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THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT ''A THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGING AMERICA'S COASTS HT 1995CONGRESSIONAL BRIFFINGBOOK 392 .C63 Coastal States Organization, Inc. 1995 FOUNDED IN 1970 TO REPRESENT THE GOVERNORS OF THE ALABAMA THIRTY-FIVE COASTAL STATES, TERRITORIES, AND COMMON- COASTAL STATES ORGANIZATION WEALTHS ON COASTAL, GREAT LAKES, AND OCEAN AFFAIRS. HALL OF THE STATES, SUITE 322, 444 NORTH CAPITOL STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20001 (202) 508-3860 FAX (202) 508-3843 ALASKA AMERICAN SAMOA Since 1970, the Coastal States Organization has served as the Governors' official representative for ocean, coastal and Great Lakes affairs of the United States. Endorsed by the National Governors' Association, the Coastal States Organization is the States' leading advocate for CALIFORNIA sound coastal, Great Lakes and ocean resource management, protection and development efforts nationwide. The Coastal States Organization membership consists of Delegates CONNECTICUT formally appointed by the Governors from each of the 35 States, Commonwealths and Territories bordering the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico or the Great Lakes. DELAWARE The Coastal States Organization's broad-based information and data gathering network, coordinated through the CSO Washington Office, provides answers to questions about U.S. FLORIDA coastal practice and policy, the States' role in federal offshore energy activities, territorial sea claims, coastal hazards planning and management, wetlands, fisheries development and GEORGIA management, port and waterfront restoration, oil spill response, flood insurance, historic shipwrecks, the National Marine Sanctuary System, the National Estuarine Research Reserve GUAM System, and other important coastal resource issues affecting the United States. HAWAII EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ILLINOIS OFFICERS MEMBERS Douglas S.Y. Tom Chairman Sarah H. Taylor Chief, CZM Program INDIANA Dr. H. Wayne Beam Assistant Secretary Office of State Planning Deputy Commissioner Dept. of Natural Resources State of Hawaii LOUISIANA OCRM/DHEC State of Maryland State of South Carolina Lelei Peau David H. Keeley Manager MAINE Vice Chairman Director, Coastal Program Samoa Coastal Program Eldon Hout Office of State Planning American Samoa MARYLAND Manager State of Maine Coastal/Ocean Program Richard Delaney MASSACHUSETTS State of Oregon Chris A. Shafer Director Great Lakes, Shorelands Section Urban Harbors Institute MICHIGAN Treasurer Dept. of Natural Resources State of Massachusetts James Tabor Land and Water Management Chief State of Michigan MINNESOTA Division of Coastal Programs State of Pennsylvania Arthur J. Rocque, Jr. Assistant Commissioner MISSISSIPPI Long Island Sound Programs State of Connecticut NEW HAMPSHIRE WISCONSIN NEW JERSEY NEW YORK N. CAROLINA N. MARIANAS OREGON OHIO PENNSYLANIA PUERTO RICO RHODE ISLAND S. CAROLINA TEXAS VIRGIN ISLANDS VIRGINIA WASHINGTON WISCONSIN (I THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT: THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGING AMERICA'S COASTS. CONGRESSIONAL BRIEFING BOOK EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since Colonial times Americans have depended on the coasts for commerce,. transportation, fishing, recreation and scenic beauty. By the late 1 960's, with more than half of the nation's population located near the coasts, the number of conflicts between different users increased dramatically. Recreational fishermen were displacing commercial fishermen. Local residents became fenced out of their coastlines by resort and residential development. Fouling of the coastal waters closed shellfish beds and swimming beaches, and caused the decline of commercial and recreational fisheries. After three,years of hearings and debates, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (CZMA), with the national. goal to "preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore and enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations." The CZMA is the only "environmental program" that requires a balance between economic development and resource protection within the coastal zone. E What is the "Coastal Zone?" In simple terms, the coastal zone includes all waters out to a State's seaward boundary (generally 3 miles offshore, or in the case of the Great Lakes, between States or to the Canadian border) and all uplands "to the extent necessary to control shorelands." E The CZMA: Implemented by the Coastal States: Congress recognized that the key to effectively protecting the lands and waters of the coastal zone was to encourage States and local governments to develop the institution capability to manage the use of coastal lands and waters. The CZMA provides the "ingredients" and "recipe" for State CZM plans to guide the States towards developing their CZM programs. When the plan is complete, the State then submits itto the National Oceanic &Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce, for review and approval. Upon federal approval of a State's CZM plan, the State becomes eligible for federal assistance in implementing and enhancing its coastal zone management program, and federal activities within the coastal zone must be consistent with the State's program. 0 Federal Consistency: In addition to owning large tracts of land within the coastal zone, the federal government conducts a broad range of activities that affect coastal resources, especially those associated with ports and harbors, military facilities, dredging projects, offshore oil, gas and mineral development and ocean waste disposal. Further, many private actions require a federal permit, such as those for offshore oil and gas production, dredging, filling, construction and environmental cleanup. Congress recognized that unless these federal agency and federal ly- permitted actions were consistent with State CZM plans, the goals of the CZMA would never be reached. As a result, Congress required that any activity by a federal agency, or any private action authorized by a federal permit, must be performed in a manner that is consistent with a State's federal ly-a pproved CZM plan. This is the essence of the partnership between the federal government and each coastal State: once a State's coastal program has been federally approved, the federal, State and local governments, as well as private citizens, are bound to conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the plan. 0 The State/Federal Partnership -- Serving the National Interest: Thirty-four of 35 eligible coastal States, Commonwealths and Territories currently participate in the national CZM program: 29 have received federal approval fortheir CZM plans, and five more are in the program development stage. Thus, more than 95% of our Notion's coast is now managed by the 29 federal ly-approved State CZM plans, with coverage increasing to over 99% when the next five States come on line. E Why apply lirnited federal funding to this program? Because Good Coastal Management Makes Sound Economic Sense. The benefits of coastal management are tangible and many. Coastal management programs have worked and proven to be cost-effective. The national CZM program is funded from two sources: the federal government and p6tti6oating State governments. All federal appropriations to participating States are required by the CZMA to be equally matched by the States. Federal funding remains critical to the CZM program, however, simply because every federal dollar withheld means a total of two dollars is lost from the national coastal resource management program. Given these tight budgetary times, it is impressive that the federal government can get $2.00 worth of results for every $1.00 invested. That's a bargain. 0 Recommendation forCLMAFY96 Funding: To safeguard and strengthen coastal protection programs in 34 Coastal States, Commonwealths and Territories by developing and maintaining their 'current programs, the following levels of appropriations for FY96 are imperafive: $49.5 million for State CZM Program Grants (��306, 306A and 309) - Although less than authorized, this level of funding is necessary to meet the new Congressional mandates. (FY95 appropriation: $ 45.5 million). $4.214 million for the National Estuarine Research Reserve Program (�315) - This funding level is necessary to support 22 designated sites throughout the nation's coastal area, and bring four new sffes on line. (FY95 appropriation: $3.350 million). $12 million for the 6217 Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program - Full funding at the authorized level is requested to enable States to complete coastal nonpoint source pollution control programs and begin addressing this critical coastal issue. .(FY95 appropriation: $5.0 million). THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT Am@/ !77 71 "- vp THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGING AMERICA S COASTS 1995 CONGRESSIONAL BRIEFING BOOK Coastal States Organization, Inc. INTRODUCTION Since colonial times, we have depended on the coasts for commerce, Contents transportation, fishing and recreation. Early decisions affecting The Congressional coastal resources were made at the town and village level. But as our Plan for Managing America's Coasts ........... 1 population grew and society evolved, the State and Federal govern- ments became involved. Until just a few decades ago, decisions af- Cost & Benefit: fecting coastal resources were made in piecemeal fashion with little The Bang for A consultation or coordination between the Federal, State and local Coastal Buck ........... 5 governments. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System By the late 1960's, with more than half of the nation's population ........... 8 located near the coast, the number of conflicts between different The CZMA: Twenty Years of Progress ............ 12 users increased dramatically. Coastal "space" was at a premium. Conclusion ............ 19 Recreational fishermen were displacing commercial fishermen. Local CZMA Funding residents became fenced out of their coastlines by resort and History residential development. Fouling of the coastal waters closed ............ Appendix A Legislative shellfish beds and swimming beaches, and caused the decline Of Chronology of the CZMA ............. Appendix B commercial and recreational fisheries. Booming development proved State Coastal beyond the ability of local communities to control. State and local Program Contacts ............. Appendix C National Estuarine governments could only react to events. Research Reserve Listing ............. Appendix D Planning and management were needed to conserve coastal resources while accommodating growth. Past mistakes needed to be remedied, and future ones avoided. A plan for managing America's coasts was needed to achieve a balance between competing interests and uses; protect coastal ecosystems; redevelop blighted shoreline and urban waterfronts; and ensure the economic vitality of coastal communities and the Nation as a whole. THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGING AMERICAS COASTS In 1969, approximately 93 million Americans lived within the coastal zone. The diverse and overlapping interests of the Federal, State and local governments, and the myriad of competing coastal resource uses-fishing, boating, recreation, tourism, ports and harbors, energy production, mining, transportation, waste disposal, dredging-were competing for a very finite The CZMA is the amount of coastal space. It became clear that "multiple use" management of the coastal zone was essential for the economy, the ecology, and for the only "environmen- continued enjoyment of the coast by all Americans. Clearly, the national interest would be served best by effectively managing the coastal zone. tal" program that requires a bal- The Coastal Zone Management Act: Management for Today, Stewardship for Tomorrow ance between economic devel- opment and resource protec- After three years of hearings and debates, Congress enacted the Coastal tion within the Zone Management Act (CZMA) in 1972, with the national goal to "preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore and enhance the resources coastal zone. of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations." Through the CZMA, Congress created a unique partnership among Federal, State and local governments by ensuring coordination among them as they collective- ly seek solutions to the problems caused by competing coastal pressures. All activities within the coastal zone, and those activities outside but affecting resources inside the coastal zone, are now subject to the multiple- use management regime established by the CZMA. The CZMA is the only "environmental" program that requires a balance between economic development and resource protection within the coastal zone. What is the "Coastal Zone"? 1 Congress viewed the coastal zone as all waters out to a State's seaward boundary (generally 3 miles offshore) and all uplands "to the extent neces- sary to control shorelands." The landward extent of the coastal zone is determined by each State. In some States, the coastal zone extends inland many miles, to the crest of a coastal mountain range for example. In a few instances, such as Delaware, Florida and Hawaii, the entire State is within the coastal zone. Nationwide, there are 666 coastal counties within 50 miles of the coast, encompassing 706,201 square miles of uplands, and 48,000 square miles of coastal waters, for a total of 754,201 square miles. Where these lands and waters meet runs a thin strip of beaches and shore stretching a total of 96,391 statute miles. More than half of us live... The CZMA: Implemented by the Coastal States Coastal Population Congress realized that an effective State/Federal partnership to ...... n. manage the coastal zone could not be accomplished without the willing participation of the States. To encoU rage States to join ... in less than a f ifth the program, Congress provided two incentives: financial assis- of our land area. tance to develop and implement "Federally approved" State' Coastal Areas 18% coastal zone management plans, and an assurance that Federal activities would be consistent with those plans. ........ ..... Federally-Approved State CZM Plans: The CZMA was designed CM" by MBAftW* to guide States in developing plans that give "full consider- ation to ecological, cultural, historic, and aesthetic values as well as the needs for compatible economic development." To assist in developing and implementing CZM plans, Congress authorized annual grants to the States. When a State CZM plan is complete, the State submits it to the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce, for review and approval. Upon Federal approval of a State's CZM plan, the Act's "Federal consistency" provisions become effective. .2 Federal Consistency- In addition to owning large tracts of land within the coastal zone, the Federal government conducts a broad range of activities that affect coastal resources, especially those activities associated with ports and harbors, military facilities, dredging projects, offshore oil, gas and mineral development and ocean waste disposal. The role of the Federal government in the coastal zone also extends to many private actions requiring a Federal permit. Congress recognized that unless Federal agency actions and permits were consistent with State CZM plans, the goals of the CZMA would never be 46im::641 . . . ....... reached. Congress included within the CZMA provisions which require that . . . .. ..... any activity by a Federal agency, or any private action authorized by a @@...Ae:: erd.::ddepq@@:or:::. Federal permit, be performed in a manner that is consistent with a State t d-o-- qrv:@Pnvd p:.a Jo-I.- CZM plan. The "Federal consistency" provisions are the essence of the partnership between the Federal government and each coastal State. Once d1b _6=6. a State coastal program has received Federal approval, the Federal, State and local governments, as well as private citizens, are bound to conduct e era @:Dertnt. themselves in a manner consistent with the plan. must b: e:: The State/Federal Partnership: Serving the National Interest .man n',e'r;,:fh:0tJS::: There is no better testament to the success of the State/Federal partnership forged by the CZMA than the fact that 29 of 35 eligible coastal States, .:.::.c.onsIiste hU, a Commonwealths and Territories have received Federal approval of their CZM plans, and that five more States are seeking to join the national CZM e e e @s. & program. As a result, the many national interests cited in the CZMA protecting fish and wildlife habitats; managing coastal development in CZM.1 hazardous areas; siting of energy, commercial and industrial facilities; an planning for public access; restoring and redeveloping waterfronts; streamlining permitting procedures; and involving the public and private sector in the decision-making process-are being promoted through State coastal management programs. 3 Coastal Management Programs ... .. .... . .... ... .... . d KEY American Northern U.S. T-tr8in Samoa Guant Marianairl. Approved * 29 Approved Programs Puerto Rico Islands @qa d@- r7--A Developing Pgm. * Cover 94% of the Nation's Non-Participant shoreline (89,117 miles) Com & BENEFITS: THE BANG FOR A COASTAL BUCK The "Value of the Coastal Zone America's coasts are one of the Nation's most valuable resources. When considering the value of the coast, the first thing that often comes to mind are "coastal" industries: Commercial fishing, which contributes $17 billion a year to the U.S..economy; Recreational fishing, wl-dch annually contributes $13.5 billion; Commercial ports and harbors, through which over 2,146 million tons of cargo moved in 1990; Offshore energy production, which produced 324 million barrels of oil (12% of U.S. production) worth $6.98 billion, and over 5 quadrillion cubic feet of natural gas (28% of U.S. production) worth more than $9.4 billion in 1990; and Recreation and tourism, which generates between $8 and $12 billion annually to the U.S. economy. But to fully appreciate the true value and benefit of the coastal economy, it is necessary to take a more refined look at the economic factors at work. These are: "coast-dependent activities": water-dependent activities such as fisheries, yacht clubs, off-shore energy produc- tion, beach-related recreation, and water-bome trans- port and shipping- 5 "Coast-linked activities": related to the use of the re- sources of the oceans, bays, Great Lakes and estuaries, even though the activities might not be in the coastal zone, such as fish processing and packing, or the produc- ti6n of fishing gear, life jackets, boats and other marine equipment. "Coastal service activities" located within the coastal zone which provide services to residents and visi- tors. In addition, values not measurable in dollar terms, nonetheless, add to the economic value of the coasts. The scenic vistas of California's Big Sur, the roaring tides along Maine's coast, the magnificence of the Great Lakes, or the beach at Chincoteague Island-these "non- market" values are the essence-the heart and soul-of the value of the coasts. Why do 110 million people, or 53% of all Americans, want to live within the narrow band which comprises only 18% of the land area of the Nation? Why are they willing to pay extra for a home with a view of the coast; or much extra for a home on the water? The widespread desire of Americans to be located on or near the coast is a sure measure of the great value Americans place on the coast and its resources. Acre for acre, America's coastal zone is one of the Nation's most valuable resources. N (oordinated & Infegrated Program Funding The national CZM program is funded from two sources: the Federal government and participating States. All Federal grants are required by the CZMA to be matched by the States, dollar for dollar. Given these tight budgetary times, it is impressive to know that the Federal government can get $2.00 worth of results for every $1.00 invested. That's a bargain. 6 Dollars spent on coastal zone management encourage inter-governmental By every major coordination and cooperation which reduces conflict, waste and redun- dancy. The CZMA is designed to be integrated with other local, State, indicator-- interstate and Federal programs. A State's proposed CZM program cannot receive Federal approval unless the State "has coordinated its program with population, local, area-wide, and interstate plans applicable to areas of the coastal zone." Each Federally-approved State CZM program incorporates the percent of GNP, protections of the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. In addition, the State CZM programs are administratively coordinated with other Federal value programs, such as EPA's National Estuary Program and NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary program. By integrating decision-making processes, of real estate, coastal zone management saves money for the public and private sectors. natural resource productivity The CZMA---A True Bargain and ecological Twenty years of experience have proven that the State/Federal CZM importance-- partnership provides the capability to deal with many pressures: population growth, hurricanes and flooding, erosion, wetlands loss, declining water the country's quality, beach pollution and shortage of public access. The vast increases in coastal population and economic activity projected for the next decade well-being will only exacerbate these problems and pressures. They must be met with increased coastal management capability. depends The bottom line? By every major indicator population, percent of GNP, in large measure value of real estate, natural resource productivity and ecological impor- tance the country s well-being depends in large measure on the well- on the well-being being of America's coasts. And the well-being of America's coasts depends upon the national Coastal Zone Management Program. of America's coasts. 7 THE NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEAR(H RESERVE SYSTEM Estuaries are found where the rivers meet the sea. Bays, sounds, marshes, swamps, inlets, and sloughs are all examples of estuaries. Each estuary supports a unique composition of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, shellfish and plants that interact to sustain an ecosystem. For over 300 years, our nation's estuaries have been impacted by human activity. The settlement along rivers and tributaries has led to downstream siltation, as forests were cleared and land tilled for agriculture. The growth in cities, commerce, and ports led to extensive diking and draining of marshes, filling of tidelands and dredging of navigation channels and canals. Feeding the growing population required intensive harvesting of fish and shellfish At NEER the same time, estuaries became receptacles for sewage and industrial wastes,. hardly conducive to either fishing or shellfishing. This activity has seriously damaged estuaries. In 1972, Congress established the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) to serve the national interest by protecting the estuarine environment and providing a network of sites for education, research and long-term monitoring. Currently there are 22 sites comprising nearly 450,000 acres of varied estuarine environments. These sites ring the nation's coasts and serve as magnets for education and research. Monitoring and research conducted within the National Estuarine Research Reserve System is helping coastal resource managers determine how to control the invasion of exotic species, like the Zebra Mussel; prevent nonpoint source pollution from the run-off of agricultural pesticides; develop sustainable management strategies for shellfish beds; and restore marshes and other wetlands. The knowledge that is gathered is distributed throughout the world to assist the recovery of estuaries. 8 The Reserves are also leading the way in environmental education with widely acclaimed curriculums in estuarine ecology aimed at coastal managers, teachers, students, and the general public. The Reserve sites provide outdoor classrooms which are an important component of State coastal programs. At the Reserves, the public can see State coastal zone management programs in action. Much remains to be done in the establishment and development of Reserve sites. As a system representing the bio-geographic diversity of the .estuarine environment, the Reserve System is only two-thirds complete. Continued Federal commitment is essential to the completion of the Natio- nal Estuarine Research Reserve System. as--v, 'W" 7; ;YA 7- 9 COASTAL USES AND USERS Ports & Harbors 10. There are about 190 seaports offe(ing over 3,000 berths for commercial car6ers in the U.S. 0. An estimated 60% of the Nation's coastal waterways require operational and maintenance dredging. 10. Within coastal waters, some 200-250 million cubic yards of sediments are dredged each year. Fisheries 10. Coastal waters provide nurseries and spawning grounds for 70 percent of the U.S. commercial and recreational fishery. Do. Commercial fishing employs over 350,000 people in vessel and shore-related fisheries work. 01 Seventeen million people participate in recreational saltwater fishing, spending $7.2 billion annually. Boating 10. Over 73 million people participate recreational boating activities on coastal waters each year. 10. Between 1950 and 1989, the number of recreational boats owned in the U.S. grew from 3.5 million to over 15.5 million. More than 3,800 private marinas and 4,500 private charter boats are located within the coastal zone. Coastal Energy Facilities 01 Approximately 98 percent of U.S. refining capacity is located in coastal areas. 10. With the U.S. containing 25 percent of the wodd's coal reserves, U.S. ports are expected to be increasingly relied upon as transfer points for coal shipments. Over 520 electrical generating facilities are located in coastal counties where cooling waters are found ' and another 100 are planned. The coast has been a focal point for developing alternative energy sources, such as tidal, thermal, deep ocean cold water, wind and solar energy. Tourism and Recreation Coastal beaches are visited by more than 180 million visitors each year. Americans visit the shore for recreation purposes an average 10 days per year. Coastal recreation and tourism generates $8-$l 2 billion annually. 10 PRESSURES ON THE COAST Population Growth The population in the coastal zone has increased from 80 million people in 1960 to more than 110 million today. Fifty-three percent of the Notion's population live within the coastal zone. The population density of coastal counties is four times the national average. By the year 2010, the U.S. coastal county population is projected to grow to 127 million people. About 700,000 new homes are constructed in coastal areas each year. Coastal Pollution IN. Pollutant run-off from land uses is responsible for forty-three percent of impaired estuaries and coastal waters. 00. Only about one-third of shellfish beds are approved for the harvesting. 0. The total economic loss to New Jersey and New York in 1988 due to marine pollution has been estimated to amount to between $3 billion and $7.3 billion dollars, with losses of between 46,000 and 100,000 jobs. Coastal Hazards Hurricane Andrew, a category IV hurricane, caused at least $15.5 billion in insured losses when it struck South Florida in 1992. 01 Estimated losses resulting from a category V hurricane, the severest, for surpass those of Hurricane Andrew-$43 billion for Galveston, TX; $52 billion for Fort Lauderdale, FL; $34 billion for Hampton, VA. 0. Eighty percent of people living in hurricane-prone areas have never experi- enced a major storm. 10. Great sums are being spent on protecting structures from natural and predictable occurrences of erosion: Miami Beach, FL-$65 million; Ocean City, MD-$45 million; Rockaway Beach, NY-$52 Million; Seabright, NJ-$I 58 million. 10. In recent years, the Corps of Engineers has spent $40470 million annually on beach renourishment and shore protection. Loss of Coastal Wetlands In 1780, an estimated I I million acres of coastal wetlands ringed the coasts of what is now the lower 48 States; by 1983, only 5.47 million acres of wetlands remained. Annual wetlands losses for the U.S. are estimated at 31 square miles. THE UMA: TWENTY-TWO YEARS OF PROGRESS For the past twenty years the CZMA has enabled coastal States to balance the need for economic growth with resource protection. The Act has enabled coastal States to become laboratories to experiment with new laws and. to strengthen existing statutes to protect ecologically threatened wetlands and estuaries. The States have tailored their CZM programs to meet national objectives as well as unique local requirements. The State CZM accomplishments cited here are by no means exhaustive. Rather, they reflect the wide diversity and scope of each State's coastal management efforts that are a result of the CZMA. Managing Coastal Development Ports and harbors advance critical national objectives by promoting energy exploration, fishery production, commerce and recreation. The CZMA enables States to identify sites to construct ports and harbors, coupling economic development with wise management of coastal resources. Do. Oregon's CZM program designated large sites for platform fabrication projects, coal transshipment and other coastal-dependent energy facilities where permits were readily available. This advance site identification system has enabled Oregon to approve project proposals for offshore module construction facilities at Coos Bay and Astoria in less than 60 days. 10. Rhode Island converted a large surplus Navy base at Quonset Point-Davisville into a major support base used for offshore oil and gas exploration in the mid- and North Atlantic. The State also provided dock space and support facilities for displaced commercial lobster fishermen by redeveloping the fishing port of Galilee. 10. Washington used CZM funds to evaluate 17 ports for future offshore platform construction sites. This helped local industry meet Federal and State regulatory and environmental impact requirements by providing advance notice of alternative construction sites. 12 10. California reserves areas for the present and future needs of the State's five deepwater commercial ports. The Corps of Engineers and the Port of Los Angeles worked together on projects designed to meet the port's cargo and infrastructure needs through the year 2020. This project generated thousands of construction and operation-related jobs. Mitigation actions required in connection with these projects are expected to restore nearly 600 acres of wetlands. The shortage of available sites for the disposal of dredged material often prevents port expansion and threatens the continued use of waterways for shipping. State CZM programs assist the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in identifying environmentally acceptable disposal methods and designating suitable sites for dredge spoil disposal. 10. The Florida CZM program conducted detailed engineering and environmental assessments to locate acceptable disposal sites for dredged materials. In the Port of Jacksonville alone, the Florida CZM program expects to save 72 months of permit processing time over the next 25 years. No. In Maryland, the Corps of Engineers was able to dredge a severely silted Wicomico River for the first time in 10 years after a $335,000 Maryland CZM project identified suitable upland areas for dredge disposal. Industries dependent on oil, coal and grain transport along the Wicomico River saved more than $4 million each year as a result. CZM funds finance harbor management and.port improvement projects. IN. The Bath Iron Works naval shipyard established its Portland, Maine, operations and positioned one of the nation's largest floating drydocks with the assistance of a waterfront coordinator hired by the city under the Maine CZM program. The coordinator guided this $45 million project through a maze of procedural hearings and found an acceptable location to dispose dredged material from the deepening of the dry-dock area. This effort netted the State an important defense industry and created 750 newjobs. No. Wisconsin and Minnesota initiated joint harbor management planning which increased interport cooperation, reduced harbor congestion, improved the port's truck and rail access, and led to the construction of new boat ramps and fish piers to reduce access conflicts between recreational boaters and commercial shippers. 13 Shorefront property is becoming increasingly scarce. To relieve develop- ment-related stress on shorefront property, many States restrict water- front uses to those that are "water dependent." After considering the recommendations developed by the t Commonwealth's coastal management program, the Massachusetts 4\ legislature approved a public trust lands law that requires critical waterfront space to be reserved for water-dependent uses. IN. Connecticut law protects scarce waterfront sites by prohibiting the conversion of existing water-dependent facilities such as marinas and shipyards to non-water dependent uses. Local and State permitting authorities are empowered by statute to reject non-water dependent coastal development even if all other zoning and regulatory standards are met, thereby encouraging "land banking" of key sites along the waterfront. This unique approach insures that priority consideration is given to water-dependent uses that require a coastal location. U.S. Commonwealths and Territories, which rely heavily on tourism for their economic livelihood, have taken steps through their CZM programs to guard against coastal overdevelopment and enhance natural resources. to. The Virgin Islands balanced concerns for environmental protection with a need for tourism revenue by allowing some bay filling for a new berth that could accept large cruise ships. 10. To accommodate a dramatic increase in tourism, the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands used CZM funds to prepare a management plan for hotel development in the Saipan Lagoon. Since 1988, the American Samoa Coastal Management Program (ASCMP) has worked to establish a coordinated system of land use review, which involves several American Samoa governmental agencies, each with its own technical expertise and authority over various economic, social and environmental planning concerns. Although responsibility for the program and the permitting system rests with the entire government, ASCMP has been assigned the responsibility of overall program development, administration, and coordination. 14 0 Enhancing Coasial and Ocean Resources The economies of coastal States are intimately tied to healthy and productive coastal waters. State CZM programs restore and protect fish, shellfish and their habitat while providing for increased commercial and recreational opportunities. In New York, over 100 fish habitats in coastal waters have increased protection. These are part of the 205 fish and wildlife habitats that are designated as being of statewide significance in the New York Coastal Program, and encompass thousands of acres. 10. South Carolina used CZM funds to map its oyster grounds, allowing the State to identify oyster quantity and quality. To boost shellfish production, the State also developed a mechanical oyster harvester that helped transfer thousands of bushels of seed oysters from polluted ocean beds to cleaner waters. Flofida is improving its fishery management efforts by documenting the long-term effect of habitat changes such as channel dredging, bulkheading and marsh and mangrove loss on various fish populations. The extent and causes of habitat loss along 6,000 miles of Florida coastline are being documented on a site-specific basis in order to protect key habitats and save permit processing time. In Boston, an overloaded and antiquated sewer system which supports 43 communities has caused severe water pollution. The Massachusetts CZM program helped assess the Harbor's pollution levels, assisted in the coordination of the Governor's task force to address the problem, and drafted a legislative cleanup proposal. These efforts led to enactment of a law which transferred control of the Boston Harbor sewer and water systems to a new independent authority and provided both financial resources and institutional latitude to improve water quality. 0. Michigan applied $30,000 in CZM funds to inventory the spawning grounds of fish species throughout its Great Lakes waters. The data, which was collected through on-site evaluations and interviews with commercial fishermen, describes spawning cycles and habitats of particular fish species and the characteristics of surrounding lakebeds. This inventory data has enabled the State to restore native fish populations and balance commercial and sport use of fish resources. 15 b. After considering a series of recommendations proposed by the State coastal program, Maine voters approved a $10 million State expenditure to build seven new fish piers, complete with berths, fuel and ice facilities. Another $12 million in local and Federal funds supple- mented construction financing for the new piers, enabling the fishing industry to expand and attract additional private capital investment and devise new fish marketing methods. No. Maryland's coastal program helped watermen on the Eastern Shore obtain a long-delayed Federal permit to dredge and bulkhead a new lagoon for docking oyster and clam boats off the Kent Narrows. Until the State CZM program intervened, the Corps of Engineers had not acted on their permit request for 19 months. The Maryland CZM program conducted a study that demonstrated that the project would not impair water quality and circulation, prompting the Corps to issue the permit and enabling watermen to pursue $600,000 in State and local funds for project financing. 0 Restoring Urban Waterfronts Our nation's waterfronts, ports and harbors have historically been centers of rapid industrial and urban growth. Access to waterborne transporta- tion led to the development of the country's large metropolitan areas. Over the years, however, many waterfronts have fallen into disrepair. State coastal management programs revive deteriorating water-fronts across the nation. No. New York's two largest cities are putting together ambitious waterfront revitalization undertakings. New York City's proposal calls for virtually continuous public access around Manhattan; designation of six sites to protect maritime uses; safeguarding of three Special Natural Waterfront Areas; and new waterfront zoning changes. In Buffalo, through the Horizons Waterfront Commission, a state-backed effort with Erie County, new waterfront projects include: an aquarium and science center, a Buffalo Harbor redevelopment plan, and relocation of a principal highway to open the waterfront to public access. 10. Michigan has promoted tourism by encouraging redevelopment of abandoned riverfront and lakeshore areas by i*ncreasing the marketabil- ity of industrial riverfront corridors through inexpensive aesthetic improvements, and building walkways along the historic canal locks at Sault Ste. Marie. 16 Since 1981, the California CZM program has used approximately $20 million to leverage an additional $100 million fro *m other public and private sources to fund over 60 projects for the construction of docks and marina berths for commercial fishing; public piers and fishing wharfs; coastal parks and public access improvements; and educational sites. Between 1978 and 1980, the Michigan coastal management program provided Detroit with $100,000 in CZM funds to plan, design and engineer a major urban waterfront redevelopment effort, the Linked Riverfront Parks project. It proved so successful that the city subsequently appropriated more than $33.5 million for additional park development. Consequently, these CZM-based revitalization efforts inspired the Stroh's Brewing Company and a private developer, American Natural Resources, to plan two residential-commercial projects along the Detroit River totaling more than $160 million in private investment. Port Angeles, Washington, located on the Straits of Juan de Fuca, applied $21,000 in CZM seed funds toward the design and construction of a $2.5 million city pier, park and aquarium. Port Angeles invested another $2.4 million in private and public funds to rehabilitate its shoreline. In Washburn, Wisconsin $40,000 in CZM funds were Ap applied to revitalize an abandoned waterfront. This investment led to a $5.6 million venture in private and public capital and the creation of 85 permanent new jobs. Now the waterfront boasts a new ship repair and boat building facility, marina, restaurant hotel complex, residential townhomes, and lakeshore park. Residents of Lynn, Massachusetts redeveloped a parcel of degraded waterfront by applying a $1.7 million in CZM funds to a State Heritage Park and private condominium proposals to generate $6 million in private investment and $5.5 million in State capital funds. 10. In New Haven, Connecticut a $25,000 CZM grant used for planning and a design competition initiated the construction of a $250 million office, conference, commercial retail, hotel and marina complex on what had once been a deteriorated, under-utilized waterfront. 17 Working with Federal Agencies The Federal consistency process has increased coordination between State and Federal agencies so that conflicts can be resolved or avoided. In a 1985 Federal review of the consistency process, only five of 1,336 consistency certifications by States for OCS regions in the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific, Atlantic and Alaska between 1978 and 1985 were denied. Do. New York relied on the consistency process to negotiate a land swap that helped convert surplus Federal coastal land into a State park at Montauk Point and, at the same time, expand Federal holdings in the Fire Island National Seashore. 1@ The consistency process enabled the Washington and Oregon CZM programs to negotiate an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior to provide crab fishermen with advance notice of Federal seismic testing for oil and gas in the Northern Pacific, thereby reducing damage to crabbing equipment. No. Connecticut entered into negotiations with AMTRAK using consistency procedures to ensure continued beach access in an area which otherwise would have been blocked due to fencing of a high speed rail bed. Since railroads are statutorily exempt from local regulation and AMTRAK is a private corporation chartered by Congress, the consistency provisions provided both parties with the only mechanism, short of litigation, for reaching this agreement. No. Louisiana is developing long-term management plans for nine federally maintained navigation channels in the State's coastal zone. These plans will provide guidance for priority use of material from dredging of the channels for wetlands restoration, salt water intrusion abatement and bank stabilization into the next century. No. The California CZM program and Vandenberg Air Force Base have reached agreements on water conservation planning, creation of miles of shoreline access trails, and protection'for endangered and threatened species. Billions of dollars worth of NASA space program and U.S. Air Force missile program projects have gone forward while securing environmental protection, enhancing community relations, and increasing public access and recreation opportunities. 18 CONCLUSION The coastal zone is rich in a variety of natural, commercial, recreational, ecological, industrial, and aesthetic resources which are of great value to the present and future citizens of the Nation. But, the lands and waters of our coastal zone are subject to increasingly intensive and competing uses. Population growth, industrial, commercial, and residential development, recreational demands, extraction of mineral resources and fossil fuels, transportation and navigation, waste disposal, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, and other living marine resources, cumulatively threaten the economies, way of life, heritage, recreational opportunities, and living resources of the coast. Through the CZMA, the Congressional plan for managing America's coasts, the coastal States are developing or have implemented federally- approved programs covering 99 percent of the coastal zone. The success of this unique State/Federal partnership is well documented, by the support of the public, coastal businesses, and local, State and Federal governments. Indeed, many foreign countries view the United States coastal program as a model. The National CZM program is a proven, cost-effective way to pursue national priorities, and manage the nation's interest in the coastal zone. Our Nation's commitment to the coast is at a crossroads. Together, the Federal and State governments have made a significant financial investment in managing the Nation's coastal resources over the last two decades. However, this effort must continue. By every major indicator-population, percent of GNP, value of real estate, natural resource productivity and ecological importance-the country's well-being depends in large measure on the well-being of America's coasts. And the well-being of America's coasts continues to depend upon Congressional support for the national Coastal Zone Management Program. 19 AMNDix A - CZMA FUNDING HISTORY: FEDERAL CONTRIBUTION (do/lars in thousands) Fiscal State State CZM NERRS Coastal Nonpoint NOAA State CZM Totals Year CzM Mgmt. Source Pollution Admini- Program Programs Program Development stration Development 1972 -0- -01 -0- -0- ... -01 1973 -0- -0- -0- 0- -0- -0- 1974 -0- -0- 4,000 800 7,200 12,000 1975 -0- 2,100 -0 919 14,100 17,119 1976 1 4,850 -0 182 15,000 21,032 1977 2 9,152 1,500 2,250 17,803 30,705 1978 12 18,212 300 3 62 11,028 33,202- 6 1979 18 31,212 3,000 3,343 4,535 42,090 1980 25 37,712 3,000 5,163 45,875 1981 26 33,962 3,000 5,201 : @@ -.-- 42,163 .. . .. .....- 1982 28 36,000 2,000 31180 41,180 .. .. .. . ... 3,229 46,338 1983 28 40,179 2,930 27,106 1984 28 21,000 2,930 3,176 1985 20 37,000 2,930 31275 43,205 1986 26 34,448 1,991 3,122 39,561 1987 29 31,373 2,859 3,020 37,252 1988 29 34,055 2,859 2,509 39,423 1989 29 34,942 2,790 2,779 40,511 1990 29 34,400 3,490 3,279 41,169 1991 29 34,600 3,473 3,394 41,467 1992 29 40,3311 3,722 2,000 4,000 600 50,653 1993 1 29 40,5341 3,214 1,920 3,597 800 50,065- 1994 29 45,8001 3,214 4,000 3,500 -0- 56,514 1995 29 491200' 3,350 5,000 4,100 760 62,410 1@29 651,062 56,55:2::[ 12,920 68,680 71,826.00 861,040 I Includes transfers from the �308 CZM Fund and apportionment for �309 grants. Appendix B Legislative Chronology of the Coastal Zone Management Act 1973 1953 0 OPEC oil embargo demonstrates the notion's 0 Congress enacts the Submerged Lands Act vulnerability to supply disruptions, spurring national explicitly recognizing coastal state jurisdiction over attention to energy independence. the resources of the three-mile territorial sea. 1974 1969 - President Nixon directs the Interior Department to - Oil spill in California's Santa Barbara Channel accelerate its OCS program to lease 10 million brings national attention to offshore environmental acres in 1975, equal to all previous federal leasing issues. of the OCS. 0 The Nixon administration proposes a five-point 0 Clarifying amendments to the CZMA (P.L. 93- ocean science program including a proposal to 612) increase the planning grant authorization from establish an estuarine and coastal zone management $9 million to $12 million per year and change program. provisions that affect the distribution of grants to coastal States and territories. The U.S. Commission on Marine Science, better known as the Stratton Commission, issues a report Congress provides initial funding of $7.2 million recommending that a Coastal Zone Management for coastal zone management program development Act be enacted to manage the coastal waters and grants. adjacent land. 0 Oregon's South Slough Estuarine Reserve a The National Oceanic and Atmospheric becomes the first federally designated estuarine Administration (NOAA) established within the sanctuary. Department of Commerce by Executive Order. 1976 - The Coastal States Organization formed. - CZMA amendments (P.L. 94-370) are prompted by calls for U.S. energy self-sufficiency and 1971 accelerated federal efforts to explore and develop 0 Senators Ernest F. Hollings and John Tower new offshore oil and gas reserves. The amendments introduce comprehensive coastal zone management establish a Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP) legislation, while in the House, a similar bill is authorizing grants, loans and loan guarantees over proposed by Congressman Alton Lennon. ten years for states whose coastal zones support and are impacted by new energy facilities. The 1972 amendments also raise the federal share of CZM - The Senate approves a coastal zone management administrative grants from two-thirds to 80 percent. bill. Program development funding extended for three years. Congress passes the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583) to be administered by Washington State coastal zone program becomes NOAA. The Act provides federal grant assistance to the first to receive federal approval. coastal states to develop and implement coastal management programs; requires federal consistency 1978 with approved coastal management programs; and - Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act amendments authorizes federal financial assistance to coastal enacted (P.L. 95-372), affecting the CZMA's Coastal States for the acquisition, development, and Energy Impact Program provisions and clarifying the operation of estuarine sanctuaries to serve as natural consistency certification process for OCS permits and field laboratories. licenses. 1979 1984 - Funding for program development grants expires. - The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the CZMA's consistency provisions do not apply to federal 1980 offshore oil and gas lease sales. The Court's ruling & Carter Administration proposes an eight-year in Interior v. California raises new concerns about phaseclown of federal funding for state CZM the applicability of the consistency provisions to other administration grants. federal activities such as deep seabed mining, at-sea incineration, and ocean dumping that, although Congress amends and reauthorizes the CZMA conducted outside a state's coastal boundary, might (P.L. 96-464) specifying national objectives to guide affect that state's coastal zone. states in managing their coastal resources. A new title authorizes resource management improvement The House Merchant Marine and Fisheries grants to finance low-cost construction projects, Committee holds hearings on legislation to amend preserve fragile coastal areas, redevelop waterfronts the CZMA's consistency provisions to require that and ports, and provide shoreline access. The scope federal activities significantly affecting state coastal of the CEIP program expanded, enabling Great zones comply with federally-approved state coastal Lakes states affected by the growing national management programs. The Senate Commerce, demand for coal to accommodate new coal Science and Transportation Committee later reports development, storage and shipment facilities in their a similar bill. coastal zones. 1986 1981 0 Congress reauthorizes the CZMA (P.L. 99-272) a The Reagan Administration proposes to end gradually increasing the match requirement for state federal funding for the State CZM administrative administrative grants to equalize state and federal grants and Coastal Energy Impact Assistance contributions by FY89. The estuarine sanctuaries programs, the first of nine Reagan Administration program is restructured as the National Estuarine budgets recommending a zero funding level for State Reserve Research System. Congress directs NOAA CZM grants. to prioritize the Reserve System for estuarine research projects wh ich address coastal resource Interior Secretary James Watt announces a five- management information needs. year OCS program, based on the concept of areawide leasing, offering oil and gas development 1987 rights on one billion acres. 0 The Office of Technology Assessment issues report Wastes in the Marine Environment finding that NOAA publishes final regulations interpreting the the overall health of estuaries and coastal waters is CZMA federal consistency provision so as to declining or threatened. preclude its application to OCS leasing. The House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee reports a resolution disapproving the regulations. NOAA 1988 rescinds the new rule. 0 Dolphin die.offs, medical waste wash-ups, and summer beach closures focus national attention on 1982 coastal pollution. The House Merchant Marine and - Appropriations for CEIP Fund discontinued. Fisheries issues report Coastal Waters in Jeopardy finding the federal response to the problem of - Washington office opened by the Coastal States coastal pollution to be fragmented and ineffectual. Organization. The report cites the need to place greater emphasis within the Coastal Zone Management Act on 1983 protecting estuaries and other coastal waters. - The House passes an OCS revenue sharing bill which allocates a portion of federal revenues from Congressional intervention prevents NOAA offshore oil and gas leasing to state coastal zone reprogramming of funds appropriated for coastal management programs to help offset the impacts of programs. offshore drilling operations on the nation's shorelines. 1990 0 Congress enacts the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) (P. L. 101 -508, sec.6201 et seq.) amending the CZMA's federal consistency provisions to overturn the Supreme Court's 1984 decision in Interior v. California by clarifying that all federal activities, whether in or outside of the coastal zone, are subject to the CZMA's consistency requirements; reauthorizing program development grants; authorizing Coastal Zone Enhancement Grants for the improvement of State CZM programs; authorizing appropriations through FY95 at increased levels; and requiring states to develop coastal nonpoint source control programs. 1992 0 The House and Senate approve OCS revenue sharing bills as part of comprehensive energy legislation; however, all OCS provisions are dropped during the House/Senate conference on the energy legislation due to failure to reach agreement on OCS lease sale moratoria and buybacks. - Technical amendments to the CZMA. P.L. 102- 587. 1993 a NOAA and EPA issue guidance for the development and appoval of State coastal nonpoint source pollution programs. 1995 0 Submission of State coastal nonpoint source pollution programs due. CZMA up for reauthorization. Appendix C Coastal Program Contacts Federal CZM Contact Mr. Jeffrey Benoit, Director California De6ware Office of Ocean Mr. Peter Douglas Ms. Sarah Cooksey & Coastal Resource Mgmt. Executive Director Administrator National Oceanic & California Coastal Commission Beach Preservation Section Atmospheric Administration 45 Fremont St., Suite 2000 D. N. R. E. C. SSMC 4 San Franciso, CA 94105-2219 P.O. Box 1401 1305 East-West Highway 415-904-5200 Dover, DE 19903 Silver Spring, MD 20910 302-739-3451 301-713-3155 Mr. Alan Pendleton Executive Director Mr. David B. Carter San Francisco Bay Conservation DCMP State CZM Contacts and Development Commission D.N.R.E.C. 30 Van Ness Avenue Division of Soil and Water David Slade San Francisco, CA 94102 P.O. Box 1401 Executive Director 415-557-3686 Dover, DE 19903 Coastal States Organization CNMI 302-739-3451 Suite 322 Mr. Manuel C. Sablan Florida 444 North Capitol St., NW Administrator Mr. Ralph Control Washington, D.C. 20001 Coastal Resources Mgmt. Executive Director 202-508-3860 Office of the Governor Coastal Management Program Alabarna 2nd Floor, Morgen Building Dept. of Comm. Affairs Mr. Gil Gilder Saipan, MP 96950 2740 Center View Drive, #305 Coastal Program Manager 011-670-234-6623 Tallahassee, FL 32399-2100 Dept. of Economic Connecficut 904-922-5438 & Comm. Affairs Mr. Arthur J. Rocque, Jr. Georgia P.O. Box 5690 Assistant Commissioner Mr. Duane Harris Montgomery, AL 36104 Long Island Sound Programs Coastal Resources Division 205-242-550 79 Elm St. Department of Natural Alaska Hartford, CT 06106-5127 Resources Gretchen Kaiser 203-566-7404 1200 Glynn Avenue Coastal Program Mr. Charles H. Evans Brunswick, GA 31523 P.O. Box 110030 Director Dr. Stuart Stevens, Chief Juneau, AK 99811-0030 Coastal Resources Management Ecological Services Sec. American Samoa 79 Elm St. Coastal Resources Division Mr. Lelei Peau Hartford, CT 06106-5127 Department of Natural Manager 203-566-7404 Resources Samoa CZM Program One Conservation Way American Samoa Government Brunswick, Georgia 31523 Pago,AS 96799 Guam Maryland Mississippi Mr. Michael L. Ham Dr. Sarah Taylor-Rogers Mr. Jerry E. Mitchell Administrator Assistant Secretary Coastal Management Program Coastal Management Program Dept. of Natural Resources Dept. of Marine Resources P.O. Box 2950 Tawes State Bldg. 2620 Beach Blvd. Agana, Guam 96910 580 Taylor Ave. Biloxi, MS 39531 011-671-474-4201 Annapolis, MD 21401 601-385-5880 301-974-2427 Hawaii New Hampshire Mr. Douglas S.Y. Tom Mr. Robert Beckett Mr. David Hartman Chief, C.Z.M. Program Director Coastal Program Manager Office of State Planning Coastal and Watershed Office of State Planning Office of the Governor Resources Division 2-1/2 Beacon Street Capitol Center Dept. Natural Resources Concord, NH 03301 P.O. Box"3540 Tawes State Office Bldg., B-2 603-271-2155 Honolulu, HI 96813-3540 Annapolis, MD 21401 808-587-2875 410-974-2427 New Jersey Mr. Steven Whitney Indiana Massachusetts Administrator Mr. John Simpson Ms. Peg Brady Office of Regulatory Policy Director Director 401 E. State Street, CN #423 Division of Water Massachusetts CZM Program Trenton, NJ 08625 402 W. Washington St. 100 Cambridge Street 609-292-1875 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2212 Boston, MA 02202 317-232-4161 617-727-9530 New York Mr. George Stafford Mr. Jack McGriffin, Jr. Mr. Richard Delaney Director Program Managaer Director Division of Coastal and Indiana Coastal Zone Urban Harbor Institute Waterfront Revitalization Management Program University of Massachusetts Department of State Division of Water 100 Morrissey Blvd. 162 Washington Avenue 402 W. Washington St. Boston, MA 02125-3393 Albany, NY 12231 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2212 617-287-5570 518-474-6000 Louisiana Michigan North Carolina Dr. Terry Howey Mr. Chris Shafer, Chief Mr. Roger Schecter Coastal Management Division Dept. of Natural Resources Director Dept. of Natural Resources Land and Water Mgmt. Div. Division of Coastal Mgmt. P.O. Box 44487 P.O. Box 30028 DEHNR Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4487 Lansing, MI 48909 P.O. Box 27687 504-342-7591 517-373-1950 Raleigh, NC 27611 919-733-2293 Maine Mr. James G. Ribbens Mr. David H. Keeley Coastal Programs Unit Ohio Director, Maine Coastal Dept. of Natural Resources Mr. Michael Colvin Program P.O. Box 30028 Coastal Management State Planning Office Lansing, Ml 48909 Administrator 184 State Street 517-373-1950 Dept. of Natural Resources State House Station #38 Fountain Square, Bldg. C-4 Augusta, ME 04333 Columbus, OH 43224 207-287-3261 614-265-6395 Oregon Texas Mr. Eldon Hout The Honorable Garry Mauro Manager Commissioner Coastal Ocean Program General Land Office Department of Land 1700 North Congress Avenue Conservation and Development Austin, TX 78701 800 N.E. Oregon Street, #18 Portland, OR 97232 Virgin Islands 503-229-6068 Beulah Dalmida-Smith Nisky Center Pennsylvania No. 45A Estate Nisky, Suite 231 Mr. James Tabor St. Thomas, VI 00802 Chief Division of Coastal Programs Virginia Land and Water Conservation Chesapeake Bay and P.O. Box 8555 Coastal Programs Harrisburg, PA 17105-8555 Dept. of Environmental Quality 717-787-2529 Intergovernmental Coordination 629 Main St., 6th Floor Puerto Rico Richmond, VA 23219 Mr. Pedro A. Gelabert 804-786-4500 Secretary Dept. of Natural and Washington Environmental Resources Mr. Jay Shepard 3 1\2 Munoz Rivera Avenue Program Manager P.O. Box 5887 Sharelands and Coastal Zone Son Juan, PR 00906 Management Program Dept. Of Ecology Mr. Jose A. Gonzalez-Liboy P.O. Box 47690 Director Olympia, WA 98504-7690 Puerto Rico Coastal Zone 206-407-7280 Management Program P.O. Box 5887 Wisconsin Son Juan, PR 00906 Mr. Nathaniel E. Robinson 809-724-5516 Administrator Division of Energy and Rhode Island Intergovernmental Relations Mr. Grover Fugate Department of Administration Executive Director P.O. Box 7868 Coastal Resources Mgmt. Madison, WI 53707-7868 Council Oliver H. Stedman Govt. Center Tower Hill Road Wakefield, RI 02880 401-277-3577 South Carolina Dr. H. Wayne Beam Deputy Commissioner Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management DEHEC 1201 Main Street, Suite 1520 Columbia, SC 29201 Appendix D Nallional bUdne Researth Reserve Syslem National Estuarine Research Jobos Bay NERR Sapelo, Island NERR Reserve Association (NERRA) P.O. Box 11] 70 Georgia Dept. of Natural Mr. Jim List, Manager Guayama, PR 00785 Resources Wells NERR 809-721-5495 P.O. Box 15 RR #2, Box 806 Sapelo Island, GA 31327 Wells, ME 04090 MD DNR/CBNERR-MD South Slough Estuarine 207-646-1555 Tawes State Office Bldg. B-3. Research Reserve 580 Taylor Avenue P.O. Box 5417 Annapolis, MD 21401 Charleston, OR 97420 ACE Basin NERR 410-974-3382 503-888-5558 P.O. Box 12559 Charleston, SC 29412 Narragansett Bay NERR Tijuana River NERR 803-762-5062 Dept. of Environmental 301 Caspian Way Management Imperial Beach, CA 92032 Apalachicola NERR P.O. Box 151 619-575-3613 261 7th Street Prudence Island, RI 02872 Apalachicola, FL 32320 401-683-6780 Waquoit Bay NERR 904-653-8063 Dept. Of Environmental Mgmt. North Carolina NERR P.O. Box 3092 Chesapeake Bay NERR-VA UNCW/CMSR Waquoit, MA 02536 VA Institute Of Marine Science 7205 Wrightsville Avenue 508-457-0495 Route 1308, P.O. Box 1346 Wilmington, NC 28403 Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Weeks Bay NERR 803-546-3623 North Inlet/Winyah Bay NERR 10936-B U.S. Highway 98 USC Baruch Marine Laboratory Fairhope, AL 36532 Deknvare NERR P.O. Box 1630 205-928-9792 DENREC Georgetown, SC 29442 89 Kings Hwy. 803-546-3623 Dover, DE 19901 Old Woman Creek NERR Elkhorn Slough NERR 22514 Cleveland Road East 1700 Elkhorn Road H222222uron, OH 44839 Watsonville, CA 95076 419-433-4601 408-728-2822 Padilla Buy NERR Great Bay NERR 1043 Bayview-Edison Road NH Fish & Game Dept. Mt. Vernon, WA 98273 37 Concord Road 206-428-1558 Durham, NH 03824 603-868-1095 Rookery Bay NERR 10 Shell Island Road Hudson River NERR Naples, FL 33942 C/O Bard College Field Station 813-775-8845 Annandole-on -Hudson, NY 12504 914-758-5193 STATE PROGRAMS Alaska COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Following enactment@ of the federal Coastal resources, uses, and activities of particular local Zone Management Act in 1972, the State of concern and, when coupled with State ACMP Alaska began active coastal management standards, provide a comprehensive framework planning in 1974. The Alaska Coastal for decision-making and permitting of proposed Management Act was enacted in 1977, and the development projects. state received federal approval of the Alaska Coastal Management Program (ACMP) in Balancing Development and Protection of 1979. Coadal Resources The Alaska Coastal Management Act provides The ACMP provides a forum where conflicts for 1) a program coordinated by the Office of about coastal development can be identified the Governor; 2) State standards enhanced by and resolved. For example, energy resour@ce 11coastal districV management programs development, mining, port expansion, or developed and implemented by local seafood processing projects along Alaska's communities and the State; 3) a management coast can involve numerous permits, complex structure built on existing State resource agency issues, and multiple jurisdictions. 'The ACMP authorities and local government land-use sets the stage for an integrated, multi-agency actions, rather than a separate coastal permit; review of such coastal development projects. and 4) the Alaska Coastal Policy Council to Local interests are incorporated into a State- oversee the development and implementation of level consistency review, particularly when Alaska's coastal program. questions of public need and alternatives arise. The impacts of major development projects are Under the ACMP, local governments, rural minimized at the same time that the state's areas,.and the State 10fAlaskm cooperatively resource-based economy is enhanced. manage the use and pr6tection of Alaska's coastal resources. The State ACMP standards Management of Coastal Habitats establish general policies governing uses and activities in the following areas: coastal Many habitats throughout the very diverse development, geophysical hazard areas, coastal regions of the state are managed under recreation, energy facilities, transportation and the ACMP, including offshore areas; estuaries; utilities, fish and seafood processing, timber wetlands and tideflats; rocky islands and harvest and processing, mining and mineral seacliffs; barrier islands and lagoons; and rivers, processing, subsistence, habitats, air, land and streams and lakes. Maintenance or water quality, and cultural resources. Following enhancement of the biological, physical, and State guidelines and subject to State review and chemical characteristics of the habitats is the approval, coastal communities and regions management goal. develop coastal district management plans, which become enforceable components of the ACMP. District programs focus on coastal Protection of Subsistence Resources are processed at a regional level and most. activities or uses proceed according to The ACMP recognizes the importance of regionalized conditions. Occasionally, a subsistence resources in coastal areas. Districts project review is appealed because of may identify areas in which subsistence is the controversial, complex or new issues; and the dominant use of coastal resources. Several concerns are resolved by the heads of State rural coastal districts have specific local policies resource agencies. addressing the protection of important subsistence resources. In certain areas, potentially conflicting uses or activities may be The ACMP provides a strong vehicle for the allowed only after careful review and adequate State of Alaska to advocate for responsible safeguards are in place to assure continued resource development and protection on subsistence use. federal lands and waters within the coastal zone. The federal consistency provisions ACCOMPUSHMENTS under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act are an important tool for the state when 1- Since the late 1 970s, 33 coastal districts addressing the proposed activities of the (ranging from the small Southeast cities to the federal government, which owns a major Municipality of Anchorage or large, remote portion of Alaska lands. Protection of regions in rural Alaska) have developed local bowhead wholes for subsistence hunting and coastal management programs.. In several careful attention to oil spill contingency - areas of the state, the coastal management planning are two instances where the state planning represents some of the first has asserted its views during reviews of coordinated, local-State planning to occur in offshore energy activities under federal this comparatively young state. Local consistency provisions. concerns vary from district-to-district, depending upon resource use patterns and Given the vast size of Alaska's coastal demands. coastline--about 34,000 miles---and the localized nature of coastal development in l- Nearly 50 percent of the federal coastal Alaska, the state focuses its management management grants, about $1 million, is efforts where the development occurs and the annually passed through tolocal governments people are concentrated. Recent specialized and rural resource prqq& coasta I planning area planning is directed at urban and implementation@`@40r,ts. - While most waterfronts, world-class fishing ports, and communities have focused their efforts on urban wetlands. Regionalized planning and participating in the State-level consistency coastal project reviews enhance the coastal reviews, some have also incorporated their land-use decision-making within a statewide coastal policies into local regulations which program framework which ensures consistent govern the full array of local land use treatment of the coastal resources. decis ion- making. The ACMP consistency review, in place since For Additional Information: 1984, is a streamlined, coordinated process for reviewing and issuing State permits for Alaska Coastal Management Program proposed projects in Alaska's coastal zone. Division of Governmental Coordination Over 1,500 projects -- ranging from Office of the Governor residential lot fills to major energy facilities -- P.O. Box 110030 are examined each year, generally within a Juneau, Alaska 99811-0030 30- or 50-day review period. Given Alaska's (907) 465-3562 vast size and diverse coastal regions, projects Alabama COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM' BACKGROUND The Alabama Coastal Area Management damage. The CCL will, in addition, help protect Program (ACAMP) was'approved in 1979. the character of the Alabama Gulf Coast for Program responsibilities are divided between the future generations. Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) which handles all of the 3) Natural Gas Production regulatory aspects of the program including Revenues from natural gas production in wetland and coastal construction permitting and Alabama's coastal waters have been a financial the Alabama Department of Economic and boon to the State. Through its work wit h the oil Community Affairs (ADECA) responsible for companies, other state regulatory agencies and overall program management including fiscal & citizens groups, the ACAMP has played a major grants management, planning and public role in assuring that the development of gas information. The coastal area in Alabama production has been conducted in an extends from the continuous ten foot contour environmentally sound manner. The State has seaward to the three mile limit. Funding in benefitted from gas production while FY94/95 federal funds matched by $702,000 protecting its other coastal natural resources. in state and local funds/in-kind services for total of $1,510,000. For more information contact: CURRENT ACTIVITIES/EMPHASIS Gil Gilder, Manager, Coastal Programs, ADECA, 401 Adams Ave., Montgomery, AL, 1) Shoreline Management 36103-5690; 205/242-5502 or Phillip The Alabama Gulf coast has experienced Hinesley, Coastal Programs, 10936-B U S Hwy pockets of erosion over the lost several years. A 98, Fairhope, AL 36532; 205/928-3625. study "Alabama Shoreline Change Rates: 1970-1993" completed last year is being used ACCOMPLISHMENTS to develop a shoreline management plan for the Gulf coast The plan will explore management 1) Wetlands Preservation strategies and funding sources as a first step Through judicious monitoring of Section 404 toward a long-term program to prevent the loss Dredge and Fill permits, enforcement of of historic structures and recreational beaches. sediment controls and public education efforts, the ACAMP has greatly reduced the rate of loss 2) Public Access of wetlands due to man-made causes in the In an effort to expand public access to coastal coastal area. This has benefited coastal waters some ACAMP funds have been allocated fisheries, water quality & wildlife habitat and to low cost construction projects. Public access helped preserve wetlands as such for improvement projects include: Pier St. Ramp generations to come. (Fairhope), Alabama Point Fishing Park (Orange Beach), Billy Goat Hole Romps (Dauphin Island) 2) Coastal Construction Control Line (CCL) and Mary Ann Public Beach (Baldwin Co.). In The ACAMP established a Construction addition the ACAMP is involved in coordinating Control Line to govern construction along the public access development with local Gulf shoreline in order to protect & stabilize governments & government agencies and in beaches & dunes and reduce potential storm inventorying publicly owned lands. 3) Local Government The ACAMP is increasing its involvement with local Government in an attempt to engage more people in the protection of coastal resources. In the current year staff will: a) work with districts in Baldwin Co. developing zoning ordinances in order to promote regulations protective of coastal resources and b) work with local governments and groups such as the East End Committee on Dauphin Island and the Dog River Clearwater Revival in Mobile. Cousful AssocMon The feasibility of and the need for an area and issue-wide membership association in the Alabama coastal area was the subject of recent study by ACAMP. As a result of the discussion and interest sparked by this study, the Alabama Coastal Foundation (ACF) was incorporated in 1993. The ACF now has a staff and is sponsoring Amnesty Day and Baywatch. American Samoa COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Since becoming an unincorporated territory of The traditional village pattern has been the United States in 1900, American Samoa has largely modified in the 20th century as many changed from a subsistence economy to that of villages have been forced to utilize their open a cash economy, while still trying to retain its malae area for expanding residential needs. traditions and cultural values. This transition Contributing to such change was the has brought about ecological changes as well. development of a road system and the Traditionally, Samoans would plant, harvest and urbanization of Pago Pago Harbor and other replant. Because of economic growth today, highly populated areas. In the majority of deforestation more often results from building villages, the malae has lost significance as the and new businesses. Areas which were once center of village life, and today most houses forests and farms, are now shopping centers and other new developments are oriented and European style homes. This is true of most toward the main road in a "strip" development island nations in our region. Our biggest fashion (A report to the Natural Resources challenge today is how to recognize the need Commission 1992). for change and how to manage it without adverse impact to the'environment. Most villages have used up their developable land, either for residential or commercial use. There are 48,767 acres in the territory, but All villages are struggling to accommodate a about two-thirds of the land is steeply sloping rapidly increasing population and commercial and virtually inaccessible. With the high base. But the general trend is clear, growth percentage of steep inaccessible land in continues to increase at alarming rates. American Samoa, the majority of villages are located in the relatively flat valleys of larger In 1900, according to the U.S. Bureau of watersheds and their@ac4qiqirg coastal strips, Census,,the population@of Tutuila and Manua with the exception of a broad, ancient lava flow was 5,679. By 1985, the population had risen known as the Tafuna plain, to which the focus to 35,527 (Statistical Digest, 1991), and 5 of new residential and industrial/commercial years later, the population stands at 46,773, an activity has recently shifted. Land prices have almost 50% increase in one decade! risen to as much as $20,000 per 1/4 acre and legal battles over land ownership are common. The environmental problems which American Samoa experiences today are exacerbated by a Land use patterns are dictated by the high population growth rate and a growing communal village lifestyle. Traditionally, the dependence on commodity product imports village developed around the malae, a large from the outside world. With only 55 square open green or town plaza, located in the center miles of land for Tutuila - American Samoa's of the village. Agricultural plots were located largest island and home to 95% of the total on the outside perimeter of a village. With this population of 47,000 - the 3.7% population type of development there was a clustering of growth rate is indeed alarming. uninhabited areas along the coast, with agricultural uninhabited areas between villages. It was within this setting that in 1980, the American Samoa Coastal Management CZM Video: "Our Island Village" Program (ASCMP) was established tn,@::;ugh an executive order (later established into statute in The major thruvl, of the film is the c-@,Jronment 1990). Since then, the ASCMP has played a and what we, as citizens, can do to p@,,_,serve. the major part in fostering development standards precious resources we have been given, while for the territory. still developing the island in a prudent fashion. The film also touched on the permitting sy..tem The program's jurisdictional area was and the reasons for implementing a land-u,-,e established to include all lands in the Territory system. and coastal waters seaward to the three mile territorial sea limit. The film was produced in both English and Samoan so that we have a broad audience. ACCOMPLISHMENTS The film was used as introduction to the legislature members when the CZM. legislation ASCMP Legislcrfion approved by Fono was introduced in 1990. As a result, both houses vote unanimously to approve the For almost 10 years the ASCMP has been legislation and was signed into law by the under executive order. That has now changed Governor that same year. as in 1990, the American Samoa Legislature passed the ASCMP to be under statute. Two Landslide Mitigation Feasibility Study previous:.moves to establish the ASCMP by statute were @, rejected by past sessions of the Following Hurricane Tusi which struck the legislature. The legislation includes a stop order Manua Island group in 1987, the Federal provision, fines for violations, and a special Emergency Management Agenc,., lienvironmental restoration fund" to be ' mandated a certain set of qualiIY5.,;g criteria for established through the collection of fines. future funding. The mandate included the requirement for the Territory to implement a Archaeological Monument strategy to mitigate the effects of potential landslides. As our program is directly The first Archaeological Monument in the responsible for the coordinated review of Land- Territory was completed in 1990 with 306A Use Permit Applications, we were given the task funds. The monument preserves a several to prepare a study of landslide hazard areas hundred year-old "star _m9p:pq' 'or "Tia-Seu-Lupe", and to recommend Mitigation, measures. a a . t- ly constructed which consists of an'el S''ra e mound of rocks located in the middle of dense The ASCMP and the Soil Conservation lowland rain forest.- Service worked together to design and conduct a feasibility study for effective landslide Although there are several theories on the mitigation in the Territory. The goal of the origins and purpose of Samoan starmounds, feasibility study was to p; Dduce a series of most widely accepted is the theory that the maps, which, along with relevant data, could be elevated sites were used in ancient times for used as a broad scope locaiional reference to pigeon hunting by high chiefs. There are some determine if proposed developments should in 75 recorded starmounds on Tutuila, although fac', ".,,-e examined rnore closely from a potential the actual number is very likely too be several landslide perspective. 'Four parameters -- hundred. This particular starmound is in geology, soil type, slope zone, and vegetation -- relatively good condition and the park has been were combined in a correlational model to built around it for residents and tourists to enjoy. assess low, medium, and high landslide hazard probability. Aerial Orthomapping advocated by the ASCMP staff as the system's major benefits: (1) timely review of the land use The ASCMP has pooled funds with several permit application by providing coordination on other local agencies to produce an update of all aspects of regulatory requirements of the. aeHal orthophoto maps of the Territory. Prior to various resource management agencies this effort, the most recent aerial mapping was represented on an interagency PNRS carried out in 1984 for the island of Tutuila Committee; (2) more meaningful environmental only. Most of those photos are missing, review of development proposals by bringing damaged, or of a useless scale for planning together the collective experience of some 7 or purposes. The new series off orthophoto, maps 8 professionals, rather than a single person as will be cataloged, referenced, and hopefully was previously the case; and (3) a reduction in treated with the respect they properly deserve expense for the public by requiring eady review through the thorough training of staff. of a project proposal at the conceptual site planning state, rather than at the stage when All islands in the Territory were photographed building blueprints were already approved by at an altitude that produced negatives that can the Department of Public Work. This would be used to produce orthophoto maps of scale eliminate the expense for such plans entirely. I" = 200'. In addition, special "sub-areas" including, our three special management areas, Pulenu'us' Workshop was flown at a lower altitude to produce maps of scale 1 100". In the past ASCMP and ASEPA conducted Pulenu'u's workshops of the eastern district and Pago Pago Harbor Toxicity Study western district of Tutuila, respectively. The purpose of the workshops was to acquaint the Another interagency venture sets out to pule'nu'us with the Coastal Management determine if it is safe to consume fish caught in Program and foster their cooperation on the Pago Pago Harbor. The ASCMP has pooled village level. technical and financial resources with the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources Coastweeks and the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. The study examined the The COASTWEEKS celebration brings levels of toxic elements in sediments, water, and together teachers, elected officials, fish tissue,. and sought tQctetermine whether environmental organizations, local groups, and more detailed study'is"Warian-ted. individuals together to express their concern for coastal resources in an atmosphere of charged Permit Brochure enthusiasm with plenty of work and fun. The brochure's main objective was to inform Our hope is to get as many people involved and assist the applicant in the permit process and interested in widening the spectrum of ideas and the reasons for the PNRS system as that will expand public awareness in all described below. Again, it was produced in communities, churches, schools and every both English and Samoan. comer of our island. The ASCMP was in operation of eight years We have celebrated Coastweeks in the when, in 1988, it initiated the establishment of Territory for the past six years. We have a coordinated, interagency decision-making received a lot of participation with all ages in process for the review of land use permit the community. Our most popular activity is the applications. The new initiative, known as the children's art calendar. This has been Project Notification and Review System (PNRS). distributed both local and abroad and has been Three pHnciple features of the PNRS were well received. Wetland Management Plan ASCMP has just completed a Wetland Management Plan for Tutuila and Aunu'u. The plan provided recommendations for the American Samoa Government to consider in the protection of the wetland areas. ASCMP is working with village council toward adopting some of the recommendations contained in the Plan. California COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OVERVIEW State coastal management efforts began in undeveloped areas where there can be a California in 1 965--seven years before the considerable impact from development, the enactment of the CZMA. The California coastal zone extends as much as five miles Coastal Management Program (CCMP) is inland from the water. In developed urban administered by three state agencies which areas, the boundary is as little as a few hundred oversee the conservation and development of feet inland. The Coastal Commission's California's coastline. These are the California jurisdiction excludes San Francisco Bay, where Coastal Commission, the Son Francisco Bay development is regulated by BCDC under Conservation and Development Commission separate law (see below). (BCDC) and the California State Coastal Conservancy (the Conservancy). Under the The CCMP manages coastal resources using a CCMP California balances the demands for variety of planning, permitting, and development with the need to conserve natural non-regulatory mechanisms. One key resources, providing for sound, responsible mechanism is the federal consistency review stewardship of one of the nation's most authority which allows the Commission to spectacular coastlines. Maintaining this evaluate projects conducted or funded by the balancing act is an increasing challenge. federal government, as well as private sector California's fiscal crisis in the 1990s has projects which require federal permits. This severely constrained state funding for coastal process gives the state an unparalleled ability protection, making federal funding more critical to negotiate with federal agencies to ensure that than ever. projects that effect the coastal zone are consistent with the CCMP. California Coastal Commission Along with federal consistency review authority, In 1972, California voteirs passed Proposition the Coastal Commission's primary mechanism 20, a coastal protection initiative- that led to the managing the coast is the coastal development California Coastal Act of 1976, establishing the permit. Any development in the Coastal Zone California Coastal Commission as a permanent may require a coastal development permit state agency with mandates to, among other issued either directly by the Coastal things, protect and enhance public access, Commission, or by a local government to which recreation, wetlands, visual resources, this authority has been delegated. This agriculture, commercial and industrial activity, delegation of authority represents a unique state and environmentally sensitive habitats within the and local government partnership established by coastal zone. the Coastal Act through which state-wide policies for the conservation and use of coastal Stretching 1 100 air miles from Oregon to the resources are reflected in local coastal planning Mexican border (over 3,400 miles of actual and development decisions. The Coastal waterfront land), the coastal zone extends Commission generally approves 95% of all seaward three miles, while its landward permits under its purview, often with conditions boundary varies. In rural and generally to bring the projects into compliance with Coastal Act policies@ Primary among these This year the California Coastal Commission policies are those which address: celebrates its first twenty years of promoting the intelligent use of the State's precious coastal PUBLIC ACCESS--Provide maximum public resources. The Commission's future challenge access to the shore while protecting public will be to adopt this sturdy framework, erected safety, fragile coastal resources, and private and still strongly supported by the citizens of property. Colifomia, to the dynamic changes in California's demographics and economy, the RECREATION--Protect and provide for cumulative impacts of the state's tremendous water-oriented recreational activities, and past growth, and new information about natural related commercial facilities that serve visitors. and human processes affecting the coast. @` MARINE RE SOURCES- Protect the marine Son Francisco Bay Conservation and environment and organisms for commercial, Development Commission recreational, scientific, and educational purposes. Give special protection to areas and In 1965 the California legislature created the species of special biological or economic Son Francisco Bay Conservation and significance. Development Commission and authorized it to formulate a plan to protect the bay for future LAND RESOURCES--Protect environmentally generations. BCDC developed Son Francisco sensitive habitat, limit conversion of viable Bay Plan to protect San Francisco Bay as a agricultural land. great natural resource, and to develop the Bay and its shoreline to their highest potential with a D EVELOPM E NT-- Concentrate development in minimum of Bay filling. In 1969 the legislature already-developed areas, protect scenic qualities made BCDC a permanent state agency and of coastal areas, prevent increased erosion or incorporated the Bay Plan into law, resulting in other hazards, maintain Highway 1 as a scenic the first comprehensive coastal management two-lone road, give priority to program developed in the nation by a state coasta I-de pendent development, and protect agency. In 1976 further legislation directed wetlands from adverse development. BCDC to similarly protect the Suisun Marsh, the state's largest remaining wetland. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT--Encourage coastal-dependent induxtpg] Jacilities and BCDC's mandates-are to limit. fill,increase provide for port nee@ c6fisistent with other public access to and along the Bay, and assure policies of the Act, promote multicompany use that sufficient land is available for priority of tanker and other energy facilities, permit oil water-oHented uses such as ports, airports, and gas-related development which minimizes water-related industry, wildlife refuges, and environmental impacts. recreation. BCDC permits to fill, change the use, or excavate materials from the Bay, from Additional Commission responsibilities under the certain diked areas or tributaries to the Bay, or Coastal Act include: reviewing and certifying from a shoreline bond extending 100 feet local government, and port coastal plans; inland from the Bay. As the state agency acting on permit appeals and plan implementing the CCMP in San Francisco Bay, amendments; and carrying out public education BCDC also exercises the authority to review programs. The Commission also provides federally-sponsored, -funded, or -perrnittmd technical assistance and grants to he@p local projects in the Bay for consistency with the governments develop and implemet@@"Iocal CCMP. coastal programs. Recently, with filling controlled and public LAND USE CONSERVATION access much increased, the Commission has AND SITE RESERVATION--- concentrated on (1) diversion of fresh water Protecting, through acquisition, coastal lands from the Bay, (2) dredging and the aquatic that are environmentally sensitive or have high disposal of dredged materials in the Bay, and scenic, recreational, or habitat value and (3) the protection and enhancement of diked holding them for eventual conveyance to public historic baylands. agencies or qualified non-profit organizations. Califomia State Coastal Comemancy RESOURCE RESTORATION--Restoring areas through acquisition, lot consolidation, or other The California State Coastal Conservancy was means which help protect the coastal created in 1976 to protect, restore, and environment or encourage orderly development. enhance resources in the coastal zone and San Francisco Bay through its authority to acquire RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT--Creating, land, design and implement resource restoration restoring, and enhancing functioning wetlands, and enhancement programs, and resolve watersheds, and other coastal habitat through coastal land use conflicts, complementing the technical assistance and mediation of land use regulatory activities of its sister agencies. conflicts, as well as project funding, planning, Accordingly, the Conservancy collaborates with and implementation. the Coastal Commission and the BCDC to: implement public access and mitigation NON-PROFIT SUPPORT--Providing technical requirements arising from the two agencies' assistance and financial support to non-profit permit conditions; help resolve problems which organizations to increase their capacity to carry impede completion of local coastal programs out Conservancy projects in all the above areas. (LCPs); and help implement LCPs. The Conservancy is an invaluable catalyst for The Conservancy's work is concentrated in the cooperation between state and local following areas: government agencies, non-profit organizations, and the private sector. The Conservancy's AGRICULTURAL LAND PRESERVATION--- ability to mediate coastal resource and land use Preservation of productive agricultural lands by conflicts, and to take advantage of acquisition acquiring property, providing necessary site opportunities in a timely fashion, provides an improvements, and resal@inqlegally protected effective non-regulatory -complement to the two lands for continued a`g@ncultural use. Commissions. Faced with growing fiscal constraints and some of the highest coastal land PUBLIC ACCESS- Des igni ng, implementing, prices in the world, the Conservancy has begun and acquiring land for projects to improve to focus its activities on high priority sites that, public access to the coast and bay shore. but for Conservancy intervention, would be lost forever as precious economic, environmental, or URBAN WATERFRONT recreational resources. IMPROVEMENT AND RESTORATION--- Funding acquisitions, construction, and technical assistance to redevelop deteriorated, underused and poorly planned waterfronts for public and commercial use. Supporting coastal-dependent industries, including. commercial fishing, through technical assistance and project grants. Providing assistance and funding for enhanced visitor, recreational, and public access opportunities. ACCOMPLISHMENTS upgrading of harbor space, the enhancement of commercially harvested wildlife, the prevention Public Access of harm from offshore oil development of and Recreational 012portunities: seawater intakes of onshore facilities, and ocean Coastal-related recreation in the state has been waste disposal. The Conservancy's waterfront estimated to generate over $800 million facility development and enhancement projects annually. Coastal attractions contribute strongly have directly boosted the industry.!;s,-,.: to the $27 billion in tourism revenues collected competitiveness. annually by the state's coastal counties. As a result of Coastal Commission action, over 2300 Local Government Decision Making: The easements for public beach access and Coastal Commission and BCDC have fostered recreational use have been secured in effective partnerships with local governments to connection with new development. Over 30 ensure that local planning and development miles of coastline previously closed to public use decisions reflect statewide policies for the have been opened. Many thousands of acres conservation and sound use of coastal of new coastal parklands have been added to resources. A local government obtains the local, State and federal park systems, ,New authority-4o issue coastal development permits campgrounds, youth hostels, hotels and other through the submission and Coastal recreation-oriented facilities have been required Commission approval of a Local Coastal or permitted under the coastal program. During Program (LCP) for its portion of the coastal the same period BCDC increased public access zone. Similarly, a Suisun Marsh local to the Bay shoreline from less than ten miles to government gains permitting authority when over 100 miles., Together with local BCDC approves its local protection program. governments and non-profit organizations, the By 1992, the Coastal Commissior, delegateil Conservancy has turned nearly 200 public permitting authority to local governments in 51 access easements into recreational facilities for of 73 designated jurisdictions, representing 78% the permanent enjoyment of California's visitors of the coastline. BCDC has delegated and residents. permitting authority to all of the Suisun Marsh local governments. l- A12Rropriate Economic Developmen : California's coastal management program b- Providing for Long-Term Port Needs: The provides for stable growth with. environmental Coastal Commission port planning process protection to'serve the.Wds;..of tourism, reserves appropriate,coastal areas forthe industry, agriculture, and recreation. The present and future needs of the four deepwater Coastal Commission and Bay Commission have commercial ports located in the coastal zone approved billions of dollars worth of (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Diego, and development while increasing public access to Hueneme) while protecting the coastal the coast and Bay shoreline, ensuring that environment. For example, the Commission is projects minimize adverse environmental currently working with the Corps of Engineers impacts, protecting environmentally sensitive and Port of Los Angeles on projects designed to habitats, reducing fill in Son Francisco Bay and meet the port's cargo facility and infrastructure other bays and estuaries, concentrating requirements through the year 2020, generating development where adequate public services thousands of construction and exist, maintaining scenic coastal views, and operations- related jobs for the southern preserving productive agricultural land. California economy. Mitigation actions required in connection with these projects are expected to o- Commercial Fisheries: California's restore nearly 600 acres of wetlands. Similarly, commercial fishing industry harvests up to $200 BCDC prepared a Regional Seaport Plan to million worth of fish annually. Coastal help assure that Bay Area ports have sufficient Commission policies promote the protection and lands to provide for future shipping demand with a minimum of fill in the Bay. The plan, floods. In 1974, the Coastal Commission drafted jointly with the regional transportation found that over half of the nearly 200,000 planning agency, establishes port policies and acres of coastal wetlands that existed at the turn identifies shipping terminal sites to meet of the century had been destroyed by dredging projected needs. and filling, including 90% of all southern California wetlands. Both the Coastal Act and b- Promoting Sound Dredging Policies the Son Francisco Bay Plan restrict new in San Francisco Bay: Regular dredging of development in wetlands and require their much of San Francisco Bay is necessary to serve restoration as a condition of development the needs of its ports, marine oil facilities, and permits. Both agencies work closely with federal many recreational marinas. Historically, agencies, including the Army Corps of dredged materials have often degraded fishery, Engineers, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the navigation and other important uses. BCDC National Marine Fisheries Service. The results has advocated for reuse and non-aquatic are readily observed in San Francisco Bay, disposal options to provide predictability forthe which by the early 1960s was being filled at the dredging community while allowing for wetland rate of up to 2,300 acres per year. The trend enhancement as well as providing materials for has since been reversed such that the Bay is levee reconstruction, construction material, and now slightly larger than it was in 1965, when land cover for landfills. The Conservancy is BCDC was established. In addition, BCDC's now developing and implementing innovative Suisun Marsh Protection Plan forms the basis for projects to safely use uncontaminated dredge protecting the largest remaining wetland in the material from ports to restore Bay area tidal state. The Conservancy and local non-profit marshes. organizations complement these regulatory actions with on-the-ground projects in wetlands, P- Promoting Sound Develor)ment estuarine, watershed, and riparian restoration of Oil and Gas Resources: By exercising its and enhancement, acquisition, technical federal consistency review authority the Coastal assistance, and public education. Commission has ensured that 41 outer continental shelf oil and gas plans of Restoring Urban Waterfronts: The exploration, development and production Conservancy's Urban Waterfronts Program include the strongest possible coastline seeks to restore these areas as vital economic protection provisions while allowing industry to and cultural components of a community. Since exploit this, valuable Peso q, In State.waters 1981, the Conservancy has used approximately the Commissions permitting powers protect $20 million to lever-age an additional $100 coastal resources by encouraging the use of million from other public and private sources to consolidated energy facilities and onshore fund over 60 projects. Projects include: pipeline transport of oil instead of tankering. In commercial fishing facilities such as docks and addition, the Coastal Commission and BCDC marina berthing; new and restored public piers are two of the key agencies implementing the and fishing wharfs; coastal parks and public state's Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act of access facilities; and educational facilities. 1990, which imposes stringent requirements on oil transporters and marine facilities to reduce Mitigating Enyironmental Impacts the risk of oil spills and effectively respond to Through Public-Private Cooperation: Shrinking spills when they do occur. public funding for coastal protection increases the importance of public agencies finding b- Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: Wetlands creative ways to work with the private sector. A are now valued as highly productive habitat for prime example is the Coastal Commission's commercially and recreationally harvested fish agreement with Southern California Edison and wildlife, refuges for endangered species, (SCE). The utility will fund one of the largest and mechanisms for controlling pollution and mitigation efforts ever attempted in the United States to address the significant reduction in fish who extinguish their development rights are stocks caused by SCE's San Onofre Nuclear compensated with two development credits for Generati'ng Station (SONGS). The Conservancy every affected parcel of land, applicable broadens its impact by enabling non-profit elsewhere in Monterey County. These credits organizations, through technical assistance and can be used, for example, to double the targeted grants, to carry out their own coastal allowed density of development. Preserving the restoration, public access, and agricultural scenic quality of this area permanently protects preservation programs. In the past 16 years the an asset which has generated millions of Conservancy has channeled nearly $40 million tourism dollars for the state. to 78 different organizations which have carried out almost 200 projects. BCDC chairs a trustee 1- Advocatina for Improved Bay committee that is using an $11 million payment and Coastal Water QualLty: For San Francisco from Shell Oil Company to enhance wetlands Bay to function as a healthy estuary sufficient that were damaged by a 1986 oil spill into Son fresh water must be made available for all Francisco Bay. beneficial uses. Yet, more than 50% of the fresh water that would otherwise flow into the P- Providing Economic Incentives Bay from more than three-quarters of the state is for Coastal Protection: Mounting popu@ation diverted, mainly for agricultural use in the pressures and limited funds for open space Central Valley. BCDC continues to actively acquisition have prompted the Coastal participate in the State Water Resource Control Commission and the Conservancy, in Board's (SWRCB) ongoing, complex and lengthy partnership with local governments, to develop hearings, advocating for the estuary's many innovative mechanisms for preventing certain users. At the statewide level, the Coastal types of inappropriate coastal development. Commission has taken the lead, in cooperation The best examples are'the transfer of with SWRCB and the U.S. Environmental development credit (TDC) programs which Protection Agency, to develop a nonpoint encourage property owners to extinguish pollution control component of California's development rights on parcels zoned for coastal management program. This effort, residential use in the post, but which are judged mandated by a 1990 amendment to the federal unsuitable for development by today's Coastal Zone Management Act, will address standards. In the ruggedly beautiful and polluted runoff from various activities, including: steeply-sloped areas of the Santa Monica urban land uses; agriculture; forestry; marinas Mountains, a TDC prqarpm@qllows permit and recreational boating; and stream applicants wishing to s"Adivide or.build a channelization and other waterbody multi-family project in a nearby area to mitigate modifications. There also will be a special the environmental impacts of their project by focus on the habitat protection needs of purchasing the rights to develop a parcei of wetlands and riparian areas. land in a threatened area. This has permanently protected over 500 parcels of land Restoring Damaged Areas, Protecting at no cost to the taxpayers, preventing erosion Agricultural Lands, and Preserving Future hazards, destruction of environmentally sensitive Options: The Conservancy's Resource habitat and watersheds, and degradation of Enhancement Program seeks to haft damage scenic views. The TDC program in a 90-mile resulting from the draining and filling of stretch of the Big Sur coast is built around a wetlands, the destruction of dunes that buffer single objective standard for protecting the inland areas from encroaching seas, and the scenic and open space character of the erosion that loads streams with sediments and coastline: a prohibition on any development increases the need for costly dredging. Since which can be seen from Highway 1. Owners of 1978 it has done so in 167 projects located in existing, otherwise developable residential every coastal vmd Son Francisco Bay county at a parcels in the "critical viewshed" of Highway 1 cost of $49 miflion. Projects include watershed protection, wetlands restoration, revegetation, education about the types and results of and the acquisition of 1,500 acres of critical pollution on our beaches, information that Is coastal sites. The Agricultural Program has: disseminated to an even larger audience by the protected approximately 7,000 acres of widespread media coverage this event receives productive coastal land; funded projects to every year. Both programs are substantially demonstrate agricultural conservation funded through public/private partnerships with techniques; mediated disputes between the backing of companies like Pepsi Co. and agricultural, urban, and natural resource Lucky foods. These activities are supplemented protection interests; and promoted the work of by seminars for school, church, and citizens' land trusts. In less stringent economic times the groups as well as public service outreach efforts Conservancy's Site Reservation Program to television, radio, and print media. purchased coastal parcels with high resource values as a "stand-in" for a permanent acquiring agency. This allowed the state to respond ELKHORN SLOUGH flexibly to the private market to acquire over 5,000 acres of key resource lands at opportune NATIONAL ESTUARINE times and minimize the cost of land acquisitions. RESEARCH RESERVE b- Promoting National Marine Sanctuaries: California is home to four of the notion's eleven Location: The Elkhorn Slough National Marine Sanctuaries including the newest and Estuarine Research. Reserve is located on the largest, the Monterey Bay National Marine central California coast roughly halfway Sanctuary (MBNMS). Designation as a marine between the cities of Santa Cruz and Monterey. sanctuary promotes the comprehensive The Reserve is managed by the California management of special ecological, historical, Department of Fish and Game. recreational, and aesthetic resources of each site. California's other Marine Sanctuaries are Site Description: The Reserve encompasses at the Channel Islands, Gulf of the Farallones, approximately 1,400 acres of wetland and and Cordell Banks. In addition to its direct upland habitat. Elkhorn Slough is the second involvement in the formation and multi-agency largest salt marsh is California. The main administration of these areas, the Coastal channel of the slough is more than seven miles Commission's impact on sanctuary management long with over 3000 acres of mudflat and tidal is bolstered by its ability jp,reg u late land uses in channels. Surrounding- habitats include coastal it adjoining areas. Together w h the natural field dunes, grasslands, Oak woodlands, freshwater laboratories protected as National Estuarine ponds and maritime chaparral. Hundreds of Research Reserves (two in California at the species of invertebrates, fishes, and birds are Tijuana River, and Elkhorn Slough near found at the Reserve. The channels and tidal Monterey), the Sanctuaries serve as an creeks are nursery grounds for the young of important vehicle for the state's overall coastal many species of fish. It is also a critical program to collaborate with the federal stopover on the Pacific flyway. Resident marine government in promoting long term coastal mammals include harbor seals, sea lions, and resource protection and education efforts. sea otters. b- Coastal Education and Public Involvement: Significant Plant and Animal Species: The Coastal Commission's Adopt-a-Beach Pickleweed is the dominant vascular plant in the program has resulted in more than 300 local salt marsh that flanks hundreds of acres of community organizations volunteering to keep mudflat and channel. Three types of woodlands their "adopted" beach clean for a year. The are found in the Reserve: the oak woodland, most recent Coastal Cleanup Day event gave Monterey pine, and eucalyptus. over 35,000 Californians a "hands on" The Elkhorn Slough area supports several Monitoring Program: Monitoring programs are species of endangered fauna. These include: performed by several. different groups. State California brown pelican, California least tern, Mussel Watch monitors compounds in mussel Santa Cruz long-toed salamander, American tissue from Mytilus edulis collected from the * ' peregrine falcon and California clapper rail. Reserve and throughout the watershed. A water monitoring project has been established on the On-site Public Education Reserve and utilizes volunteers in the data and Interpretation Programs: The Reserve collection process. A National Weather Service conducts training programs to prepare teachers weather station has been established on the to lead field trips to the site. The Reserve also Reserve and utilizes volunteers in the data sponsors specialized workshops for educators collection process. The complements the station wanting more in-depth training in natural and maintained by the Moss Landing Marine cultural history topics. Regularly scheduled Laboratories nearby. Aerial photographs of the interpretive walks are conducted by docents and entire slough area are taken yearly. Every five staff for youth groups as well as the public. to seven years, high resolution infrared aerial Schedules of special events, activities, and photographs are taken. public lectures are announced. Brochures and fliers on various subjects are published and Volunteer Program: Currently, nearly 100 distributed. The area is also designated a people volunteer their time on the Reserve and California Wildlands site under a program around the slough. Volunteers participate in a dedicated to education and interpretation 7-week training program in the natural and instituted by the California Department of Fish cultural history of the slough and the logistics of and Game. the program. Volunteers provide interpretive services on-site, help in staffing the visitor Off-site Public Education center, operate the Reserve bookstore, assist and Interpretation Programs: Off-site activities with research projects, maintain trails, assist in include sponsorship of major public symposia bookkeeping chores, sponsor special projects, and conferences on the "State of the Bay," assist in designing and maintaining exhibits, participation in local fairs and events with serve as members of the Reserve Advisory staffed booths, lectures to local service clubs, Committee and as members of the Board of libraries, and other organizations. Radio and Directors of thee non-profit organization television programs have highlighted Reserve established to protect the slough, the Elkhorn programs and purpo�qsi,@Pserve staff have Slough Foundation.. sponsored and judg e ic hoo-1 science fairs and participated in several Symposia-for educators, Facilities: Public facilities at the Reserve include focusing on teaching environmental and a Visitors Center containing exhibits, a library, scientific issues. The non-profit Elkhorn Slough and bookstore. Self-guided hiking trails are Foundation helps support research and also open to the public. On-site research education both on- and off-site. facilities include a small laboratory and weather station. Facility expansion is planned for 1993. Research Program: Research includes work funded by NOAA as well as graduate research For additional information contact: carried out by students from the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, USCS Long Marine . Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Laboratory, and Stanford's Hopkins Marine Reserve Station. Research interests have ranged from 1700 Elkhorn Road studies on fish populations to work on erosion Watsonville, CA 95076 and sedimentation in the slough watershed. Of (408) 728-2822 particular interest currently is a NOAA funded study of non-point source pollution. TuUANA RIVER NATIONAL of the 1,735 square mile watershed is in Mexico. The reserve is 2,513 acres of tidal .10 ESTUARINE RESEARCH wetland, riparian, uplands, beaches, dunes and agricultural land. The salt marsh habitat is . RESERVE characterized by extremely variable stream flow, with extended periods of drought interrupted by Origin of the Reserve heavy floods in wet years. The Tijuana Estuary is distinguished by being one of the finest tidal - The Tijuana River Natural Estuarine Research wetlands remaining in southern California with a Reserve (NERR) was established in 1982 when a significant number of resident sate and federal group of citizens organized as the Southwest endangered species, including: light-footed Wetlands Interpretive Association (SWIA) joined clapper rail, least bell's viero, California brown with the State of California in nominating pelican, California least tern, Belding's Tijuana River as southern California's candidate savannah sparrow, wandering skipper butterfly for the NERR program. The NERR program is a and the plant, salt-marsh bird's beak. partnership between states and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key features include: (NOAA) and now includes a total of 21 reserves, two in California. the international setting; migratory stopover for birds on the Pacific AdminWration flyway (378 species of birds are recorded for the TRV); The nine member Tijuana River NERR a river mouth without a railroad or highway Management Authority includes the public blocking the opening; agencies with jurisdictional interests in the the best of the few remaining coastal salt Tijuana River Valley. The Management Authority marshes in southern California (California oversees and guides the reserve program. They leads the nation wetlands destruction -- 90%) meet monthly with subcommittees meeting as needed. Members include the following land Research owning agencies; California Department of Parks and Recreation (CDPR), U.S. Fish and For over 10 years San Diego State University Wildlife Service (USFWS), County of San Diego, (SDSU)) has conducted research focused on City ofSan Diego, and-Oip.I.V.S. Navy. The State establishing restoration. guidelines for and Coastal Conservan of Imperial region coastal wetlands and developing CY Beach, Coastal Commission and NOAA are methods and protocols to deal with serious non land owning members. State Pa rks urban contamination problems. The University accepted the role of state lead agency. has a 3 acre field laboratory (Pacific Estuarine California Department of Parks and Recreation, Research Laboratory) near the visitor center. and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service jointly Research funding has been provided by NOAA manage day to day operations. San Diego (Sanctuaries and Reserve Division, Sea Grant), County Parks also plays a major role as U.S. Navy, National Science Foundation, operator of 730 acre Tijuana River Valley USFWS, SDSU, University of California and Regional Park, which includes land in the State Environmental License Plate Fund. The Reserve and upriver. recent NERR research index (draft) by NOAA lists 18 funded projects at Tijuana River since Site Description and Key Features 1982. The Tijuana Estuary is a tidal estuary on the international border with Mexico. Three quarters Restoration Problems TRNERR has a complete habitat restoration TRNERR is affected by population pressures from plan, ready for implementation, to deal with the 14 million humans who live within a 150 mJ1'e significant urban related problems of habitat radius. Key problems in maintaining the loss due to sedimentation, filling, and ecological health of the reserve rvlr., contaminated water runoff. It includes re-creation of 500 acres of tidal wetland 0- waste water discharge from Mexico and habitat. urban runoff from local U.S. communities sedimentation due to disturbance in the Education watershed on both s; es of the border. id trampling of sensitiv,-e habitats by illegal The program includes a totally bilingual immigrants crossing the border, elementary grade curriculum on the ecology of P- helicopter over flights from adjacent Navy southern California coastal wetlands with field base. materials, posters, and two videotapes. Over the prospect of extensive gravel extraction 500 teachers from San Diego, Orange and Los next to the reserve. Angeles counties and Baia California are trained in the use of the materials. Teacher training workshops are offered in.English and Spanish. These materials are being used by marine educators throughout the U.S. There is an additional teacher workshop in using art to teach science (ART-SCI). The visitor center has a-,(bilingual) children's program and cooperates with the local school district in a year round "intersession" program. Funding for preparation and dissemination of materials comes from various sources in6-,Afing: Calif. License Plate Fund, and NOAA awards. Facilities s- Field research laboratory including fenced experimental channels, storage trailer and utilities. Visitor center -- 6,500 square feet including administrative offices, education laboratory, theater, and exhibit hall (exhibits nearing completion), 4 car garage, shop, caretaker carport and research lob, 4 acre native plant demonstration garden, 2.2 miles of beach, 6 miles of nature trails, separate from equestrian trails, 1 mile of bike and dog trail. Connecticut COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Coastal zone management has been a approach, Connecticut's Coastal Zone Connecticut success story. AJI along the Management Program has achieved the goal of coastline, from Greenwich to Stonington, there striking the delicate balance between the has been a renaissance of urban waterfront realistic need for coastal towns to grow strong development that has been both environmentally economically, and the responsibility to preserve sound and economically beneficial to coastal and protect natural coastal resources and our municipalities. At the same time, great strides marine heritage for present and future have been made in guarding fragile natural generations. resources, preserving and encouraging water dependent activities and restoring acres of The program has given local governments new wetlands, beaches and barrier islands, and regulatory authority and planning responsibilities improving marine life. Ongoing coastal backed by funding, technical assistance and management efforts have provided the citizens guidance at the state level. In fact, of Connecticut with better public access to all of Connecticut's cooperation and coordination the state's waterfront areas. with municipalities has served as a model for similar programs across the nation. Efforts to establish Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management Program began in 1975, two Since 1980, all coastal towns in Connecticut years after the passage of the federal Coastal have been actively regulating coastal Zone Management Act. After four years of development under the policies of the CCMA. study of the overall effects of coastal activities, In addition, 31 coastal towns have voluntarily identification of critical coastal resources, the adopted municipal coastal programs which exploration of a variety of methods for provide a long-range plan for coastal improving-the manqgprpent;@;of %coastline use and development within the-community. @ Through development and hundreds *of public meetings, the Coastal Zone Management Program, 9.5 Connecticut's Coastal Management Act (CCMA) miles of public access have been added to was passed in 1979 and became effective on Connecticut's shoreline and over 1,500 acres of January 1, 1980. tidal wetlands on Long Island Sound have been restored. The central concept which defines Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management Program is its Today, Connecticut's Coastal Zone emphasis on regulating coastal use and Management Program is part of the Department development based on resource protection of Environmental Protection's (DEP) Office of criteria rather than traditional zoning models. Long Island Sound Programs (OLISP), a branch This use of "resource zoning" allows the Coastal of the Commissioner's Office. This office was Zone Management Program to emphasize the created in the Spring of 1991 to institute a development of water dependent uses which are comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to compatible with natural resource protection and Long Island Sound management within the provide a greater measure of protection to Department. OLISP has primary oversight fragile coastal areas. By adopting this unique responsibilities for all of the Department 's Long Island Sound activities and is directly responsible 2000, the Department's guidance document for for statewide implementation of Connecticut's meeting Connecticut's environmental protection Coastal Zone Management Program. The needs and goals through the year 2000, office is also responsible for permitting coastal includes significant programs devoted to Long development in the state's tidal, coastal, and Island Sound and the protection and navigable waters, protection and restoration of management of its coastal resources. the state's tidal wetlands and coastal coves and Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management embayments, implementation of the Harbor Program is prepared to meet the challenges that Management Act, and long range planning for lie ahead as we continue our efforts to protect programs and initiatives affecting Long Island our shoreline for future generations. Sound. In addition, the office is responsible for the intradepartmental coordination of agency ACCOMPLISHMENTS wildlife, fisheries and water quality programs directly affecting Long Island Sound and its Tidal Wedands; Restoration natural resources, including the Long Island Sound Research Fund, which annually provides Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management. one million dollars in grants to universities and Program has been successfully restoring tidal high schools for Long Island Sound related wetlands for over ten years. Working research. cooperatively with DEP's Wildlife Division, the Department of Health Services Mosquito and OLISP is currently directing its energies toward Vector Control Section, the U.S. Fish and - several key areas within the Coastal Zone Wildlife Service and other groups on these Management Program. Tidal wetlands projects, the Coastal Zone-Management protection, public access, and nonpoint source Program has successfully restored over 1,500 pollution have been identified as priority issues acres of tidal wetlands in the state. for the next decade. Connecticut is the first state in the country to utilize funding provided Since the turn of the century, and-prior to their by the federal Intermodal Surface Transportation statutory protection in 1969, Connecticut has - Efficiency Act (ISTEA) for the restoration of tidal lost over 6,000 acres of tidal wetlands on Long wetlands. The creation of a Long Island Sound island Sound and its related rivers to dredging, commemorative license plate will provide draining, filling and development. Many of monies to a dedicated Long Island Sound Fund those wetland areas that were not directly through public purchasq@,qflhe plate. Funds will altered by development -were. crisscrossed with be used for public access prole@ts, marine mosquito ditches, an effort started in the early habitat protection and restoration, marine 1 900's to drain the salt and brackish marshes research, and public education and outreach. and prevent mosquito breeding. In addition, the office is currently evaluating an extension of its coastal boundary to manage The passage of the state Tidal Wetlands Act in nonpoint source pollution control initiatives 1969 paved the way for efforts to stop the affecting nearshore water quality in Long Island rampant destruction of Connecticut's tidal Sound and its tributaries statewide in wetlands by recognizing the tremendous conjunction with the Long Island Sound National economic and natural value of tidal wetlands Estuaries Program. and by establishing a regulatory program which has arrested wetland loss to less than one-half As we look toward the year 2000, the need for acre per year. a strong Coastal Zone Management Program in Connecticut will continue to grow. Demands on While the Tidal Wetlands Act has successfully the coast and its related resources must stopped additional wetland loss, the need to continue to be balanced with protection of Long restore those tidal wetland areas not Island Sound and its invaluable ecosystems. E. permanently destroyed by development become one of the Coastal Zone Management Long Island Sound License Plate Program's top priorities. Since many wetlands were cutoff from tidal flows by highway and Faced by tough economic times and diminishing railroad causeways, tidegates or mosquito resources traditionally provided by the state's ditching, the program has been able to use a general fund, Connecticut's Coastal Zone variety of innovative techniques to restore tidal Management Program has developed a wetlands, all of which are based on the program to create much needed funds for Long principle of returning tidal flows, or salt water Island Sound and the protection of its coastal flushing to the site. resources. On May 27, 1992 Connecticut Governor Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. signed into law Those wetland sites that have been degraded as a bill creating a Long Island Sound a result of filling are prime candidates for the commemorative license plate. Proceeds use of the state-of-the-art Open Marsh Water collected from plate sales will benefit a Long Management (OMWM) technique. Using low Island Sound Fund administered by the ground pressure excavators to remove fill and Connecticut Department of Environmental restore tidal channels, a site is restored to its Protection. While other states have adopted original wetland ecosystem, and surface pools similar license plate programs for specific and ponds are created to provide habitat for natural resource protection, this program will be killifish, which eat mosquito larvae. Once these the first in the country to have monies dedicated features are in place and the natural balance directly to coastal management activities. The has been restored, OMWM has created a self- Fund will support the restoration and sufficient mosquito control system and the marsh rehabilitation of tidal wetlands and estuarine has been restored in the process. The Coastal embayments, the acquisition and development Zone Management Program has used this of public access to Long Island Sound, marine method to successfully restore a variety of tidal and anadromous fisheries research, habitat wetland systems. preservation and restoration and public Additional methods have also been used by the outreach and education. Coastal Zone Management Program to restore The bill, drafted by the Coastal Zone tidal wetlands including the installation of Management Program, authorizes the culverts to restore tidal flushing to those sites Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles which have been diked or impacted as a result (DMV) to issue the plate, which is available on of causeways, bridge -coqstryction and flood. an elective basis-as a valid Connecticut motor control projects. Se@lf-re6u` atin'g tidegates have vehicle license. plate. The plate depicts a also been used successfully to regulate tidal flow Connecticut coastline, with a lighthouse on the where flooding of adjacent residential properties left and beach grass on the right. The words is of concern. These gates allow a measure of "Preserve the Sound" are centered beneath the tidal flow which protects low lying properties ID numbers. Plates are obtained upon payment from flooding. of a fee in addition to the standard fee for auto registration. Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management Program has become a leading expert in tidal The Long Island Sound plates will be sold for a wetlands restoration. Many of the projects fifty dollar minimum charge. Fifteen dollars undertaken during the lost decade have served from each plate sold will go to the DMV to as models for restoration efforts in other parts of cover production costs. The remaining monies the country. Extensive monitoring of these will go directly into the Long Island Sound Fund. restoration projects by wetlands experts from Current estimates are that plate sales may local colleges and universities has provided a generate up to $10 million which will provide valuable database for future efforts of this type, much needed support for programs designed to both in Connecticut and elsewhere. protect and enhance Connecticut's coastline and benefit the preservation and protection of As highway and railway improvements are made Long Island Sound for future generations. in the state, the ISTEA funds will be accessed to restore wetland sites that were impacted in the The program has received high visibility past, or mitigate sites that might be newly . . nationally and raised interest among many affected. Connecticut has at least 358 bridges states who are considering modeling similar that could 'Cie offected by this program, and the programs after the Long Island Sound plate Department of Environmental Protection has effort. begun implementation of a wetlands compensation policy that will create a wetland ISTEA banking program to be used in situations where unavoidable losses may occur. Unlike other Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management wetland banking programs, this policy directs Program will be the first in the nation to use the state Department of Transportation to federal monies from the Intermodal Surface conduct restoration projects now, which will then Transportation and Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of be credited to the bank, thereby ensuring that 1991 for tidal wetlands protection and when drawn upon, wetland credits will already restoration. Plans were unveiled at a ceremony be available rather than relying on potentially held in July by U.S. Senator Joseph 1. Lieberman high risk "loans". and U.S. Representative Rosa DeLauro who supported the legislation. The Deputy U.S. An initial step in the process will be a Secretary of Transportation, the di 'rector of the reconnaissance study to determine wetland federal Environmental Protection Agency's restoration sites associated with Amtrak railbed Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, upgrades. The U.S. Army Corps will provide the general counsel for the U.S. National $70,000 and Connecticut's Coastal 'Zone Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Management Program $30,000 to fund the Connecticut Environmental Protection study. ISTEA funding will then be provided to Commissioner Timothy R.E. Keeney, implemen4- the results of the study, which is Transportation Commissioner Emil E. Frankel, designed to produce a prioritized list of tidai and Colonel Brink Miller of the U.S. Army Corps wetland sites eligible for the program. The of Engineers signed the historic agreement. chosen restoration sites must exhibit degradation resulting from the development c:-,f transportai.-n The ISTEA agreement is also one of the first of corridors through reductions in flows# its kind to bring together he@.,,state Departments discharge of s-,ormwater or the C"t;placement of Environmental Protection and Transportation, marsh vegetation through the invasion of the U.S. Army Corps and representatives of common reeds in brackish tidal wetlands. federal agencies involved in the management of our nation's coastal areas. These qroups have By making use of the ISTEA monies available for forged a partnership that will pavt-,@he way for tidal wetlands restoration, Connecticut's Coastal other states to take advantage of the assistance Zone Management Program has set the stage available through the ISTEA program. This for other coastal states to follow suit. In a cooperative effort has allowed the state difficult economy, this opportunity will provide a Department of Transportation to recognize the reliable source of funding to ensure that coastal need to protect, preserve and restore the state's protection will continue into the next century with environmental resources as it rebuilds and the some dedication and success as has been modernizes Connecticut's transportation exhibited over the last two decades. infrastructure. Through the ISTEA program upwards of $8 million will be made available for tidal wetlands restoration work in Connecticut. Delaware COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND In 1972 Congress passed the Coastal Zone and estuaries. The DCMP has responded to this Management Act to encourage states to situation through its support of and assistance preserve and protect the resources of the with the implementation of the 1990 Erosion coastal zone. Passage of the act was spurred and Sedimentation and Stormwater by the recognition that unplanned and Management Act and Regulations. uncontrolled exploitation of coastal resources Wetlands Rehabilitation was resulting in the destruction of "important ecological, cultural, historic, and esthetic values Tidal wetland rehabilitation efforts, if undertaken in the coastal zone which are essential to the at all, a.re undertaken in an incremental way. well-being of all citizens". Basically, this Federal For those tidal wetland areas that have program makes funds available to the states for historically been degraded by man's misuse, the development and implementation of comprehensive land and water use controls and neglect, and mismanagement, little in the way management plans for their coastal areas. of comprehensive rehabilitation efforts have been attempted. Through the DCMP this issue is The State of Delaware has participated in this being addressed under the "Christi na/Delawa re program since its inception. The purpose of the Rivers Urban Wetland Corridor Rehabilitation" Delaware Coastal Management Program project. This project is designed to (DCMP) is to provide a systematic approach to comprehensively address the issue of decision making regarding the use of rehabilitating degraded urban wetlands with the Delaware's coastal and marine resources in a goal of improving wildlife habitat, increasing manner that will provide for reasonable growth public access, and providing opportunities for and development while conserving and environmental interpretation and education. protecting -the State's4pre *-ceable resources. Estuarine Conservation The current emphasis in'the Delaware program is in sediment and stormwater control, wetlands rehabilitation, estuarine conservation, coastal Delaware has long recognized the economic, hazards reduction, coastal access, and public social and ecological importance of its two information and education. major estuarine ecosystems: the Delaware Bay and the Inland Bays. Environmental pressures on Sediment and Storrnwater these critical areas include: habitat loss, degraded water quality, closed shellfish beds, Non-point source runoff of eroded sediments and conflicting resource uses. To help address poses a major threat to the nation's coastal some of these issues, the DCMP has assisted in ecosystems and the local economies they the implementation of the Inland Bays Recovery support. Sediment erosion problems are Initiative -- an integrated watershed approach particularly acute in the mid-Atlantic coastal that targeted some 38 specific tasks aimed at plain, where extensive agriculture and reversing the environmental degradation of the expanding development annually discharge past 30 years. massive sediment loads into fragile watersheds Coastal Hazards Reduction ACCOMPLISHMENTS Delaware's Beach Preservation Act sets out to The Delaware Coastal Management Program preserve the beach and primary dune, because (DCMP) accomplishments are numerous and. of their ability to buffer storm wave energy. The varied. Recent meritorious accomplishment Act does not directly treat construction standards include: in hazard zones. As was clearly evident in the January 4, 1992 storm, buildings located in A. Successful completion of The Inland Bays these areas were damaged by storm waves. The Recovery InitiaWe. DCMP has, as a priority, the need to improve upon its coastal hazard reduction efforts. This An intensive two year effort (1990 - 1992) will be done through the implementation of a resulted in: post-storm management plan and an evaluation of the need for and development of specific 1. Development of Conservation plans for NPS construction standards in high hazard areas. pollution control on over half of the agricultural lands in the watershed (32,000 acres). The - Coastal Access plans addressed erosion control, nutrient management, pest management, and farm Public access to the Nation's coastline is a basic profits with environmental gains. tenet of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Program. The DCMP supports this goal through 2. Improving stormwater management in new its coastal access project. This project includes developments. Over 40 sediment and surveying and mapping work on State lands to stormwater plans for new developments based protect against encroachment and to assist in upon new regulations were approved. Three the development of the State's Coastal hundred and sixty five people completed a Greenways; Program. training and certification program. An Environmental Protection Officer position was Public Informcrtion and Education established to inspect stormwater control projects in the watershed. The DCMP has had and continues to have a strong commitment to public information and 3. Developed and promulgated environmental educcf,@on. This commitment has included regulations governing the location and design of providing the mediaar public information new marinas. Regulations also require existing ; -A0 support for the lnland':B'@ys Recovery Initiative, marinas to submit an Operation and the development of a sediment and stormwater Maintenance plan focusing on pollution information video, and increasing the awareness prevention and control. of the public on Delaware's coastal management issues. 4. Management of water and wastewater facilities in a more environmentally sound For Additional Information: manner. Central water supply systems are required for subdivisions serving more that 15 Sarah Cooksey, units. Central sewers are planned or in place Environmental Program Administrator for areas currently served by over 10,000 septic Delaware Coastal Management Program systems. Recycling and reuse of wastewater Department of Natural Resources and coupled with the preservation of open space is Environmental Control encounage by requiring spray irrigation systems P.O. Box 1401 wherever feasible. Dover, Delaware 19903 Telephone: (302) 739-4411 5. Improved land use planning through the C. Increased Public Access to Delaware's creation of a partnership between the State and coast Sussex County, assignment of a state planner to county planning and zoning meetings, and The DCMP continues to provide the tools development of a build-out map for the needed to increase public access to the coast. watershed. During the Initiative over 465 acres Surveying and mapping work on state lands were acquired by the Division of Parks and provides protection from encroachment due to Recreation for Open Space. natural processes such as accretion, sea rise, shifting sands, as well as encroachment effects 6. Increased use of natural vegetation and from development in the highly desirable lands stone to stabilize shoreline and provide wildlife along the coast. These efforts are coupled with habitat. Re-opened previous closed shellfish efforts to acquire and/or protect and preserve beds when conditions are favorable. open space under the State Greenspace, Demonstration projects establishing the Greenway and Cultural Heritage Greenway feasibility of re-establishing submerged aquatic programs. DCMP supports a survey crew that is vegetation and stocking shellfish were needed to monitor over 60,000 acres of state completed. parks, conservation easements, Fish & Wildlife lands, forest and nature preserves. During the B. Reduction of Coastal Hazards last eight years the State has spent over 31 million dollars to acquire 7,666 acres of public The beauty of Delaware's Coast has attracted lands. The survey crew monitors boundary lines hundreds of thousands of people from near-by and establishes monuments to ensure public metropolitan areas. Historically, construction access to recreational areas within the Coastal standards for the developments housing these Zone. Past experience has shown that without a people has not addressed the effects of big monitoring and monumenting plan many acres storms. In January of 1992 a twenty five year of public lands will be lost for present and future storm pounded Delaware's coast. Fortunately generations. Coastal Hazard Mitigation was on DCMP's agenda and plans were in place to develop a mechanism to plan for and manage the after effects of big storms. A Storm Preparedness and Response Plan has recently been completed that addresses (1)pre-stpjrp planning, (2)post- storm recovery and (3)p6st-storrn reconstruction. The pre-storm plan articulates long-term goals, policies and objectives related to beach front management, condemnations and/or acquisition of property, beach nourishment and related topics. The post-storm recovery component addresses damage assessment, access control, debris removal and disposal, emergency food, water, ice and medical supplies, protective measures to prevent further damage and coordination between governmental agencies. The post-storm reconstruction component deals with specific reconstruction standards and procedures. It addresses repair/reconstruction of habitable structures, seawall, roads, infrastructure, etc. DE[AWARE NATiONAL ESMARINE RESURCH RESERYE (DNERR) MISSION educators, researchers, and citizen advocates The mission of DNERR is to establish a natural operating from a common on site facility that research and education area which is will stimulate and refine interactions of these representative of the diversity of coastal diverse groups. This collaborated effort will ecosystems found within the Mid-Atlantic provide government officials, citizen Region. The valuable natural and cultural representatives, estuarine users and other resources will be protected for long term coastal decision makers additional sound research and education by designation of the information for the basis of their actions. Reserve as a National Estuarine Research STATUS Reserve under section 315 of the CZMA. BACKGROUND Delaware has nominated and prepared a Draft Management Plan/FEIS for the Blackbird Creek During the early 1980's, the Delaware and the St. Jones River as a two component Department of Natural Resources and NERR. NOAA is expected to approve the Environmental Control (DNREC) examined the DMP/FEIS by this summer which will start the NERR System's precursor, the National Estuarine initial acquisition and development phase that is Sanctuary Program, established in Section 315 to lost no longer than 3 years (NERRS of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Regulations, 15 CFR Part 921, Subpart C, While the old Sanctuary Program had several section 921.20). desirable attributes, it did not have enough By taking advantage of market opportunities, flexibility or utility within the context of Delaware has purchased with 100% State funds Delaware's resource needs to warrant the 910 acres of fee simple lands and conservation State's support. However, during the mid- easements within the proposed Reserve 1 980's, the Estuarine Sanctuary Program boundary at a cost of $938,000 (this is evolved into today's NERRS program, having a matchable to NOAA federal funIds when other greater emphasis on applied research and key lands are available for purchase)@ environmental educatiorv;.*hfle allowing more flexibility in the administration of the reserve sites The State and NOAA have committed to accommodate multiple uses a n-d to respond $175,000 to design the on site Education and to management needs. This change occurred Research facility as o commitment towards the when the Coastal Zone Management Act was operation of the Reserve. re-authorized in 1986, in which Section 315 of the Act was changed to the NERRS program The State has allocated and is spending with its new emphasis. With this new direction $116,000 of State Greenway funds towards the at the federal level, the DNREC again became construction of environmental/cultural trails, interested in the program for Delaware, and in boardwalks, education stations, and a boat .1988 started a pro-active inquiry. launch on the Reserve in order to further MANAGEMENT connect and collaborate the implementation )f the Reserve's mission. The Management of the Reserve will be provided by a complete integration of State wide coastal resource managers, scientists, EXPECTATIONS Delaware's participation in the NERRS program will permit the acquisition and long-term Delaware's participation in the NERR System will management of selected estuarine areas to help strengthen the federal program by provide outdoor laboratories for studying establishing the first System located inthe ecological structure, functions and processes, as NERRS' Middle Atlantic sub-region (Sandy well as the effects of man-induced alterations or Hook, N.J. to Cape Hatteras, exclusive of stresses. DNERR sites will also serve to educate Chesapeake Bay) of the Virginian biogeographic students and the general public about the region. Nationally, there are 27 biogeographic environmental roles and values of estuarine sub-regions recognized, by NOAA's classification areas. Additionally, the protection of relatively system. In terms of benefiting Delaware, the undisturbed natural areas will permit the wise federal NERR System will provide financial use of their natural resources to continue, assistance awards, on a 50:50 matching basis, typically in association with outdoor recreational to the State to acquire and develop estuarine activities. areas as natural field laboratories and environmental education centers. NOAA also will provide up to 709/6 of the operation costs and education grants. Additionally, a NERRS program in Delaware will help to conserve open, undeveloped spaces and provide areas for outdoor recreation, all done in a manner which accommodates conservation-compatible, traditional resource uses. Florida COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Floridians are fortunate to have our nation's Protection, Transportation, Commerce, and second longest coast-some 8,400 miles of Labor and Employment Security, as well as the tidally influenced shoreline, with no point in the Office of the Governor, and the divisions of state more than 65 miles from the shore. Along Environmental Health, Historical Resources, these coasts, we find many valuable resources Forestry; the Marine Resources Commission; in need of protection, including broad coastal and the Game and Fresh Water Fish wetlands, vast estuaries and some of the most Commission. beautiful beaches in the world. The Citizens Advisory Committee on Coastal The Florida Coastal Management Program is Resources Management, a 15-member board a network--of agencies, statutes and projects, appointed by the Governor, provides advice dedicated to preserving these valuable and recommendations to the FCMP. The resources. Citizens Advisory Committee has an extensive program for increasing citizen involvement, THE NETWORK focusing primarily on involvement of local decision-makers and the business community. The Florida Coastal Management Program is a partnership of 11 state agencies working The mission of the FCMP is to carry out the together to encourage the protection, intent of the Coastal Zone Management Act, preservation and wise development of the which is "to preserve, protect, develop, and coastal areas of Florida. The program is where possible, to restore and enhance, the approved by the National Oceanic and resources of the nation's coastal zone for this Atmospheric Administration to serve as a guide and succeeding generations" and to "achieve for state and federal activities in the coastal wise use of the land and water resources of the zone. coastal zone, giving full consideration to -historic-and aesthetic values ecological, cultural@ The lead agency for the FCMP is the Florida as well as to needs for economic development." Department of Community Affairs-the agency The FCMP has three primary responsibil Ries: charged with implementing the state's growth federal consistency review; financial assistance; management, emergency management and intergovernmental coordination and housing programs. Being in the DCA allows the communication. FCMP to interact productively with 195 local governments in the coastal area. Working with FCMP agencies work together to resolve local governments to identify methods for coastal issues and to prepare the annual protecting coastal resources is one of the recent Coastal Action Plan. These networked agencies achievements of the coastal program. also work cooperatively to review federal projects and permits for consistency with the The state agencies involved in implementing coastal program and to initiate coordination the state's FCMP include those actively involved efforts, such as regional training for in both the development and protection of the environmental professionals and the Coastal state's resources. The FCMP agencies include Information Exchange Bulletin Board System the Florida departments of Environmental (CIE-BBS). COASTAL ACTION PLAN The 1995 -1997 Coastal Action Plan serves The plan also to implement a program three primary purposes. First, it clearly for the enhancement of fish and wildlife expresses the priorities for the Florida. Coastal habitats, as well as to advance Florida's Management Program and its network of program's of nonpoint source pollution control partners, including state agencies and the and land acquisition and preservation. Governor's Citizens Advisory Committee for Coastal Resources Management. It identifies The third priority issue, coastal hazards, is to areas in which existing state and local programs reduce risk and damage to Florida's population can work together to sustain Florida.'s coastal and resources through disaster mitigation resources. planning. Every local government in the coastal area needs to have specific hazard mitigation Second, this plan serves as the basis for the plans that include measures to protect resources expenditure of coastal zone management grant during recovery operations. The state needs to funds, awarded to the state from the National quickly coordinate efforts to facilitate recovery Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. form each declared disaster. Third, this plan, reaffirms Florida's commitment to the federal Coastal Zone Management Act SELECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS and Florida. Coastal Zone Management Act. It is also a pledge to Floridians that 'this Coastal Sponsored 33 workshops during which 950 Action Plan will continue to address emerging environmental professionals were trained on coastal issues. topics, such as stormwater management, land acquisition, funding sources, marine education Three priority issues are detailed in the on coastal research. Coastal Action Plan. The first priority issue, a comprehensive management program, is to - Conducted a three-day conference, balance competing coastal uses through a Weathering the Storm, attended by more than cross-disciplinary approach to coastal 265 people. management. The key to this issue is coordination among all appropriate - Reviewed thousands of actions for consistency participants, includi.nq local, regional, state and with the FCMP. These actions have an federal levels. It is.also,4m. ortant to focus on economic value.of more than.$2 bil-lion. @p all economic, social-an d en 'vironmental-aspects of the coastal community. In particular, the Approved applications for subgrants from plan addresses the importance of revitalizing state agencies, water management districts, Florida's working waterfronts. regional planning councils and local governments. The second issue, coastal ocean resources, is to restore, protect and/or acquire significant Produced quarterly, critically acclaimed coastal and ocean sites that will be lost or newsletter, as well as other publications, ranging, destroyed without state, regional or local action. from fact sheets to annual reports. It is important to develop a comprehensive' policy that balances the need to protect our natural resources with the need to provide public access and with the need to enhance deepwate- ports. FUTURE ACTION ITEMS Production of a study of the economic value of coastal resources to economic activities, specifically of an estuary to adjoining communities. Identification of working waterfront neighborhoods in coastal communities and plans for revitalization. Development of plans for acquisition and development of beach access sites. - Implementation of access programs for coastal heritage sites. - Establishment of a proposal by a local government to develop and adopt a hazard- mitigation plan in accordance with state rules. Guam COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND After nearly five years of program by becoming more active in defining problems development, the Guam Coastal Management and opportunities for both the natural Program, or GCMP, was approved for environment and the developed community. implementation in 1979. Originally conceived Wetlands issues, public education, stormwater in a "false boom" period, the GCMP was and nonpoint source issues, handicapped designed to be the bridge that linked the access, and coastal hazards are all at the concerns of the environment in a nearly pristine forefront of GCMP efforts. These efforts run the arena, with the economic necessities of intrusive gamut from research and policy development, land development required to overcome the to plan development and implementation. "dependent ward" role Guam had been thrust into by nearly eighty years of being on the Weflands receiving end of a Manifest Destiny oriented stewardship. In an area that is both limited in size and isolated from the translocational influences With a true economic boom which began less (inter-zonal special mixing), that larger and than five years after program approval, and more diverse geographic systems are subject to, which has resulted in many billions of dollars of the importance of wetlands on Guam take on development over less than a decade, the greater character. In developing the GCMP, GCMP, through its network of agencies, the wetland issues, and their importance to the undertook a wide range of efforts to develop a community, were defined for the first time, and more thorough, comprehensive, and objective regulations for guiding their management and system for development review, permit protection were developed and adopted as one application, resource management, and growth of the foundations of the Program. These predictability. Throyg,@*.-,educational -efforts, regulations resulted in-the requirements for a the GCMP has affected i6@ e@ w@ay in which non- "wetlands permit' review and approval. expert, decision-makers review, approve and condition new development. Through its Public Education monitoring efforts, the GCMP has helped to foster a greater enforcement awareness of the In an area where, as a pre-boom community, impacts of unguided development. Through its environmental quality and resource protection policy making efforts, the GCMP has helped to were taken for 9 1ranted, the GCMP began an design the fabric of the community for this and early effort to acquaint the public with the succeeding generations. potential threats that the anticipated development for tourism presented to the quality Although the funding for the GCMP has of the resource base. 'Through the printing and decreased, in terms of real dollars, to distribution of a series of environmental posters, substantially less than what was available at teacher packets for wildlife education, monthly program inception, and the problems associated newsletters, video and audio public service with resource management have become more announcements, and the availability of expert complex and costly, the GCMP has responded speakers for a wide range of,forums, the public has been better prepared for making decisions Ranging from a two billion dollar resort regarding the size, location, and speed of request, to a requestfor a variance to the height development. Impacts, both positive and of a business sign, the GCMP presents its negative, can be more readily assessed, and comments to the decision-makers based on decisions to meet the needs of both environment both short and long term impacts to the natural and man can be more intelligently formed. and man-made environment, as viewed through the intent of Territorial policy. This ability to Coastal Access input has prevented some unwise development from occurring, and has allowed for the As ione of the eight development policies modification of other requests in order to allow which form the foundation of the GCMP, the them to proceed in a manner consistent with rights of the public for reasonable access to the community and environmental good. coast and its resources has always been an important consideration in the review and/or Master Planning formulation of policy-making and development application. This issue is of much greater The Guam Coastal Management Program, as importance in an island environment, where the representative for the Bureau of Planning, has entire population lives, and has always lived, and continues to play a major role in master within the coastal zone. An island is a coast, as plan development. The GCMP is responsible opposed to a continental State which merely has for the, as yet to be implemented, East Agana a coast. The GCMP has been directly Waterfront Redevelopment Plan; initiating and responsible for increasing accessibility to the playing the major role in creation and adoption shore. of the Recreation Water-Use Mana-gement Plan; and continues to play a major role in the Inter-Agency Coordination and Coopercrtion development of the Master Plan for Guam, through its efforts as a member of the Technical Prior to development of the GCMP, the Advisory Committee for the Land-Use Element, agencies responsible for the seemingly disparate which is the first ei"ement of the total plan effort. authorities relating to land-use, environmental Through its roles in plan devL'opment, the management, historic preservation, access, and GCMP has assured that the @-.Jicies of the infrastructure development, had no venue in Program and the needs of both the natural an-_ which to coordinate their functions. Permitting, human environments can be addressed. review, monitoring,. enfor;ement, and planning, were undertaken indl@ljoa'lly -and from ACCOMPLISHMENTS somewhat limited perspectives. The creation of the GCMP in a network fashion, allowed for the Lands acquired from the Federal Government parts to speak as a whole, thus creating a more on a portion of an off-shore, barrier reef island, comprehensive, and therefore more cost- were, to all intents and purposes, closed to effective and prod uct-effective process. The public usage because of the lack of human GCMP was designed, and has operated as a comfort facilities. @Being some two miles from conscience and voice for what may be mainland Guam, the isolation of the island conflicting means to achieve common goals. offered an unique solitude for both resident and visitor alike. Using $45,000 of GCMP funds, Development Review the Department of Parks and Recreation was able to install a pen-nanent toilet facility, as well Representing the Bureau of Planning as a as a fresh water shower. With those additions, member of the Development Review Committee, the Government of Guam added a pier, thus the GCMP reviews all substantial development increasing the use of this park area by applications, as well as many more which are approximately 20,000 visitor,days per annum. subtle in their potential for negative impact. The Territorial Land-Use Commission, Geographic Information Systems, for tracking empowered to approve zone changes, zone their own narrowly defined needs. The GCMP variances, wetland permits, and seashore has expended considerable time, effort and development, had acted for more than a money into not only creating its own, more decade without any clear, written direction for comprehensive system, but has taken the lead in decisionmaking. The Guam Coastal coordinating the efforts of all government Management Program developed and produced agencies to avoid unnecessary duplication of guidebooks for these appointed commissioners, effort, and to ensure that all systems will be outlining their duties, discussing the entire range compatible in terms of abilities to transfer of legal authorities they, are responsible for, information from one agency to another. The describing the impacts of their decisions and the GCMP has taken great efforts to assist the reasoning behind the language of the land-use Department of Land Management in creating a laws, and including all of the Attorney Generals' more holistic, Land Information System, and has Opinions regarding the land-use issues. These been instrumental in drafting the scope of work books were disseminated to the Commission for the contractor, and in tracking the progress members, and have become the *bible" for and resolving the problems as they become land-use decision-making on Guam. evident. Because of GCMP's efforts, the Government of Guam currently has an inter- The advent of Jet Ski type recreational water acting Geographic Information System and will craft brought the realization of conflicts between shortly have a complete Land Information the various users in Agana Bay, and the System, which will allow for the maximum potential for human and environmental resource protection, economic development, damage. The GCMP initiated the government's and community supportive planning and efforts to develop a plan which could meet the decision- making. demands of all the users while protecting the shallow, reef flat ecosystem. The GCMP chaired a coordinated government effort, held a series of public meetings, led the successful effort to develop and have signed an Executive Order prohibiting mechanized uses during the seasonal Manahac (juvenile Rabbit Fish) runs and adopting a map of the six mile long water area for all users. The.,99MP also took the. Y_ major responsibility for ensuring completion and adoption of the rules and regulations for recreational water use which will eventually be applied to all near shore waters. Because of GCMP's efforts, swimmers are no longer endangered by uncontrolled jet skis, hover craft are now banned within all enclosed lagoons and bays, shoreline residents are protected from unnecessary noise levels, commercial users are allowed to continue this viable tourism-related activity, and the nesting areas and fishing areas are protected for future generations. In order to better maintain control, and allow for more thorough and reliable planning in a boom economy, various agencies of the government began to develop computerized Hawaii COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Hawaii's Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Hawaii's CZM Program deals with recreation, Program is a networked organization of state historic values, scenic and open spaces, and county government agencies that adhere to ecosystems, natural hazards, beach protection, common policies and objectives for managing public participation, and economic uses as the state's valuable coastal resources. The significant concerns because they apply to all program also provides an effective coastal land and water use activities. With respect to perspective for government agencies and the tourism, the State's main economic activity, private sector in balancing the needs for CZM policies support coastal development and economic growth, a clean environment, and activities essential to maintaining tourism as an coastal recreational opportunities that are economically feasible industry while, at the important to both tourists and residents. Hawaii same time, the policies protect and enhance the has many unique and limited resources that the scenic and recreational resources and values CZM Program helps protect. Coastal resources that are important to residents. The current include beaches, coral reefs, pristine water emphases of the program are public access, quality, scenic and open space areas, coastal hazard mitigation, shoreline setbacks, recreational areas, wetlands, fishponds, beach management, wetland management, anchialine pools, marine mammals, sea turtles, nonpoint source pollution and coastal water marinas, commercial and small boat harbors, quality, ocean recreation, and ocean resource historic sites, and a variety of marine and management. terrestrial ecosystems. (Of all bird species presently endangered in the 50 states, 40 Public Access percent are from Hawaii) With no point in Hawaii located more than 29 miles from the The ocean and beaches are integral to shores, almost any qc:tiv#yJhqt.occurs inland will Hawaii's heritage. - Residents use them year have an impact on our coastal and ocean round, and about 85% of visitors enjoy some resources. form of ocean recreation. Virtually all of Hawaii's shoreline areas are under State In 1977, the Hawaii Legislature determined ownership. As development pressures in that the coastal zone was overregulated and nearshore areas continue, the provision and undermanaged. Hence, the CZM Program was maintenance of public access is increasingly designed to complement existing regulatory important. Innovative methods for acquiring systems by bringing more focus and emphasis to public access are currently being investigated. the management of coastal resources. As a result, the program mandates that all agencies Shoreline Setbacks comply with the CZM objectives and policies in their decisions and actions. Within this shared Shoreline setback provisions are implemented management framework, the various state and by the CZM Program to protect life and property county agencies provide fiscal and human damage from storms, erosion, and other natural resources in implementing the CZM Program. and human causes; to prevent interference with natural littoral processes; and-to protect view planes along the shoreline. In conjunction with Nonpoint Source Pollution public access and coastal view studies, the CZM and Coastal Water Quality Program is working on formulating effective setbacks to guide development patterns in the Nonpoint source pollution affects ground,. shoreline areas. surface, and nearshore water quality, and aquatic ecosystems in Hawaii. Sediment is the Beach Management most visible and prevalent pollutant, originating primarily from agriculture, silviculture, urban, Hawaii's beaches respond to a variety o@ municipal, and industrial activities. Given the dynamic oceanographic, terrestrial, and human importance of high quality ground, surface, and factors that determine erosion and accretion coastal waters for residents and tourists, the trends. Studies indicate that beach erosion CZM Program is currently developing a problems and responses in insular settings differ comprehensive statewide coastal nonpoint from continental seaboards. Effective beach pollution control program. The strategy is to management in Hawaii is a critical concern in coordinate among, and streamline, existing view of the role beaches play in maintaining the nonpoint pollution control processes. The quality of life for Hawaii's residents and the program is expected to be practically and health of the tourist industry. The CZM Program economically feasible, and result in real is involved in developing policies and programs improvements to water quality. to conserve and enhance beach resources while protecting nearshore properties and resources. Ocean Recreation Wetland Management Hawaii's coastal waters provide residents and visitors a diverse mix of recreational and Wetlands are essential habitats for endemic economic opportunities such as fishing, and endangered Hawaiian waterbirds. In swimming, SCUBA diving, boating, surfing, addition to flood protection, they have windsurfing, jet skiing, submarine expeditions, recreational, scientific, environmental, and and parasailing. Use conflicts require ongoing economic values. In the U.S., anchialine pools management resolution. In addition, are found only in Hawaii. They are often controversies over the use of p:,Iblic resources discovered when undeveloped lands are for private purposes have ernerged. The CZM surveyed for potential development. Anchialine Program is actively involved with federal, state, pools are bodies of wqto VJbqt.have measurable county agencies and the public in resolving use salinity, tidal influence,"66in'o. surface conflicts in a way that balances the needs for connection to the ocean. They are often environmental protection, economic discovered when undeveloped lands are development, and cultural enhancement. surveyed for potential development. Rare species of shrimp and other marine life are Ocean Resources Management found only in these pools. Their protection, management, or alteration are important CZM Hawaii's. archipelago extends 1,523 miles issues. across the Pacific Ocean and has abundant and diverse natural resources such as marine Hawaiian fishponds are important cultural minerals, fisheries, coral reefs, wildlife refuges, and economic resources whose restoration is habitat for the humpback whale, and other encouraged by the CZM Program. In addition endangered marine species. The CZM Program to studies to assess their historic, cultural, actively participated in the deveiz-,:nment of environmental, and economic values, efforts are Hawaii's Ocean Resources Ma;-.,-,' .9ment Plan currently focused on restoring fishponds in the and has a major role in coordinaling and iraditional way for aquaculture, cultural implementing the plan. enhancement, and as tourist attractions. CZM ACCOMPLISHMENTS now specifically address hurricanes and storm winds as coastal hazards, and additional b, The CZM Program has prevented inconsistent legislation relating to disaster mitigation development along Hawaii's coastline. As a planning is presently being formulated to result, additional public access has been address the many related building construction, provided and developments are better designed insurance, and land use issues. to conform with the environmental values. P- The State's computerized geographic Public access studies have been developed information system, initiated by the CZM for the four counties. Building on these studies, Program, is being expanded with additional the State Department of Land and Natural ocean and watershed data to coverages, and Resources developed and is currently newer, faster workstations. It is being used implementing a statewide trail and access increasingly for land use planning and analysis program extending from the coast to the at both state and county levels of government. mountain areas. In addition, public access signs and guides with maps have been prepared Hawaii's coastal nonpoint pollution control so that the public can identify public access program is being developed in cooperation with routes and enjoy these public resources. The Department of Health and with extensive County of Maui has gone even further with the coordination among State, federal and county development and implementation of a agencies, private sector representatives and community aclopt-an-access program. public interest groups. This participation of the stakeholders will help ensure successful Hawaiian fish 'ponds were inventoried and implementation of the program through an assessed for historic, aquaculture, and appropriate mix of regulatory and non- recreational values to determine their disposition regulatory mechanisms. and management needs. For those fishponds with cultural and economic potential, the study was a catalyst for community based restoration projects. P- Beach management studies have been prepared, and the public is better informed about the causes and iT-plj-cptions of beach erosion. Where sea@%all`s`o'r revetments; are necessary to protect nearshore structures, more attention is being paid to design and location to minimize the loss of public sand beaches. b- After major hurricanes striking Hawaii within a decade, the Hawaii CZM Program is attempting to focus greater public awareness on ways to reduce Hawaii's vulnerability to hurricanes, tsunamis, and natural hazards in general. Coastal areas subject to hazards are being comprehensively mapped. In addition, tighter enforcement of existing floodplain and shoreline setback regulations, the designation of coastal high hazard areas, and the establishment of a hazard mitigation review process are being urged. The State's CZM policies and objectives Louisiana COASTAL RESOURCES PROGRAM BACKGROUND The passage of the Coastal Zone of Natural Resources. Its sister agency, the Management Act (CZMA) in 1972 established Coastal Restoration Division, administers a national coastal zone management policy. The comprehensive strategy for restoring the state's major thrust of the CZMA was that the coastal coastal wetlands. The CMD is the regulatory states and territories could voluntarily establish, arm of the state's coastal program, and its and receive federal funding for, their own major focus is to reduce the impacts of coastal coastal zone management programs provided uses on wetlands and other coastal habitats. that the programs were developed in Another major component is reducing resource accordance with CZMA criteria. In 1978 the user conflicts. From 1300 to 1900 permit Louisiana Legislature opted to participate in the applications are processed each year by CMD. CZMA by passing the State and Local Coastal Resources Management Act (SLCRMA), which Because Louisiana has an approved coastal established the Louisiana Coastal Resources management program pursuant to CZMA, it has Program (LCRP). One of the major reasons for the authority to review federal activities for the state's participation in the CZMA was the consistency with the LCRP. The state has recognition of the importance of Louisiana's recently emphasized the application of coastal wetlands to the state and to the nation, consistency to federal navigation projects, which particularly in light of the fact that the rate of has not only resulted in a reduction in impacts wetland loss in Louisiana was becoming critical. caused by the construction and maintenance of However, SLCRMA recognized the need to these waterways, but also in the beneficial use balance conservation and development. An of the material dredged from the waterways. example of this recognition is demonstrated.by Examples of beneficial use of dredged material two of the policies of the LCRP, which are to include shoreline stabilization, wetland creation, .."...protect., develop,. an4 1. w..'here feasible, restore, and the enhancementof- wildlife habitat. or enhance the resources of the state's coastal zone" and to "...support and encourage multiple Another important component of the LCRP use of coastal resources consistent with the are the local coastal programs. The State and maintenance and enhancement of renewable Local Coastal Resources Management Act resource management and productivity, the provides that a parish which develops a coastal need to provide for adequate economic growth management program that is approved by the and development and the minimization of state becomes part of the LCRP. Parishes adverse effects of one resource use upon which join the LCRP receive authority to another, and without imposing undue restriction regulate certain uses as well as partial federal on any user." funding of their parish programs. Eight of the nineteen coastal parishes have developed The LCRP was implemented on October 1, programs which have been incorporated into 1980, and the Coastal Management Division LCRP. These are Calcasieu, Cameron, (CMD) was created to carry out the LCRP. The Jefferson, Lafourche, Orleans, St. Bernard, St. CMD is housed in the Office of Coastal James, and St. Tammany. Restoration and Management of the Department ACCOMPLISHMENTS The Geological Review Procedure as well as complete aerial photographic and map coverage of the Coastal Zone. The CMD This joint agreement between Coastal had already mapped the wetlands of the Management Division (CMD) and the New Coastal Zone by 1980, but due to the rapid Orleans District Corps of Engineers allows the rate of wetland loss in the Coastal Zone, CMD two agencies to evaluate the technical needs to continually update its wetland maps@ considerations of siting oil and gas drilling By combining its funding and expertise with activities. It involves contracting the services of other agencies and with universities, such as the a petroleum engineer and a petroleum U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Louisiana geologist to review proposed drilling sites with State University, CMD has developed a representatives of the applicant and the comprehensive interactive geographic agencies involved in the permitting of the site. information system which can provide The goal of the process is to allow for oil and information, not just to CMD, but to other gas access with minimal impacts, and the agencies, universities, and the private sector. application of this procedure is responsible for reducing the direct wetland impacts of the Habitat Conservafion and Restoration Programs average oil and gas well access canal from 5.8 acres in 1982 to 2.9 in 1989. Average canal The Louisiana Natural Heritage Program and lengths also have declined by 79%. the Louisiana Coastal Restoration Program both had @Jheir origins in the Louisiana C-oastal Beneficial Use of Dredged Material Re,.@;.,@;--ces Program (LCRP). For many years the'Corps of Engineers has l-- The Louisiana Natural Heritage Program - been disposing of dredged material from The "seed money"to begin the Natural Heritage navigation channels in the least expensive Program was provided by the LCRP, and the manner. This resulted in hundreds of acres of program was housed with thee Coastal wetlands being covered with dredged material Management Division (CMD) from 1084 until it and in the waste of the valuable dredged was transferred to the Louisiana Department of material resource. The CMD has worked with Wildlife and Fisheries in 1986. During the the Corps through the federal consistency program's stay with the LCRP, its'task was to process to create. wetIa,11dsqnd/or use.the identify the important natural communities in the dredged material in such a way as to reduce Louisiana Coastal Zone. Now that it is assigned erosion. Recently, CMD has begun developing to the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, it is a program for long lerm management of responsible for identifying and cataloguing all of dredged material, which requires that a plan for Louisiana's unique habitats and natural dredged material disposal be developed for communities. each waterway. The program already has provided funding for development of cost b, The Louisiana C.0astal Restoration Program - effective plans for several waterways. This program, which is charged with restoring and enhancinp, Louisiana's coastal wetlands, Coastal Zone Data Base originated the LCRP. The State and Local Coastal Resources Management Act of 1978 The SLCRMA established that the secretary (SLCRMA) established that the secretary of DNR should develop a system to identify wetland, should prepare a freshwater diversion plan in coastline, and barrier island areas that are order to reverse or offset land loss and salt undergoing razp,"J change or are otherwise water encroachment in Louisiana's coastal consider critical, and the LCRP has done so. wetlands and establish pilot programs to The CMD has an extensive computer data base control shoreline erosion. The CMD staff worked on these programs from 1980 to 1985 when both the task and the CMD staffers who were working on it were transferred to the Louisiana Geologic Survey. The Coastal Restoration Program is now administered by the Coastal Restoration Division (CRD), CMD's sister agency in the DNR Office of Coastal Restoration and Management. The CRD is responsible for planning and implementing Louisiana's Coastal Restoration Program which has already restored and enhanced. hundreds of acres of coastal wetlands. Simplified Regulcrtory Process The CMD and New Orleans District Corps of Engineers (NODCOE) entered into an agreement to issue joint public notices in 1983. The Joint Public Notice Procedure (JPN) allows a permit applicant to submit his/her application to only one agency, CMD. although CMD and NODCOE still retain their individual permit review processes, only one public notice is issued for the purposes of both agencies. In 1993, the Louisiana Department of nvironmental Quality joined the process and reduced expenses for permit applicants, who no longer have to pay for the cost of publication of Water Quality Certification public notices which are subject to the JPN process. Some of the Local Coastal Programs also participate in the JPN process. Further, costs are reduced because instead of each .9gency writing and, T 4@ publishing its own notic'6, only one. public notice, which satisfies the legal requirements of all three agencies, is issued. Thus, the JPN has resulted in a reduction of the regulatory burden for permit applicants, saved taxpayer's money, improved interagency coordination, and provided concerned citizens with a comprehensive public notice system for activities in Louisiana's Coastal Zone. Maine COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Maine's coastline extends 3,500 miles from At the local level, - 144 coastal towns are New Hampshire to Canada. Nearly 65% of the responsible for reviewing subdivisions of land state's population lives in coastal communities and all activities proposed within 250 feet of and 75% of all employment is found here. fresh or saltwater. A key aspect of local implementation is a local Code Enforcement Maine initiated its coastal management Officer training and certification program which program in 1978. The legal basis of the is administered by the Department of Economic Program are 11 statewide environmental and & Community Development. In addition the land use statutes that pertain to air and water agency offers periodic training for local boards pollutioIn, siting of large projects, construction such as Planning Boards and Boards of activities in wetlands and along beaches, Appeals. shoreland zoning, operation of solid and hazardous waste sites, and marine resource The Program provides annual financial management. support for better licensing and enforcement of environmental laws. Public education about the Maine Coastal Program (MCP) activities focus importance of these laws is a priority so that on three distinct areas: Maine citizens can better comply with state and local statutes. The MCP continues to work with � coastal land use and environmental the Legislature, state agencies, municipalities, regulation by the state and coastal and others to strengthen implementation of municipalities; these laws. In 1986, the Coastal Program � coastal planning and policy development; assisted the Legislature in reviewing state and development and protection policies affecting � public outreach -,arW.@_pduclation on key the coast;- The result was a legislative coastal issues. requirement that all state and local actions along the coast be consistent with the state's Regulation coastal management policies. At the state level, three state agencies Planning and Policy Development implement the MCP through state regulations: the Department of Marine Resources oversees The MCP supports local and state agencies fisheries management; the Department of working on coastal issues and has funded more Conservation regulates land use activities in the than 500 local planning and small-scale state's unorganized territories; and the construction projects along Maine's coast. At Department of Environmental Protection the local level, for example, the MCP has oversees various laws ranging from local helped towns prepare comprehensive plans, shoreland zoning to oil and hazardous waste conduct regional shoreline-access studies, and control. prepare local strategies to manage areas subject to flooding and erosion. At the state SELECTED ACCOMPUSHMENTS level, the MCP has funded coastal wildlife (1989 - 1992) studies, supported better permitting of state laws, and analyzed Maine's marine resources. Local Code Enforcement Training and The Program has also developed public policies Certification on how coastal resources are used -- for example, where new cargo ports should be The State, in cooperation with municipalities, located, how Maine aquaculture should be began a training and certification program for developed, and how state and local decisions local officials in the state's coastal and natural affecting the coast should be made. resource laws. The Program uses training workshops and a training manual to teach local A major initiative of the MCP is support for code enforcement officers how to enforce local the state's municipal comprehensive planning laws. Workshops have focused on topics such program. This legislatively enacted program as floo5:_,,*,_@'!n management, wetlands, and provides financial and technical assistance to Maine ci:@-@,.,,!gy and insulation standards, among municipalities to prepare a comprehensive pkalrl others. The program is seen as one way to based on state standards. Once the plan is improve the effectiveness of coastal laws by adopted by a municipality it is to develop and involving and empowering local officials. implement programs to direct land use, housing, municipal infrastructure and town Growth Management services so they achieve the vision they want for their community. Local growth management was one of the chief concerns voiced by communities along the coast Public Outreach and Education during the 1 980s. In response, the Coastal Program joined with other state agencies and Public outreach and education on important, legislative leaders to create the 1987 coastal issues are vital aspects of Maine's Comprehensive Planning Act. The Coastal Program. Its educational efforts range Comprehensive Planning Act provided a method from intensive public workshops and meetings to for Maine communities to take stock of the broader outreach efforts such as public service resources and quality of life in their community announcements aimed at the general public. and to devise a long-term comprehensive plan and subsequent local ordinances. The Coastal Coastweek, a nation4,cielebration of.the. Program continues its involvement in growth nation's coasts, is e d each yearin October management through review of coastal and involves more than 20,000 -people. A comprehensive plans. Furthermore, the Program lending library of videotapes, publications and provides towns with model Shoreland and traveling displays is available free to the public. Floodplain Management zoning ordinances, as Marine and estuarine curriculum for grades 3- well as publications on harbor management, 12 are available for teachers and educators. estuary planning and management, and other Numerous popular and technical publications pertinent topics. are also available. The Wells Reserve offers unparalleled hands-on educational and Municipal Grant and Assistance outreach opportunities. MCP staff also meet frequently with and offer technical assistance to Each year the Coastal Program provides grants marine trade organizations and the public. All of and technical assistance to the coastal these efforts are intended to inform Maine communities. The following are a few examples citizens and visitors about the coast and' make of the more than 500 projects that have been them stewards of coastal resources. supported. Brunswick Receives National Award for constructing a downtown waterfront park and Innovative Coastal Protection Zone footbridge, was accomplished with financial assistance from the Maine Coastal Program and The Town of Brunswick with financial and the Community Development Block Grant technical assistance from the Maine Coastal Program. Program began work to protect one of the state's most productive shellfish harvesting Local Stewardship for Coastal Resources areas. The results of the project include the creation of a Coastal Protection Zone Many activities of the Coastal Program are (establishing density limits for future premised on local involvement in devising development, incentives for retention of open strategies to protect and support appropriate space, stormwater management con trols, and a development of the coast. Empowering septic system inspection and maintenance communities to properly plan for and take care program) as well as the use of innovative public of the coast is the best method for assuring education techniques related to coastal water long-term stewardship of marine resources. As a quality concerns. This project has received a result, the Shore Stewards Partnership was national award as an example of a dedicated, initiated by MCP in 1990, to encourage local local effort to control non-point sources of stewardship and volunteer water quality pollution in a highly valued and vulnerable monitoring efforts along the Maine coast. marine setting. Recognizing the need for public-private financial support for Shore Stewards, the Maine South Portland Completes Coastal Walkway and Community Foundation established a dedicated Recreation Area. trust fund for the Partnership, and a private Shore Stewards Board was formed to oversee After 10 years of planning, fundraising, and the program. hard work, the City of South Portland has recently completed the coastal portion of a The Partners in Monitoring element of the Greenbelt Walkway connecting various Partnership, providing technical expertise, neighborhoods along its coastline. The financial support, and equipment to volunteer Greenbelt is also linked to the Spring Point monitor groups, began in 1991 through Shore Shoreway which was built during the 1970's Stewards. Five local groups along the coast with support from the Land and Water have received Partners in Monitoring awards Conservation Fund. Fu.rldipgfrom the Maine and-an additional five.'are slated to begin in Coasta .I Program for"i-eV6to7p,ment of the 1993. Greenbelt Master Plan and for construction of several portions of the Greenbelt Walkway has Coastal Access been critical to the project's success and has enabled the City to leverage additional funds In 1990-91 the Coastal Program assisted the from local businesses and organizations. Land for Maine's Future Board in purchasing three coastal access sites. Combined these sites Machias Waterfront is Revitalized total 685 acres and make accessible an additional 3.5 miles of shoreline for public use. In recent years, the Town of Machias has seen Numerous private organizations and significant downtown waterfront revitalization municipalities have also increased the amount efforts that originated with waterfront planning of shoreline open to the public. projects funded by the Maine Coastal Program more than a decade ago. Implementation of The Coastal Program also produced several the Town's waterfront plan, which included public access publications for local officials rehabilitating their main street, stabilizing the including Coastal Right of Way Rediscovery shorefront along the Machias River, and Programs: A Handbook for Local Researchers and A Guide to the Liability of Maine WELLS NATioNAL ESTUARINE Landowners Providing Public Access, as well as a series of Public Access Inventory maps and an RESEARCK RESERVE accompanying report. Marine Uses 1. Background During4he past decade, use of the state's The Wells reserve is nestled in York County, coastal waters and upland areas intensified. The within the town of Wells, on the southern coast conflict among water dependent and non-water of Maine and includes the historic Laudholm dependent uses was exacerbated by an Farm. The reserve's diverse natural features unprecedented surge in population in the form an ecosystem unique to the region with southern and mid-coast areas of Maine. The undeveloped marshes and transitional upland Coastal Program joined with private business fields and forests along two contrasting and other state agencies to prepare a series of watersheds -- the Little River estuary and the evaluative studies and long-range plans focused Webhannet -River estuary. Two endangered on equitable and efficient management of species -- the-piping plover and least turn - nest within the reserve. Three plant species under marine uses. Several of these included: state protection, slender blue flag, eastern Completion of An A re Development joe-pye weed, and arethusa, thrive at Wells. Auacultu The Town of Wells managed and operated the Strategy for the State of Maine with specific reserve until 1990, when the state legislature mandates and time frames. Nearly 2/3 of the created the Wells National Estuarine Research recommendations have been completed and Reserve Management Authority a the State aquaculture is now the state's second most s important fishery. agency responsible for managing and operating the reserve. Completion of Planning Study of Maine Coastal 11. Program Accomplishments Port and Harbor Needs, which gives a priority ranking system with a list of 70 priority projects, The reserve added several members to its staff, out of 232, evaluated by an inter-agency including a full time research coordinator and Steering Committee. In 1992, working with.the caretaker. With the addition of these staff communities and legislature, the Coastal members, the reserve focused on refining the Program succeeded. Jn. @0 '_' z:[email protected] state funding research and moriff6rino programs." The for nearly 15 projects. volunteer corps increased to approximately 300 Completion of An Evaluation of Marine Uses in individuals, allowing the site to be open seven Maine Waters that provides an analysis of days a week. marine uses and offers recommendations to Projects completed during the biennium include resolving some of the more contentions issues a historic restoration of the main bam and the Maine must address. construction of meeting rooms and a workshop. Restoration began on other historic structures, and maintenance work continues on the property. There are several historic structures on the property that are integral to future program development plan. Projected uses for these buildings include housing for researchers, � wetland lab and classroom space. In 1991, � small building located near the farmhouse was renovated and dedicated by the Governor as the Adams- N unnernacher Research Maine studies. Another monitoring project Laboratory. sought to document vegetation changes in a The reserve's final mana gement plan was marsh where tidal influence is being restored . revised and then approved by the state; the IV. Education Program reserve signed Memoranda of Understandings (MOUs) with the state and NOAA and most The reserve sponsored two major interrelated other state agencies, and other MOUs are in education projects, the development of the negotiation. Reserve regulations are also being Outreach and the on-site Discovery programs. promulgated. The management plan developed The Outreach Program teaches K-6 grades a zoning plan that directs the type and extent of estuarine ecology and resource protection. The activities allowed in different areas of the site. reserve conducts workshops for teachers who This will help minimize conflicts among various then use the reserve's teaching kits to instruct uses and will help protect the reserve's students. The project involves an entire resources. elementary school population. During its two-year cycle, the program will reach nearly The Laudholm Trust, the primary non-Federal 8,000 students in nine schools. source of financial support for the reserve, completed a $3 million fundraising campaign to The Discovery Program complements the support development and operations of the content of the outreach curriculum. Backpacks reserve through 1992. and equipment are loaned for use with trail guides that describes hands-on activities for I1111. Research and Monitoring Programs children at stops along the reserve's five trail loops. Each loop uses a theme interpreted at Much of the reserve research has involved two instructional levels. Approximately 500 collection of valuable baseline date. students used the program in two years. In Researchers obtained additional baseline addition, the reserve completed its planned trail information from habitat mapping, bird and and boardwalk system of 14 trails grouped into plant surveys, and deployment of an automated five interpretive loops. weather station and water sampling device. To improve the reserve's research potential, the The education program actively integrated Reserve Management Authority is exploring the reserve efforts with other education and addition of a running. sepypter, lab system. -The management programs.in theregionj such as reserve manager also sierves as the Governor's with the New England Aquarium, the appointee to the state's Marine Re search Board. Association of Science and Technical Centers, Data from the reserve's automated weather and other reserve educators. The education station proved valuable to the monitoring coordinators became a member of the State project by the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory in Shore Steward Trust Advisory Committee which understanding how the physical and chemical encourages local citizen education and action properties of the Webhannet Estuary respond to on water quality issues. environmental factors. The reserve also installed a computerized resource map that V. Evaluations enabled the staff and researchers to pinpoint locations on the reserve and to analyze An evaluation was conducted in July 1991. geographical interrelationships. Another Findings report that the state continues to monitoring program established a benchmark operate and manage a strong reserve program index of the Webhannet estuary's environmental that is consistent with the goals of the national health. An associated plankton survey was the program. The findings also indicated that the first of its kind completed south of Portland, and state made numerous accomplishments since deemed a significant contribution to Gulf of the 1988 evaluation. Major accomplishments include: the creation of the Wells Reserve Management Authority, the new state agency responsible for reserve management and operations; the hiring of a research coordinator; development and implementation of two major education programs; and completion of a $3 million fundraising campaign to support the operations of the reserve. Designated: 1984 Biogeographic Region: Acadian Size: 1,600 acres Acquisition Status: 100% complete Federal Funding FY90: $200,881 Federal Funding FY91: $110,000 Maryland COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND The Maryland Coastal Zone Management State agencies for carrying out projects which Program (CZMP) was established in 1978 in address issues of concern in the coastal zone. response to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. The program was evaluated and Within the coastal zone, the State identified a approved by the National Oceanic and "Critical Area"--4and lying within 1,000 feet of Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and is the Chesapeake Bay or tidal tributaries to the eligible to receive federal funds through NOAA. Bay. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Act, passed by the Maryland General Maryland's coastal zone includes the entire Assembly in 1984, places strict controls on land and water area of the local jurisdictions development within the Critical Area. This bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the Chesapeake program is recognized as a national model in Bay and the Potomac River up to the municipal fostering environmentally sensitive development limits of Washington, D.C. This area includes in coastal areas. The Act is implemented Baltimore City and 16 of the State's 23 through local Critical Area Programs, developed counties. The coastal zone boundary extends by local jurisdictions in accordance with State seaward to the three-Imile jurisdictional limit of regulations. the State. Contractual funding agreements are used to Program Implementation ensure the active participation of local governments in the States's CZMP and Critical Maryland's CZMP is a networking program Area Program and to promote the consideration which makes use of the authorities and of coastal zone management concerns in local programs of existing State and local agencies. planning and regulatory activities. The contracts The Maryland Departm"t@of. Natural Resources are ad ministered. -at the local level by local (DNR) is the lead agenc'y -overseeing the planning and zoning agencies. implementation of Maryland's CZMP. The Coastal and Watershed Resources Division Public Participation (CWRD) of DNR is responsible for overall coordination of the CZMP and administration of Opportunity for public participation in federal funds. DNR has established Maryland CZMP is provided through the Memoranda of Understanding with the following Coastal and Watershed Resources Advisory State agencies: the Office of Planning and the Committee. The committee has approximately Departments of Agriculture, Environment, 100 members and is composed of citizens and Housing and Community Development, representatives of business groups, civic transportation, and the Chesapeake Bay Critical organizations, environmental groups and Area Commission. Through these memoranda, academic institutions, as well as representatives State agencies agree to carry out their coastal of federal, States and local governmental zone activities in accordance with the goals and agencies. The committee provides a forum for objectives of the State's CZMP. Contractual the discussion of coastal zone management funding agreements are also established with issues and advises the Coastal and Watershed Resources Division and the Secretary of DNR Program staff in contacting private and public concerning CZMP policy. landowners to seek protection of these areas. Maryland's Estuarine Research Reserve A study was undertaken to analyze the role 'of boat wakes in shore erosion in Anne Arundel The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine County. One of very few studies on the impacts Research Reserve (CBNERR) consists of sites in of boat wakes, this effort tested three Maryland and Virginia and is part of the hypotheses: (1) boat wake energy is a National Estuarine Research Reserve System. substantial contributor to the overall wave- The Maryland component of CBNERR (CBNERR- energy budget at study sites; (2) erosion off MD) is administered through the Marylandw shoreline sites is higher during the boating - CZMP. CBNERR-MD was established in 1985 season that at other times of the year; and (3) and now consists of three sites: Monie Bay, Jug different boat designs and passage Bay and Otter Point Creek. CBNERR-MD is characteristics can change the levels of wave responsible for coordinating research and public energy in boat wakes. This study found that education activities at Maryland's reserve sites. boat wakes significantly contribute to total wave energy and potential erosion only when there is Federal Consistency a high frequency of boat passages close to shore. Section 307 of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, as amended, requires that An investigation of existing information on federally conducted, supported or vegetated buffer areas was undertaken which permitted/licensed activities which affect the resulted in a report on the value of buffers in State's coastal zone be consistent, to the sed-imknt control, stormwater management, maximum extent practicable, with the State's provisions of riparian habitat and shading of federally approved CZMP. The Coastal Zone streams. An annotated bibliography on the Consistency Unit of DNR's Water Resources topic of buffer areas was also prepared as a Administration (WRA) is responsible for carrying complementary document. The report was out federal consistency review activities. Federal among the documents cited in development of consistency review is based on the goals, the 1 00-foot vegetated buffer requirement in the objectives and policies of the State's CZMP. State's Critical Area Regulations. Though WRA is responsible, for making official federal consistency deterpinations, decisions CZM funds supported the establishment of may be based partially'di -'entirely upon the elevation bench marks and the development of findings of a variety of agencies within the tax map overlays depicting the 1 00-year Maryland CZMP network, depending upon the floodplain for several eastern shore counties. nature of the proposed activity. A study of the groundwater-surface water ACCOMPILISHMENTS system in the Zekiah Swamp Run basin was prepared in cooperation with the Tri-County Resource Protection Council for Southern Maryland, the Maryland Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological CZM funds were provided to Maryland's Survey. Increased water demand in and around Natural Heritage Program to identify significant the basin poses a threat to the stability of the plant and wildlife habitat areas in the State's swamp which was designated an area of critical coastal zone. The project determined threats to concern by the State of Maryland. The study the habitat areas and identified management investigated the hydrologic conditions existing in mechanisms and protection boundaries for each the basin and provided a foundation for future area. The resulting inventory of significant swamp preservation efforts. habitat areas is used by Natural Heritage Computerized maps of the State's nontidal Management Preservation Areas. These are wetlands are being developed. This effort will chiefly the 1 00-year. flood plain and all adjacent provide updated and more accurate information wetlands, steep slopes and buffers. concerning their location and extent. These maps will be important in achieving full Improving Government Programs implementation of the State's Nontidal Wetlands Act. Maryland's Nontidal Wetland Program, Non- Structural Shore Erosion Control Program and A vessel management plan was developed for Boating Administration each grew from CWRD the South River, a tributary of the Chesapeake program initiatives which used CZM monies to Bay. The plan established designated use areas fund research and management activities. The and speed limits. Minimum wake areas were Maryland legislature recognized that these established for shoreline areas with high erosion programs dealt with important natural resource rates and for those containing habitat of issues and passed legislation to increase the threatened or endangered species. Enforceable stature of the programs with DNR. boating regulations were adopted pursuant to the plan. The Maryland CZMP sponsors workshops for local government planners in the coastal zone. CZM funds were used by Queen Anne's The purpose of the workshops is to provide a County to promote comprehensive planning and forum for local government coastal zone the establishment of mechanism to achieve the planners to freely exchange information and best and highest uses for the Kent Narrows area ideas about projects, studies, initiatives, etc., while reinforcing the environmental and social that they have undertaken or are currently values of the community. CZM funds were involved in for the protection of the Chesapeake utilized to conduct investigations that resulted in Bay and other critical natural resources. the development of a Market Support Analysis and Interim Management Guide, as well as For cases involving ocean incineration off organization of the Kent Narrows Development Maryland's Atlantic Coast, CWRD staff worked Foundation. These actions will allow the county with NOAA to establish the State's right to have to guide future development and redevelopment its determination of CZMP consistency play a in the county to guide future development and role in the federal permitting process. redevelopment in order to realize the potential of the Kent Narrows are a.s.an asset. Public Access Somerset County used CZM funds to produce The following projects were undertaken in a Groundwater Protection Report which Ocean City with CZM funds: identified aquifers and confining layers. As a result, management measures were established A boardwalk and crabbing/fishing pier were to protect groundwater resources in the county. constructed adjacent to the town's convention center. This project improved public access to With CZM funds, Calvert County completed a the water and increased the site's recreation biological survey and map of the Flag Pond capacity. area, a natural park adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay. This area is known to be a An elevated boardwalk was constructed over critical habitat for the Tiger Beetle which is the wetland at Northside Park. The project also included on the federal threatened species list included construction of an observation deck and the Maryland endangered species list. and gazebo and provision of educational displays. In addition to providing visual access Prince George's County utilized CZM funding to the wetland, the elevated boardwalk also in its effort to map the county's Primary provides fishing and crabbing areas. At Rock Point Park in Baltimore County, a CHESAPEAKE BAY NATioNAL facility was constructed which provides ESTUARINE: RESEARCH swimming access to the Chesapeake Bay for the handicapped. A concrete ramp was constructed RESERVE IN MARYLAND and a floating pier was attached to the ramp. (CHESAPEAKE BAY NERR This facility was the first of its kind in the State of Marylcndl. MD) National Estuarine Research Reserve funds The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine supported the development of design plans for Research Reserve in Maryland is one of twenty- the visitor center at the Otter Point Creek two Research Reserves across the country which component of CBNERR-MD and the design and provide opportunities for estuarine education, initial construction phases of the visitor annex at research, and monitoring. The Reserve Program the Jug Bay component of CBNERR-MD. is managed through a federal-state cooperative Coastal Hazards venture in conjunction with local government and interest group partners. A CZM-funded study that analyzed and The Chesapeake Bay NERR-MD consists of three recommended solutions to shore erosion at designated components: Monie Bay, located in Ocean City played a significant role in the decision by the State of Maryland and local Somerset County; Jug Bay, located in Anne governments to, commit over $12 million to a Arundel and Prince George's Counties; and beach renourishment project. Property Otter Point Creek, located in Harford County. protected through the renourishment project is Monie Bay Component was designated in valued at $2 billion. 1985. Jug Bay and Otter Creek Components were added to complete the Chesapeake Bay CZM funds were used to support updating NERR-MD in late 1990. Through memoranda the State's Historic Shoreline and Erosion Rate of understanding and conservation easements, Maps. Once complete, the maps.will define the Reserve currently provides protection to ov.,@7 areas of concern based on shoreline retreat. 4,500 acres of natural habitat. The purpose oi the Reserve is to augment the existing CZM support,was.,pl-,04e4, .to the State's. programming of the partners short-term and Non-Structural Shor@e"Er6s`io n Control Program. long-term progrdmming in 'estuarine research This program provides matching grants to and environmental education. shoreline property owners in suitable areas for In the last year, the Chesapeake Bay NERR- application of non-structural (vegetative) shore MD accomplished the following: erosion control techniques. A shoreline stabilization project was P- Dr. Grace Brush studied the land use of the undertaken in the Town of Rock Hall. The Otter Point Creek Component based upon project consisted of the construction of three markers and indicators found in the sediments stone breakwaters and a stone sill and the of the marshes. Her research has permitted he.- addition of clean sandy fill. Two species of sea and her students to map the progression of grass were planted in the fill area for Native American and European settlements in stabilization purposes. Two unvegetated bench the vicinity of Otter Point Creek and their impact areas were also provided. This project wa5; on both the land and nearby waterways. completed in cooperation with EPA, the Soil l- Reserve staff and partners at Jug Bay Conservation Service and Maryland's Shore Component developed an informational guide Erosion Control. for volunteers who work in and around the Jug Halloween program about the biology and Bay area. The Volunteer's Guide to Jug Bay is needs of bats. Guests observed bats feeding, .10 a synopsis of the cultural and natural history of heard bats vocolizing (with the aid of special the middle Patuxent River region as well as a devices), and enjoyed learning about the bats' reference about the partners involved.in the Jug role in the ecosystem. Bay Component: Patuxent River Park and Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary. 10. The Reserve, at Otter Point Creek Component, was the host site for the Harford The Education Coordinator has been working County Envirothon 1994. Sixty students from six with the staff at each site, at each component, area high schools competed as five-person to devise a Five Year Education Plan for the teams in ecological subjects such as forestry, Reserve. The plan includes special events for soils, aquatic biology, and zoology. The the general public, technical workshops for land Envirothon Chairperson, who is the Reserve use planners and managers, a lecture series on Education Coordinator, organized the a wide range of topics related to estuaries, Envirothon committee, Reserve staff, and workshops for teachers interested in volunteers as to what was needed to make the environmental education, and school programs. day a success. ,- The Reserve hosted a 'Wetlands and Wildlife P- The Reserve hosted a lecture by a naturalist at Field Day" at Monie Bay Component for 150 the Jug Bay Component and a researcher/grad Somerset County fifth graders. The teachers student. The topic of their talk was the sora rail, accompanied their students to stations located a small elusive marsh bird which feeds on the near the marsh where the students could help wild rice in the Jug Bay area of the Patuxent seine for fish, learn about oysters or crabs, find River. The researchers' collaboration has out about different birds or other critters in the permitted them to collect, bond for release, and marsh, and contemplate their surroundings to observe more soro rails than had been either draw or write about their experiences. previously observed. Their research techniques and results were of great interest to the At Otter Point Creek Component, volunteers audience. helped remove 2.4 tons of trash and debris from the forest, creek, and outer marshes. P, The Reserve publishes a quarterly newsletter: Students from area high schools, neighbors, the Network. It is distribute to Reserve supporters Izaak Walton League. (thq,prQperty owner and within Maryland,, all Reserves, all Sanctuaries, Reserve staff removed lin_'6@`s, bot.h with and and all coastal managers statewide and without rims, bottles, cons, paper-trash, a nationwide. refrigerator, lawn furniture, and an industrial air conditioning unit. w Harford County Department of Parks and Recreation (a Reserve partner) and Reserve staff have been working closely to get the final plans and construction specifications for the Reserve visitors center. The plans for the Anita C. Leight Estuary Center needed some revision after preliminary reviews within the county. The Reserve applied for and received a federal grant for the construction costs of the facility. It is anticipated that construction will begin in 1995. b- The Reserve hosted a "Bat Chat," a special Massachusefts COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Massachusetts, also known as the Bay State, has the National Oceanic and Atmospheric long treasured its coastal resources. These Administration (NOAA) for implementation and resources both improve quality of life and continued development of the Massachusetts provide significant economic opportunity for the Coastal Zone Management Program. state. In fact, the improtance of tourism and commercial fishing to the state's economy show Some of MCZM's major efforts include: that in coastal Massachusetts, the economy is the environment. 0 Federal Consistency Review-While MCZM is not a regulatory agency, it does review coastal After passage of the Coastal Zone Management projects that require a federal license, are Act in 1972, the state legislature; local, state implemented by a federal agency, or use and regional officials; and hundreds of federal funds, to ensure that they are consistent interested citizens combined efforts to develop a with state policy. coastal zone management plan. In 1978, the Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management 0 Technical Assistance-MCZM staff scientists, Program became the first on the eastern planners, lawyers, and regional coordinators seaboard to receive federal approval. In assist local decision-makers with harbor addition, recognizing the importance of this planning, tidelands protection, water quality, program to Massachusetts, the state legislature ocean management, public access, and other formally established the Coastal Zone topics. MUM also holds workshops and Management Office within the Executive Office produces publication to provide technical of Environmental Affairs (EOEA) in 1983. information to local officials and the public. MCZM brings together qstaff:of technical N Water Quality -Protectiori,--MCZM works to specialists in marine sciences, policy, law,' and protect coastal waters from nonpoint source public outreach, along with regional pollution, is active in National Pollution coordinators who serve as liaisons to Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) communities and local organizations. MCZM permitting for coastal discharges, and makes develops and implements coastal policy with the recommendations to the Secretary of EOEA on primary goal of protecting natural resources in coastal water quality issues and monitoring the coastal zone while promoting responsible plans. economic development. In addition, MCZM provides policy and planning advice to the 0 Waterfront Programs-MCZM helps state's Congressional delegation, the Governor, communities develop harbor plans, assesses the Secretary of EOEA and EOEA departments, dredging needs and dredged material disposal other state agencies, local officials, and the options, provides assistance to local officials for public. managing growth in high-hazard coastal areas, promotes aquaculture where appropriate, and From 1978 through 1991, Massachusetts has provides access planning assistance to local received a total of $23.8 million in grants from officials. Education and Public Informatioa.- MCZM also participates in the Gull of Maine MCZM produces a information a variety of Program, which brings together represenatives brocures, guidebooks, maps, and other from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, materials to help inform and educate the public New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia to develop. on coastal issues. and implement a sustainable management strategy for the Gulf. In addition, MCZM was MCZM is also involved in writing new fully involved in efforts to designate Stellwagen regulations, resolving policy questions, and Bank as a National Marine Sanctuary, which acting as a facilitator-bring together occurred in 1993. MCZM was involved at appropriate local, state, and federal officials to many stages of the designation process, from help keep important coastal projects rn,-,wing. facilitating public meetings to providing detailed Above all, MCZM seeks to develop and input into the final planning documents. implement sound coastl policy by incorporating science into the decision-making process. To Direct results of,MCZM activities are evident achieve this goal, MCZM supports the throughout the state. Over 400 acres of development of al reliable information base and shellfish beds have been reopened because of strives to provide access to scientific information, the efforts of the Massachusetts Boys Program's natural resource inventories, and mapping Shellfish Bed restoration Program, which wc-.-. projects. developed by MCZM. In 1994, the state's coastl program issued Guidelines for Barrier This breadth and depth of involvement provides Beach Management in Massachusetts, a state- MCZM with a big picture perspective on of-the-art reference guide that provides detailed Massachusetts coastal issues. This unique infc-nmation on how to balance preservation and perspective, along with the extensive local det@elopment of these vital natural resources. knowledge acquired by MCZM's Regional Implementation of these guidelines has been Coordinators, is sought by other agencies when instrumental in helping to increase the number questions arise about coastal policy. This of piping plovers in the state, as well as to broader perspective allows MUM to provide reduce controversy between competing user leadership in the effective management of groups. Mossachusetts coastal resources. Finally, COASTSWEEP, the state-wide beach ACCOMPUSHMENTS clean-up campaign coordinated by MCZM, is a tremendous succes Every year, over 5,000 The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management people participate and clean up almost 200 Officel located within the Executive Office of miles of Massachusett's shoreline. MCZM also Environmental Affairs (EOEA), has successfully coordinates with the. Center for Marine coordinated a variety of state, federal and Conservation to make COASTSWEEP part of the international coastal initiatives. For example, international coastal clean-up. MCZM administers two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Estuary Programs (NEPs) -the Buzzards Bay Project and the Massachusetts Bays Program. MCZM has also participated in the development of a third NEP, the Narragansett Bay Program. The Buzzards Bay Program and the Narragansett Bay Program have completed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans (CCMPs) and have begun implementation of these plans. The Massachusetts Bays Program is finishing up their CCMP. WAQUOIT BAY .10 NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE includes a salt pond, a section of saltmarsh,' and a mansion house with three outbuildings The Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research serves as the Reserve's headquarters. The Reserve, designated in 1988, straddles the Reserve Headquarters is one of only two towns of Falmouth and Mashpee on the south confirmed localities in the commonwealth where shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It is the Federally Endangered plant Sandplain cofunded and managed by the Department of Gerardia grows. Finally, in 1987, 400 acres Environmental Management (DEM) and NOAA. on either side of the Quashnet River, a tributary Administered by the Division of Forests and of the Bay were acquired to protect the Bay's Parks' southern office (region 1), the Reserve is watershed. linked programmatically to the Division of Resource Conservation, the Coastal Zone A total of 3.35 million federal dollars and some Management (CZM) Office and other Executive 20 million state dollars were used to protect the Office of Environmental Affairs agencies. In 2,500 acres that now fall within the boundaries addition, the Reserve works closely with the of the Waquoit Bay Reserve. Another $900,000 Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), of federal dollars has been spent on renovating Division of Water Pollution Control, the the Gate House, the Carriage House and the Environmental Protection Agency and the Cape Boat House into facilities offering library, office, Cod Commission. A 13-person Advisory laboratory, dormitory, classroom and meeting Committee, appointed by the Secretary of space. The exterior of the Mansion has also EOEA, serves to provide in-put from affected been renovated and includes an indoor/outdoor interest groups. Other committees are the classroom and a stage. The Commonwealth has Education Subcommittee, the Research Advisory just released funds to renovate the interior of the Committee and the Resource protection Mansion which will offer space for exhibits, Subcommittee which is made of regulatory large meetings, and offices. The Reserve will officials from both towns with jurisdiction over pursue additional funding for exhibit design, Reserve resources. fabrication and installation. The Reserve has sigpe@o.;,_-M,6morandum of The Reserve claims-one-of the most extensive Understanding with the Citizens for the research programs within the NERR System due Protection of Waquoit Bay (CPWS) for the group to the significance of local resources and the to function as the Friend's Group of the Reserve's close proximity to prestigious Reserve. The Reserve also works with The institutions of higher learning in Woods Hole Association for the Preservation of Cape Cod and elsewhere. A number of major, ongoing (Apcq. research projects have enabled scientists to form a preliminary picture of the primary processes Included in the reserve is South Cape Beach contributing to several disturbing trends in the State Park, acquired in 1982, which boasts a ecology of Waquoit Bay and in many other beautiful barrier beach where Least Terns and coastal areas in Massachusetts and other New Piping Plover nest and Roseate Terns feed. In England States. The largest of these projects, the June 1983, the Commonwealth purchased Land Margin Ecosystem Research (LMER) grant Washburn Island, 330 undeveloped acres on called "Coupling of Watershed and Coastal the western side of the Bay. With federal Waters in Waquoit Bay", is a multidisciplinary assistance, the former Swift Estate at the head of research effort designed to assess the impacts of the Bay was acquired. This 24 acre site, which changing land use patterns over time on groundwater and, in turn, on coastal waters. It is jointly funded by NOAA, the National Science position paper from the conference has been Foundation and EPA. The project will provide distributed to local, regional and state health important information and methodology on agents, conservation agents and planners. nutrient loading to the Cape Cod Commission Because of this conference and several other and to programs such as the Buzzards Bay meetings and workshops on this topic, the Project. The Reserve will train town planners Waquoit Bay Watershed has been named as how to use the nitrogen loading computer one of 8 National On-Site Advanced model developed by this project. Waste\Water Treatment Systems Demonstration Project Sites. We will receive $200,000 worth of Other research is looking at eelgrass technology and expertise from Small Flows populations dynamics, shorebird populations, Clearinghouse, an EPA sponsored project at the the effects of macroalgae on fisheries, shellfish West Virginia University. larvae dispersal, shoreline dynamics and circulation patterns. During the annual Research The Reserve also produces a Science- and Policy Exchange Day, Waquoit Bay scientists discussed Bulletin Series which has included issues on their findings among themselves and with Computer Models and on Alternative community leaders. Denitrifying Wastewater Technology. The Reserve library is accessible through a At the same time, the Reserve has been initiating bibliographic computer program with 1000 and fostering programs that use the results of entries. An unusually high response to our the research to educate the public. and boating survey has provided us with information clecisionmakers about the coastal issues and that will contribute to a No Discharge how human activities impact the estuary. A designation in Waquoit Bay. Research Translator position is funded by a Working closely with CPWB and APCC, the NOAA Education Award and EPA. A Watershed Reserve has provided technical support for an Fieldtrip curriculum which includes indoor outreach effort that has included presentations, activities and five hour trip through a watershed, the formation of a Citizen's Action Committee, a teaches the public concepts such as watershed, Waquoit Bay Watershed Action Plan and the watertable and groundwater needed to formation of an intermunicipal committee to understand the research and policy issues. The respond to the plan. Reserve offers the "Evening on the Bluff"series in Over 100 volunteers help with every aspect of the summer. People are invited to picnic on the Reserve operations including monitoring, lawn in front ofthe Mqqpan_.,while they listen to administration@- buildings and grounds, press or participate in presentations on research and releases, design and outreach. A Resource policy issues. Protection Internship Program and Research Internship opportunities provide training and Because the research demonstrated that much experience'to college students and community of the nutrient loading polluting the Bay was members. coming from on-site wastewater systems in the watershed, the Reserve was funded by EPA to organize a conference called "Nitrogen Removal Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems: Technologies and Regulatory Strategies." People from about a dozen states that currently pen-nit advanced on-site wastewater technology were brought in to share the pros and cons of managing these systems. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection was invited to participate in the planning sessions to insure their participation and attendance. A Michigan COASTAL MANA-GEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Michigan was among the first states to join the provide habitat for fish and wildlife are also federal Coastal Management Program. protected under this statute. Michigan's Coastal Management Program is housed within the Land and Water Management Public Trust Division of the Department of Natural Resources. The Land and Water Management The Great.Lakes Submerged Lands Act Division administers several environmental establishes a fixed elevation, referred to as the statutes that protect the State's bountiful natural Hordinary high water mark" as the landward resources. boundary of state-owned bottorniands. The law protects Michigan's harbors, bays, channels and Michigan's coastal zone, bordering Lakes other bottomlands from uncontrolled dredging Michigan, Huron, Superior, Erie and Lake St. and filling. It also allows the wise and careful Clair comprises the longest freshwater shoreline development of bottomlands while requiring the in the world. A,unique mix of shore geography DNR, through a permit- review process, to is found on each of the Great Lakes' shoreline, protect sensitive resources. including, clay bluffs, white sandy beaches, sandstone Cliffs, rock bluffs, rock beaches, low Protection of Coastal Resources plains, and freshwate Ir wetlands. P- The Sand Dunes Protection and Management Approximately thirty percent of Michigan's Act regulates the mining and development of shoreline is held in public ownership. The Michigan's unique sand dunes, the largest submerged lands of the Great Lakes are State accumulation of fresh water sand dunes in the owned and held in public trust. The coastal world. The law prohibits construction on dunes region.provides an irnpo#ctnt. habitat and with slopes greater than 25. percent and has nursery area for ma@Y_'_C-_6'7m me-r-cial and sport provisions for local governments to assume fisheries, migratory birds and furbearing administration of Act. animals. Coastal waters supply municipal drinking water, recreational boating Historic Preservation opportunities and the transport of over 200,000,000 tons of industrial and agdcultural lo, Michigan protects histor*ical and materials through the Great Lakes commercial archaeological underwater resources through shipping industry. legislation designating nine Great Lakes Underwater Preserves. The Preserves comprise Coastal Hazards over 5% of Michigan's Great Lakes' bottomlands and protect many of the 6,000 Michigan's Shorelands Protection and shipwrecks that have gone down in Michigan Management Act charges the DNR with waters. This statute also regulates underwater identifying and designating high risk erosion salvage activities. areas and flood risk areas and establishing construction setbacks. Coastal wetlands that Wetlands ACCOMPLISHMENTS Michigan is the only state to have received w The Great Lakes Information System (GLIS), authority from the Environmental Protection funded in part by the MCMP is a computerized Agency to administer Section 404 of the Federal geographical information system designed to Water Pollution Control Act. Michigan's consolidate Great Lakes resource data. This assumption of 404 program authority relied information system emphasizes environmentally upon the existence of several state statutes that sensitive areas and critical habitats. The GLIS establish regulation over the discharge of compliments the Michigan Resource Inventory dredge and fill materials into state waters. Program, a land-based statewide geographical Michigan recently adopted administrative rules information system. under the Wetlands Protection Act to strengthen the enforcement of permitted activities. @- Michigan was the first and only demonstration state that used Federal CZM funds for low cost Public Access construction projects. Due to the success of this pilot program, the Coastal Zone Management lo- In addition to more than 200 public access Act was amended to allow all participating sites, 42 of Michigan's 94 State Parks are coastal states to cpply for (306A) low cost located along the Great Lakes or on coastal construction project funds to enhance public lakes within Michigan's coastal zone. These access to their states' shoreline. Local officials parks provide public access to over 115 miles state that the impacts of these low cost projects of prime shorelands. With over 67 Harbors of usually have a greater than expected economic Refuge, boaters,.are rarely more than 15 benefit, particularly in attracting private shoreline miles from a safe harbor. Federal investment. ownership in National'Parks, U.S. Forests and numerous local parks also provide public P, The revitalization of Detroit's deteriorated access. waterfront was initiated by a CZM funded "Linked Riverfront Parks Master Plan". This Coastal Zone Management Grants linked park system has stimulated millions of dollars in private investment and has created an Since 1978 Michigan has annually passed estimated 1,200 new jobs. The project is through approximately 40% of it's federal grant designed to create several parks along the to local coastal comrnuq#Jio;sJor research, Detroit River that are. linked by a bike path planning, design an@116v-m__c-o.it construction system. projects. Local projects have created or enhanced public access, protected sensitive P- The revitalization of Houghton's waterfront in a 'i coast* I resources, preserved or restored Michigan's Upper Peninsula s as resulted in historical structures and rehabilitated urban substantial private and public investment for the waterfronts. cities of Houghton and Hancock (Houghton's sister city).. Redevelopment of the waterfron'i. For Additional Information: resulted from a waterfront deveiopment plan Michigan Coastal Management Program funded by the MCMP. With the assistance of Michigan Department of Natural Resources CZM funding the City of Houghton has P.O. Box 30028 purchased, renovated and opened to the pjblic Lansing, Michigan 48909 all 6ut 200 feet of the 1.25 miles of shoreline in 517 373-1950 the downtown area. Michigan has a Memorandum of Agreement with the Army Corps of Engineers which provides for the issuance of joint public notices and allows the use of one permit application which is shared by both agencies for statutes regulating the land and water interface, including Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act and 404 of the Clean Water Act, Michigan's Wetlands Protection Act, the Inland Lakes and Streams Act and the Submerged Lands Act. 0- The MDNR has developed a Coastal and Inland Waters Permit Information System (CIWPIS) for permit processing. CIWPIS is a computerized data base management tool which allows all permit applications to be efficiently processed and tracked, and all information relative to permit applications to be available to all Division staff. The CIWPIS system can identify a wide variety of parameters and is very useful in identifying areas of special interest or concern. 1- The Saginaw Bay Area Initiative is an integrated management plan for the Bay that targets DNR development priorities and resources in a joint effort with local interests. The goal of this initiative is to pool resources from the DNR, local government and private investors to develop new economic growth opportunities for this, areq,while protecting sensitive areas and avoiding *hazardous areas. w The Michigan Department of Natural Resources reviews and issues project permits under a consolidated permit process that currently encompasses a total of nine state statutes and four federal programs. Mississippi COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Wetlands Protection and Conservation: The Mississippi Department of Marine The Wetlands Protection Law of 19 73 Resources is the agency responsible, for requires the issuance of a coastal wetlands implementing the Mississippi Coastal Program permit for certain regulated activities in coastal (MCP). The DMR administers the MCP which Mississippi as well as requiring the development receives and administers the program's federal of a plan for wetlands in the coastal area in funding. The DMR and the Office of Pollution recognition of the CZMA of 1972. A major Control (opq and the Land and Water accomplishment includes the Mississippi Resources (LWR), both in the Department of Regional Coastal Zone Permit which was Environmental Quality and the Department of developed in cooperation with the Mobile and Archives and History (DAH), administers the Vicksburg COE's. This regional permit meets regulatory permits that are required for activities one of the objectives of Mississippi's coastal affecting the coastal zone. The DMR management legislation which is to establi�h coordinates the activities of the various state joint permitting procedures and streamline the agencies through their policy procedure. regulation process. The MSCRP is issued by the Department of Marine Resources and meets the The Mississippi Department of Marine requirements of the Coastal Wetlands Protection Resources, by legislative action, gained Law as well as the COE as well as the state department status July 1, 1994. The DMR is water quality office. governed by a seven member selected commission representing the three coastal Special Management Area Planning counties and the 5th Congressional District of Mississippi. In addition to MCP activities, 1. Special Management Area Planning (SMA) coastal wetland permits and federal consistency, is provided for in the MCP and can be applied the new commiss' soaddre to specific coastal areas-such.as Industrial and ioners-pj . ss manne re nd the use of fisheries, coastal p Iserves a Ports Areas, Shorefront Access Areas and Urban tidelands funds. Waterfronts. SMAs apply the general provisions of the coastal program to specific geographic MAJOR PROGRAM ACCOMPUSHMENTS areas; streamline the regulatory process; coordinate regulatory decisions and provide Historically, the emphasis of the Mississippi assistance to local governments to plan for Coastal Program is coastal wetlands protection public facilities and services in areas whose use and conservation through regulatory permits, is historically, economically, and culturally tied planning, land acquisitions, public waterfront to coastal waters. access and development, special management area planning, marine resource education and Most of the SMA plans have three elements information and most recently dockside gaming, that include a development plan, a dredge coastal reserves and offshore aquaculture material disposal plan, and a mitigation plan to activities. offset damages that may occur to coastal wetlands or marine resources. Public Access Educational and Information Program 1. Waterfront Access Program. This program 1. DMR supports the two coastal marine has been extremely popular with the local cities museums through funding and educational and counties and has been used to construct material. boat ramps, finger fishing piers, in addition to the associated parking areas and shoreline 2. Major educational and informational stabilization structures. These facilities are efforts have resulted in the development of an jointly developed and funded by BMR and a series booklets written for use of the middle local sponsor such as a city or county. grades students that attempts to bring about a greater appreciation of the coastal area and 2. Waterfront Planning in most all of the resources. Workbooks are also part of the coastal urban areas have been completed which educational efforts as well as numerous included recommendations for access to the pamphlets and posters ranging in material from nearshore waters, the full utilization of the oysters, crabs, shrimp and fish. adjacent coastal resources in the urban setting, achieve economic development while 3. DMR wrote and produced several Public maintaining the local environmental values. Service Announcement (PSA's) addressing Sand beach master plans for both Hancock and marine resources, wetlands permitting and Harrison Counties have been completed and 41-1 manne litter. currently being used and has been used for 4. News releases, public hearings and beach re-nourishment activities. The Sand Beach meetings, and staff presentations to various Plans have been helpful in identifying items for groups are also part of the educational and funding of needed access improvements, beach information program at DMR. erosion, and traffic control and long term maintenance. MERITORIOUS PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS 3. Conservation of waterfront industrial sites. The MCP provides for the selected use of 1. Port of Pascagoula Special Managemert certain coastal industrial sites restricting their use Area (SMA) Plan. to a proven need of water dependency. The SMA plan was developed through the cooperative efforts of the federal and state Fisheries Enhancement. regulatory agencies. in. conjunction with the Jackson County Port Authority, the City of Launch facilities, fishing piers,-and parking Pascagoula and has recently added to its lots that are constructed through the waterfront membership Ingall's Ship Building (Litton). access program. The boat ramps, piers and Planning and agreement efforts were just adjacent amenities are used by both small completed when Pascagoula was selected as commercial and recreational fishermen. one of the homeports for the Navy. Only minor adjustments were made to the plan to Coastal Hazards accommodate the Navy. For partial mitigation of impacts and losses occurring to the coastal At the Bellefontaine Beach area in Jackson wetlands in the port area, the State accepted in County an erosion study is underway that i,, perpetuity, 3,265 acres of coastal wetlands in looking at offshore water-movements and tidal the Bangs Lake area of Jackson County. heights, plus certain geological features. The study will, make recommendations for erosion The Port of Pascagoula SMA is reviewed 'imd controls. updated every year and all findings resulting from the review are fo,-,varded to the SMA participants. 2. Marine Debris. Over the past several years, the DMR, in part through the MCP, has addressed various aspects of the marine debris issue. DMR staff worked with state legislators to pass the Marine Litter Law of 1989. This low, amended in 1991 was the nation's first state regulation which incorporated provisions of MARPOL V. The DMR has been instrumental in the formation of the Mississippi Marine Trash Task Force. Task Force members have carried out a variety of educational programs related to marine debris, including annual beach cleanups. New Hampshire COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PROGRAM OVERVIEW New Hampshire's Coastal Program was The Coastal Program administers an annual established in two phases. The Ocean and pass-through grant program on a competitive Harbor Segment was approved in 1982, basis to municipalities, the University of New covering the communities along the Atlantic Hampshire and other educational institutions, Coast from Seabrook north to Portsmouth. The nonprofit organizations, regional planning Great Bay Segment was approved in 1988, commissions, and other state agencies. The which expanded the program boundaries to all grants are awarded on the basis of which grant areas under tidal influence, including Great applications most closely implement the 16 Bay, Little Bay and all estuarine rivers and guiding policies of the New Hampshire Coastal wetlands. New Hampshire's coastline totals Program. The grants can be for small-scale 150 miles in length (18 miles on the Atlantic capital improvements, such as boardwalks and and 132 miles along its estuaries and tidal boat launches, or they can be for planning and rivers) and includes 7,500 acres of saltmarsh. management projects such as municipal water All told, seventeen communities are within the resource plans and water protection related Coastal Program boundaries. ordinances. Local technical assistance is offered to communities in conjunction with the two The Coastal Program operates under the regional planning commissions which cover the auspices of the New Hampshire Office of State seacoast area. Planning. The program staff works closely with other state agencies to implement a networked Coastal Program staff have also become approach to coastal resource management. involved with interagency coordination through The Coastal Program does not have any laws or the CZMA consistency review authority. Any regulations of its own, rather, the program's direct federal action, federal permit, federal implementation authc?ri*.qomes through existing grunt award- which may affect New Hampshire's u ia@, "" state laws and reg ii6ns which are carried out coastal zone or activity on the outer continental by other departments within state government. shelf requires Coastal Program review to Therefore, New Hampshire's Coastal Program determine consistency with the program's emphasizes coordination and consultation in its guiding policies. A wide variety of activities efforts to implement the program's mission. come under the auspices of this authority, including, for example, review of U.S. Army Although the Coastal Program incorporates the Corps of Engineers' harbor dredging activities laws and regulations of many state agencies, and wetlands permitting activities. the principal enforcement agency for the program is the Department of Environmental Services. The department uses Coastal Program funds to enforce laws and rules for coastal wetlands, erosion and sediment control, subsurface septic disposal, and municipal and industrial sewage treatment plant operations. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS Highlights of New Hampshire's recent program- New Hampshira's Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, sponsored projects are presented in the program staff began a study to assess the following paragraphs. It should be noted that impact of septic systems on coastal water hundreds of projects have been completed by a quality. The study focused on the Town of wide variety of sponsors and that the following Seabrook. Seabrook offered a unique descriptions are only intended as a opportunity because every house in Town was- representation of the total. about to be connected to a municipal sewage treatment plant, therefore, household septic The Coastal Program organized New systems could be evaluated with no fear of Hampshire's participation in the national penalty to the homeowner. Field evaluations Coastweeks program. Coast-weeks is an have begun for 13 properties located along the annual three week celebration of the beauty and coastline. For these properties, monitoring wells diversity of the nation's coasts. Held in October have been installed to document groundwater of 1994, this year's Coastweeks celebration flow rates and direction, and the extent of included a number of festivities aimed at bacterial and nutrient contamination from septic seacoast residents and school-aged children. A systems. The results of this study will be coastal clean-up project was quite successful, availabie after July of 1995. drawing participation from roughly 800 volunteers. This year, over 14,300 pounds of The Coastal Program's collaboration with the garbage was collected and disposed of. Private Jackson Estuarine Laboratory extends to two sector sponsorship and participation was at an other projects as well. With the assistance of all time high. program funds, Jackson Lab is currently working to develop strategies for assessing nonpoint Program staff continued working on the new source pollution impacts on the Squamscott pollution-control mandate contained in the River coastal watershed. Several municipal Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization wastewater treatment plants located in the of 1990. In an effort to comply with the newly watershed have been upgraded in the past few created Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control years; thus, Jackson Lab hopes to identify some Program (Section 6217), the staff began a of the nonpoint pollution sources which were number of activities including:. defining the masked by improperly treated wastewater from project boundaries, "condp- cti-ng a review of New the old treatment plants. In conjunction with the Hampshire's regulator"y ltfria@me`work to identify Division of Public Health Services, Jackson Lab existing management measures (or lack of), is working on a study of pollution sources and continuing a water quality sampling program environmental factors affecting the water quality and preparing a local outreach strategy. A pilot of Great Bay. This project is essentially an local outreach strategy was begun in July of update of the most recent Great Bay Sanitary 1994. This project involves working with local Survey. It will be completed according to NSSP decision makers in the coastal Exeter standards, and will hopefully result in allowing River/Squamscott River Watersheds to prepare more of the Bay to be open for recreational some guidance as to how to integrate shellfish harvesting. enforceable management measures into their local regulatory frameworks. Several municipalities are currently using program funds for a variety of projects. The In July of 1994, New Hampshire's Coastal Town of Rye is sampling the water quality of Program began its first project under the Berry's Brook. This is a follow-up of one of the CZMA's Enhancement Grants Program (Section recommendations made in the recent Berry's 309). In conjunction with the Department of Brook Management Plan (also completed with Environmental Services and the University of Coastal Program assistance). The City of Dover is using program funds to refurbish a waterfront shoreline of Great Bay. This facility opened in park along the banks of the tidal Cocheco late 1994, and houses a number of educational River. This project is part of the City's larger exhibits detailing marine life and the marine strategy for revitalizing its central business environment. There is a small boat launch on- district. The City of Portsmouth is using site, as well as a nature trail system which leads program funds for the planning and design of a to a wooden boardwalk that extends out to the 1,400 foot, water-6ased boardwalk which will salt marshes along the bay's edge. Coastal connect the City's working port to the Strawbery Program staff have been working with a group Banke Museum and Presecott Park (the City's of volunteers to increase the amount of salt main waterfront museum and public park). water reaching a particular marsh area by More than half of the communities covered by digging a series of trenches within the marsh. New Hampshire's Coastal Program are Once completed, the trenches will allow salt receiving technical assistance on a variety of water to reach a large marshland which has planning projects from the Rockingham Planning been cut off from tidal influence. Commission and Strafford Regional Planning Commission. The recently completed Stuart Farm Marsh Restoration Project in Stratham, and the Knowing that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient for ongoing Awcomin Marsh Restoration Project in plant growth in the Great Bay Estuary, the Rye are excellent examples of interagency Coastal Program is partially sponsoring a cooperation. For the Stuart Farm project, the project with the University's Complex Systems Coastal Program worked with several state Research Center to conduct an assessment of agencies and the Rockingham County atmospheric nitrogen input to the Great Bay Conservation District to replace and enlarge a Estuary and surrounding watershed. driveway culvert which had disrupted tidal flow to a large marsh area. Completed in spring of Two non-profit organizations have received 1994, the damaged marshland is already program funding for the 1994 federal fiscal showing signs of recovery. The Awcomin Salt year. The Society for the Protection of New Marsh had been negatively impacted over the Hampshire Forests is working on a project course of many years as a disposal site for known as the "Coastal Initiative", which is a land dredged materials. Several acres of degraded protection project covering the 17 Coastal salt marsh will be returned to productivity once Program communities. Generally, the project the project is completed. entails working with. loca [,.@Iecision makers to identify and prioritize important parcels of land The New Hampshire Coastal Program has been for future protection. Those familiar with New involved in the creation of the interstate and Hampshire may remember that a similar project international Gulf of Maine Council on the was the precursor to the New Hampshire Land Marine Environment. The states of New Conservation Investment Program which helped Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts, along to permanently protect thousands of acres with the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova during the late I 980's and early 1990's. The Scotia have formed the Council with members Audubon Society of New Hampshire is also appointed by the respective state governors and utilizing program funds for the development of province premiers. The Council has met several educational programs on coastal resources for times since its inception to give direction to the public and municipal audiences. staffs of the coastal agencies involved to develop cooperative solutions for the During the past several years, the Coastal environmental problems facing the Gulf of Program has worked closely with the Great Bay Maine. New Hampshire is currently hosting the National Estuarine Research Reserve and the rotating Gulf of Maine Secretariat position. N.H. Fish and Game Department to establish the Sandy Point Discovery Center located on the GREAT BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE The Great Bay National Estuarine Research In 1992, the Reserve published The Ecology of Reserve (NERR) was designated in 1989 and is the Great Bay Estuary. New Hampshire and managed by the NH Fish -and Game Maine: An Estuarine Profile and Bibliograi2hy Department. In addition to the 4,500 acres of and in 1993, a technical report on wintering tidal waters that encompass Great gay, 830 eagles was released. A second technical report acres of salt marsh and uplands are included on wintering waterfowl is in production. To within the Reserve. support a comprehensive educational program, - 'T the Reserve has prepared two trail guides (Sandy The Reserve features the newly opened Sandy Point and Adams Point), six marine resource Point Discovery Center with indoor and outdoor species brochures, a bird checklist, and an exhibits as well as interpretive trails.. Education eagle viewing guide over the past two years. programs for elementary and secondary students are offered at the Center and a curriculum for grades 1-6 is under development. Utilizing local volunteers, the Reserve and the NH Coastal Program have undertaken a salt marsh restoration project at Sandy Point. Public events sponsored by the Reserve include an annual Duckers' Day. Held during Coastweeks, this event examines the history of waterfowling on Great Bay while promoting efforts to preserve its rural character. Research projects underwa.@. include water quality and waterfowl '"monitoring as well as examining the effects of nonpoint source pollution within the estuary. As part of this effort, the Reserve has provided funding to the Great Bay Watch which utilizes local citizens and high school students to conduct water quality sampling. The Reserve is also actively involved with oil spill contingency planning. As New Jersey COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND The New Jersey Coastal Management water uses that have a significant affect on Program was developed in the 1970's by the coastal resources. These authorities include Department of Environmental Protection and CAFRA, the Wetlands Act of 1970 (N.J.S.A. Energy (Department) and received federal 13:9A-1) and the Waterfront Development Law approval from the U.S. Department of (N.J.S.A. 12:5-3). C-AFRA regulates the design, Commerce in two phases. The first approval location, and construction of housing given in 1978 was for the Bay and Ocean developments of 25 or more units and most Shore segment defined by the state law, the major industrial, sewer, and energy facilities. Coastal Area Facility Review Act (N.J.S.A. The Wetlands Act of 1970 regulates activity in 13:19-1 et seq.)(CAFRA). The second phase mapped, coastal wetlands. The Waterfront was approved in September, 1980 and Development Low regulates all development on includes the entire State under one program or adjacent to navigable waterways. The Rules incorporating the Bay and Ocean Shore on Coastal Zone Management (N.J.A.C. 7:7E - segment, the Hackensack Meadowlands, and 1.1 et seq.) define the policies of the Coastal the tide-flowed waters along the Hudson and Management Program and guide the Delaware Rivers. Department in reviewing the permit applications .Under the three permit laws. New Jersey's coastal zone extends from the New York boarder on the Hudson River south to Within the Department, the Office of Cape May Point and then north along the Regulatory Policy, the Land Use Regulation Delaware River to the head of tide in Trenton. Program, and the Office of Enforcement are the The coastal zone encompasses the waters and lead management components for implementing varying widths of adjacent land. areas next to New Jersey's Coastal Management Program. these tidal waters. The oq@ndary encompasses The Office of Regulatory Policy is responsible for approximately 1,792 'r In i16 i'of tidal coastline, overseeing the planning and administration of including 126 miles along the Atlantic the Coastal Management Program. The Land Oceanfront from Sandy Hook to Cape May. It Use Regulation Program is responsible for ranges in width from one hundred feet to administering the coastal permitting program, twenty-four miles )near Batsto and the Mullica along with other state-wide permit functions: the River, in Burlington County where the coastal Office of Enforcement is responsible for zone overlaps with the Pinelands Area). The enforcing all laws and regulations associated total land area of the Bay and Shore region is with coastal and water resources as well as approximately 1 376 square miles or 17 percent other enforcement activities. In addition, other of New Jersey's land area. Departmental programs, such as the Wastewater Facilities Regulation Element, Water Regulatory Authorities Quality Management Program Element Engineering and Construction Element, Green Within the coastal zone, the State, through Acres Program and other programs responsible the Department of Environmental Protection and for regulating and funding development in the Energy, has the authority to regulate land and coastal zone must also insurethat their decisions are consistent with the Coastal change can be calculated and used durj-,g the Management Program, to the extent statutorily review of wat-3rfront development permi@ possible. applications. @@his shoreiine prediction capability has provided a sound basis for revising the . Major Accomplishments Coastal High Hazard Areas and Erosion Hazard Areas policies prohibiting selected coastal New Jersey's coastal management efforts development and setting a 30-year and 60-year have reversed several destructive trends. The setback threshold. loss of coastal wetlands to development was occurring at an average rate of 1,500 acres per In 1988, the Department completed a major year in the 1960's and early 1970's. With the reorganization to consolidate permit programs enactment of the Wetlands Act of 1970, the and functions by region rather than by statute. filling of coastal wetlands has been significantly This major step was taken to accommodate an reduced. New high-rise developments that expanded scope of regulatory functions and to disrupt scenic vistas, intrude low rise produce a consolidated and streamlined neighborhoods and coast long shadows on regularity process to serve the public interest bathing beaches have been controlled to lessen more efficiently. Benefits have improved these effects. Public access to coastal waters coordination with local governments and more has been enhanced through the permit review effective protection of the State's natural and local funding programs. Special coastal resources. resources such as dunes, beaches, threatened and endangered species, shellfish growing New Jersey. recently adopted a State areas, shallow water habitat and submerged Development and Redevelopment Plan (SDRP) vegetation, and other significant sensitive which is meant to foster "sound and integrated resources are given special protection status Statewide planning with local regional planning under the Coastal Rules. in order to conserve its natural resources, revitalize its urban centers, protect the quality of Selected Accomplishments its environment and provide needed housing and adequate public services at a reasonable Supported through a multi-year effort using cost while promoting beneficial economic coastal management funds, the Department growth, development and renewal..." The completed several studies on the development, Department of Environmental Protection and implementation, ,and mqq%ement of long-term Energy played a significant role in the adoption public access to the `H16&o`n'kiv'er.. As a result of the SDRP. During the development of the of these studies, the Department successfully SDRP, NJ's Coastal Management Program established a Hudson River Waterfront Walkway successfully worked with the State Planning Special Area policy within the coastal rules. The Commission, the Pinelands Commission and policies provide a set of extensive guidelines for coastal counties to initiate a process to the development and redevelopment of the coordinate coastal planning issues with local existing waterfront piers to protect the scenic and regional agencies to better protect NJ's views to thee Hudson River and Manhattan coastal resources. This effort has been skyline and promote public access and open successful in beginning to bring compatibility space along the Hudson Waterfront Walkway. between local, regional and state programs affecting NJ's coastal area and in achieving After a multi-year contractual effort, NJ's consensus on how best to protect and enhance Coastal Management Program now has the coastal resources. Building upon these efforts ability to generate computer-based shoreline and now that the Plan has been adopted, the maps which depict historical positions of mean Departmem will be reviewing the entire coastal high water for the state's coastline. With this planning process to enhance compofibility to the system, a site-specific prediction of shoreline Rules on Coastal Zone Management with the objectives and strategies of the SDRP. In July 1991, the Department established the Office of Regulatory Policy which consolidated the coastal planning component of NJ's Coastal Management Program with the Statewide Water Quality Management, the Nonpoint Source/Stormwater Management Program and the Water Quality Standards and Systems Analysis Program. This- reorganization brought water quality and CZM functions together within the same office which will be an asset as the State begins to develop the Coastal Nonpoint Control Program in response to Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990. New York State COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND Consensus Building New York's coast stretches for 3,200 miles Significant shifts in public policy are more and includes the fresh waters of two Great readily achieved if those affected are involved in Lakes and the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers; setting and enforcing that policy. A major the tidal waters, both fresh and salt, of the emphasis of the Coastal Program over the past Hudson River estuary; and the marine waters of eleven years has been to use a grass roots New York Harbor, Long Island Sound and the approach to achieve the goals of the State Atlantic Ocean. Coastal Management Program. The program has worked closely with local officials and Home for 85% of the State's 17 million people, citizens in the preparation of over 100 local the State's coastal zone includes its largest government waterfront revitalization programs. cities, vast suburban expanses, some of its most These programs foster consensus on what rural areas, industrial zones, and.highly should be done for the coast. Over 2,000 productive ecosystems. The problems of the volunteers are working to implement these local coastal zone are as extensive and diverse as its coastal programs. New parks are being demographic, economic and environmental developed and existing parks restored. Boat characteristics. launch ramps, coastal trails and greenways have been developed and wetlands have been The New York Coastal Management Program restored. carries on a variety of activities to achieve a set of coastal policies providing for resource use, Science and Resource Management Policy development and protection. These efforts range from review of development proposals Faced with recent coastal resource crises and and building consensus to advance the coastal no public funds for traditional responses, the program goals, to man . 9 -coastal resource Coastal Program has convened a series of %,@ 1. 98F, , crises, furthering program: objectives through science and public policy workshops to confront public and private partnerships, and targeting such crises as the collapse of Long Island's fiscal and technical resources on critical issues. Peconic Bays caused by brown tide algae blooms, and increased flooding and erosion of Review of Development Proposals Long Island's Atlantic coast. With its regulatory responsibilities, the Coastal In the case of Peconic Bays, in cooperation Program has a key role in the decision-making with leading research institutions, the program process for approving public and private established a long term research agenda to find development proposed for the coastal zone. the cause and identify actions necessary to Over 800 projects or activities are reviewed reduce brown tide in the Peconic Bays. The annually to ensure their compliance with State resulting research has served as a catalyst for and local coastal law. the recent designation of the Peconics as a national estuary pursuant to Section 320 of the Clean Water Act. With $10 billion of private and public properties SELECTED RECENT ACCOMPILISHMENTS at risk, Long Island's South Shore is venerable to severe flooding and erosion damage as Redefining Coastal Management - After a evidenced by the December, 1992 nor'easter. decade of coastal management, Governor In 1989, the Coastal Program convened Mario Cuomo convened a Governor's Task leading scientists to frame a new approach to Force on Coastal Resources to assess the managing the flooding and erosion problems. Coastal Management Program, propose recommendations to strengthen existing State Partnerships and local management activities, and address emerging coastal issues ranging from non-point In 1985, a coalition of maritime labor unions source coastal water poliufion to economic and maritime industry employers joined together dynamics affecting water dependent commerce. under the leadership of the Coastal Program to In 1991, the Governor's Task Force presented identify steps needed to maintain the $12 billion its recommendations and today State agencies dollar maritime industry in the Po.,i of New York. and the Legislature are implementing Through this labor/managemeni/government recommendations. The key recommendations partnership, tax issues have been resolved, call for stronger environmental protection at cheaper alternatives to moving cargo through every level of government to protect water the port have been explored, port promotion quality and naturc" resources; the development activities have increased, and expanded of a comprehensiva economic strategy to reflect economic benefits of the Navy Homeport have business needs of the maritime, tourism and been pursued. recreational boating and fishing industries; targeted efforts for revitalization of urban Targeted Initiatives waterfronts; and expanded public access to, coastal areas and resources. Together, these With limited funds and technical resources, the. recommendations affirm a decade of coastal Coastal Program has focused on resolving those management and challenge the State and issues and protecting natural and cultural coastal communities to access the issues and resources that can be addressed with few public capitalize on the opportunities of New York's dollars. One such critical issue is the need for coastal regions. improved public access to the waterfront. The program targets technical assistance, Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs - supplemented by limitedfunds,.to local Currently, .115 of 250 coastal communities are communities for localtp'O'b .1,ic"access projects. preparing cT implementing waterfront Other targeted issues include promotion of the revitalization programs. These communities State's commercial fishing industry, improved have jurisdiction over 70% of the more than management of small harbors, the provision of 3,200 miles of shoreline and represent over suitable space for traditional maritime activities, 90% of the 143 million people living in the and solving the problems that constrain port State's coastal communities. and harbor dredging. Ead Hampton Water Quality Initiatives - A Areas with special natural and cultural major component of the New York Coastal characteristics are being identified and Program is advancing non-point source designated for protection, including critical pollution management measures to protect coastal fish and wildlife habitats. A major coastal water quality. Through negotiation initiative - one of the first in the county - is offered by the Coastal Program, the Town of underway to protect significant coastal scenic East Hampton and the Association of Ma:@-,,ne vistas. Industries agreed to best management measures for inclusion in the town's local coastal program. The measures include new government regulations, a public information efforts. Designation provides for regulation to campaign, and voluntary industry initiatives to protect habitats at several levels of government reduce marina non-point sources of water and the development of habitat management pollution. plans which serve to maintain the integrity of. critical coastal ecosystems. City of Newburgh National Recognition - The City of Newburgh, with technical and financial Coastal Landscapes - Recognizing the assistance from the Coastal Program, recently importance of coastal landscapes as an integral received an award form the National Oceanic part of the coastal environment, the Coastal and Atmospheric Administration for outstanding Program has begun to designate Scenic Areas contributions in coastal zone management in the of Statewide Significance in the historic Hudson local government category. The city's award River Valley. Once designated, scenic areas recognized a unique and innovative project, as receive unprecedented protection from part of its local waterfront revitalization incremental development to ensure protection of program, to protect its magnificent, panoramic scenic landscape qualities. views of the Hudson River and surrounding mountains. HUDSON RIVER NERR \611age of Saugerties Implementation Project - Having an.approved local waterfront The Hudson River National Estuarine revitalization program has enabled many Research Reserve (HRNERR) is a network of four communities to focus on a variety of waterfront sites located along a hundred miles of the projects and programs. The Village of Hudson Estuary. Designated in 1982, the Saugerties on the Hudson River was able to Reserve currently protects nearly 5000 acres of leverage a $50,000 coastal management grant tidal wetlands and uplands at four components: to obtain an additional $250,000 to refurbish Piermont Marsh, Iona Island, Tivoli Bays, and the historic Saugerties Lighthouse. Historic Stockport Flats. These sites represent the preservation objectives were achieved, public diverse biological communities situated along access to the river was greatly improved, and the broad salinity gradient of the Hudson Coast Guard Aids to Navigation -. previously Estuary. abandoned at the deteriorated lighthouse - were restored. Research Activities Public Access - Sin6e' -1 08-9',*-the Coastal The Reserve sponsors a wide variety of Program has assisted the Hudson River research activities, including studies of Greenway Council. The Greenway trail is ecosystem ecology, non-point pollution, exotic intended to provide continuous access along the species, wetland-river exchanges of materials, Hudson River from New York City to Troy. With sediment pollutant profiles. In addition,'the 40 Hudson Valley communities preparing local Reserve undertakes ongoing monitoring of water waterfront revitalization programs, the Coastal quality and selected plant and animal species. Program has been instrumental in working with Research tools such as vegetation maps, communities and the Council to acquire watershed geographic information systems, and easements, develop local land trusts and research bibliographies assist scientists in ensure public access to the river as a condition planning and conducting their work. The of development. Reserve sponsors a competitive summer Habitcrts - Over the past six years, the Coastal research fellowship program that attracts Program has designated over 200 Significant graduate and undergraduate students from Fish and Wildlife Habitats to build upon and around the nation. Selected research activities improve State and local habitat management are highlighted below. Nonpoint Source Pollution Asses ment - Facilities Reserve scientists monitor physical and chemical attributes of water in HRNERR marshes and The Reserve currently operates out of a field tributaries on a monthly basis and during station on the Hudson River at the Tivoli Bays, selected storm events. This information is used on the campus of Bard College. The field to describe variations in water quality and to station houses offices, laboratories, classroom, assess whether they are natural or human- library, herbarium, bunkrooms, scientific induced. specimens, field gear, boats, and canoes. Quantification of the, Annual Water Balance New York proposes to establish a Hudson of Tivoli Bays - Researchers at Yale University River Center for Education and Research at the are measuring water movements at the Tivoli Iona Island Reserve site in an existing 20,000 Bays Reserve site, including atmospheric inputs, square foot structure. This Center will be a evaporation, surface water and groundwater focal point for research, education, and inflow from uplands, and tidal exchange with programs to protect the river, providing access the Hudson River. This study will result in a to interpretive exhibits, offices, laboratories and better understanding of how short-term events classrooms, resource center and library. The and long-term changes, whether they are Center will bring together a variety of institutions natural or human-induced, affect resources in in a cooperative initiative to protect, restore, coastal waters. and enhance the Hudson River Estuary. Watershed Geographic Information System (GIS) - Researchers from Yale are also developing a GIS for Tivoli Bays watersheds. These will be used to delineate critical stream flow source areas, predict annual soil loss, and forecast the effects of proposed land use changes, watershed management alternatives and future development. Education Activities The Hudson River. NEn offers year-round educational programs -to pro-mote public awareness and understanding of estuarine resources, habitats and ecosystems, and encourage use of the sites as outdoor classrooms for research and instruction in the natural sciences. Particular emphasis is placed on two areas: 1) the training of teachers and other educators in estuarine ecology and the development of curricula materials to supplement existing school programs; and 2) the translation of pertinent scientific knowledge and research results into information that will be directly useful to resource managers charged with developing and implementing management strategies. North Carolina COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND In 1974, North Carolina responded to the General Permits authorize routine development CZMA challenge by passing the Coastal Area projects, such as bulkheads and some Management Act (CAMA) which established a breakwaters. Emergency work is also authorized comprehensive resource management program under a general permit (including sandbagging for the state's 20 coastal counties. or beach bulldozing after a storm). General permits can often be issued the same day the A 15-member Coastal Resources Commission permit is requested. designates areas of environmental concern, adopts rules and policies for coastal Minor permits are required for smaller projects development and resource protection, and such as building a single-family residence. They certifies local land use plans. The Coastal are issued by a representative of the county or Resources Advisory Council provides technical municipality. These Local Permit Officers (LPOs) assistance and links local governments to the are trained by the division's permit staff. Commission. The Division of Coastal Management administers the North Carolina Federal Consistency Coastal Management Program (NCCMP). Any project in the coastal area that is proposed The NCCMP includes the rules and policies of by a federal agency, requires a federal permit, the CRC, local land use plans, and enforceable or uses federal funds must be consistent with all rules and policies of other resource agencies. the rules and policies of the N.C. Coastal Management Program. The division Permitting coordinates a state-agency review of the project and then issues the determination of state One of the principat-ye@ys._Ahe. coastal program. consistency.@ - management program protects natural resources is through the permitting program. Enforcement Permits are needed'for any development proposed in an area of environmental concern One of the most demanding responsibilities of (AEC). All types of construction, associated land the program is enforcing the Coastal Resources clearing and land alteration are considered to Commission's rules and policies. This includes be "development." monitoring permitted projects to ensure that the development complies with permit conditions Major permits are required for activities that and identifying unpermitted development. Every require another state or federal permit, projects six weeks the staff conducts aerial surveillance that cover more than 20 acres and for any of the coastal area. structure larger than 60,000 square feet. Applications for major development projects are Policy & Program Development reviewed by 11 state and four federal agencies, and have an average processing time of about The division works to identify future issues and 75 days. formulate policies to address.those issues, thus enabling the program to respond to changing Public Information needs to protect coastal resources. Technical studies and evaluations are critical to the The division encourages public participation in decision-making process. coastal management and recognizes the need for education and information initiatives. Land Use Planning Information efforts focus on increasing public and media awareness of the program and Long-range planning is vital to the protection of coastal issues. North Carolina's coastal resources. CAMA requires each of the 20 coastal counties to For more information contact: develop and update land use plans. A well- designed plan can conserve valuable resources Division of Coastal Management and guide growth to areas best suited for P.O. Box 27687 development. Projects must be consistent with Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687 the land use plan before a CAMA permit or (919) 733-2293 consistency determination is issued. About 65 municipalities also participate in the program by Maritime Fore-st Protection Initiative preparing local land use plans of their own. Concerned over the gradual loss of the few Coastal Reserve remaining stands of undisturbed maritime forest, in 1989, the NC Coastal Resources 'The division preserves and manages more than Commission (CRC) created a Maritime Forest 12,000 acres of undeveloped natural areas for Working Group to: study various options for the research, education and public enjoyment at protection of our remaining maritime forests; seven sites along the coast: Currituck Banks, prioritize the most important maritime forest Buxton Woods, Rachel Carson, Permuda Island, areas for protection; and work with local Masonboro Island, Zeke's Island, and Bald governments and property owners regarding Head Island. Four of these sites (Currituck strategies to best protect the ecological values Banks, Rachel Carson, Masonboro Island and of maritime forests. Zeke's Island) also are designated as the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve. The final report of the Maritime Forest Working Acquisition of reserve land, is an ongoing effort Group concluded that land acquisition for and includes plans to. pV@Oase additional lands conservation purposes is the most effective way representative of the' JMM'e'coastal regions in to preserve the maritime forest ecosystem. The North Carolina. report recommended: acquisition and conservation management of the few remaining Beach & Water Access high-quality tracts of maritime forest; that the State assist developers and lot owners in The public access program provides residents preparing site plans that minimize the impact of and visitors with improved accessways to the development on maritime forests; and that the state's beaches and waterways. The economy State encourage and assist local governments in of North Carolina's coastal region is dependent developing local ordinances to protect maritime on tourism., so a strong access program is forests. Finally, the working group important to the economic health of the region. recommended that if the high quality maritime The division provides grant funds and technical forest sites identified "cannot be adequately assistance to local governments for the protected through timely acquisition and/or identification, acquisition, improvement and local regulation, the Coastal Resources maintenance of public accessways and facilities. Commission should consider designating all or a portion of those threatened*sites as Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC) on a site-by-site basis with specific use standards designed for we re nominated in 1990 for AEC designation,' each individual site." The CRC endorsed the about 3,300 acres will be managed as natural report in May 1990. areas for conservation and long-term preservation. Of the remaining 1,700 acres, In June 1990, the nine highest-ranking maritime more than 95 percent are subject to strict local forest sites were nominated by a coalition of protection ordinances. environmental groups for designation by the CRC as Coastal Complex Natural Areas of Public Beach and Wcder Access Program Environmental Concern (AECs). The sites: Kitty Hawk Woods - 575 acres; Nags Head Woods - North Carolina's Coastal Public Access Program 755 acres; Buxton Woods - 2,500 acres; was established in 1981 when the state Roosevelt Natural Area - 330 acres; Emerald legislature authorized funding for access sites to Isle Woods - 100 acres; Huggins Island - 100 the ocean beaches. This action was in response acres; Bluff Island - 70 acres; Middle Island - to the building boom of the 1970s which 100 acres; and Bald Head Island - 452 acres. engulfed many places the public had traditionally used for access to beaches, sounds, As a result of these AEC nominations, the CRC rivers and creeks. In 1983, the legislature directed the DCM staff to work with local authorized an expansion of the program to governments, property owners and other state include funding for projects on estuarine waters. agencies to ensure the nominated maritime forest sites received an effective level of Each year DCM requests state funds in the form protection, either through public acquisition or of a special appropriation from the legislature. adoption of local protection ordinances. In 1985, North Carolina began to supplement Throughout late 1990 and all of 1991, the available funds by using federal 306A funds CRC and DCM staff worked closely with local from its annual federal CZMA award. Since officials, property owners and other state 1981, this program has administered more than agencies to develop adequate protection three million dollars in state and federal funds measures for the maritime forest sites. for about 230 projects. In addition to these local actions, the Corps of Since the access program began, demand has Engineers Wilmington District has placed always exceeded available funds. For example, regional conditions on nationwide "404" permits for Fiscal Year 91-92, DCM had $300,000 that in effect prohibit the issuance of nationwide reserved for access grants, yet received permits in North Carolina's remaining high applications requesting over $1.6 million. quality maritime forests. Beginning in 1992, development activities., pp,;.@ed in Corps North Carolina access sites offer different q jurisdictional wetlands r6q'uire a.full "404" facilities. There are small unimproved local permit. These special "404" regional conditions access areas, larger neighborhood access apply to all of the maritime forests in North facilities with parking, trash cans and dune Carolina nominated for AEC designation. crossovers, and regional access areas with large (60-car) parking lots, bathrooms, lighting and In summary, comprehensive protection for the picnic facilities. remaining high-quality maritime forest areas on the North Carolina coast has improved All of the access facilities clearly are meeting a significantly. State acquisition on Bald Head demonstrated need. On a given day, there is Island and final adoption of the Onslow County stiff competition for parking at many of the Land Use Plan Update will complete the popular sites. Occasionally, adjacent property protection strategy endorsed by the CRC and owners complain of noise, trash and minor culminate three years of work by the Division of vandalism, but overall local governments Coastal Management, the CRC, local manage and maintain their facilities with few governments and private property owners to problems. This is significant, keeping in mind save our remaining maritime forests from that with the expanding tourist seasons, facilities gradual destruction. Of the approximately are subjected to more use for a longer period 5,000 acres of high-quality maritime forests that of time. An innovative technique for public access These components protect popular facilities exists through the affected local estuarine/upland natural areas from the government subdivision ordinance (assuming it ever-increasing pressures of coastal has adopted one) by requiring access. DCM development and are situated near existing advises local governments of this possibility and marine science facilities that cooperate with the of other tools such as negotiated easements in NCNERR prograrn, (e.g., North Carolina lieu of purchase fee simple, donations, and Aquariums, UNCW Center for Marine Science condemnation. Research, Duke Marine Laboratory, North Carolina Maritime Museum). The four In 1994, the state legislature approved a components are managed for estuarine dedicated funding source for the access research, education and compatible traditional program, which could yield up to $500,00 each uses. In 1988, the North Carolina legislature year for additional access facilities. created the Coastal Reserve System to acquire and preserve additional undeveloped coastal Plans for the Future natural areas. The four NERR components also are part of the seven-site Coastal Reserve. A blue-ribbon panel spent most of 1994 studying North Carolina's coastal region and Administration the status of its natural resources. The panel recommended a number of improvements, The NCNERR is managed by the North Carolina including additional assistance for land-use Department of Environment, Health and Natural planning and expanding the state's coastal Resources/Division of Coastal Management. reserve program. DCM already is working to The Reserve program consists of three staff: Dr. put many of these recommendations in place. John Taggart (Coordinator), Dr. Steve Ross* (Research Specialist) and Ms. Joyce Atkinson (Education Specialist). Drs. Taggart and Ross NORTH CAROLINA have offices situated on properties owned by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington NATIONAL ESTUARINE (UNCM. They are also adjunct faculty members. Ms. Atkinson has her office in RESEARCH RESERVE Beaufort. This administrative arrangement is necessary because of the multi-component Background composition of t .he NCNERR. The current state budget for Reserve program In 1982 the State 'of'NodhCarolina received funds the salaries for Drs. Taggart and Ross plus the first federal awar4feb'r''N-'0AAto initiate the office expenses. Ms. Atkinson is funded by North Carolina National Estuarine Research NOAA operations and management Reserve (NCNERR). Because of the large (over cooperative agreements, but her position has 2.3 million acres) and diverse estuarine area been recommended to the state Legislature for found in North Carolina, NOAA and the North permanent funding. Carolina Division of Coastal Management (DCM) decided to develop a multi-component Research and.Monitoring Reserve to include representative examples of different topologies and biogeographic regions. The Reserve components serve as protected Four Reserve components associated with the estuarine systems and are used for research state's barrier island system were chosen and relative to coastal management issues. Eleven acquired: 2. Currituck Banks (960 acres 0.2 federally-funded research projects have been mile north of Corolla, Currituck County) 3. completed at the Reserve components. Among Rachel Carson (2,600 acres 0.1 miles south of the topics investigated by scientists from various Beaufort, Carteret County) 3. Masonboro Island universities are: acid rain effects on estuarine (5,000 acres between Wrightville Beach and eutrophication; relative habitat values of two sea Carolina Beach, New Hanover County) and 4. Zeke's Island (1,200 acres 3 miles south of Kure Beach, Brunswick/New Hanover Counties). grasses -- implications for global warming; Beaufort. Also, Reserve staff give presentations sediment-water nutrient exchange; the role of at various expositions/formal meetings and to 6enthic microalgae and estuarine ecosystems; civic organizations, church groups, eel grass declines in east coast estuaries and governmental agencies and conservation feral horse impacts on salt marsh vegetation. groups. Current national priorities will focus research on nonpoint source pollution. Considerable Future Needs non-federally funded research has also occurred at the components through such institutions as The North Carolina program has made UNCW, UNC-Chapel Hill, Duke University and considerable progress since 1990 when it was North Carolina State University. moved to the coast, and the current staff was hired. However, to realize the full potential of An ongoing monitoring- program is being the Reserve, the following are priority needs: conducted at the Reserve's Zeke's Island and Masonborough Island components. Dr. Steve Development funds (one million dollars) Ross, graduate students and undergraduate to assist UNCW with the construction of a student intems take biological, chemical and Marine Science Center that would house the sediment samples to characterize the nature of Reserve program near the Masonboro Island the estuarine systems. A similar program is component; being implemented at the Rachel Carson component and is planned for the Currituck 10. Increased levels of funding to promote Banks component. The results will be used to more consistent and integrated research at all develop a database for each component that four components; and will be available to researchers and anyone else interested in these estuaries. 0. Creation of a second Reserve in North Carolina (Florida and California each have two) Education/Public Informcrtion to encompass low salinity, lagoonal sites, particularly in the Albemarle-Pamlico area. Educational opportunities offered by the Reserve program include field trips and outreach activities for school groups and other organizations. During 1992, for example, Joyce Atkinson presented 33 field trips to 602 persons and traveled throughout the state to perform 74 outreach programs for 2,610 persons. She also organized @a teacher,@certifieation -workshop, estuarine art display and several Reserve clean-ups. A self-guided interpretive trail and brochure were developed for the Rachel Carson component. In addition, more than 1,500 persons visited Reserve components during field trips coordinated through such affiliated institutions as the North Carolina Maritime Museum, the North Carolina Aquariums and Duke University Marine Laboratory. Information about the Reserve program is available to the public through various avenues. Management plans, brochures, the Project Estuary curriculum guide and Reserve field guide are distributed by the Reserve offices, N.C. Aquariums and Maritime Museum. A newsletter is mailed biannually to more than 400 recipients. Monthly lectures are presented at the North Carolina Maritime Museum in Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND From its inception, the CRMO has worked to achieve its goal of promoting conservation and Pursuant to the 1972 Coastal Zone wise development of the CNMI's coastal Management Act (CZMA), which encouraged resources. Some of the emphasis of the states and territories to preserve and protect CNMI's CRMP includes implementing resource their coastal resources, the Commonwealth of planning and preservation practices, preventing the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), sedimentation, promoting and maintaining developed an OCRM-approved Coastal public access to the coast, and conducting Resources Management program (CRMP) in public education programs. 1978. The year 1992 marks the twelfth year of the CRMO's operation wit h CZMA Section 306 The CRMO is responsible for the receipt of funding. funding under the CZMA, for all CRMP fis@al and administrative requirements, and for In order to develop a CRMP which would meet applying the federal consistency procedures. the needs of the CNMI and maintain CRMO must also ensure that each element of consistency with the National OCRM the CRMP-as identified in Public law 3-47, management program regulations, the Coastal, CRM Rules and Regulations and in grant Resources Management Office (CRMO) worked applications-is fully implemented and complied extensively with both federal and commonwealth with. CRMO also provides the CRMP Agencies, government representatives and the general CRM Appeals Board, and Coastal Advisory public during the establishment phase of the Council with staff and program support. program. With the passage of Public Low 3-47, CRMP Faced with.the demcinds--Fpj@,%, goals and policies were-codified and population and with the needs of an expanding Commonwealth departments, agencies, offices, economy, the intent of the CRMP- is to enable and instrumentalities were required to the Commonwealth to better prepare for growth incorporate CRM policies into their programs. while minimizing adverse impacts on its rich The new law was an important step in natural, cultural and historic resources. institutionalizing the CRM Program, clarifying administrative responsibilities and improving In 1980, CRMO was created by Executive accountability for resource management Order No. 15, which directed all CNMI decisions. agencies to carry out projects in a manner consistent with the CRMP. 'The Coastal Regulations were established for a coastal Resources Management Act of 1983" (Public permitting program to implement the CRMO Law 3-47), was passed by the CNMI Legislature land and water management policies. and signed into law by the Governor. This law Standards and priorities for activities within placed the CRMO directly under the Governor's designated areas of particular concern and for Office. large scale projects outside these areas were also developed. 'Coastal Activity Permitting and Enforcement Assessment and Mufti Year Strategy Development Public Low 3-47 and the CRM Regulations provide a well-defined criteria for determining In 1992, CRMO completed an Assessment of whether a CRM permit is required for a and developed a Multi-year Strategy for particular project and establishing penalties for addressing certain CNMI coastal issues. A noncompliance. Depending on the nature of the concerted effort was made to actively involve project and its location, CRM permit the general public in this process, including applications are reviewed by the CRM public hearings and news publications. Working Administrator and/or the CRM Board of with the Office of Oceans and Coastal Program Agencies. When a permit application is Resources Management (OCRM), the CNMI's submitted for large scale projects, it is strategy targeted addressing coastal hazards distributed to the CRM Program Agencies for issues. review. Among the various technical and environmental parameters included in the review In the future, such comprehensive reviews of is an evaluation of the following: Are practical coastal issues will continue to be conducted. As or reasonable altematives available? Does the the operation and management costs of the project fit with nearby land and shoreland use? CRMP increase and local and federal program Does the project meet federal and CNMI air support funding continues to decline because of and water quality standards and other budget cuts, the CNMI Lmust prioritize coastal applicable laws? issues to address. This is particularly important in coastal zone management where the issues Permits for these large scale projects (referred to are so many and so diverse. Additionally the as "major sitings") must be signed by each of the CRM program must be accountable to the agency directors and the CRM Administrator to public which it serves. be in effect. A provision is made for a confl ict- resolving determination by the CNMI PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS Governor. Smaller scale projects that are proposed to occur in certain identified areas of Siapan Lagoon Use Management Plan. particular concern are subject to obtaining a minor coastal permit signed by the CRM Begun in 1983 and finalized in 1985, one of Administrator. Specific CRM policies and the first major program development procedures must. be follqw _,ed,..,by the permit undertakings by-the CRMO was the Saipan granting authorities. Perion's denied a permit or Lagoon Use Management Plan (SLUMP). It who are otherwise adversely affected by a incorporated site specific user conflict and permit decision have certain identified appeal management regime analysis along the rights afforded to them, including the ability to extensive Saipan Lagoon shoreline. SLUMP also refer the matter to an appointed CRM Appeals made prescriptive suggestions for improving the Board. Penalties for non-compliance are severe, CRM shoreline protection program, a good deal including potential fines of $10,000.00 per day of which was incorporated as CRM regulatory and the imposition of civil fines which can be policies by the CRM Board of Agency Directors. much higher. With Saipan's rapid development increase however, much of SLUMP's planning projections Monitoring efforts have minimized unpermitted and interagency coordination procedures have development activities and illegal dumping. been dated and are in need of revision. Fishing vessels calling on the CNMI ports have been regularly monitored which has resulted in reduced fish waste dumping, the control of minor oil spills, and cleaner harbors. Saipan Comprehensive Wetlands Plan As the rate of growth in the 1 980's continued to guide includes plant descriptions, natural spiral upwards on the CNMI Island of Saipan, history/distri6ution, economic uses, taxonomy the CRMO initiated a comprehensive. study of (scientific names and common names in existing wetlands on Saipan to devise a Chamorro, Carolinian, and English), and judicious policy for managing these valuable pro pagation/revegetatio n techniques that can resources. The study included a complete be accomplished using native species. inventory of Saipan's existing wetlands, the Environmental Education. identification of wetla nd -associated flora and fauna and the proposing of a ranking, CRMO has been very successful in promoting mitigation, and targeted-site preservation public awareness and action by leading and strategy for managing the existing wetlands. The participating in numerous island beautification plan is a useful tool for all the CNMI regulatory and public education campaigns. CRMO has agencies whose mandate includes the protection recently conducted and/or participated in and preservation of this unique resource. several workshops for the public as well as for government employees and policyrnakers on Sedimentation Control Management Planning relevant environmental topics such as erosion and Guidebook. and stormwater control, wetlands, indigenous plants, groundwater, solid waste management, Non-point source runoff of eroded sediments and environmental impact assessments. poses a major threat to the CNMI's lagoon ecosystems and, coral reefs. For the CNMI the Upon request the CRMO staff makes sediment runoff problem was found to be presentations to school children on coastal particularly acute during the mid 80's through resources and accompanies teachers during 1991, its peak period of growth and field trip events. CRMO has also recently development. The CRMO responded to this published in the local media several press problem by establishing standardized erosion releases on current affair topics including coral control- planning permit conditions and by spawning events, whale sightings, sand mining incorporating an active monitoring. program for effects, nonpoint source pollution control efforts, major project sites. At places where erosion and public participation and general problems are considered to be particularly environmental awareness. serious, ponding basins Must be built to settle and hold the sedimeni@.*Adclitionally, the CRMO, together with the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service and the Commonwealth's three Soil and Water Conservation Districts, funded the development and publication of a comprehensive CNMI stormwater control handbook for use by the local engineering firms and by the general public. Saipan Indigenous Plard Guide. In order to provide a more complete understanding of the unique flora of Northern Marianas and to encourage better methods to preserve and enhance it, the CRMO and the CNMI's Forestry Department sponsored the compilation of a pictorial plant guide. This Ohio COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND In March 1989, Ohio adopted a law for the The collective provisions of Ohio's coastal comprehensive management of Lake Ede. The management law provide for a comprehensive statute has been amended three times to (1) and coordinated program consistent with the establish the Lake Erie Commission and Lake federal Coastal Zone Management Act. The Erie Protection Fund, (2) create a program to state of Ohio is already in the business of establish submerged lands preserves and coastal management and has many regulate underwater salvage activities, and (3) accomplishments to its credit as it moves toward modify the erosion hazard area management full implementation of the program. provisions of the law. ACCOMPUSHMENTS, The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) is designated the lead agency for Public Trust - the proprietorship responsibility development and implementation of the coastal over the waters and submerged lands of Lake program and the law confers important authority Erie was transferred from the Ohio Department upon the Director of ODNR. The law directs all of Administrative Services to ODNR as an agencies of the state to cooperate with ODNR integral part of Ohio's comprehensive coastal in the development and implementation of the management program. On April 20, 1992, coastal management program and that their ODNR adopted Ohio's first-ever rules for the action be consistent with the program. administration and leasing of the territory of Lake Ede. These rules contain objective criteria The Coastal Resources Advisory Council advises for evaluating applications to lease Lake Erie the Director and Department on policies and submerged lands. ODNR also produced an actions necessary to preserve, protect, develop, educational brochure in collaboration with the restore or enhance cpasIQL4,osources of the state Chicago Title Company and- State Attorney and makes recomme In@daiions on development General on the Public Trust Doctrine and Ohio of policies, plans and programs.- law as it pertain to conveyance of submerged lands. The Ohio Coastal Management Program (OCMP) is in the final phases of program Lake Ede coastal flood hazard area rules development. The state has entered into two were adopted July 16, 1990. These are the cooperative agreements with the National floodplain management requirements for Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration since counties and municipalities containing coastal October 1 , 1992, to assist preparation of the flood hazard areas. final program document and environmental impact statement. Federal assistance is helping Ohio's Lake Erie erosion hazard areas are ODNR accelerate the identification and being mapped based on amendments to the mapping of the Lake Erie erosion hazard area coastal management law. Enforcement rules as well as promulgating rules for controlling are being drafted, and a streamlined state development in the erosion hazard area. permit program is being developed. Control of development within erosion hazard areas by staff serve the coastal management program on local governments through similar zoning education and outreach activities. ordinances or resolutions is allowable under the low. b- Lake Erie Protection Fund - The Lakei Erie Protection Fund (LEPF), established by statute in Public access - Ohio's public access facilities 1990, is used to award grants that will help and sites on Lake Erie were inventoried in protect and enhance Lake Erie through ODNR's Lake Erie Access Study. This report research, monitoring, demonstration and responds to the need for up-to-date information education projects. Since 1992, over $1 on recreation resources, along the Lake Erie million has been aworded from the LEPF. The shoreline. A survey of user issues helps to LEPF is administered by the Ohio Lake Erie determine future trends and insight into possible Office, on behalf of the Ohio Lake Erie cooperative projects for outdoor recreation on Commission,- The LEPF is supported through the lake. The Lake Erie Access Study will be payments from the Plate and Lake Erie Credit periodically updated to reflect new trends and Card programs, and donations from individuals, provide additional recommendations. organizations an corporations. A financial assistance program has been P- Submerged Lands Preserves - a program established to provide up to 50 percent enacted March, 1992, as an amendment to matching funds to local agencies for public Ohio's coastal management law provides for access projects in ODNR's "Lake Erie Access the establishment of submerged lands preserves Program." Due to the positive response from for areas of historic and archaeologic resources local lakefront agencies, many sites originally such as shipwrecks, and other areas of listed as having potential for public access are scientific, cultural or ecological significance. now existing facilities for boating, launching and The Ohio Historical Society cooperates with shoreline fishing. ODNR in the administration of this program and has approval authority for areas nominated Coastal Barriers - Ten units have been as preserves as well as for applications to mapped and included in the federal Coastal perform salvage work on shipwrecks or Barrier Resources System (CBRS) along Ohio's abandoned property. 262 miles of Lake Erie shore. b- Wetlands - Ohio is acquiring and restoring Ohio Lake Erie Com%iWqnJ-0hio Lake Erie - wetland habitats in theIake.Ene Marshes Office - The h 0 io Gene sembly created region, a priority focus area of the North the Ohio Lake Erie Commission in 1990 for the American Waterfowl Management Plan. The purpose of ensuring the coordination of state acq uisition- protection of coastal wetlands, and local policies and programs related to Lake wetlands restoration, and increasing the Erie water quality, toxic pollution control and effectiveness and efficacy of wetlands regulation resource protection. The Commission is are key components of Ohio's efforts to comprised of the directors of the Ohio conserve and protect this critical natural Environmental Protection Agency and resource. Departments of Natural Resources, Agriculture, Health, Development and Transportation. In The OCMP was instrumental in securing 1992, the Governor established the Ohio Lake $392,000 in federal funds for the Erie Office to act as staff for the Commission. acquisition/protection of wetlands at. Mentor The Office administers the Lake Erie Protection Marsh, also a unit of the federal Coastal Barrier Fund, organizes Ohio's Coastweeks celebration, Resources System. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife prepares the Governor's State of the Lake Service selected the project for 75% funding Report, and represents the state in numerous under the National Coastal Wetlands Great Lakes forums. The Commission and its Conservation Grant Program. Partnership projects at Maumee Bay State Park, Administration Sheldon Marsh and Mentor Marsh State Nature Preserves, and Pickerel Creek, Metzger Marsh, The OWC NERR is administered as a and Pipe Creek State Wildlife Areas all involve cooperative state/federal partnership. Budgetary public/private partnerships and and policy decisions are shared by the on-site state/local/federal cooperation. This is resulting reserve manager and staff from various offi 'ces in the protection, restoration and interpretation of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources of thousands of acres of coastal wetland (ODNR) and NOAA's Office of Ocean and habitat. Coastal Resources Management (OCRM). OLD WOMAN CREEKNERR Staff - Four permanently assigned staff have been provided by ODNR to carry out the daily operations of the reserve: a manager, research Background coordinator, education coordinator, and natural resources coordinator. When state or federal Ohio boosts the nation's only reserve on the financial assistance is available, seasonal staff entire Great Lakes, the Old Woman Creek State are employed to conduct critical ecological Nature Preserve and National Estuarine monitoring, education, and resource protection Research Reserve. Following the suggestions of projects. the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the state of Ohio Support Facilities - The reserve administrative developed a formal administrative linkage offices are located on-site in the Ohio Center between the Old Woman Creek NERR and the for Coastal Wetland Studies which also includes Ohio Coastal Management Program. a visitor center, classrooms, research laboratories, and library. A 1 6-bed dormitory, The reserve, a Great Lakes-type freshwater maintenance facility, boardwalk and trail estuary, is located near Huron, Ohio, on a network, and observation decks have also been drowned stream mouth that drains into Lake completed in the reserve. Erie. Ohio has already lost nearly 90% of its original wetlands so information gained from scientific studies carried out at OWC NERR is Goals of Old Woman Creek NERR extremely important to coastal resource managers and decision makers in Ohio and The goals of the. OWC NERR are to protect the throughout'the Greafta6srbgion. natural integrity of the estuarine ecosystem; conduct long-term studies in the reserve to gain Within the reserve, several aquatic and a better understanding of natural and human terrestrial habitat types have been identified process occurring within the reserve and including: embayment marshes, swamp forests, watershed; develop information for improved mud flats, oak-hickory upland forests, barrier coastal decision making; and to enhance public 6eaches, and the open waters of the estuary. awareness, understanding and stewardship of Hundreds of species of algae, vascular plants, estuarine resources in the Old Woman Creek invertebrates, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, Reserve and other Great Lake coastal wetlands. fishes, and birds inhabit the reserve. Several are threatened, endangered or species of special Education and Outreach Programs concern such as the American bald eagle, sharp-shinned hawk, eastern fox snake, and the The reserve provides an array of educational spotted turtle. The reserve also serves as an programs that increase public awareness of important nursery and spawning area for estuarine ecosystems and coastal zone numerous species of Lake Erie forage and sport management issues. Over the, post two years, fish. thousands of people from 49 states and 21 Results of these studies have been disseminated foreign countries visited the reserve and/or to libraries, universities, and resource agencies participated in educational programs, classes throughout the Great Lakes region. and workshops. Program components include professional seminars for natural resource More than a dozen monitoring projects have managers and coastal decision makers, been completed by OWC NERR staff and college-level estuarine ecology classes, natural regional scientists on such topics as the impact history lectures, environmental curricula for of highway construction on estuarine water schools, and interpretive materials such as quality, floral and faunal community profiles, brochures, color poster-, and slide talks. and non-point source pollution. The NERRS Program is currently providing lo- As part of the national Water Quality financial assistance for the OWC NERR to Initiative' the OWC watershed has recently been develop an educational stewardship program chosen as a demonstration project by the U.S. for watershed residents and agricultural Dept. of Agriculture and ODNR for intensified producers. the goal of this effort is to improve efforts to improve water quality. Participating and sustain good water quality in the watershed landowners are applying best management and estuarine wetlands by encouraging practices to mitigate non-point source pollution improved agricultural land use and by of ground and surface water, thus improving identifying other non-point source pollution water quality in the stream and Lake Erie. problems. As a direct consequence of strong institutional Initiated a cooperative education project with relationships between the Old woman Creek the National Aeronautics and Space NERR and the OCMP, Ohio is fully integrating Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center, its National Estuarine Research Reserve into a Cornell University, and the Hudson River NERR broad-based approach to managing coastal to develop materials and activities for NERRS & resources. NASA educators throughout the notion. The project has incorporated remote sensing techniques and skills into educational programming throughout the system. Research and Monitp@n9,.,,.,1-..-,._ Research on coastal saltwater estu aries has demonstrated the importance of these wetlands in providing many natural and econ,",ic benefits. Studies undertaken at OWC NERR are directed towards determining the extent that Great Lakes-type freshwater estuaries perform similar functions. Reserve staff and regional scientists have developed a broad-based program of basic and applied research, coupled with long term environmental monitoring. P, Nearly 80 research publications completed by scientific investigators on such topics as exotic species in the Great Lakes, the effects of toxic 1i pol utants on Lake Erie fisheries, nutrient dynamics, and wetland ecosystem modeling. Oregon COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND 11. Improved Resource Management: Specific Issues Oregon's Coastal Management Program (OCMP) has its roots in state plans and policies Water Quality: Oregon's 1988 Statewide developed in the eady 1970's. In 1977, Assessment of Nonpoint Sources of Water Oregon's program was the Nation's second to Pollution and Coquille River basin project, part be approved under the federal Coastal Zone of the EPA Near Coastal Waters initiative, Management Act. The OCMP consists of three demonstrate technical expertise in water quality major elements: 19 statewide planning goals, and a is record of innovative work with citizens local govemment comprehensive plans and in watershed pollution problems. Oregon is ordinances which are consistent with the prepared to implement the federally required planning goals, certain state agency programs. Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (Section 6217) on a comprehensive watershed 1. Enhanced Management Capability: Planning basis pending receipt of adequate financial Procedures and Process -- An Established resources. State-Local Planning Partnership for Managing the Cumulative Effects of Development. Wetlands: OCMP agencies secured new (1989) legislation integrating land use planning Coastal development pressures are directed to. a and wetland management. Adopted wetland relatively small but very diverse and valuable conservation plans, modeled on land base. Oregon's coastal communities tend recommendations of the National Wetland to be small and could be overwhelmed by sheer Policy Forum, will be fully coordinated with local numbers and scale of development proposals. comprehensive plans. A state wetlands inventory To meet these conditions, all cities and counties and a notice system coordinating local land use have developed comprehensive plans, zoning decisions that may affect inventoried wetlands is ordinances and site speqAe@vrban growth nearing completiom boundaries to carry out state planning goals to manage growth and protect coastal resources. Natural Hazards: OCMP agencies are: 1) providing new geologic information to local The Department of Land Conservation and governments to ensure that comprehensive Development (DLCD), Oregon's coastal plans and ordinances and state agency management agency, administers the statewide programs address the potential for catastrophic goals, coordinates the various coastal program earthquakes, tsunamis, ocean inundation, land elements, and assists local governments Slides, and other chronic natural hazards; 2) financially and technically. The peHodic review assisting local governments to develop and process creates an opportunity for the local implement technical standards for geotechnical community and the state to evaluate the reports and standards for reviewing, analyzing, effectiveness of comprehensive plans. Where and using geotechnical information in making plans are shown to be ineffective, DLCD is decisions about development proposals empowered to use the process to require changes to local plans. Public Access: 90% of the Oregon coast is in public ownership and the under Oregon low the public retains a paramount right of access to the other 10%. OCMP agencies funded a detailed inventory of some 1000 public access points, developed a logo sign for coastal public accesses, and prepared a draft model ordinance for use by cities and counties to implement state requirements to retain public ownership of public lands which improve access to coastal waters. Oregon has dedicated its 306A funds to purchasing and constructing public accesses to coastal waters. The 306A program is very popular with local governments and the public. Resources available are far short of demand. Ocean Resources: Oregon has prepared and 7-Z adopted (1990) a comprehensive framework plan for ocean resource management within the 200, mile U.S. Exclusive Economic. The plan emphasizes stewardship of renewable ocean resources and protection of marine habitats. Eight state agencies and five federal agencies participated directly in the extensive public process. An Oregon territorial sea plan, due in 1994, will provide a mandatory framework for local, state, and federal agency plans, programs, rules and regulations pertaining to resource management within Oregon's territorial sea. Public Information &-PuMiccttions: Oregon produces publications'f6r,"usei by local governments, state and federal agencies and of interest to the public, some examples. Citizens Guide to the OCMP Oregon Estuary Plan Book Oregon Ocean Plan Federal Consistency Brochure 306A Field Guide Highway 101 Visual Management Study Foredune Management Handbook Destination Resort Handbook Waterfront Revitalization Guide Pennsylvania COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND In 1972, Congress -passed the Coastal Zone structures within the minimum bluff setback Management Act (CZMA) to provide for "a distance. Currently, the act restricts national program for the management, development only from the bluff crest landward. beneficial use, protection and development of CZM wants to strengthen the low by including the land and water resources of the Notion's the regulation of structures placed lakeward of coastal zones." Coastal states have two the bluff crest in a high hazard area known as incentives to participate in the national program. the bluff face. CZM also plans to improve its The first is the availability of federal funds to bluff recession monitoring techniques; for develop and implement state programs. The example, by establishing additional control second is the federal consistency requirement of points to monitor the rate of recession. the CZMA. All federal activities, permits or funding that affect a state's coastal zone must Public Access be consistent with the enforceable policies of the state's federally approved coastal program. Improving public access to the coastline is a major initiative of the federal coastal program. Pennsylvania's Coastal Zone Management In Pennsylvania, public access to the coastal Program (CZM) was approved in 1980. From. areas has been constrained by industrial the beginning, CZM's goal has been to create development, private ownership and natural and maintain a balance between environmental barriers. Although CZM has made great protection and economic development in the progress in providing public access to coastal state's two coastal zones: Lake Erie and the waters, the program wants to expand and Delaware -Estuary. The backbone of the improve its efforts. Some areas that CZM is program is a strong federal, state and local exploring to improve public access include using partnership that ensqr9s4he.:preservation of: public rights of way for stairway access to Lake Pennsylvania's coastal resources. The Erie; identifying other sources of public and program's current emphasis is on coastal private funding for public access projects; and hazards, public access, wetlands, public using public lands for experimental projects, involvement and education, and the Delaware such as stairway construction. Estuary Program. Wetlands Coastal Hazards CZM takes the preservation and protection Pennsylvania's Bluff Recession and Setback of wetlands within its coastal zone boundaries Act provides a long-term, regulatory approach very seriously. The program has taken to reducing property losses from bluff recession innovative approaches, beyond the normal along Lake Erie. The act requires municipalities coordination and review process, to ensure all in bluff recession hazard areas to develop, coastal wetlands are identified, monitored and adopt and administer bluff setback ordinances. vigorously protected or restored. The state Dam The ordinances restrict new development from Safety and Encroachments Act and its bluff areas and limit improvements to existing amendments adequately protect wetlands within the coastal boundaries. However, coastal existing laws and regulations to target specific wetlands are significantly affected by activities in types of water pollution originating in coastal wetlands and waterways beyond the coastal watersheds. The program will help --qsure that boundaries. CZM is looking into the possible management measures designed to @@duce expansion of its boundaries to include polluted runoff from a variety of activities are hydrologically connected wetlands and put into place through education, voluntary waterways. activities, and existing regulatory programs. Already funded are projects to produce Public Involvement and Education educational materials, and to map land use and water quality in coastal watersheds using a CZM provides the public with opportunity for Geographic information System. Anticipated early and continuous involvement in managing activities include a citizens' monitoring program, the state's coastal resources. The locally run an anti-freeze recycling effort, and Coastal Zone Steering Committees are CZM's demonstrations of wetlands and streambank main vehicles for disseminating program protection projects that will help to reduce information in the coastal areas and for sediment pollution of coastal waters. receiving feedback on CZM issues and activities. Current public education material includes a ACCOMPLISHMENTS quarterly newsletter, information pamphlets, program booklet and fact sheets. CZM is Since 1981, CZM has provided a free site increasing its public awareness efforts with a analysis and recommendation service to Lake reconstituted slide show and portable exhibit. Erie property owners affected by shoreline erosion and bluff recession. The service consists of on-site inspections and recommendations on Delaware Estuary Program surface and groundwater control, bluff stabilization and the role of vegetation to CZM continues to coordinate Pennsylvania's stabilize loose soil conditions. In the first seven participation in the tri-state Delaware Estuary years of the service, approximately three-fourths Program. The Program is a commitment of of the surveyed property owners followed CZM's Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, the U.S. recommendations, resulting in an estimated Environmental Protection Agency and numerous property damage savings and property value advisory committees to promote long term enhancement of $5,250,000. Pennsylvania is planning and ma nagerrWovf.. the Estuary's the only Great Lakes state to offer this service. resources. Throug h a c6o, perative effort, the Delaware Estuary Program has developed a In 1991-92, CZM helped detect Comprehensive Conservation and Management approximately 17 coastal wetlands violations Plan (CCMP) which both documents and through the use of aerial photography and the recommends approaches for correcting and program's annual helicopter overflight program. preventing problems in the estuary. The "Draft" Enforcement has begun on a majority of the CCMP was published for public review in sites. February, 1995 and is currently being reviewed by both agencies and the public. The "Final" 1- In an economically depressed area of CCMP is scheduled for EPA and the States' Chester, Delaware County, CZM provided more approval in Olober 1995. than $217,000 for construction of a public fishing and boating facility. The Commodore Protection of Coastal Waters Barry Bridge Public Access Site has four boat from Nonpoint Source Pollution ramps, two permanent piers, two floating docks, and parking for more than 150 cars and CZM is developing a coastal nonpoint trailers. This is the only publicly owned fishing pollution program. It will help coordinate and boating facility on the estuary in Delaware County and serves the tri-state region of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. CZM has played a strong supporting role in Erie's downtown revitalization efforts. More than $170,000 in federal funds were used to enhance the waterfront area with such amenities as wooden sidewalks, benches and decorative lighting. These improvements have helped focus attention on the area and, consequently, many private developers are committing funds for future development efforts. P, CZM assists waterfront developers along the Delaware Estuary through its Urban Waterfront Action Group. The group conducts meetings with developers and federal, state and local government officials during the initial stages of a waterfront project. The meetings help identify and resolve potential problems that could incur costly delays in securing federal and state permits. ,- CZM certifies Lake Ede shoreline structures for claims under an amendment to the National Flood Insurance Program. The Upton-Jones Amendment provides reimbursement to property owners for the relocation or demolition of insured structures that are in danger of collapse over the bluff because of erosion caused by high lake- levels. The amendment has been repealed however, and the claims can no longer befiled after Sept@_ @-r 11995. CZM ng@ t, - 1@ has been monitori "' e"Jera -regulations development for a grant program directly to states to administer a similar flood insurance program. Puerto Rico COASTALZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OVERVIEW The Commonwealthof Puerto Rico is the amended the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act smallest and easternmost island of the Greater to define the territorial waters of the Antilles chain. The coastal areas include rocky Commonwealth as extending 3 marine leagues cliffs, sand dunes, beaches, fresh and salt water (10.35 nautical miles) from the shoreline, lagoons, forests, mangroves, swamps, flood reflecting the Spanish antecedents of the plains, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows. Commonwealth, which also apply in Texas and Agriculture has been largely supplanted in the Florida. Island's economy by manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, business and personal services, The PRCMP covers four major elements, and tourism. The coastal area is vital for the including: Island's tourism, as well as for local recreation. The Island's population has increased from 2.7 - Guiding development on public and private million in 1970 to 3.6 million in 1990, which lands; produces a current density of 1,025 persons per - Active management of coastal resources; square mile. - Promoting coastal development; and - Research The Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program (PRCMP) was adopted in 1978 by the The process for guiding development is Puerto Rico Planning Board (PB) as an element implemented by the four agencies mentioned of the island-wide Land Use Plan; it reflects the above. The primary responsibility is with the PB, PB's 1977 Statement of Land Use Policies and which is charged with regulating all land use, Objectives. The Department of Natural and with reconciling conflicts among policies Resources (DNR) is the designated lead agency and objectives. In the review of proposals for for administration of_theFRCMP., Other development, DNR serves, as advocate for the Commonwealth agencies that participate in natural resources, commenting to the PB on program implementation are the PB, the both the proposals and their environmental Environmental Quality Board (EQB), and the impacts, if any. This enables the PB to balance Regulations and Permits Administration (RPA). the needs for economic development against At the present time, Puerto Rico's 78 municipal the need for conservation or preservation of jurisdiction do not regulate planning, zoning or critical resources. The adoption of the PRCMP building permits, which are the functions of the by the PB as an element of the Land Use Plan PB and RPA at the state level. established four new policies: protection of mangroves; access to beaches; protection of The boundary of Puerto Rico's coastal zone sites required for water-dependent development; extends inland 1,000 meters from the shoreline, and criteria for diking,'filling, dredging, and the and further inland in places where it is deposit of dredged materials. The adoption of necessary to include critical drainage basins, the PRCMP also designated eight Special plus all offshore islands and waters within the 3- Planning Areas, one of which covers also mile limit set by the Coastal Zone Management fdnging coastal mangroves. The PRCMP also Act of 1972 (CZMA). In 1980, Congress identified a list of sites recommended for designation as Natural Reserves, and Landslides) established the Coastal Management Office FEMA 768-DR May 1986 (Floods) (CMO) within the Office of the Secretary of FEMA 805-DR November/December 1987 DNR. The PB was assigned the responsibility of (Floods) certifying Federal Consistency with the PRCMP FEMA 842-DR September 1989 for all Federally sponsored or assisted projects (Hurricane Hugo) in the coastal zone. FEMA 931 -DR January 1992 (Floods) Active management emphasized field services b. As an outcome of the first hazard and facilities; management of the natural mitigation document, d Flash Flood Warning reserves (once they are designated by the PB); System has been designed and installed in clarification and extension of public property stages; it now serves about one million people rights; and the adoption of regulations to deal (one-third of the total population). with sand extraction, the protection of coral reefs and archeological sites (including historic C. The first flood areas has been shipwrecks), and squatter communities on lands completed, at a cost of $43 million in local in the public domain. funds. It involved the relocation of 1,300 families, clearing floodways and removing Promotion of coastal development concentrated obstacles, and restoration or construction of on a search for alternative sites for construction protective dikes in the lower reaches of the Rio aggregates, to reduce the pressure for taking Grande de Loiza, east of Son Juan. sand from beaches and sand dunes. Resources Protection: PRCMP tasks Research activities include: studies of coastal provided the basis for several activities of erosion; vulnerability of various areas of the importance for the Island to natural hazards (earthquakes, floods, conservation/preservation of critical hurricanes, landslides, and storm surges); resources: mapping of coastal high hazard areas, as a basis for mitigation planning; conducting a. Designation of 19 Natural Reserves was inventories of coral reefs, beaches, and the accomplished, out of a total of 28 suggested for resources of Special Planning Areas and consideration in the PRCMP document. proposed Natural Reserves; and field laboratory activities in coastal b. Studies conducted by.staff of-the Research Area who received special training OUTSTANDING ACCOMPLISHMENTS provided the evidence of damage to coral reefs resulting from the grounding of the ferry A. 1 . Hazard Mitigation: The Natural Hazards Regina, which brought about the settlement of Program in DNR, created in response to the the case with an agreement to remove the PRCMP, has played a major role in hazard wreck and to compensate the Commonwealth mitigation planning and project implementation, for damages to the resources. as follows: C. The Jobos Bay National Estuarine a. Hazard Mitigation Plans were prepared Research was designated in 1981; located on or updated following Presidential disaster the south coast, it involves offsbore sea-grass declarations in Puerto Rico, including: beds, coral reefs, and mangrove areas. FEMA 597-DR August/September 1979 (Hurricanes David/Frederick) FEMA 736-DR May 1985 (Floods) FEMA 746-DR October 1985 (Floods and OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1. Guiding Development: A pate from the 0. A model mangrove management plan routine processing of applications related to was prepared, as well as a manual for restoring development in the coastal zone, the following mangrove stands. are the major accomplishment worthy of mention: b. An evaluation was made of the protection offered by sand dunes, and a dune a. The PB adopted Planning Resolution restoration manual was prepared. A pilot Number 17, to regulate development in coastal project to demonstrate the feasibility of dune areas and access to the beaches of Puerto Rico; restoration is under consideration. the new regulation tool effect 31 March 1983. C. Full-time management teams have been b. The PB's Federal Consistency Unit has established at the La Parguera and Tortuguero been increased to accommodate a higher level Lagoon NRs, and resource management plans of activity, and to be able to respond with have been prepared and are being alternate courses of action for projects that are implemented. denied consistency certificates. d. A major environmental education C. The DNR is developing a new draft of a program has been undertaken, with five Regulation for the Maritime Zone of Puerto environmental educators assigned to various Rico, which relates primarily to lands in the regions of the Island. public domain and to potential siting of water- dependent activities. e. The study of public access to the beaches has been updated; a section will be d. The DNR Natural Hazards Program, added on needed facilities to promote the use working in support of the State Civil Defense of public beaches. Agency, has developed 16 acres-specific hazard mitigation plans. The Sea Grant College f. The Legislative Assembly enacted Law Program at the University of Puerto Number 48, which assigns to DNR the Rico/Mayaguez has developed the preliminary responsibility for registering small vessels, as bathymetric and storm surge data. The well as for delineating areas to be reserved for National Hurricane Ce-ntqr'jri. Coral Gables, swimming at the. most. popular beaches, so as to Florida, has prepa r6J'(;id d*e' livered to DNR a keep recreational boats, jet skis, etc., away from Storm Surge Atlas for the Puerto Rico Area, for swimmers. use in developing evacuation plans. The evacuation plan for the San Juan metropolitan 3. Promotion of Coastal Development: The area, which was put into effect is some coastal Puerto Rico Ports Authority has the primary communities for Hurricane Hugo, proved its responsibility for port zones, as defined by value, since only 4 lives were lost in that event. special regulations. Thus a long-term renovation of the Old San Juan waterfront is e. The Flash Flood Warning System was being guided by a special commission. DNR's expanded in two additional stages to cover jurisdiction is relatively limited, but it has additional parts of the Island, using local funds. undertaken two major projects: 2. Active Management of Resources: The a. A search for offshore sand deposits was CMO and the DNR's Area of Forests, carried out, to provide alternate sources of sand Sanctuaries, and Natural Reserves conduct most for construction. Three such sites were of the management activity, supported by the identified. Operations Area. b. A marine siting study was conducted over the course of several years, to identify potential sites, and to developed. 4. Research: A number of major activities have been undertaken in DNR: a. A vulnerability Atlas was prepared to indicate critical areas that are to receive priority attention in case of spills of oil or other toxic materials. b.The DNR is seeking way to coordinate research projects with the Sea Grant College Program at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. C. The Legislative Assembly established a Natural He6tage Program in DNR, which is charged with identifying critical habitat and environmental areas and assigning a rank order for protection and possible acquisition. d. Through a contract for the evaluation of potential archeological sites in the Boca de Cangrejos-Vacia Talega coastal area, more than 250 such sites have been identified. An Underwater Archeological Council was created by the Legislature to deal with shipwrecks. South Carolina COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PROGRAM OVERVIEW The S.C. Department of Health and aspect of the program that caused the agency Environmental Control's Office of Ocean and to win this prestigious award. OCRM's overall Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) is the commitment to being fair to the developer and state agency that implements South Carolina's yet offering a high level of protection to the Coastal Zone Management Act and federal environment is the guiding principle that makes coastal zone policies. The agency's two- the agency a model for others. pronged charge is easy to state: protect coastal resources and promote responsible South Carolina's coastal program can be development. Development and environmental divided into the following categories: concerns, however, are often polar opposites, making the agency's mission easy to state but Permitting seemingly difficult to implement. OCRM overcomes this by running a program based on - Beaches - Tourism is the State's second scientific fact and sound management policies. largest industry. Wide, healthy beaches are just an important to this industry as the conveyor South Carolina's Coastal Zone Management belt is to the factory. South Carolina's coastal Act was approved in 1977. OCRM has direct. program is making sure the State's continuing permitting authority over South Carolina's development doesn't kill the goose that is laying beaches, coastal waterways and salt marsh. the golden eggs. The agency's jurisdictional The agency reviews a variety of projects and boundaries are determined by erosion rates (the addresses a myriad of concerns. Boat docks, higher the rate, the farther landward the marinas, fishing piers, impoundments, access jurisdiction); in this zone there are size and roads, bridges, shopping malls, sewage location restriction for homes and businesses. treatment plants, and -p-rplqm@ form are just a few Hard erosion control -structures, which can of the types of projects the agency reviewed last damage the beach, are prohibited. Dune year. Through the certification program, the stabilization measures and beach nourishment is agency is involved with the regulation of encouraged. freshwater wetlands and non-point source pollution as well. The private sector is joining in these efforts. The insurance and banking industry is starting to With 44 employees, the agency is considered encourage property owners to move landward. small, yet powerful. An estimated 85% of the Local government ordinances are doing the projects that are built in South Carolina eight same. coastal counties need OCRM approval before construction can begin. - Docks - Access to the resource is becoming a problem. Like most things, access is good, OCRM was recently named the first winner of but not if it is excessive. Without proper NOAA's Coastal Zone Excellence Award, a controls, in many areas one could "walk on competition to name the nation's best coastal water" by hopping from dock to dock, and there zone management program. There is no one would be a marina on every bend, just like a convenience store. OCRM's permitting For additional information, contact: program strives for adequate, appropriate public access. Chris Brooks, Deputy Director OCRM Certifications 4130 Faber Place, Suite 300 Charleston, SC 29405 Before any state or federal permit is issued in (803) 744-5838 the coastal zone, OCRM must first certify that the application is consistent with state coastal PROGRAM ACCOMPUSHMENTS management policies. Through this program, the agency is able to review projects that impact A. Beachfiont Management freshwater wetlands which are present on virtually any large all tracts of land carved out While South Carolina's coastal programs of the coastal zone. The agency has created have always been strong, State lawmakers gave many model programs for the protection of this their program Hercules strength in 1988 and resource. 1990. Realizing the folly of living too close ,o the sea, legislators enacted a retreat policy. In the certification department the agency New buildings and reconstruction are subject to also implements their stormwater management size limitations and must be built as for program. Non-point source pollution landward as possible. In some particularly (stormwater) is thought to be the 'source of erosional areas, construction is prohibited: AJI most water pollution. OCRM's stormwater new erosion control structures are prohibited. program keeps this pollution to a minimum. Old ones will be removed as they fall info disrepair or are destroyed by storms and Planning erosion. All 182 miles of shoreline are impacted by these new laws. Due to their The best way to eliminate a problem is to location within the State's forty year setback, an avoid it in the first place. OCRM practices this estimated 1600 homes and mufti-family 11avoidance" through their planning department. dwellings are regulated by this agency. In The agency looks at issues (dock proliferation, erosional areas, the setback zone will be water quality concerns in the Charleston Harbor) adjusted periodically to account for continued or specific areas (the historic Ashley River), erosion. makes a thorough *cQmRm @` tation of current conditions, projects tl;@ Juture, and makes B. Protection of Wetlands & Storm Water recommendations (and charges); The Controls 11prevention is the best cure" mandate has served this agency and South Carolina's coastal zone While national wetland policies are under well. constant fire, South Carolina has created a freshwater wetland program that pleases both Enforcement the environmentalist and the developer. This program is called "wetland master planning." Enforcement actions take many forms, from a simple reminder to a stiff penalty. The violations Wetland avoidano@ is foremost, but smaller themselves are varied, from someone building a (less than one acre) wetlands can be altered if dock that isn't in compliance with his permit, to all of the larger, more productive wetlands on someone filling in the marsh in the middle of the tract are given a greater level of protection the night. through natural surn-,%;ncling buffers. Wetland functions are preserved and the developer As is true for the rest of the program, the maintains use of his developable property. The goal here is to be fair and effective. wetlands master planning concept offers freshwater wetlands as much protection as the staff no longer has to depend on the actual no net loss" plan, but is more effective because permitting agency toensure compliance. developers find it more flexible. Stormwater ponds that aren't quite right or mitigation plans that were never carried out can Golf courses, which are plentiful in the result in strong penalties. A golf course owner coastal zone, provide the agency with a that illegally altered freshwater wetlands, for particularly interesting challenge. It is almost instance, was required to complete a restoration impossible to build a golf course along the plan that is estimated to have cost $250,000. coast without running into an abundance of freshwater wetlands. Runoff impacts can be While OCRM is very involved in the severe due to the heavy maintenance that is protection of freshwater wetlands, the U.S. required. OCRM recently combined these two Army Corps of Engineers is the lead permitting negatives to make a positive, using the natural agency for this resource. The recently "kidney" action off the freshwater wetland to filter completed Section 309 Assessment said the storm water runoff. The some process was enforcement was the Corps most serious used at a sewage treatment plant in Myrtle shortcoming in their freshwater wetland Beach. regulatory program. This year, the Corps of Engineers is attempting to correct this in part by This past fall the entire state participated in contracting with OCRM to help the federal for the first time a state-wide stormwater agency track down wetland violations and management program. OCRM's program will violators. The Environmental Protection Agency include binding maintenance agreements, Region IV is also a party to this contract. To additional compliance inspections, and our knowledge, OCRM is the first state agency strengthened enforcement authority. to offer this type of support to a federal C. Enforcement program. While all of the aforementioned sounds good, ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE- talk is cheap. No regulatory program can EDISTO (ACE) BASIN expect to succeed if the policies aren't backed with solid penalties for those who choose to NATIONAL ESTUARINE mismanage coastal resources., OCRM practices RESEARCH RESERVE the "big stick" theory.qn_@.,s ypports an enforcement team that get results. As coastal development and human populations With regular patrols, the agency handles an have increased throughout the United States, the average of 200 cases per year. Fines range ACE Basin of South Carolina has remained from a flat fine of $100 to $1000 per day for remarkably pHstine. This quality has drawn civil penalties or up to $5000 per day for national attention to the biologically-rich basin criminal penalties. Restoration is almost always of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto (ACE) required. rivers. Some 350,000 acres that lie about 45 The OCRM's enforcement program recently miles south of Charleston and include portions expanded. The same penalties that await those of Charleston, Colleton, Beaufort and Hampton who do not follow permitting directives can now counties make up the basin. be used against those who violate the policies Recognizing the need to protect the exceptional on the agency's certification department. The natural resources of the ACE Basin, federal, state, local and pdvate interests are working together in an unprecedented- conservation initiative. The ACE Basin National Estuarine The inexorable trend toward more intensive use Research Reserve (NERR) is one environmental of our estuaries is generating new research project that Congressmen, environmentalists, requirements throughout the nation. The ACE developers, sportsmen, and government Basin NERR, because of its pristine qualities and agencies agree on. Commercial fishormen see great biological diversity, has the potential to it as a way to protect their livelihood; developers attract top level scientists to carry forward know that good natural areas make good expanded programs, embracing many neighbors; and scientists see the ACE Basin as disciplines. However, Congressional support is an unparalleled outdoor laboratory for long- needed to see that personnel, facilities and term research and monitoring. fiscal resources are made available. Such support will also bolster a strong relationship As part of the National Estuarine Research with the state's research-oriented university Reserve System, administered by NOAA, the groups. Scientists already have established ACE Basin program is committed to certain confidence in the integrity of the ACE Basin national, state and local goals and objectives. study sites. They also know that data collected However, the present level of funding is will contribute to a growing data bank of inadequate to successfully expand related increasing scientific significance. activities. Additional funds and talent must be enlisted through Congress. Why should The Reserve also plays an important role in Congress support the ACE Basin NERR? The environmental education.The education answer is simple--the Reserve is a 'n outstanding program focuses on values of the estuary and its investment because of its societal returns in wise use. On-site programs are provided in terms of practical application. association with elementary and secondary school systems, civic and environmental Since the ACE Basin remains much as it was at organizations, colleges and universities and the turn of the century, it provides an important other groups to foster individual responsibility benchmark to measure man's impacts in and stewardship of estuarine resources. disturbed estuaries. Comparing these altered sites with the Reserve helps reveal both obvious The Reserve serves as a training ground for and subtle impacts on coastal resources. Of science teachers. Special workshops are particular importance, research results are made designed to introduce teachers to marine available to federal, state and Jocal agencies science and provide hands-on examination of responsible for ma king -.59-gstp 1, management the physical. andbiological features -of various decisions. Such inform ation benefits not only wetland habitats. Since the ACE Basin is an those directly involved in research, but the 0outdoor laboratory", it offers an excellent nation as a whole when results are applicable to opportunity to capture the student's interests in other coastal areas. the scientific world, where textbooks cannot. Perhaps the most important benefit to be An example of such research can be seen in derived from the Reserve is the support it gives three large-scale projects proposed for 1993- to quality education programs which emphasize 1994 in the ACE Basin NERR. All three studies natural resources and wildlife as a way to are focused on non-point source pollution within understand our responsibil Ries to all living the watershed. Although methodologies and things. parameters are defined differently, each project is designed to answer the some standardized, As land use changes and human impacts management-oriented question: "How will non- progressively decrease the availability of suitable point source pollution affect estuarine monitoring sites, scientific interests in the ACE ecosystems?" Results from these studies will Basin will surely increase. Therefore, the Reserve benefit the state and local governments and does in fact represent a significant public may be applicable to other coastal areas. investment in estuarine research, education and stewardship--an investment that Congress must almost entirely surrounded by an undisturbed support if the Reserve is to fulfill its mission. pine and hardwood forest. In contrast, the Winyah Bay portion of the Reserve is a low FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT: salinity embayment which tends to accumulate sediments and contaminants. Discharges of a ACE BASIN NERR wide spectrum of materials from an industrial SOUTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE & MARINE harbor, agriculture, and developments upstream RESOURCES DEPARTMENT result in degraded water quality within the 217 FORT JOHNSON ROAD, BOX 12559 estuary. In addition to inputs which may affect CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29412 the ecology of the system, managed activities such as dredging, spoiling, and commercial fishing result in Winyah Buy being a much more NORTH INLET-WINYAHBAY altered system than North Inlet. Research and education programs will gather and make NERR., SOUTH CAROLINA available information necessary to improve understanding, appreciation, and management of these estuaries and others of national In October 1992, the North Inlet-Winyah Bay concern. National Estuarine Research Reserve (NI-WB NMR) was dedicated as the 21 st site in the The Baruch Institute is a world class research network. The NI-WB NERR is operated by the organization which has been conducting studies Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology in these estuaries since 1969. Biologists, and Coastal Research (generally known as the chemists, geologists, and others interested in the Baruch Institute) of the University of South science, and management of estuaries comprise Carolina (USC) in cooperation with the South a group of Associates. They conduct research Carolina Coastal Council (SCCC), the state's and train students through undergraduate and lead agency in coastal zone management. graduate programs in Marine Science. Although most of the senior scientists are based The NI-WB NERR encompasses a core area of in facilities on the USC campus in Columbia, approximately 9000 acres of tidally flushed some are in residence in Georgetown. The wetland, riparian habitats, and a limited amount Baruch Marine Field Laboratory of the University of uplands. With the exception of the state - of South Carolina is located on Hobcaw Barony controlled navigabIe..wa-tqrs-,.most of the Reserve adjacent to the North Inlet salt marsh, A and the surroundin 11' @`16n -ds -are owned by the modem research laboratory (about 19,000 sq. 9 UP Belle W. Baruch Foundation, which was ft) completed in winter 1993 serves as the base established in perpetuity to preserve and of operations for studies in the area. With a conserve the environmental, historical, and well equipped and established research cultural qualities of the property. The area is at laboratory and a resident research staff, the southern end of the Waccamaw Neck, opportunities for visiting scientists are especially immediately east and south of the city of good. The North Inlet Long-Term Ecological Georgetown in Georgetown County. Research (LTER) program, supported by the NSF since 1981, has yielded a comprehensive The Reserve includes most of the North Inlet database for key ecosystem variables. These Estuary, which is widely recognized for its data plus ecosystem models, GIS maps, and pristine character, and a portion of Winyah Bay archived collections provide a baseline of EstuIary, specifically the Mud Bay area, which information which will be used to detect and has been influenced by human activities. North interpret changes in the years ahead. Currently, Inlet is a salt marsh which is donated by tidal a NERR monitoring program is being exchanges with the coastal ocean; the marsh is implemented to expand our understanding of Winyah Bay and other ecosystem variables, including pollutants. We also have a far-reaching public education program that provides students, teachers, and citizens with a greater appreciation for estuaries. Although our research program is established and focused on problems of interest to regulators, managers, and users of coastal resources, adequate grant support for this important task is difficult to obtain. Keen competition for limited dollars for basic and applied research reflects our ability to deliver much needed answers to questions and recommendations to regulators and managers in a timely fashion. The funding levels for research in the NERRS does not begin to reach the level of effectiveness which was anticipated and expected in the establishment of the Reserve System, On a local level, we have many important management issues that need to be addressed so that uninformed decisions which may result in irreversible damage to our estuaries can be avoided. We need your help in identifying and securing additional financial support, especially fortechnical staff and equipment. Please feel free to call upon us if we can help you with any information about the North Inlet - Winyah Bay NERR, We would be glad to show you our facilities and the estuaries, In the meantime thank you for your interest in our program and in the, nati-ops,:.e.stuaries. Contact: Dr. Dennis M. Allen, Site Manager North Inlet-Winyah Bay NERR Baruch Marine Laboratory, USC P.O. Box 1630 Georgetown, SC 29442 803-546-6219; (voice)803-546-1632 (PAX) Virginia COASTAL RESO.URCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND The Virginia Coastal Resources The Virginia Institute of Marine Science Management Program was established in 1986 (VIMS), with Coastal Program funding, has as a "networked" program managed by the developed legal and educational materials Council on the Environment (COE). The that are being used by all 35 local wetlands Program's goals include: prevention of boards. environmental pollution and protection of public health; prevention of damage to the Common- Boardwalks over wetlands with signage wealth's natural resource base; protection of explaining the values of wetlands have helped public and private investment; promotion of re- to educate the general public to support the sources development and public recreation protection of this resource. As well, since FY opportunities; and provision of technical 1991 the Coastal Program has helped to assistance and information. The Program is acquire nearly 200 acres of sensitive wetlands enforced through state laws and regulations and their upland buffers. related to fisheries management, subaqueous and tidal wetlands management, dunes Fisheries management, and point and nonpoint source pollution control. Program activities and The goals of fisheries management are to improvements include: protect food fish stocks from overfishing, to rebuild and maintain the spawning stock of Tidal Wetlands critical species, and to preserve and improve finfish and shellfish stock. The cash value of Virginia has approximately 215,000 acres of finfish and shellfish landings in 1990 vegetated tidal wetlands within its coastal zone. approached $7@. million.. Protection of this reidbrta is -an important element of the Coastal Program-and has been . An important element in improving fisheries improved through a variety of means. within coastal Virginia has been the completion of new fisheries management In 1990, as a consequence of a study plans, strengthened regulations, and the undertaken by the Marine Resource development of improved fisheries Commission (MRC) and the COE, the information. Management plans have recent- legislature granted the MRC new authorities ly been completed for bluefish, spot, croaker, to issue restoration orders, require scientific American eel, summer flounder, red and monitoring to assure adequate restoration, black drum, and grey and speckled trout. and levy civil fines for violations of the Wetlands and Subaqueous Lands acts. MRC The development of crabbing and fishing can now apply these penalties for violations piers that include interpretive signage in such as unpermitted docking facilities, boat Suffolk and Charles City County has provided ramps, and bulkheads and unauthorized or individuals in these rural communities with improperly undertaken dredging. access to the area's fisheries. Dunes Virginia is fortunate in that the majority of its P. As the boating population increases, barrier islands are protected either by state or especially in smaller creeks and backwaters, federal ownership or by the Nature Conser- overboard discharge of sewage has vancy. increasingly become an issue. A current Coastal Program study is looking at 10. Nevertheless, development on available opportunities and options for the creation of barrier islands led the Marine Resources "no discharge" zones. Meanwhile, the Commission to revise and strengthen its Council on the Environment and the Health Barrier Island Policy to better protect both this Department have joined together to develop important resource and those investing on and distribute information encouraging these lands. The policy places tight boaters to bring their septic waste ashore. To restrictions on the location of development assist them, 1000 large metal signs and on vehicle access to the barrier islands. identifying marinas that have holding tank pumpout and dumping facilities have been b- Additional protection has been afforded to distributed. Bayside dunes in the Commonwealth's newly purchased Kiptopeke State Park through a Local Government Assistance coastal grant which will provide dunes crossings. Grants to local governments have provided the resources to assure the implementation or Nonpoint Source Sewerage Pollution significant improvement of the comprehensive plans and ordinances of the 29 counties and Virginia's coastal zone contains over 5,000 15 independent cities within Virginia's Coastal miles of tidal shoreline: ocean frontage, the Zone. Chesapeake Bay, five major rivers, and hundreds of small tributaries. Some 6,000 CHESAPEAKE BAY NATIONAL boats use these waters and approximately 10,000 houses along the shoreline rely on ESTUARINE RESEARCH individual septic systems. Both general water quality protection and the protection of valuable RESERVE SYSTEM IN VIRGINIA shellfish grounds are.- pt coastal issues. York River Research Reserves dedicated June I,- One way to protect coastal waters is through 1991. the careful siting of marinas. In 1988, the Marine Resources Commission established The York River sites of the Chesapeake Bay new guidelines which discourage siting National Estuarine Research Reserve System in marinas in areas having highly valuable Virginia are the beginning of a system that will natural resource such as shellfish beds, extend to the James, Rappahannock and seagrass communities or endangered species. Potomac rivers and the Eastern Shore. The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Research Reserve in P- In order to improve the siting and design of Maryland contains three additional sites. household septic systems, the Department of Health, using a Coastal Program grant, has The York River Sites developed comprehensive educational materials and a training course for local Goodwin Islands - An archipelago of sanitarians. To date over 165 individuals saltmarsh islands surrounded by submerged have taken the course which will be repeated aquatic vegetation beds, oyster reefs and again within the next year. shallow, open estuarine waters. Location - Monitoring - The following are monitored: Mouth of the York River in York County. Salinity surface water quality; groundwater nutrient and - 18-22 parts per thousand. Size - 1,607 chemical levels; birds; plants; estaurine debris. acres. Plans call for monitoring of amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects and estaurine invertebrates. Catlett Islands - Parallel ridges of forested wetlands surrounded by saltmarshes, shallow Education and Communications - Estuarine water and sandy shoals. Location - 19 nautical ecology programs are given on request to miles upstream from the mouth of the York groups ranging from school and college River in Gloucester County. Salinity 8-18 parts classes to resource managers. Datasets will be per thousand. Size - 910 acres. offered to teachers via Learning Link, a computer conference system; this has broad Taskinas Creek - Tidal creek with marshes application notionally. Publications and brackish at the creek's mouth and freshwater at exhibits emphasize program activities and its upper limits. Location - 24 nautical miles estaurine ecology for many audiences. upriver from the mouth of the York in York River State Park in James City County. Salinity 3-13 Support parts per thousand. Size - 525 acres. In addition to NOAA, the program is funded Sweet Hall Marsh - Extensive tidal freshwater by the Commonwealth of Virginia and private marsh with adjacent nonticlal bottomland doners. It is managed by The College of - forests on the mainland side and shallow flats William and Marry's Virginia Institute of Marine on the seaward. side. Location - 37 nautical Science. miles from the mouth of the York River in King William County on the Pamunkey River, a tributary of the York. Salinity - Freshwater, 0.5 part per thousand or less. Size - 1,393 acres. Activities General - The York River sites correspondence to the York Regional Ecosystem Model developed at the. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The'ryi6del'stresses the importance of ecological study over time and space. The Reserve system fits this plan well, being designated for long-term study at sites representing the watershed's ecological diversity. This is important to the program's research, monitoring and education goals. Research includes diverse studies in physical, chemical and biological estuarine processes and coastal heritage. Projects include oxygen production and nutrient exchange in submerged aquatic vegetation communities: associations between oysters and submerged aquatic vegetation; the distribution of amphibians and reptiles; and documentation of historic and prehistoric habitation. Washington COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUND With passage of the state Shoreline with the lakes, streams, and marine waters are Management Act in 1971 (SMA), the also covered, as is a 200-foot wide shoreline Washington Department of Ecology became the area landward from the water's edge. The lead agency for developing a program to federally approved coastal zone management manage the state's shorelines. The Department program benefits the fifteen counties bordering cooperates with local government agencies in Washington's 2,337 miles of marine shoreline. administration of a program to maintain and improve shoreline quality, while at the same In the years ahead, the coastal zone faces ever time, allowing for reasonable increasing pressures from a growing population and appropriate shoreline uses. with demands for public access and expectations of a clean environment. The need In 1972, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone for continued cooperation between the local, Management Act (CZMA) to promote active state, and federal agencies will remain high. state involvement in preserving, protecting, and developing our nation's coastal zones. Because Local Shoreline Master Programs this federal law meshed well with Washington's Shoreline Management Act, Washington Uses and activities along the state shorelines are become the first state in the nation to have a managed under city and county shoreline federally approved coastal zone management master programs. Each local government's program in 1976. shoreline master program is a combined planning and regulatory document for its Since 1976, Washington state has received shorelines. Local governments tailor their federal coastal zone grants of $1.5 to 2.0 programs to meet physical characteristics and million annually. In add# om..Ito supporting the management needs of,their,own shorelines. state program, grant mohey has also gone to (based on policy guidelines developed and other state agencies, local and regional maintained by the Department of Ecology) Most governments, and Native American tribes to master programs include goals, objectives and benefit the state's coastal zone and its policy statements, use regulations for twenty inhabitants. For example, local governments three defined uses, and mapped environment have used federal grants to help fund city and designations, such as urban, rural, natural, and county shoreline projects designed to protect conservancy. Master programs are required for and restore shorelines and increase public Washington's 39 counties and for 160 access to shorelines. incorporated towns. Washington's Shoreline Management Act Cities and counties continually update and applies throughout the state. Lakes over 20 refine these documents. Amendments to acres, all streams where the mean annual flow shoreline master programs usually begin with is greater than 20 cubic feet per second, and all citizen or local government action, and often at marine waters are under the jurisdiction of the the recommendation of the Department of Act. Marshes, bogs, and swamps associated Ecology. Once adopted by the local government, proposed amendments are Air Washington Act, the state's Water Quality submitted to the state for review and adoption Act, Chapter 80.50 RCW, which established into the state master program. The Department the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council of Ecology conclucts at least one public hearing, (EFSEq, and the 1989 Ocean Resources soliciting testimony to assist the director in Management Act. making a decision to adopt or deny the proposed amendment. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS Shoreline Permits Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve In most cases "shoreline substantial Padilla Bay is one of the largest relatively development permits" are required to build or to undisturbed ticleflat areas in Puget Sound. In conduct activities on shorelines. 1980, through the cooperation of Skagit County citizens, the private sector, and governmental Permits are issued by local governments. The agencies, the Bay was established as one of Department of Ecology reviews them to ensure eight national estuarine sanctuaries in the U.S. that permitted developments are consistent with the local shoreline master program and policies Managed by the Department of Ecology, the of the SMA. If inconsistencies are found the Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Department may appeal the decision to the offers tideland access, approximately eight miles Shorelines Hearings Board, a quasi-judicial of nature trails, wildlife habitat, and the - body established by the SMA to hear appeals. Breazeale-Padilla Bay Interpretive Center. The In fact, any party affected by the decision has Interpretive Center contains exhibits, a hands-on the right to appeal to the Board. room, theater, and library. Staff at the Center offer an on-going series of educational The Department also must approve or deny all programs for people of all ages. Facilities are shoreline conditional use and shoreline variance available for visiting researchers as well as staff permits. The objective of the conditional use researchers. The Center has become a model provision is to provide more control and for similar, state and local government facilities flexibility for implementing the master program's in Washington's coastal zone. regulations. A variance permit is used to grant relief when there are practical difficulties or Public Access Program unnecessary hardships i_q,!hq,..way of carrying out the strict letter of the m- dst6r Iprogram. Washington's CZM program, often in cooperation with other resource management The Department of Ecology works closely with and recreation agencies, works to help local local governments to ensure thot the SMA is governments provide public access to enforced by providing technical enforcement shorelines. Representative projects include the assistance when requested and interceding when Skagit County pedestrian/ bicycle path; local government is not successful. Enforcement LaConnees public,access float; Langley's beach responsibilities are shared with the state Attorney access stairway; Westport's whale interpretive General's Office. center and museum; South Bend's public access float; the Long Seach dunes boardwalk; Additional Authorities Raymond's Waterfront Park dock and trails; and Port Orchard's pedestrian ferry pier. In addition to the Shoreline Management Act, Washington's coastal zone management Willapa Bay/Pacific County Program program consists of the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA), the Environmental The Department of Ecology and Pacific County Coordination Procedures Act, the 1991 Clean are cooperatively undertaking initiatives to address major environmental and land use develop -a management plan for the Nisqually problems and to improve state - local River and -basin. Combining state funds with relationships. This initiative began in 1986 federal coastal zone management funds, the when due to a financial crisis, Pacific County Shorelands Program initiated a cooperative faced curtailment of many basic services, Nisqually River Management Program with including aspects of its Planning Department federal agencies, other state resource which administers the county's Shoreline Master management agencies, local governments, and Program. Ecology responded to the County's the citizens of the basin. request for assistance by funding administration of the Planning Department and special Programs in water quality monitoring, planning projects with federal Coastal Zone environmental education, public access Management grant funds. Since then, other acquisition, and sensitive area protection have local governments and state agencies have been carried out. A major interpretive center joined the initiative. has been authorized. Today the Nisqually River Council, the Nisqually Citizens Advisory The decline of the forest products and salmon Committee, and the Nisqually River Basin Land sport fishing industries which led to the County's Trust (a private, nonprofit foundation allied with financial crisis, also required that local citizens, the Council) are providing a model for the business persons, and political leaders focus on cooperative management of other river basins the remaining elements of the local economy ----; and major landscape features in Washington aquaculture and tourism. Recognizing the need state. to maintain a quality environment in support of their resource based economy, local leaders Urban Waterfix)nt Renewal have increasingly supported the joint County - Ecology programs. Willapa Bay is the most Federal coastal zone funds have been combined unpolluted Pacific Coast estuary, and is the with state and local funds to plan and source of over 50 percent of Washington's implement urban waterfront renewal programs oyster production. The 28 miles of Long Beach throughout Washington's coastal zone. In the Peninsula beaches represent over half the state's small city of Poulsbo, an obsolete small-scale coastal dunes, attracting three million visitors industrial water front was replaced by a annually. waterfront park and a collection of water- oriented businesses - both factors in a general A highlight of the prggrqm,i 0s.-the Willapa Bay economic revitalization of Poulsbo. Coastal Water Resources Coo@dilnating'Council. A zone grant funds were also used to assist the citizen- and inclustry-based Willapa Bay Water development of the Poulsbo Marine Science Quality Organization Committee recommended Center, now operated by the Poulsbo School in 1990 a permanent Water Resources District. Coordinating Council (WRCC). Shorelands provided initial financial and technical Ruston Way, an industrial district on assistance in 1988-89. Since then Pacific Commencement Bay in Tacoma was affected by County has acquired state Centennial Clean industrial blight. Coastal zone grants for Water Act funds to expand their efforts. planning, land acquisition, and construction enabled Tacoma to transform this shoreline into Nisqually River Management Program one of economic vitality punctuated by new shoreline public access opportunities. The Nisqually River and delta has been the Furthermore, the Ruston Way project proved to setting of Washington's earliest recorded history be the impetus for further waterfront renewal as well as some of the most contentious along nearby City Waterway. environmental debates. The Washington Legislature in 1985 authorized Ecology to PADILLA BAY NATIONAL The Padilla Bay watershed encompasses a drainage area of over 23,000 acres. Although ESTUARINE RESEARCH pirimarily agricultural and dairy, it also includes forested lands and the country's two major . RESERVE industrial regions (March Point and the Port of Skagit Industrial Park). The two March Point petroleum refineries (Shell & Texaco) maintain Established in 1980 as the eighth National unloading facilities on the fringe of the bay and Reserve within the National Estuarine Research lighter tankers adjacent to the Reserve's western Reserve System; it is one of the largest of the boundary. twenty-two Reserves located throughout the U.S. and its territories. Facilities have been constructed at the Reserve beginning in 1982 with the opening of the Established for the purpose of protection of a Breazeale Interpretive Center. The upland specific estuarine biogeographic type facility site (64 acres) was the Breazeale family (Columbia n/Puget Sound), and the form, donated by Miss Edna Breazeale on implementation of long-term research, behalf of her family (two brothers) to provide a monitoring, education and interpretive programs place for natural science education programs to enhance scientific and public awareness of for children. The Reserve's facility list now the value of estuaries and promote improved includes neady 15,000 square feet of buildings coastal management. (Center, house.. bam/lab, equipment buildings), plus the dike trail, beach access trail, upland Washington Stat 'e's only Estuarine Reserve, and trail, two observation decks, boat launch romp, one of orly four on the entire western U.S. remote research access sites. Facilities provide coastline. It was selected for nomination by the space for ongoing programs in research state after extensive evaluation of more than a monitoring, public education, and interpretation. dozen possible sites. Research and monitoring programs are carried The reserve is managed by the Shorelands and out in the bay and adjacent wate,,-shed to Water Resources Program within the Washington provide information important to !he State Department of Ecology, in cooperation conservation and management of the Reserve with the Sanctuaries and Reserves Division of the and the state's and notion's estuaries. Reserve National Oceanic and Atmospheric staff, university personnel, pirivate labs, students, A d ministrafion and several advisory committees. and interns are involved in a variety of research and monitoring projects established and Ownership of property in Padilla Bay is a prioritized in the Reserve's research and mixture of public and private holdings. Currently monitoring plan and funded by many agencies the State (Reserve) owns over 10,600 acres of and private organizations and/or corporations. Padilla Bay tidelands, and over 200 acres of Studies related to the ecology of the seagruss uplands (including the Breazeale form). system are- given a high priority. Major resources in the bay include the largest Recently, work has started on a cooperative contiguous seagrass (Zostera) meadow in the ag ricu Itura I/non- point research project which Pacific Northwest (over 7,000 acres), supporting will involve the Reserve's far-mland acreage and a tremendous nursery for juvenile salmon and local farmers. crab, and providing habitat for hundreds of valuable species, including the bold eagle, Education and interpretive program!@ "t the peregrine falcon. It also supports hundreds of Reserve serve thousands of students ond the thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds which general public each year in a,variety of visit or reside there annually. offerings. Curricula for grades K-8 have been implemented since 1983, reaching over 60,000 children and teachers with the direct, on-site message of estuarine ecology, water quality, and coastal/resource stewardship. In 1994, over 6,000 students and teachers took part in the Reserve's very popular K-8 Estuarine Education Program. High school curriculum and school outreach programs are currently implemented with grants from NOAA, Texaco, and the Padilla Bay Foundation. Public workshops, college credit courses, and teacher training workshops are scheduled on a monthly and seasonal basis. Special programs for group visitation are provided on a reservation basis. Exhibits, aquaria and trails are open for public touring on a Wednesday through Sunday operating schedule. The Padilla Bay Foundation, a non-profit corporation, was formed by citizens, business people and public employees in 1988 for the purpose of helping support public education, research, and capital improvement programs at the Reserve. Resources have been provided to support interns, scholarships, and public exhibits. Grants from the Shell Oil Company have enabled the Foundation to sponsor several research assistantships at the graduate level. The Foundation also has an endowment fund to provide for a public lecture series on estuarine topics. Membership in the Foundation is open to the public. Nf N @] AR @@Ill @, @, lll@@ @@l lj@jj I @f @lj @ 1111 I I @@@ .1 3 6668 14100 7171 - I