While an exact correlation may not be possible, using an annual protection value of
                            $2,020 per acre of wetland as determined by the federal government, the 49,000 acres
                            of saltmarsh wetland behind Massachusetts' barrier beaches provide as much as $600
                            million in storm and erosion protection every year.

                                                                      19

                                                                      Fisheries
                                      The waters of the Commonwealth are rich in finfish and shellfish, including
                              lobsters. Saltmarsh areas protected by barrier beaches are important to fisheries for
                              two reasons: they are a major source of nutrients for shellfish and finfish; and they
                              provide protected spawning and feeding grounds for many of the most economically
                              significant commercial fisheries. According to "Our National Wetland Heritage," it
                              has been estimated that 90 percent of the species of commercial importance either
                              pass their entire lives in estuarine environments that are protected by barrier beaches
                              or require estuaries as nursery grounds.          From information provided in the
                              Massachusetts Audubon Society's white paper, a conservative estimate of the
                              cumulative value of all Massachusetts commercial fisheries, including nearshore and
                              offshore waters, was $1 billion for 1984.
                                      Using figures from "The Massachusetts Marine Economy" (April 1991)
                              prepared by the Massachusetts Centers of Excellence Corporation, an estimated 1.1
                              million recreational fishermen made 4 million fishing trips in 1986. They caught about
                              26 million fish, with over 19.5 million coming from Massachusetts' coastal waters.
                              Sixty percent of the recreational catch came from enclosed coastal waters (river
                              mouths, bays, sounds), many of which are, protected by barrier beaches. While it is
                              hard to isolate the economic impact of barrier beaches on recreational fishing, it has
                              been estimated that recreational finfishing contributed $638 million to the state
                              economy in 1988. Over 24,000 people took part in recreational shellfishing in
                              Massachusetts in 1987 and harvested food items valued at $4.4 million.
                                      From this data, it is clear that commercial and recreational fisheries provide
                              significant contributions to the state's economy. It is also clear that the role barrier
                              beaches play in the creation and protection of saltmarsh habitat for fisheries is
                              important in maintaining the economic and ecological health of those fisheries.

                                                               Tourism and Recreation
                                      Massachusetts' coastline lies within a day's drive of one-quarter of the nation's
                              population. As the state has moved away from a manufacturing economy, the tourism
                              industry has become the I  -argest single component of the state's economy. According
                              to U.S. Travel Data Center figures, residents of the U.S. made an estimated 17
                              million trips to Massachusetts in 1990 (an average 1.9 people per trip party, or 32.2
                              million person-trips). For 70 percent of these visitors, the primary purpose of
                              traveling was for pleasure. Fifty-four percent of the visits occur in summer, the most
                              popular season to visit Massachusetts. Thirty-six percent of the tourists visited the
                              beach or seashore (11.6 million visits), showing that the coast of Massachusetts has
                              a strong influence on its tourism value. The Massachusetts Office of Travel and
                              Tourism reports that seaside areas are the fastest growing tourist areas in the state,
                              with tourism in coastal counties growing at a rate of 13% in 1988, compared to a rate
                              of less than 9% for the rest of the state.
                                      In 1990, expenditures by domestic visitors (not including international tourists)
                              to the coastal counties of Massachusetts totaled over $5.8 billion. Not all of this can
                              be attributed directly to the use and enjoyment of coastal resources. Visits to historic
                              sites, attendance at conventions, and other attractions unrelated to proximity to the
                              coast probably accounted for the majority of tourism in the metropolitan Boston area.
                              Nevertheless, visitors attracted to the coast do provide significant support for the
                              economies of some regions, particularly the Cape and Islands. It is estimated by the

                                                                         20

                            U.S. Travel Data Center that over 80,000 jobs can be attributed to tourism in the
                            state's coastal counties.
                                    Spending a day at the beach is probably the most typical coastal recreation
                            activity. Quantifying the direct economic value of beach use is difficult because many
                            beaches are free. Indirect economic benefits, such as income to area motels and
                            restaurants, are also hard to quantify because no comprehensive data is kept on beach
                            attendance. Research by the State of Florida and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                            indicates that recreational users of the coast spend $45 to $55 per day on beach-
                            related expenditures. The State of Florida has also determined that each dollar spent
                            by tourists has a multiplier effect on the state's economy of 5.18. Research has yet
                            to be undertaken in Massachusetts to determine the multiplier effect here. In 1987,
                            the state's parks attracted 11.9 million visitors, 1.7 million of whom visited state
                            beaches. Based on a 1992 Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management
                            survey, half of all state park users also spent money in local restaurants and bought
                            gifts during their trip. Attendance at the state and federally owned beaches, including
                            Cape Cod National Seashore, Horseneck Beach Reservation, and Salisbury Beach
                            Reservation, was almost 10 million in 1989. Private and town beaches accounted for
                            several million more visitors.

                                                                     Boating
                            According to the Massachusetts Marine Trades Association, in 1987, Massachusetts
                            ranked nineteenth nationally in terms of registered boats in the Bay State (196,541).
                            For the same year, the Commonwealth also supported $312,435,000 worth of boat,
                            motor, trailer, and accessory purchases.

                                                                   Real Estate
                                    The value of coastal real estate has traditionally been higher than the state
                            average. The Massachusetts Department of Revenue has calculated that, currently,
                            coastal real estate per acre is worth approximately two and a half times non-coastal
                            teal estate. As indicated in "Valuing Coastal Zone Management," it was determined,
                            for instance, that people in Rhode Island are willing to pay anywhere from $4,000 to
                            $20,000 additional for a house with a view of the coast.

                                                           Intrinsic Value of the Coast
                                    In addition to direct economic values, the coast has intrinsic worth that is not
                            easily translated into dollars. This worth can be termed non-market value, even
                            though something is not bought and sold, it still may have economic value.
                            Economists have found that many people are willing to pay for scenic vistas, proximity
                            to the coast or the assurance that coastal resources and aesthetics will be preserved
                            for the future. Other studies have shown that people are willing to pay as much as
                            $5.00 for a visit to a beach that they currently enjoy for free. People may even be
                            willing to pay for protection of resources that they may never directly use, just for the
                            satisfaction of knowing that unspoiled panoramas, healthy ecosystems and their
                            attendant diversity of nature exist. While the intrinsic value of Massachusetts' coastal
                            resources, and specifically barrier beaches, has not been analyzed in detail, studies in
                            other areas have found that the intrinsic value can be as high as 50 percent of the
                            direct economic benefits incurred from resource use.

                                                                       21

                             FINANCING

                                     It is important that beach managers work closely with their boards of
                             selectmen or mayor's offices in order to adequately finance the operation of barrier
                             beaches. Based on discussions with municipal officials and the Mass. Department of
                             Revenue, the following are provided as possible funding options.

                                     Municipalities should anticipate certain expenses when managing their barrier
                             beaches. Actions necessary in order to financially prepare for barrier beach
                             management plan implementation should include the preparation of balance sheets
                             that clearly iflustrate the expenses and revenues associated with beach management.
                             If barrier beaches are to continue to attract visitors/users and revenue, communities
                             should realize that financial commitments to these resources, such as maintenance and
                             management, are crucial. It is recommended that the municipality's general fund
                             provide the primary source of revenue for beach management. Barrier beach
                             revenues, however, should not be used to subsidize the general fund.
                                     Fair'and equitable fees and fines should be levied by those with stewardship
                             responsibilities over barrier beaches to accommodate the costs to maintain the beach.
                                     Beach permit user fees can be levied for entrance and beach-related
                             recreational uses. The Task Force recommends that revenues generated from
                             entrance and beach uses be dedicated to beach and facilities' maintenance and
                             improvements. An assessment should be made in order to determine whether or not
                             beach-generated fees are adequate enough to pay for beach-related maintenance and
                             improvements. With minimum state and federal assistance available to maintain such
                             public services, it is recommended that, wherever possible, barrier beach fees be used
                             to offset the costs of providing services at barrier beaches.

                             Fees can be dedicated to:
                                     *Infrastructure maintenance and improvement -- entrance stations; parking
                                     lots and roads; bath houses; utilities (electricity, water, telephone, heat);
                                     machinery, equipment and vehicles; access ramps and boardwalks; beach grass
                                     plants and planting; fencing and signs; and
                                     e Services/Management -- lot attendants; police and fire protection; public
                                     works staff; lifeguards; conservation officers and health agents; plover/tern
                                     wardens; harbormasters and shellfish wardens;'barrier beach-related municipal
                                     expenses (personnel insurance, pensions, retirement and municipal building
                                     expenses); any outstanding beach-related debt service; beach acquisition
                                     programs; and public education.

                             Fee options can be broken down to include:
                                       Beach Lot Permits
                                             - Year-round Resident
                                             - Rental Resident
                                             - Daily/Weekly Visitor
                                       Off-Road Vehicle Permits
                                             - Resident
                                             - Nonresident

                                                                       22

                                   e Horseback Riding Permits
                                   o Pedestrian Access (walk-ins)
                                    Bicycle Access
                                    Vessel Landings

                                   Although municipal beach and parking fees often differ for non-residents and
                           residents, the Task Force recommends that where fees are charged to local residents,
                           non-residents should not be charged more than twice the local amount. Although the
                           tax burden for municipal barrier beach care and maintenance is weighted to the local
                           resident, where the environmental integrity of a barrier beach will not be
                           compromised, public access for all residents of the Commonwealth is encouraged at
                           a reasonable cost.
                                   Fines imposed against violators of barrier beach regulations can also be
                           dedicated to barrier beach management. Further information on this subject is
                           discussed later on.

                                                              Enterprise Fund
                                   As an alternative to general fund appropriations, proceeds can be dedicated
                           to a special Barrier Beach Enterprise Fund. Enterprise funds have been successfully
                           used in harbors, for instance, to insure that the community has adequate monies,
                           generated by the users, to maintain and improve facilities when necessary. This is an
                           accounting procedure that requires town meeting or city council approval. In order
                           to separately account for the revenue and expenses of providing services at barrier
                           beaches, municipalities are urged to establish such a fund.
                                   An enterprise fund works as follows: through municipal adoption of Mass.
                           General Laws Chapter 44, �53F 1/; all monies collected for beach use are placed in the
                           fund and all beach-related costs come out of this fund. Expenditures are itemized on
                           an annual budget and subject to the municipal appropriations process. The account,
                           as with all other accounts, is managed by the municipal treasurer.
                                   By accounting for all the revenues and costs associated with barrier beaches,
                           beach  managers can:
                                   1) Demonstrate to the public how much of the costs of providing these
                                   services are recovered through user charges and how much, if any is being
                                   subsidized through taxes;
                                   2) Adjust user service fees to make barrier beaches self-supporting in cases
                                   where beach facilities are currently a burden on the tax base; and
                                   3) Accrue earnings to fund long-term maintenance or faciliti     i provement
                                                                                                les Im
                                   plans without money being directed to the general operating fund.

                           For additional information and guidance on establishing an Enterprise Fund, contact
                           the Massachusetts Department of Revenue/Division of Local Services/Bureau of
                           Accounts at (617) 727-2300. A detailed "Handbook" is available.

                                            Non-Criminal Citations Using Local Bylaws/Ordinances
                                   If a municipality has a local barrier beach or wetland protection
                           bylaw/ordinance, there is a recommended enforcement technique which can be used

                                                                     23

                              to bring about compliance before escalating to a lawsuit. The legislature has
                              authorized. municipal governments to use a non-criminal ticketing procedure to
                              enforce local laws.
                                      The ticketing statute, Mass. General Laws Chapter 40, �21D, provides that any
                              ordinance, bylaw, rule, or regulation of any municipal office, board, or department
                              may be enforced by this method as long as the violation is subject to a specific
                              penalty.. Only a few municipalities have actually adopted this process; some have
                              made it applicable to a few specific bylaws/ordinances while others have given it more
                              wide-ranging applications. Typical environmental laws enforced by this method
                              include wetland bylaws/ordinances and regulations, conservation land rules and
                              regulations, rubbish disposal and littering regulations, shellfish regulations, and
                              violations of zoning bylaws/ordinances.
                                      Use of the ticketing procedure allows an enforcement official to issue a ticket
                              which provides for a specific sum of money to be paid as a penalty for the violation
                              of a local law. The violator must pay the ticket or request an appeal in writing to the
                              district court. If appealed, a hearing will be held on the matter within twenty-one days
                              following the date the ticket was written.
                                      Advantages to use of the non-criminal ticket include:
                                      1) The criminal stigma is taken away from enforcement efforts;
                                      2) The need to prove a case in a trial setting is for the most part eliminated;
                                      and
                                      3) Many local laws can be enforced by a process similar to that employed for
                                      minor traffic violations, a process with which most people are familiar.

                              For further information and details, refer to the Mass. Department of Environmental
                              Protection's Division of Wetlands and Waterways manual entitled: "An Enforcement
                              Manual For Wetlands Protection In Massachusetts" (1990).

                              NOTE: The procedural aspects of Mass. General Laws Chapter 40, �21D have recently
                              been amendei4 and additional amendments are likely in the near future. Consult with
                              your town counsel or city solicitor for guidance before proceeding with this enforcement
                              method.

                                                                        24

                                                             CHAPTER1

                                      A Beach Manager's Guide to the Regulations

                              Definitions

                              The criteria used for identifying and delineating barrier beaches in Massachusetts are
                              based on the definition of a barrier beach as contained in the Preamble of
                              Massachusetts Executive Order Number 181. This definition of a barrier beach is also
                              identical to that of the Coastal Regulations of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection
                              Act:

                                      Barrier Beach means a narrow low-lying           strip of land generally
                                      consisting of coastal beaches and coastal dunes extending roughly
                                      parallel to the trend of the coast. It is separated fiom the mainland by
                                      a narrow body of fresh, brackish or saline water or a marsh
                                      system .... (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29)

                              Since coastal beaches and coastal dunes comprise a barrier beach, it is important to
                              understand the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Regulatory definitions for these
                              resource areas. The definitions are as follows:

                                      Coastal Beach means unconsolidated sediment subject to wave, tidal and
                                      coastal storm action which forms the gently sloping shore of a body of saft
                                      water and includes tidal flats.     Coastal beaches extend from the mean low
                                      water line landward to the duneline, coastal bankline or the seaward edge of
                                      existing man-made structures, when these structures replace one of the above
                                      lines, whichever is closest to the ocean .... (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27)

                                      Coastal dune means any natural hill, mound or ridge of sediment landward of
                                      a coastal beach deposited by wind action or storm overwash. Coastal dune also
                                      means sediment deposited by artificial means and serving the purpose of storm
                                      damage prevention or flood control....(310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.28)

                                                                          25

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                      LAGOON  SEDIMENTS      PEAT    OVERWASH     SOIL    DUNE     DRIFT         STEP SHOREFACE
                                                       LAYERS            BEDDING   LINES               SEDIMENTS

                                                    Barrier environments (Godfrey 1976)

                                    Figure 7.      Barrier environments (Godfrey 1976).

                                                                     26

                            General Characteristics

                            For management purposes, the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office has
                            identified and mapped 681 Massachusetts barriers in its "Coastal Zone Management
                            Barrier Beach Inventory Project" (April, 1982). Individual maps are available to the
                            public by contacting the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office at (617)727-9530.
                            Approximately 15 additional barriers have been identified and will be included in a
                            future revision of the Inventory. The following general criteria from the regulatory
                            definitions were used in the identification process:

                            narrow low-lying strip of land:
                                    Barrier beach landforms are generally low-lying and narrow in width due to
                                    their geologic origin and evolution. The width and height of a barrier beach
                                    varies due to numerous factors including sediment supply, sediment transport
                                    patterns and rates, exposure to waves and human alterations.                   In
                                    Massachusetts, barrier dimensions range in width from over thousands of feet
                                    to those on the order of tens of feet.

                            consist of coastal beaches and coastal dunes:
                                    Coastal beaches and coastal dunes are formed by coastal processes such as
                                    wave, tidal, wind and coastal storm action. Their existence is very important
                                    and in part distinguishes barrier beach landforms from other coastal landforms
                                    that comprise the Massachusetts coast. Unaltered dunes may range in height
                                    from a few feet above sea level to over fifty feet in elevation. As a result of
                                    filling, construction or structural stabilization, many barrier beaches have
                                    heavily altered beach and dune areas. These areas remain important buffers
                                    that help protect landward areas from storm damage and flooding. Regardless
                                    of the type of alterations thathave occurred, the beach or dune deposits, if
                                    not their forms, continue to exist. Consequently, those barrier beaches that
                                    have been subject to human alteration and structural development remain
                                    protected by the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and have been
                                    mapped by the Coastal Zone Management Office. Most other coastal
                                    landforms in Massachusetts consist entirely of bedrock or glacial sediment.
                                    These other, areas are not barrier beaches but may be classified as another
                                    type of coastal wetland such as rocky intertidal shore or coastal bank.

                            parallel to the trend of the coast:
                                    The mainland Massachusetts coast is quite irregular due to a non-uniform
                                    distribution of primary coastal deposit& (glacial landforms; and bedrock).
                                    Barrier beaches fill irregularities in the primary deposits, and they are
                                    generally oriented perpendicular to the direction of maximum wave fetch.
                                    Consequently, barrier beaches run parallel to the trend of the coast, but, since
                                    the coast is so irregular, barrier beach orientation is likewise variable.

                                                                       27

                              separated from the mainland by a wetland or waterbody:
                                      Ile definition of a barrier beach also clearly states that the landforin is
                                      separated from the mainland by a narrow body of fresh, brackish or saline
                                      water or a marsh system." It is an important characteristic of a barrier beach
                                      that such a marsh or water body exist landward of the barrier.

                              a barrier beach may be joined to the mainland at one or both ends:
                                      At the lateral boundaries the barrier beach "ends" where there is no longer
                                      a wetland or waterbody behind the landform and when a glacial, bedrock or
                                      fill upland is encountered. The barrier may also terminate at a water body,
                                      marsh or inlet. If one end terminates in this manner, the barrier is called a
                                      barrier spit. If both ends terminate this way, it is called a barrier island. Bay
                                      barriers, which are the most common barriers found in Massachusetts, occur
                                      when both margins are attached to upland areas.

                              developed barrier beaches:
                                      Neither Executive Order Number 181 nor the definition of a barrier beach
                                      imply that altered barrier beaches should be identified or designated with any
                                      special status. Also, a landform does not have to be above any specific size
                                      threshold to be considered a barrier beach.           Whether small or large,
                                      developed or undeveloped, these coastal barriers remain subject to significant
                                      storm damage and may provide important habitat for wildlife. Therefore, if
                                      a landform meets the geomorphic requirements, it is identified as a barrier
                                      beach regardless of size and degree of alteration (such as development). This
                                      is an important point that should not to be overlooked by barrier beach
                                      managers.

                              artiflcially created landforms:
                                      Artificially created landforms with characteristics similar to natural barrier
                                      beaches exist along the Massachusetts coastline. These features, however, do
                                      not reflect the geologic evolution necessary for the landform to be classified
                                      as a barrier beach nor do these artificial landforms necessarily respond to
                                      storm processes in the same manner as a naturally-formed barrier does. An
                                      example of such a structure is the Stoney Point Dike in Buzzards Bay.

                              perched barrier beach:
                                      In certain coastal areas, beach and dune deppsits overlie irregular glacial
                                      surfaces. If a glacial landform extends above mid-tide, the overlying beach
                                      and dune resource areas are not identified as a barrier beach. When an
                                      underlying glacial surface only extends to amid-tide elevation these landforms
                                      are identified by the Coastal Zone Management Office as barrier beaches.
                                      This criterion was selected because it could be applied to most coastal areas
                                      through a combination of aerial photo use and direct field observation. Also,
                                      identified "perched barriers" provide storm damage protection and flood
                                      control.   Overwash fans are present on several perched barriers in
                                      Massachusetts indicating that these landforms are dynamic, potentially storm
                                      hazardous areas that may also play a role in providing wildlife habitat,

                                                                         28

                                     particularly for the rare piping plover.

                             influenced by regular tidal action:
                                     All barrier beaches influenced by tidal action have been identified and
                                     mapped, even small barriers in coastal eftibayments. If a barrier landform is
                                     large enough to consist of a coastal dune, then it is identified as a barrier
                                     beach when it satisfies the wetland definitions. Depositional features in areas
                                     not subject to tidal influences or only subject to tidal action episodically (such
                                     as in ponds occasionally opened to the sea) are not identified as barrier
                                     beaches, because they do not satisfy the regulatory definitions.

                                                                      29

                             Delineation of Barrier Margins

                             The margins of a barrier   beach include the seaward (exposed) side to low tide in
                             tidally influenced areas, the landward (protected) side and lateral margins.

                             The lateral margins of barrier beaches. encountered in Massachusetts include upland
                             margins and water body or wetland margins. The water body or wetland margin is
                             usually a straightforward determination. The upland/barrier beach margin delineation,
                             however, can be difficult to determine. Therefore, this delineation will be discussed
                             in detail. There are three basic types of barrier/upland margins: (1) coastal bank; (2)
                             dune-upland; and (3) bedrock.

                             coastal bank margin:
                                    Most of Massachusetts' barriers are bay barriers with coastal bank lateral
                                    margins. In most instances, coastal banks consist of glacial sediment which
                                    were formed by major ice advances over New England. These deposits are
                                    variable in composition and texture. They may consist of glacial till, glacial
                                    outwash or glacial lake or marine deposits.

                             dune-upland margin:
                                    This boundary occurs when coastal dunes are present on top of or seaward of
                                    an upland. The upland may consist of glacial material, bedrock or artificial
                                    fill. The dune-upland margin can form when a barrier beach builds laterally
                                    in front of an upland or when a barrier migrates landward and attaches itself
                                    to an upland. This margin also occurs when the landward niarsh or water
                                    body behind a barrier has changed to upland as a result of artificial filling of
                                    a portion of the marsh/wetland area.

                             bedrock margin:
                                    The lateral margin of a barrier beach can terminate at bedrock, which is
                                    massive rock material formed by metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary
                                    processes.    Bedrock can be found in several areas along the coast of
                                    Massachusetts.

                                                                       30

                               Applicable Federal and State Laws

                               Numerous federal, state, regional, and local laws have been enacted that pertain to
                               the use and protection of barrier beaches. In this section, the Task Force has
                               attempted to summarize the most pertinent aspects of each major piece of legislation.
                               For a comprehensive citation of federal, state, regional and municipal law, s&
                               Appendix E.

                               FEDERALJURISDICIION

                               Coastal Barrier Resources Act (1982), last amended 1990, 16 U.S. Code 3502 et
                               seq.    Restricts future federal expenditures and federal financial assistance on
                                       designated undeveloped coastal barrier beaches which have the effect of
                                       encouraging development of the barriers.            Barrier units designated by
                                       Congress have been mapped by the U.S. Department of the Interior and
                                       typically include those areas that are undeveloped (approximately I house per
                                       5 acres). There are 54 units on 90 Massachusetts barrier beaches [see
                                       Appendix B]. No new federal flood insurance may be issued, as depicted on
                                       new Flood Insurance Rate Maps. Enforced by the U.S. Office of Management
                                       and Budget. Contact the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office at
                                       (617) 727-9530.

                               Coastal Zone Management Act of 197Z last amended in 1990,16 U.S. Code 1451
                               et seq. National program overseeing the Coastal Zone Management Programs of
                                       member states, including Massachusetts.             See State jurisdiction for
                                       Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management.

                               Endangered Species Act (1973) last amended 1988, 16 U.S. Code 1531 et seq.
                                       Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior, through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                       Service, to list fish, wildlife and plants found to be threatened or endangered,
                                       such as the Piping Plover or the Roseate Tern, and provides for their
                                       protection and recovery. Prohibits "taking" of listed species. Contact the U.S.
                                       Fish & Wildlife Service at (603) 225-1411.

                               Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act (1987), 33 U.S. Code 1901
                               et seq.
                                       Prohibits all ships from dumping plastics into the sea and regulates other type
                                       of material that may be dumped within the waters of the U.S. Contact the
                                       U.S. Coast Guard at (617) 223-3000 (N.H. border to Plymouth/Manomet
                                       Point) or (401) 528-5335 (Plymouth/Manomet Point to R.I. border) or the
                                       Center for Marine Conservation at (202)429-5609.

                                                                           31

                            National Environmental Policy Act (1970), last amended 1984, 42 U.S. Code 4321
                            et seq.
                                   Requires an assessment of environmental impacts from federally-sponsored
                                   projects with significant impacts and may result in the preparation of an
                                   environmental impact statement by the federal agency. Contact the
                                   Environmental Protection Agency at (617)565-3715.,

                            National Flood Insurance Act (1968), 42 U.S. Code 4001 et seq.
                                   Implemented by Federal Emergency Management Agency. Structures within
                                   the mapped 100-year fl6odplain are required to be built in accordance with
                                   the federal standards and state building code, regarding floor elevations and
                                   floodproofing. Federal regulations are implemented through the state and
                                   local building code and enforced by the municipal building inspector. Contact
                                   the Federal Emergency Management Agency at (617) 223-9561 or the
                                   municipal building department.

                            Submerged Lands Act (1953)
                                   The Federal Government released and relinquished to the states, all of its
                                   claims, rights, interests, title, and ownership of the lands and resources
                                   beneath navigable waters within the territorial limits (3 miles) of the state's
                                   Mean High Water line.

                            Rivers & Harbors Act (1899), 33 U.S. Code 401 et seq.
                                   Authorizes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to regulate structures below
                                   Mean High Water and work in navigable waters of the U.S. Permit required.
                                   Contact the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at 1-800-362-4367.

                            Water Pollution Control Act (1972), 33 U.S. Code 1251 et seq.
                                   Requires applicants to obtain a certification or waiver from the Mass.
                                   Department of Environmental Protection before the U.S. Army Corps of
                                   Engineers issues. a permit for discharge of dredge or fill materials into water
                                   and wetlands of the U.S. Permit required. Contact the U.S. Army Corps of
                                   Engineers at 1-800-362-4367.

                                                                      32

                              STATEJURISDICIION

                              Areas of Critical Environmental Concern - Mass. General Laws Chapter 30, ��61 -
                              62H; 301 Code of Mass. Regulations 12.00
                                      Currently there are barrier beaches located within eight of the thirteen coastal
                                      Areas of Critical Environmental Concern as designated by the Massachusetts
                                      Secretary of Environmental Affairs (see list below). The critical'area program
                                      regulations direct all Executive Office of Environmental Affairs agencies to
                                      take action, administer programs, and revise regulations to: a) acquire useful
                                      scientific data on the designated area; b) preserve, restore and enhance the
                                      resources of the critical area; and c) ensure that activities in or impacting on
                                      the area are carried out so as to minimize adverse effects on the values and
                                      resources of the Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Additionally, state
                                      agency actions within a designated area, and projects requiring state permits
                                      or funding, may require Mass. Environmental Policy Act review pursuant to
                                      the Environmental Policy Act regulations at 301 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                      11.00.

                                      Town                                    Area of Critical Env. Concern

                                      Bourne                                  Back River
                                      Plymouth                                Ellisville Harbor
                                      Eastham, Orleans & Brewster             Inner Cape Cod Bay
                                      Gloucester, Essex, Ipswich,             Parker River/Essex Bay
                                        Rowley & Newbury
                                      Brewster, Chatham, Harwich              Pleasant Bay
                                        & Orleans
                                      Barnstable & Sandwich                   Sandy Neck/Barnstable Harbor
                                      Falmouth & Mashpee                      Waquoit Bay
                                      Wellfleet, Truro & Eastham              Wellfleet Harbor

                                      For further information regarding the Area of Critical Environmental Concern
                                      program, and for a copy of the "Program Guide" with detailed maps (June,
                                      1993), contact the Mass. Department of Environmental Management, 100
                                      Cambridge Street, 14th Floor, Boston, MA 02202 at (617)727-3160.

                              Clean   Water Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 21, �42; 314 Code of Mass.
                              Regulations 1.00 - 15.00
                                      Under �401 of the Federal Clean Water Act, the Massachusetts Department
                                      of Environmental Protection's Division of Wetlands and Waterways is
                                      required to certify that activities for which federal permits are needed,
                                      including the filling of wetlands under � 404 of the federal statute, will not
                                      violate the Massachusetts Water Quality Standards. Water Quality Certificate
                                      required. Contact the Massachusetts Department of Environmental

                                                                        33

                                     Protection's Division of Wetlands and Waterways at (617) 292-5695 or the
                                     appropriate Division regional office.

                             Coastal Wetlands Restriction Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 130, �105; 302
                             Code of Mass. Regulations 4.00
                                     Some coastal wetlands have deed restrictions which "run with the land" and
                                     limit activities that would alter the wetlands. Work in these areas requires
                                     consistency with the coastal restriction as well as an Order of Conditions from
                                     the municipal conservation commission.             Contact the Massachusetts
                                     Department of Environmental Protection's Conservancy Program at (617)
                                     292-5907.

                             Coastal Zone Management - Mass. General Laws Chapter 21A., �4A,- 310 Code of
                             Mass. Regulations 20.00 and 21.00
                                     Coordinates the state's coastal zone-management program and provides a role
                                     in policy development; offers technical assistance to communities to develop
                                     and implement comprehensive coastal management plans. Coastal Zone
                                     Management reviews projects that require a federal permit, receive federal
                                     funds, or are a direct federal activity for consistency with Massachusetts
                                     Coastal Zone Management cnforceable Program Policies. Consistency
                                     Certificate required. Contact the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs'
                                     Coastal Zone Management Office at (617) 727-9530.

                             Endangered Species Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 131A; 321 Code of Mass.
                             Regulations 10.00
                                     Prohibits the "taking" of State-listed rare plants and animal species. Specific
                                     Significant Habitats can be designated and any alteration requires a permit.
                                     Contact the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife at (617) 727-9194.

                             Fish and Wildlife Regulations - Mass. General Laws Chapter 131; 321 Code of
                             Mass. Regulations 1.00 - 9.00
                                     Control of the taking or possession of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
                                     and inland fish through regulation of allowable species, quantities, sizes, times,
                                     places, and methods of taking. Includes requirements for permits. Contact the
                                     Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Law
                                     Enforcement's Division of Fisheries and Wildlife at (617) 727-3151.

                             Marine Fisheries Regulations - Mass. General Laws Chapter 130; 322 Code of
                             Mass. Regulations 1.00 - 12.00
                                     Control of the taking, possession, and distribution of marine finfish and
                                     shellfish through regulation of allowable species, quantities, sizes, times,
                                     places, and. methods of taking. Includes requirements for state permits.
                                     Contact the Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and
                                     Environmental Law Enforcement's Division of Marine Fisheries at (617) 272-
                                     3193.

                                                                        34

                             Public Waterfront Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 91; 310 Code of Mass.
                             Regulations 9.00
                                     Codifies the Public Trust Doctrine (Colonial Ordinances of 1641 - 1647) and
                                     the public's right to fish, fowl, and navigate in the tidelands and great ponds.
                                     Subsequent case, law supplements the understanding of this public right.
                                     Regulates activities below the Mean High Water line, including docks and
                                     piers, dredging, and beach nourishment. State policy for barrier beaches
                                     encourages the use of dredged material for beach nourishment, given
                                     sediment compatibility. Public funds used for beach nourishment requires
                                     strolling access for the public on the nourished beach. Permit/license required..
                                     Contact the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's
                                     Division of Wetlands and Waterways Program at (617) 292-5695.

                             Title 5 of State Environmental Code - Mass. General Laws Chapter 21A, �13; 3 10
                             Code of Mass. Regulations 15.00
                                     Authorizes the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's
                                     Division of Water Pollution Control to regulate the design, construction, and
                                     maintenance of on-site subsurface disposal systems. Communities may adopt
                                     more stringent regulations when local conditions warrant higher standards.
                                     Permit required. Contact municipal board of health or the Massachusetts
                                     Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Water Pollution
                                     Control at (617) 292-5673.

                             Wetlands Protection Act - Mass. General Laws Chapter 131, �40; 310 Code of
                             Mass. Regulations 10.00
                                     Activities in wetland resource areas, such as dunes, beaches, tidal flats and
                                     coastal banks, are subject to performance standards outlined in the regulations
                                     that protect the interests of the Act, including storm damage prevention and
                                     protection of wildlife habitat. The local conservation commission implements
                                     the regulations as overseen by the Department of Environmental Protection's
                                     Division of Wetlands and Waterways. Orders of Conditions regulate proposed
                                     activities to minimize or prohibit impacts to wetland resource areas. Permit
                                     required.     Contact the municipal conservation commission or the
                                     Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's Wetlands and
                                     Waterways Program at (617) 292-5695.

                             Executive Order Number 181 Barrier Beaches (1980)
                                     Acknowledges the importance of barrier beaches as a migrating landform
                                     providing storm damage prevention and flood control.                 Discourages
                                     development on barriers with state and federal grants, and encourages
                                     preparation of management plans. These Guidelines further advance the
                                     Executive Order.        Contact the Massachusetts Executive Office of
                                     Environmental Affairs's Coastal Zone Management Office at (617)727-9530.

                             Executive Order Number 190 Regulation of Off-Road Vehicle Use on Public
                             Lands Containing Coastal Wetlands Resources (1980)
                                     Directs state agencies to balance competing uses of public lands and

                                                                        35

                                   minimizes the degradation of the wetlands resources due to off-road vehicle
                                   use, through management and monitoring. These Guidelines further advance
                                   the Executive Order. Contact the Massachusetts Executive Office of
                                   Environmental Affairs' Coastal Zone Management Office at (617) 727-9530.

                           Architecture Access Board - 521 Code of Mass. Regulations 2.00 - 3.00; Building
                           Code, 780 Code of Mass. Regulations 1.00 - 34.00
                                   Rules governing construction of public and private facilities in federally
                                   mapped 100 year flood zones; construction of public facilities on bathing
                                   beaches; and access to such structures. Permits required. Contact municipal
                                   building inspectors.

                                                                   36

                                                            CH A PTE R'2

                     Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act/Barrier Beach Resources
                       (as defined in the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations)

                                   The primary state legal requirements with which the barrier beach manager
                           developing a management plan must comply are found in the Massachusetts Wetlands
                           Protection Act and Regulations (Mass. General Laws Chapter 13 1, �40; 3 10 Code of
                           Mass. Regulations 10.00). Under this Act and its Regulations, the various component
                           parts of the barrier beach system have been defined and their functions detailed. This
                           Chapter presents those legal definitions, the specified functions of each resource area,
                           and summarizes the performance standards for each resource area.

                                   Each resource area associated with barrier beach systems is discussed, with
                           pertinent information in the following categories:
                                   * Definitions (including exact wording from the Regulations and additional
                                   information to clarify meaning);
                                   9 Function (including "presumptions of significance," critical characteristics,
                                   physical processes, and biological processes); and
                                   * Summary of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards.

                                   The barrier beach-related resource areas as listed in the Massachusetts
                           Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations are:
                                   *  Barrier Beaches
                                   *  Coastal Beaches and Tidal flats
                                   e  Coastal Dunes
                                   *  Salt Marshes
                                   9  Land Containing Shellfish
                                   9  Land Under Salt Ponds
                                   9  Land Under the Ocean

                                   This Chapter also contains a separate section on rare species wildlife habitat.
                           Note that the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations require safeguards for rare
                           species habitat that are in addition to the regulatory performance standards for
                           general wildlife habitat. This section is entitled:

                                   * Protection of Rare Species Habitat

                           [Fresh water wetland resources, such as bogs, can also be present on banier beaches.
                           For those perfonnance      standards,  see the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act and
                           Regulations at 310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.55-60.1

                                                                      37

                              General Information

                                     Barrier beach systems are subject to a plethora of federal, state, and municipal
                              statutes, bylaws/ordinances and regulations. The primary federal and state authorities
                              are summarized in Chapter 1, while a more complete listing of federal and state laws
                              appears in Appendix E.
                                     Of the state requirements, the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and
                              Regulations are extremely important for beach stewards to understand because many
                              activities on barrier beaches must comply with the performance standards found in the
                              Regulations.
                                     The Task Force offers the following regulatory summaries as a service to
                              barrier beach stewards, but recommends a careful reading of the Act and Regulations
                              prior to undertaking management activities. In addition, the Task Force recommends
                              that beach managers consult with their municipal conservation commission or the
                              Mass. Department of Environmental Protection to determine whether proposed
                              management activities fall within the Wetlands Protection Act's jurisdiction. The
                              Department of Environmental Protection has developed "Recommended Conditions
                              for Bat?ier Beaches, " found in Appendix 1, to assist barrier beach managers in meeting
                              the regulatory performance standards
                                     The "Definition" sections found in this Chapter are quoted from the Wetlands
                              Regulations, but the "Functions" and "Performance Standards" sections are not; the
                              "Functions" sections contains additional information not found in the Wetlands
                              Regulations, while the "Performance Standards" sections are summaries of the
                              regulatory requirements for each resource area. Consult the appropriate section of
                              310. Code of Mass. Regulations 10.00 for the exact regulatory language.
                                     Baffier beach managers should also note that municipalities are free to adopt
                              wetlands bylaws/ordinances and regulations which provide greater levels of protection
                              than contained in the state Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations. (See Loveguist
                              v. Conservation Commission of Dennis 379 Mass. 7 (1979).) The Task Force
                              recommends that beach managers consult with their municipal conservation
                              commissions to learn more about local requirements.

                                                                        38

                            Barrier Beaches
                            (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29)

                            Definition

                                    Barrier Beach means a narrow low-lying strip of land generally consisting of
                                    coastal beaches and coastal dunes extending roughly parallel to the trend of
                                    the coast. It is separated from the mainland by a narrow body of fresh,
                                    brackish or saline water or a marsh system. A barrier beach may be joined to
                                    the mainland at one or both ends. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29(2)]

                                    This definition is more fully discussed in Chapter I of these Guidelines.

                            Functfons

                                    The Wetland Regulations presume that barrier beaches, including all of their
                            coastal dunes, are significant to storm damage prevention, flood control, the
                            protection of marine fisheries, wildlife habitat, and where there are shellfish, to land
                            containing shellfish. "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean 11plays a role"
                            in protecting any of the interests.

                                         Critical Characteristics, Physical and Biological Processes
                                    The characteristics of a barrier beach which are critical to the protection of
                            the interests listed above are those critical characteristics listed for coastal beaches,
                            tidal flats, and coastal dunes, as well as the barrier beach's ability to respond to wave
                            action, including storm overwash sediment transport.
                                    The physical and biological processes of barrier beaches are discussed in detail
                            in Chapter 1 of these Guidelines. In addition, the physical and biological processes
                            of coastal beaches, tidal flats, and coastal dunes are discussed in more detail in the
                            Sections of this Chapter pertaining to each Resource Area.

                            Summ&y of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                    When a barrier beach is significant to storm damage prevention, flood control,
                            marine fisheries or the protection of wildlife habitat, the following performance
                            standards apply:
                                    e Each    of the performance standards listed for coastal beaches and for
                                    all coastal dunes which make up a barrier beach (see Sections entitled
                                    "Coastal Beaches and Tidal Flats" and "Coastal Dunes".in this Chapter).
                                    * No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                    habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                    entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                    standard).

                                                                       3.9

                              Coastal Beaches and ridal Flats
                              (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27)

                              fWinffions

                                      Coastal Beach means unconsolidated sediment subject to wave, tidal and
                                      coastal storm action which forms the gently sloping shore of a body of salt
                                      water and includes tidal flats. Coastal beaches extend from the mean low
                                      water line landward to the dune line, coastal bankline or the seaward edge of
                                      existing man-made structures, when these structures replace one of the above
                                      lines, whichever is closest to the ocean. P10 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                      10.27(2)(a)]

                                      Tidal Flat means any nearly level part of a coastal beach which usually
                                      extends from the mean low water line landward to the more steeply sloping
                                      face of the coastal beach or which may be separated from the beach by land
                                      under the ocean. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27(2)(b)]

                                      The size of the unconsolidated sediments which make up coastal beaches may
                              range from very fine particles to small rocks several inches in diameter, as on a
                              shingle or cobble beach. Tidal flats are commonly found both along exposed
                              shorelines and in protected estuarine areas. They may be completely surrounded by
                              water at mean low water and may or may not be connected to the rest of the beach.

                              Funcdons

                                      The Wetland Regulations presume that coastal beaches, including tidal flats,
                              are significant to the interests of storm damage prevention, flood control, and the
                              protection of wildlife habitat. In addition, the Regulations presume that tidal flats are
                              significant to the protection of marine fisheries and, where there are shellfish, to land
                              containing shellfish. "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean "plays a role"
                              in protecting any of the interests.

                                                              Critical Characteristics
                                      The characteristics of coastal beaches which are critical to -,storm damage
                              prevention or flood control are the ability of the coastal beach to respond to wave
                              action, and the volume (quantity of sediments) and form of the beach. The
                              character.istics of coastal beaches which are critical to the protection of marine
                              fisheries or wildlife habitat are the distribution of sediment grain size, water
                              circulation, water quality, and relief and elevation.

                                                                Physical Processes
                                      Coastal beaches serve as a sediment source for dunes and subtidal areas and
                              for downdrift coastal areas. Sediments move from subtidal areas to beaches to dunes
                              and back again, in a constant shifting of sediment caused by wind and waves. Coastal

                                                                         40

                            beaches prevent storm damage and contribute to flood control by dissipating wave
                            energy, reducing the height of storm waves, and providing sediment to other coastal
                            features which, in turn, enhance those same features.

                                                             Biological Processes
                                    Tidal flats provide many critical links in the marine food web. They are sites
                            where organic and inorganic materials, may be entrapped and recycled into the water
                            column for reuse by algae and other primary producers. Tidal flats are valuable
                            habitats for many invertebrates, including a variety of polychaete worms and bivalve
                            and gastropod mollusks. These organisms utilize plankton and microalgal-produced
                            nutrients and detritus and contribute extraordinary numbers of larvae to the food web.
                            These larvae in turn provide a valuable food source for the young stages of
                            commercially-important fish and crustaceans, as well as for migratory and wintering
                            shorebirds. Adult invertebrates that live in tidal flats provide food for a variety of
                            species, including the commercially valuable winter flounder and crustaceans.
                                Coastal beaches are extremely important in recycling nutrients derived from storm
                            drift and tidal action. Vegetative debris along the drift (or wrack) line is vital for
                            resident and migratory shorebirds, which feed on invertebrates that eat this
                            vegetation. The intertidal zone below the wrack line on coastal beaches supports
                            many invertebrates such as mollusks and crustacea which are also eaten by shorebirds.
                            A number of birds nest on the coastal berm between the toe of a dune and the high
                            tide line. Isolated coastal beaches on small islands provide relatively predator-free
                            areas for coastal birds to rest, feed, and nest in, and some such islands are important
                            haul-out areas for harbor seals. Detailed information on staging areas for migratory
                            shorebirds is found in Appendix D.

                            Summary of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                    When a coastal beach is significant to storm damage prevention, flood control
                            or the protection of wildlife habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                    9 Any project on a coastal beach (with a few specified exceptions as stated
                                    in the Wetlands Protection Act Regulations) must not have an adverse effect
                                    by increasing erosion, decreasing the volume or changing the form of any
                                    coastal beach or an adjacent or downdrift coastal beach.
                                    0 Any groin, jetty, solid pier, or other solid rill structure which will
                                    interfere with littoral drift, in addition to complying with the foregoing
                                    standard, must be constructed as follows:
                                            - It must be the minimum length and height demonstrated to be
                                            necessary to maintain beach form and volume. In evaluating necessity,
                                            coastal engineering, physical oceanographic and/or coastal geologic
                                            information must be considered;
                                              Immediately after construction, any groin must be filled to
                                            entrapment capacity in height and length with sediment of grain size
                                            compatible with that of the adjacent beach;
                                             Jetties trapping littoral drift material must contain a by-pass system
                                            to transfer sediments to the downdrift side. of the inlet or must be
                                            periodically redredged to provide beach nourishment to ensure that
                                            downdrift or adjacent beaches are not starved of sediments.

                                                                      41

                                                                       Migratory ShowbLm&

                                           A number of locations in the Bay State are vital to the migration of arctic shorebirds.
                                  These sites typically are places with unusually high biological productivity with rich invertebrate
                                  food resources favored by shorebirds to rapidly accumulate fat necessary for their 2,000-mile
                                  nonstop flights over the Atlantic Ocean to landfalls in northeastern South America. Only one
                                  species, Black-bellied Plover, gathers in Massachusetts in substantial numbers during northward
                                  migration. On the other hand, most shorebirds are migrating southward during the peak of the
                                  summer outdoor recreational season (July through mid-September). During lower tides,
                                  shorebirds are widely distributed over large expanses of tidal flats, and generally have alternate
                                  locations they can use when disturbed. In contrast, habitat requirements for resting areas seem
                                  quite specific, and at most staging areas there are few high tide resting sites available, so when
                                  disturbance occurs the species frequently have no or few alternative sites to use. Finally, the
                                  amount of coastal space available to'shorebirds is substantially less at high tide times than at
                                  low tide times.

                                  Shorebirds Defined
                                           The Massachusetts coast plays a critical role in the international migration systems of
                                  a variety of shorebirds that are ephemeral visitors to New England, visiting during their
                                  migratory journeys between arctic nesting grounds of Canada and Alaska, and wintering
                                  grounds, which for some kinds, are as distant as the southernmost coasts of South America.
                                           Technically speaking, shorebirds are the sandpipers, plovers and their allies. They do
                                  not include other coastal birds such as terns'or gulls. In spite of their name, many shorebirds
                                  are not coastal birds; some are upland animals, some use fresh water wetlands, and one -- the
                                  Woodcock -- is essentially a woodland bird. But most species of shorebirds are essentially
                                  coastal marine animals for much of their life.

                                  Management and Conservation
                                           Shorebirds making stopovers on Massachusetts coastal beaches and tidal flats include
                                  some of the earliest southbound migrants seen in New England. Earliest birds appear during
                                  the first week of July. Peak numbers occur during the last third of July and the first third of
                                  August, also the peak beach recreation season in coastal New England. One species, the
                                  Dunlin, migrates substantially later with peak numbers occurring during October and
                                  November.
                                           Just as an aircraft must store an enormous volume of fuel before a long flight, so too
                                  must migratory birds. Instead of petroleum, bird reserves are layers of fat accumulated prior
                                  to departure. A typical shorebird leaves Massachusetts after visiting 10-14 days and weighing
                                  60% more than when it arrived.
                                           It is this basic, ingrained need to gain fat which underlies most of the conservation
                                  issues faced in trying to protect shorebird migration systems.
                                           In order to get the fat, shorebirds must consume enormous amounts of food. Indeed,
                                  because of their high body temperatures, and their high activity levels, even meeting daily
                                  metabolic requirements requires huge amounts of food.
                                           There are few areas where shorebirds can meet their fattening requirements for
                                  migration. Important areas in Massachusetts include the Ipswich, Merrimac, North & South
                                  and Parker River Estuaries, and tidal embayments such the Pleasant and Nauset Bay regions,
                                  Plymouth/Kingston/Duxbury Bays, and Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge. The Westport
                                  River estua Iry also is important to the DunIin. [For a complete listing of important migrating
                                  shorebird staging areas, see Appendix D.)

                                                                                  42

                                           Beach nourishment with clean sediment of a grain size compatible with that
                                         on the existing beach may be permitted.

                                         When a tidal flat is significant to marine fisheries or the protection of wildlife
                                habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                              In addition to complying with the requirements for coastal beaches,
                                         a project on a tidal flat must, if water-dependent, be designed and constructed
                                         using the best available measures to minimize adverse effects, and if the
                                         project is non-water-dependent, it must have no adverse effect, on marine
                                         fisheries or wildlife habitat caused by:
                                                  - alterations in water circulation;
                                                  - alterations in the distribution.of sediment grain size; and
                                                  - changes in water quality, including, but not limited to, other than
                                                  natural fluctuations in the levels of dissolved oxygen, temperature or
                                                  turbidity, or the addition of pollutants..
                                             No   project may be permitted on a coastal beach or tidal flat which
                                         wiff.have any adverse effect on specified habitat sites of rare vertebrate or
                                         invertebrate species (See Section entitled, "Protection of Rare Species
                                         Habitat" for more information on this standard).

                                         While visiting Massachusetts, shorebirds need two types of habitat resources: good
                                feeding  areas and relatively undisturbed resting areas. Coastal intertidal flats are used for
                                feeding during lower tidal periods (day or night) whereas resting areas, typically coastal barrier
                                beaches, or sometimes high salt marsh, are used during higher tidal periods, generally for the
                                three hours either side of high tide times. Best feeding areas generally are in sheltered tidal
                                waters of estuaries and bays where small sediment grain size is associated with high abundance
                                and availability of 'invertebrate animal prey (small worms, crustaceans, and noncommercially-
                                important bivalves.)
                                         Habitat requirements of shorebirds at resting areas seem quite specific; virtually all are
                                close to the feeding flats, are open habitats affording shorebirds good view of approaching
                                predators, and are relatively undisturbed locations. At most coastal migration staging areas
                                there are few high tide resting sites available, so when disturbance occurs shorebirds frequently
                                have few, if any, alternative sites to use. Finally, the amount of coastal space available to
                                shorebirds is substantially less at high tide than at low tide. Recent studies in Plymouth have
                                shown that chronic disturbance of resting sites is associated with a steady decline in shorebird
                                numbers.
                                         Because most shorebirds are migrating southward during the peak outdoor recreational
                                season (July through mid-September), and competing with humans for some of the most
                                popular coastal resources, shorebird management efforts are most needed at this season. In
                                general, management efforts are particularly needed to reduce chronic disturbance of resting
                                areas during high tide periods; during lower tides shorebirds are widely distributed over large
                                expanses of tidal flats, and generally have alternate locations they can use when disturbed.

                                Shorebirds as a Recreational Resource
                                         Birdwatching is a popular outdoor recreational activity in coastal Massachusetts, so
                                managing for abundant and diverse birdlife is warranted. Shorebirds are an importantsummer
                                attraction to birdwatchers, including many that.visit the coast from distant states to see
                                migrating shorebirds. Minimizing disturbance of shorebird habitat from birdwatchers and other
                                beach users will help ensure that the Massachusetts coast remains an important recreational
                                resource to naturalists.

                                                                               43

                     j

                                                                          )t

                                                                                                              7@

                                                  X,

                                    Figure 8.      Coastal dunes with beach grass (courtesy of Mass. Department of
                                                   Environmental Management).

                                                                     44

                             Coastal Dunes
                             (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.26)

                             nofinNon

                                     Coastal Dune means any natural hill, mound or ridge of sediment landward
                                     of a coastal beach deposited bywind action or storm overwash. Coastal dune
                                     also means sediment deposited by artificial means and serving the purpose of
                                     storm damage prevention or flood control. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                     10.28(2)]

                             Funcdons

                                     The  Wetland Regulations presume that coastal dunes are significant to storm
                             damage prevention, flood control, and the protection of wildlife habitat. This is
                             particularly true of the coastal dunes closest to the coastal beach. On barrier beaches,
                             the Wetlands Regulations presume that all coastal dunes (no matter how far from the
                             coastal beach) are per se significant to storm damage prevention and flood control.
                             "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of
                             the interests.

                                                              Critical Characteristics
                                     The characteristics of coastal dunes which are critical to storm damage
                             prevention, flood control, and the protection of wildlife habitat are:

                             1) Erosional Capability: the ability of coastal dunes to erode in response to
                                     coastal beach conditions. Ile erosion of coastal dunes by waves, usually
                                     during storms, supplies sand to the adjacent coastal beach.
                             2) Coastal Dune Form and Volume: the volume and form (height and width) of
                                     coastal dunes provide a buffer which resists wave approach during storms and
                                     retards stormline retreat. Coastal dune form and volume are the result of a
                                     combination of factors, the most important of which are wind and vegetation.
                                     Natural water flow, in the form of storm overwash, is also an important
                                     process in controlling coastal dune form and volume, because through this
                                     mechanism, sand is carried landward to initiate dune formation.
                             3) Vegetative Cover: vegetation contributes to the growth and stability of coastal
                                     dunes by providing conditions favorable to sand deposition. Wrack material,
                                     such as beachgrass stems, is carried to the strand line by wind and wave
                                     activity where it accumulates and often is buried by sand blowing from the
                                     coastal beach. Seeds of many plants become mixed with these materials and
                                     may subsequently germinate.
                             4) Ability of the Dune to Move Landward or Laterally: on shorelines, coastal
                                     dunes bordering the coastal beach move landward and laterally in response to
                                     the prevailing predominant winds with the rest of the shoreline. This allows

                                                                       45

                                     coastal dunes to maintain their form and volume. If the dune was not allowed
                                     to continually build landward, the dune would gradually be eroded from the
                                     seaward side and would become smaller and smaller, and would therefore be
                                     more likely to be completely washed away in a storm with its protective values
                                     lost altogether.
                             5) Ability of the Dune to Continue Serving as Bird Nesting Habitat: several
                                     species of birds, including tems and piping plovers, nest in dunes and depend
                                     upon the type (or lack) of vegetative cover, topography, and hydrologic
                                     regime of the dune system.

                                                                 Physical Processes
                                     The set of dunes closest to the coastal beach are the ones that are nearly
                             always significant to storm damage prevention and flood control, and are therefore
                             subject to the performance standards summarized below. The dunes behind the one
                             or two rows of dunes closest to the beach may contribute to storm damage prevention
                             and flood control, but are less likely to do so than the front dunes. However, on
                             barrier beaches, all coastal dunes are alwpM significant to these interests.
                                     Artificially constructed dunes are included in the definition because they also
                             play a role in protecting inland properties from storm waves and flooding.
                                     All coastal dunes on a barrier beach are important because their volume
                             constitutes the major portion of the total volume of the barrier beach above high
                             water and each line of dunes is intricately related. The volume and form provide a
                             buffer from storm waves and elevated sea levels for landward properties and landward
                             coastal wetlands.
                                     Coastal flora are also important to the functioning of coastal dune systems.

                                                                Biological Processes
                                     A variety of birds, seabirds, shorebirds and song birds nest at the base or sides
                             of dunes and in the interdunal area. The particular species that utilize these habitats
                             vary depending upon vegetative community cover, topography, and hydrologic regime.
                             Wet meadows or vernal pool habitats occur in a few dune systems, serving as
                             important feeding areas for a wide variety of bird species. Dune systems also support
                             a variety of mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.

                             SUMM&Y of Weffwds ProteCtfon Regulatory Performwce StWdc-vds

                                     When a coastal dune is significant to storm damage prevention, flood control
                             or the protection of wildlife habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                     0 Any alteration of, or structure on, a coastal dune or within 100 feet
                                     of a coastal dune must not have an adverse effect on the coastal dune by:
                                             - affect ing the ability of waves to remove sand from the dune;
                                             - disturbing the vegetative cover so as to destabilize the dune;
                                             - causing any modification of the dune form that would increase the
                                                     potential for storm or flood damage;
                                             - interfering with the landward or lateral movement of the
                                                     dune;
                                             - causing removal of sand from the dune artificially; or

                                                                        46

                                              interfering with mapped or otherwise identified bird nesting
                                                   habitat.
                                       When a building already exists upon a coastal dune, a project accessory to
                                    the existing building may be permitted, provided that such work, using the
                                    best commercially available measures, minimizes the adverse effect on the
                                    coastal dune caused by the impacts listed above.
                                    0 The following projects may be permitted, provided that they have
                                    no adverse effect on the coastal dune caused by the impacts listed above:
                                           - pedestrian walkways, designed to minimize the disturbance
                                                   to the vegetative cover and traditional bird nesting habitat;
                                           - fencing and other devices designed to increase dune development,
                                                   and direct vehicular and pedestrian traffic; and
                                           - plantings compatible with the natural vegetative cover.
                                       No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                    habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                    entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                    standard).

                                                                     47

                                       AA&                            SMIN TIDES Ik EQUINOCTAL HIGH TIDE

                                                                    DItWTLI"E
                                                                                                                             SPRING TIDE
                                                                         Sall              Salicornio.     DRIFTILINE
                                                                          Panne
                           eaccholis       Phrogmiles     Juncas                                                               HIGH TIDE
                             1.                &         Gorardi              Spartino Patens
                            Allyrica         T,,1.                                  a
                        Rhas Radicans                                         Distichfis SpIcato           spartima                 M.S. L.

                                                          upper                     Lower                  (short)   (fall).           LOW TI
                                                                                                                              Ma:orv
                                                                                                            Upper   Lower         Flats     Eel

                                                                                Marsh                         Low Marsh                   It
                            )hrub         Reedgross                       High
                           Border            Marsh

                                           Figure 9.          Salt marsh zonation for New England.

                                                                                    48

                              Sak Marshes
                              (310 Code of Mass. Regulabons 10.32)

                              Definidon

                                      Salt Marsh means a coastal wetland that extends landward up to the highest
                                      high tide line, that is, the highest spring tide of the year, and is characterized
                                      by plants that are well adapted to or prefer living in, saline soils. Dominant
                                      plants within salt marshes are salt meadow cord grass (Spartina patens) and/or
                                      salt marsh cord grass (Spartina altemiflora).    A salt marsh may contain tidal
                                      creeks, ditches and pools. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.32(2)(a)]

                                      Salt marshes are usually located adjacent to tidal waters. Salt marshes are flat,
                              open areas characterized by grasses that are bordered by upland or inland wetland
                              vegetation.

                              FuncHons

                                      The Wetland Regulations presume that salt marshes are significant to the
                              protection of marine fisheries, wildlife habitat, and where there are shellfish, to the
                              protection of land containing shellfish, to the prevention of pollution, to storm
                              damage prevention, and to ground water supply. "Significant" is defined in the
                              Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of the interests.

                                                              Critical Characteristics
                                      The characteristics of salt marshes which are critical to the protect  'ion of the
                              interests listed above are: 1) the growth, composition and distribution of salt marsh
                              vegetation; 2) the flow and level of tidal and fresh water; and 3) the presence and
                              depth of peat.

                                                                  Physical Processes
                                      Salt marsh cordgrass and underlying peat are resistant to erosion and dissipate
                              wave energy, thereby providing a buffer that reduces wave damage. The peat and
                              fine sediment material that underlie a salt marsh function as a barrier between the
                              fresh groundwater that is found landward of the salt marsh and the ocean. This
                              relatively impervious layer of peat acts essentially as a dam and thus serves to help
                              maintain the level of fresh groundwater, or the water table, in the adjacent upland
                              areas. The destruction or removal of this peat layer could create a drainage conduit
                              for groundwater which would lower the nearby water table.
                                      Salt marsh plants and the sediments bound to their network of vegetative
                              roots and rhizomes act to reduce pollution of the coastal zone by absorbing and
                              binding contaminants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals delivered by
                              surface runoff from upland areas. Salt marsh can also retain nutrients such as

                                                                         49

                            nitrogen and phosphorus that otherwise may contribute to algal blooms in coastal
                            waters.

                                                              Biological Processes
                                    Salt marshes also play an important role in the protection of marine fisheries
                            and land containing shellfish, and provide important wildlife habitat. Salt marshes are
                            extremely productive natural systems that export large volumes of organic material
                            (detritus) to the ocean and estuaries where the detritus supports extensive marine
                            food chains. The basis of the coastal marine food web is the phytoplankton organisms
                            which depend, in part, on these nutrients for their productivity. Changes in the
                            growth or species composition of phytoplankton will directly affect the remainder of
                            the food web. . The young stages of many organisms entering the fisheries pass
                            through a planktonic stage during which the availability of phytoplanktonic food
                            organisms is a controlling factor in their survival. The total net production of salt
                            marsh grasses may be as much as three times higher than the total net production of
                            a Missouri tall grass prairie.
                                    Salt marshes provide spawning and nursery areas for finfish as well as
                            important food, shelter, breeding areas, and migratory and overwintering areas for
                            many wildlife species. Many bird species feed on finfish, shellfish, and other food
                            species produced in salt marshes or through the salt marsh's contribution to the
                            marine food chain.

                            Summary of Wetlands PrOleCtbn Regulatory Performance SUndards

                                    When a salt marsh is significant to the protection of marine fisheries,. the
                            prevention of pollution, storm damage prevention or ground water supply, the
                            following the following performance standards apply:
                                    * A proposed project in a salt marsh, on land within 100 feet of a salt
                                    marsh or in a body of water adjacent to a salt marsh must not destroy any
                                    portion of the salt marsh and must not have an adverse effect on the
                                    productivity of the salt marsh.     Alterations in growth, distribution and
                                    composition of salt marsh vegetation must be considered in evaluati ng adverse
                                    effects on productivity. The harvesting of salt marsh hay is not prohibited.
                                    0 A small project within a salt marsh, such as an elevated walkway or
                                    other structure which has no adverse effects other than blocking sunlight from
                                    the underlying vegetation for a portion of each day, may be permitted if the
                                    project complies with all other applicable requirements of these regulations.
                                    0 A project which will restore or rehabilitate a. salt marsh, or create
                                    a salt marsh, may be permitted.
                                    9 No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                    habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species. (See Section
                                    entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                    standard.)

                                                                      50

                              Land Containing Shellfish
                              (310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.34)

                              Definitions

                                      Land containing shellflsh means land under the ocean, tidal flats, rocky
                                      intertidal shores, salt marshes and land under salt ponds when any such land
                                      contains shellfish. [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.34(2)(a)]

                                      Shellrish means the following species: Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians);
                                      Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), Ocean quahog (Arctica islandica); Oyster
                                      (Crassostrea vb*nica); Quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria); Razor clam (Ensis
                                      directus) ; Sea clam (Spisuld         sofidissima);   Sea scallop (Placopecten
                                      magellanicus);    Soft shell clam (Mya arenaria).           P10 Code of Mass.
                                      Regulations 34(2)(b)]

                                      Land containing shellfish differs from the other Resource Areas in that it is
                              both an interest to be protected under the Wetlands Act and a Resource Area.

                              Functions

                                      The Wetland Regulations presume that "land containing shellfish" is significant
                              to the protection of shellfish resources as well as the protection of marine fisheries
                              when - it has been identified and mapped by the conservation commission or the
                              Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, either based upon maps and
                              designations of the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries or upon maps and
                              written documentation of the shellfish constable. "Significant" is defined in the
                              Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of the interests.

                                                                Critical Characteristics
                                      The characteristics of land containing shellfish which are critical          to the
                              protection of the interests listed above are: shellfish; water quality; water circulation;
                              and the naturafrelief, elevation or distribution of sediment grain size of the land.

                                                                   Physical Processes
                                      The quality of water over land containing shellfish is affected by alterations
                              in salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, temperature and the addition of
                              pollutants. These physical and chemical characteristics influence shellfish in a number
                              of ways, including growth, reproduction and mortality. For example, various shellfish
                              species have particular salinity requirements. A salinity range of approximately 5-8
                              parts per thousand is the critical salinity boundary between fresh water and marine
                              faunas. Below this level of salinity, even the most hardy of marine organisms cannot
                              survive because a number of vital physiological processes are impaired.
                                      Water circulation patterns help maintain the temperature, dissolved oxygen,
                              and salinity levels of waters over landcontaining shellfish, thereby helping to maintain

                                                                          51

                                                         M- M-.r ---

                                                              5-

                                 Figure 10.     Shellfish harvesting (courtesy of Mass. Department of
                                               Environmental Management).

                                                               52

                             conditions needed for productive shellfish beds. Water currents also supply nutrients
                             and disperse pollutants.
                                      Bivalves that burrow into sediments have specific depth and grain size
                             requirements. Thus, the natural relief, elevation, and distribution of sediment grain
                             size of land containing shellfish is important. The size of sediment grains has three
                             general effects on shellfish populations. First, the young of various species prefer
                             specific particle sizes in which to burrow. The success of adult shellfish, therefore,
                             depends on the availability of the specific particle size needed by the young. Second,
                             the young larval stages respond to the microstructure of the sediment surface and will
                             not settle successfully if particle size or texture is not suitable. Further, the success of
                             larvae which have settled and are undergoing metamorphosis may be affected by the
                             compaction of the surface layer of sediments. This compaction depends, in part, on
                             particle size and shape. Third, the oxygen tension in the water within the sediments
                             is partially a reflection of water circulation. This, in turn, is a function of the particle
                             size and compaction. Oxygen tension within water layers affects the mortality rate of
                             newly settled larvae.

                                                                 Bioloocal Processes
                                      Shellfish are: .1a nIimportant commercial, recreational and ecological resource
                             in Massachusetts. As a food source, shellfish are important to people because they are
                             high in protein and are produced in a relatively short period of time.
                                      The ecological value of shellfish resources is less obvious, but no less
                             significant. As biological consumers, shellfish are a vital link between the abundant
                             phytoplankton and other important segments of the coastal ecosystem. As producers,
                             shellfish may be viewed in two ways. First, adult shellfish represent a valuable
                             resource to humans and to members of the marine ecosystem which feed directly or
                             indirectly on them. Second, the planktonic stages of shellfish which are produced in
                             extraordinary quantities during the spring and summer months in coastal waters
                             represent a significant source of food for the young life stages of marine fish and
                             crustaceans important to commercial and recreational fisheries. Therefore, the
                             maintenance of naturally productive shellfish beds plays a direct role in maintaining
                             fish stocks by supplying food to the young of commercially important fishes. Various
                             birds feed on immature and mature shellfish as well as on the other invertebrate food
                             species that are abundant in many shallow shellfish bed areas.

                             Summary of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                      When a Resource Area, including land under the ocean, tidal flats, rocky
                             intertidal shores, salt marshes, or land under salt ponds is significant to the protection
                             of land containing shellfish and the protection of marine fisheries, the following
                             performance standards apply:
                                      0   Any -project on land containing shellfish must not adversely affect
                                      such land or marine fisheries by a change in the productivity of the land
                                      caused by:
                                              - alterations of water circulation;
                                              - alterations in relief elevation;
                                              - the compacting of sediment by vehicular traffic;

                                                                         53

                                            - alterations in the distribution of sediment grain size;
                                            - alterations in natural drainage from adjacent land; or
                                            - changes in water quality, including, but not limited to, other
                                            than natural fluctuations in the levels of salinity, dissolved oxygen,
                                            nutrients, temperature, or turbidity, or the addition of pollutants.
                                       A project which temporarily has an adverse effect on shellfish productivity
                                     but which does not permanently destroy the habitat may be permitted if the
                                     land containing shellfish can and will be returned substantially to its former
                                     productivity in less than one year from the commencement of work.
                                     * For land containing shellfish that is significant because it has been
                                     designated by the Mass. Division,of Marine Fisheries or the municipal
                                     shellfish constable (except in Areas of Critical Environmental Concern), a
                                     project may be permitted, if the shellfish are moved to a suitable location
                                     after consultation with the shellfish constable and the Massachusetts Division
                                     of Marine Fisheries. The project may not be commenced until after the
                                     moving and replanting of shellfish has been commenced.
                                     9 Projects approved by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries that
                                     are specifically intended to increase the productivity of land containing
                                     shellfish may be permitted. Aquaculture projects approved by the appropriate
                                     local and state authority may also be permitted.
                                     * No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                     habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                     entitled, '.'Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                     standard).

                                                                      54

                             Land Under Salt Ponds
                             (3-10 Code of Mass. Opgulations 10.3M

                             Definitfor;

                                     Salt Pond means a shallow enclosed or semi-enclosed body of saline water
                                     that may be partially or totally restricted by barrier beach formation. Salt
                                     ponds may receive freshwater from small streams emptying into their upper
                                     reaches and/or springs in the salt pond itself. P 10 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                     10.33(2)]

                             Functfons

                                     The Wetland Regulations presume that land under salt ponds is significant to
                             the protection of marine fisheries and wildlife habitat and, where there are shellfish,
                             to the protection of land containing shellfish.        "Significant" is defined in the
                             Regulations to mean "plays a role" in protecting any of the interests.

                                                              Critical Characteristics
                                     The characteristics of land under salt ponds which are critical to the protection
                             of the interests listed above are: water circulation, distribution of sediment grain size,
                             freshwater inflow, productivity of plants, and water quality.

                                                         Physical and Biological Processes
                                     Salt ponds are areas of high marine productivity that may function as nursery
                             grounds for offshore fish, as well as supporting resident populations of commercially
                             important fish, mollusks and crustaceans. The abundance of these marine organisms
                             is dependent upon the primary production of phytoplankton, algae and other plant
                             communities that include eel grass and Spanina altemiflora . Salt ponds also provide
                             spawning areas for shellfish and are nursery areas for crabs and fish. In addition to
                             the many birds which feed on fish found in salt ponds, waterfowl also eat
                             invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans from salt ponds, and some bird species
                             eat rupia and eel grass which may be rooted in land under salt ponds.
                                     The critical productivity of salt ponds also depends upon the freshwater inflow
                             and water circulation that enhance the availability of the essential nutrients required
                             for plant growth.

                             Summc-uy of Wetlands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                     When land under a salt pond is significant to the protection of marine
                             fisheries or wildlife habitat, the following performance standards apply:
                                     9 Any project on land under a salt pond, on lands within 100 feet of
                                     the mean high water line of a salt pond, or on land under a body of water
                                     adjacent to a salt pond must not have an adverse effect on marine fisheries

                                                                        55

                                      or wildlife habitat of the salt pond caused by:
                                              - alterations of water circulation;
                                              - alterations in the distribution of sediment grain size and the
                                              relief or elevation of the bottom topography;
                                              - modifications in the flow of fresh and/or salt water;
                                              - alterations in the productivity of plants, or
                                              - alterations in water quality, including, but not limited to, other than
                                              normal fluctuations in the level of dissolved oxygen, nutrients,
                                              temperature or turbidity, or the addition of pollutants.
                                         Projects specifically required and intended to maintain the depth and the
                                      opening of a salt pond to the ocean in order to maintain or enhance the
                                      marine fisheries or for the specific purpose of fisheries management may be
                                      permitted.
                                      * No project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                      habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                      entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                      standard).

                                                                         56

                             Land Under the Ocean
                             L310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.25)

                             Definiffon

                                     Land Under the Ocean means land extending from the mean low water line
                                     seaward to the boundary of the municipality's jurisdiction and includes land
                                     under estuaries. PIO Code of Mass. Regulations 10.25(2)(a)]

                                     Nearshore Areas of land under the ocean means that land extending
                                     from the mean low water line to the seaward limit of a municipality's
                                     jurisdiction, but in no case beyond the point where the land is 80 feet below
                                     the level of the ocean at mean low water. However, the nearshore area shall
                                     extend seaward only to that point where the land is 30 feet below the level
                                     of the ocean at mean low water for municipalities bordering Buzzard's Bay
                                     and Vineyard Sound ... 40 feet below the level of the ocean at mean low water
                                     for Provincetown's land in Cape Cod Bay, and 50 feet below the level of the
                                     ocean at mean low water for Truro's and Wellfleet's land in Cape Cod Bay.
                                     [310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.25(2)(b)]

                                     Land under the ocean includes land under bays, estuaries and under portions
                             of rivers which are tidally influenced, such as the Taunton River in the Berkley and
                             Dighton area, as well as land under the open ocean out to the municipality's
                             boundary.

                             Funcfions

                                     The Wetland Regulations presume that nearshore areas of land under the
                             ocean are significant to the protection of marine fisheries and, where there are
                             shellfish, to the protection of land containing shellfish, to storm damage prevention,
                             flood control, and the protection of wildlife habitat. The Wetland Regulations
                             presume that land under the ocean beyond the nearshore areas is significant to the
                             protection of marine fisheries and where there are shellfish, to the protection of land
                             containing shellfish. "Significant" is defined in the Regulations to mean "plays a role"
                             in protecting any of the interests.

                                                             Critical Characteristics
                                     The characteristic of nearshore land under the ocean which is critical to the
                             protection of storm damage prevention or flood control is the bottom topography of
                             the land. The characteristics of land under the ocean which are critical to the
                             protection of marine fisheries and wildlife habitat are: water circulation, distribution
                             of sediment grain size, water quality, finfish habitat, and important food for wildlife.

                                                                Physical Processes
                                     Nearshore areas of land under the ocean (generally areas up to 80 feet of

                                                                       57

                              depth below mean low water, or to a lesser depth in certain specified areas near the
                              Cape and Islands) play an important role in storm dama            prevention an
                                                                                            ge                 d flood
                              control.
                                      As waves travel from deep to nearshore areas, the natural bottom topography
                              changes their direction and height because of refraction, bottom friction and
                              percolation. Ile effect of these changes is to reduce the energy of the waves, thereby
                              reducing storm damage and flooding.
                                      The amount of wave energy which reaches the shoreline also depends, in part,
                              upon how much energy is lost as the wave shoals, prior to breaking. Ile shallower
                              the water and more gradual the slope, the greater the loss of energy. Energy is also
                              lost due to the pumping action of shoaling waves, that is, the forcing of water
                              (percolation) into the sea bed. Submerged bars also help dissipate storm wave energy.
                                      Nearshore areas of land under the ocean also serve as a sediment source for
                              coastal beaches and coastal dunes.

                                                                 Biological Processes
                                      Land under the ocean (including nearshore areas), which includes estuaries
                              and tidal rivers, plays an important role in maintaining shellfish and marine fisheries.
                              Such land provides habitat for productive plant communities, such as eelgrass bcds,
                              that produce large amounts of particulate matter and dissolved nutrients which
                              support marine organisms such as pbytoplankton and detritovore populations. These
                              organisms, in turn, are prey for bottom dwelling, or benthic, organisms. Many species
                              of commercially valuable fish consume both plankton and benthic organisms at some
                              point in their life cycle.
                                      Such land also provides spawning and nursery sites for fish, crustaceans, and
                              shellfish, and prime feeding and shelter habitat for adult organisms which comprise
                              the commercial and recreational fisheries.
                                      Nearshore areas of land under the ocean provide important habitat for birds.
                              Waterfowl feed heavily on vegetation (such as eel grass, widgeon grass, and
                              macrophytic algae) and invertebrates (such as polychaetes and mollusks) found in
                              estuaries and other shallow submerged land under ocean. Coastal waterbirds such as
                              terns, gulls, and herons feed on fish in these areas.

                              Summary of Webands Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                      When land under the ocean is significant to the protection of marine fisheries.,
                              protection of wildlife habitat, storm damage prevention or flood control, the following
                              performance standards apply:
                                      0   Improvement dredging for navigational purposes must be designed
                                      and carried out using best available measures to minimize adverse effects
                                      caused by changes in:
                                              - bottom topography which will result in increased flooding or
                                              erosion caused by an increase in the height or velocity of waves
                                              impacting the shore;
                                              - sediment transport processes which will increase flood or erosion
                                              hazards by affecting the natural replenishment of beaches;
                                              - water circulation which will result in an adverse change in flushing

                                                                         58

                                            rate, temperature, or turbidity levels; or
                                                marine productivity which will result from the suspension or
                                            transport of pollutants, the smothering of bottom organisms, the
                                            accumulation of pollutants by organisms, or the destruction of marine
                                            fisheries habitat or wildlife habitat.
                                         Maintenance dredging for navigational purposes must be designed
                                     and carried out using the best available measures to minimize adverse impacts
                                     caused by changes in marine productivity which will result from the suspension
                                     or transport of pollutants, increases in turbidity, the smothering of bottom
                                     organisms, the accumulation of pollutants by organisms, or the destruction of
                                     marine fisheries habitat or wildlife habitat.
                                     0 Projects other than improvement or maintenance dredging must not
                                     cause adverse effects by altering the bottom topography so as to increase
                                     storm damage or erosion of coastal beaches, coastal banks, coastal dunes, or
                                     salt marshes.
                                     0 Projects other than improvement dredging must, if water-dependent,
                                     be design'ed and constructed using best available measures to minimize
                                     adverse effects, and if non-water-dependent, must have no adverse effects, on
                                     marine fisheries habitat or wildlife habitat caused by:
                                            - alterations in water circulation;
                                            - destruction of eelgrass (Zostera mwina ) or widgeon grass (Rupia
                                            maritina ) beds;
                                            - alterations in the distribution of sediment grain size;
                                            - changes in water quality, including, but not limited to, other
                                            than natural fluctuations in the level of dissolved oxygen, temperature
                                            or turbidity, or the addition of pollutants; or
                                            - alterations of shallow submerged lands with high densities of
                                            polychaetes, mollusks, or macrophytic algae.
                                       No   project may be permitted which will have any adverse effect on the
                                     habitat of state-listed rare vertebrate or invertebrate species (See Section
                                     entitled, "Protection of Rare Species Habitat" for more information on this
                                     standard).

                                                                      59

                             Protection of Rare Species Habitat
                             (310 Code of Mass. Rpgulgons 10.3n

                             EWiniffons

                                     Estimated Habitat Maps (see opposite page) of state-listed vertebrate and
                             invertebrate occurrences are provided by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                             Wildlife's Natural Heritaee & Endangered Species Program as a service to municipal
                             conservation commissions who are charged with protecting rare species habitat under
                             the Wetlands Protection Act. These maps define the estimated geographical extent
                             of habitats of all listed rare wetland wildlife species for which occurrences have been
                             reported and documented to the satisfaction of the Program.

                                     The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection defers to the scientific
                             opinions of the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's Natural Heritage and
                             Endangered Species Program in determining the location and extent of actual habitat
                             of state-listed rare species. The Department also relies on the Natural Heritage
                             Program to determine whether a proposed activity will have an adverse effect,
                             whether short- or long-term, on the habitat of the local rare species population. The
                             Heritage Program's opinion is presumed to be correct and may be overcome only
                             upon a clear showing to the contrary.

                                     See the next chapter of this document for a complete list of rare species likely
                             to be associated with barrier beach ecosystems.

                             Function

                                     Rare species wildlife habitat provides all the requisite essentials for
                             breeding, nesting, foraging and resting for the species listed at 310 Code of Mass.
                             Regulations 10.60. Certain rare, state-listed species have specialized requirements
                             that are met by the ecosystem on barrier beaches. Selected species, which barrier
                             beach managers are particularly likely to encounter, are discussed further on in this
                             document.

                             Summary of Welfc-inds Protection Regulatory Performance Standards

                                     When a project is proposed to alter a Resource Area which is part of the
                             actual habitat of a state-listed species, the following performance standard applies:
                                     * No project may be permitted which will have any short or long-term
                                     adverse effect on the habitat of the local population of that species.

                                                                       60

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                                                                   Figure 11 -                       Mass. Natural Heritage and Endangered Species
                                                                                                     Program map of estimated habitats of state-
                                                                                                     listed rare wetlands wildlife for Gloucester.

                                                                                                                                      61

                                   The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife acts as the scientific
                            authority in making this determination. A determination made by the Division is
                            presumed to be correct, although it can be rebutted by a clear demonstration of
                            contrary information before a municipal conservation commission.

                                   Appendix H, the Division's "Guidelines for Managing Recreational Use of
                            Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns, and Their Habitats in Massachusetts," and
                            Appendix 1, the Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                            Conditions for Barrier Beaches," should be consulted for additional information and
                            recommended conditions.

                                                                    62

                                                         CHAPTER 3

                      Other Federal and State Statutes Applicable to Barrier Beaches

                                   Several other federal and state laws' are important for beach managers to
                           understand in carrying out their responsibilities on barrier beaches. This Chapter
                           discusses some of the most important of these federal and state statutes and their
                           applicability to Massachusetts barrier beaches.

                                   Where appropriate, this Chapter includes for each piece of legislation the
                           following information:
                                   * General Explanation; and
                                   9 Summary of Regulatory Requirements.

                                   The laws discussed in this Chapter are:
                                   9 Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S. Code 1531);
                                   9 Mass. Endangered Species Act (Mass. General Laws Chapter 131A);
                                           and
                                   * Mass. Historical Commission.

                                   Additional statutes and regulations which may be of interest to barrier beach
                           stewards are found in Chapter 1 -- "A Beach Manager's Guide to the Regulations,"
                           and Appendices E -- "Federal, State, Regional, and Municipal Laws"and K -- "Access
                           for the Physically Challenged."

                                                                    63

                              Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973
                              (16 United States Code 1531)

                                      This law, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, authorize the U.S.
                              Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service to list, based on the best
                              available biological data, plants and animals determined to be "Endangered" or
                              "Threatened." "Critical Habitat" designations are based on biological and other
                              information.
                                      If the following federally listed Endangered and Threatened species occur on
                              Massachusetts barrier beaches, their presence may have significant management
                              implications for beach managers.

                                              SPECIES                                   STATUS
                                              bald eagle                                Endangered
                                              peregrine falcon                          Endangered
                                              piping plover                             Threatened
                                              roseate tern                              Endangered,
                                              Northeastern beach tiger beetle           Threatened

                                      The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service also has a list of rare flora and fauna found
                              on barrier beaches in Massachusetts.

                                      Direct or indirect habitat-altering activities may adversely affect listed species.
                              Of particular importance in Massachusetts are the following species:

                              1) Bald eagle: Eagles,may appear along barrier -beaches at any season of the year.
                              Barrier beaches are important to eagles primarily for foraging purposes. Eagles
                              primarily seek carrion--dead fish, birds and mammals--scavenged on sand/mudflats and
                              along the tide line.
                              2) Peregrine falcon: Migrant peregrine falcons may appear along barrier beaches
                              at any time of the year, but are most frequently noted in September-October and
                              more occasionally through the winter months to the end of May. The entire barrier
                              beach functions as a feeding ground for the peregrine falcon. Prey consists primarily
                              of birds.
                              3) Piping plover: Massachusetts barrier beaches provide some of the most
                              important nesting habitat for this species on the Atlantic Seaboard. [See more
                              complete discussion in Chapter 2 and the next section.]
                              4) Roseate tern: Small numbers of roseate terns, occur within larger common tern
                              colonies on barrier beaches in Massachusetts. These seabirds use isolated dune areas
                              for nesting and rearing their young. Large sandflat areas adjacent to the dunes
                              function as "nursery grounds" for recently fledged young, and, in some cases, as
                              11staging areas" for birds prior to fall migration. [See more complete discussions in
                              Chapter 2 and the next section.]

                                                                          64

                               5) Northeastern beach tiger beetle: This tiger beetle formerly inhabited wide,
                               sandy beaches throughout much of the northeastern United States. Today only a
                               single population occurs north of Maryland, on a privately-owned beach on Martha's
                               Vineyard. Adults feed on insects, amphipods, and carrion, and larvae inhabit burrows
                               in upper portions of the intertidal zone. Larvae appear to be destroyed by off-road
                               vehicles, heavy pedestrian traffic, and severe storms. Habitat may be further degraded
                               by coastal development and beach stabilization structures.

                               Summcvy of Regulatoiy Requirements

                                       Federal regulations prohibit "taking," including harassing, harming, pursuing,
                               hunting, shooting, wounding, killing, trapping, capturing, or collecting listed wildlife
                               species; as well as attempting to engage in such conduct; or causing such acts to be
                               committed. In addition, federal agencies must consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlire
                               Service prior to undertaking, authorizing, or funding any activity that may affect listed
                               species.
                                       In 1979, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Massachusetts Division of
                               Fisheries and Wildlife executed a Cooperative Agreement, as provided under Section
                               6 of the U.S. Endangered Species Act, under which the two agencies share some
                               responsibilities for management of fedefally-listed species. These species also occur
                               on the "Massachusetts List of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern Species."
                               For non-federal entities, compliance with the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act
                               and the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act, as defined in these Guidelines@ will
                               generally assure compliance with the prohibitions on "take" contained in federal law.
                               However, federal agencies are further obligated to conduct a "Section 7 consultation"
                               under the U.S. Endangered Species Act for proposed activities that may affect listed
                               species.

                                                                           65

                            Massachusetts Endangered Species Act
                            (Mass. General Laws
                            Chapter 131A: 321 Code of Mass. Rqgulations 10.QW

                                   This law and the regulations promulgated thereunder establish procedures for
                            the listing of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern species native to
                            Massachusetts, and the designation of "Significant Habitat" for Endangered and
                            Threatened species, and establish rules and prohibitions regarding activities which
                            could result in a "taking" of such species or alter "significant habitat."

                                   Rare species of plants and animals that are likely to occur on Massachusetts
                            barrier beaches and are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or Special
                            Concern by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (321 Code of Mass.
                            Regulations 10.60) are listed below. For a complete listing, refer to the Regulations.

                                   ANIMAL SPECIES                                 STATUS
                                   Diamondback Terrapin                           Threatened
                                   Short-eared Owl                                Endangered
                                   Piping Plover                                  Threatened
                                   Northern Harrier                               Endangered
                                   Peregrine Falcon                               Endangered
                                   Bald Eagle                                     Endangered
                                   Least Tern                                     Special Concern
                                   Roseate Tern                                   Endangered
                                   Common Tern                                    Special Concern
                                   Arctic Tern                                    Special Concern
                                   Gray Seal                                      Special Concern
                                   Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle                Endangered

                                   PLANT SPECIES                                  STATUS
                                   Seabeach Amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)         Historical
                                   Purple Needlegrass (Aristida purpurascens)     Threatened
                                   Seabeach Needlegrass (Aristida tuberculosa)    Special Concern
                                   Pygmyweed (Crassula aquatica)                  Threatened
                                   Common's Panic-grass                           Special Concern
                                     (Dichanthelium commonsianum)
                                   Mattamuskeet Panic-grass                       Endangered
                                     (Dichanthelium mattamuskeetense)
                                   Saltpond Grass (Diplache maritima)             Threatened
                                   Sea Lyme-grass (Elymus mollis)                 Endangered
                                   Saltpond Pennywort                             Special Concern
                                     (Hydrocotyle verticillata)
                                   Oysterleaf (Mertensia maritima)                Endangered
                                   Pinnate Water Milfbil                          Special Concern
                                     (Myriophyllum pinnatum)

                                                                     66

                                     Adder's Tongue Fern                               Threatened
                                        (Ophioglossurn vulgatum)
                                     Prickly Pear (Opuntia humifusurn)                 Threatened
                                     Stigose Knotweed                                  Special Concern
                                        (Polygonum setaceum. var. interjectum)
                                     Lion's Foot (Prenanthes serpentiaria)             Endangered
                                     Seabeach Dock (Rumex pallidus)                    Threatened
                                     Knotted Pearlwort                                 Threatened
                                        (Sagina nodosa var. nodosa)
                                     Bristly Foxtail (Setaria geniculata)              Special Concern
                                     Salt'Reedgrass (Spartina cynosuroides)            Special Concern
                                     American Sea-blite (Suaeda americana)             Special Concern

                             Summary of Regulatory Requirements

                                     Regulations pursuant to the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act prohibit
                             the "take" of any species of animal or plant listed as Endangered, Threatened or
                             Species of Special Concern in Massachusetts. In reference to animals, "take" means
                             to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, hound, kill, trap, capture, collect, process, disrupt
                             the nesting, breeding, feeding or migratory activity or attempt to engage in any such
                             conduct, or to assist in such conduct. In reference to plants, "take" means to collect,
                             pick, kill, transplant, cut or process or attempt to engage or to assist in any such
                             conduct. The regulations further state that: "All state agencies shall utilize their
                             Authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the Massachusetts Endangered Species
                             Act and these regulations; review, evaluate and determine the impact on Endangered,
                             Threatened and Special Concern species or their habitats of all works, projects or
                             activities conducted by them; and use all practicable means and measures to avoid or
                             minimize damage to such species or their habitats'." This includes any work, project
                             or activity either directly undertaken by a state agency or indirectly by other parties
                             with funds provided by a state agency.
                                     The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife has prepared "Guidelines
                             for Managing Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns, and
                             Their Habitats in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, to assist barrier beach
                             managers in meeting these regulatory requirements.

                                                                         67

                                                                        Piping Plover

                                         Piping plovers are small, sand-colored shorebirds that nest on sandy beaches
                                along the Atlantic Coast from South Carolina to Newfoundland.               The U.S. Atlantic
                                Coast population is listed as "Threatened" by the U.S. Department of the Interior's
                                Fish & Wildlife Service under provisions of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973
                                and was estimated at 790 pairs in 1992 (a 6% increase over the previous year). fn
                                Massachusetts, the piping plover is also listed as "Threatened" by the Massachusetts
                                Division of Fisheries and Wildlife under provisions of the Massachusetts Endangered
                                Species Act. An estimated 290 pairs nested in Massachusetts in 1993, from Plum Island
                                south to the Rhode Island border and east to Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and
                                Nantucket.
                                         Piping plovers nest on coastal beaches above the high-tide line, sand flats at
                                the end of sand spits, gently sloping foredunes and in blow-out or washover areas
                                between or behind primary dunes. They also nest on areas where sandy dredged
                                material has been deposited.       Nests are simple "scrapes" in the sand or mbdures of
                                sand, gravel and shells.     Nests are placed on open sand or in patches of sparse to
                                moderately dense beach grass and other dune vegetation.                   Piping plovers are
                                dependent upon natural processes of beach erosion and accretion through wind and
                                wave action to maintain areas of suitable nesting habitat.
                                         Piping plovers return to nesting beaches in Massachusetts from mid-March
                                through late April or early May. Males establish and defend territories and court
                                females. Nesting may occur from mid-April through late July. Clutch size is usually
                                4 eggs; average incubation period is 27-28 days. Piping plovers fledge only a single
                                brood per season, although renesting will occur in response to nest los& Chicks are
                                precocial and able to move about within hours after hatching. Chicks remain together
                                with one or both parents until they fledge at 25-35 days of age. Both adults and
                                chicks feed on a variety of invertebrates found in intertidal sand and mud flats,
                                wrack, and on upper beaches and dunes. Preferred feeding habitats of both adults and
                                chicks are intertidal areas of wrack (seaweed, vegetation, shells and other organic
                                debris deposited on the beach by tidal action). Unfledged chicks may be present from
                                late May until mid-August.

                                                                         L-ewl Tem

                                         Least terns are whitish-colored black-capped birds sporting a white forehead and a
                                black-tipped yellow bill. These small (10") seabirds nest along the Atlantic Seaboard from
                                southern Maine to Florida. In Massachusetts, the least tern is fisted as a "Species of Special
                                Concern" by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife under provisions of the
                                Massachusetts Endangered Species Act. An estimated 2,642 @pairs nested at 51 sites in
                                Massachusetts in 1992.
                                         Least terns occupy nesting grounds similar in most respects to those of the piping
                                plover and the two species commonly nest in close proximity to each other. Least terns arrive
                                in Massachusetts in early May, engage in elaborate courtship rituals, mate and quickly establish
                                colonies. Actual nesting occurs from about the third week of May through mid-July. Nesting
                                groups range in size from just a few pairs to 500 or more pairs. Nesting groups mount mutual
                                defense tactics, notably mobbing and defecating upon intruders with great accuracy. Least terns
                                nest in their own colonies and do not join in mixed colonies with other species of terns.
                                         Nests are formed as shallow "scrapes" in the sand, usually in sandy areas devoid of
                                vegetation, but sometimes in areas of sparse beach grass, beach pea and other dune vegetation.
                                Least terns, like the piping plovers, have nested along the eastern barrier beaches for thousands

                                                                              68

                                 of years, capitalizing opportunistically on natural processes of beach erosion and accretion.
                                          Clutches consist of 1-3 eggs. The average incubation period is 21-23 days. Incubating
                                 adults, clutches of eggs and the young are extremely cryptic. These terns are single brooded,
                                 but will renest multiple times in response to nest loss. Chicks are precocial and may run
                                 considerable distances along the beaches in the prefledging period. Fledging occurs at about
                                 20-22 days. Adults deliver fish caught in the surrounding waters to the chicks. Soon.after
                                 fledging, least terns stage and depart southward; most are gone before the end of August.

                                                            Common, Roseate and Arctic Tems

                                          These 3 similar-appearing species of whitish-colored black-capped seabirds commingle
                                 in large nesting colonies and are hence treated as a group. The common tern is indeed the
                                 most "common" of the group. In 1992, some 8,600 pairs were estimated at 35 sites in
                                 Massachusetts; only 9 of these sites exceeded 100 pairs. Unlike the common tern, the Arctic
                                 tern is regarded as a "peripheral" species in Massachusetts. At the southern limits of its natural
                                 range in Massachusetts, the Arctic tern has been declining since the 1950s and reached an all-
                                 time low of only 8 pairs in 1992. Both of these species are fisted by the Massachusetts Division
                                 of Fisheries and Wildlife as a "Species of Special Concern!' under provisions of the
                                 Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.
                                          The Northeastern population of the roseate tern is listed as "Endangered" by both the
                                 U.S. Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service under the U.S. Endangered Species
                                 Act of 1973 and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's Natural Heritage and
                                 Endangered Species Program under provisions of the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.
                                 In 1992, nearly 85 percent of the entire Northeastern population was concentrated in two
                                 colonies--Bird Island, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts and Great Gull Island, off the eastern end
                                 of Long Island, New York. Out of an estimated 1,412 pairs in Massachusetts in 1992, 1,375
                                 pairs (97 percent) were at Bird Island. Away from Bird Island, small numbers of roseates may
                                 be found and should be expected with large nesting groups of common terns.
                                          All three of these "larger" tern species differ dramatically from the least tern in habitat
                                 preference. Unlike the least tern, they prefer to establish colonies on offshore islands including
                                 barrier islands and the remote tips of barrier beaches. Unfortunately for these terns, most of
                                 the optimal offshore nesting sites have been gradually usurped by gulls since the 1950's. As a
                                 result, terns have been forced to settle at a limited number of secondary inshore sites that leave
                                 them more exposed to disturbance by a variety of factors including human activity and a host
                                 of land-based predators.
                                          The life histories of these 3 species of terns is generally similar though differing in
                                 particulars. Exemplifying the three, common terns select dune areas with moderate to dense
                                 stands of beach grass and other dune vegetation. Birds arrive from the south in early May.
                                 Colony sites are generally selected before the end of May. Ritualized courtship and pair
                                 formation occurs on the beach and sandflats about the colony site. Nesting groups range from
                                 just a few to 4,000 or more pairs. Nests are "scrapes" in the sand, usually lined with beach grass
                                 and seaweed. Clutches of 2-3 eggs are produced. Both parents share incubation duties for a
                                 term of about 23 days. The young are precocial and seek the shade of vegetation and are
                                 brooded by the adults. Diet of these terns is almost exclusively fish. Adults rise from the colony
                                 to aggressively mob and defecate on intruders.
                                          As the young approach fledging at about 28 days, the bare sandy berm areas proximate
                                 to the colony assume importance to the birds as rearing or nursery areas for the young. At
                                 some sites, thousands of young terns may be present in these areas from late July through mid-
                                 August. After mid-August, most terns have fledged and all three species gather in "staging
                                 areas" prior to departure for winter quarters by the end of August.

                                                                                 69

                            Massachusetts Historical Commission

                                    As early as possible in the planning stages of a project licensed or permitted
                            by the Massachusetts Department    of Environmental Protection, in whole or in part,
                            the Department should notify the Massachusetts Historical Commission in order for
                            the Commission to determine whether the project will have an effect on a historic or
                            archaeological property which is listed in the State Register of Historic Places. Ile
                            Department does not have' to notify the Commission of a project if it clearly does not
                            have an area of potential impact due to the nature of the project. However, if a
                            project is likely to impact a geographical area and cause a change in the historical,
                            architectural, archaeological, or cultural qualities of a property, the Department
                            should notify the Massachusetts Historical Commission. Notification to the
                            Commission is through the project applicant's submission of a Project Notification
                            Form, or, in the case of a project which also requires a Massachusetts Environmental
                            Policy Act review, an Environmental Notification Form. [A Massachusetts Historical
                            Commission Project Notification Form is found in Appendix A of 950 Code of Mass.
                            Regulations 71.00.]
                                    Within thirty days of receipt of a Project Notification Form, the Historical
                            Commission will determine whether the project will have any adverse effect on a State
                            Register property and will provide written comment. If the Commission determines
                            that a project will have an adverse effect, the Commission and Department of
                            Environmental Protection should immediately consult to discuss ways to eliminate,
                            minimize or mitigate the adverse effect. The purpose of the consultation process is
                            to avoid damage to historic or archaeological properties through the adoption of
                            prudent and feasible means. Under Chapter 9 �27C of the Mass. General Laws, the
                            discovery of any archaeological resources on lands owned or controlled by the
                            Commonwealth or any of its subdivisions, should be reported to the State
                            Archaeologist at the Massachusetts Historical Commission.
                                   For further information, contact the Massachusetts Historical Commission, 80
                            Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, (617) 727-8470.

                                                                     70

                                                          CHAPTER 4

                                             Public Use/Recreational Activities

                                    Barrier beaches have long been used by the public for a variety of purposes,
                            including many recreational activities. While many uses have little impact on the
                            resources of the barrier beach, other activities have been shown to have significant
                            impacts.

                                    This Chapter describes, for the barrier beach resource areas addressed in
                            Chapter 2:
                                    � Activity Descriptions;
                                    � Resource Impacts; and
                                    9 Recommended Management Measures.

                            The activities covered in this Chapter include:
                                    e  Pedestrian Uses, including Hunting, Fin and Shellfishing, Kite-flying,
                                            Pets, and Hiking;
                                    e  Camping, including Fires;
                                    9  Watercraft, including Boats and Jet-Skis;
                                    9  Plant Harvesting;
                                    *  Non-Motorized Transport, including Horseback Riding and Bicycles;
                                    e  Fireworks; and
                                    *  Off-Road Vehicle Use.

                                                                     71

                              Pedestrian Uses, including Hunting,, Fin and Shelifishing,
                              19W
                                    Mng, Pets and Hiking

                                      Pedestrians engage in a variety of activities on barrier beaches, including:
                              wildlife observation (birdwatching), beach strolling, fishing access, hunting, and
                              jogging. Kite flying at the beach is a popular sport that is viewed as a passive activity.
                              Shellfishing in the intertidal and subtidal areas abutting the barrier is common for
                              both recreational and commercial purposes.           Hunting and fishing can occur
                              throughout the barrier  beach ecosystem.

                              Resource    Impacts

                                      Pedestrian access is important to encourage and maintain at barrier beaches.
                              However, if left unmanaged, large, concentrated and frequent volumes of pedestrians
                              can have significant impacts on barrier beach resources, including:
                                    . * dune vegetation (destruction of vegetation can lead to blow-outs and
                              general lowering of dune profiles and impact wildlife habitat);
                                      * wetlands (marshes, swamps, semi-flooded areas) which contain peaty soils
                              (destruction of vegetation can produce depressed trails, with subsequent widening as
                              pedestrians seek drier ground);
                                      a upper wrack,fine (destruction of sand-binding plants which would otherwise
                              start growing there);
                                      * wildlife (the human disturbance factor and low tolerance of some species).

                                      Wildlife can be adversely impacted by visitor-generated garbage left at the
                              beach, since it may be ingested or may attract predators to nesting areas.
                                      Discarded kite string and monofilament line can cause wildlife entanglement
                              problems.
                                      Nesting and feeding shorebirds may perceive kites as potential predators,
                              thereby temporarily abandoning nests, leaving young vulnerable to temperature
                              changes and predation. Shorebirds, terns and waterfowl may suffer serious injury or
                              death from entanglement in kite strings, either during flight or from lengths of string
                              discarded on the beach.
                                      Unleashed or uncontrolled pets can harass, capture or kill wildlife, particularly
                              nesting birds, eggs, and hatchlings. Additionally, unleashed or uncontrolled pets may
                              cause disturbance to other beach users during seasonal high use periods. Animal
                              waste can have an adverse impact on coastal beaches, water quality, and tidal flats.
                              Vegetation, dune form and function can also be adversely affected.

                                                                         72

                            Recommended Management Measures

                                0   The Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                    Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                    Habitats in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                    of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                    Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                                         General Pedestrian Use/Hiking
                                0   Pedestrian impacts should be managed in order to minimize adverse impacts
                                    to barrier beach natural resources associated with this activity.

                                    In most instances, large, concentrated and frequent volumes of pedestrian
                                    activity should be prohibited from coastal dunes and wetlands. However,
                                    where large, frequent and concentrated volumes of pedestrians will be
                                    channeled through dunes, the following precautions should be taken:
                                        in establishing cross-over paths through dunes, there should be the
                                    minimum number of paths necessary to provide safe access and egress from
                                    the back of the barrier beach to the beach front.;
                                      pedestrian traffic should be managed through the use of ramps and elevated
                                    boardwalks, fences, thick vegetation, and signs;
                                    - trails should be constructed such that they cause no harm or disturbance to
                                    state-listed rare species;
                                    - non-ramped pedestrian trails through dunes to the beach front should be
                                    periodically inspected in order to determine whether or not the location of
                                    the trail or the volume of traffic are contributing to excessive wear and
                                    erosion. If so, the trail may have to be relocated or a ramp or boardwalk built
                                    and the old trail restored-,
                                    - trails should not be constructed so that they create blowouts;
                                    - pedestrian trails should not cross over unstable dunes; and
                                    - pedestrian routes should not be constructed so that they create wind and
                                    wave tunnels; they should follow an "S" pattern.          [See Chapter 5 for
                                    information on construction of pedestrian pathways and boardwalks.]

                                    On beaches where there is pedestrian traffic which could harm or disturb
                                    incubating plovers or terns, their eggs, or chicks, refuge areas with at least a
                                    50 yard-radius around nests should be delineated with warning signs and
                                    symbolic fencing above the high tide line [see figure on page 72]. Only
                                    persons engaged in rare species monitoring, management, or research
                                    activities should enter the refuge areas, although individuals may pass by
                                    outside. Refuge areas should remain fenced as long as viable eggs or
                                    unfledged chicks are present.

                                    Refuge areas around nests should be expanded if a 50-yard radius is deemed
                                    inadequate to protect incubating adults or unfledged chicks from harm or
                                    disturbance. This may include situations where plovers or terns are especially
                                    intolerant of human presence, or where a 50-yard radius refuge provides

                                                                      73

                                        Barrier Beach Pedestrian Closure to Protect
                           Piping Plover Chicks Between Hatching and Fledgling Periods
                                                               (approximately 35 days)

                                                                              50 Yards

                                                                      0

                                       RP                                              Alk
                                                                      0                        Mean HITh Water

                                                                     Ocean

                                            Symbolic Fencing

                                        0 Piping Plover Nest

                                      Figure 12.       Barrier beach pedestrian closure to protect piping plover chicks
                                                       between hatching and fledging periods (approximately 35 days).
                                                                          74 Z5OYards

                                    insufficient escape cover or alternative foraging opportunities for plover
                                    chicks. If nests are discovered outside fenced areas, fencing should be
                                    extended to create a sufficient buffer to prevent harm or disturbance to
                                    incubating adults, eggs, or unfledged chicks. On some beaches where plovers
                                    and terns have traditionally nested or where suitable habitat occurs, it may be
                                    necessary to symbolically fence portions of habitat during March or April,
                                    prior to plover nesting, or during May, prior to tern nesting, if, in the opinion
                                    of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its agent, failure
                                    to do so could discourage plovers or terns from nesting as a result of
                                    disturbance from human use.

                                    Rearing or nursery areas used by unfledged or recently-fledged tern chicks,
                                    as identified by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its
                                    agent, should be delineated by beach managers with posts, warning signs, or
                                    symbolic fencing not later than June 21. Only persons engaged in rare species
                                    monitoring, management, or research should enter posted or fenced tern
                                    nursery areas while unfledged tern chicks or tern chicks being fed by adult
                                    terns are present, although individuals may pass by outside these areas. Such
                                    nursery areas may be re-opened when all tern chicks have fledged and are not
                                    being fed by adult terns.

                                �   Viewing platforms should be constructed where people congregate at stairways
                                    and scenic overviews.

                                �   Concessions that sell refreshments should be encouraged to use biodegradable
                                    materials and seek alternatives to enhance waste reduction.

                                �   Users should be encouraged to follow a carry in-carry out policy on garbage,
                                    trash, and refuse.

                                                                     Hunting
                                0   Hunting conducted in accordance with existing Mass. Division of Fisheries and
                                    Wildlife regulations is a legitimate and acceptable recreational activity on
                                    barrier beaches.

                                                                       Pets
                                    Pets should be leashed or under control of their owners at all times from
                                    April 1 to August 31 on beaches where piping plovers or terns are present or
                                    have traditionally nested. Pets should be prohibited on these beaches from
                                    April 1 through August 31 if, based on observations and experience, pet
                                    owners fail to keep pets leashed and under control and staff resources
                                    prohibit enforcement of leash laws. Hunting dogs, as is traditional, should be
                                    kept under the control of hunters at all times. This guideline is especially
                                    important in remote areas which are difficult to manage and yet attractive to
                                    wildlife.

                                                                       75

                                                                      Kite-Flying
                                      From April 1 to August 31, kite flying should be prohibited within 200 yards
                                      of both nesting territorial adults and unfledged juvenile piping plovers and
                                      terns.

                                                                       Finfishing
                                      Sport finfishing on barrier beaches is an activity that, for public safety reasons,
                                      should be separated from recreational swimming areas during active beach use
                                      hours.

                                                                      Shellfishing
                                      Shellfishing is regulated at the municipal level by Mass. General Laws, Chapter
                                      130 and by Fishing & Shellfishing Regulations at 322 Code of Mass.
                                      Regulations 1.00 - 12.00. Aquaculture is also regulated under the Mass.
                                      Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations at 310 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                      10.04 (a)(b).

                                                                     All Activities
                                      Informative and educational signs are encouraged.

                                                                          76

                             Camping, including Fires

                                     Uses include people staying overnight in tents, self-contained camping vehicles
                             or in the open. This activity may also include accessory uses such as camp fires and
                             chase vehicles.

                             Resource Impacts

                                     Tenting and associated heavy pedestrian use may impact vegetation or
                             landform. Generally, when limited and well managed, there are few impacts on
                             coastal beaches or heavily vegetated areas. Other activities, such as accessory fires
                             and waste disposal, including human waste, may cause significant impacts if not
                             properly managed. Camping and fires can: destroy vegetated cover as well as alter
                             dune form and function; can impact rare species, rare species habitat, and migratory
                             shorebirds through disturbance of nesting, resting, and feeding activities; and can
                             impact erosion control structures and signage through the use of these structures as
                             combustion material. Fires can create a public safety threat and debris problem
                             through improper disposal. The procedure of extinguishing a fire through burial is
                             dangerous as coals may continue to burn underground for an extended period of time,
                             producing no visible smoke, but posing a safety threat to barefoot beachgoers.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                 0   Camping areas should be delineated by beach managers and cited in their
                                     plans. The areas should be located at least 100 yards from identified nesting
                                     sites and off-road vehicle corridors.

                                 0   Camping should be prohibited in rare species habitat and significant migratory
                                     shorebird areas, and limited in coastal dunes.

                                 0   Designation of camping areas should include assessment of flammability of
                                     adjacent flora, access availability by vehicle or foot, waste disposal facilities,
                                     wildlife considerations, and scenic views.

                                 0   Educational programs for campers should take place.

                                 0   A "carry in-carry out" policy for trash should be implemented.

                                 0   A policy requiring fires in containers will alleviate the problem of buried fires
                                     as the camp fire user can carry the fire to the water to extinguish it or fill the
                                     container with water on location.

                                 0   Informative and educational signs are encouraged.

                                 9   See section on "Off-road Vehicle Use" (page 85)

                                                                         77

                              Watercraft. including Jet Skis

                                      In some instances, vessel access to barrier beaches has been encouraged by
                              beach managers where vehicular access has been restricted. In order to properly
                              manage vessel access to barrier beaches and islands, beach managers are encouraged
                              to work closely with municipal harbormasters, the Massachusetts Harborm              *asters
                              Association, the boating public, yacht clubs, the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary and the
                              U.S. Power Squadron.
                                      Recreational watercraft, including boats, jet skis, sailboards and other vessels
                              are popular at many beaches. Some of these activities have occurred at beaches since
                              colonial times and, in certain instances, are provided for in the Colonial Ordinances
                              of 1641 and 1647. However, watercraft use adjacent to public bathing beaches is also
                              regulated by other state and federal laws, such as 323 Code of Mass. Regulations
                              2.00-2.14 (others are cited at Appendix E). Small craft, typically under twenty-five
                              feet in length, are most commonly observed launching and landing around beach and
                              marsh areas. Such vessels anchor just offshore and move passengers to the beach in
                              small dinghies. In addition, individual watercraft such as jet skis and sailboards have
                              become more popular.
                                      Impacts from watercraft can take two forms: on-water and/or onshore.
                              Although on-water activities may impact barrier beaches directly or indirectly, the
                              impacts of onshore activities of humans accessing beaches via watercraft have a more
                              direct affect on a beach.

                              Resource lmpacft

                                      Most vessel owners in Massachusetts operate their boats in a conscientious
                              and environmentally sensitive manner. In some instances, however, adverse impacts
                              to the barrier environment can occur when vessel and beach regulations are not in
                              place or are violated, more often at remote barrier beach locations not easily managed
                              by beach managers.
                                      Impacts are not likely to occur from minimal Or occasional use of watercraft.
                              It is the chronic impacts that should be evaluated due to popular use in specific areas.
                                      Barrier beach resources impacted by watercraft include: beaches, salt marsh,
                              land containing shellfish, and land under the ocean. Coastal dunes may be impacted
                              by pedestrians associated with vessel use. Vessel access at barrier beaches may conflict
                              with recreational swimming. It may also conflict with rare species and wildlife habitat
                              protection, especially at remote ends of barrier spits. Changes in bottom topography,
                              alteration of substrate vegetation, and increased sedimentation due to prop wash and
                              hull impacts may also occur. Increased access by small craft on barrier spits can
                              create a large human disturbance factor to areas otherwise inaccessible to most people
                              but commonly used as nesting, feeding, resting and migration habitat for rare species
                              and other wildlife.

                                                                          78

                                                                     On-water
                                     Barrier beaches in Massachusetts that are popular for watercraft activities
                             share many common traits. Often the preferred areas for landing and recreating are
                             on the sheltered backside of beaches. These areas are typically associated with a salt
                             marsh system or a bay, important resource areas known for their fragility. Many times
                             the preferred watercraft use areas are also remote, enhancing their wildlife value.
                             Resource impacts that may occur from on-water watercraft activities include changes
                             in underwater topography from increased water column mbdng and sedimentation;
                             disturbance and contamination of economically-important shellfish beds'and waters;
                             increased beach and marsh bank erosion from watercraft wake; water contamination
                             from gas, oil and waste tank discharges; and disturbances to nesting, feeding, resting
                             and migration habitat for rare species and other wildlife from watercraft noise.

                                                                      Onshore
                                     Onshore activities of humans accessing beaches from watercraft take on
                             similar characteristics to other forms of human use on beaches. Individuals from
                             watercraft do not necessarily act differently than other persons accessing a beach by
                             other means. However, onshore activities related to watercraft regularly occur in
                             remote areas where management is difficult. Therefore, activities prohibited in well-
                             patrolled areas of beaches may occur more often in remote areas accessed by
                             watercraft due to lack of enforcement. Specific potential onshore impacts from
                             humans accessing beaches via watercraft include damage to dunes and fragile beach
                             vegetation, disturbance to wildlife (primarily resting, nesting and feeding shorebirds
                             and terns) from humans and pets, and contamination from trash and human waste.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                                                      General
                                 0   Watercraft use should be balanced with other uses, potentially warranting
                                     special area use designations both on-water and shoreside.

                                 0   Where symbolic fencing is inadequate in protecting rare species, such as terns
                                     and plovers, or wildlife habitat, such as significant migratory shorebird staging
                                     areas, and where there is no active rare species management plan in place,
                                     beach managers should consider negotiated alternative management measures,
                                     including, but not limited tp, temporary restrictions on the launching and
                                     beaching of small craft on those portions of the barrier beach that provide
                                     nesting, feeding, resting, or migration habitat for rare species and other
                                     wildlife. Discussions should include representatives from the beach owner and
                                     manager, the municipal conservation commission, The Massachusetts Division
                                     of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the user groups.

                                0    In order to protect dunes, beaches, and salt marsh resources, the number of
                                     watercraft and associated visitors should be assessed and managed where and
                                     when necessary.

                                                                        79

                                      Signs should be erected at these areas to inform users of the management
                                      issues.

                                                                       On-water
                                      Management of on-water activities of watercraft involves regulatory statutes
                                      that exceed the scope of this document. However, there are certain measures
                                      a beach manager can employ, such as working with appropriate authorities to
                                      designate areas for swimming or boat landing only, in an effort to ensure
                                      public safety. Speed limits can be posted around high-use watercraft areas for
                                      public safety. Buoys and signs should delineate such special use areas.
                                      Unfortunately, certain other on-water impacts may be impossible for a beach
                                      manager to enforce. In such cases, cooperation with local harbormasters,
                                      Massachusetts Environmental Police Officers and the U.S. Coast Guard may
                                      assist in solving a problem. [See Mass. General Laws Chapter 90B, ��1-5.]

                                      Potential conflicts can exist between exercise of the public trust rights to "fish,
                                      fowl and navigate," recreational swimming, and the protection of rare species
                                      and wildlife habitat. Beach managers are therefore urged to designate,
                                      wherever safe and practicable, launching and landing areas for watercraft.

                                                                       Onshore
                                      Impacts from onshore activities associated with watercraft can be effectively
                                      managed using a variety of techniques that allow for continued use of the
                                      resource while balancing the needs for conservation with recreation.
                                      However, to achieve this balance, beach managers must commit resources to
                                      specific areas where pedestrians from watercraft regularly come onshore.
                                      Some of the recommended management measures include: fencing and
                                      signage to protect fragile dune areas; fencing and signage to protect wildlife
                                      areas; general signage to inform users about the area and regulations
                                      governing its use; regular staffing to directly educate users about the fragile
                                      barrier beach environment and encouraging respect for the resources;
                                      enforcing regulations; and encouraging conscientious on-water operation of
                                      watercraft. These techniques have proven effective and should be adopted
                                      for all high-use watercraft areas.

                                                                  Pedestrian Impacts
                                      Pedestrian impacts associated with vessel landings and launching can have an
                                      impact on barrier beach natural resources, especially in remote areas of
                                      barrier beaches not easily managed. Refer to the "Pedestrian Use" section in
                                      this Chapter regarding the impacts and recommended management measures.

                                                                          80

                             Plant Harvesting

                                    Plant Harvesting includes removal of living and dead plant material from the
                             barrier marshes and beaches. Sea lavender is commonly removed from high salt
                             marsh areas, and American Beach Grass seed stocks are commonly removed from
                             dune areas. Large scale removal of coastal vegetation can have an adverse impact on
                             dunes and beach stabilization, seed sources and food sources for animals.

                             Resource Impacts

                                    Removal of sea lavender has effected the Massachusetts population of sea
                             lavender by depleting the seed source within the salt marsh community.
                                    Removal of American Beach Grass seed stocks can limit the spread of the
                             grass and lead to dune destablilization and erosion.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                �   Unauthorized harvesting of barrier beach plants, such as sea lavender,
                                    American Beach Grass and Spartina@ should be prohibited.

                                �   Informative and educational signs are encouraged.

                                                                     81

                             Non-motorized Transport, including Horseback Riding and
                             ftycles

                                     Non-motorized transport uses include: recreational horseback riding,
                             horseback patrol, and mountain biking.

                             Resource Impacts

                                     Within the barrier beach system, there are areas where this type of activity is
                             more appropriate or less damaging than others. However, where this activity destroys
                             vegetation, it also is likely to adversely impact dune shape and function. The
                             introduction of feces from horses to land or water from direct contact or runoff can
                             contribute to human health problems and water quality degradation.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                �    Bicycles and horses should be encouraged to remain on established paths. The
                                     use of coastal dunes for official horse patrol or recreational purposes is
                                     discouraged. Dunes should only be traversed when accessing or exiting a
                                     coastal beach, and then, access should be over a designated trail. Horses
                                     should also be directed away from tidal flats as feces can have an adverse
                                     impact on shellfish.

                                �    On beaches where horses are used and could harm or disturb incubating
                                     plovers or terns, or their eggs, or chicks, refuge areas of at least a 50-yard
                                     radius around nests and above the high tide line should be delineated with
                                     warning signs and symbolic fencing.

                                �    Refuge areas around nests should be expanded if a 50-yard radius is deemed
                                     inadequate to protect incubating adults or unfledged chicks from harm or
                                     disturbance. This may include situations where plovers or terns are especially
                                     intolerant of human presence, or where a 50-yard radius refuge provides
                                     insufficient escape cover or alternative foraging opportunities for plover
                                     chicks. If nests are discovered outside fenced areas, fencing should be
                                     extended to create a sufficient buffer to prevent harm or disturbance to
                                     incubating adults, eggs, or unfledged chicks. On some beaches where plovers
                                     and terns have traditionally nested or where suitable habitat occurs, it may be
                                     necessary to symbolically fence portions of habitat during March or April,
                                     prior to plover nesting, or during May, prior to tern nesting, if, in the opinion
                                     of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its agent, failure
                                     to do so could discourage plovers or terns from nesting as a result of
                                     disturbance from human use.

                                                                        82

                                0   Rearing or nursery areas used by unfledged or recently-fledged tern chicks,
                                    as identified by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, or its
                                    agent, should be delineated with posts, warning signs, or symbolic fencing not
                                    later than June 2L Only persons engaged in rare species monitoring,
                                    management, or research should enter posted or fenced tern nursery areas
                                    while unfledged tern chicks or tern chicks being fed by adult terns are present,
                                    although individuals may pass by outside these areas. Such nursery areas may
                                    be re-opened when all tern chicks have fledged and are not being fed by adult
                                    terns.

                                0   Beach managers should establish appropriate areas for the use of all non-
                                    motorized transport to avoid rare species habitat and other sensitive coastal
                                    resources according to season.

                                0   Non-motorized transport often allows the public easy access to distant areas.
                                    Beach managers should develop measures to manage and educate this user
                                    group as enforcement of rules and regulations is often difficult in remote
                                    areas.

                                0   Informative and educational signs are encouraged.

                                                                       83

                             Fireworks

                                     This activity includes the  setting-off of large scale, municipally sanctioned
                             Fourth of July-type fireworks attracting thousands of people.

                             Resource Impacts

                                     The landing of fireworks and associated debris can result in quick-moving fires,
                             especially during dry summer months. The result is destruction of vegetation that
                             holds dunes in place. Fireworks may cause disturbance to nesting, feeding, and
                             resting rare species and cause disturbances to wildlife habitat.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                     The launching and large-scale viewing of fireworks should be prohibited on
                                     coastal dunes, in salt marshes, and near wildlife habitat, especially that of
                                     nesting rare species (April 1 to August 31).

                                 �   Launching and viewing areas for municipally sanctioned Fourth of July-type
                                     fireworks events should be established in conjunction with the beach manager
                                     and municipal fire warden so as to avoid adverse impacts to rare species,
                                     wildlife habitat and barrier beach and wetland natural resources. Particular
                                     attention, should be paid to the management of large and concentrated
                                     volumes of pedestrian traffic associated with this activity in order to avoid
                                     adverse impacts to sensitive and critical natural resources. [See "Pedestrian
                                     Use" section earlier in this Chapter.]

                                 �   Codes regulating the launching or lighting of fireworks should be strictly
                                     enforced on barrier beaches.

                                                                        84

                             Off-Road Vehicle Use

                                    The off-road vehicle user group includes: beach-goers; fisherman; recreational
                             overnight users with self contained campers which may have trailered "chase" vehicles
                             and boats; private property owners; and special users such as those engaged in
                             research and monitoring, minimal maintenance, law enforcement, emergencies and
                             public safety.

                             Resoufce Impacts

                                    Most off-road vehicle owners in Massachusetts operate their vehicles in a
                             conscientious and environmentally sensitive manner. In some instances, however,
                             adverse impacts to the barrier environment may occur when vehicle and beach
                             regulations are not in place or are violated, more often at remote barrier beach
                             locations not easily managed by beach managers.
                                    Coastal beaches may be impacted through the churning of tires; tidal flats may
                             be impacted through compaction of the substrate; vegetation may be destroyed; and
                             dunes may be destabilized.
                                    According to "The Impact of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems in
                             Cape Cod National Seashore: An Overview" (Leatherman and Godfrey, 1978), it is
                             said that: "The sheering and compressional effects of off-road vehicle passage extend
                             to a depth of approximately 20 centimeters; the shear stresses of the turning wheels
                             disaggregate the drift and break plant rhizomes. The integrity of drift lines is
                             destroyed by off-road vehicle traffic, as the material is scattered about the beach.
                             Vehicle impact also decreases the rate of decay of organic material. Bacterial counts
                             associated with the drift were normally very high but were markedly reduced when
                             vehicles pulverized the organic deposits."
                                    "Vehicle traffic also crushes and kills seedlings of annuals and the young plants
                             of perennials, such as Ammophila@ which are associated with the drift. It was found
                             that the effect of 100 passes of an off-road vehicle does not differ significantly from
                             that of 10 passes; only a few passes are required to break up the deposit and kill all
                             the vegetation. Thus, the major effect of vehicles on the high beach was on drift lines
                             and developing dunes, with traffic severely limiting new dune formation."
                                    Vehicle travel through the coastal dune can destroy the vegetated mat and can
                             contribute to erosion of dune form and function. Travel over salt marshes can
                             destroy the vegetated mat and cause erosion. Shellfish resources may be impacted
                             due to compaction of soil and crushing existing organisms, depending on the depth
                             of shellfish and other organisms, substrate type, weight and use of vehicle.
                                    Off-road vehicle use may degrade piping plover habitat by crushing wrack
                             (seaweed, shells and other organic material deposited on the beach by tidal action)
                             into the sand and making it unavailable to the plovers as cover or foraging substrate.
                             Wrack is a preferred feeding habitat for piping plovers, especially chicks.
                                    Vehicles can degrade piping plover habitat by creating ruts that may trap or
                             impede movements of chicks, and by causing disturbance that may prevent plovers

                                                                       85

                             from using habitat that is otherwise suitable (Goldin and others, 1990; Strauss, 1990;
                             Melvin and others, 1993). For a complete list of citations, see Appendix H, the
                             Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                             Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their Habitats in
                             Massachusetts."
                                    Ile use of off-road vehicles may also impact other migratory shorebirds
                             feeding and resting on beaches, tidal flats, coastal dunes and salt marshes. Vehicles
                             and other associated activities may disturb and interrupt feeding and resting activity
                             by driving through or adjacent to the associated habitats. Impacts are potentially
                             greatest during the southward part of shorebird migration (July Ist - September 15th)
                             when public use of beaches is highest.
                                    The use of off-road vehicles may affect the survival and productivity of state
                             and/or federally listed endangered species, such as piping plovers and terns. Vehicles
                             can crush concealed eggs and chicks, even adult birds. Typical behaviors of piping
                             plover chicks make them much more vulnerable than least tern chicks to off-road
                             vehicles. Chicks frequently move back and forth between the foredune and preferred
                             feeding habitats in the wrack line and intertidal zone. These movements place piping
                             plover chicks in the paths of vehicles moving along the berm or through the intertidal
                             zone. Because piping plover chicks typically leave the nest within a day of hatching
                             and typically run out onto the open beach, the wire fencing placed around nests or
                             nesting areas to deter predators is ineffective in protecting chicks from vehicles.
                             Plover chicks and least tern chicks may stand in or walk and run along tire ruts, and
                             young chicks sometimes have difficulty crossing deep ruts or climbing out of them.
                             Chicks sometimes stand motionless or crouch, rather than flee, as vehicles pass by.
                                    Piping plovers may be vulnerable to disturbance during periods of courtship
                             and territory establishment in March and April. Similarly, least terns may be
                             vulnerable in May and June. Common, roseate and Arctic terns are highly disturbed
                             by any vehicle or pedestrian intrusion into their colonies. Prolonged or repeated
                             disturbances at colonies can lead to egg and chick loss from exposure and predation
                             or site abandonment.

                                                                      86

                            1) OFF-ROAD VEHICLE DRIVING CORRIDORS

                            Recommended Management Measures

                               �    The Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                    Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                    Habitats in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                    of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                    Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                                                Beach Corridors
                               �    Where.off-road vehicle use takes place or is proposed to take place on a
                                    barrier beach, off-road vehicle beach driving corridors should be designated
                                    by beach managers. Corridors should be located such that they avoid wildlife
                                    habitat, particularly that of rare species; wrack lines; salt marsh; vegetated
                                    areas on coastal beaches; tidal flats; overwash areas; and coastal dunes. A
                                    coastal beach off-road vehicle driving corridor should be located at a minimum
                                    of 10 feet seaward of the spring high tide line to the most seaward berm crest
                                    (see figure on page 88). Back dune or back barrier vehicle routes should be
                                    eliminated wherever and whenever possible and restored.

                               �    When designating beach driving corridors, beach managers should also
                                    consider separating vehicle use areas from other beach recreational activities,
                                    such as bathing, hiking and walking.

                               �    Between July 1 and September 15, areas that are identified as significant
                                    feeding, resting and staging areas for migratory shorebirds should be closed
                                    to off-road vehicles by posting and fencing the areas or by altering off-road
                                    vehicle travel corridors. Shorebirds are most suscetible to disturbances at high
                                    tide when they roost on upper portions of the beach.                This is a
                                    recommendation only, designed to protect from disturbance migratory
                                    shorebirds that are feeding and roosting while on their way to South America.

                               �    In instances where off-road vehicle access has been closed in order to comply
                                    with environmental laws, beach managers are encouraged to work with local
                                    officials, the public, and, where appropriate, state and federal officials to
                                    resolve any conflicts through planning and discussions. Reasonable alternative
                                    access routes should always be investigated.

                                    When the use of a vehicle corridor creates an unstable dune area such as a
                                    blowout, or results in a reduction in foredune height, volume or function, then
                                    the trail should be relocated with the old crossover closed and the area
                                    restored. Activities that produced such damage should be reviewed for
                                    compliance with environmental law. [Such contingency plans should be part
                                    of the overall beach management scheme.]

                                                                      87

                                                            Beach Terminology Diagram

                                                                                              tie.
                                                                      r V@Z- -
                                                   A4
                   Dune
                   Ridge

                                         Drift Line
                                          Deposits
                                                                             Berm Crest

                                                                                                                         4E
                                                       10'          ORV Corridor                                                     :7-

                  4---Foredune                       *----L- Backshore                         Foreshore ---w

                                            Swft (Eo@-) HO Tk1w                   Normal @O Tkja          Lo., Tide           TIdW FLift
                                            Sprft MWMO) Wrack Line                Oaly Wrack Urw

                                           Figure 13.         Beach terminology diagram (adapted from: U.S. Department of the
                                                              Interior/National Park Service/Cape Cod National Seashore).

                                                                                   88

                               �   Travel through off-road vehicle corridors should be on well established vehicle
                                   trails, delineated with posts, signs, and/or fencing.

                               0   Adequate protection measures should be applied to beach trails during high
                                   or exceptionally high tides so that drivers will not damage the seaward edge
                                   of dunes. Some trails may be closed during certain time periods depending
                                   on the width of the beach and height of the tide.

                               �   Travel may be further restricted due to other changing beach conditions and
                                   rare species nesting activity.

                               �   Severely rutted trails should be repaired in order to keep off-road vehicles
                                   from using unauthorized areas and to confine vehicles to designated routes.

                               �   All designated off-road vehicle corridor routes should be indicated on maps
                                   and diagrams provided with off-road vehicle permits.

                                   Parking should be permitted only within oversand vehicle corridors. However,
                                   in order to avoid traffic obstruction, parking should not be permitted on
                                   previously made trails within the corridor.

                                   Parking in blowout areas should be prohibited and controlled by posting and
                                   cable fencing. The use of snow fence in such areas is not encouraged as it
                                   may adversely impact nesting shorebirds.

                                   In some instances, beach managers may be able to provide for overnight
                                   camping by self-contained vehicles along the coastal beach corridor. A self-
                                   contained vehicle is a motor home or truck with an attached camper shell,
                                   with permanently mounted holding tanks with a 3 day capacity for containing
                                   black and gray water.

                                   Overnight camping and sleeping should be permitted only in self-contained
                                   recreational vehicles along the off-road vehicle corridor. For safety reasons,
                                   tents should not be permitted within the corridor. Vehicles and campers
                                   should possess a valid permit visibly displayed.

                                                               Dune Crossovers
                                   Where off-road vehicle corridor crossover routes are located on coastal dunes,
                                   they should be the minimum number of routes necessary in order to provide
                                   safe access and egress over the dune to the vehicle corridor located on the
                                   beach front.

                                   Ramps should be constructed as the prime vehicle corridor route through
                                   coastal dunes. Vehicle ramps can be constructed by placing 2A inch boards
                                   on edge, with short spacers between each 2A, and held together by cables
                                   which pass through the studs and spacers. The spaces between the studs allow
                                   sand to filter through when the ramp is lifted and reset. If the site becomes

                                                                     89

                              7

                                                                                                     -w

                                    Figure 14:      Fencing plan to protect piping plover nests and unfledged chicks
                                                    from pedestrian, non-motorized transport, and off-road vehicles
                                                    (courtesy of Mass. Department of Environmental Management).

                                                                      90

                                     stablej beach grass plants will grow in the spaces between the studs (Carlson
                                     and Godfrey, 1984). Also see the Guidelines@ Chapter 5.

                                     Non-ramped crossover trails from the backside of the beach through dunes to
                                     the beach front corridor should be periodically inspected in order to
                                     determine whether or not the location of the trail or volume of traffic is
                                     contributing to excessive dune erosion. If so, the trail may have to be
                                     relocated or a ramp built and the old trail restored.

                                     Non-ramped trails should be constructed such that:
                                             a. Dune routes do not include sharp turns and steep grades;
                                             b. Trails do not cross unstable dunes;
                                             c. Trails avoid sensitive areas such as nesting bird areas, blowouts, and
                                                     sites of rare species of plants and animals;
                                             d. Wind and wave tunnels are not created. Routes through dunes
                                                     should be curved in an "S" fashion.

                                     Dune crossover traffic should be confined to designated routes by use of cable
                                     fences.

                                �    See Appendix D, "Off-road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment and
                                     Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines."

                                                              Information/Education
                                0    Use of vehicles allows access to remote areas and as a result the impact may
                                     involve human waste. The use of public or privately maintained toilet facilities
                                     may be necessary.

                                �    Driving hours should be established, advertised, and well know by all beach
                                     users.

                                     Speed limits should be 15 miles per hour, unless otherwise posted.

                                     Speed limits in self-contained vehicle areas should be 5 miles per hour.

                                     Speed limits near posted bird nesting colonies, nursery areas or roosting areas
                                     should be 5 miles per hour for all vehicles.

                                     Informative and educational signs should be used to:
                                             a. Mark designated off-road vehicle trails and access points across
                                             foredunes; and
                                             b. Mark restricted areas, when appropriate, such as rare bird species
                                             nesting areas.

                                     Along with the issuance of an off-road vehicle permit, educational information

                                                                        91

                                     specific to the beach should be provided to drivers. Some beach managers
                                     also require drivers to view a brief audio-visual presentation. [See Chapter
                                     6 -- "Public Education and Outreach."]

                             2) BARRIER BEACH VEHICLE QUOTA

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                     As a general rule, it is recommended that a certain number of square feet of
                                     frontal coastal beach be allowed for each off-road vehicle entering the beach.
                                     This will determine the amount of vehicles allowed on a barrier beach at any
                                     one time.

                                     In determining the appropriate number of vehicles for a specific area, the
                             beach manager should first estimate the square footage of available coastal beach, ten
                             feet from the Spring High Tide to Mean High Tide. Bathing areas, salt marshes,
                             coastal dunes, tidal flats, rare species habitat, wrack, and staging areas for migratory
                             shorebirds should not be included in the land areas used to calculate the number of
                             square feet allowable.

                                  Available Area/Number of Vehicles = Area per Vehicle (in square feet)

                             This recommendation must be interpreted by beach managers on a case-!?Y-case basis
                             depending largely upon the characteristics of the barrier beach under consideration
                             for off-road vehicle operations.

                             3) RARE SPECIES MANAGEMENT

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                     The following Jurisdictional matters should be evaluated by beach managers
                             and regulators:
                                     1)   Wildlife habitat and rare species habitat is protected under the
                             Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and enforced by the municipal conservation
                             commission and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection;
                                     2) Rare species are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act and
                             the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act, which are enforced by the U.S. Fish and
                             Wildlife Service and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, respectively;
                             and
                                     3) Wildlife habitat, including that for rare species can and in some instances
                             ,may be protected under municipal wetlands protection by-laws/ordinances and
                             enforced by the municipal conservation commission.

                                                                       92

                                     Refer to Appendix H, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's
                                     "Guidelines for Managing Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns
                                     and Their Habitats in Massachusetts."

                                     Under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act regulations, if a proposed
                             project is found to alter a resource area which is part of the actual habitat of a state-
                             listed rare wildlife species, such project shall not be permitted to have any short or
                             long term adverse effects on the habitat of the local population of that species. The
                             Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program of the Massachusetts Division of
                             Fisheries and Wildlife acts as the scientific authority to determine what is actual
                             habitat and to provide an opinion about whether proposed activities subject to the
                             Mass. Wetlands Protection Act will have adverse effects on rare wildlife habitat. An
                             opinion issued by the Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program is presumed
                             to be correct, although this presumption is rebuttable and may be overcome upon a
                             clear showing to the contrary.
                                     The Massachusetts Endangered Species Act and its regulations are
                             administered by the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. The Act
                             prohibits the "taking" of any species of animal or plant listed as "Endangered,"
                             "Threatened," or "Species of Special Concern" in Massachusetts. For animals, "taking"
                             is defined as: "to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, hound, kill, trap, capture, collect,
                             possess, disrupt the nesting, breeding, feeding, or migratory activity or attempt to
                             engage in any such conduct, or to assist such conduct." Regulations implementing the
                             Act state further that: "All state agencies shall utilize their authorities in furtherance
                             of the purposes of Massachusetts Endangered Species Act and these regulations;
                             review, evaluate and determine the impact on Endangered, Threatened and Special
                             Concern species or their habitats of all works, projects, or activities conducted by
                             them; and use all practicable means and measures to avoid or minimize damage to
                             such species or their habitats." This includes "any work, project, or activity either
                             directly undertaken by a state agency, or if undertaken by a person, which seeks the
                             provision of financial assistance by an agency or requires the issuance of permits by
                             an agency."

                                 0   Where there is no management undertaken to effectively implement the
                                     Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                     Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                     Habitats in Massachusetts" (Appendix H), estimated rare species habitat
                                     should be closed entirely to all off-road vehicle activity from mid-April
                                     through late July. It should be noted, that development and implementation
                                     of a management plan, which includes comprehensive monitoring, may result
                                     in temporary closures of less duration then closures made without any
                                     management. The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife should be
                                     consulted regarding the development of such plans and the employment of
                                     rare species monitors.

                                 0   Off-road vehicular access for shellfishing should be a component of beach
                                     management plans and cross-reference municipal shellfish management plans.
                                     Such plans should be established by and with local officials, the Massachusetts

                                                                         93

                                                    Types of Barrier Beach Off-Road Vehicle Closures to Protect
                                                  Piping Plover Chicks Between Hatching and Fledgling Periods
                                                                                                        (aWroximately 35 days)

                                                                              arrie.
                                                                               eachf,

                                                                                                                  Barrier
                                                                                                                                                             Barrier
                                                                                                                   Spit                                        Spit

                                                                                      100
                                                                                      Yards
                                                                               ...                                             100
                                                                                                                               Yards                                         100
                                                                                                                                                                               ards
                                                                                      100
                                                                                      Yards                                     100
                                                                                                           .... ..              Yards
                                                                                                                                                                              IDO
                                                                                                                                                                           @Yards

                                                                      Barrier
                                                                      Beach

                                                  Figure I                                      Figure 2                                    Figure 3

                                                  Closure of a section of beach to through      Nest situated such that closure of          Closure of beach 100 yards north and
                                                  traffic. Accesslegress to open beach          beach 100 yards north and south of the      south of the nest. Continued
                                                  areas is possible in either direction. Not    nest is necessary. Traffic originates       vehicletfoot passage allowed in area of
                                                  excluding pedestrian access.                  from one direction only or by ferry. Not    barrier beach inaccessible to plover
                                                                                                excluding pedestrian access.                chicks due to natural features such as
                                                                                                                                            high dunes. Not excluding pedestrian
                                                                                                                                            access.

                                                     Key:
                                                              Off-road vehicle corridor                                           Area temporarily closed to off-road vehicles

                                                        0     Rare species nest with hatched but unfledged birds                  Impenetrable natural feature

                                                        Figure 15:               Types of barrier beach off-road vehicle closures to protect piping
                                                                                 plover chicks between hatching and fledging (approximately 35
                                                                                 days). (This is a graphic illustration of Appendix H: Massachusetts
                                                                                 Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                                                                 Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and
                                                                                 Their Habitats in Massachusetts."

                                                                                                              94

                                      Division of Marine Fisheries and in compliance with the above recommended
                                      regulatory and management measures of the Massachusetts Wetlands
                                      Protection Act, Mass. Endangered Species Acts, and U.S. Endangered Species
                                      Act.

                              4) ESSENTIALVEHICLES

                              Remmmended Management Measures

                                  �   When all or part of a barrier beach is temporarily closed to off-road vehicle
                                      use due to the presence of rare species, such as unfledged plover or tern
                                      chicks, the beach manager should establish a policy that considers closing the
                                      beach entirely to all off-road vehicles or closing it to recreational vehicles with
                                      the exception of one or more "essential uses," where absolutely necessary.
                                      The use of essential vehicles at a barrier beach will depend upon the site, its
                                      conditions, and the amount and type of essential use proposed.

                                      A certain amount of essential off-road vehicle use may be appropriate and
                                      necessary for effective management of the barrier. The use of such vehicles
                                      may be considered essential for the minimal amount of activity necessary to
                                      provide for:
                                               � Public safety;
                                               � Law enforcement;
                                               *Minimal maintenance of public property;
                                               e Access to private dwellings not otherwise accessible;
                                               e Rare species monitoring and management; and
                                               e Research (wildlife, plants, geology).

                                  �   Escorts are recommended for essential vehicles to insure compliance with all
                                      pertinent regulations and guidelines.

                                  �   Refer to Appendix H, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries, and Wildlife's
                                      "Guidelines for Managing Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns
                                      and Their Habitats in Massachusetts," especially "IV. Management Guidelines"
                                      for "Essential Vehicles."

                                  0   After a period of time where essential vehicles are used, a thorough re-
                                      evaluation should be made regarding any impacts from such use on wildlife
                                      habitat and rare species. Management plans should be adjusted accordingly.

                                  �   Also see the previous section on Management Measures for "Off-road Vehicle
                                      Driving Corridors."

                                                                          95

                                                           CHAPTER 5

                                         Restoration and Management Activities

                                      Due in part to the uses described in the previous chapter, as well as the
                             natural actions of erosion and relative sea level rise, the barrier beach manager is
                             often confronted with various management options regarding restoration or protection
                             of resources. These options range from "hands-off' or "let nature take its course"
                             policies to engineering/construction solutions.

                                      This Chapter describes the various restoration and management activities that
                             occur on barrier beaches, including:
                                      9 Activity Descriptions;
                                      9 Resource Impacts; and
                                      * Recommended Management Measures.

                                      Among the activities covered are:
                                      9 Erosion Control and Restoration Techniques, including: 1) dune and beach
                             construction and reconstruction; and 2) moving beach material. Covered under
                             construction and reconstruction are soft solutions (fences, Christmas trees, native and
                             exotic plants, and beach nourishment) and hard structures (groins, jetties, revetments,
                             seawalls, and bulkheads). Moving beach material entails overwash deposits and beach
                             scraping;
                                      * Beach Cleaning of: 1) stone and gravel; 2) litter; and 3) wrack (including
                             day-to-day, storm, and winter wrack);
                                      e Construction of Facilities, including pedestrian crossovers and walkways,
                             vehicle crossovers, roadways and parking lots, buildings and septic systems, and access
                             for the physically challenged;
                                      * Nuisance Control, including: 1) insects; and 2) exotic plants;
                                      9 Rare Species Predators;
                                      - Other Wildlife Issues; and
                                      * Trash.

                                      These activities generally occur in resource areas subject to the jurisdiction of
                             the municipal conservation commission and the Mass. Department of Environmental
                             Protection under the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act and will require the filing of a
                             Notice of Intent.       Consult Appendix 1, the Massachusetts Department of
                             Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier Beaches" for
                             additional guidance.     In addition, many municipalities have adopted wetlands
                             bylaws/ordinances that further regulate activities in resource areas, and should be
                             consulted prior to undertaking these restoration and management activities.

                                                                        97

                            Erosion Control and Restoraflon Techniques

                            1) Dune and Beach Construction and Reconstruction

                                   Under. the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act, two of three primary
                            functions of a barrier beach are storm damage protection and flood control.
                            Managing a barrier beach in order to preserve these important natural functions
                            becomes increasingly necessary as development along the coast continues to increase
                            and relative sea level continues to rise. Barrier beaches must also be protected and
                            managed as places that provide important wildlife habitat, including that of rare
                            species -- the third primary function regulated on barrier beaches under the Wetlands
                            Act.   Beach managers are thus placed in the precarious position of drafting
                            management plans that serve all these functions. When public health, safety and
                            structures are threatened by erosion, in and near rare species habitat, conflicts can
                            arise regarding the best methods of simultaneously protecting structures, wildlife
                            habitat, and rare species.    The following may serve as helpful discussion in
                            determining the best methods for achieving these goals.
                                   Management strategies should be determined by local issues in conformance
                            with federal, state, and local law. Consideration should be given to storm damage
                            prevention, flood control, and wildlife habitat in determining specific actions.

                            Resource Impacts - Soft Solutions

                                   Coastal dunes and beaches can be naturally or artificially established or
                            enhanced. High dunes, natural or artificial, reduce erosion of the foreshore during
                            storms by acting as a sediment supply. Small, localized dune stabilization efforts,
                            particularly the planting of dune vegetation, are usually considered conservation and
                            storm damage prevention measures. Dune building techniques are generally used QDIX
                            when there is a need to protect existing facilities or access to those facilities.
                                   A variety of measures have been used effectively over the years to stabilize
                            dunes, slow erosion of dunes and beaches, and trap and accrete sand to build up
                            beaches and dunes. Snow fences are placed along foredunes or beach berms to trap
                            and accrete sand. Rows of discarded Christmas trees are used to fill breaks in
                            foredunes, and beach grass or other vegetation is planted to trap sand and stabilize
                            beaches and dunes. Hard structures, such as jetties and breakwaters, (discussed later
                            on in this chapter) have been used to reduce wave@ action, and groins have been
                            placed on many beaches to trap sand. Seawalls constructed of concrete or stone have
                            been built on a number of beaches and dunes in an attempt to protect buildings from
                            damage by waves.
                                   While many of these methods have been effective in preventing or slowing
                            erosion on a limited scale, they do not offer the all purpose panacea -- for they too
                            can present problems for beach managers. Sand gathering devices can alter the
                            natural geology and ecology of the barrier beach; create aesthetic problems by
                            introducing man-made structures or non-indigenous items into the natural
                            environment; and reduce the ability of the beach to allow for dune rollover and to

                                                                    98

                            protect the backshore from flooding.
                                    In addition, sand gathering devices can affect wildlife habitat and rare species.
                            Breeding habitat for terns and piping plovers and other barrier beach species in
                            Massachusetts and elsewhere along the Atlantic coast has been degraded or lost as
                            the result of a variety of coastal development and coastline stabilization activities.
                            Beaches and dunes have been altered to the point of being unacceptable to terns and
                            plovers through construction of recreational and residential dwellings, commercial
                            buildings, boardwalks, piers, roads and parking lots. Such activities not only physically
                            alter or cover over habitat used by nesting terns and nesting, feeding and roosting
                            plovers, but may also increase human use of adjacent beaches, which in turn may
                            result in increased human-caused disturbance of adult birds or mortality of eggs or
                            chicks.

                                                        Snow Fences and Christmas Trees
                                    Snow fences and Christmas trees may be an appropriate means of building
                            dunes for storm damage protection and flood control or maintaining a barrier beach
                            system to manage blowing sand in and around built facilities and structures. However,
                            snow fences may create steep dune faces that are incompatible with plover nesting.
                            Snow fencing or Christmas tree fences placed in washover areas, blowouts, or other
                            areas used for nesting may represent actual physical barriers to plovers. The planting
                            of beach grass or other vegetation may result in habitats that are too densely
                            vegetated to be used by nesting least terns and plovers. All of these stabilization
                            structures or activities may temporarily impede some coastal storms from eroding and
                            scouring dunes and beaches, but they can also adversely affect least tern and plover
                            nesting habitat.
                                    Wire from damaged snow fencing can also pose a threat to coastal wildlife,
                            including birds, fish, marine mammals, and others.
                                    Discarded Christmas trees, used in coastal beach and dune erosion control and
                            restoration projects may become unearthed through wind and wave action and
                            become a solid waste nuisance along the coast.

                                                                Beach Nourishment
                                     Nourishment" refers to the placement of sand on a beach or barrier beach
                            to increase its volume. The feasibility of nourishment should be evaluated in
                            combination with modification to any existing erosion control structures.
                                    Nourishment sand may be obtained from several different sources and by
                            different methods. Sand may be moved from updrift of a groin to the downdrift
                            beach with an earthmoving machine such as a front-end loader. Sand dredged from
                            navigation channels may be pumped onto the eroded beach with hydraulic machinery.
                            Typically, sand nourishment must be performed periodically if the source of natural
                            sand no longer exists for a given beach area. Beach erosion rates should be
                            determined, the sources of sand and the mechanisms of beach nourishment must be
                            investigated, and the frequency and volume of sand necessary to maintain the beach
                            must be identified. Storm frequency and magnitude can greatly affect how much and
                            how often sand nourishment may be required.
                                    Beach renourishment using dredged and other off-site materials is often the

                                                                        99

                             preferred alternative to hard structures and a positive step for storm damage
                             prevention on barrier beaches. Beach nourishment projects also could be a significant
                             type of habitat alteration that may be either beneficial or detrimental to nesting
                             plovers and terns, particularly least terns. Deposition of dredged material on beaches
                             can substantially improve the quality and availability of plover and least tern habitat
                             by creating areas of nesting substrate that are higher, wider, and less vegetated than
                             were previously present at the site. Beach nourishment activities may adversely affect
                             breeding terns and plovers, if dredged material is not suitable nesting substrate, or if
                             deposition of dredged material occurs at a1ime and place that disturbs nesting birds.

                                                                       Plants
                                     Restoring dunes and marshes with vegetative plantings in appropriate areas
                             can be an effective method of storm damage restoration and erosion control,
                             especially in overwash areas in front of sections of developed barrier beaches. In
                             planning such restoration activities, care must be taken not to destroy rare species
                             habitat by improperly planting in overwash fans and low relief foredune areas that
                             may be utilized by species, such as piping plovers.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                                                General Information
                                 �   The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                     Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                 �   Environmental impacts may be less of a concern in small dune stabilization
                                     projects outside of rare species habitat. Large dune building or restoration
                                     projects require serious consideration. An investigation of the dynamics of
                                     the barrier beach and the role the existing size of the dunes play in the barrier
                                     dynamics, such as landward migration, must be considered. In addition, the
                                     volume of sand added and its ultimate destination as a result of reworking by
                                     aeolian and storm processes must be considered. Impacts to saltmarsh and
                                     shellfish habitat are examples of off-site impacts that must be considered.

                                 �   It should be remembered that coastal dunes are presumed to be significant to,
                                     among other interests, storm damage prevention, flood control, wildlife and
                                     rare species habitat.

                                 �   Tbe source of sand for natural dune building is the adjacent beach. Where
                                     beach volume has been reduced by human alterations (such as coastal
                                     engineering structures), another sand source may be required. Sand which is
                                     artificially or mechanically brought in to build a dune should be compatible
                                     with the sand in adjacent natural dunes (see "Nourishment" section in this
                                     chapter). Vegetative plantings should be done in conjunction with this
                                     artificial dune construction.

                                                                        100

       I

                                        The dimensions of an artificial dune should be similar to adjacent unaltered
       16                               natural dunes, if the latter are available for comparison.                  If not, an
                                        experienced coastal geomorphologist should be consulted to determine the
                                        optimum dune dimensions and locations.

                                              Geomorphic Needs for Maximum Shoreline Property Protection
                                                                     on Barrier Beaches

                               This opinion is based solely on shoreline property protection interests. It is recognized that
                               multiple interests, such as rare species protection, for bartier beach use must be balanced in any
                               initiative.

                                        The geomorphic needs for maximum shoreline property protection include:

                                   0    A wide, gently sloping beach or steep foreshore with a high, wide, multiple
                                        berm backbeach;

                                   0    A continuous, densely vegetated foredune ridge;

                                        High volume foreduries, ideally with the frontal dune reservoir greater than
                                        540 square feet (as explained in the National Flood Insurance Program and
                                        Related Regulations [44 Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, �65.11].
                                        For example, a dune with greater than 540 square feet of sand in the frontal
                                        dune quadrant has in most cases survived a 100-year storm event, although in
                                        a seriously eroded state; dunes without the requisite amount of sand in the
                                        frontal quandrant may be washed away in a similar type of storm [see figure
                                        on page 102];

                                        Densely vegetated, continuous or undulating, high volume inter- and backdune
                                        fields;

                                        When considering the long-term stability of a barrier beach, some overtopping
                                        of dunes may be beneficial in certain areas in order to allow for storm-related
                                        (wave) energy release mechanisms to occur and in order to allow for dune and
                                        beach overwash, necessary in any barrier beach migration. However, in the
                                        sole interest of protecting property/structures, artificial dune construction with
                                        dune grass plantings or dune building enhancement techniques in overwash
                                        areas, such as constructing multiple rows of snow/sand fencing accompanied
                                        by dense dune grass plantings, should begin immediately following an
                                        overwash event; and

                                        A nearshore sand bar is also beneficial.

                                        In summary, for maximum shoreline protection, it may be necessary that there
                               be a continuous, high volume, densely vegetated dune field, particularly foredunes,
                               fronted by a wide, gently sloping beach, or steep foreshore, with multiple berm
                               backbeach.

                                                                             101

                                                                     VERTICAL UNE FROM PEAK
                                                                     OF FRONTAL DUNE
                              SAND RESERVOIR TO BE ANALYZED
                              TO DETERMINE DUNE FAILURE
                              POTENTIAL                                       INLAND EXTENT OF
                                                                              PRIMARY FRONTAL DUNE
                                            Still Water Flood Level
                                      100-YEAR SWFL -            PRIMARY
                                                                 FRONTAL
                                                                  DUNE
                                                                                      BACKSHORE -

                                         BEACH -
                   N-G.V.D.                                   MINIMUM
                                                        LIMIT OF V ZONE

                                     FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING
                                     DUNE FAILURE POTENTIAL AND V ZONE MAPPING

                                Figure 16:    Factors to be considered in determining dune failure potential and
                                              velocity zone mapping (adapted from Federal Emergency
                                              Management Agency National Flood Insurance Program and
                                              Related Regulations, Federal Register, Volume 53, Number 88,
                                              May 6, 1988, page 16271).

                                                             102

                                                                Sacrificial Dunes
                                    "Sacrificial dunes," as defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and
                                    supported by the Federal Emergency Management Agency have been
                                    designed and erected on some barrier beaches in Massachusetts as a means
                                    of short-term storm damage protection to landward development. These are
                                    typically low-lying man-made dunes, the purpose of which is to withstand a
                                    storm of five years in frequency. However, in their design, they will be
                                    sacrificed during a minor storm while having provided only temporary
                                    protection for landward development. These dunes must also be regularly
                                    maintained, often at significant expense for the protection they provide.
                                    Because these are federal activities, they will be subject to a �7 finding made
                                    by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the permitting federal agency under
                                    the U.S. Endangered Species Act (see page 63). Such activities will also be
                                    reviewed by the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office for federal
                                    consistency with state coastal policies.

                                                                     Fences
                                    In highly exposed areas, sets of sand fence installed during the autumn and
                                    parallel to the beach and dune face build a dune more quickly than beach
                                    grass plantings (Knutson, 1977). The most effective technique, however, is to
                                    plant beach grass in conjunction with fence use.

                                    'Me best fence material is snow fence with a 50% porosity, held in place by
                                    posts at 10 to 15 foot intervals. Snow fence is widely available, catches sand
                                    better than brush fence, is less expensive than fabric fence, requires less labor
                                    to install than fabric or brush fence, and is less subject to vandalism than
                                    fabric fence (Woodhouse, 1978).

                                    Whenever and wherever possible, coastal managers should allow natural
                                    processes of beach and dune accretion and erosion to occur, and should not
                                    undertake beach and dune stabilization projects that will alter and degrade
                                    wildlife habitat, particularly for rare species such as terns and plovers.
                                    Although installation of snow fencing and beach grass plantings are usually
                                    encouraged as the most natural stabilization methods, they should generally
                                    not occur in actual rare species habitat.

                                    Use of snow fencing and shrubs is typically an effective means for controlling
                                    pedestrian access and delineating vehicle travel corridors and parking lots in
                                    heavy use areas. There should be no placement of tires, pallets or other solid
                                    waste on barrier beaches.

                                                                 Christmas Trees
                                    The use of discarded Christmas trees for coastal beach and coastal dune
                                    erosion control and restoration purposes should be carefully scrutinized.
                                    Discarded Christmas trees may be used in appropriate instances to restore an
                                    eroded dune which protects an existing built facility, previously designated off-

                                                                       103

                                     road vehicle routes, or pedestrian access routes. However, discarded Christmas
                                     trees should not be placed in actual rare species habitat.

                                                                Beach Nourishment
                                 0   Sand used for nourishment should be similar in size to that of the natural
                                     beach. Sometimes sand of a larger size is necessary for nourishment if all
                                     natural sources of sand have been depleted.

                                 0   When used for beach nourishment, compatible material should have a grain
                                     size that is equal to or less than 10% of that which is presently on site or was
                                     on site. To determine if sand is "compatible" with the nourishment site,
                                     scientific assistance should be sought.

                                     Dredged material to be deposited on tern and plover nesting beaches for the
                                     function of storm damage prevention should be sand or a combination of
                                     sand, gravel or shells if it is to also be acceptable nesting substrate.
                                     Deposition should take place between September 15 and April 1, when
                                     nesting terns and/or plovers and migratory shorebirds are not present. In
                                     accessing dredging work sites, vehicles should not enter areas where there are
                                     unfledged terns and plovers. Compatible dredged material will be most
                                     attractive to breeding least terns and piping plovers if the deposition area
                                     gradually slopes to the water's edge and if it is not subsequently planted with
                                     beach grass or crisscrossed with snow fencing for stabilization purposes.

                                                     Dune Stabilization in Rare Species Habitat
                                     On beaches and dunes that have been determined to be actual rare species
                             habitat, alterations to the natural system are generally discouraged and often
                             prohibited under the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act and Mass. Endangered Species
                             Act.    However, there may be instances where erosion control projects, such as dune
                             and beach rebuilding and enhancement, including the installation of snow fences, the
                             planting of beach grass, and other soft solutions for beach and dune stabilization, may
                             be necessary in order to protect public health and safety by preventing or minimizing
                             an imminent threat from storm damage and flooding.
                                     In such cases, the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office, Mass. Division of
                             Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Department of Environmental Protection will provide
                             technical assistance and will determine, on a ease-by-case basis, whether such
                             projects may be permitted with appropriate monitoring and controls.
                                     In such instances, the following information should be provided in a Notice
                             of Intent, filed under the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act, to the municipal
                             conservation commission, Mass. Department of Environmental Protection, and Mass.
                             Division of Fisheries and Wildlife:

                                                                       104

                             1. Documentation showing that the erosion control project as designed will prevent
                             or minimize an imminent threat from storm damage and flooding to existing:
                                 0   Structures;
                                 0   Necessary infrastructure;
                                 0   Sole access to existing structures; and/or
                                 0   Necessary navigational interests.

                             2.  A written opinion from a qualified coastal geologist, geomorphologist, or other
                             expert in such matters, showing that the erosion control project, as designed, will
                             prevent or minimize an imminent threat to those interests it is designed to protect.
                             [This minimum level of documentation may be supplemented with additional
                             supporting materials.]

                             3. A timetable showing that no work will take place         when rare species are present
                             on site.

                             4. Comprehensive data necessary to determine whether or not an imminent threat
                             exists (as requested in #1 above) could be quite costly. Therefore, a preliminary
                             analysis may be performed which incorporates a minimal amount of necessary
                             information. Such information should include:
                                 �   Beach and dune cross-sectional profiles;
                                 �   Tidal and storm elevations, such as mean high water, mean low water, ten-,
                                     fifty-, and 100-year storm elevations superimposed on the beach and dune
                                     cross-sectional profiles;
                                 �   Location and elevation of structures, access to those structures, navigation
                                     channels and basins, and/or natural resources that are claimed to be in
                                     imminent danger from storm and flood damage. For structures, first floor and
                                     ground elevations should be indicated and accompanied by notation on the
                                     community Flood Insurance Rate Map. In addition, the presence of a coastal
                                     engineering structure, such as a revetment, seawall, groin, jetty, or breakwater,
                                     protecting the structure should be noted;
                                     A plan, or preferably a low altitude aerial photograph, showing the location
                                     of existing conditions, such as: state-listed rare species habitat; overwash
                                     areas; snow fencing; areas of planted beach grass; off-road vehicle and
                                     pedestrian corridors; jeopardized dwellings; dwelling access routes; jeopardized
                                     necessary infrastructure; navigation basins and channels; natural resources; and
                                     proposed dune construction or dune building enhancement projects, including
                                     proposed snow fence, beach grass, and sediment nourishment locations.
                                     Tidal elevations and tidal time lags for both bay and ocean side of the barrier,
                                     along with any other relevant supporting data.

                                     A written opinion from the Mass. Natural Heritage and Endangered Species
                             Program will then be issued to the municipal conservation commission and Mass.
                             Department of Environmental Protection regarding whether the proposed minimum
                             necessary erosion control project, with mitigative measures, will or will not have a
                             short- or long-term adverse impact on the local population of rare species. The
                             municipal conservation commission or the Mass. Department of Environmental

                                                                         105

                                Protection will then decide whether or not the proposed project meets the
                                Performance Standards of the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act.

                                77sese technical requirements are based on the agencies' best and current thinking and are subject
                                to change as more research is completed and more individual cases are reviewed under the Mass.
                                Wetlands Protection Act and Mass. Endangered Species Act.

                                                                   Plants - Native Species
                                         The following is a suggested species list for the various vegetated zones found
                                on barrier beaches:

                                         Pioneer Zone (beach face)
                                                 Beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus)
                                                 Seabeach sandwort (Arenaria peploiles)
                                            0    Sea rocket (Cakile edentula)
                                            0    Dusty miller (Artemisia stellerfana) - a "naturalized" species
                                         The above plants may be termed "dune initiators" in that over time they can
                                         form embryonic dunes by trapping sand and by providing a seed source for the
                                         foredune areas. These plants often occur naturally from seed sources brought
                                         in with wrack material.

                                         Primary Dune
                                            0    American beachgrass (Ammophila brevifigulata)
                                            0    Beach pea (Lathyrus Japonicus)
                                                 Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens)
                                         American beachgrass is the best species to use for erosion control because of
                                         it's extensive root systems and ability to accumulate sand rapidly. However,
                                         for reasons not well understood, it does not do well in sand-starved interdunal
                                         areas (some scientists attribute this phenomenon to the nutrient supply
                                         associated with fresh. sand).

                                         Secondary Dune
                                            0    American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata)
                                            0    Beach plum (P@unus maritima)
                                                 Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens)
                                                 Bayberry (Mytica pensylvanica)
                                                 Beach heather (Hudsonia tomentosa)
                                                 Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
                                                 Beach rose (Rosa rugosa)
                                         This last item is a "naturalized" species that may be used as a last resort in
                                         pedestrian control. Care should be taken so that the planting of beach rose
                                         does not in any way adversely effect rare species habitat.

                                         Secondary Dune Salt Marsh Border
                                                 Marsh elder (Iva ftutescens)
                                                 Groundsel - tree (Baccharis halimifolia)

                                                                            106

                                              Sweet gale (Mytica gale)
                                      These species should be planted above the spring tide line.

                                      Salt Marsh
                                         �    Smooth Cordgrass (Spardna altemiflora)
                                         �    Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Sparfina paten      s)
                                      Smooth cordgrass requires daily inundation by the tides. Therefore,
                                      this species should be planted between mean low water and mean high
                                      water. Saltmeadow cordgrass, may be planted from mean high water to
                                      spring high water.

                                                        Planting Information -- Nativei Species
                                      For a detailed description and information on propagation and planting
                                      techniques for dune and marsh areas, there are several good publications
                                      listed at the end of this section. The following are some general guidelines
                                      for American Beachgrass and smooth cordgrass.

                                      American Beachgrass: Plant 1-2 culms on 18 inch centers, 8 inches in
                                      depth. For a greater density, culms can be planted 12 inch on center, but
                                      keep in mind the rhizomes (underground roots) of this plant can spread 6 to
                                      10 feet horizontally annually. Sand should be pressed firmly down around the
                                      culms after planting. Planting should occur from fall to early spring. Planting
                                      fertilization may be done with low amounts of nitrogen (15-25 pounds per
                                      acre) to enhance the establishments of the new culms.

                                      Smooth Cordgrass: There are three factors to consider when deciding
                                      whether or not to plant Spattina altemiflora:      tidal range, wave activity, and
                                      salinity. In areas with a limited tidal range, of less that three or four feet, the
                                      plants can be placed between Mean Low Water and Mean High Water.
                                      However, in areas with a larger tidal range, plants may only survive between
                                      Mean Sea Level and Mean High Water. The upper and lower limits of
                                      growth may be estimated by looking at nearby established stands of marsh
                                      grass. Salt marshes occur generally in areas of low wave energy. The larger
                                      the open water (referred to as off-shore fetch) over which wind can blow and
                                      generate waves, the more intense wave conditions will be at the shoreline. If
                                      planting or transplanting is not to originate from a site nearby with similar soil
                                      salinity, soil should be tested for salinity. SpaWna altemiflora will tolerate
                                      a wide range of salinity, from almost fresh to very salty ( 2.5 to 42.5 parts per
                                      thousand) soil solutions. Salinities of soil solutions exceeding 45 parts per
                                      thousand could cause a die-back of plantings.
                                              Sprigs (part of plant consisting of a least one node) or plugs (mass of
                                      roots and stems with some original soil) should be planted four to six inches
                                      deep, two to three feet spacings between plants in staggered rows. In more
                                      exposed sites, plugs should be planted closer together.

                                                                         107

                                                      Planting Information -- Exotic Species
                                    VAen selecting the plant species, only indigenous species should be used.
                                    Native plants have evolved over time to adapt to the region's climate, soil
                                    conditions, diseases, and other factors. Native plants are much more valuable
                                    to the native wildlife who have also evolved utilizing the indigenous plant
                                    species for food, cover and brooding areas. Introducing exotic plant materials
                                    can have devastating effects on the local ecological balance. For example,
                                    common reed (Phragmites), long presumed to be an exotic, has taken over
                                    many acres of formerly highly productive fresh and salt water marshes across
                                    the nation.

                            Referernes

                            Lewis, Roy R. III, editor. "Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plant Communities."
                                    CRC Press, Incorporated, Boca Raton, Florida.
                            "Propagation of Sparfina for Coastal Erosion Control," University of Massachusetts
                                    Cooperative Extension Service, Information Bulletin No. 3, July 1985.
                            "Marine and Coastal Facts, Establishing New Salt Marshes,"              University of
                                    Massachusetts, Cooperative Extension Service, and Massachusetts Institute of
                                    Technology Sea Grant Program. No. 7.

                                                                     108

                             Resource Impacts - Hard Structures

                                                                 Groins and Jetties
                                     Groins are designed to trap sediment from longshore drift to build a protective
                             or recreational beach. Jetties are designed to direct or confine river or tidal flow into
                             a channel and prevent or reduce the shoaling of the channel by littoral material.
                             Both are generally shore perpendicular structures which interrupt longshore sediment
                             transport. Beaches generally accrete on the updrift side of these structures, however,
                             without adequate natural or artificial sediment by-passing, areas immediately downdrift
                             become sediment starved and erosion results. Erosion of the downdrift beach
                             diminishes the storm damage prevention and flood control characteristics of the beach
                             possibly resulting in unnecessary storm damage to landward structures and resources.
                             Increased overwash events may occur as a result of downdrift erosion caused by these
                             structures. In addition, the resultant changes in sediment volume and elevation may
                             affect shellfish and finfish and their habitat.

                                                        Revetinents, Seawalls and Bulkheads
                                     Revetments, seawalls and bulkheads are structures placed parallel or nearly
                             parallel and adjacent to the shoreline in order to separate a land area from a water
                             area. The primary purpose of a seawall or revetment is to protect the upland area
                             from erosion by waves and currents. The distinction between the three structures is
                             mainly a matter of purpose. It is generally accepted that seawalls are vertical
                             structures for protection against heavy wave action whereas bulkheads act as retaining
                             walls, preventing crumbling or slumping of the earth or sand behind them. Bulkheads
                             are often associated with piers, wharves, and filled tidelands. Revetments are placed
                             on a slope for protection against waves and currents and largely depend on the
                             underlying soil for support.
                                     All three structures prohibit natural processes from eroding the underlying
                             landform, thereby trapping    the primary source of beach and dune material that is
                             required to resupply beaches and dunes (and other landforms formed by coastal
                             processes). These coastal engineering structures, particularly vertical structures, can
                             also cause erosion in front of them due to reflection of storm waves. Flanking
                             erosion and scouring of abutting property due to wave refraction can also occur and
                             can be a major concern. Over the short-term, in addition to the above impacts, in the
                             presence of these engineered structures the critical sand sharing system between
                             dunes, beaches and the nearshore areas, particularly during coastal storms, is unable
                             to function. This sand sharing system contributes to decreased storm wave damage by
                             temporary erosion of the dune and beach to form nearshore sand bars which help
                             dissipate storm wave energy. Following a storm, nearshore bars migrate landward and
                             lead to berm development and eventually sand transport back to the primary dunes
                             by way of aeolian processes. Over the long-term, the most serious adverse effect of
                             these coastal engineering structures is their interference with the landward shifting of
                             the barrier beach.

                                                                        109

                            Recommended Management Meawres

                                                             General Information
                               � The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                   Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                                              Groins and Jetties
                               �   Groins are generally prohibited on barrier beaches under the Mass. Wetlands
                                   Protection Act. Jetties may only be allowed to protect existing navigation
                                   channels.

                               �   Several corrective techniques are suggested to minimize downdrift erosion
                                   problems being caused by existing groins: remove, shorten, or lower the
                                   groin; increase the porosity of the groin; backfill the groin to capacity with
                                   compatible material; or nourish the eroding downdrift beach.

                               �   Adverse impacts caused by jetties can be minimized by establishing or
                                   constructing a sediment by-pass system across the inlet. Downdrift beach
                                   nourishment may also be required.

                                   Site specific analyses are necessary to determine the appropriate corrective
                                   techniques(s).

                                                     Revetments, Seawalls and Bulkheads
                                   New seawalls, revetments and bulkheads on barrier beaches are generally
                                   inconsistent with the performance standards under the Mass. Wetlands
                                   Protection Act, and, therefore, are likely to be prohibited.

                                                                    110

                             2) Moving Beach Material

                             Resource Impacts

                                                               Overwash Deposits
                                     Barrier beaches exhibit a dynamic equilibrium due to the forces of winds,
                             waves, tides, currents, storms and relative sea level rise. The stability of a barrier
                             beach depends primarily on its ability to respond and reshape to these natural forces
                             and to maintain its dynamic equilibrium through overwash. Overwash is the principal
                             mechanism by which sediment is transported across a barrier beach and occurs when
                             storm waves breach or overtop a dune system. Overwashed material is commonly
                             carried into the landward bay or onto the landward saltmarsh and visibly extends the
                             landward limit of the barrier. The overwashed material provides for new substrate for
                             both new dune and saltmarsh development with drift piles (wrack) providing the
                             nuclei for their growth. On an eroding or transgressive barrier, overwash is critical
                             to the continued existence of the barrier. As the seaward side of the barrier erodes,
                             overwash allows for the same environmental conditions and habitats to be continually
                             recreated through time, only shifting more landward. If overwash is prevented or
                             overwashed material is removed on an eroding or transgressive barrier, the barrier will
                             continue to narrow over time (from both sides) and the barrier may become
                             increasingly susceptible to breaching. The physical removal of sand and gravel from
                             overwash areas artificially narrows and lowers the barrier on the landward side. This
                             practice results in erosion of both sides of the barrier and a hastened demise of the
                             beach. In addition, removal of sand and gravel from an overwash area may make the
                             barrier more susceptible to storm wave damage from the bay side if an adequate
                             distance (fetch) across the landward water body exists for waves to develop.

                                                                 l1each Scraping
                                     Beach scraping is the process of removing sand from a beach in order to
                             rebuild storm-damaged dunes. Artifically removing sand from a beach lowers the
                             beach elevation and may change the slope of the beach thereby causing subsequent,
                             increased storm damage to landward areas. In addition, if a coastal beach slope is
                             altered as a result of scraping, waves may break differently on the beach face
                             mimicing storm conditions with the result being increased erosion. Typically, the
                             beach will repair itself with time to create a stable slope/profile.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                                               General Inrormation
                                     The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                     Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix I, should be consulted.

                                                                Overwash Deposits
                                0   The removal of overwash material that has been deposited on a coastal beach,
                                    coastal dune or salt marsh is generally not consistent with the performance
                                    standards of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and is therefore
                                    ,likely to be prohibited. Overwash materials, in this instance, should be left in
                                    place.

                                0   Management options for removal of overwash material in roads and parking
                                    lots or back barrier navigation channels is site-specific. However, the preferred
                                    managment option is to place the overwash material back into the pre-storm
                                    foredune location, or if possible, slightly landward of this location. It should
                                    be noted, however, that continually removing the material from the barrier
                                    may have the long-term impact of narrowing the barrier by starving the barrier
                                    of needed sediment.

                                0   Overwash sites on barrier beaches and dunes are often prime rare species
                                    habitat for piping plovers and should generally be left in an unaltered state.

                                                                  Beach Scraping
                                0   Beach scraping is generally not consistent with the performance standards of
                                    the Mass. Wetlands Protection Act, as changing the form or volume of a
                                    coastal beach is not allowed. 'Ilierefore, beach scraping is likely to be
                                    prohibited.

                                                                       112

       16                     Beach Cleaning

                              1) Stone and Cobble

                              Resource impacts

                                     Stone and cobble are natural by-products of glacial erosion; much of the
                              cobble on Massachusetts beaches was created during the last great Ice Age as ice
                              sheets retreated northward. Pieces of rock were subsequently deposited in secondary
                              landforms, such as beaches. Eroding beaches with low volumes of updrift sediment
                              input generally contain sizable volumes of cobble in the nearsurface substrate. Cobble
                              on a beach provides for substrate which helps provides elevation to the beach profile
                              or berm. A high sandy or cobble berm provides storm damage prevention and flood
                              control for landward areas.
                                     The practice of removing cobble from beaches has been identified as a
                              possible cause of increased storm damage. The removal of sand or cobble from a
                              beach lowers the beach profile thereby allowing storm wave energy to dissipate in
                              more landward areas possibly causing otherwise avoidable damage. The isolated cases
                              where this practice has been conducted in the Commonwealth have usually been for
                              the purpose of recreational enhancement resulting in a greater expanse of sandy
                              beach surface. However, if cobble exists on the surface of a beach, it is generally just
                              as abundant below the surface due to the glacially derived nature of landforms in
                              Massachusetts. After a short period of time following cobble removal, surficial sands
                              are generally winnowed out and cobble reappears.

                              Recommended Management Measures

                                 �   The Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's "Recommended
                                     Conditions for Barrier Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                 �   'Me practice of stone and cobble removal from beaches is generally
                                     inconsistent with the performance standards under the Massachusetts
                                     Wetlands Protection Act and is therefore likely to be prohibited.

                                 �   Management options for removal of overwash materials, such as cobble, that
                                     have been deposited on roads and parking lots or back barrier navigation
                                     channels is site-specific. However, the preferred management option is to
                                     place the overwash material back onto the pre-storm location, or if possible,
                                     slightly landward of this location.      It should be noted, however, that
                                     continually removing overwash cobble from the barrier beach may have the
                                     long-term impact of narrowing the barrier (as shown previously in the section
                                     on "Moving Beach Material - Overwash Deposits").

                                                                       113

                            2) UUer

                            Re-source Impacts

                                    Although litter may be considered primarily a problem of aesthetics, debris
                            items on the beach may also lead to wildlife entanglement or ingestion. Known
                            causes of entanglement include monofilament line and netting, six-pack yokes, and
                            rope. Mistaking debris as food items, marine animals have eaten balloons, plastic
                            bags, and assorted plastic pieces. Debris may come from either land-side sources,
                            such as beachgoers, or marine sources, such as recreational and fishing boats. A large
                            portion of the marine debris is caught up in the wrack line, while land-side litter often
                            blows up into dunes and beach grass areas.

                            Recommet7ded Mcewagemwt Measures

                                    Litter should be removed by hand whenever possible. For public safety and
                                    aesthetic reasons, litter should be removed on a daily basis early each. morning
                                    and, when possible, each evening at recreational beaches during the summer
                                    season. Lifeguards are often best employed to carry out this function with
                                    hand-held poled nets prior to going on life saving duty.

                                    The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Managment Office sponsors a "Coastsweep"
                                    program each September (traditionally the third Saturday in September)
                                    during "Coastweeks." This typ   e of volunteer cleanup has proven to be an
                                    effective means of educating the public about the problems and hazards of
                                    debris along the beach. By involving schools, youth groups, civic organizations,
                                    and businesses, this public service program creates a feeling of stewardship
                                    among participants for their beaches. The program also gives beach managers
                                    the opportunity to clean sections of beach that are typically inaccessible, due
                                    to distance or topography, to typical beach cleaning methods.
                                            During the cleanup, volunteers use data cards to catalog the types of
                                    debris collected. This information is later analyzed at both state and national
                                    levels. In Massachusetts, it has been shown that plastics represent about two-
                                    thirds of all debris counted (by item number, not weight). Cigarette butts are
                                    the single most prevalent debris item.
                                            Cleanup volunteers are instructed to collect all man-made items, such
                                    as plastic, foamed plastic (such as styrofoam), rubber, glass, metal, paper,
                                    wood, and cloth, but to leave organic materials in place. These "natural" items
                                    include animal wastes, seaweeds, dead animals, and drift wood. Volunteers
                                    are told to notify the beach manager or local cleanup coordinator when they
                                    come across any potentially hazardous materials, such as suspected medical
                                    wastes, and not touch the materials themselves. With items such as 55-gallon
                                    drums of unknown contents, they are instructed to mark the information on
                                    the card, notify the beach manager, but not attempt to remove the item
                                    personally.

                                                                      114

                                 A regular program of volunteer beach cleanups, or an "Adopt a Beach"
                                 program, can provide the needed hands to remove the constant influx of
                                 debris that comes from both landside and waterside sources, as well as many
                                 of the small, but oftentimes dangerous items such as broken glass, that may
                                 be missed during regular beach maintenance. Contact the Massachusetts
                                 Coastal Zone Mangement Office at (617) 727-9530 to participate in
                                  Coastsweep."

                                 Spring beach cleanups are also encouraged.

                                 Beach concessions should be encouraged to use recycled materials and to
                                 recycle discarded items.

                                 Also refer to the section on "Trash" discussed later in this Chapter.

                                                                 115

                              3) Wrack

                              Resource Impacts

                                                                 Day-to-Day Wrack
                                     Washed-up eel grass or seaweed is a source of nutrients and seeds for the
                              pioneer species of flora associated with wrack lines, provides foraging habitat for
                              shorebirds, and provides substrate for accumulating sand for the beach berm.

                                                          Storm Wrack and Winter Wrack
                                     In "T'he Impact of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems in Cape Cod
                              National Seashore: An Overview" (Leatherman and Godfrey, 1978), the authors state
                              that: "The most sensitive zone of the high beach is the drift-line zone, which consists
                              chiefly of organic material deposited on the backshore during high spring tides or
                              storms. Drift lines on northern beaches contain large quantities of marine algae,
                              eelgrass, and marsh detritus. Bacteria and fungi quickly break down this organic
                              matter, releasing nutrients into the sand and eventually back to the sea. The drift-line
                              zone also contains fragments and seeds of dune plants and is therefore a significant
                              site for new dune development on open sand. Regeneration of beach grass
                              (Ammophila) on a bare sand beach is almost exclusively by growth of plant fragments
                              washed from eroding dunes and redeposited on the beach as drift. Once the plants
                              are established, embryonic dunes can develop, provided they are not destroyed by
                              storms or off road vehicle impact."
                                     Beach cleaning may have an effect on wildlife habitat and rare species. Beach
                              cleaning, done either by hand or mechanically, such as with a Cherrington machine,
                              may substantially reduce the quality and quantity of foraging substrate available to
                              shorebirds, including the rare piping plover, by removing wrack (seaweed, vegetation,
                              shells and other organic debris deposited by tidal action). Wrack is beneficial to
                              piping plovers in two ways. First, it is a primary substrate for invertebrate life, such
                              as various types of amphipods and dipteran larvae, eggs and adults that serve as food
                              for plovers. Second, wrack provides cover for plovers, especially small chicks.
                                     Data from three separate studies have shown that wrack is a preferred feeding
                              habitat for piping plover chicks. At Breezy Point on Long Island, Goldin and others
                              (1990) found that plover chicks spent 59% of their time feeding. Of that feeding
                              time, 76% was spent in wrack, although wrack comprised only 8% of available feeding
                              habitat above the intertidal zone. At 6 beaches in Massachusetts in 1988 and 1989,
                              plover chicks spent 35% of their time feeding (Hoopes and others 1992, unpublished
                              data). Of that feeding time, 63% was in wrack, although wrack comprised only 3%
                              of available feeding habitats at all sites combined. At Seawall Beach in Maine, Gibbs
                              (1986) found that plover foraging activity on the upper beach was concentrated
                              around seaweed clumps, and track densities in plots that contained seaweed were
                              more than twice that of plots without seaweed.
                                     In the "Buzzards Bay Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan,"
                              published by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office and the U.S.
                              Environmental Protection Agency (August, 1991), the issue of beach wrack at
                              Buttermilk Bay in Bourne was thoroughly researched and monitored by the Buzzards

                                                                       116

                               Bay Project. The document's "Management Recommendations and Action Plans
                               (Volume I, page 167) contains the following:
                                                  "Beach wrack, which in Buttermilk Bay consists largely of decaying eelgrass and
                                        algae, appears to act as a protected repositoty for fecal colifonn. 77tis wrack has been
                                        found to be an important source of fecal colif6nn. ne relationship between wrack and
                                        the fecal indicator was studied in the field as well as under simulated conditions in the
                                        laboratory. Laboratory experiments showed that (1) fecal indicators are present and
                                        dissociate from wrack and (2) incubation in wrack piles along the shoreline prolongs
                                        survival, and possibly induces growth, of fecal coliform.
                                                 Field testing involved removing wrackfrom four beaches and monitoring bacteria
                                        before and after removal. At one of four sites, bacterial counts on outgoing tides were
                                        distinctly lower than counts prior to removal. Both laboratory erperiments and field
                                        observations clearly show the potentialfor wrack to be a signficant factor influencingfecal
                                        coliform levels in the bay. However, it is probably only in poorly flushed areas that
                                        removing the wrack will show major water quality improvement. Because the efficiency
                                        of this strateV is questionable and probably impractical on a large scale, it does not
                                        appear that this is a priority management option.

                               Recommended Management Measures

                                   �    The Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                        Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                        Habitat in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                        of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                        Beaches," found in Appendix 1, should be consulted.

                                   �    Mechanical beach cleaning equipment, such as Cherrington machines, should
                                        not be used in rare species habitat. Inorganic debris and materials considered
                                        hazardous to public health or safety should be removed by hand as soon as
                                        possible.

                                   �    Sufficient wrack should be left on the beach in order to provide a seed source,
                                        nutrient source, and foraging habitat for shorebirds. Wrack removal should
                                        be prohibited in rare species habitat and significant migratory shorebird
                                        staging areas from April 1 to September 15.

                                        Managers should limit the amount of eel grass or seaweed removed from the
                                        beach by the public for composting or aesthetic reasons, to protect the
                                        interests described.

                                        In areas where it has been determined by public health officials that excessive
                                        amounts of washed up vegetation is a public health and/or safety hazard, only
                                        that amount of material necessary to abate the public health or safety threat
                                        should be removed from the beach. The municipal conservation commission
                                        should be consulted prior to any removal activity.

                                                                               117

                            Saft Ponds

                            Recommended Management Measures

                                   Where it is proposed to cut or dredge a barrier beach in order to "drain" a salt
                                   pond to improve marine fisheries, the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act
                                   must be complied with along with Mass. Department of Environmental
                                   Protection Policy 91-2 "Criteria for Evaluating and Permitting Openings of
                                   Salt Ponds in Order to Manage, Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries,"
                                   found at Appendix I

                                                                   118

                           ConstrucUon of Facilities

                           Recommended Management Measures

                                                             General Information
                              �    The Mass. Division    of Fisheries and Wildlife's "Guidelines for Managing
                                   Recreational Use of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers, Terns and Their
                                   Habitat in Massachusetts," found in Appendix H, and the Mass. Department
                                   of Environmental Protection's "Recommended Conditions for Barrier
                                   Beaches," found in Appendix I, should be consulted.

                              0    This section has been the subject of statutory and regulatory interpretation by
                                   municipal conservation commissions and the Massachusetts Department of
                                   Environmental Protection since promulgation of the Massachusetts Wetlands
                                   Protection Act's Coastal Regulations in 1978 and the subsequent adoption of
                                   municipal wetlands bylaws/ordinances. There is thus a well defined and
                                   documented case history guiding beach managers and others on how to
                                   properly address proposed construction activities on barrier beaches. For
                                   statutory, regulatory, and policy information, contact the relevant municipal
                                   conservation commission at the city or town hall and the Massachusetts
                                   Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Wetlands and
                                   Waterways at (617) 292-5695.         For technical assistance, contact the
                                   Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office at (617) 727-9530.

                              �    For information on the restoration and development of ocean beach
                                   recreation areas, see the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
                                   Management publication: "Sandcastles and Sandpipers" (1988).                The
                                   publication provides detailed guidelines on: dune stabilization, protection and
                                   access; beach parking and circulation; construction of beach facilities,
                                   including compliance with regulations, architectural style and scale, building
                                   materials and structure locations; bathhouses and comfort stations; and
                                   management and maintenance operations of beach facilities. Copies of the
                                   document can be obtained from the Department by calling (617) 727-3160.

                                   Development on barrier beaches is discouraged. However, recreational,
                                   environmental protection, and interpretive facilities may be appropriate in
                                   some instances.

                                                        Buildings and Septic Systems
                                   Septic system placement is regulated through the Massachusetts Sanitary
                                   Code, Title 5. Contact the Mass. Department of Environmental Protection's
                                   Division of Water Pollution Control at (617) 292-5673 or the municipal board
                                   of health office for more detailed information.

                                   Septic systems should not be located in flood plain Velocity Zones            as

                                                                    119

                                      indicated on the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Flood Insurance
                                      Rate Maps.

                                      All new or expanded structures on barrier beaches should be elevated, at a
                                      minimum, above the 100-year floodplain on pile foundations and in
                                      accordance with the State Building Code and Federal Emergency
                                      Management Agency regulations and be at a minimum of two (2) feet above
                                      existing topography to allow for the movement of sand and sediments due to
                                      wave and wind action.

                                      Habitable structures should not be built in flood plain Velocity Zones on
                                      barrier beaches, as identified on the Federal Emergency Management
                                      Agency's Flood Insurance Rate Maps.

                                      Where coastal erosion seriously threatens the integrity of an existing structure
                                      and the safety of its occupants, a policy of shoreline retreat should be
                                      considered by barrier beach residents. Such a policy can include relocation
                                      of a structure on site, to complete removal of a structure from the barrier
                                      beach. Where properties have been repeatedly and substantially damaged by
                                      storms, funds should be made available to acquire abandoned sites from
                                      willing sellers. Such properties should eventually be turned over to local
                                      authorities and managed for public access purposes.

                                                   Vehicle Crossovers, Roadways and Parking Lots
                                 �    In some instances where roads on migrating barrier beaches are subject to
                                      continual and repeated storm damage, it may be necessary to investigate
                                      permanent road abandonment and relocation, such as was done with Pamet
                                      Road at Ballston (barrier) Beach in the Town of Truro; or the construction
                                      of a bridge, as was done at Doane Road at Coast Guard (barrier) Beach in
                                      Eastham.

                                                  Pedestrian Crossovers, Walkways and Boardwalks
                                 �    Control of Access -- The barrier dune system, associated coastal wetlands, and
                                      the adjacent pioneer vegetation community are all very sensitive to foot
                                      traffic. Because pedestrians will use the easiest route to their destination,
                                      beach access routes must be designed to appear the easiest and most direct
                                      in order to be successful in protecting the coastal environment. Access should
                                      be controlled beginning as far back from the beach as possible, with fencing,
                                      a railing or vegetation barrier around the parking lots and along walks, and
                                      through the use of elevated'boardwalks with handrails on both sides.

                                 �    Boardwalk Walkover System -- Coastal regulations prohibit alteration of the
                                      grade or profile of barrier dunes or the installation of structures that impede
                                      the free movement of sand or water. Therefore:
                                              1) Elevated boardwalks should be constructed in a manner which
                                      involves negligible alteration to the primary dune;

                                                                        120

                                          2) Boardwalks should be elevated to a minimum 2-foot clear space
                                   with only posts or pilings in contact with the dune. This 2-foot minimum clear
                                   space will allow for penetration of sunlight, grass growth, and easy movement
                                   of sand underneath and will help in restricting random beach access. Planking
                                   should be one (1) inch apart;
                                          3) Elevated boardwalks should be ramped where possible (avoiding
                                   steps) with railings on both sides and designed for accessibility by the
                                   physically challenged (see Appendix K);
                                          4) Periodically along the length of a boardwalk (particularly at the
                                   ocean end), the boardwalk should be constructed in abutting breakaway
                                   segments. In the event of a major storm, damage would be confined to only
                                   a portion of the boardwalk instead of the entire structure; and
                                          5) Boardwalks should be constructed in a zig-zag fashion in order to
                                   avoid the development of wind and wave tunnels through the dune systems.

                                                     Access for the Physically Challenged
                                   Access for the phycially challenged (also known as handicapped access) at
                                   barrier beaches is a topic deserving of special attention and is thus detailed
                                   in Appendix K. Access to barrier beaches must comply with the Americans
                                   With Disabilities Act of 1990. Care must also be taken to comply with the
                                   Masachusetts Wetlands Protection, Endangered Species, and Public
                                   Waterfront Acts. The general guiding principle is to provide the highest level
                                   of access while preserving the environment and character of access sites.

                                                                    121

                              Nuisance Control

                              1) insects

                              Resource Impacts

                                                                  Greenhead Flies
                                     Greenhead flies complete their entire lifecycle within a few miles of salt marsh
                              areas, and larvae forage around the surface muck, wet thatch and vegetation. Female
                              flies are equipped to pierce the skin, thus acting as a nuisance to humans. This
                              occurs mainly during daylight hours.
                                     Greenhead flies have few natural predators. Robber flies, kingbirds, large
                              dragonflies and swallows capture adults while larvae are consumed by other insects
                              and crustaceans. Greenhead larvae prey on deer fly larvae, somewhat controlling
                              their numbers. Greenhead flies are not known to cause a public health or ecological
                              risk.

                                                                    Mosquitoes
                                     The salt marsh mosquito (Aedes solicitans) also occurs in great numbers near
                              salt marsh areas. Adult females bite humans and animals and may fly over ten miles
                              in search of blood. Salt marsh mosquitoes are generally a nuisance from early June
                              to late September and are most active at dawn and dusk.

                              Recomended Management Measures

                                                                  Greenhead Flies
                                  0  The use of commercial pesticides to kill greenhead flies should be avoided in
                                     barrier beach ecosystems.

                                  0  Control of greenhead flies around high intensity public beach use areas, such
                                     as coastal summer residences and marinas, may be politically necessary. One
                                     common method of control that poses no public health risk is the use of
                                     greenhead fly box traps. These traps attempt to control greenhead fly
                                     populations by capturing adults, although their overall effectiveness remains
                                     questionable. Greenhead fly trap boxes attract only female flies after they
                                     have laid their eggs and are looking for a warm spot in which to die.
                                     Attracting tree swallows through the establishment of tree swallow nesting
                                     boxes along barrier beaches may be a more effective means of controlling a
                                     greenhead fly nuisance as the tree swallow feeds on these flies throughout the
                                     course of their lifecycle.

                                  0  Other means of greenhead fly management include educating the public and
                                     the use of warning signs during the peak fly season of July and August.

                                                                       122

                                     Personal measures to reduce the fly nuisance to humans include: the-wearing
                                     of light colored or ultraviolet (UV) reflective clothing and long sleeved shirts
                                     and pants (biting flies prefer dark objects over light); the application of a
                                     repellant; avoiding use of sprays and perfumes, and decreasing metabolic
                                     activity (and concomitant sweating) that serves to attract the biting fly;
                                     conducting activities in wind-prone areas and when flies are less active,
                                     especially in the early morning; keeping vehicle windows closed; and using
                                     screens at coastal residences.

                                                                    Mosquitoes
                                     Adult mosquitoes have few natural predators. Some birds, such as swifts and
                                     swallows, and small bats consume mosquitoes but only in a small proportion
                                     to their total diet. Larvae are heavily predated by marine fish. One possible,
                                     yet scientifically unproven, method of control that is ecologically safe is open
                                     water marsh management, whereby a system of interconnecting pools permits
                                     fish to move into shallow areas to feed where mosquitoes breed. It is very
                                     difficult to control the nuisance level of salt marsh mosquitoes once they have
                                     emerged as adults. Because mosquitoes will fly miles to obtain a bloodmeal
                                     and are active during the day, it is difficult to avoid this species when engaged
                                     in outdoor activities within a few miles of a salt marsh.

                                     The use of commercial insecticides should be avoided on barrier beach
                                     ecosystems.

                                �    Public education and personal control methods should be made available to
                                     the public by beach managers. Control techniques for salt marsh mosquitos,
                                     biting midges, and others include: the wearing of light colored clothing;
                                     frequenting breezy areas; avoiding.peak activity at dawn or dusk; and using
                                     screens at coastal residences.

                                �    An "integrated pest management" approach should be taken to manage any
                                     insect species below its nuisance level. Water management in combination
                                     with biological pest control can be used to control salt marsh mosquitoes
                                     without negatively impacting the environment. It is important to emphasize
                                     the potential negative impact of aerial spraying.

                                �    Insect repellents may be a problematic solution. Recently, the Massachusetts
                                     Audubon Society issued a warning about a common active ingredient in these
                                     products. They reported: 117he safety of insect repellents has undergone
                                     closer review. Repellents with DEET (NN-diethyl-m-toluamide)         as the active
                                     ingredient are the most effective but have caused serious toodc effects when
                                     ingested, including seizures, a coma and even death. 77te chemical also is
                                     readily absorbed through the skin and should be applied sparingly, especially
                                     on children if it is used daily. Applications to the clothing may be preferable
                                     in any case. Preparation with lower concentrations of DEET (35% or less) are
                                     also effective and may be a better choice because they are less likely to cause
                                     dangerous side effects.

                                                                       123

                             2) Exotic Plants

                             Barrier beach wildlife depend upon many types of vegetation for food, nesting and
                             predator escape.       Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicada L) and Phragmites
                             (Phragmites australis ) are examples of invasive plants which are of particular concern
                             to barrier beach managers due to their tendency to crowd out competing native
                             vegetation in marshes, bogs, wet meadows, and other areas.

                             Resource Impacts

                                                                 Purple Loosestrife
                                     Purple loosestrife was introduced to North America from Eurasia in the early
                             1800's. This magenta flowering plant began rapid expansion westward away from the
                             Northeast seaport communities until today where it has reached the Pacific
                             Northwest.
                                     Purple Loosestrife occurs widely in wet habitats such as marshes, fens, sedge
                             meadows, wet meadowlands, along roadside ditches, and around impoundments. It
                             can quickly crowd out native vegetation creating a monoculture which provides little
                             food or shelter for wildlife. Of particular interest is it's fecundity. A single stalk can
                             produce in excess of 300,000 seeds with a seed viability rate of 98%. Densities of
                             80,000 + stalks/acre have been observed in some locations, which has the potential
                             of creating a seed stock of 24 billion seeds/acre. Seeds are carried afield by wind,
                             water and in mud attached to animals.

                                                           Common Reed (Phragmites)
                                     Phragynites australis is a perennial wetlands grass which can attain heights of
                             6-12 feet and is usually found in dense colonies bordering on marshes, swamps,
                             potholes and along the marsh-upland interface. Phragmites occurs naturally as well
                             as in disturbed areas. Often, it is an indicator of ecosystems stressed by pollution,
                             sedimentation, flooding, and filling.
                                     As in purple loosestrife control, phragmites should first be identified as either
                             stable noninvasive stands or as expanding/invasive. Stable naturally occurring stands
                             should be left alone as this species does not preclude biodiversity as some other
                             nuisance species may.
                                     Phraginites is comprised of a horizontal rhizome which allows the stand to
                             spread, a vertical rhizome which comprises the stalk and an aerial rhizome which
                             bears the fruit. The aerial shoots emerge and flower from July-September. 'Fhe seeds
                             may be distributed by wind or by birds which nest among the Phragmites.
                                   I Phragmites has the ability to draw upon subsurface water sources and thus
                             may be effected by water table levels. It can withstand flooding up to 3 feet in depth
                             which can also limit competition from other native plant species. The plant however
                             has a I'imited tolerance to wind and wave action which may break the stalks. It's
                             biggest threat is to destabilize spartina marshes which support large diverse
                             populations of wildlife.

                                                                        124

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                                                Purple Loosestrille
                                 0  Most property managers have resorted to mechanical and chemical means of
                                    control. However, the best control method is by far early detection and
                                    removal of the few individual specimens by hand, using care not to shake
                                    seeds or fragments of the plant.

                                 0  The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and various state
                                    environmental management agencies recommend that affected areas of 3 acres
                                    or less with less than 100 plants be treated by hand removal of all purple
                                    loosestrife plants, taking care to remove the stock and tap root. Bag and
                                    remove the plants immediately from the area and burn the plants to prevent
                                    accidental seed distribution to other non-affected sites.

                                    Where there are 4 acres or more of 100 plants, it is recommended that,
                                    wherever possible, natural levels of salinity be restored to the barrier beach
                                    ecosystem in order to inhibit the spread of such invasive species.

                                    Monitoring: Beach managers should properly plan for purple loosestrife
                                    control by documenting area size affected, relative number of plants in the
                                    treatment area and the creation of photo documentation showing pre-control
                                    and post-control. Monitoring and control efforts for loosestrife should be
                                    conducted over several years since the plant can be expected to recolonize
                                    areas after initial control efforts have ceased.

                                    Future Control Efforts: Purple loosestrife control must be handled
                                    aggressively to prevent uncontrolled spread of this non-indigenous vegetation.

                                                           Common Reed (Phragmites)
                                 0  Areas that have been invaded by Phraginites have excellent potential for
                                    recovery by natural wetlands vegetation. Phragmites control should be
                                    centered around hand and mechanical removal.

                                 0  Prescribed burning is effective in destroying the seed inventory of a stand but
                                    firebrands can create uncontrolled spot fires and generally the prescribed burn
                                    temperatures cannot kill the underground rhizomes due to the wet soil
                                    conditions under which Phragnites exists.

                                 9  Selective manipulation of water levels can also be effective in controlling
                                    vitality of established stands, however this action may be unacceptable for
                                    wildlife management purposes.

                                 0  Selective cutting or mowing may be effective if the cutting is done in late July
                                    since most of the food reserves can be removed from the upper portions of
                                    the plant. This method must be used over successive years in order to remove

                                                                      125

                                    regenerated stalks. Care must also be used not to mow the stand too early
                                    or late in the year, as the result may be to increase the density of the stand.

                                0   Wherever possible, vegetation along public access trails should be maintained
                                    by careful and selective hand pruning methods.

                                0   In all cases, the beach manager must ensure that rare/threatened species are
                                    protected.

                                0   It is imperative that barrier beach managers learn as much as possible about
                                    vegetation control techniques, and consult with local, regional and wildlife
                                    regulators.

                                    Monitoring: Beach managers are urged to adopt a plan for controlling
                                    Phraginites before taking any action. The first issue is to decide if the stand
                                    in question is expanding in size. If not, it is recommended that no further
                                    control be attempted. If monitoring of the stand area or density indicates
                                    invasive tendencies, then the beach manager should begin photo
                                    documentation of the area along with species inventories and planning for
                                    prescribed controls.

                             References

                                    The Nature Conservancy has produced several resource pamphlets on
                             Phragmites and purple loosestrife which can assist managers in deciding the best
                             methods for controlling these species. Copies of the "Element Stewardship Abstract
                             for Phraginites Aitstrailis and Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L)" are available
                             from The Nature Conservancy, 1800 North Kent Street, Arlington, VA 22209.
                                    In addition, the Illinois Department of Conservation has produced a
                             document, entitled "Vegetation Management Guideline, Purple Loosestrife," which
                             can be obtained by writing to Randy Heidorn, Illinois Department of Conservation,
                             Region II Office, 110 James Road, Spring Grove, Illinois 60081.

                                                                      126

                             Rare SMIes Predators

                             Resource Impacts

                                    Management to reduce effects of predators on plover and tern productivity
                             is an important component of rare species recovery efforts on many Massachusetts
                             beaches. Potential predators of plover and tern eggs or chicks include red foxes,
                             striped skunks, mink, raccoons, opossums, Norway rats, feral cats, crows, gullsi
                             grackles, black-crowned night-herons, great-horned owls, northern harriers, and
                             American kestrels. Populations of many of these species have probably increased as
                             human use of the coastal zone has increased. Predation on eggs or chicks can
                             substantially reduce productivity of ground-nesting birds such as plovers and terns.
                             Predator management to enhance breeding success of plovers and terns should only
                             be considered if predation has been clearlyidentified as a significant factor limiting
                             productivity. Predator management should be undertaken only after consultation with
                             the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife and, when appropriate, the U.S. Fish and
                             Wildlife Service, and after appropriate letters of authorization or depredation permits
                             have been obtained from the Division and the Service.

                             Recommended Management Measures

                                �   Predators of plovers and terns can often be managed through non-lethal
                                    means. Wire mesh predator enclosures placed around plover and tern nests
                                    have proven effective in deterring many predators and reducing egg losses
                                    (Rimmer and Deblinger, 1990, 1992; Melvin et al. 1992). Predator exclosures
                                    are relatively cost-effective, especially when used around individual plover
                                    nests or small numbers of tern nests, and should be considered as the first
                                    option for predator management. Managers wishing to erect predator
                                    exclosures around tern or plover nests must first obtain a letter of
                                    authorization from the Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife.

                                �   Predator removal through lethal means, such as shooting, trapping, or
                                    poisoning should only be considered as a last resort. Predator removal can be
                                    costly and time-consuming, and is often of questionable effectiveness. Beach
                                    managers considering lethal predator control should first consult with the
                                    Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. For furbearers, which are considered
                                    valuable natural resources, the first attempt at lethal predator control should
                                    be to open the area to trapping during the regulated trapping season.
                                    However, efforts to control predators to reduce impacts to rare, ground-
                                    nesting birds may not be effective unless all individuals are removed.
                                    Continued removal may be possible, but requires a permit from the Division.
                                    Lethal control or trapping and removal of avian predators protected by the
                                    federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (e.g., raptors, gulls, night-herons, grackles)
                                    also requires a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

                                                                      127

                                   Beach managers should take all possible steps to remove garbage that
                                   may attract predators to beaches. Trash containers should be placed
                                   at all parking lots and beach access points and around concession
                                   areas, bathhouses, and restrooms. Trash containers should be emptied
                                   frequently enough to prevent them from overflowing. Beach users
                                   should be educated about how their litter may indirectly affect beach-
                                   nesting birds by attracting predators.

                           References

                           Melvin, S.M., L.H. MacIvor and C.R. Griffin. 1992. "Predator Exclosures.          a
                                   technique to reduce predation on Piping Plover nests. " Wildlife Society Bulletin
                                   20:143-148.

                           Rimmer, D.W. and R.D. Deblinger. 1990. "77le use of predator exclosures to protect
                                   Piping Plover nests." J. Field Ornithol. 61:217-223.

                           Rimmer, D.W. and R.D Deblinger. 1992. "Use of fencing to limit terrestfial predator
                                   movements into Least Tem colonies." Colonial Waterbirds. 15(2'):226-229.

                                                                   128

                              Other Wildlife Management Issues

                              Resource impacts

                                     Just as predators affect the reproductive success of piping plovers and least
                              terns, other species of wildlife have the potential of affecting ecological features of
                              barrier beaches leading managers to consider developing management programs.
                                     White-tailed deer have become too abundant at various coastal sites in the
                              northeastern United States due to a lack of predators, no-hunting policies, and mild
                              winters. Epidemic Lyme disease occurs onlyin areas where populations of white-
                              tailed deer are dense (Spielman et al. 1985, Lastavica et al. 1989, Wilson and
                              Deblinger 1993). Lyme disease is caused by the bite of an infected deer tick. Deer
                              tick abundance is correlated with the presence and abundance of white-tailed deer
                              (Wilson and Deblinger 1993). In addition, deer have the capability of exceeding
                              ecological carrying capacity and causing extensive destruction to vegetation, including
                              American beachgrass (Deblinger et al. in press). Although such destruction has not
                              been correlated with increased erosion rates, the possibility exists. Moreover, a lack
                              of understory vegetation could reduce habitat of other species, thereby decreasing
                              biodiversity (Diamond 1992).
                                     Other species of wildlife that may affect barrier beaches include raccoons
                              (inhabit buildings, carry rabies ) and muskrats (destroy newly planted beachgrass).

                              Recommended Management Measures

                                     Hunting or trapping programs should be developed within the existing
                                     framework of seasons and bag limits published in the Mass. Division of
                                     Fisheries and Wildlife Abstracts. In special circumstances, when wildlife
                                     becomes a nuisance to the public health and safety or causes property
                                     damage, the Division should be contacted. Controlled, limited deer hunting
                                     has been shown to reduce deer to acceptable levels while reducing the threat
                                     of Lyme disease (Deblinger et al. 1993).

                                     Beach managers should educate the public about these potential public health
                                     risks and provide the following safety tips: vaccinate cats and dogs for rabies;
                                     do not feed wild animals; do not approach or handle wild animals; secure
                                     food, garbage, and trash; distribute literature and post warning signs about
                                     rabies and Lyme disease.

                              References

                              Deblinger, R.D., M.L. Wilson, D.W. Rimmer, and A. Spielman. 1993. "Reduced
                                     abundance of immature deer ticks (Acad: Ixodidae) following incremental

                                                                       129

                                   removal of deer." J. Medical Entomol. 30:144-150.

                           Deblinger, R.D., D.W. Rimmer, J.J. Vaske, G. Vecellio, and          M.P. Donnelly.
                                   "Ecological  and hunter support of a controlled        deer hunt in coastal
                                   Massachusetts. " Northeast Wildlife. In press.

                           Diamond, J. 1992. "Must we shoot deer to save nature?" Natural History Magazine,
                                   American Museum of Natural History, pp. 2-9.

                           Lastavica, C.C., M.L. Wilson, V.P. Berardi, A. Spielman, and R.D. Deblinger. "Rapid
                                   emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts."
                                   New England J. Medicien 320:133-137.

                           Spielman, A., M.L. Wilson, J.E. Levine, and J. Piesman. 1985. "Ecoloff of Isodes
                                   dammini--bome human babesiosis and Lyme disease." Ann. Rev. Entomol.
                                   30:439-460.

                           Wilson, M.L. and R.D. Deblinger. 1993. 'Vector management to reduce the risk of
                                   Lyme disease. "    In Ginsberg, H.S. (ed.), Ecology and Environmental
                                   Management of Lyme Disease. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

                                                                    130

                            Trash

                           See previous section in this chapter on "Beach Cleaning -- Litter."

                           Recommended Management Measures

                              s.   It is especially important that trash of any kind not be discarded in remote
                                   barrier beach areas that are typically difficult to manage. Such debris can
                                   create a nuisance among wildlife and result in artificially created dependent
                                   feeding behaviors not supported in the already stressful winter months.

                                   Trash barrels should not be located on the beach itself but at pedestrian
                                   access/egress sites. This will eliminate the need for maintenance vehicles to
                                   travel through dunes and onto the beach and eliminate an attractive
                                   destination for nuisance animals.

                              0    Trash containers should be tightly secured against racoons, dogs, gulls, and
                                   wind. Trash can attract predators and thus should be removed from the
                                   barrier on a routine basis.

                              0    Garbage should be contained in order to avert predator and pest species
                                   problems.   Managers may consider a "carry in-carry out" policy which
                                   eliminates the need for garbage containers at beach access sites. Weather and
                                   animals can spread trash left unattended in containers. There should be
                                   regular trash removal from beaches at the end of each day during the summer
                                   season. Where there are lifeguards and parking lot attendants at beaches, a
                                   routine "clean sweep" should be made of the beach early each morning by
                                   beach personnel using poled nets prior to intensive visitor use.

                                   Public education should be directed to minimizing trash and can be
                                   highlighted during beach cleanup events. Again, the Massachusetts Coastal
                                   Zone Management Office sponsors such events each September during
                                   "Coastweeks" and encourages additional cleanups in the spring.

                                                                   131

                                                            CHAPTER 6

                                                 Public Education and Outreach

                                     One of the most important means of achieving performance standards
                             pertaining to barrier beach management and for maintaining barrier beaches in
                             optimum condition is through a well-designed and understandable public education
                             program. An informed beachgoer is much more likely to abide by proposed
                             management guidelines if he/she understands the principles involved in the posted
                             rules and regulations. An educated beach-goer is the best beach-goer.

                                     Unfortunately, education is often the last item on a beach manager's busy
                             schedule. Creating an effective program takes time, funding, and the personnel
                             resources that are often tied up in other projects. Writing and producing education
                             materials, such as flyers, brochures, exhibits, may overburden an already meager park
                             budget.

                                     In the best of all possible worlds, it would be great to have the resources to
                             produce individually tailored education materials for each site. But, as this is the real
                             world, education often requires the adaptation of existing materials. Sadly, a review
                             of education materials now available for use by beach managers, shows few listings for
                             materials on barrier beach dynamics or beach management options. But that does not
                             mean that there is nothing out there, or that something cannot be created in the
                             future.

                                     The following listing offers the best of the materials now available, a short
                             description of each, and where to obtain them. Materials include:

                                     e Brochures
                                     * Curricular Materials
                                     9 Signs and Exhibits
                                     e Videos/Slide Shows
                                     e Other Materials -- books, booklets, maps, reports

                                     One additional method by which a beach manager may wish to get a message
                             out to the public is to enlist the assistance of the local media. Local newspapers and
                             radio stations may be interested in periodic reports on beach management issues.
                             Talk to the paper's editor or the station manager about a continuing feature (the
                             beach manager or a designee may be asked to write the copy and submit it to the
                             paper/station for editing).

                                                                       133

                           Reference Materials

                           BROCHURES

                           Brochures are an ideal way of quickly explaining a complicated issue to a large
                           population. If the material needed is not on this list, try creating an original
                           publication. For ease of reading and comprehension, try to keep the amount of copy
                           down; illustrate with drawings, photos, or graphics where appropriate; and leave
                           enough white space to create high readability -- too much copy will discourage many
                           readers. Keep the material lively, with lots of active verbs, and make the message a
                           positive one -- lots of "do's" rather than "do not's." A wealth of information can be
                           contained on one 8-1/2"xll" paper (2 sides, three columns per side, two folds,
                           photocopied).

                           The "Plymouth Long Beach Information Booklet" is an excellent example of a locally-
                           produced beach information document. The publication, produced on 8-1/2 x 11"
                           paper and folded, 16 pages total, covers general rules and regulations, town by-laws,
                           summary of off-road vehicleM]dlife mangement plan, a map, description of permitted
                           activities, driving and safety tips, flora and fauna, other beach facts, and a beach
                           violation report form.

                           The Beach, 77te Dunes And You; Alabama Department of Environmental Management,
                           2204 Perimiter Road, Mobile, AL 36615. Also available in photocopy from Mass.
                           Coastal Zone Management, 100 Cambridge St. Boston, MA 02202
                                  Description: Describes why dunes are important, how to build dunes, how to
                                  save dunes.

                           Beachcombers Guide to the North Atlantic Seashore; Massachusetts Audubon Society,
                           Lincoln, MA 01773. 1993.
                                  Description: Plastic foldout brochure with full color illustrations of plant and
                                  animals that live in tide pools and on the beach. Explains in simple terms
                                  how beaches work and outlines a typical marine food web. Excellent field
                                  guide for a wet environment.

                           77ze Care and Feeding of Sand Dunes; by Stephen Gabriel, Coastal Management
                           Specialist, City of Ocean City (1980). Copies available through Mass. Coastal Zone
                           Management Office.
                                  Description: Describes the importance of dunes and how to go about
                                  developing a dune stabilization program, including snow fencing and dune
                                  grass planting.

                                                                  134

                            Oversand Vehicles, Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service, Department
       16                   of the Interior, South Wellfleet, MA 02663; 508-487-3698.
                                    Description: Brochure includes oversand vehicle route map, how to obtain
                                    permits, required equipment, tire standards, beach driving tips, and
                                    regulations.

                            Plymouth Long Beach Information Booklet, Plymouth Park Division, 508-830-4095.
                                    Description: Excellent example of a locally-produced document that provides
                                    user information pertaining to regulations and permitted activities. Insert
                                    includes tide calendar (high and low tides, time and height) for May-
                                    September season.

                            77te Roseate Tem; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, New
                            England Field Office, 400 Ralph Pill Marketplace, 22 Bridge St. Concord, NH 03301.
                            October 1991
                                    Description: Endangered Species Fact Sheet describes the bird, nesting habits,
                                    why Roseate Terns are so rare, the Endangered Species Act, why should we
                                    be concerned, and what you can do to help. Basic information.

                            Sandy   Neck Beach Regulations, Town of Barnstable Natural Resource Department,
                            508-790-6272.
                                    Description: General information brochure details off-road vehicle driving
                                    tips, motor vehicle regulations, hunting regulations, fishing and shellfishing
                                    regulations, horse regulations, general policy, and steps for obtaining permits.

                            Sharing the Beach with Least Tems, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
                            Wildlife Service, One Gateway Center, Newton Corner, Mass. 02158. no date
                                    Description: Describes the bird, it's range, threats, nesting and chick rearing,
                                    protection, and things you can do. Basic information.

                            Tems:   7heir Ecology and Consemation; Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA
                            01773. 1988.
                                    Description: Describes the family of birds closely related to gulls, their
                                    current status, and life cycle. Ways to help protect terns are listed.

                            TAat's All this About Critical Habitat for Piping Plovers, U.S. Department of the
                            Interior, Fish and Wildlife Scrvice, 22 Bridge St. Concord, NH 03301-4901 (603)225-
                            1411.1989.
                                    Description: Describes the bird, the status, and steps needed to protect
                                    critical habitat. Very thorough.

                            You Can Help Protect the Piping Plover; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
                            Wildlife Service, One Gateway Center, Newton Corner, Mass. 02158; no date.
                                    Description: Describes the bird, it's range, breeding and feeding habits,
                                    threats, and things you can do. An abridged version of #1 above.

                                                                      135

                             CURRICULAR MATERIALS

                             Educational programs, whether offered in visitor centers, on the beach with park
                             naturalists, or through schools, are important means of spreading the word about
                                                                               .rest in setting up or supplementing
                             proper barrier beach management. If there is inte
                             primary/secondary education programs, there are a variety of materials available for
                             your use.

                             The New England Aquarium has a Teacher            Resource Center that is open by
                             appointment for teachers and other educators (beach managers or park interpreters).
                             Videos, filmstrips, slide shows, "The Coast Kit," as well as books, magazines and
                             curricula can either be borrowed (usually free of charge) or copied (copies are $0.10
                             each). There is a wealth of information stored here. Contact Joel Rubin at 617-973-
                             6590 for more information.

                             Other materials that may prove useful in setting up an education program for students
                             (as well as their parents and other adults) include:

                             The Atlantic Coast. Piping Plover Lesson Plans. Produced by the U.S. Fish and
                             Wildlife Service. Available from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New England Field
                             Offices, 400 Ralph Pill Marketplace, 22 Bridge Street, Unit #1, Concord, NH 03301-
                             4901; 40 pages, 20 slides/free.
                                     Description: This package includes background information, slides, lesson
                                     plans, a simulation game, and worksheets intended for grades 5-7. Included
                                     in the package are two brochures -- "Why Save Endangered Species?" and
                                     "You Can Help Protect the Piping Plover" and the poster "Atlantic Naturalist:
                                     The Piping Plover."

                             Atlantic Naturalist. 7he Piping Plover (poster). Produced by the Quebec Labrador
                             Foundation/Atlantic Center for the Environment, 1988. Available from the Atlantic
                             Center for the Environment, 39 South Main Street, Ipswich, MA 01938, 508-356-0038
                             or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New England Field Offices, 400 Ralph Pill
                             Marketplace, 22 Bridge Street, Unit #1, Concord, NH 03301-4901.
                                     Description: Poster illustrates the habitat and problems facing the piping
                                     plover with tips on what individuals can do to protect this endangered species.

                             Beaches, Dunes and Bartier Islands.     Habitat Pac. Produced by the U.S. Fish and
                             Wildlife Service. Available from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of
                             Refuges, Educational Outreach Program, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA
                             01035, 413-253-8515; 30 pages/free.
                                     Description: The Habitat Pac includes background information, posters,
                                     student pages, and three activities. The materials are designed for use with
                                     students in grades 4-7.

                                                                      136

                            Charting Our Course - Educator Ac     tivity Book Produced by Mass. Coastal Zone
                            Management and the Mass. Marine Educators with funding from the Mass.
                            Environmental Trust. Available from Mass. Coastal Zone Management, 100
                            Cambridge St. Boston, MA 02202, 617-727-9530; 83 pages/free.
                                    Description: An excellent activity guide for teachers of grades 4-12 on the
                                    Gulf of Maine and the other coastal waters of Massachusetts. Five chapters
                                    of information divided into background information, references and several
                                    activities. Access to the coast is not a requirement for these activities, and
                                    many of the experiments and projects can be done for minimal cost and with
                                    readily available materials.

                            Erosion: The Good & Bad. Resource Lesson Package from Cape Cod National
                            Seashore, National Environmental Education Development Program, Headquarters,
                            Marconi Site, South Wellfleet, MA 02663; 508-349-3785; 6 pages/free.
                                    Description: Lesson Plan, to be used in conjunction with a visit to the Cape
                                    Cod National Seashore and viewing of "Sands of Time" video, contains fact
                                    sheets on "Beaches and Breaches," "Erosion ... The Good and Bad of It," and
                                    "The Eroding Cape Cod Landscape and Dune Stabilization," as well as list of
                                    possible field trip and classroom activities.

                            Illustrated Field Guides  to Eastern Shore Manne Environments. Written by Barbara
                            Waters and illustrated by Carole Eldridge. 5 posters/free. Copies available from
                            Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office or Barnstable County Cooperative Extension
                            Office.
                                    Description: These field guides cover: 1) Sandy Shore and Dunes; 2) Salt
                                    Marshes; 3) Rocky Shore and Wooden Structures; 4) Salt Ponds; and 5) Tidal
                                    Flats. Each has a drawing on one side and descriptive material about the
                                    marine life on the reverse side. Appropriate for all elementary and secondary
                                    school students.

                            Save Our Seas: A Cutficulum for Kndergarten Through the Twelfth Grade. Center
                            for Marine Conservation and California Coastal Commission; 106 pages/free. Copies
                            available through Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                    Description: This compendium of activities, divided into four age groupings
                                    (K-3, 4-6, 7-8, and 9-12), covers the issues of overpackaging, recycling, and the
                                    hazards of marine debris. The curriculum can be combined with a class/school
                                    beach cleanup or used alone.

                            Turning the Tide on Trash: A Learning Guide on Marine Debris. U.S. Environmental
                            Protection Agency; 80 pages/free. Copies available from U.S. Environmental
                            Protection Agency or Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                    Description: This book provides background information on the hazards of
                                    marine debris and includes a variety of activities that develop critical thinking
                                    skills in various content areas. Includes a wall poster -- "Save Our Seas: Help
                                    Stop Marine Debris!" Materials are designed for use in grades 3-6.

                                                                      137

                    This area is a natural breeding ground for Terns and Plovers

                          THESE RARE BIRDS,
                     THEIR NESTS AND EGGS
                    ARE. PROT@ECTED
                    UNDER MASSACHUSETTS AND FEDERAL LAWS
                       Persons May Be Arrested and Fined for Killing,
                     Harassing or in Any Way Disturbing Birds Nesting
                      in This Area (MGL c. 131 � 5,74 and Title 50 CFR).
                                        Divisionof
                                        Fishenes &Wildlife

                  1tL=MTK>4 BY Am zcnFc)os. R-a%*. CT 0"39               (315)4"16

                         Figure 17. Sample of warning sign for nesting area.

                                              138
                     RESTRICTED AREA

                            SIGNS AND EXHIBrTS

                            For quick information and warnings, on-location signage is the best means of
                            informing the beach-going public. Ile signs must be quickly readable with a short,
                            pointed message. People loaded with beach gear and caring for children do not have
                            time to read anything longer than a few sentences. Signs must also fit into the
                            landscape without being so inconspicuous that they are ignored. Try to avoid visual
                            pollution (garish colors, overpowering designs), but attract attention with appropriate
                            use of color and careful attention to sign placement (high visibility, accessibility,
                            readability). All signs must be maintained for readability and quickly replaced if lost,
                            stolen or damaged.

                            The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office is working with the
                            Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management to develop a generic "sand
                            dunes/beach grass" information sign to be installed at state beaches within the next
                            year. The template will be available at no charge to any beach managers wishing to
                            install such a sign at their beaches.

                            Other materials include:

                            Sign: "Restricted Area... This area is a natural breeding ground for Terns and
                            Plovers. "  Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Field Headquarters,
                            Westboro, MA 01581.
                                    Description: 8 1/2 x 11" sign to be posted on active breeding areas. Cites
                                    Mass. General Laws Chapter 131 and 50 Code of Federal Regulations.
                                    Produced by Voss Signs, Manlius, NY 13104-0553, 315-682-6418. [See sample
                                    sign in this chapter.]

                            Sign:   "Seal pups rest on shore. Do not disturb theml It's the law." New England
                            Aquarium, Marine Mammal Rescue Program, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110-
                            3399, 617-973-5200.
                                    Description: 8-1/2 x 11" sign to be posted on active seal pupping areas.
                                    Available from the New England Aquarium. [See sample sign in this chapter.]

                                                                      139

                                        Seal        pups rest on shore
                                           Do not disturb them 1
                                                       It's the law.

                                                   Report animals in distress to
                                                           LOCAL POLICE'

                                                                     or
                                       NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
                                               LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION

                                                                     or
                                                  NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM
                                                      BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

                                    Figure 18.     Sample of warning sign for seal pupping area.

                                                                     140

                            VIDEOS/SUDE SHOWS

                            The Mass. Coastal Zone Managment Office has an extensive library of coastal related
                            educational video materials; call (617)727-9530 for more information.             In a
                            cooperative effort, the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office and the Woods Hole
                            Oceanographic Institution's Sea Grant Office have instituted a 13-week video project
                            for cable stations (13 weeks of 1/2-hour programs on various coastal issues, including
                            barrier beachmanagement) entitled "Shorewatch." The following shows may be of
                            particular interest to barrier beach managers.

                            In addition, the management at two Massachusetts beaches. (Race Point,
                            Provincelands, Cape Cod National Seashore and Sandy Neck in Barnstable) require
                            that individuals purchasing off-road vehicle permits view a short slide show pertaining
                            to beach driving safety and environmental care. Contact either of these programs for
                            more information about designing a similar type of program

                            Atnedca's Vanishing Coastlines; 19 minutes, color, VHS format. Available on loan
                            from Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                    Description: Produced by the National Committee on Property Insurance and
                                    narrated by famed coastal geologist Dr. Orrin Pilkey, this video presents an
                                    interesting look at the issue of coastal erosion.

                            Me Beaches are Moving. 77ze Drowning of Amelica's Shoreline ; 60 minutes, color,
                            VHS format. Available from Environmental Media, 1-800-ENV-EDUC (1-800-368-
                            3382); $29.95. ISBN 1-56791-069-6. Order No. BM101.
                                    Description: Hosted by Dr. Orrin Pilkey, this hour-long show illustrates beach
                                    evolution using contemporary and historical film, video, and state-of-the-art
                                    animation. Companion piece to book of the same name.

                            Cape Cod: The Sands of 7-inte; 15 minutes, color, VHS format. Available through the
                            Cape Cod National Seashore, Eastern National Park and Monument Association.
                            Cost is $19.95.
                                    Description: This concise and well-illustrated video explains the formation
                                    and geological history (and future) of Cape Cod, with particular reference to
                                    its important coastal and barrier beaches (tape also includes three other short
                                    programs).

                            Fabulous Wetlands; 7 minutes, color, VHS format. Available on loan from Mass.
                            Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                    Description:   A humorous but informative look at the function and
                                    importance of wetlands to the ecosystem.         Produced by the State of
                                    Washington, Department of Ecology.

                            Plight  of the Plover; 6 minutes, color, VHS format.     Available through the U.S.
                            Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service     or the Mass. Coastal Zone
                            Management Office/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Office

                                                                     141

                             Shorewatch Program.
                                     Description: The conflict of wildlife habitat vs. recreational use is never more
                                     evident than in the efforts to protect the piping plover. This program points
                                     up the problems facing the survival of this small but important shorebird
                                     species.

                             Povait of a Coast; 30 min    utes, color, VHS format. Available on loan from Mass.
                             Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                     Description: This informative half-hour program looks at a wide range of
                                     coastal beach processes, including sediment transport, dune building,
                                     stabilization methods, and effects of development on shorelines. Scenes from
                                     the Blizzard of '78 are included.

                             Shifting Sands, 28 minutes, color, VHS format. Available on loan from the New
                             England Aquarium.
                                     Description: Produced by the Florida Institute of Oceanography and a
                                     Florida television station, this show looks at beach processes, particularly on
                                     the barrier beaches of the State of Florida.

                             Sea Beaches - Their Formation- and Erosion; Slide show with script. Available on
                             loan from the New England Aquarium.
                                     Description: This 24-slide show was produced by Educational Images in 1979
                                     and has a discussion on the function and dynamics of barrier beaches.
                                     Although some of the material is dated (discussion of pre-Miami dune
                                     nourishment), there are still some interesting images and discussion.

                                                                       142

                            OTHER MATERLALS

                            At the Sea's Edge., An introduction to coastal oceanography for the amateur naturalist.
                            Fox, William T. New York: Prentice Hall Press (1983).
                                    Description: Chapter on "Barrier Islands and Spits" contains an excellent
                                    review of various theories of barrier beach formation and migration.

                            Barrier  Beach Inventory Project.   (1982) Mass. Coastal Zone Management, 100
                            Cambridge St. Boston, MA 02202. 57 maps. Individual maps available from
                            Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office.
                                    Description: Geologic field research and mapping compiled and produced
                                    under a contract with The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, 1982. All
                                    beaches in the Commonwealth are listed and coded. A good reference tool.

                            Barrier  island Handbook.     Leatherman, S.P. College Park, MD: University of
                            Maryland Coastal Publications Series (1988).
                                    Description: A nontechnical explanation of barrier island environments, their
                                    evolution, and the impact of recreation and construction on them.

                            The Beaches are Moving. The drowning of America's shorefine. Kaufman, Wallace and
                            Orrin Pilkey. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press (1983, 1992). $12.95.
                            Available from Environmental Media, P.O. Box 1016, Chapel Hill, NC 27514; 1-800-
                            ENV-EDUC (1-800-368-3382). ISBN 0-8223-0574-7. Order No. BM102.
                                    Description: 11is 355-page book describes how shorelines work and how, left
                                    to their own devices, they protect and maintain themselves. A companion
                                    piece to the video of the same name.

                            Coastal Rescue: Preserving Our Seashores. Miller, Christina G. and Louise A. Berry.
                            New York: Atheneum: (1989). ISBN 0-689-31288-1.
                                    Description: This children's book (grades 5-9) examines different types of
                                    coasts, how they are shaped by nature, how the, development of coasts has
                                    destroyed plant and animal life, beaches, and marshes, and ways to use the
                                    coasts' valuable resources and still preserve them.

                            Coastal Waterbird Newsletter. Scott Hecker, Editor. Massachusetts Audubon Society,
                            Lincoln, MA 01773.
                                    Description: This newsletter describes nesting sites statewide and provides
                                    news items on coastal waterbirds and the Audubon Society's Coastal
                                    Waterbird Program.

                            Final Report. An Ecological Evaluation of Human Impacts on the Wasque Reservation
                            and Cape Poge Wildlife Refuge, Edgartown, M,4; Phase 111-1989. Lars H. Carlson
                            and Paul J. Godfrey, Department of Botany, UMASS/Amberst, Amherst, MA 01003
                            March 19,1990.
                                    Description: Provides good information on how to manage a site-specific
                                    barrier beach that is heavily used by a variety of visitors for many purposes.

                                                                     143

                                                    0                                                                              1

                            Land's Edge. A natural history of banier beaches ftom Maine to North Carolina.
                            Hoel, Michael L Newbury, MA: The Little Book Publishing Company (1986). 142
                            pages/$6.95. Available at Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge headquarters, Chatham.
                            ISBNO-9616080-0-5.
                                   Description: Provides a short history of barrier beaches, a description of
                                   barrier dynamics, plants and ecosystems, predators and prey.

                            Restless Ribbons of Sand- Atlantic & Gulf Coastal Barriers.     Wells, John T. and
                            Charles H. Peterson. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 20
                            pages/frec. Available from the Cape Cod National Seashore headquarters.
                                   Description: Excellent booklet describing attributes of barrier beaches from
                                   Maine to south Texas -- a protective fringe along 2,700 miles of our nation's
                                   shoreline.

                            Sanctuary.  ne Journal of the Massachusetts Audubon Society.        Vol. 31, No. 6,
                            July/August 1992 -- "On The Beach." Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA
                            01773.
                                   Description: This issue contains articles on piping plovers, Plymouth Beach,
                                   and the Coastal Waterbird Program.

                            Selection and Maintenance of Plant Matefials for Coastal Landscapes.     Karl Rask,
                            Cooperative Extension/University of Massachusetts and Soil Conservation Service/U.S.
                            Department of Agriculture, Issues in Water Quality Series, June 1990. Available from
                            Barnstable County Extension Service; copies also available from Mass. Coastal Zone
                            Management.
                                   Description: Provides a concise review of the basic principles of coastal
                                   landscaping including a list of plants for various settings.

                            U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service publications:
                                   Atlantic Coast Piping Plover Recovery Plan. 1988. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                   Service, Hadley, MA- 74p.
                                   Roseate Tem Recovery Plan -- Northeast Population. 1989. U.S. Fish and
                                   Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA. 86p.
                                   Northeastern 77ger Beetle Recovery Plan.      1993. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                   Service, Hadley, MA. 46p.

                            With Help of Fiiends, the Plover's Coming   Back Scott Allen, The Boston Globe,
                            August 24, 1992, p.29.
                                   Description: This newspaper article explores the decline of this species and
                                   what appears to be a comeback for the'northeast population.

                                                                    144

       I

       I
       I
       I                               APPENDIX A
       I                      Barrier Beaches in Massachusefts
       I
       I
       I
       10
       I
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       I
       I
       I
       I
       p                                    145
       I

                                                                        Me                        Y6wl
                COASTAL     ZONE                                   A.416, A&adwet6 022672
                  MANAGEMENT

                                                            Barrier Beach Invento!y Prole
                                                            (State Designated Barrier Beaches)
                                Maps available from the Mass. Coastal Zone Management Office.

                                Ma
                                          UNIT CODE                           UNITS INCLUDED

                                2         Nb-1                                Sb-1 Salisbury Beach
                                                                              Np-1 Plum Island
                                                                              Nb-1 Plum Island
                                                                              RI-1    Plum Island

                                4         Is-2                                RI-1    Plum Island
                                                                              Is-1    Plum Island
                                                                              Is-2    Plum Island Sandy Point
                                                                              Is-3    Clark Pond
                                                                              Is-4    Little Neck
                                                                              Is-5    Cranes Beach
                                                                              Is-6    Cranes Beach/Castle Beach

                                5         Gt-9                                Is-6    Cranes Beach
                                                                              Gt-1    Castle Beach/Castle Neck
                                                                              Gt-2    Two Penny Loaf
                                                                              Gt-3    Coffins Beach
                                                                              Gt-4    Wingaersheek Beach
                                                                              Gt-6    Good Harbor Beach
                                                                              Gt-7    Brace Cove
                                                                              Gt-8    Easter Point
                                                                              Gt-9    Old House Cove
                                                                              Mc-1    Gray Beach
                                                                              Mc-2    Lily Pond
                                                                              Mc-3    Black Beach
                                                                              MC-4    White Beach

                                6         Rp-4                                Rp-1    Loblolly Cove
                                                                              Rp-2    Pebble Beach
                                                                              Rp-3    Cape Hedge Beach
                                                                              Rp-4    Long Beach
                                                                              Rp-5    Long Beach South/Briar Neck
                                                                              Rp-6    Good Harbor Beach

                                8         Bv-1                                Bv-1    Patch Beach

                                                                                  146

       1
       16                       9         Mb-1                                 Mb-1    Devereux Beach
                                10        Nh-3                                 Sp-1    Palmer Pond/Phillips Beach
                                                                               Nh-1    Nahant Beach
                                                                               Nh-2    Little Nahant Beach
                                                                               Nh-3    Pond Beach
                                                                               Rv-1    Revere Beach
                                                                               Rv-2    Short Beach
                                                                               Wn-1 Short Beach

                                12        Bt-1 1                               Bt-6    Thompson Island
                                                                               Bt-7    Thompson Island Pond
                                                                               Bt-8    Thompson Island-NW Middle Barrier
                                                                               Bt-9    Thompson Island-SW Middle Barrier
                                                                               BVIO Thompson Island South Spit
                                                                               Bt-1 1 Thompson Island-SE
                                                                               Oc-1 Squantum Marina Spit
                                                                               Qc-2    Wollaston Beach-East

                                13        Hi-3                                 Wn-2    Yirrell Beach
                                                                               Bt-1    Great Brewster Island
                                                                               Bt-2    Gallops Island
                                                                               Bt-3    Rainsford Island
                                                                               Bt-4    Bass Point
                                                                               Bt-5    West Head Beach
                                                                               Bt-6    Thompson Island
                                                                               HI-1    Peddocks Island-West Head Beach
                                                                               HI-2    Peddocks Island-Prince Head Beach
                                                                               HI-3    Peddocks Island-Tombolo
                                                                               HI-4    Telegraph Hill-Allerton Hill Tombolo
                                                                               HI-5    Hog Island Spit
                                                                               HI-6    Nantasket Beach
                                                                               Qc-2    Wollaston Beach-East
                                                                               Oc-3    Adams Shore
                                                                               Qc-4    Sea St.
                                                                               Qc-5    Rock Island
                                                                               Oc-6    Gull Point
                                                                               Hn-1    Foley Beach Road
                                                                               Hn-2    Bumkin Island West Spit
                                                                               Hn-3    Worlds End
                                                                               Wm-1 Lower Neck Cove

                                 14       Ct-2                                 HI-6    Nantasket Beach
                                                                               HIJ     Atlantic Avenue Beach
                                                                               HI-8    Crescent Beach
                                                                               HI-9    Black Rock Beach
                                                                               Ct-1    Black Rock Beach
                                                                               Ct-2    Sandy Beach
                                                                               St-2    The Glades

                                16        St-4                                 St-1    Bassing Beach

                                                                                  147

                                                                            St-2 The Glades
                                                                            St-3   Minot Beach
                                                                            St-4   Mann Hill Beach & Egypt Beach

                                17       St-10                              St-4   Mann Hill Beach/Egypt Beach
                                                                            St-5   Sand Hills
                                                                            St-6   Cedar Point Tombolo
                                                                            St-7   Second Cliffs Barrier
                                                                            St-8   Peggotty Beach
                                                                            St-9   N. Spit, N. River Inlet
                                                                            St-10 Fourth Cliff Inlet Spit
                                                                            St-1 1 Humarock Beach
                                                                            Mf-1   Rexhame Beach

                                18       Db-1                               Mf-1   Rexhame Beach
                                                                            Mf-2   Sunrise Beach
                                                                            Mf-3   Brant Rock
                                                                            Mf-4   Green Harbor Point
                                                                            Mf-5   Blackmans Point
                                                                            Mf-6   Green Harbor South Spit
                                                                            Db-1   Duxbury Beach
                                                                            Pm-1   Plum Hills
                                                                            Pm-2   Saquish Beach

                                19       Pm-6                               Pm-2   Saquish Beach
                                                                            Pm-3   Saquish Beach
                                                                            Pm-4   Plymouth Beach
                                                                            Pm-5   Cordage Beach
                                                                            Pm-6   Goose Point Spit

                                20       Pm-8                               Pm-4   Plymouth Beach
                                                                            Pm-7   White Horse Beach
                                                                            Pm-8   Manomet Heights Barrier

                                21       Wh-1                               Wh-1   Red Brook

                                22       Bo-29                              Pm-9   Ship Pond
                                                                            Pm-10 Center Hill Pond
                                                                            Pm-1 1 Black Pond
                                                                            Pm-12 Ellisville Harbor Barrier
                                                                            Bo-29 Sagamore Beach
                                                                            Sd-5 Sagamore Beach

                                26       Ss-2                               SS-1
                                                                            Ss-2 Ocean Grove Beach
                                                                            Sm-1 Brayton Point Beach

                                28       Fh-1 5                             Fh-1 4 - Fh-1 6 Pope Beach

                                29       Mp-18                              Mr-1 1 Ram Island 2

                                                                               148

                                                                        Mr-12 Little Neck
                                                                        Mr-13 Converse Point
                                                                        Mr-14 Aucoot Cove
                                                                        Mp-1   Hiller Cove
                                                                        Mp-2   Peases Point/Point Connett
                                                                        Mp-3   Pine Island East Tombolo
                                                                        Mp-4   Strawberry Point Barrier
                                                                        Mp-5   Pine Island West Barrier Spit
                                                                        Mp-6   Crescent Beach
                                                                        Mp-7   Crescent Beach
                                                                        Mp-8   Ned Point
                                                                        Mp-9   Mattapoisett Village/Water St. Spit
                                                                        Mp-10 Eel Pond Barrier
                                                                        Mp-11 Sedge Island Spit
                                                                        Mp-12 Marsch Nerve Road Spit
                                                                        Mp-13 Shore View Road Spit
                                                                        Mp-14 Shell Beach North
                                                                        Mp-15 Shell Beach Middle
                                                                        Mp-16 Shell Beach South
                                                                        Mp-17 Bay View Avenue North
                                                                        Mp-18 Grand View Beach - Barrier
                                                                        Mp-19 Antassawarnock East Spit
                                                                        Mp-20 Antassawarnock West Spit
                                                                        Mp-21 Antassawarnock Brant 1. Cove
                                                                        Mp-22 Mattapoisett Neck
                                                                        Mp-23 Brant Island West Barrier Spit
                                                                        Mp-24 Bryant Beach
                                                                        Mp-26 Shaws Cove
                                                                        Fh-1 Shaws Cove West

                             30       Mr-5                              Mr-1   Wings Cove #1
                                                                        Mr-2   Wings Cove #2
                                                                        Mr-3   Wings Cove #3
                                                                        Mr-4   Piney Point
                                                                        Mr-5   Sedge Cove
                                                                        Mr-6   Kittanset Golf Club
                                                                        Mr-7   Point Road Beach
                                                                        Mr-8   Planting Island Causeway
                                                                        Mr-9   Planting Island Spit
                                                                        Mr-10 Ram Island 1
                                                                        Mr-1 1 Ram Island 2
                                                                        Wh-2   Peters Neck
                                                                        Wh-3   Jacobs Neck East
                                                                        Wh-4   Pleasant Harbor, Inner Barrier
                                                                        Wh-5   Pleasant Harbor, Southeast
                                                                        Wh-6   Pleasant Harbor, Bay St.
                                                                        Wh-7   Onset Island West
                                                                        Wh-8   Onset Island East
                                                                        Wh-9   Onset Bay
                                                                        Wh-10 Shell Point
                                                                        Wh-1 1 Hog Neck Tombolo

                                                                           149

                                                                    Wh-12 Bass Cove, East Marsh
                                                                    Wh-13 Bass Cove Middle Salt Marsh
                                                                    Wh-14 Bass Cove West Salt Marsh
                                                                    Wh-15 Widows Cove
                                                                    Wh-16 Widows Cove South
                                                                    Wh-1 7'Seminary Barrier
                                                                    Wh-18 Cedar Point North
                                                                    Wh-19 Cedar Point South
                                                                    Wh-20 Stony Point West
                                                                    Wh-21 Little Harbor Beach Crown Beach)
                                                                    Wh-22 Bourne Cove Barrier Spit
                                                                    Wh-23 Beach Rocks
                                                                    Wh-24 Great Neck SW Coast West
                                                                    Wh-25 Beach Point
                                                                    Wh-26 Wareham River
                                                                    Wh-27 Wareham River
                                                                    Wh-28 Wareham Small Spit
                                                                    Wh-29 Barneys Point
                                                                    Wh-30 Swifts Neck (Angelo Road)
                                                                    Wh-31 Swifts Neck, E & W Spits
                                                                    Wh-32 Swifts Beach West
                                                                    Wh-33 Marks Cove
                                                                    Wh-34 Cromeset Neck West
                                                                    Wh-35 Nobska Point Spit
                                                                    Wh-36 Weweantic River
                                                                    Bo-4 Tobeys Island
                                                                    Bo-12 Wings Neck #1
                                                                    Bo-13 Wings Neck #2
                                                                    Bo-14 Wings Cove
                                                                    Bo-15 Pocasset Harbor
                                                                    Bo-16 Bassets Island
                                                                    Bo-17 Barlows Landing
                                                                    Bo-18 Red Brook Harbor
                                                                    Bo-19 Patuisset
                                                                    Bo-23 Long Point
                                                                    Bo-24 Red Brook Harbor
                                                                    Bo-25 Eustis Beach
                                                                    Bo-26 The Anchorage
                                                                    Bo-27 Meganseit Harbor
                                                                    Fm-37 Sandy Beach
                                                                    Fm-38 Crow Point/Sandy Beach
                                                                    Fm-39 Silver Beach
                                                                    Fm-40 Sandy Beach
                                                                    Fm-41 Sandy Beach
                                                                    Fm-42 Sandy Beach
                                                                    Fm-43 Sandy Beach

                             31      Wp-3                           Wp-1 Horseneck Beach
                                                                    Wp-2 Horseneck Beach
                                                                    Wp-3 Acoxet Barrier Beach
                                                                    Wp-4 Cocheast Pond Bay

                                                                      150

                                                                   Wp-5 Richmond Pond
                                                                   Wp-6 Quick Sand Point
                                                                   Dm-13 Little Beach

                           32      DM-6                            Dm-1 Padanaram Marsh Barrier
                                                                   Dm-2 Smith Neck
                                                                   Dm-3 Bare Kneed Rocks
                                                                   Dm-4 Round Hill
                                                                   Dm-5 Salters Point
                                                                   Dm-6 Cow Yard/East
                                                                   Dm-7 Cow Yard/Middle
                                                                   Dm-8 Cow Yard/West
                                                                   Dm-9 Plummer Memorial Bridge South Spit
                                                                   Dm-10 Demarest-l-loyd
                                                                   Dm-1 1 Slocum Neck
                                                                   Dm-12 Slocum Neck/South
                                                                   Dm-13 Little Beach

                           33      Fh-23                           Fh-2 Sconticut Neck
                                                                   Fh-3 Summit Drive
                                                                   FhA Scpmtocft Neck
                                                                   Fh-5 Jeruselum Road
                                                                   Fh-6 Round Island Beach
                                                                   Fh-7 W. Island Road
                                                                   Fh-8 Nelson Beach
                                                                   Fh-9 Sconticut Neck West Side
                                                                   Fh-10 Sconticut Neck West Side
                                                                   Fh-1 1 Shore Side Drive
                                                                   Fh-12 Smugglers Road Barrier
                                                                   Fh-13 Briarcliff Road Barrier
                                                                   Fh-17 North Point Barrier
                                                                   Fh-18 North Point South
                                                                   Fh-19 West Island
                                                                   Fh-20 West Island
                                                                   Fh-21 West Island
                                                                   Fh-22 West Island
                                                                   Fh-23 West Island
                                                                   Mp-20 Antassawamock West Spit
                                                                   Mp-25 Ocean View Drive

                           34      Gn-67                           Fm-22 Falmouth Beach
                                                                   Fm-23 Oyster Pond
                                                                   Fm-24 Quissett Beach
                                                                   Fm-25 Noboska Beach
                                                                   Fm-26 Penzance Point Causeway
                                                                   Fm-27 Flume Pond
                                                                   Fm-28 Gunning Point
                                                                   Fm-29 Little Sippewisset Barrier Spit
                                                                   Fm-30 Saconesset Hills Barrier Spit
                                                                   Fm-31 Black Beach
                                                                   Fm-32 Chappaquoit Beach

                                                                     151

                                                                    Fm-33 Little Island Road
                                                                    Fm-34 Nemasket Road
                                                                    Fm-35 Falmouth Cliffs Beach
                                                                    Fm-36 Old Silver Beach
                                                                    Gn-1 Mink Point West
                                                                    Gn-2 Sheep Pen Harbor/North
                                                                    Gn-3 Sheep Pen Harbor South
                                                                    Gn-4 Nonamesset Island North
                                                                    Gn-5 Nonamesset Island Middle Pond
                                                                    Gn-6 Nonamesset Island South Pond
                                                                    Gn-7 Monohansett Island Pond
                                                                    Gn-8 Monohansett Island South Spit
                                                                    Gn-58 North Shore Road
                                                                    Gn-59 North Shore Road Point
                                                                    Gn-61 North Shore Road East
                                                                    Gn-62 Naushon Island/Northwest #1
                                                                    Gn-63 Naushon Island/Northwest #3
                                                                    Gn-64 Naushon Island/North
                                                                    Gn-65 Northwest Gutter West
                                                                    Gn-66 Northwest Gutter East
                                                                    Gn-67 Uncatena Island North #1
                                                                    Gn-68 Uncatena Island North #2
                                                                    Gn-69 Uncatena Island North #3
                                                                    Gn-70 Jimmy Point
                                                                    Gn-71 Uncatena Island/Southeast
                                                                    Gn-72 Bull Island
                                                                    Gn-73 Nonamesset Island Inner Harbor
                                                                    Gn-74 Nonamesset Island North #1
                                                                    Gn-75 Nonamesset Island North #2

                             35      Fm-14                          Fm-1  Washburn Island
                                                                    Fm-2  Meadow Neck
                                                                    Fm-3  Squta Spit Quashnet
                                                                    Fm-4  Quahnet North Spit
                                                                    Fm-5  Caleb Pond
                                                                    Fm-6  Whistlers Way
                                                                    Fm-7  Washburn Island Northeast
                                                                    Fm-8  Washburn Island East Salt Pond Spit
                                                                    Fm-9  Washburn Island East Second Barrier
                                                                    Fm-10 Washburn Island West Spit
                                                                    Fm-1 I Washburn Is/Eel Pond Spit
                                                                    Fm-12 Eel Pond Inlet West Spit
                                                                    Fm-13 Bournes Pond Barrier
                                                                    Fm-14 Green Pond
                                                                    Fm-15 Great Pond
                                                                    Fm-16 Mara Vista Spit
                                                                    Fm-1 7 Great Bay Avenue Marsh Barrier
                                                                    Fm-18 Little Pond
                                                                    Fm-19 Falmouth Inner Harbor East Spit
                                                                    Fm-20 Palmer Pond Barrier

                                                                     152

                                                                      Fm-21 Fresh River
                                                                      Ms-5   South Cape Beach
                                                                      Ms-6   Seconsett Island?

                            36       Bo-20                            Bo-2   Rocky Point Barrier Spit
                                                                      Bo-3   Toby's Island #1  Complex Barrier
                                                                      Bo-4   Toby's Island #2
                                                                      Bo-5   Toby's Island #3
                                                                      Bo-6   Toby's Island #4
                                                                      Bo-7   Toby's Island #5
                                                                      Bo-8   Tobys Island #6
                                                                      Bo-9   Bennett's Neck #1 Barrier Spit
                                                                      Bo-10 Bennett's Neck #2 Barrier Spit
                                                                      Bo-1 I Bennett's Neck #3 Barrier Spit
                                                                      Bo-20 Hen Cove
                                                                      Bo-21 Red Brook Harbor #1
                                                                      Bo-22 Red Brook Harbor #2
                                                                      Bo-28 Squeteague Harbor #2
                                                                      Fm-44 Squeteague Harbor Barrier Beach

                            37       Sd-3                             Sd-1 Sandy Neck Beach
                                                                      Sd-2 Scorton Shores
                                                                      Sd-3 East Sandwich Beach/Springhill Beach
                                                                      SdA Town Neck Beach

                            38       Ba-23                            Ba-12 Shallow Fresh March Barrier
                                                                      Ba-13 Eel River
                                                                      Ba-1 4 West Bay East Spitt
                                                                      Ba-15 Dead Neck Beach
                                                                      Ba-16 Wianno Head North Spit
                                                                      Ba-1 7 Town Landing Spit
                                                                      Ba-18 Handy Point Spit
                                                                      Ba-19 Tims Cove
                                                                      Ba-20 Cotult Bay
                                                                      Ba-21 Bluff Point
                                                                      Ba-22 Rushy Marsh Pond North Barrier
                                                                      Ba-23 Rushy Marsh Pond South Barrier
                                                                      Ba-24 Meadow Point
                                                                      Ms-1   Popponesset Beach
                                                                      Ms-2   Popponesset Island, Spit
                                                                      Ms-3   Deans Pond
                                                                      Ms-4   Flat Pond

                            39       Ba-7                             Ba-1   Kalmus Park Beach
                                                                      Ba-2   Ocean Street Beach
                                                                      Ba-3   Hawes Avenue
                                                                      Ba-4   Breakwater Shores
                                                                      Ba-5   Keyes Memorial Beach
                                                                      Ba-6   Squaw Island East Bay Barrier
                                                                      Ba-7   Squaw Island West Spit
                                                                      Ba-8   W. Hyannisport Spit

                                                                         153

                                                                                Ba-9 Cralgville Beach/Long Beach
                                                                                Ba-10 Dowses Beach
                                                                                Ba-1 1 Phinneys Bay
                                                                                Ba-25 Harbor Point Spit
                                                                                Ba-26 Bone Hill Barrier
                                                                                Ba-27 Matthias Lane Spit
                                                                                Ba-28 Calves Pasture Point Spit
                                                                                Ba-29 Sandy Neck
                                                                                Ym-5 Great Island Barrier
                                                                                Ym-6 Smith's Point Spit
                                                                                Ym-7 Uncle Robert's Cove Spit
                                                                                Ym-8 Pine Island South Spit
                                                                                Ym-9 Mill Creek
                                                                                Yrn-10 Grays Beach
                                                                                Ym-1 I Hyannis Park/Algonquin Street
                                                                                Ym-12 Hyannis Park/Baxter Avenue

                                  4G       Dn-3                                 Dn-1    Swan Pond River East Spit
                                                                                Dn-2    Swan Pond River West Spit
                                                                                Dn-3    Bowsprit Lane
                                                                                Dn-4    West Dennis Beach (Davis Beach)
                                                                                Dn-5    Quivett Creek West Spit
                                                                                Dn-6    Coles Pond
                                                                                Dn-7    QuIvett Neck
                                                                                Dn-8    Bridge Street Barrier
                                                                                Dn-9    Sesult Neck
                                                                                Dn-1O Cape Cod Bay
                                                                                Dn-1 1  Corporation Beach

                                  40b      Ym-4                                 Ym-1    Davis Beach
                                                                                Ym-2    Crowell Pond Beach
                                                                                Ym-3    Parker River East Spitf
                                                                                Ym-4    Sea Gull Beach
                                                                                Ym-5    Great Island Beach
                                                                                Ym-10 Gray's Beach
                                                                                Dn-12 Chapin Memorial Beach

                                  41       Hw-5                                 Hw-1 Red River Beach
                                                                                Hw-2    Saquatucket Harbor East Spit
                                                                                Hw-3    Wychmere Harbor East Spit
                                                                                Hw-4    Allen Habor East Spit
                                                                                Hw-5    Herring River East Spit
                                                                                Cm-17 Cockle Cove - Bucks Creek Barrier
                                                                                Cm-18 Mill Creek Spit
                                                                                Cm-19 Forrest Beach
                                                                                Cm-20 Red River East Spit
                                                                                Dn-5    Quivett Creek West Spit
                                                                                Bt-1    Nanskaket East Spit
                                                                                Bt-2    Cape Cod Bay
                                                                                Bt-3    Paine Creek Beach
                                                                                Bt-4    Wings Island Barrier

                                                                                   154

                                                                              Cm-2 Monomoy Beach
                       42        Cm-2                                         Cm-1.Nauset, Beach
                                                                              Cm-2 Monomy Beach
                                                                              Cm-3 Strong island East East Spit
                       43        Cm-15                                        Cm-4 Strong Island North Barrier
                                                                              Cm-5 Strong island West
                                                                              Cm-6 FOX Hill
                                                                              Cm-7. Foreside Harbour Spit
                                                                              Cm-8 Sedge Lane Beach
                                                                              Cm-9 Shell Drive
                                                                              Cm-10 Kendrick Road Barrier
                                                                              Cm-11 Salt March Way Barrier
                                                                              Cm-12 Old Harbor Barrier
                                                                              Cm-13 Tern Island
                                                                              Cm-14 Morris island Chatham Habor Spit
                                                                              Cm-15 Stage Harbour East Spit
                                                                              Cm-16 Harding Beach
                                                                              Cm-17 Nauset Beach
                                                                              Ol-7 Nauset Beach
                                                                              ol-12 Hog island
                                                                              ol-13 The Horseshoe spit
                                                                              ol-14 Davis goad Barrier Spit
                                                                              ol-15 Quanset Road/northeast
                                                                              ol-16 Quanset Road/ Cranberry Bog
                                                                              ol-17 Quanset Pond

                                                                              ol-1 Little Namskaket Creek East Spit
                                                                              ol-2 Skakett Beach /South
                                           01-9                               ol-3 Namskaket Beach
                                 44                                           ol-4 Namskaket West Spit
                                                                              ol-5 Nauset Harbour South Spit
                                                                              ol-6 Orleans Beach
                                                                              ol-7 Nauset Beach/North
                                                                              ol-8 Cliff Road
                                                                              ol-9 Old Field Point
                                                                              ol-10 Sampson Island North Barrier
                                                                              ol-11 Sampson Island South Barrier
                                                                              Eh-1 Sunken Meadow Spit
                                                                              Eh-2 First Encounter Beach
                                                                              Eh-3 Boat Meadow Marsh Barrier
                                                                              Eh-4 Bridge Roaad
                                                                              Eh-5 Rock Harbor North Split
                                                                              Eh-6 Coast Guard Beach
                                                                              Eh-7 Nauset Harbor /South
                                                                              Bt-1 Namskaket East Spit

                                                                              Wf-1 Duck Harbor Beach
                                                                              Wf-2 The Gut
                                                                              Wf-3 Great Island/ Great Beach Hill Bay
                                                                              Wf-4 Jeremy Point Barrier Spit
                                                                              Wf-5 Great Beach Hill South Harbor Spit

                                         45  Wf-18

                                                                                             155

    0

                                                                                  Wf-6 Great Beach Hill North Harobr Spit
                                                                                  Wf-7 Great Island South Harbor Spit
                                                                                  Wf-8 Great Island East Spit
                                                                                  Wf-9 West Mayo Beach.
                                                                                  Wf-10 Chatham Cove Spit
                                                                                  Wf-11 Indian Nock Tidal Inlet Barriers
                                                                                  Wf-12 Field Point
                                                                                  Wf-13 Hillside Avenue Spit
                                                                                  Wf-14 Blackfish Creek South Spit
                                                                                  Wf-15 Old Wharf Point North Spit
                                                                                  Wf-16 Old Wharf Point South Spit
                                                                                  Wf-17 Lieutenant Island Logy bay Spit
                                                                                  Wf-18 Cliff Avenue Bay Barrier
                                                                                  Wf-19 Lieutenant Island South Spit
                                                                                  Wf-20 Lieutenant Island South Marsh
                                                                                  Wf-21 Catboat Road Spit
                                                                                  Wf-22 Audubon Sanctuary
                                                                                  Eh-1   Sunken Meadow Spit
                                                                                  Tr-3   Harbor Bar
                                                                                  Tr-4   Pamet River South Spit
                                                                                  Tr-5   Bound Brook Beach
                                                                                  Tr-7   Ballston Beach

                                  46       Tr-7                                   Tr-1   Beach Point
                                                                                  Tr-2   Great Swamp Beach
                                                                                  Tr-3   Pamet River North
                                                                                  Tr-6   Head of Meadow Beach
                                                                                  Tr-7   Ballston Beach

                                  47        Pt-1                                  Pt-1   Long Point
                                                                                  Pt-2   Race Point Beach
                                                                                  Tr-1   Pilgrim Beach
                                                                                  Tr-6   Head of Meadow Beach

                                  48       Gn-33                                  Gn-27 South Rock East
                                                                                  Gn-28 South Rock
                                                                                  Gn-29 Pasque I/Quicks Hole Small Pond
                                                                                  Gn-30 Pasque I/Quicks Pond
                                                                                  Gn-31 Quicks Hole Pond
                                                                                  Gn-32 Canapitsit Harbor
                                                                                  Gn-33 Cuttyhunk Pond South Spit
                                                                                  Gn-34 West End Pond South
                                                                                  Gn-35 West End Pond Spits
                                                                                  Gn-36 Fresh Water Pond Marsh
                                                                                  Gn-37 Cuttyhunk Pond West
                                                                                  Gn-38 Copicut North
                                                                                  Gn-39 Copicut Neck spit
                                                                                  Gn-40 Canapitsit - Small Pond North.
                                                                                  Gn-41 Knox Point Marsh
                                                                                  Gn-42 Knox Point East
                                                                                  Gn-43 Rock Island Beach

                                                                                     156

                                                                        Gn-44 Jeep Trail Pond/West of the Neck
                                                                        Gn-45 The Neck Tombolo
                                                                        GnA6 North Point/South Beach
                                                                        Gn-47 North Rock
                                                                        Gn-48, Pasque Island/Westend salt marsh
                                                                        Gn-49 Pasque Island/Nonh
                                                                        Gn-77 Penikese Island South Spit
                                                                        Gn-78 Penikese Island East

                              49      Ch-1 5                            Gn-9
                                                                        Gn-10 Great Swamp North Beach
                                                                        Gn-1 1 Great Swamp Large Pond
                                                                        Gn-12 Great Swamp South Pond
                                                                        Gn-13 South Bluff West Beach
                                                                        Gn-14 South Bluff East Beach
                                                                        Gn-15 Tarpaulin Cove Middle Beach
                                                                        Gn-16 Tarpaulin Cove Pond
                                                                        Gn-17 Tarpaulin Cove South Pond
                                                                        Gn-18 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse
                                                                        Gn-19 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse #2
                                                                        Gn-20 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse #3
                                                                        Gn-21 Tarpaulin Cove Lighthouse South
                                                                        Gn-22 French Watering Place
                                                                        Gn-23 French Watering Place South Beach
                                                                        Gn-24 Naushon Point
                                                                        Gn-25 Robinsons Hole South
                                                                        Gn-26 Pawque 1. Southwest Beach
                                                                        Gn-49 Pasque Island North
                                                                        Gn-50. Pasque Island North Pond Beach
                                                                        Gn-51 Robinsons Hole Pond
                                                                        Gn-52 West Beach
                                                                        Gn-53 Crescent Beach
                                                                        Gn-54 Kettle Cove Spit
                                                                        Gn-55 Kettle Cove North Beach
                                                                        Gn-56 Silver Beach
                                                                        Gn-57 Silver Beach East
                                                                        Ch-1 5 Cape Higgon South
                                                                        CN-16 Paint Mill
                                                                        Ch-17 Paint Mill #2
                                                                        Ch-18 Hadock Pond
                                                                        Wt-9 Grey Pond

                              50      Tb-9                              Wt-10 Tisbury Lane #1
                                                                        Wt-1 1 Tisbury Lane #2
                                                                        Wt-12 Tisbury Lane #2
                                                                        Wt-13 Doggetts Pond
                                                                        Wt- 14 Cedar Tree Neck
                                                                        Wt-15 Lilly Pond
                                                                        Wt-16 James Pond
                                                                        Wt-17 Lambens Cove
                                                                        Tb-1 Vineyard Haven Harbor Spit

                                                                          157

                                                                                      Tb-2 Cedar Nock North Spit
                                                                                      Tb-3 Cedar Neck South Spit
                                                                                      Tb-4 Cedar Neck Bay
                                                                                      Tb-5 Mink Meadows North
                                                                                      Tb-6 Mink Meadows South
                                                                                      Tb-7 Lake Tashmoo East Spit
                                                                                      Tb-8 Fat Point South
                                                                                      Tb-9 Lake Tashmoo South
                                                                                      Tb-10 Hillman Point
                                                                                      Tb-11 Lake Tashmoo West Spit
                                                                                      Tb-12 Smith Brook
                                                                                      Tb-13 Norton point East
                                                                                      Ob-10 Vine Haven Harbor East Spit
                                                                                      Ob-11 Lagoon Pond inner Barrier Beach
                                                                                      Ob-12 Lagoon Pond Spite #1
    													    Ob-13 Barnes Road-Lagoon Pond Spit

                                                                                      Ob-1 Joseph Sylvia State Beach Park
                              51a      Et-36                                        Ob-2 Sengekontacket Pond North Spit
                                                                                      Ob-3 Hamlin Pond
                                                                                      Ob-4 Hart Haven Barrier Beach
                                                                                      Ob-5 Oak Bluffs Harbor South Spit
                                                                                      Ob-6 Oak Bluffs Harbor North Spit
                                                                                      Ob-7 Crystal Lake Barrier Beach
                                                                                      Ob-8 Eastville #1
                                                                                      Ob-9 Eastville #2
                                                                                      Ob-11 Lagoon Pond Inner Barrier Beach

                                                                                      Et-1 Edgartown Beach
                                                                                      Et-2 Haystack Point Spit
                                                                                      Et-3 ocean Heights View Barrier Beach
                                                                                      Et-4 Eagartown Beach South
                                                                                      Et-5 Edgartown Beach Spit
                                                                                      Et-6 Little Beach
                                                                                      Et-7 Inlet to Edgartown Harbor
                                                                                      Et-8 Bankers Way Beach
                                                                                      Et-9 Katama Road Salt Pond  salt pond
                                                                                      Et-10 Edgartown Bay Road/Salt Pond
                                                                                      Et-11 Bluefish Point
                                                                                      Et-34 Norton Point
                                                                                      Et-35 Edgartown Great Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                                      Et-36 Jobs Neck #1
                                                                                      Et-37 jobs Neckk pond Barrier Beach

                                                                                      Et-13 Bayview Road Barrier Beach
                                    51b      Et-1 5                                   Et-14 Wasque Road/West Beach
                                                                                      Et-15 School Road South Beach
                                                                                      Et-16 Long Point
                                                                                      Et-17 Snow Point Barrier Beach
                                                                                      Et-18 Chappaquiddick Point
                                                                                      Et-19 Chappaquiddick Beach
                                                                                      Et-20 North Neck Road Barrier Beach

                                                                                      158

                                                                       Et-21 North Neck Tombolo
                                                                       Et-22 John Oliver Point
                                                                       Et-23 Cape Poge Bay #1
                                                                       Et-24 Cape Poge Bay #2
                                                                       Et-25 Cape Poge Bay #3
                                                                       Et-26 Cape Poge Bay #4
                                                                       Et-27 Pease Pond Barrier Beach and Spit
                                                                       Et-28 Cape Poge Elbow
                                                                       Et-29 Shear Pon Pond Barrier Spits
                                                                       Et-30 Little Neck Spit
                                                                       Et-31 Cape Poge East Beach
                                                                       Et-32 Pocha Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                       Et-33 Washaqua Hill Barrier Beach
                                                                       Et-34 Norton Point

                              52      Wt-8                             Ch-1  ChIlmark Pond, Black Pt.
                                                                       Ch-2  Chilmark Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                       Wt-1  Watcha Pond #1
                                                                       Wt-2  Watcha Pond #2
                                                                       Wt-3  Watcha Pond #3
                                                                       Wt-4  Scubby Neck
                                                                       Wt-5  Homer Pond
                                                                       Wt-6  Salt Pond at Big Homer's Pond Road
                                                                       Wt-7  Long Cove
                                                                       Wt-8  Tisbury Great Pond
                                                                       Et-37 Jobs Neck Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                       Et-38 Pohoganot Road
                                                                       Et-39 Paqua Pond
                                                                       Et-40 Oyster Pond Barrier Beach

                             53       Ch-6                             Ch-2  Chilmark Pond Barrier Beach
                                                                       Ch-3  Chilmark Pond #2
                                                                       Ch-4  Stonewall Beach
                                                                       Ch-5  Squibnocket Bight
                                                                       Ch-6  Squibnocket Beach
                                                                       Ch-7  Menemsha Pond #1 Spit
                                                                       Ch-8  Nashaquftsa Pond Spit
                                                                       Ch-9  Menemsha Pond #1
                                                                       Ch-10 Menemsha Pond #2.
                                                                       Ch-1 1 Menemsha Pond #3
                                                                       Ch-12 Menemsha Pond #4
                                                                       Ch-13 Gay Head Coast Guard Station
                                                                       Ch-14 Menemsha Beach
                                                                       Ch-19 Nomans Land
                                                                       Gh-1 Long Beach
                                                                       Gh-2 Gay Head Town Beach
                                                                       Gh-3 Lobsterville/West Payson Rd. Spit

                             54       Nt-48                            Nt-39 Madaket Point
                                                                       Nt-40 Esther Island
                                                                       Nt-41 Tuckernuck South Spit

                                                                         159

                                                                           Nt-42 Tuckernuck Northwest Sound
                                                                           Nt-43 Muskeget Island Barrier Complex
                                                                           Nt-44 North Pond Small Barrier
                                                                           Nt-45 North Pond Bay Mouth Barrier
                                                                           Nt-46 Tuckernuck Island East Pond Spit
                                                                           Nt-47 Tuckemuck Island Bay Barrier Beach
                                                                           Nt-48 Tuckernuck Is. Thin Pond Bay Barrier

                               55       Nt-34                              Nt-1 Coatue Point
                                                                           Nt-2  Brant Point
                                                                           Nt-3  The Creeks
                                                                           Nt-31 Miacomet Pond
                                                                           Nt-32 Mioxes, Pond
                                                                           Nt-33 Reedy Pond
                                                                           Nt-34 Hummock Pond Bay Mouth Barrier
                                                                           Nt-35 Clark Cove
                                                                           Nt-36 Sheep Pond
                                                                           Nt-37 Long Pond Bay Barrier
                                                                           Nt-38 Hither Creek
                                                                           Nt-49 Jackson Point
                                                                           Nt-50 Jackson Point North
                                                                           Nt-51 Warren Landing Barrier Beach
                                                                           Nt-52 Eel Point
                                                                           Nt-53 Eel Point Road
                                                                           Nt-54 Capaum Pond
                                                                           Nt-55 Reed Pond
                                                                           Nt-56 Jetties Beach

                               56       Nt-28                              Nt-1  Coatue Beach (see above)
                                                                           Nt-4  Harbor View Road Beach
                                                                           Nt-5  Pimnys Point
                                                                           Nt-6  Shimmo Road #1
                                                                           Nt-7  Shimmo Road #2
                                                                           Nt-8  Abrams Point Spit
                                                                           Nt-9  Shawkerno Bader Beach
                                                                           Nt-10 Shawkemo #2
                                                                           Nt-1 1 UMass Research Center/Folgers Marsh
                                                                           Nt-12 Quaise Road
                                                                           Nt-13 Quaise Point
                                                                           Nt-14 Swains Neck
                                                                           Nt-15 Polpis Harbor
                                                                           Nt-16 Polpis Harbor #2
                                                                           Nt-17 Polpis Harbor #3
                                                                           Nt-18 Pocomo Meadow
                                                                           Nt-19 Pocomo Road
                                                                           Nt-20 Pocomo Road #2
                                                                           Nt-21 Squam Swamp Beach
                                                                           Nt-23 Wawinet Tombolo
                                                                           Nt-24 Squam Pond
                                                                           Nt-25 Squam Road Beach
                                                                           Nt-26 Seachacha Pond

                                                                              160

                                                                    Nt-27 Tom Nevers Pond Barrier
                                                                    Nt-28 Forked Pond Valley
                                                                    Nt-29 Forked Valley West
                                                                    Nt-30 Madequecham Barrier

                            57      Nt-23                           Nt-22 Great Pond Spit
                                                                    Nt-23 Wawinet Tombolo

                            (f= barrier.map)

                                                                      161

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       I                                 APPENDIX 8
                       Federal Coastal Barrier Resource System (COBRA)
       I                            Units in Massachusetts
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       f                                     163
       I

                                 Federal Coastal Barrier Resource System Units in Massachusetts

                                Coastal
                                Zone
                                Management
                                Mai)                    Unit                             Unit Code Name

                                1                       MA-01 P                          Salisbury Beach

                                2                       MA-02P                           Plum Island

                                3                       coo                              Clark Pond
                                                        MA-03                            Castle Neck

                                4                       MA-03                            Castle Neck
                                                        col                              Wingersheek Unit
                                                        Col B                            Brace Cove

                                5                       C01A                             Good Harbor Beach/Milk Island

                                6                       MA-04                            West Beach (2 units)

                                7                       MA-06                            Phillips Island

                                8                       MA-08P                           Snake Island
                                                        MA-09P                           Wallaston Beach
                                                        MA-10P                           Merrymount Park

                                9                       col C                            West Head Beach
                                                        MA-1 1                           Peddock/Rainsford Islands

                                10                      MA-12                            Cohasset Harbor
                                                        C02                              North Scituate

                                11                      C03                              Rivermoor
                                                        C03A                             Rexhame

                                12                      MA-13                            Duxbury Beach (Squash Neck -
                                                                                         Standish Shore)
                                                        C04                              Plymouth Bay

                                13                      C06                              Center Hill (Ship Pond, Salt
                                                                                         Pond)

                                14                      MA-1 4P                          Town Neck
                                                        C08                              Scorton

                                15                      cog/C09P                         Sandy Neck (C09 Mill Creek)

                                                                          164

                            16                       cog                              Sandy Neck
                                                     MA-1 SP                          Chapin Beach
                                                     MA-1 6                           Nobscusset
                                                     CIO                              Freemans Pond

                            17                       C11                              Namskaket Spits
                                                     C1 1 A-Cl I AP                   Boat Meadow
                                                     MA-20P                           Nauset Beach/Monomoy

                            18                       MA-1 7P                          Griffin/Great Islands
                                                     MA-17AP                          Lieutenant Island
                                                     MA-1 8                           Pamet Harbor
                                                     MA-18P                           Ballston Beach

                            19                       MA-1 9P                          Provincetown

                            20                       MA-19P                           Provincetown

                            21                       MA-20P                           Nauset Beach/Monomoy

                            22                       MA-20P                           Nauset Beach/Monomoy

                            23                       C12                              Chatham Roads

                            24                       MA-23P                           Davis Beach
                                                     C1 3/Cl 3P                       Lewis Bay

                            25                       C14                              Squaw Island
                                                     C1 5-Cl 5P                       Centerville

                            26                       C16                              Dead Neck
                                                     C17                              Popponesset Spit

                            27                       C18/C18P                         Waquoit Bay
                                                     C1 8A                            Falmouth Ponds (Bournes Pond,
                                                                                      Green Pond)

                            28                       C19                              Black Beach
                                                     MA-24                            Naushon Island (2 units)

                            29                       MA-30                            Herring Brook
                                                     MA-31                            Squeteague Harbor
                                                     MA-32                            Bassetts Island
                                                     MA-33                            Phinneys Harbor

                            30                       MA-24                            Naushon Island (rarpaulin Cove,
                                                                                      French Watering Place, Naushon
                                                                                      Pt., West Beach

                                                                       165

                                31                       C31                               Elizabeth Islands (West Pond,
                                                                                           Cuttyhunk Harbor, Quicks Hole
                                                                                           Pond, Pasque Island, Robinson
                                                                                           Hole)
                                                         MA-25P                            Penikese Island

                                32                       MA-26                             Harthaven
                                                         MA-27P                            Edgartown Beach
                                                         C26                               EelPond
                                                         C27                               Cape Poge
                                                         MA-28P                            Norton Point
                                                         C28                               South Beach

                                33                       C28                               South Beach

                                34                       C29/C29P                          Squibnocket Complex
                                                         MA-29P                            Nomans Land

                                35                       C29A                              James Pond
                                                         C29B                              Mink Meadows

                                36                       C20                               Coatue Unit
                                                         C21                               Sesachacha Pond

                                37                       C22                               Cisco Beach
                                                         C23                               Esther Island

                                38                                                         Tuckermuck Island (North Pond,
                                                                                           East Pond)
                                                         C25                               Muskeget Island

                                39                       C19A                              Buzzards Bay Complex (8 units)
                                                         MA-35                             Planting Island

                                40                       C1 9A                             Buzzards Bay Complex
                                                         C31A                              West Sconticut Neck (5 units)

                                41                       C31 B                             Harbor View

                                42                       MA-36                             Round Hill
                                                         C32                               Mishaum Point
                                                         MA-37P                            Demarest Lloyd Park
                                                         C33                               Little Beach

                                43                       C33                               Little Beach
                                                         C43/C43P                          Horseneck Beach (C34 3 units)
                                                         D01                               Little Compton Ponds

                                44                       C34A                              Cedar Cove

                                                                            166

                                       APPENDIX C

                        Beach Staging Areas for Migratory Shorebirds

                                            167

                                         Coastal Areas Important as
                                     Migratory Shorebird Staging Areas

                               Data from the Manomet Bird Observatory, Plymouth, MA

                       Type
                       GL    Government land, not park or wildlife
                       x     Not managed for wildlife or parks
                       SID   State/municipal park
                       PP    Private conservation land
                       U     Unknown status
                       NW    National Wildlife Refuge
                       ST    Sewage treatment plant
                       NP    National Park
                       SW    State wildlife area (refuge, mgt. area)
                       PW    Private wildlife sanctuary
                       PSF   Private sodfarm
                       NSW   National AND State Wildlife Refuge

                       Site                                      Type

                       BARNSTABLE, MILL POND                     x

                       BOSTON, EARHART DAM                       GL

                       EAST BOSTON, BELLE ISLE                   GL
                       (2 locations)

                       BOSTON, MYSTIC PARK                       GL

                       BOSTON, MALDEN RIVER                      GL

                       BOSTON, PINE RIVER                        GIL
                       (2 locations)

                       BOSTON, PUTNAM AVE; JUST SW               GL

                       BOSTON, ROCK ISLAND COVE                  GL

                       BOSTON, SAUGUS MARSH                      GL

                       BOSTON-WINTHROP, SNAKE ISLAND             GL
                       (4 locations)

                                                      168

                           BOSTON, SEAPLANE BASIN                                 x

                           BOSTON, THOMPSON ISLAND                                SID

                           BOSTON, WORLD'S END                                    Pp

                           BOSTON, WEIR RIVER                                     U

                           BREWSTER, PAINE'S CREEK                                x

                           BREWSTER, POINT OF ROCKS                               x

                           BREWSTER, QUIVET CREEK
                           & WING ISLAND BEACH                                    x

                           DENNIS, CHAPIN BEACH                                   x

                           EASTHAM, FIRST ENCOUNTER BEACH                         GL
                           (4 locations)

                           HULL, GUT                                              x
                           MARION, KITANSETT, BUTLER'S POINT.                     x

                           MARION SEWAGE TREATMENT

                           MONOMOY ISLAND NWR, NO. END                            NW
                           (9 locations)

                           EASTHAM, NAUSET MARSH                                  NP

                           ORLEANS, NEW ISLAND                                    NP

                           NEWBURYPORT HARBOR                                     GL
                           (3 locations)

                           EASTHAM, NAUSET
                           (COAST GUARD BEACH & NEW ISL.)                         Np
                           (5 locations)

                           PARKER RIVER NWR
                           (BEACH, SALT MARSH, IMPS)                              Nw
                           (3 locations)

                           PARKER RIVER NWR (PANNES)                              NW

                           REVERE POINT-O-PINES                                   U

                                                                    169

                             SCITUATE, THIRD CLIFF                                  x
                             (5 locations)

                             SQUANTUM                                               x

                             FAIRHAVEN, WEST ISLAND                                 Sw

                             WINTHROP (BREAKWATER)                                  x

                             DUXBURY BEACH                                          PP, X
                             (3 locations)

                             PLYMOUTH BEACH                                         GL, X
                             (4 locations)

                             PLUM ISLAND                                            NW
                             (2 locations)

                             BOSTON, UMASS & MORRISSY BLVD                          GL, X

                             NANTUCKET HARBOR FLATS                                 GL, X

                             LYNN HARBOR                                            -GL, X

                             BRIDGEWATER STATE FARM

                             ROWLEY                                                 x

                             MANOMET, MBO BEACH                                     x
                             (2 locations)

                             MONOMOY-NORTH AND SOUTH ENDS                           NW

                             BREWSTER, WING ISLAND                                  x

                             PLYMOUTH BAY FLATS                                     x

                             SCITUATE & MARSHFIELD,
                             NORTH & SOUTH RIVERS                                   x

                             WESTPORT

                             PLUM ISLAND (REFUGE BEACH)                             NW

                             NEWBURYPORT/PLUM ISLAND                                NW
                             (2 locations)

                                                                      170

                     ORLEANS, NAUSET (NORTH BEACH)            NP
                     (3 locations)

                     HULL, ALLERTON POINT                     x

                     MONOMOY ISLAND NWR, SO. END              NW
                     (2 locations)

                     BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK
                     LEAST TERN COLONY AREA                   SW

                     BASS CREEK NEAR GRAYS' BEACH
                     TERN COLONY                              x

                     WELLFLEET BAY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY         PW

                     MASHPEE, SOUTH CAPE BEACH                x

                     ALLEN'S POND                             PW

                     ALLEN'S POND, EAST BEACH                 x

                     WESTPORT/DARTMOUTH TOWN LINE             x

                     DARTMOUTH, LLOYD CENTER                  PW

                     WESTPORT, ACOAXET                        x

                     WESTPORT, GOOSEBERRY ISLAND              SID

                     WESTPORT, TOWN BEACH/
                     HORSENECK BEACH                          SID

                     DUXBURY BEACH - SAQUISH                  GL, X

                     STAGE POINT BEACH (ROOST)                x

                     BARNSTABLE MARSH & BASS CREEK            x

                     BASS CREEK                               x

                     BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK TERN POND         Sw

                     BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK COVE              SW

                     BASS CREEK & SANDY NECK TERN POND        Sw

                     ALLEN'S POND

                                                   171

                     NONQUITT SALT MARSH

                     SALTERS POINT

                     IPSWICH, CRANES BEACH (AREA A)          p

                     IPSWICH, CRANES BEACH (AREA B)

                     IPSWICH, CRANES BEACH (AREA C)

                     MINI-MOY (BETWEEN NO. & SO.
                     MONOMOY)

                     CHATHAM, SOUTH BEACH ISLAND

                     BARNSTABLE, SANDY NECK                  SW

                                                   172

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     I                                 APPENDIX D
                         Off-Road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment
                          and Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines
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     f                                      173
     I

                                      Off-Road Vehicles, Recommended Equipment,
                                       and Suggested Trail and Driving Guidelines
                                        (Adapted from The Cape Cod National Seashore Guide)

                                    Where a barrier beach managment plan provides opportunities for off-
                                    road vehicle use, the following will serve as recommended guidelines for
                                    off-road vehicles and related equipment

                            Off-road vehicles should have:
                                    1. Tires that meet minimum standards.
                                    2. Required accessory equipment.
                                    3. Valid state registration and inspection sticker.
                                    4. A valid off road vehicle beach access permit affixed to the vehicle
                                           consistent with the vehicle's state registration number.

                            Operators should:
                                    1. Possess a valid state operator's license.
                                    2. Review educational programs.

                            Coastal Beach and Dune Driving Guidelines:
                                    1. Avoid access on or over driftline zones or expanding dune edges;
                                    2. Avoid access on or over dunes;
                                    3. Avoid access on or over areas of nesting shore birds, migrating shore
                                           bird staging areas and rare, threatened and endangered species'
                                           habitat.
                                    4. Avoid driving on wrack line.
                                    5. Follow previously made trails within oversand vehicle corridor;
                                    6. Tire pressure is critical. Tires should be deflated to the point that
                                           they will not cause adverse impacts to beach terrain. Friction may
                                           cause pressure increase as a vehicle is driven. The vehicle may have
                                           to be stopped and pressure reduced again.
                                    7. Check tides before starting since some sections of beach may 'be
                                           impassable at high tide.
                                    8. Don't spin tires or the vehicle will be dug into a hole; a light foot on
                                           the accelerator works best.
                                    9. If the vehicle gets stuck check the tire pressure and lower pressure
                                           again if necessary; try backing up in the vehicle tracks before moving
                                           ahead.
                                    10. Excessive speed endangers drivers, vehicles, other beach users, and
                                           wildlife, a slow, steady speed and correct tire pressure is more
                                           effective than faster speeds.
                                    11. Tern and plover chicks may hide in vehicle tracks when frightened;
                                           always look out for wildlife when driving on the beach.

                                                                     174

                              Driving should not occur on:
                                      1. Foreshore and foredune areas
                                      2. Inner dune routes
                                      3. Posted shorebird nesting areas
                                      4. Beach areas designated for use by pedestrians only
                                      5. Outside of oversand vehicle corridors
                              Exception:    Vehicles may travel the foreshore when passing a beach cut which has
                              eliminated the legal oversand vehicle co)Wdor.

                              Safety and rights of way.-
                                      1. Riding on fenders, tailgate, roof, or any exterior portion of a vehicle
                                              not designed to carry passengers should be prohibited.
                                      2. When two vehicles meet on the beach, the operator of the vehicle
                                              with the water on the driver's right has the right of way. Self
                                              contained recreational vehicles should always have the right of way
                                              because of size and weight.

                              Oversand route maintenance:
                                      1. Tire pressure should be such that no adverse impact is caused to the
                                              beach terrain.
                                      2. The operator of a vehicle which becomes stuck in the sand should
                                              fill in all ruts or holes and remove any debris used to extricate the
                                              vehicle.

                              Recommended equipment for all vehicles:
                                      1. Shovel -- heavy duty type, equal to or better than a military folding
                                              shovel
                                      2. Tow device -- minimum length: 14 feet; minimum diameter:
                                              5/16 inch (chain), 1/4 inch (cable), I inch nylon or polypropylene, 3/4
                                              inch tow strap 1-1/2 inches wide (rope)
                                      3. Jack -- standard size and type provided by manufacturer
                                      4. Jack support board -- minimum size: 10 inches by 12 inches; minimum
                                              thickness: 5/8 inch for plywood; 1-1/2 inches for solid wood
                                      5. Tire pressure gauge -- must register to 5 pounds per square inch or
                                              lower
                                      6. Fire extinguisher
                                      7. First aid kit
                                      8. Spare tire -- must meet tire standards described below.
                                      9. Minimal tire standards (rim diameter/tire section width in millimeters/tire
                                              section width in inches)
                                              131185n.25
                                              14/195/7.50
                                              15+/225/8.75
                                              All tires should have a minimum profile series of 70.

                                                                         175

                                 77je above standards are minimum recommended sizes. For efficient beach
                                 trave4 a tire section width of at least 235 millimeters in a non-aggressive tread
                                 design is recommended "Mud W Snow" tires are considered an aggressive
                                 tread

                          Driver education materials (programs, displays, signs):
                                 1. Describe the values of barrier beach, coastal resources, dune, salt
                                        marsh, and tidal flat environments
                                 2. Describe the damage that inappropriate use of an off-road vehicle
                                        use can cause to beach, dune, salt marsh, and tidal flat environments

                                                               176

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       I                                APPENDIX E
       I                  Federal, State, Regional and Municipal Laws
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       I

                                            Laws That May Have Relevance to
                                                 Barrier Beach Management

                           Federal Statutes

                                  Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918                       16 U.S. Code 703

                                  Coastal Zone Management Act                         16 U.S. Code 1451

                                  Endangered Species Act                              16 U.S. Code 1531

                                  Coastal Barrier Resources Act                       16 U.S. Code 3502

                                  Rivers & Harbor Act of 1899                         33 U.S. Code 401

                                  Water Pollution Control Act
                                   (Clean Water Act)                                  33 U.S. Code 1251

                                  Marine Protection, Research, and
                                   Sanctuaries Act                                    33 U.S. Code 1401

                                  Marine Plastic Pollution Research and
                                  Control Act of 1987                                 33 U.S. Code 1901

                                  National Flood Insurance Act                        42 U.S. Code 4001

                                  National Environmental Policy Act                   42 U.S. Code 4321

                                  Americans With Disabilities Act                     42 U.S. Code 12101

                                                                 178

                          State Statutes, Regulaflons and Executive Orders

                          Landowner Liability Limitations      Mass. General Laws Chapter 21, �17c

                          Coastal Zone Management Act          Mass. General Laws Chapter 21A, �4A
                          & Regulations                        301 Code of Mass. Regulations 20.00

                          CZM Federal Consistency
                          Regulations                          301 Code of Mass. Regulations 21.00

                          Clean Water Act                      Mass. General Laws Chapter 21, �42
                          & Regulations                        314 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-15.00

                          Sanitary Code/Title V Regulations    310 Code of Mass. Regulations 15.00

                          Handicap Access Act                  Mass. General Laws Chapter 22, �13A
                          & Regulations                        521 Code of Mass. Regulations 2-3.00
                                                                      (Architectural Access Board)

                          Mass. Environmental Policy Act       Mass. General Laws Chapter 30, ��61-62H
                          & Regulations                        301 Code of Mass. Regulations 11.00

                          Areas of Critical Environmental
                          Concern Regulations                  301 Code of Mass. Regulations 12.00

                          Motor Vehicles Act                   Mass. General Laws Chapter 90
                          & Regulations                        540 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-19.00

                          Motorboats & Other Vessels Act       Mass. General Laws Chapter 90B
                          & Regulations                        323 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-5.00

                          Public Waterfront Act                Mass. General Laws Chapter 91
                          & Regulations                        310 Code of Mass. Regulations 9.00

                          Marine Fish & Fisheries Act          Mass. General Laws Chapter 130
                          & Regulations                        322 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-12.00

                          Coastal Wetlands Restriction Act     Mass. General Laws Chapter 130, �.105
                          & Regulations                        302 Code of Mass. Regulations 4.00

                          Inland Fisheries, Game & Other
                          Natural Resources Act                Mass. General Laws Chapter 131
                          & Regulations                        321 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-9.00

                                                                 179

                           Wetlands Protection Act              Mass. General Laws Chapter 131, �40
                           & Regulations                        310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.00

                           Endangered Species Act               Mass. General Laws Chapter 131A
                           & Regulations                        321 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.00

                           Ocean Sanctuary Act                  Mass. General Laws Chapter 132A
                           & Regulations                        302 Code of Mass. Regulations 5.00

                           Pesticide Control Act                Mass. General Laws Chapter 132B
                           & Regulations                        333 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-11

                           Building Standards                   Mass. General Laws Chapter 143
                           & Regulations                        248 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                                                   (Plumbing)
                                                                521 Code of Mass. Regulations 2-3.00
                                                                        (Architectural Access Board)
                                                                780 Code of Mass. Regulations 1-34.00
                                                                        (Building Code, includes floodplain)

                           Mass. Historic Commission
                           Regulations                          950 Code of Mass. Regulations 70-71.00

                           Crimes Against the Person            Mass. General Laws Chapter 265

                           Crimes Against Property              Mass. General Laws Chapter 266

                           Crimes Against Public Health         Mass. General Laws Chapter 270

                           Executive Order No. 181: Barrier Beaches (1980)

                           Executive Order No. 190: Regulation of Off-Road Vehicle Use on Public Lands
                           Containing Coastal Wetlands Resources (1980)

                                                                  180

                        Rg9lonal/Couft

                        Cape Cod Commission Act         Chapter.716 of the Acts and Resolves of
                                                        1989; Chapter 2 of the Acts and
                                                        Resolves of 1990; Regional Policy Plan

                        Martha's Vineyard               Chapter 831 of the Acts and Resolves of
                        Commission Act                  1977

                        Lmal

                        Ordinances/Bylaws, Regulations, Rules, Policies and Guidelines

                              Examples:    Zoning
                                           Wetlands
                                           Waterways
                                           Animal Control
                                           Loitering
                                           Health

                        See the local city or town clerk for copies or further information.

                                                         181

       0

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       -I.
       .4
       1                               APPENDIX F
       I                    State Environmental Agency Contacts
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                                                                                          Executive Off ice of
                                                            IE-= nvi ron mental 0%,ffairs

                                                                                                                    -a Environmental Crimes Strike Force
                                                                                                                    --a Massachusetts Environmental Trust
                                                                                                                    -a Massachusetts Geographical Information System

                                              Massachusetts                       Massachusetts                                 Division of                   Water Resources
                                              Coastal Zone                         Environmental                             Conservation                         Commission
                                                Management                       Policy Act Unit                                 Services                              (WRC)
                                                   (MGZM)                               (MEPA)                                      (DCS)

                                      Buzzards                        Massachusetts
                                      Bay Project                     Bays Program
                                         (BBP)                              (MBP)

                                      Department of                   Department of                    Department of                     Department of                       Metropolitan
                                      Environmental                   Environmental                  Fisheries, Wildlife                       Food &                             District
                                      Management                        Protection                   & Environmental                        Agriculture                      Commission
                                          (DEM)                             (DEP)                    Law Enforcement                            (DFA)                             (MOC)
                                  m   Waquoit Bay                     m Bureau of Resource                (IDFWELW)                   m    Division of Agricultural      m   Division of
                                      National Estuarine                Protection                   a    Division of Fisheries            Development                       Recreational
                                      Research Reserve                w Bureau of Waste                   & Wildlife                  a    Division of                       Facilities & Programs
                                  m   Division of                       Prevention                   m    Division of                      Regulatory Services           w   Division of
                                      Forests & Parks                 a Bureau of Waste                   Marine Fisheries                                                   Reservations &
                                  m   Division of Resource              Site Cleanup                 m    Division or                                                        Historic Sites
                                      Conservation                    m Bureau of                         Environmental Law                                              s   Division of Parks
                                                                        Municipal Facilities              Enforcement                                                        Engineering &
                                                                                                     m    Public Acress                                                      Construction
                                                                                                          Board                                                          m   Division of Central
                                                                                                                                                                             Services
                                                                                                                                                                         w   Division of Watershed
                                                                                                                                                                             Management

                                                                                                                    184

                                          State Environmental Agency'Contacts
                                     relevant to the managment of barrier beaches

                           Executive Office of Environmental Affairs: (617) 727-9800
    A                      This is the Governor's cabinet level agency. See the flow chart on the facing page
                           for the bureaucratic breakdown. Coastal Zone Managment also has a "Coastal
                           Brier, which briefly explains the functions of the Commonwealth's environmental
                           departments, bureaus, divisions, offices and programs with telephone numbers and
                           addresses; call Mass. Coastal Zone Management at (617) 727-9530 for a copy.

                           (All numbers are in the 617 area e-rxept as noted)
                           Mass. Coastal Zone Management: 727-9530.
                           Mass. Environmental Policy Act Unit: 727-5830.
                           Department of Environmental Managment's Division of Forests and Parks:
                                  727-3180 (includes Department owned public barrier beaches).
                           Department of Environmental Managment's Division of Resource Conservation:
                                  727-3160.
                           Department of Environmental Protection has a Bureau of Resource Protection
                                  under which falls the Division of Wetlands and Waterways: 292-5695
                                  (administers the Mass. Wetlands Protection and Waterways programs).
                           Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Law Enforcement's Division
                                  of Fisheries and Wildlife: 727-3151 (this Division includes the states'
                                  Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program: 727-9194); the
                                  Division ot Marine Fisheries: 727-3193; the Division of Law Enforcement:
                                  727-9905; and a HOTLINE: 1-800-632-8075.
                           Metropolitan District Commission: 727-5215 (the Commission owns metropolitan
                                  area public recreational barrier beaches).

                                                                  185

     I
     lqb
     I
     .1
     I                             APPENDIX G
     I                               Glossary
     I
     I
     I
     p
     I
     I                                      -
     I
     I
     I
     I
     I
     f                                  187
     1

                                                               Glossary

                            A-Zone: flood zone subject to still water flooding during a storm with a 100.
                                   year recurrence interval, as defined and mapped by Federal Emergency
                                   Management Agency.

                            accretion: may be either natural or artificial. Natural accretion is the buildup of
                                   land, solely by the action of the forces of nature, on a beach by deposition
                                   of water or airborne material. Artificial accretion is a similar buildup of
                                   land by reason of an act of man, such as the accretion formed by a groin,
                                   breakwater, or beach fill deposited by mechanical means.

                            aeolian: on barrier beaches, features caused by the winds; wind-blown.

                            backshore: zone of the shore or beach lying between the foreshore and the
                                   coastline comprising the berm or berms and acted upon by waves only
                                   during severe storms, especially when combined with exceptionally high
                                   water. Also backbeach.

                            barTier beach: a narrow low-lying strip of land consisting of beach and dunes
                                   extending parallel to the trend of the coast and separated from the
                                   mainland by a fresh, brackish or salt water body or marsh. Resource Area
                                   protected under the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310
                                   Code of Mass. Regulations 10.29).

                            barrier island: a barrier beach that is unconnected to the mainland.

                            barrier lagoon: a bay roughly parallel to the coast and separated from the
                                   open ocean by barrier islands. Also, the body of water encircled by coral
                                   islands and reefs, in which case it may be called an atoll lagoon.

                            barrier spit: a barrier beach that is connected at one end to upland and
                                   unconnected at the other end.

                            bay barrier: a barrier beach that is connected at both ends to upland.

                            beach: unconsolidated sediment subject to wave, tidal and coastal storm action
                                   which forms the gently sloping shore of a body of salt water and extends
                                   from the mean low waterline (including tidal flats) landward to the
                                   duneline, coastal bankline or the seaward edge of coastal engineering
                                   structures. Coastal beaches are a Resource Area protected under the
                                   Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310 Code of Mass.
                                   Regulations 10.27).

                                                                   188

                           beach nourishment: the process of replenishing a beach or dune with material
                                   (usually sand) obtained from another location, by mechanical or hydraulic
                                   8means.

                           berm: a nearly horizontal upper part of the beach or one sloping away from
                                   the ocean.

                           breakwater: a linear mound-like coastal engineering structure constructed
                                   offshore, typically parallel to the shoreline; designed to protect landward
                                   property, a harbor or anchorage from storm waves.

                           coastal bank: the seaward face or side of any elevated landform, other than
                                   a coastal dune, which lies at the landward edge of a coastal beach, land
                                   subject to tidal action, or other wetland. Coastal banks are a Resource
                                   Area protected by the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310
                                   Code of Mass. Regulations 10.30) and may be significant to storm damage
                                   prevention or flood control as a vertical buffer or as a sediment source for
                                   beaches, dunes or barriers. Coastal bank differs from a coastal dune by the
                                   fact that it has been glacially deposited. Top of coastal bank is defined in
                                   the Wetlands Protection Program Policy 92-1.

                           coastal beach: see "beach."

                           coastal dune: see "dune."

                           cobble: rocks larger than pebbles and gravel but smaller than boulders; generally
                                   around 3 inches (76 millimeters) in diameter.

                           conservation restriction: a legal agreement, either voluntary or involuntary,
                                   designed to restrict use of privately owned land for conservation purposes.

                           current, longshore: the littoral current in the breaker zone moving essentially
                                   parallel to the shore, usually generated by waves breaking at an angle to
                                   the shoreline.

                           downdrift: in the direction of the predominant movement of sediment along
                                   the shore.

                           dredging: the removal of sediment or excavation of tidal or subtidal bottom
                                   to provide sufficient depths for navigation or anchorage.

                           drift: see "wrack"

                           dune: any natural hill, mound, or ridge of sediment landward of a coastal beach
                                   deposited by the wind or storm overwash; sediment deposited by artificial
                                   means and serving the purpose of storm damage prevention and flood
                                   control. Coastal dunes are a Resource Area protected under the Wetlands

                                                                  189

                                    Protection Act and Regulations (See 310 Code of Mass. Regulations
                                    10.28).

                            endangered: species threatened with imminent extinction, as defined by the state
                                    and federal Endangered Species Acts.

                            entrapment capacity: when the updrift side of a groin or jetty is filled completely
                                    with beach sediment.

                            eolian sands: sediments of sand s  ize or smaller which have been transported
                                    by winds. They may be recognized in marine deposits off desert coasts by
                                    the greater angularity of the grains compared with waterborne particles.

                            erosion: the wearing away of land by the action of natural forces. On a beach,
                                    the carrying away of beach material by wave action, tidal currents, littoral
                                    currents, or by deflation.

                            estuary: a semi-enclosed body of water with an open connection to the sea
                                    that is measurably diluted by freshwater drainage.

                            floodplain: the area of shorelands extending inland from the normal yearly
                                    maximum stormwater level to the highest expected stormwater level in a
                                    given period of time (i.e. 5, 50, 100 years).

                            foredune: the first dune or dune ridge landward of the beach.

                            foreshore: the part of the shore, lying between the crest of the seaward berm
                                    (or upper limit of wave wash at high tide) and the ordinary low-water
                                    mark, that is ordinarily traversed by the uprush and backrush of the waves
                                    as the tides rise and fall.

                            glacial till: deposits of rock matter carried by the glacial ice.

                            gravel: rounded rock particles with diameters from 2 to 75 millimeters (1/6
                                    to 3 inches.)

                            groin: a narrow elongated coastal engineering structure constructed on the
                                    beach perpendicular to the trend of the beach; its intended purpose is to
                                    trap longshore drift to build up a section of beach.

                            headland (head): a high, steep-faced promontory extending into the sea

                            high water line: in strictness, the intersection of the plane of mean high water
                                    with the shore. The shoreline delineated on the nautical charts of the
                                    National Ocean Service is an approximation of the high water line. For
                                    specific occurrences, the highest elevation on the shore reached during a
                                    storm or rising tide, including meteorological effects.

                                                                    190

                            hurricane: an intense tropical cyclone with winds which move
                                   counterclockwise around a low pressure system; maximum winds exceed 75
                                   miles per hour.

                            intertidal zone (littoral zone): generally considered to be the zone between
                                   mean high-water and mean low-water levels.

                            invertebrate: an animal without a backbone. Insects and mussels are
                                   invertebrates.

                            jetty: a coastal engineering structure constructed perpendicular to the shoreline at
                                   inlets; designed to prevent longshore drift from filling the inlet and to
                                   provide protection for navigation.

                            littoral drift: the sedimentary material moved in the littoral zone under the
                                   influence of waves and currents.

                            littoral processes: the movement of sediment, including sand, gravel, or cobbles
                                   along the coast caused by waves or currents.

                            littoral transport: the movement of littoral drift in the littoral zone by waves
                                   and currents. Includes movement parallel (Iongshore transport) and
                                   perpendicular (on-offshore transport) to the shore.

                            marsh: a treeless form of wetland, often developing in shallow ponds or
                                   depressions, river margins, tidal areas, and estuaries. Marshes may contain
                                   either salt or fresh water. Prominent among the vegetation of marshes are
                                   grasses and sedges.

                            mean   high water: the average height of all of the high waters recorded at a
                                   given place over a 19 year period.

                            mean low water: the average height of all of the low waters recorded at a
                                   given place over a 19 year period.

                            mean sea level: the average height of the surface of the sea at a given place
                                   for all stages of the tide over a 19 year period.

                            mean tide level: a plane midway between mean high water and mean low
                                   water. Not necessarily equal to mean sea level. Also half-tide level.

                            northeaster: a large asymmetrical low pressure storm system that produces
                                   counterclockwise winds from 30 to 70 miles per hour which strike northeast
                                   facing coastal areas.

                                                                    191

                            overwash: the uprush and overtopping of a coastal dune by storm waters.
                                    Sediment is usually carried with the overwashing water and deposited as a
                                    washover fan on the landward side of the dune or barrier.

                            peat: partly decayed organic matter formed in boggy areas where high acidity
                                    and a lack of oxygen limits decomposition.

                            perched barrier: a barrier beach where beach and dune deposits overlie irregular
                                    glacial surfaces, whereas the underlying glacial surface extends to a
                                    maximum elevation of mid-tide.

                            profile, beach: the intersection of the ground surface with a vertical plane;
                                    may extend from the top of the dune line to the seaward limit of sand
                                    movement.

                            revetment: an apron-like sloped coastal engineering structure constructed on
                                    a bank or fronting a seawall; designed to dissipate the force of storm waves
                                    and prevent erosion or undermining of a seawall.

                            salt marsh: a inarsh periodically flooded by salt water. Salt marshes are protected
                                    under the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations (See 310 Code of
                                    Mass. Regulations 10.32).

                            sand: loose material which consists of grains of rock material ranging between
                                    0.0625 and 2.0 millimeters in diameter.

                            scour: removal of underwater material by waves and currents, especially at the
                                    base or toe of a shore structure.

                            seawall: a vertical wall-like coastal engineering structure constructed parallel
                                    to the beach and usually located at the base of a coastal bank.

                            sediment: solid fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks
                                    and is transported or deposited by air, water, or ice. Essentially all
                                    unconsolidated materials.

                            storm ridge: a low ridge of coarse gravel, cobbles and/or boulders piled up
                                    by storm waves; located at the inner margin of the beach and not reached
                                    by average waves or spring tides.

                            succession: the gradual replacement of one biotic community by another,
                                    eventually leading to a more or less stable community.

                            tidal flats: marshy or muddy land areas which are covered and uncovered by
                                    the rise and fall of the tide. Protected under the Wetlands Protection Act
                                    and Regulations (See 310 Code of Mass. Regulations 10.27).

                                                                     192

                           tidal inlet: a breach in a coastal barrier generally opened by a major storm
                                  and maintained by tidal flow.

                           tombolo: a barrier beach that connects an island to the mainland or to another
                                  island.

                           updrift: the direction opposite that of the predominant movement of sediment
                                  along the shore.

                           upland: a general term for high land or ground that is elevated above the
                                  floodplain.

                           velocity zone (V-zone): flood zone subject to velocity water flooding during a
                                  storm with a 100 year recurrence interval, as designated and mapped by the
                                  Federal Emergency Management Agency.

                           washover fan: see "overwash."

                           wrack line: a line generally defining the landward limit of high tide or storm
                                  wave uprush typically consisting of seaweed, shells and other submerged
                                  organisms that have died.

                           Definitions developed from sources including. Bartier Island Handbook
                           (Leatherman, 1979); Guide to the Coastal Wetlands Regulations (Massachusetts
                           Coastal Zone Managment, 1978); and Shore Protection Manual (US Army Corps of
                           Engineers, 1984).

                                                                  193

      16

                                              APPENDIX H

                                    Mass. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
                              Guidelines for Managing Recreational Use
                                 of Beaches to Protect Piping Plovers,
                              Terns and Their Habitats in Massachusetts

                                                   195

                        Curnrnonv.-ealth of M ssachLlSeUS
                        Divisionot
                        Fisheffies &Wildlife
                        Wayne F. MacCallum, Director

                                                            April 21, 1993

                  Dear Beach Manager:

                  The attached- guidelines were developed by the Division of Fisheries
                  and wildlife to help managers and property. owners comply with
                  regulations pursuant toi,the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act
                  and Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act pertaining to the
                  protection of piping plovers, terns, and their habitats.

                  These guidelines have evolved through numerous discussions and
                  consultations with other state and federal resource management
                  agencies, private conservation groupp, wildlife biologists, beach
                  managers, beach users, and town conservation commissions. Through
                  these guidelines, we are seeking to provide necessary protection to
                  piping plovers and terns without unnecessarily restricting
                  appropriate access to Massachusetts' beaches.

                  Please contact the staff of our Natural Heritage and Endangered
                  Species Section at 508-792-7270 if you have questions about these
                  guidelines or would like to discuss specific issues of rare species
                  management on your beaches.

                                                            Sincerely,
                                                            h4ew
                                                                     -;/- A@

                                                            Wayne F. MacCallum,
                                                            Director

                  encl.

                        Division of Fisheries & Wildlife
                        Leverett Saltonstall Buildin&
                        -Government Center 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, NtA 02202 (617) 727-3151
                        An Agency of the Department of Fisheries. WikUife & Environmental Law Enforcement

                                                       196

                 GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING RECREATIONAL USE OF BEACHES TO PROTECT
      16           PIPING PLOVERS, TERNS, AND THEIR HABITATS IN MASSACHUSETTS
                        Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
                        Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program
                                  Field Headquarters, Rt. 135
                                     Westborough, MA 01581

                                         21 April 1993

                                        I. INTRODUCTION

                    The Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (the
               Division) has developed the following guidelines to assist beach
               managers and property owners with protecting piping plovers,
               least terns, common terns, roseate terns, arctic terns, and their
               habitats. Implementing these guidelines will help beach managers
               and property owners avoid potential violations of the
               Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (MGL c. 131A) and its
               implementing regulations (321 CMR 10.00) involving recreational
               use of beaches used by piping plovers and terns for breeding and
               nesting habitat.

                    The Division intends to apply these guidelines in its review
               of Notices of Intent, pursuant to the Massachusetts Wetlands
               Protection Act regulations (310 CMR 10.37), for vehicular use of
               beaches where piping plovers and terns occur.

                    The Department of Environmental Protection has developed a
               set of recommended conditions for barrier beach management to be
               used by municipal conservation commissions in drafting orders of
               Conditions. In addition, the Massachusetts Barrier Beach Task
               Force, coordinated by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, has
               developed a comprehensive set of guidelines covering the full
               range of barrier beach management issues. The following
               guidelines should be read and applied in conjunction with these
               other documents.

                    Users of these piping plover and tern guidelines are advised
               that they do not supersede any law., regulation, or official
               policy of this or any other agency. Rather, these guidelines are
               intended to complement other regulatory review processes
               regarding recreational activities on beaches by providing a
               standard set of scientifically based management recommendations.

                    This document contains five sections: 1) an introduction, 2)
               summaries of life histories of these species and threats to their
               continued existence in the state, 3) a summary of pertinent laws
               and regulations, 4) guidelines for managing and protecting
               plovers, terns, and their habitats, and 5) literature cited.

                    In these guidelines, the Division has sought to provide the
               necessary protection to piping plovers and terns without

                                                197

                  Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                 2
                  Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
                  21 April 1993

                  unnecessarily restricting appropriate access along all of the
                  state's beaches. The Division has a long history of promoting
                  the rights of citizens to enjoy a variety of outdoor pursuits,
                  provided that they do not jeopardize the state's wildlife
                  resources. The Division has worked to facilitate fishing and
                  hunting access statewide and has supported the common law right
                  of access to the shorelines of the coast and "Great Ponds" for
                  the purposes of fishing and fowling. Although these guidelines
                  make it clear that it will be necessary at times to restrict
                  vehicular access temporarily on beaches where and when piping
                  plovers and terns are present, the Division will only support
                  such restrictions when it is necessary to protect the habitat,
                  nests, and unfledged chicks of plovers and terns. The Division
                  w
                   ill continue to seek and consider management measures that offer
                   i
                  maximum flexibility in balancing recreational use with protection
                  of rare species and their habitats. Even when vehicular access
                  is.restricted, the Division will normally support continued
                  access to beaches for fishermen and other recreational users by
                  foot and by boat.

                           11. SPECIES STATUS, LIFE HISTORY, AND THREATS

                  Piping Plover

                      Piping plovers are small, sand-colored shorebirds that nest
                  on sandy, coastal beaches from South Carolina to Newfoundland.
                  The U.S. Atlantic coast population is listed as "Threatened" by
                  the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under provisions of the U.S.
                  Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                  1988), and was estimated at 790 pairs in 1992 (U.S. Fish and
                  wildlife Service 1992). In Massachusetts, the piping plover is
                  also listed as "Threatened" by the Massachusetts Division of
                  Fisheries and Wildlife under provisions of the Massachusetts
                  Endangered Species Act. In 1992, 213 pairs of piping plovers
                  nested on Massachusetts beaches (Melvin 1992).

                      Piping plovers nest on coastal beaches above the high-tide
                  line, sand flats at the end of sand spits, gently sloping
                  foredunes, and in blow-outs or washover areas between or behind
                  coastal dunes. They may also nest where sandy dredged material
                  has been deposited. Nests are simple scrapes in  the sand or
                  mixtures of sand, gravel, and shells. Nests are  placed on open
                  sand or in patches of sparse to moderately dense beach grass and
                  other dune vegetation. Piping plovers depend on  natural
                  processes of beach erosion and accretion through wind and wave
                  action to maintain suitable nesting habitat.

                      Piping plovers return to nesting beaches in  Massachusetts

                                                  198

                  Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                3
                  Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
                  21 April 1993

                  from mid-March to early May. Males establish and defend
                  territories and court females. Nesting may occur from mid-April
                  through late July. Clutch size is usually four eggs, and eggs
                  are usually incubated for 27-28 days before hatching. Piping
                  plovers fledge only a single brood per season, but may renest
                  several times if previous nests are lost. Chicks are precocial
                  and able to move about within hours after hatching. They may
                  move hundreds of yards from the nest site during their first week
                  of life. Chicks remain together with one  or both parents until
                  they fledge (are able to fly) at 25 to 35 days of age. Depending
                  on date of hatching, unfledged chicks may be present from late
                  May until mid-August, although most fledge by the end of July.
                  Adults and chicks feed on amphipods, marine worms, flies, and
                  other invertebrates. The.most important feeding habitats for
                  both adults and chicks are intertidal areas and wrack (seaweed,
                  vegetation, shells, and other organic debris deposited on the
                  beach by tides and storms) (Gibbs 1986, Goldin et al. 1990,
                  Hoopes et al. 1992).

                       Sandy beaches that provide nesting habitat for piping
                  plovers are also attractive recreational habitats for people and
                  their pets. Human recreational activities can be a source of
                  both disturbance and direct mortality to piping plovers (Blodget
                  1990, Melvin et al. 1991). People on beaches may inadvertently
                  crush eggs, cause nests to be abandoned, and disturb or displace
                  unfledged chicks. Unleashed dogs may chase adults, kill chicks,
                  and eat eggs. Kites and fireworks are highly disturbing to
                  piping plovers (Hoopes et al. 1992; Howard et al. 1993).

                       Unrestricted use of motorized vehicles on beaches is a
                  serious threat to piping plovers and their habitats. Vehicles
                  can crush both eggs and chicks (Burger 1986, Patterson 1988,
                   trauss 1990, Melvin et al. 1991). In Massachusetts, biologists
                  documented 7 incidents in which 9 chicks were killed by vehicles
                  bSetween 1989 and 1992 (Melvin et al. 1993). Many biologists that
                  monitor and manage piping plovers believe thatmany more chicks
                  are killed by vehicles than are found and reported. On sections
                  of Massachusetts beaches used by vehicles during nesting and
                  brood-rearing periods, breeding plovers are gene'rally either
                  absent or less abundant than expected given available nesting and
                  feeding habitat. In contrast, plover abundance and productivity
                  has increased on beaches where vehicle restrictions during chick-
                  rearing periods have been combined with protection of nests from
                  predators.

                       Typical behaviors of piping plover chicks increase their
                  vulnerability to vehicles (Melvin et al. 1993). Chicks
                  frequently move between the upper berm or foredune and feeding
                  habitats in the wrack line and intertidal zone. These movements
                  place chicks in the paths of vehicles driving along the berm or

                                                 199

               Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                  4
               Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
               21 April 1993

               through the intertidal zone. Chicks stand in, walk, and run
               along tire ruts, and sometimes have difficulty crossing deep ruts
               or climbing out of them. Chicks sometimes stand motionless or
               crouch as vehicles pass by, or do not move quickly enough to get
               out of the way. Wire fencing placed around nests to deter
               predators is ineffective in protecting chicks from vehicles
               because chicks typically leave the nest within a day after
               hatching and move extensively along the beach to feed.

                     vehicles also degrade piping plover habitat by crushing
               wrack into the sand and making it unavailable as cover or a
               foraging substrate, by,creating ruts that may trap or impede
               .movements of chicks, and by causing disturbance that may prevent
               plovers from using habitat that is otherwise suitable (Goldin et
               al. 1990, Strauss 1990, Melvin et al. 1993).

               Least Tern

                     Least terns are small, white and black seabirds that nest
               along Atlantic coast beaches from southern Maine to Florida. The
               least tern is listed as a "Species of Special Concern" by the.
               Division of Fisheries and wildlife under provisions of the
               Massachusetts Endangered Species Act. An estimated 2,642 pairs
               .nested at 51 sites in Massachusetts in 1992 (Blodget 1992).

                     Least terns nest in habitats that are similar to those of
               the piping plover, and the two@species often nest near each
               other. Least terns arrive in Massachusetts in early May, engage
               in elaborate courtship rituals, mate, and quickly establish
               nesting colonies. Actual nesting occurs from about the third
               week of May to mid-July. Nesting colonies range in size from
               several pairs to over 500 pairs. Nests are shallow "scrapes"    in
               the sand, usually in sandy areas devoid of vegetation, but
               sometimes in areas of sparse beach grass, beach pea, and other
               dune vegetation. Least terns, like piping plovers, have nested
               along the Atlantic-coast for thousands of years and depend on
               natural processes of beac *h and dune erosion and accretion to
               maintain their habitats.

                     Clutches consist of 1-3 eggs and incubation averages 21 to
               23 days. Least terns are single-brooded, but will renest
               multiple times if previous nests are lost. Chicks are precocial
               and may move considerable distances along the beach before
               fledging, which occurs after 20-22 days. Adults deliver fish
               caught in the surrounding waters to chicks. Soon after chicks
               are able to fly, least terns gather in pre-migratory flocks and
               depart southward; most are gone before the end of August.

                     Least terns are vulnerable to disturbance from humans, pets,

                                                  200

                 Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                  5
                 Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
                 21 April 1993

                 and vehicles during periods of courtship and egg-laying in May
                 and June. Similar to piping plovers, incubating least tern
                 adults, eggs, and chicks are extremely cryptic. Prolonged or
                 repeated disturbance at colonies can lead to egg and chick loss
                 from exposure, predation, or abandonment. Least tern chicks are
                 also vulnerable to mortality caused by off-road vehicles, and may
                 stand or crouch in or walk and run along vehicle ruts.

                 Common. Roseate. and Arctic Terns

                      These three similar species of white and black seabirds nest
                 together in mixed-species colonies.. All are slightly larger than
                 the least tern. The common tern is indeed the most "common" of
                 the group. In 1992, 8,600 pairs were estimated at 35 sites in
                 Massachusetts, although only 9 of those colonies exceeded 100
                 pairs (Blodget 1992). The arctic tern, at the southern edge of
                 its natural range in Massachusetts, has been declining since the
                 1950's and reached an all-time low of only 8 pairs in 1992. Both
                 of these species are listed by the Massachusetts Division of
                 Fisheries and Wildlife as "Species of Special Concern" under
                 prov isions of the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.

                      The Northeastern population of the roseate tern is listed as
                 "Endangered" by both the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the
                 U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S. Fish and wildlife
                 Service 1989), and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                 Wildlife under provisions of the Massachusetts Endangered Species
                 Act. Of an estimated 1,412 pairs in Massachusetts in 1992, 1,375
                 pairs (97%) nested on Bird Island in Buzzards Bay (Blodget 1992).
                 The rest were scattered among large colonies of common terns.

                      These three species of larger terns prefer to nest on
                 offshore islands and remote tips of barrier beaches.
                 Unfortunately, gulls have usurped most optimal nesting sites
                 since the 19501s, forcing terns to nest at a limited number of
                 secondary inshore sites where they are more exposed to human
                 disturbance and a host of land-based predators.

                      The life histories of these three species of terns are
                 generally similar. Exemplifying the three, common terns select
                 dune areas with moderate-to dense stands of beach gra -ss and other
                 dune vegetation. Birds arrive from the south in early May and
                 select colony sites before the end of May. Ritualized courtship
                 and pair formation occur on the beach and sandflats adjacent to
                 the colony site. Nesting colonies range from a few to over 4,000
                 pairs. Nests are usually scrapes in the sand lined with beach
                 grass andseaweed. Clutches of 2-3 eggs are laid and both
                 parents share incubation duties for about 23 days. Young are
                 precocial but are fed and brooded by adults. Diets of these

                                                  201

                Massachuset,ts Division of Fisher4 .3 and Wildlife                 6
                Piping Plo%-:r and Tern Guideline!@.
                21 April 1993

                terns are almost exclusively fish. As the young approach
                fledging at about.28 days, they congregate in rearing or
                "nursery" areas on broad expanses of beach and sand flats, where
                they loaf and are fed by adults. At some sites, thousands of
                young terns may be present in thes'e nursery areas from late Tuly
                through mid-August. After mid-August, most terns ave fledq"-d
                and all three species gather at staging areas prior to departing
                for winter quarters by the end of August.

                      Prolonged or repeated disturbance at nesting colonies or
                nursery areas of common, arctic, or roseate terns can lead to egg
                and chick loss from exposure, predation, or abandonment. Eggs
                and young chicks tend to be less subject to mortality from
                vehicles because they occur more often in dune areas@ but older
                chicks are sometimes run over when they move onto the outer beach
                prior to fledging. Older chicks have also been found dead,
                tangled in kite string.

                                      Ill.   MASSACHUSETTS LAW

                      This section is provided to give a brief  overview of
                provisions ofthe Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and
                Endangered Species Act that are pertinent to the management of
                piping plovers, terns, and their habitats. The reader is
                strongly advised to read the official texts of t@e current laws
                and regulations cited below.

                Massachusetts Wetlands Protection-Act (MGL c. 131 s. 40)

                      The Natural Heritage and Endangered_Species Program of the
                Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (the Program)
                acts as the scientific authority to determine what is actual
                habitat and to provide an opinion about whether proposed
                activities subject to the Wetlands Protection Act will have
                adverse effects on rare wetlands wildlife habitat. Opinions
                issued by the Program are presumed to be correct, although this
                presumption is rebuttable and may be overcome upon a clear
                showing to the contrary.

                Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (MGL c-. 131A)

                      The Massachusetts Endangered Species Act (MESA) and
                regulations (321 CMR 10.00) are administered by the Massachusetts
                Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. The Act prohibits the
                "taking" of any species of animal or plant listed as

                                                   202

              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries an Wildlife
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

              "Endangered", "Threatened", or "Species of Special Concern" in
              Massachusetts. For animals, "taking" is defined as: "to harass,
              harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, hound, kill, trap, capture, collect,
              process, disrupt the nesting, breeding, feeding, or migratory
              activity or attempt to engage in any such conduct, or to assist
              such conduct". Regulations implementing the Act state further
              that: "All state agencies shall utilize their authorities in
              furtherance of the purposes of MESA and these regulations;
              review, evaluate and determine the impact on Endangered,
              Threatened and Special Concern species or their habitats of all
              works, projects, or activities conducted by them; and use all
              practicable means and measures to avoid or minimize damage to
              such species or their habitats." This includes "any work,
              project, or activity either directly undertaken by a state
              agency, or if undertaken by a person, which seeks the provision
              of financial assistance by an agency or requires the issuance of
              permits by an agency".

                                  IV. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

              VEHICLE MANAGEMENT

              Protection of Nests and Nesting Habitat

                   On beaches where vehicles will be driven, all areas of
              suitable piping plover nesting habitat, as determined by the
              Division, should be identified and delineated with posts and
              warning signs or symbolic fencing on or before April 1 each year.
              @uitable nesting habitat for all species of terns should be
              identified and so delineated on or before May 15 each year.

                   All vehicular access into or through delineated nesting
              habitat should be prohibited. However, prior to hatching,
              vehicles may pass by such areas along designated vehicle
              corridors established along the outside edge of plover and tern
              nesting habitat. Vehicle may also park outside delineated
              nesting habitat, if beach width and configuration and tidal
              conditions allow. Vehicle corridors or parking areas should be
              moved, constructed, or temporarily closed if territorial,
              courting, or nesting plovers or terns are disturbed by passing or
              parked vehicles, or if disturbance is anticipated because of
              unusual tides or expected increases in vehicle use during
              weekends, holidays, or special events.

                                             203

             Massachusetts Division of.Fisheries and Wildlife
             Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
             21 April 1993

             Protection of  Chicks and Chick Habitat

                  Sections  of beaches where unfledged piping plover or tern
             chicks are present should be temporarily closed to all vehicles
             not deemed essential. (See the provisions for essential vehicles
             below.)

                  when unfledged plover chicks are present, vehicles should be
             prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal habitat within
             100 yards of either side of a line drawn through the nest site
             and perpendicular to the long axis of the beach. The resulting
             200 yard-wide area of protected habitat for plover chicks should
             extend from the ocean-side low water line to the bay-side low
             water line or to the farthest extent of dune habitat if no bav-
             side intertidal habitat exists. However, vehicles may be allowed
             to pass through portions of the protected area that are
             considered inaccessible to plover chicks because of steep
             topography, dense vegetation, or other naturally-occurring
             obstacles. If unfledged plover chicks move outside the original
             200 yard-wide area of protected habitat, then the boundaries of
             the protected area.should be adjusted to provide at least a 100
             yard buffer between chicks and vehicles.

                  when unfledged least tern chicks are present, vehicles
             should be prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal habitat
             within 100 yards of either side of lines drawn through the
             outermost nests in the colony and perpendicular to the long axis
             of the beach. The resulting area of protected habitat for least
             tern chicks should extend from the ocean-side low water line to
             the bay-side low water line, or to the farthest extent of dune
             habitat if no bay-side intertidal zone exists. If unfledged
             chicks move outsi,.1--! the original protected area, then the
             boundaries of the protected area should be adjusted to provide at
             least a 100 yard-wide buffer between unfledged chicks and
             vehicles. However, vehicles may pass through any portions of the
             protected area considered inaccessible to least tern chicks
             because of distance, steep topography, dense vegetation, or other
             naturally-occurring obstacles. Because least tern chicks
             disperse from nests shorter distances and at older ages than
             piping plover chicks, under some circumstances it may be possible
             to allow passage of vehicles through portions of protected least
             tern chick habitat if,,in the opinion of the Division, this can
             occur without substantially increasing threats to least tern
             chicks or their habitats.

             Timing of Vehicle Restrictions in Chick Habitat

                  Restrictions on use of vehicles in areas where unfledged
             plover or tern chicks are 'present should begin on or before the

                                                    204

                   Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                 9
                   Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
                   21 April 1993

                   date that hatching begins and continue until chicks have fledged.
                   For purposes of vehicle management, plover chicks are considered
                   fledged at 35 days of age or when observed in flight, whichever
                   occurs first. Tern chicks are considered fledged when they are
                   capable of flight.

                        when piping plover nests are found before the last egg is
                   laid, restrictions on vehicles should begin on the 26th day after
                   the last egg is laid. This assumes an average incubation period
                   of 27 days, and provides a I day margin of error.

                        When plover nests are found after the last egg has been
                   laid, making it impossible to predict hatch date, restrictions on
                   vehicles should begin on a.date determined by 1 of 3 scenarios:

                        1) If a plover nest found with a complete clutch is
                        monitored twice per day, at dawn and dusk (before 0600 hrs
                        and after 1900 hrs), vehicle use may continue until hatching
                        begins. Nests should be monitored at dawn and dusk to
                        minimize the time that hatching may go undetected if it
                        occurs after dark. Whenever possible, nests should be
                        monitored from a distance with spotting scope or binoculars
                        to minimize disturbance to incubating plovers.

                        2) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch before
                        May 22 (the earliest recorded hatch date for piping plovers
                        in Massachusetts), and is not monitored twice per day, at
                        dawn and dusk, then restrictions on vehicles should begin
                        May 22.

                        3) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch on or
                        after May 22, and is not monitored twice per day, at dawn
                        and dusk, then restrictions on vehicles should begin
                        immediately.

                        If hatching occurs earlier than expected, or chicks are
                   discovered from an unreported nest, restrictions on vehicles
                   should begin immediately.

                        If, in the opinion of the Division, ruts are present that
                   are deep enough to restrict movements of plover chicks, or
                   vehicle impacts on wrack are so severe that wrack must be allowed
                   to accumulate naturally prior to hatching, then restrictions on
                   vehicles should begin at least 5 days prior to the anticipated
                   hatching date of plover nests. If a plover nest is found with a
                   complete clutch, precluding estimation of hatching date, and
                   availability of wrack has been substantially reduced by vehicle
                   passage, or deep ruts have been created that could reasonably be
                   expected to impede chick movements, then restrictions on vehicl.es
                   should begin immediately.

                                                   205

              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

                   Restrictions on use of vehicles in least tern chick habitat
              should begin as soon as hatching begins (as early.as June 12).
              Restrictions may begin later if, in the opinion of the Division,
              tern chicks are not endangered by vehicles because of distance
              or intervening steep terrain, dense vegetation, or other
              naturally-occuring barriers.

                   Areas of dune, beach, or intertidal habitat used as nursery
              areas by unfledged or recently fledged tern chicks, as identified
              by the Division, should be delineated with postst warning signs
              or symbolic fencing no later than June 21. All access by
              vehicles into posted tern nursery areas should be prohibited
              while unfledged or recently-fledged tern chicks are present in
              these areas, until it is determined that use of nursery areas by
              young terns has ended (i.e. young terns are no longer being fed
              by adult terns).

              Essential Vehicles

                   Essential vehicles, as defined by municipal conservation
              commissions pursuant to the Guidelines for Barrier Beach
              Management in Massachusetts developed by the Massachusetts
              Barrier Beach Task Force, should only travel on sections of
              beaches where unfledged plover or tern chicks are present if such
              travel is absolutely necessary and no other reasonable travel
              routes are available. Essential vehicles should travel through
              chick habitat areas only during daylight hours, except-in
              emergencies, and should be guided by a qualified monitor who has
              first determined the location of all unfledged plover and tern
              chicks. All steps should be taken to minimize number of trips by
              essential vehicles through chick habitat areas. Use of open, 3
              or 4-wheel motorized all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) or non-motorized
              all-terrain bicycles is recommended whenever possible for
              monitoring and law enforcement because of the improved visibility
              afforded operators. Homeowners should consider other means of
              access, e.g., by water, or shuttle services, during periods when
              chicks are present. A log should be maintained by the beach
              manager of the date, time, vehicle number and operator, and
              purpose of each trip through areas where unfledged chicks are
              present. Personnel monitoring plovers and terns should maintain
              and regularly update a log of the numbers and locations of
              unfledged plover and tern chicks on each beach. Drivers of
              essential vehicles should review the log each day to determine
              the most recent number and location of unfledged chicks.

                   Travel by essential vehicles should avoid the wrack Ane and
              should be infrequent enough to avoid creating deep ruts that
              could impede chick movements. If essential vehicles are
              substantially reducing availability of wrack or are creating ruts

                                             206

              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

              that could impede chick movements, use of essential vehicles
              should be further reduced and, if necessary, restricted to only
              emergency vehicles.

              MANAGEMENT OF OTHER RECREATIONAL USES

              The activities discussed in this section are not subject to the
              jurisdiction of the Wetlands Protection Act because they   are not
              considered to be alterations of wetland resources areas. The
              following guidelines should only be applied in reference   to the
              Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.

                   On beaches where pedestrians, joggers, sun-bathers,
              picnickers, fishermen, boaters, horseback riders or other
              recreational users will be present in numbers that could harm or
              disturb incubating plovers or terns their eggs, or chicks, refuge
              areas of at least 50 yard-radius around nests and above the high
              tide line should be delineated with warning signs and symbolic
              fencing. only persons engaged in rare species monitoring,
              management, or research activities should enter refuge areas.
              Refuge areas should remain fenced as long as viable eggs or
              unfledged chicks are present.

                   Refuge areas around nests should be expanded if a 50 yard-
              radius is deemed inadequate to protect incubating adults or
              unfledged chicks from harm or disturbance. This may incliide
              situations where plovers or terns and especially intolerant of
              @uman presence, or where a 50 yard-radius refuge provides
              insufficient escape cover or alternative foraging opportunities
              for plover chicks. If nests are discovered outside fenced areas,
              fencing should be extended to create a sufficient buffer to
              prevent harm or disturbance to incubating adults, eggs, or
              unfledged chicks. On some beaches where plovers and terns have
              traditionally nested or where suitable habitat occurs, it may be
              necessary to symbolically fence portions of habitat during March
              or April, prior to plover nesting, or during may, prior to tern
              nesting, if, in the opinion of the Division, failure to do so
              could discourage plovers or terns from nesting as a result of
              disturbance from human use.

                   Rearing or nursery areas used by unfledged or recently
              fledged tern chicks, as identified by the Division, should be
              delineated with posts, warning signs, or symbolic fencing not
              later than June 21. Only persons engaged in rare species
              monitoring, management, or research should enter posted or fenced
              tern nursery areas while unfledged tern chicks or tern chicks
              being.fed by adult terns are present, although individuals may
              pass by outside these areas. Such nursery areas may be re-opened

                                              207

              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

              when all tern chicks have fledged and are not being fed b@,. adult
              terns.

                   Pets should be leashed and under control of their owners at
              all times from April 1 to August 31 on beaches where piping
              plovers or terns are present or have traditionally nested. Pets
              should be prohibited on these beaches from April 1 through August
              31 if, based on observations and experiences, pet owners fail to
              keep pets leashed and under control.

                   Kite flying should be prohibited within 200 yards of nesting
              or territorial adult or unfledged juvenile piping plovers or
              terns from April 1 to August 31.

                   Fireworks should be prohibited on beaches where plovers or
              terns nest from April 1 to August 31.

                                              208

                 Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                 13
                 Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
                 21 April 1993

                                         V. LITERATURE CITED

                 Blodget, B.G. 1990. The piping plover story. Massachusetts
                       Wildlife. 60(2):18-25.

                       . 1992. Results of the 1992 Massachusetts tern inventory.
                       Unpubl. report. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
                       wildlife, Westborough. 5 pp.

                 Burger, J. 1986. Factors influencing the long term survival of
                       the piping plover in New Jersey. Unpubl. report. New
                       Jersey Department of Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Trenton. 42
                       PP.

                 Gibbs, J.P. 1986. Feeding ecology of nesting piping plovers in
                       Maine. Unpubl. report. Maine Chapter, The Nature
                       Conservancy, Topsham. 21 pp.

                 Goldin, M.R. C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1990. Reproductive
                       and foraging ecology, human disturbance, and management of
                       piping plovers at Breezy Point, Gateway National Recreation
                       Area., New York. Progress report-1989. Unpubl. report.
                       University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 58 pp.

                 Hoopes, E.M., C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1992.
                       Relationships between human recreation and piping plover
                       foraging ecology and chick survival. Unpubl. report.
                       University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 77 pp.

                 Howard, J.M., R.J. Safran, and S.M. Melvin. 1993. Biology and
                       conservation of piping plovers at Breezy Point, New-York.
                       UnpUbl. report. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 33
                       pp-

                 Melvin, S.M. 1992. Status of piping plovers in Massachusetts,
                       1992 summary. Unpubl report. Massachusetts Division of
                       Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough. 14 pp.

                       j C.R. Griffin, and L.H. MAcIvor. 1991. Recovery
                       strategies for piping plovers in managed coastal landscapes.
                       Coastal Management 19:21-34.

                 -1 A. Hecht, and C.R. Griffin. 1993. Mortality of piping
                       plover chicks caused by off-road vehicles on Atlantic coast
                       beaches. Wildlife Society Bulletin., (in press).

                 Patterson, M. E. 1988. Piping plover breeding biology and
                       reproductive success on Assateague Island. M.S. Thesis.
                       Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

                                                  209

              Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife                       14
              Piping Plover and Tern Guidelines
              21 April 1993

                   Blacksburg. 131 pp.

              Strauss, E. 1990. Reproductive success, life history patterns,
                   and behavioral variation in a population of piping plovers
                   subjected to human disturbance. Ph.D. Dissertation. Tufts
                   University, Medford, Massachusetts. 143 pp.

              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Atlantic coast piping
                   plover recovery plan. U.S.Yish and Wildlife Service,
                   Newton Corner, Massachusetts. 74 @,-p.                                                I

                   . 1989. Roseate tern recovery plan. Northeastern
                   population. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner,
                   Massachusetts. 86 pp.

                   . 1992. 1992 status update, U.S. Atlantic coast piping
                   plover. Unpubl. report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                   Newton Corner, Massachusetts. 6 pp.

                                                      210

      i
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      I
      I
      I                                           APPENDIX I
      I                        Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
                               Recommended Conditions for Barrier Beaches
      I
      I
      I                                                                          -
      Is
      I
      I
      I
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      I

                            Commonweafth of Massachusetts
                             ecutive Office of Environmental Affairs
                            Department of
                            Environmental Protection
                 VAlltarn F. Wold
                    Goww"M                                                                    I
                Danle! S. Greenbaum
                   CommWsiorw

                                                 June 30, 1993

              RE: Wetlands Act.Review for Activities on Barrier Beaches

              Dear Interested Party:

                   The Secretary of Environmental Affairs established the Barrier
              Beach Task Force, chaired by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management
              Office (MCZM), to identify issues of major concern and develop
              recommendations for managing these sensitive coastal areas in the face
              of competing interests and uses. In conjunction with this effort, the
              Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has developed the
              attached "Recommended Conditions for Activities on Barrier Beaches" as
              guidance to conservation commissions, beach managers, and other
              interested parties in filing notices of intent and issuing orders of
              conditions under the Wetlands Protection Act (MGL c 131 5 40). We
              believe that these conditions offer appropriate protection for the
              public interests associated with barrier beaches while balancing the
              needs of competing users.

              Purpose of this Guidance

                   Barrier beach systems are dynamic land forms that  undergo
              constant change and provide a variety of public benefits, including
              recreation, fishing, and important wildlife habitat. Accordingly, the
              Department recommends that barrier beach management plans be adopted
              to protect and manage these important values. As a result of the work
              of the Barrier Beach Task Force, MCZM is now finalizing "Guidelines
              for Barrier Beach Management in Massachusetts" to assist in the
              ,development of such plans.

                   A number of beach owners and managers have developed, or are in
              the process of developing, management plans and filing notices of
              intent, as maybe appropriate, for certain activities on barrier
              beaches. others have not yet begun the process. The attached
              conditions are being issued in advance of the forthcoming Barrier
              Beach Task Force guidance document in order that those already in the
              permit process may be aware of the standards the Department would
              expect to be incorporated in orders of conditions. our goal is to
              ensure that when orders of conditions are needed, work can be approved
              quickly and that ongoing activities are not unnecessarily disrupted by
              the regulatory review process.

                 One VAnter Street*Boston, Massachusetts 021080FAX (6M SWI049 0 Telephone (617) 292-5500

                                                  212

                     June 30, 1993
                     Page 2

                          DEP has worked closely with interested groups to address the
                     conflicts that can arise from competing demands on barrier beach
                     resources. It became apparent through these discussions that
                     communication, coordination, and cooperation can resolve most
                     conflicts.    However, the effort to reconcile the use of off-road
                     vehicles (ORVs) with the protection of rare and endangered wildlife
                     species and their habitats continues to generate debate. Sound barrier
                     beach management plans will help balance these interests. All parties
                     have expressed a desire to be as flexible as possible to
                     allow ORV and other uses while avoiding impacts to wildlife and
                     habitats. Still, specific situations may arise where ORV use will
                     have to be limited or prohibited at certain times - when wildlife and
                     their habitats are vulnerable during critical periods in their life
                     cycles. The attached conditions reflect the need to achieve such a
                     balance.

                     Activities to be Recrulated Under the Wetlands Protection Act

                          In cooperation with CZM and the Barrier Beach Task Force, DEP has
                     reviewed the types of activities that occur on barrier beaches and has
                     determined that, while it is important to include a broad range of
                     activities in barrier beach management plans, not all of these
                     activities are subject to the Wetlands Protection Act. DEP recommends
                     that the following activities and projects be included in notices of
                     intent (NOIs) as well as management plans because they are appropriate
                     for review under the Wetlands Protection Act (MGL c 131 S 40) and its
                     regulations (310 CMR 10.00):

                          9     construction of buildings, walkways, roads, parking areas,
                                and other facilities;

                          0     ORV use and access to Barrier Beaches (310 CMR 10.29), which
                                generally include Coastal Dunes (310 CMR 10-.28) and Coastal
                                Beaches (310 CMR 10.27);

                          0     beach nourishment and dune construction or restoration
                                projects; and

                          0     beach cleaning activities involving heavy equipment (e.g.
                                tractor).

                          A number of other activities that take place on barrier beaches
                     and which may be included in barrier beach management plans may not be
                     appropriate for review under the Wetlands Protection Act. These
                     generally are "passive" recreational activities that are not likely to
                     alter barrier beaches. They are managed best by the communities and
                     beach managers who have first hand knowledge of local conditions and
                     interests. Examples of activities that do not, in DEP's opinion,
                     require the filing of an NOI are: foot traffic, boating and horseback
                     riding. While DEP recognizes that concentrated or excessive use of a
                     particular area has the potential to adversely affect part of a
                     barrier beach, the general experience has been that these activities
                     do not have adverse impacts and therefore are not subject to review
                     under the Wetlands Protection Act.

                                                  213

               June 30, 1993
               Page 3

                    One activity not specifically addressed in the attached
               recommendations is aquaculture activities. Efforts to evaluate
               environmental impacts and consolidate permitting for coastal
               aquaculture are ongoing. When these initiatives have been more fully
               developed, supplemental conditions will be issued that cover
               aquaculture activities as they relate to a number of regulatory
               programs.

                      DEP defets to the scientific opinions of the Natural Heritage
               and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) in determining the location and
               extent of actual habitat of state-listed rare species. DEP also
               relies on NHESP to determine whether a proposed activity will have an
               adverse effect, whether short- or long-term, on the habitat of the
               local rare species population. NHESP's opinion is presumed to be
               correct and may be overcome only upon a clear showing to the contrary.

                    Barrier beach management plans may require modifications from
               time to time in order to protect these sensitive areas adequately as
               conditions change or when an unforeseen impact occurs. Plans should
               be adopted, reviewed, and modified based on input from a variety of
               local and state interest groups to ensure that all viewpoints are
               represented.

                    I encourage you to review the attached'information when
               developing and implementing barrier beach management plans and in
               filing and reviewing notices of intent for certain activities
               conducted under such plans. If you have any questions or need
               assistance on these matters, please contact Robert Golledge, Wetlands
               Protection Program Chief in the Division of Wetlands and Waterways at
               617-292-5695.

                                               Aimo@rely'

                                                        Greenbaum
                                              commissioner

               c.c. Christy Foote-Smith, Director
                     Division of Wetlands and Waterways

                     Jeff Benoit, Director
                     Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management
                                                    re@ G
                                           CGe           ree aun

                                                   214

                                  Commonwealth of Massachusetts
                                  ExecLftive office of EnWonmentai Affairs
                                  Department of
                       Willam F. Weld Environmental Protection
                         Gavomor
                     Daniel S. Greenbaum

                          RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS FOR ACTIVITIES ON BARRIER BEACHES
                                                  June 1993

                   The best approach for writing an order of conditions for a particular
                   barrier beach is to look to the performance standards of the Wetlands
                   Protection Regulations (310 CMR 10.00) for each of the wetland resource
                   areas found on that barrier beach and make sure the order of conditions
                   addresses those performance standards.

                   For additional information on the background of the following
                   recommended conditions, please refer to the "Guidelines For Barrier
                   Beach Management In Massachusetts" published by the Massachusetts
                   Coastal Zone Management Office.

                   I.  Recommended Conditions for Vehicle Management

                   A. Protection of Nests and Nesting Habitat

                        1. On beaches where vehicles will be driven, all areas of suitable
                   piping plover nesting habitat, as determined by the Natural Heritage and
                   Endangered Species Program (NHESP), shall be identified and delineated
                   with posts and warning signs or symbolic fencing on or before April 1 of
                   each year. Suitable nesting habitat for all species of terns shall be
                   identified and*so delineated on or before May 15 of each year.

                        2. All vehicular access into or through delineated nesting habitat
                   shall be prohibited except as provided elsewhere in these Conditions.
                   Prior to hatching, vehicles may pass by such areas along designated
                   vehicle corridors established along the outside edge of plover and tern
                   nesting habitat.    Vehicles also may park outside delineated nesting
                   habitat, if beach width and configuration and tidal conditions allow.
                   Vehicle corridors or parking areas shall be moved, constricted, or
                   temporarily closed if territorial, courting, or nesting habitat are
                   disturbed by passing or parked vehicles, or if disturbance is
                   anticipated because of unusual tides or expected increases in vehicle
                   use during weekends, holidays, or special events.

                   30 June 1993                                                      Page 1

                      One VAnter StreetsBoston, Massachusetts 021080FAX (617) 556-10490Telephone (617) 292-5SOO

                                                  215

                          RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

                B. Protection of Piping Plover or Tern Chick Habitat

                     1. Sections of beaches where unf ledged piping plover or tern chick
                habitat exists shall be closed temporarily to all vehicles not deemed
                essential.

                     2. 'When unfledged plover chick habitat exists, as determined by
                NHESP, vehfcles shall be prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal
                habitat within one hundred (100) yards of either side of a line drawn
                through the nest site and perpendicular to the long axis of the beach.
                The resulting ti@o hundred (200) yard-wide area of protected habitat for
                plover chick habitat should extend from the ocean-side mean low water
                line to the bay-side mean low water line, or to the farthest extent of
                dune habitat if no bay-side intertidal habitat exists.           However,
                vehicles may be allowed to pass through portions of the protected area
                that do not serve as actual habitat, as determined by NHESP, due to
                site-specific conditions such as steep topography, dense vegetation, or
                other natural ly-occurring obstacles. The boundaries of the protected
                habitat shall be adjusted periodically to provide at least a one hundred
                (100)-yard buffer between actual habitat and vehicles unless site
                specific conditions allow for a reduction in this distance.

                     3. When unfledged least tern chicks occupy their habitat, vehicles
                shall be prohibited from all dune, beach, and intertidal habitat within
                100 yards of either side of lines drawn.through the outermost nests in
                the colony and perpendicular to the long axis of the beach, unless site
                specific conditions allow for a reduction in this distance.            The
                resulting area of protected habitat for least tern chicks shall extend
                from the ocean-side low water line to the bay-side mean low water line,
                or to the farthest extent of dune habitat if no bay-side intertidal zone
                exists. If unfledged chicks move outside the identified habitat, then
                the boundaries of the protected area shall be adjusted to provide at
                least a one hundred (100) yard-wide buffer, as determined by NHESP,
                between unfledged chick habitat and vehicles.     However, vehicles may
                pass through any portions of the actual habitat that are considered
                inaccessible as outlined above.

                C. Timing of Vehicle Restrictions in Piping Plover or Tern Chick
                   Habitat

                     1.   Restrictions on use of vehicles in actual habitats where
                unfledged plover or tern chicks are present shall begin on or before the
                date that hatching begins and continue until chicks have fledged. For
                purposes of vehicle management, plover chicks are considered fledged at
                35 days of age or when observed in flight, whichever occurs first. Tern
                chicks are considered fledged when they are capable of flight.

                     2. When piping plover nests are found before the last egg is laid,
                restrictions on vehicles shall begin on the 26th day after the  last egg

                30 June 1993                                                      Page 2

                                                    216

                              RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

                   is laid.    This assumes an average incubation period of 27 days and
                   providesa 1 day margin of error.

                         3. When plover nests are found after the last egg has been laid,
                   making it impossible to predict hatch date, restrictions on vehicles
                   shall begin on a date determined by 1 of 3 scenarios:

                              (a) If a plover nest found with a complete clutch is monitored
                         twice per day, at dawn and dusk (before 6:00 a.m. and after 7:00
                         p.m.), vehicle use may continue until hatching begins.          Nests
                         should be monitored at dawn and dusk to minimize the time that
                         hatching may go undetected if it occurs after dark.         Whenever
                         possible, nests should be monitored from a distance with a spotting
                         scope or binoculars to minimize disturbance to incubating plovers.

                              (b) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch before
                         May 20 (the earliest recorded hatch date for piping plovers in
                         Massachusetts) and is not monitored twice per day, at dawn and dusk
                         (before 6:00 a.m. and after 7:00 p.m.), then restrictions on
                         vehicles should begin on May 20.

                              (c) If a plover nest is found with a complete clutch on or
                         after May 20 and is not monitored twice per day, at dawn and dusk
                         (before 6:00 a.m. and after 7:00 p.m.), then restrictions on
                         vehicles should begin immediately.

                         4.   If hatching occurs earlier than expected or chicks are
                   discovered from an unreported nest, restrictions on vehicles shall begin
                   immediately.

                         5.  If NHESP issues a notice that ruts have developed that may
                   adversely affect the actual plover habitat, or that vehicle impacts on
                   wrack are so severe that wrack must be allowed to accumulate naturally
                   prior to hatching, then restrictions on vehicles shall begin at least 5
                   days prior to the anticipated hatching date of plover nests. If a plover
                   nest is found with a complete clutch, precluding estimation of hatching
                   date, and if availability of wrack has been substantially reduced by
                   vehicle passage or if deep ruts have been created that reasonably could
                   be expected to impede chick movements, then restrictions on vehicles
                   shall begin immediately.

                         6. Restrictions on the use of vehicles in least tern chick habitat
                   shall begin as soon as hatching begins (as early as June 12).
                   Restrictions may begin later if, upon notice from NHESP, tern chick
                   habitat is not adversely affected by vehicles because of distance or
                   natural ly-occurring barriers such as intervening steep terrain, or dense
                   vegetation.

                         7.  Areas of dune, beach, or intertidal habitat used as nursery
                   areas by unfledged or recently fledged tern chicks, as identified by

                   30 June 1993                                                        Page 3

                                                  217

                           RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

                NHESP,  should be delineated with posts, warning signs, or symbolic
                fencing  not later than June 21. All access by vehicles into posted tern
                habitat  shall be prohibited while unfledged or recently- fledged tern
                chicks are present in these areas, until it is determined that use of
                habitat by young terns has ended (i.e., young terns are no longer being
                fed by adult terns).

                D. Essential Vehicles

                      1. Essential vehicles, as defined by the Conservation commission
                pursuant to "Guidelines For Barrier Beach Management In Massachusetts"
                published by the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management office, shall
                travel on sections of beaches where unfledged plover or tern chicks are
                present only if such travel is absolutely necessary and no other
                reasonable travel routes are available.

                      2. Essential vehicles should travel through chick habitat areas
                only during daylight hours, except in emergencies, and should be guided
                by a qualified monitor who first has determined the location of all
                unfledged plover and tern chicks.

                      3. All steps should be taken to minimize the number of trips made
                by essential vehicles through chick habitat areas.

                      4.   Use of open, 3- or 4-wheel motorized all-terrain vehicles
                (ATVs) or non-motorized all-terrain bicycles is recommended whenever
                possible for monitoring and law enforcement because of the improved
                visibility afforded operators. Homeowners should consider other means
                of access, e.g., by foot, water, or shuttle services, during periods
                when chicks are present.

                      5. A written log should be maintained by the beach manager of the
                date, time, vehicle number and operator, and purpose of each trip
                through areas where unfledged chicks are present. Personnel who monitor
                plovers and terns should maintain and regularly update a log of the
                numbers and locations of unfledged plover and tern chicks on each beach.
                Drivers of essential vehicles should review the log each day to
                determine the most recent number and location of unfledged chicks.

                      6. Travel by essential vehicles should avoid the wrack line and
                should be infrequent enough to avoid creating deep ruts that could
                impede chick movements.       If essential vehicles are substantially
                reducing availability of wrack or are creating ruts that could impede
                chick movements, use of essential vehicles should be further reduced
                and, if necessary, restricted to only emergency vehicles.

                II. Beach and Dune Restoration

                30 June 1993                                                         Page 4

                                                     218

                              RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

                         1.   There shall be no removal of existing sediment from, or
                    regrading of, coastal beaches (including tidal flats) for the purposes
                    of beach or dune restoration.

                        .2. In order to protect the barrier's ability to migrate landward,
                    sediment deposited through the overwash process shall not be removed
                    from the ovetwash fans located on salt marsh areas (see Storm Damage
                    Restoration Part V).

                         3.   Where dune reconstruction occurs proximate to salt marsh,
                    siltation fencing shall be deployed and maintained at the work limit to
                    contain fill. Disturbance beyond the work limit will not be permitted.

                         4. Storm wrack shall not be d    eposited on a salt marsh.

                         5. only indigenous plants and appropriate plant material shall be
                    used. 6.  During beach cleaning activities, the applicant shall leave
                    sufficient wrack to provide a seed source for the beach and to protect
                    the wildlife habitat feeding function that the wrack provides to a
                    variety of shorebirds. Beach cleaning should be accomplished using a
                    rake in such a manner as to preserve the existing form, volume, and
                    grain size distribution.

                    III. Construction of Boardwalks And Elevated Walkways

                         1. Boardwalks and walkways should be elevated a minimum of 2 feet
                    from grade with spacing in-between the planking sufficient to allow the
                    passage of sunlight, but not to inhibit, where designated and
                    appropriate, handicap access.

                         2. Access for the construction of boardwalks and walkways shall be
                    provided in a location and manner that will not result in additional
                    alterations to wetland resources.       The access route and method of
                    construction shall be as shown on the plan of record.

                         3. For piers, walkways, or necessary equipment in any marsh:

                               (a) No creosote-treated timber shall be used.

                               (b) To the extent possible, piling shall be driven.             if
                         jetting is,required, displaced sand shall be raked smooth.

                               (c) Crane mats shall be used for any heavy equipment
                         traversing the marsh for construction purposes.

                               (d) No dredging material shall be placed on the marsh except
                         for material deposited for salt marsh restoration activities.

                    30 June 1993                                                         Page 5

                                                    219

                          RECOMMENDED CONDITIONS for BARRIER BEACHES (cont.)

                IV. Dredging

                     1.  There shall be no openings allowed through barrier beaches
                except for those projects that fall within the provisions and guidelines
                provided in the Department of Environmental Protection's Wetlands
                Protection Program Interim Policy 91-2, entitled "Criteria for
                Evaluating and Permitting openings of Salt Ponds In order to Manage,
                Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries."

                V. Storm Damage Restoration

                     1. All storm restoration activities shall have no adverse impact
                on actual Rare Species Habitat, as determined by NHESP, in foredune and
                overwash areas.     Replanting, installation and other restoration
                activities in Rare Species Habitat shall be done in consultation with
                NHESP.

                     2. The excavation of coastal beach (including the intertidal area)
                f or replacement of sand in a dune or any other Resource Area is
                prohibited.

                     3. When off-site sediment is used for storm damage restoration, a
                sediment grain-size analysis of the proposed off-site material shall be
                submitted to the Conservation Commission and DEP for review and approval
                prior to construction and deposition. This analysis shall be performed
                by a qualified professional. This off-site material shall   be of a grain
                size compatible to the existing sediment on the dunes-and beach.

                     4. Sediment deposited through overwash process onto the back side
                of the barrier shall not be removed from the overwash area except where
                necess.ary to address public safety. In all cases sediments shall remain
                within the barrier beach system.

                VI. Construction of Structures/Buildings

                     1. All habitable buildings shall be elevated above the one hundred
                (100) year floodplain on pile foundations and inlaccordance with the
                State Building Code (780 CMR 100.00) and Federal Emergency Management
                Agency regulations.

                     2. All buildings on barrier beaches shall be constructed on pile
                foundations at a minimum of two (2) feet above existing grade to allow
                the movement of sand and sediments due to wave and wind action.

                30 June 1993                                                       Page 6

                                                     220

                                                    APPENDIX J

                                  Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
                               Wetlands Protection Program Interim Policy 91-2
                                          "Criteria for Evaluating and Permitting
                                           Openings of Salt Ponds in Order to
                                     Manage, Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries".

                                                          221

                              Commonweartn oil Massacnuse*,ts
                              Executive Office of Environrnenia: Affairs
                              Department of
                  Daniel S. Greenbaum Invirionmental Protection

                           Wetlands Protection Program Interim Policy 91-2

                       Criteria for Evaluating and Permitting Openings of Salt
                     Ponds In Order to Manage, Maintain or Enhance Marine Fisheries

                  PURPOSE

                  The purpose of this policy is to clarify the Department's
                  position concerning when salt pond openings to. the ocean may be
                  allowed pursuant to G.-L. c. 131 �40, the Wetlands Protection Act
                  (the "Act"), and to give guidance to the issuing authority by
                  providing a process for the evaluation of a pond opening
                  proposal. This is an interim policy and is intended to allow the
                  Department to gather information and further evaluate the'effects
                  of pond openings.

                  REGULATORY STANDARDS

                  A salt pond opening is subject to the Act because it involves
                  activities which will alter, dredge, fill or remove resource
                  areas subject to protection under the Act. 310 CMR 510.33(3)
                  provides, generally, that pro)ects in and around salt ponds may
                  not have an adverse effect an the marine fisheries or wildlife
                  habitat of the pond. However, 310 CMR S10.33(4) provides that
                  "Notwithstanding the provisions of 10.33(3), activities
                  specifically required and intended to maintain the depth and the
                  opening of the salt pond to the ocean in order to maintain or
                  enhance the marine fisheries or for the specific purpose of
                  fisheries management, may be permitted." This provision
                  evidence& an intent on the part of the Department to-allow
                  projects "specifically required and intended" to maintain a salt
                  pond opening necessary to manage, maintain or enhance marine
                  fisheries.

                  310 CMR 510.33(4) is silent concerning its interaction with the
                  performance standards established under 310 CMR SS 10.27, 10'.28,
                  .10.29, 10-.32 and 10.55 for resourc6 areas typically encountered
                  around salt ponds. When the performance standards for these
                  resource areas are read literally it is difficult, if not
                  impossible, for pond opening projects to.satisfy the applicable
                  performance standards.

                  On* VAMW StreeteBoston, Massachusetts 021080FAX (617) $56-1049 Telephone (617) 292-SSOO

                                                    - ot..%,Ad P.PW

                                                  222

                                                             Wetlands Protection Program
                                                                  Interim Policy 91-2
                                                                       Page 2

                      ANALYSIZ

                      As "activities specifically required and intended to maintain thle
                      depth and opening of a salt pond" must necessarily include the
                      breaching of the pond's associated barrier beach (when the
                      opening is presently closed) and would result in impacts to
                      adjacent resource areas, it is the Department's interpretation
                      that the openings may be allowed under limited, controlled
                      conditions when certain prerequisites are satisfAied.

                      When the alteration of inland resource areas will result from a
                      salt pond opening undertaken in accordance with this policy, such
                      alteration may be permitted under 310 CMR S10.53(4).   The issuing
                      authority may exercise its judgment to determine that a project
                      to manage, enhance or maintain marine fisheries, conditioned in
                      accordance with this policy, may improve the area's natural
                      capacity to protect the interests identified in the Act.

                      In order to give full meaning and effect to all regulatory
                      provisions, while protecting the interests of the Act, the
                      Department concludes that salt pond openings may be authorized by
                      the issuing atithority when:

                           a. the applicant demonstrates that the opening is necessary
                      to manage, maintain or enhance an existing or historically viable
                      marine fisheries and
                           b. c  .onditions are imposed that prevent or minimize adverse
                      effects to Coastal Beaches, Coastal Dunes, Barrier Beaches and
                      any affected inland resource area to the greatest extent
                      possible. "Minimize", as used in this policy, has the same
                      definition as found at 310 CMR S10.23.

                      If the issuing authority concludes that such conditions cannot be
                      developed, then it must deny the project.

                      The Department has determined that since salt marshes have a high
                      level of functional value, As recognized by the level of
                      protection afforded this resource'area under the regulations,
                      Pond openinq projects must satisfy the standards at 310 CMR
                      S10-32(3)-

                      Under no circ=stances may a project be permitted which will have
                      any adverse effect on the specified habitat site of rare species
                      as identified pursuant to 310 CMR SS10.37 and 10.59.

                      REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECT R M EW AND CONDITIONING

                           A.    Applicant Must Show That Opening Is For An Approvable
                                 Purpose

                                                   223

                                                     Wetlands Protection Program
                                                           Interim Policy 91-2
                                                                Page 3

               When the outlet of a salt pond which has supported a viable
               marine fisheries becomes closed (either because the outlet
               becomes filled in or its position shifts along the barrier
               beach), it may be desirable to periodically open the outlet
               artificially in order to manage, maintain or enhance the fishery.
               The threshold finding the issuing authority must make is whether
               the applicant has demonstrated that the primary purpose of the
               pond opening is to manage, maintain or enhance marine fisher-Jes.
               An applicant may propose activities to maintain the depth and
               opening of an existing opening, or activities to re-open a closed
               pond; provided the applicant demonstrates that the pond has been
               opened in the past as a result of natural or man-made causes, and
               that a viable fisheries in the pond presently exists or existed
               in-the past.

               The existence of a "viable fisheries" shall be determined by the
               issuing authority using best professional judgment (after
              .consultation with the Division of Marine Fisheries and the local
               shellfish constable) and shall be based upon submitted
               information. The existence of a viable marine fisheries and of
               prior openings may be demonstrated by reliable, credible
               information. The applicant may submit historical records,
               including photographic evidence, or if no records exist, he/she
               may submit an affidavit of one or more individuals made upon
               personal knowledge.

               If an applicant cannot demonstrate an approvable purpose,
               enabling the issuing authority to make this threshold finding,
               the issuing authority.must deny the project. For example, when
               the intended purpose of a salt pond opening is to control
               eutrophication,.or to reduce odor, the project would fall outside
               of this policy and would not be allowed unless it met all of the
               applicable performance standards of the regulations.

                   B.   Permit conditions Must Minimize Adverse Impacts
               If an applir-ant demonstrates an approvable purpose, the issuing
               authority may permit the activity, provided conditions can be
               imposed that will prevent orminimize adverse effects to resource
               areas (except salt marshes) in and around the pond to the
               greatest extent possible. If conditions adequate to prevent or
             .minimize adverse effects cannot be imposed, an order of
               Conditions allowing the opening should not be issued.

               Proposed salt pond openings for which the applicant has
               demonstrated an approvable purpose should be evaluated in the

                                                  224

                                                        wetlands Protection Program
                                                              interim Policy 91-2
                                                                   Page 4

                   following manner:

                        1. Assess all impacts to affected resource areas and their
                   respective protected interests;
                        2. Develop conditions to prevent or minimize adverse
                   effects to existing resource areas to the greatest extent
                   possible, in accordance with the applicable regulatory
                   provisions; and
                        3. Allow the opening if the project: a) does not have
                   unacceptable adverse effects upon any'interests of the Act, and
                   b) maximizes fisheries resource maintenance, enhancement or
                   management and c) prevents or minimizes adverse effects so that
                   the project, overall, contributes to those interests.

                   INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

                   The Notice of Intent (NOI) should document that the project is
                   necessary to manage,,maintain or enhance marine fisheries; and
                   provide baseline information on all resource areas which will be
                   affected by the project. The information provided should be
                   sufficient to allow the issuing authority to assess impacts to
                   these resource areas'. Each proposed opening is unique and the
                   level of information required to assess impacts and impose
                   appropriate conditions necessarily will vary. The issuing
                   authority should require the level of information appropriate to
                   the particular project.

                   At a minimum, the applicant should submit information:
                        a. describing the history of pond openings and its use as a
                        fishery, and the proposed plan for fisheries resource
                        management, enhancement, or maintenance;
                        b. delineating all affected resource areas and identifying
                        short- and long-term impacts to affected resource areas and
                        their affected interests.
                        c. describingthe location of, and impacts on, public and
                        private water supplies in the pond's vicinity;
                        d. assessinel wildlife habitat, including the presence of
                        rare species habitat in accordance with the applicable
                        procedures at 310 CMR SS10.37, 10.59 and 10.60; and
                        a. describing the history of storm events in the immediate
                        area of the pond and impacts of the events on existing
                        resource areas.

                   In certain instances, the information presented will indicate
                   that'no number of conditions will adequately prevent or minimize
                   adverse effects so as to adequately protect the interests of the
                   Act. For example, salt water intrusion may contaminate water

                                                  225

                                                Wetlands Protection Program
                                                      interim Policy 9!-2
                                                            Page 5

              supplies to unacceptable levels and no alternative source may be
              available.  It may not be possible to condition a project so that
              there will be no adverse effect of specified habitat sites of
              rare species. In such instances, the project should be denied.

              MINIMUM CoNnITIONS

              Certain conditions will always be necessary to prevent or
              minimize adverse effects. For example, material excavated frcm
              the channel opening should not be removed from the barrier beach.
              Material should be stockpiled on site and placed, within the
              barrier beach system as appropriate - Any sediment lost due to
              excavation and scouring should be replenished to the barrier
              beach system. A time schedule for pond openings should be
              included in any Order of Conditions. The schedule should take
              into*account tide fluctuations, impacts on wildlife habitat of
              fluctuating water levels and exposure in inclement weather, storm
              forecasts and the potential presence of rare or endangered
              species in the area. Disturbance of-
              vegetation should be minimized to protect dune stability.
              Replication of any Bordering vegetated Wetlands altered directly
            .or by vegetative dieback should be required where possible,
              particularly within the area exposed by pond lowering, if the
              area does not naturally revegetate after two growing seasons.
              conditions protective of actual or potential water supplies
              should be incorporated.

              Specific monitoring provisions should be incorporated into the
              Order of Conditions to track the impacts of the.opening on the
              interests of the Act.. Reports on all monitoring should be
              submitted to the conservation commission and the Department and
              reviewed by the issuing authority to determine whether any change
              in conditions and methods of data collection is.warranted to
              protect the interests of the Act. Conditions should include a
              Provision authorizing the discontinuation of the pond openings,
              if necessary, to protect the interests of the Act.

              Finally, note that projects permitted under this policy may still
              need to obtain a license pursuant to G.L. c. 91, the Waterways
              Act, and re2ain subject to applicable terms of any restriction
              order adopt*cV under G.L. c. 131 j40A, Protection of Inland
              Wetlands, and-G.L. c. 130 S105, Protection of Coastal Wetlands.

                                                Date:
              Christy F@te-Smith, Director
              Division of Wetlands and Waterways
              Department of Environmental Protection

                                                   226

     I

     I
     I
     I                                 APPENDIX K
     I                       Access for the Physically Challenged
     I
     I
     I
     0
     1
     1
     I
     I
     I
     I
     I
     f                                      227
     1

                                             Access for the Physically Challenged

                                    Applicable laws and regulations include the federal Americans with
                             Disabilities Act of 1990, the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards at 40 Code of
                             Federal Regulations 101-196, and the corresponding state laws, Mass. General
                             Laws Chapter 22, �13A and its regulations 521 Code of Massachusetts Regulations.
                             The Architectural Access Board has the responsibility for enforcing the Americans
                             With Disabilities Act at the state level. The Massachusetts Office on Disability has
                             the responsibility to provide technical assistance and guidance for compliance with
                             the Americans With Disabilities Act at the state level. Outdoor recreation
                             facilities at barrier beaches should, where practical, be designed to be accessible to
                             the greatest number of people as possible.

                             Definfflon

                                    The federal government defines accessibility as: "Accessible programs or
                             facilities must offer the person with disability an opportunity to achieve
                             experiences similar to those offered others. Consideration should include persons
                             with mobility, visual, hearing, speech, and/or developmental impairments. Facilities
                             must be designed so that they can be approached, entered, and used by persons
                             with disabilities. An accessible facility must provide the person with a disability a
                             place to park, accessible routes, entrance to buildings, restrooms, water and the
                             services offered other visitors. Newly constructed or renovated facilities must
                             comply with the "Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards," 41 Code of Federal
                             Regulations 101-196.
                                    Programs and services should be offered to the widest range of visitors,
                             including disabled persons, within an integrated setting. This should include
                             vendor services, interpretive programs, publications and educational signage and
                             brochures.
                                    To ensure accessibility, provide:
                                    1)      Diversity of recreational experience to varying skill levels;
                                    2)      Involve persons with disabilities in planning and design;
                                    3)      Achieve the optimal mix of facilities and services    appropriate to
                                            the geographic area;
                                    4)      Provide an integrated access setting; and
                                    5)      For federally funded projects, research and comply with the
                                            appropriate accessibility standards which are the Uniform Federal
                                            Accessibility Standards, the Americans with Disabilities Act
                                            Accessibility Guidelines, and the rules and regulations of the Mass.
                                            Architecture Access Board. This applies to all new construction,
                                            alteration, and reconstruction.

                                                                     228

                           Strakgic Approach to Planning and Design

                           Principles to Guide the Development of a Handicap Access Plan include:

                                   1) Preserve natural integrity of site;
                                   2) Provide optimal access for site;
                                   3) Develop holistic access plan;
                                   4) Integrate disabled and fully mobile access where possible;
                                   5) Use a participatory design process;
                                   6) Use common signage based on level of accessibility;
                                   7) Use common sense;
                                   8) Identify and meet your legal requirements; and
                                   9) Get a good legal definition of disabled.*

                              The Americans With Disabilities Act, section 3 defines "disability" as: "a) a
                                   physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the
                                   major life activities of such individuals; b) a record of such on impairments;
                                   or c) being regarded as having such an impairment."

                           Steps to Guide the Development of Handicap Access Design

                                   In steps 1 and 2 of this approach you are characterizing your beach in terms
                           of appropriate access sites. In some cases, areas of special environmental concern
                           may also be developed. In these cases the site must be made accessible to the extent
                           it does not further endanger the site.

                                   1) Identify key characteristics and areas of special environmental concern on
                                             the beach, such as:
                                           * High Energy Zones
                                           * Habitat for Endangered Species
                                           e Repeat Overwash Areas
                                           9 Topography
                                   2) Define sites on the barrier beach according to the level of human
                                     modification:
                                           0    Developed - includes public structures, and open areas,
                                           administration, parking, interpretive and visitor services. These sites
                                           must be built or renovated to accommodate persons with disabilities.
                                           0 Undeveloped - no deliberate alteration. These sites will not
                                           normally be changed and no special facilities be provided for the sole
                                           purpose of access for disabled persons.
                                           9 Threshold - these areas include overlooks, trails-, exhibits and
                                           special features reached by short trails from developed to undeveloped

                                                                    229

                                              areas. These areas should be judged on a case-by- case basis
                                              considering topography, environmental sensitivity, degree of
                                              development and alternative recreational experiences.
                                      3) With both I and 2 identified at each potential site then determine what
                                        level of accessibility is appropriate at the site;
                                              0 Accessible - Meets or exceeds Uniform Federal Accessibility
                                              Standards requirements. All programs and services are fully accessible
                                              for the majority of disabled persons.
                                              - Challenge Level 1 - More difficult but generally meets federal
                                              requirements. Parking, and all other facilities and interpretive
                                              programs are fully accessible. Grades and surfaces may be more
                                              challenging. Some assistance to the disabled may be necessary.
                                              * Challenge Level 2 - Most difficult. Buildings should be accessible.
                                              Grades and surfaces have not been severely altered in order to
                                              preserve natural setting.    Safety features are part of the design.
                                              Limited mobility persons may need assistance and severely disabled
                                              persons would not be encouraged to use facilities without assistance.
                                      4) Once natural features, development and level of accessibility for each site
                                        is determined then the appropriate architectural standards can be applied.
                                        Comprehensive standards can be found in the Uniform Federal Accessibility
                                        Standards. Here is a brief overview of features of accessibility which have
                                        specific architectural standards:
                                              � Parking including spaces, access aisles, ramps;
                                              �   Access Routes - from parking to facilities, within facilities,
                                              connecting accessible sites, widths, turning areas, passing areas,
                                              surfaces;
                                              0     Entryways - connected by accessible routes, to public
                                              transportation, parking.    New construction requires at least one
                                              principal entrance at grade level should be accessible. In,altered
                                              buildings at least one entryway should be made accessible. A building
                                              serving a variety of transportation modes should provide one
                                              accessible entryway for each. It is preferable for emergency purposes
                                              that all entryways be accessible;
                                              o Ramps - Accessible: ramp required if slope is steeper than 1:20
                                              (5%), Maximum ramp slope 1:12 (8.3%) with a five foot level rest
                                              area every 30 feet. Challenge Level 1: ramp required if slope is
                                              steeper than 1:12 (8.3%), flatter preferred. Challenge Level 2: ramps
                                              generally not used at this level. Slopes greater than 1:12 are generally
                                              not usable for persons in wheel chairs without assistance;
                                              o Trails - no specific standards, only recommendations, including the
                                              following considerations: slope, surface, signage, passing space, and
                                              rest areas;
                                              o Signage - all directional, interpretive and educational signage shall
                                              consider all types of disabilities.
                                      5) Maintenance and Operations Plan - develop seasonal maintenance
                                        schedule - monitor sites to ensure accessibility.
                                        Sample Activity: swimming - to take place on beach and shore - issues

                                                                        230

                                    you should address include, access to place and the waters edge.
                                             Pathway from Parking to Beach over Dune - Provide a firm
                                          stable path such as wood plank 4-5 ft. wide. Ramps to go over dunes
                                          should meet all ramp requirements for slope, not greater than 1:12,
                                          rest areas, turning, rails etc. An appropriate minimum height above
                                          dune grade for disabled persons ramps is at least 2' with greater
                                          heights possible where extended ramps can be accommodated.
                                          Spacing between planks should be no greater than 1/2". All structures
                                          should meet Federal Emergency Management Agency and State
                                          Building Codes.
                                          *  Provide a 4' X 4' leisure area - stabilize sand with wood
                                          planking and provide pathway to the area.
                                          * Pathway from beach to water - Stabilized sand or wood plank
                                          minimizes impact to beach while still providing good access. A
                                          wooden boardwalk built in sections can be used seasonally-
                                             Entering the Water - Provide handrails 30-34" high and sloped
                                          curb along edge of platform to gently stop wheelchairs. A rubber mat
                                          on sand can improve access.

                          Contacts

                          For more information on handicapped access requirements, contact:
                                  U.S. Architectural & Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
                                  1111 18th Street, N.W., Suite 501
                                  Washington, D.C. 20036-3894
                                  (202) 653-7834 v/TDD
                                  (202) 653-7863 FAX

                                  Architectural Access Board
                                  Room 1310
                                  One Ashburton Place
                                  Boston, MA 02108
                                  (617)727-0660, voice or TDD
                                  1-800-828-7222

                                  Massachusetts Office on Disability
                                  Room 1305
                                  One Ashburton Place
                                  Boston, MA 02108
                                  (617)727-7440

                                                                  231

                            References

                            Americans with Disabilities Act
                            Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities
                            Publication No. 17174-87-500-8/92

                            Document A117.1-1980
                            Design Standards American National Standards Institute
                            1430 Broadway
                            N.Y.,N.Y. 10018

                            Design Guide for Accessible Outdoor Recreation
                            Interim DRAFt for Review
                            U.S. Forest Service
                            ,Auditors Building
                            201 14th Street, S.W. at Independence Ave., S.W.
                            Washington, DC 20250
                            Attention: Access Coordinator, Recreation Staff

                                                                  232

       I

       I
       I
       I                             APPENDIX L
       I                              Bibliography
       I
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       10
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       r                                  233
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                                                                     255

                            U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1977. Beach Changes Caused by the Atlantic Coast
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                            U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division, and Commonwealth of
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                                                                   256

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                                                                     257

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                                                                     258

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                                                                       259

                                                    Migratory Shorebirds Bibliography
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                             northeastern United States. Biol. Conservation, 13:123-130.

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                                                                     260

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                            33:232-248.

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                            275:63-83.

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                            roosts in relation to the environment. RIN/rapport 86/17, Texel.

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                            Yalden, D. W. 1986. The status of Golden Plovers in the Peak Park, England, in
                            relation to access and recreational disturbance. Wader Study Group Bull., 46:34-35.

                            Yalden, D.W. and P.E. Yalden. 1989. The sensitivity of breeding Golden Plovers
                            Pluvialis apricatia to human intruders. Bird Study, 36:49-55.

                            Yalden, P.E. and D.W. Yalden. 1990. Recreational disturbance of breeding Golden
                            Plovers Pluvialis-Apticarius . Biological Conservation, 51:243-262.

                                                                      261

                                                             Literature cited in the
                                      Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Guidelines

                             Blodget, B.G. 1990. The piping plover story. Massachusetts Wildlife, 60(2):18-25.

                             ------ 1992. Results of the 1992 Massachusetts tern inventory. Unpubl. report.
                             Westborough: Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, 5p.

                             Burger, J. 1986. Factors influencing the long term survival of the piping plover in
                             New Jersey. Unpubl. report. Trenton: New.Jersey Department of Fish, Game, and
                             Wildlife, 42p. pp.

                             Gibbs, J.P. 1986. Feeding ecology of nesting piping plovers in Maine. Unpubl.
                             report. Topsham: The Nature Conservancy, Maine Chapter, 21p.

                             Goldin, M.R., C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1990. Reproductive and foraging
                             ecology, human disturbance, and management of piping plovers at Breezy Point,
                             Gateway National Recreation. Area, New York. Progress Report-1989. Unpubl.
                             report. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 58p.

                             Hoopes, E.M., C.R. Griffin, and S.M. Melvin. 1992. Relationships between human
                             recreation and piping plover foraging ecology and chick survival. Unpubl. report.
                             Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 77p.

                             Howard, J.M., R.J. Safran, and S.M. Melvin. 1993. Biology and conservation of
                             piping plovers at Breezy Point, New York. Unpubl. report. Amherst: University of
                             Massachusetts, 33p.     pp.

                             Melvin, S.M. 1992. Status of       piping plovers in Massachusetts, 1992 summary.
                             Unpubl report. Westborough: Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, 14p.

                             ------ C.R. Griffin, and L.H. MacIvor. 1991. Recovery strategies for piping plovers
                             in managed coastal landscapes. Coastal Management, 19:21-34.

                             ------ A. Hecht, and C.R. Griffin. 1993. Mortality of piping plover chicks caused by
                             off-road vehicles on Atlantic coast beaches. Wildlife Society Bulletin. (in press)

                             Patterson, M. E. 1988. Piping plover breeding biology and reproductive success on
                             Assateague Island. M.S. Thesis. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
                             State University, 131p.

                             Strauss, E. 1990. Reproductive success, life history patterns, and behavioral variation
                             in a population of piping plovers subjected to human disturbance. Ph.D. Dissertation.
                             Medford, MA: Tufts University, 143p.

                             U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Atlantic coast piping plover recovery plan.

                                                                      262

                         Newton Corner, MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 74p.

                                 1989. Roseate tern recovery plan, northeastern population. Newton Corner,
                         MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 86p.

                                 1992. 1992 status update, U.S. Atlantic coast piping plover. Unpubt. report.
                         Newton Corner, MA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 6p.

                                                                263

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        I                                       APPENDIX M
        I                                            Matrix
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        1

                                                                                                            COASTAL RESOURCE AREAS AND RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT MEASURES

                                                                                              LAND                        COASTAL BEACHES                                  COASTAL                                    SALT                             LAND UNDER                         LAND CONTAINING                             RARE SPECIES                                   STATE                                      FED
                                                    ACTIVITY                           UNDER OCEAN                          INC. TIDAL FLATS                                  DUNES                               MARSHES                               SALT PONDS                               SHELLFISH                                 HABITAT                                     ESA                                      ESA

                                           1. Armoring Structures                  page(s) 57, 110                        40,110                                  45,110                                  49,110                                  55,110                                  51,110                                  60,110                                  66,110                                  64, 110
                                                                                                                                                               -------------------------------------------                                     -------------------------------------------                                      --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                           2. Beach Cleaning                       57,112-114,131                         40,112-114,131                          45,112-114,131                          49,112-114,131                                                                                                          60,112-113,131                          66,112-113,131                          64,112-113,131
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       I
                                     ---------------------------------------------                                      F@ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __    --------------------                  ---------------------                  ----------------------                  L---------------------                   ----------------------                 ---------------------                    --------------------
                                           3. Camping/Fires                                                             : 40, 77                                  45,77                                                                                                                                                           60, 77                                  66, 77                                  64, 77
                                     ------------------------------                                                                                  ------    --------                                                                                    ---------------             ---------------------                    ----------------------                 ---------------------                    --------------------
                                                                                              --------------            ---------------                                       -------------             ---------------------                  ------
                                           4.   Construction of                    57,119-121                             40,119-121                              45,119-121                              49,119-121                              55,119-121                              51,119-121                              60,119-121                              66,119-121                              64,119-121
                                                Public Facilities
                                                � B ardwalks
                                                A Poarking              lots/roads
                                                � Buildings
                                                � Human control
                                                    tructures
                                                � sandicapped
                                                    access
                                     --------------------------------------------                                                               --------       ---------                                ---------------------------------------                                                         ---------------------------------                                                                                ----------------
                                                                                                                        -------------                                                                                                          I                                                                                I                                      T-------------
                                           5. Dredging/Beach                       57,100-105                             40,100-105                              45,100-105                              49,100-105,118                          55,100-105,                             51,100-105,                             60,100-105,                             66,100-105,                             64,100-105,
                                                Nourishment
                                                --------------------------------------                                  ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ------------------                                                                                                      --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ---  1------     7--------------             --------------------
                                           6.   Dune Restoration                                                          40,100-105,112                          45,100-105,112                          49,100-105,112                          55,100-105,112                          51,100-105,112                          60,100-105,112                          66,100-105,112                          64,100-105,112
                                                � Snow fencing
                                                � Christmas trees
                                                � Regrading
                                                                                                                        L-------------------------------------------                                    I----------------------                -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           7.   Fireworks                                                               : 40, 84                               : 45, 84                                                                                                                                                         : 60,84                                : 66, 84                                 : 64,84
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       I                       --------       ---------------------                                                                       ---------------             ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                    L--------------------
                                                                                                                        T-------------                                                                  T---------------------                 ------
                                           8. Harvesting/Gathering                                                        40,81                                   45,81                                   49,81
                                                (plant material, seed)
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       L---------------------                    --------------------                  ---------------------                  -------     --------------              ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                    L--------------------
                                           9. H rseback Riding/                                                           40, 82-83                               45, 82-83                               49, 82-83                                                                       51, 82-83                               60, 82-83                               66, 82-83                               64,82-83
                                                Noon-motorized
                                                Transport
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       ---------------------                  ---------------------                                                                                           ----    T---------------------                   r----------------------                T---------------------                   r--------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                        r---------------------                 i-----------------
                                           10. Hunting                                                                    40,72-75                                45, 72-75                               49,72-75                             :  55,72-75                                51,72-75
                                                                        ----------------------------------              ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                           11.  Kite-flying                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     : 60, 76                               @ 66                                     ; 64
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   4---------------------                   --------------------
                                           12.  Off-road Vehicles                                                         40,87-95                                45,87-95                                49,87-95                                                                        51,87-95                                60,87-95                                66,87-95                                64,87-95
                                                � Recreational day
                                                    use/ chase vehicles
                                                � Recreational
                                                    overnight (self-
                                                    contained campers)
                                                � Shellfishing
                                                � Cottage access
                                                � Off icial/special use
                                                � Finfishing
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       ---------------------                  ---------------------                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ------------------------------------------
                                           13. Pedestrian                                                                                                         45, 73-76                               49, 73-76                                                                                                               60, 73-76                               66,73-76                                64, 7a-76
                                                Recreation (hiking,
                                                birding, picnicking,
                                                swimming, tinfishing)
                                       -------------------------------------------                                      r---------------------                 ---------------------                    IT ---------------------               ---------------------                   T---------------------                   Ir --------------------                11 ---------------------                 r' --------------------
                                           14. Nuisance Control                                                                                                                                           49,122-123                              55,122-123                              51,122-123                              60,122-123                              66,122-123                              64,122-123
                                                � :nse ts
                                                � nvacive exotic
                                                    plants
                                       -------------------------------------------                                      ---------------------                  -------------------------------------------                                     ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                           15. Pets                                                                       40, 75                                  45, 75                                  49,75                                                                                                                   60, 75                                  66, 75                                  64, 75
                                     --------------------------------------------                                       r---------------------                 ---------------------                    r---------------------                 i---------------------                  T---------------------                   I--------------------                  i---------------------                   r--------------------
                                           16. Planting                            57,125-126,106-108                     40,125-126,106-108                      45,125-126,106-108                                                                                                      51,125-126,106-108                      60,125-126,106-108
                                                � Exotics
                                                � Nonexotics
                                       -------------------------------------------                                      L-------------------------------------------                                    ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                           17. Shellfishing                        57,76                                  40,76                                                                           49,76                                   55,76                                   51,76                                   60,76                                   66,76                                   64,76
                                                � Commercial
                                                � Recreational
                                                � Aquaculture
                                       -------------------------------------------                                      ---------------------                  I---------------------                   ---------------------                  ---------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------                   ---------------------                    --------------------
                                           18. Watercraft                                                                 40,79-80                                45,79-80                                49,79-80                                55,79-80                                                                        60,79-80                                66,79-80                                64,79-80
                                                � Jetskis
                                                � Motorized boats
                                                � Sailboards/surf
                                                    board
                                                � Misc. personal
                                                    flotation devices

                                                                 Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management

                                                                             100 Cambridge Street

                                                                        Boston, Massachusetts 02202

                                                                                (617) 727-9530

                                                                                     CZM
                                                                                     NOAA

                                                                             Printed on Recycled Paper

                                  Guidelines for Barrier Beach Management in Massachusetts was pfinted by Massachusetts, Coastal Zone Management and
                                  is funded by a grant from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                                  Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
                                  reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies.

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