[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]








                    THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT










                                 ''A







                       THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN
                 FOR MANAGING AMERICA'S COASTS


  HT                      1995CONGRESSIONAL BRIFFINGBOOK
  392
  .C63                     Coastal States Organization, Inc.
  1995













                                                                                                                               FOUNDED IN 1970 TO REPRESENT THE GOVERNORS OF THE
             ALABAMA                                                                                                           THIRTY-FIVE COASTAL STATES, TERRITORIES, AND COMMON-
                       COASTAL STATES ORGANIZATION                                                                             WEALTHS ON COASTAL, GREAT LAKES, AND OCEAN AFFAIRS.
                        HALL OF THE STATES, SUITE 322, 444 NORTH CAPITOL STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20001 (202) 508-3860 FAX (202) 508-3843
             ALASKA
             
       AMERICAN SAMOA        Since 1970, the Coastal States Organization has served as the Governors' official representative
                             for ocean, coastal and Great Lakes affairs of the United States. Endorsed by the National
                             Governors' Association, the Coastal States Organization is the States' leading advocate for
             CALIFORNIA      sound coastal, Great Lakes and ocean resource management, protection and development
                             efforts nationwide. The Coastal States Organization membership consists of Delegates
             CONNECTICUT     formally appointed by the Governors from each of the 35 States, Commonwealths and
                             Territories bordering the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico or the Great Lakes.
             DELAWARE
                             The Coastal States Organization's broad-based information and data gathering network,
                             coordinated through the CSO Washington Office, provides answers to questions about U.S.
             FLORIDA
                             coastal practice and policy, the States' role in federal offshore energy activities, territorial sea
                             claims, coastal hazards planning and management, wetlands, fisheries development and
             GEORGIA         management, port and waterfront restoration, oil spill response, flood insurance, historic
                             shipwrecks, the National Marine Sanctuary System, the National Estuarine Research Reserve
             GUAM            System, and other important coastal resource issues affecting the United States.


             HAWAII
                                                                                         EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

             ILLINOIS
                             OFFICERS                                                    MEMBERS                                                  Douglas S.Y. Tom
                             Chairman                                                    Sarah H. Taylor                                          Chief, CZM Program
             INDIANA
                             Dr. H. Wayne Beam                                           Assistant Secretary                                      Office of State Planning
                       Deputy Commissioner                                         Dept. of Natural Resources                               State of Hawaii
             LOUISIANA       OCRM/DHEC                                                   State of Maryland
                             State of South Carolina                                                                                              Lelei Peau
                                                                                         David H. Keeley                                          Manager
             MAINE
                             Vice Chairman                                               Director, Coastal Program                                Samoa Coastal Program
                             Eldon Hout                                                  Office of State Planning                                 American Samoa
             MARYLAND        Manager                                                     State of Maine
                             Coastal/Ocean Program                                                                                                Richard Delaney
             MASSACHUSETTS   State of Oregon                                             Chris A. Shafer                                          Director
                                                                                         Great Lakes, Shorelands Section                          Urban Harbors Institute
             MICHIGAN        Treasurer                                                   Dept. of Natural Resources                              State of Massachusetts
                             James Tabor                                                 Land and Water Management
                             Chief                                                       State of Michigan
             MINNESOTA       Division of Coastal Programs
                             State of Pennsylvania                                       Arthur J. Rocque, Jr.
                                                                                         Assistant Commissioner
             MISSISSIPPI                                                                 Long Island Sound Programs
                                                                                         State of Connecticut
             NEW HAMPSHIRE



                 																											               WISCONSIN						
             NEW JERSEY
                                                                                                                                            
             NEW YORK  N. CAROLINA    N. MARIANAS      OREGON       OHIO      PENNSYLANIA   PUERTO RICO    RHODE ISLAND   S. CAROLINA    TEXAS   VIRGIN ISLANDS   VIRGINIA     WASHINGTON    WISCONSIN
 



                                                                                (I




                                        THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT:
                         THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGING AMERICA'S COASTS.

                                             CONGRESSIONAL BRIEFING BOOK

                                              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


               Since Colonial times Americans have depended on the coasts for commerce,. transportation, fishing,
               recreation and scenic beauty. By the late 1 960's, with more than half of the nation's population located
               near the coasts, the number of conflicts between different users increased dramatically. Recreational
               fishermen were displacing commercial fishermen. Local residents became fenced out of their coastlines
               by resort and residential development. Fouling of the coastal waters closed shellfish beds and swimming
               beaches, and caused the decline of commercial and recreational fisheries.
               After three,years of hearings and debates, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act of
               1972 (CZMA), with the national. goal to "preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore and
               enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations." The CZMA
               is the only "environmental program" that requires a balance between economic development and
               resource protection within the coastal zone.

               E What is the "Coastal Zone?" In simple terms, the coastal zone includes      all waters out to a State's
               seaward boundary (generally 3 miles offshore, or in the case of the Great Lakes, between States or to
               the Canadian border) and all uplands "to the extent necessary to control shorelands."
               E The CZMA: Implemented by the Coastal States: Congress recognized that the key to effectively
               protecting the lands and waters of the coastal zone was to encourage States and local governments
               to develop the institution capability to manage the use of coastal lands and waters. The CZMA provides
               the "ingredients" and "recipe" for State CZM plans to guide the States towards developing their CZM
               programs. When the plan is complete, the State then submits itto the National Oceanic &Atmospheric
               Administration (NOAA), an agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce, for review and approval.
               Upon federal approval of a State's CZM plan, the State becomes eligible for federal assistance in
               implementing and enhancing its coastal zone management program, and federal activities within the
               coastal zone must be consistent with the State's program.

               0 Federal Consistency: In addition to owning large tracts of land within the coastal zone, the federal
               government conducts a broad range of activities that affect coastal resources, especially those
               associated with ports and harbors, military facilities, dredging projects, offshore oil, gas and mineral
               development and ocean waste disposal. Further, many private actions require a federal permit, such
               as those for offshore oil and gas production, dredging, filling, construction and environmental cleanup.
               Congress recognized that unless these federal agency and federal ly- permitted actions were consistent
               with State CZM plans, the goals of the CZMA would never be reached. As a result, Congress required
               that any activity by a federal agency, or any private action authorized by a federal permit, must be
               performed in a manner that is consistent with a State's federal ly-a pproved CZM plan. This is the
               essence of the partnership between the federal government and each coastal State: once a State's
               coastal program has been federally approved, the federal, State and local governments, as well as
               private citizens, are bound to conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the plan.








                 0 The State/Federal Partnership -- Serving the National Interest: Thirty-four of 35 eligible coastal States,
                 Commonwealths and Territories currently participate in the national CZM program: 29 have received
                 federal approval fortheir CZM plans, and five more are in the program development stage. Thus, more
                 than 95% of our Notion's coast is now managed by the 29 federal ly-approved State CZM plans, with
                 coverage increasing to over 99% when the next five States come on line.

                 E Why apply lirnited federal funding to this program? Because Good Coastal Management Makes
                 Sound Economic Sense. The benefits of coastal management are tangible and many. Coastal
                 management programs have worked and proven to be cost-effective.

                 The national CZM program is funded from two sources: the federal government and p6tti6oating State
                 governments. All federal appropriations to participating States are required by the CZMA to be equally
                 matched by the States. Federal funding remains critical to the CZM program, however, simply because
                 every federal dollar withheld means a total of two dollars is lost from the national coastal resource
                 management program. Given these tight budgetary times, it is impressive that the federal government
                 can get $2.00 worth of results for every $1.00 invested. That's a bargain.
                 0 Recommendation forCLMAFY96 Funding: To safeguard and strengthen coastal protection programs
                 in 34 Coastal States, Commonwealths and Territories by developing and maintaining their 'current
                 programs, the following levels of appropriations for FY96 are imperafive:
                         $49.5 million for State CZM Program Grants (ï¿½ï¿½306, 306A and 309) - Although less
                         than authorized, this level of funding is necessary to meet the new          Congressional
                         mandates. (FY95 appropriation: $ 45.5 million).

                         $4.214 million for the National Estuarine Research Reserve Program           (ï¿½315) - This
                         funding level is necessary to support 22 designated sites throughout the nation's coastal
                         area, and bring four new sffes on line. (FY95 appropriation: $3.350 million).

                         $12 million for the 6217 Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program - Full funding at
                         the authorized level is requested to enable States to complete coastal nonpoint source
                         pollution control programs and begin addressing this critical coastal issue. .(FY95
                         appropriation: $5.0 million).








              THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT Am@/









                                              !77 71 "-
                                 vp







                 THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN
           FOR MANAGING AMERICA                   S COASTS


                    1995 CONGRESSIONAL BRIEFING BOOK
                      Coastal States Organization, Inc.







                   INTRODUCTION


                   Since colonial times, we have depended on the coasts for commerce,                                         Contents
                   transportation, fishing and recreation. Early decisions affecting
                                                                                                                              The Congressional
                   coastal resources were made at the town and village level. But as our                                      Plan for Managing                                                                                                                                     
          																			      America's Coasts						
                                                                                                                                        ...........   1
                   population grew and society evolved, the State and Federal govern-                               
                   ments became involved. Until just a few decades ago, decisions af-                                         Cost & Benefit:
                   fecting coastal resources were made in piecemeal fashion with little                                       The Bang for A
                   consultation or coordination between the Federal, State and local                                          Coastal Buck
          																				         ...........    5								
                   governments.
                                                                                                                              The National      
                                                                                                                              Estuarine Research
                                                                                                                              Reserve System
                   By the late 1960's, with more than half of the nation's population                                                  ...........    8
                   located near the coast, the number of conflicts between different
                                                                                                                              The CZMA:  Twenty         
                                                                                                                              Years of Progress
                                                                                                                                      ............   12 
                   users increased dramatically. Coastal "space"    was at a premium.
																			            Conclusion							
                                                                                                                                      ............   19
                   Recreational fishermen were displacing commercial fishermen. Local
                                                                                                                              CZMA Funding
                   residents became fenced out of their coastlines by resort and                                              History
                   residential development. Fouling of the coastal waters closed                                                      ............   Appendix A
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                              Legislative
                   shellfish beds and swimming beaches, and caused the decline Of                                             Chronology of the
                                                                                                                              CZMA
           																					 .............   Appendix B					                                                                                 
                   commercial and recreational fisheries. Booming development proved                                
                                                                                                                              State Coastal
                   beyond the ability of local communities to control. State and local                                        Program Contacts
                                                                                                                                     .............   Appendix C

                                                                                                                              National Estuarine   
                   governments could only react to events.      											Research Reserve						
                                                                                                                              Listing
																					       .............   Appendix D						
                   Planning      and management were needed to conserve coastal
                                                                                                                                             
                   resources while accommodating growth. Past mistakes needed to be
                                                                                                                     
                   remedied, and future ones avoided. A plan for managing America's
                   coasts was needed to achieve a balance between competing interests
                                                                                                                                     
                   and uses; protect coastal ecosystems; redevelop blighted shoreline
                                                                                                               
                   and urban waterfronts; and ensure the economic vitality of coastal
                   communities and the Nation as a whole.
 





                                                     THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN
                                                     FOR MANAGING AMERICAS COASTS


                                                     In 1969, approximately 93 million Americans lived within the coastal zone.
                                                     The diverse and overlapping interests of the Federal, State and local
                                                     governments, and the myriad of competing coastal resource uses-fishing,
                                                     boating, recreation, tourism, ports and harbors, energy production, mining,
                                                     transportation, waste disposal, dredging-were competing for a very finite
                        The CZMA is the              amount of coastal space. It became clear that "multiple use" management
                                                     of the coastal zone was essential for the economy, the ecology, and for the
                        only "environmen-            continued enjoyment of the coast by all Americans. Clearly, the national
                                                     interest would be served best by effectively managing the coastal zone.
                        tal" program that
                                      
                        requires a bal-              The Coastal  Zone Management Act:
                                                              Management for Today, Stewardship for Tomorrow
                        ance between
                
                        economic devel-
             
                        opment and

                        resource protec-
                                                     After three years of hearings and debates, Congress enacted the Coastal
                        tion within the              Zone Management Act (CZMA) in 1972, with the national goal to "preserve,
                                                     protect, develop, and where possible, to restore and enhance the resources
                        coastal zone.                of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations." Through
                                                     the CZMA, Congress created a unique partnership among Federal, State and
                                                     local governments by ensuring coordination among them as they collective-
                                                     ly seek solutions to the problems caused by competing coastal pressures.
                
                
                                                     All activities within the coastal zone, and those activities outside but
                                                     affecting resources inside the coastal zone, are now subject to the multiple-
                                                     use management regime established by the CZMA. The CZMA is the only
                                                     "environmental" program that requires a balance between economic
                                                     development and resource protection within the coastal zone.


                                                     What is the "Coastal Zone"?










                                                        1
 






               Congress viewed the coastal zone as all waters out to a State's seaward
               boundary (generally 3 miles offshore) and all uplands "to the extent neces-
               sary to control shorelands." The landward extent of the coastal zone is
               determined by each State. In some States, the coastal zone extends inland
               many miles, to the crest of a coastal mountain range for example. In a few
               instances, such as Delaware, Florida and Hawaii, the entire State is within
               the coastal zone. Nationwide, there are 666 coastal counties within 50
               miles of the coast, encompassing 706,201 square miles of uplands, and
               48,000 square miles of coastal waters, for a total of 754,201 square miles.
               Where these lands and waters meet runs a thin strip of beaches
               and shore stretching a total of 96,391 statute miles.
                                                                                     More than half of us live...
                      The CZMA: Implemented by the Coastal States                      Coastal Population

               Congress realized that an effective State/Federal partnership to                          ......
                                                                                                n.
               manage the coastal zone could not be accomplished without the
               willing participation of the States. To encoU rage States to join
                                                                                       ... in less than a f ifth
               the program, Congress provided two incentives: financial assis-             of our land area.
               tance to develop and implement "Federally approved" State'                            Coastal Areas
                                                                                                        18%
               coastal zone management plans, and an assurance that Federal
               activities would be consistent with those plans.


                                                                                                   ........ .....
               Federally-Approved State CZM Plans: The CZMA was designed
                                                                                                         CM" by MBAftW*
               to guide States in developing plans that give "full consider-
               ation to ecological, cultural, historic, and aesthetic values as
               well as the needs for compatible economic development." To assist in
               developing and implementing CZM plans, Congress authorized annual
               grants to the States.

               When a State CZM plan is complete, the State submits it to the
               National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency
               within the U.S. Department of Commerce, for review and         approval.
               Upon Federal approval of a State's CZM plan, the Act's "Federal
               consistency" provisions become effective.


                                                    .2








                                            Federal Consistency- In addition to owning large tracts of land within the
                                            coastal zone, the Federal government conducts a broad range of activities
                                            that affect coastal resources, especially those activities associated with
                                            ports and harbors, military facilities, dredging projects, offshore oil, gas
                                            and mineral development and ocean waste disposal. The role of the
                                            Federal government in the coastal zone also extends to many private
                                            actions requiring a Federal permit.


                                            Congress recognized that unless Federal agency actions and permits were
                                            consistent with State CZM plans, the goals of the CZMA would never be
                46im::641
                . . . .......
                                            reached. Congress included within the CZMA provisions which require that
                . . . .. .....
                                            any activity  by a Federal agency, or any private action authorized by a
           @@...Ae:: erd.::ddepq@@:or:::.
                                            Federal permit, be performed in a manner that is consistent with a State
                          t   d-o--
             qrv:@Pnvd p:.a    Jo-I.-       CZM plan.    The "Federal consistency" provisions are the essence of the
                                            partnership between the Federal government and each coastal State. Once
                        d1b
                 _6=6.
                                            a State coastal program has received Federal approval, the Federal, State
                                            and local governments, as well as private citizens, are bound to conduct
              e  era @:Dertnt.
                                            themselves in a manner consistent with the plan.
             must   b: e::
                                                   The State/Federal Partnership: Serving the National Interest


             .man n',e'r;,:fh:0tJS:::       There is no better testament to the success of the State/Federal partnership
                                            forged by the CZMA than the fact that 29 of 35 eligible coastal States,
           .:.::.c.onsIiste  hU,
                                a
                                            Commonwealths and Territories have received Federal approval of their
                                            CZM plans, and that five more States are seeking to join the national CZM
                      e   e
                 e @s.  &
                                            program. As a result, the many national interests cited in the CZMA
                                            protecting fish and wildlife habitats; managing coastal development in
                          CZM.1
                                            hazardous areas; siting of energy, commercial and industrial facilities;
                an                          planning for public access; restoring and redeveloping waterfronts;
                                            streamlining permitting procedures; and involving the public and private
                                            sector in the decision-making process-are being promoted through State
                                            coastal management programs.





                                                                                   3











                                                    Coastal Management Programs






                                                                                                                                             ... .. .... .



                                                                                                                                       .... ... .... .







                                d





                                                                                                  KEY

                       American                    Northern                                                                                                                 U.S. T-tr8in
                        Samoa          Guant     Marianairl.               Approved                          * 29 Approved Programs                          Puerto Rico     Islands
                             @qa         d@-                     r7--A Developing Pgm.                       * Cover 94% of the Nation's
                                                                           Non-Participant                      shoreline (89,117 miles)






                                     Com & BENEFITS:
                                     THE BANG FOR A COASTAL BUCK


                                            The "Value of the Coastal Zone


                                     America's coasts are one of the Nation's most valuable resources.
                                     When considering the value of the coast, the first thing that often
                                     comes to mind are "coastal" industries:


                                            Commercial fishing, which contributes $17 billion a year to the
                                            U.S..economy;
                                            Recreational fishing, wl-dch annually contributes $13.5 billion;
                                            Commercial ports and harbors, through which over 2,146
                                            million tons of cargo moved in 1990;
                                            Offshore energy production, which produced 324 million
                                            barrels of oil (12% of U.S. production) worth $6.98 billion, and
                                            over 5 quadrillion cubic feet of natural gas (28% of U.S.
                                            production) worth more than $9.4 billion in 1990; and
                                            Recreation and tourism, which generates between $8 and $12
                                            billion annually to the U.S. economy.



                                     But to fully appreciate the true value and benefit of the coastal
                                     economy, it is necessary to take a more refined look at the economic
                                     factors at work. These are:


                                            "coast-dependent activities": water-dependent activities
                                            such as fisheries, yacht clubs, off-shore energy produc-
                                            tion, beach-related recreation, and water-bome trans-
                                            port and shipping-




                                                                       5








                       "Coast-linked activities": related to the use of the re-
                       sources of the oceans, bays, Great Lakes and estuaries,
                       even though the activities might not be in the coastal
                       zone, such as fish processing and packing, or the produc-
                       ti6n of fishing gear, life jackets, boats and other marine
                       equipment.


                       "Coastal service activities" located within the coastal
                       zone which provide services to residents and visi-

                       tors.


                In addition, values not measurable in dollar terms, nonetheless, add
                to the economic value of the coasts. The scenic vistas of California's
                Big Sur, the roaring tides along Maine's coast, the magnificence of
                the Great Lakes, or the beach at Chincoteague Island-these "non-
                market" values are the essence-the heart and soul-of the value
                of the coasts.


                Why do 110 million people, or 53% of all Americans, want to live within the
                narrow band which comprises only 18% of the land area of the Nation?
                Why are they willing to pay extra for a home with a view of the coast; or
                much extra for a home on the water? The widespread desire of Americans
                to be located on or near the coast is a sure measure of the great value
                Americans place on the coast and its resources. Acre for acre, America's
                coastal zone is one of the Nation's most valuable resources.


                N       (oordinated & Infegrated Program Funding

                The national CZM program is funded from two sources: the Federal
                government and participating States. All Federal grants are required by the
                CZMA to be matched by the States, dollar for dollar. Given these tight
                budgetary times, it is impressive to know that the Federal government can
                get $2.00 worth of results for every $1.00 invested. That's a bargain.



                                                       6








                                           Dollars spent on coastal zone management encourage inter-governmental
             By every major                coordination and cooperation which reduces conflict, waste and redun-
                                           dancy. The CZMA is designed to be integrated with other local, State,
             indicator--                   interstate and Federal programs. A State's proposed CZM program cannot
                                           receive Federal approval unless the State "has coordinated its program with
             population,                   local, area-wide, and interstate plans applicable to areas of the coastal
                                           zone." Each Federally-approved State CZM program incorporates the
             percent of GNP,               protections of the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. In addition, the
                                           State CZM programs are administratively coordinated with other Federal
             value                         programs, such as EPA's National Estuary Program and NOAA's National
                                           Marine Sanctuary program. By integrating decision-making processes,
             of real estate,               coastal zone management saves money for the public and private sectors.

             natural resource
       
             productivity                        The CZMA---A True Bargain
                       
             and ecological
                                           Twenty years of experience have proven that the State/Federal CZM
             importance--                  partnership provides the capability to deal with many pressures:  population
                                           growth, hurricanes and flooding, erosion, wetlands loss, declining water
             the country's                 quality, beach pollution and shortage of public access.     The vast increases
                                           in coastal population and economic activity projected for the next decade
             well-being                    will only exacerbate these problems and pressures. They must be met with
                                           increased coastal management capability.
             depends
                                           The bottom line? By every major indicator        population, percent of GNP,
             in large measure              value of real estate, natural resource productivity and ecological impor-
                                           tance   the country s well-being depends in large measure on the well-
             on the well-being             being of America's coasts. And the well-being of America's coasts depends
                                           upon the national Coastal Zone Management Program.
             of America's                  

             coasts.

     










                                                                                  7
 





                THE NATIONAL ESTUARINE
                RESEAR(H RESERVE SYSTEM


                Estuaries are found where the rivers meet the sea. Bays, sounds, marshes,
                swamps, inlets, and sloughs are all examples of estuaries. Each estuary
                supports a unique composition of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles,
                shellfish and plants that interact to sustain an ecosystem.

                For over 300 years, our nation's estuaries have been impacted by
                human activity. The settlement along rivers and tributaries has led
                to downstream siltation, as forests were cleared and land tilled for
                agriculture. The growth in cities, commerce, and ports led to
                extensive diking and draining of marshes, filling of tidelands and
                dredging of navigation channels and canals. Feeding the growing
                population required intensive harvesting of fish and shellfish At
                                                                                           NEER
                the same time, estuaries became receptacles for sewage and
                industrial wastes,. hardly conducive to either fishing or shellfishing.
                This activity has seriously damaged estuaries.

                In 1972, Congress established the National Estuarine Research Reserve
                System (NERRS) to serve the national interest by protecting the estuarine
                environment and providing a network of sites for education, research and
                long-term monitoring. Currently there are 22 sites comprising nearly
                450,000 acres of varied estuarine environments. These sites ring the
                nation's coasts and serve as magnets for education and research.

                Monitoring and research conducted within the National Estuarine Research
                Reserve System is helping coastal resource managers determine how to
                control the invasion of exotic species, like the Zebra Mussel; prevent
                nonpoint source pollution from the run-off of agricultural pesticides;
                develop sustainable management strategies for shellfish beds; and restore
                marshes and other wetlands. The knowledge that is gathered is distributed
                throughout the world to assist the recovery of estuaries.

                                                        8








                                       The Reserves are also leading the way in environmental education with
                                       widely acclaimed curriculums in estuarine ecology aimed at coastal
                                       managers, teachers, students, and the general public. The Reserve sites
                                       provide outdoor classrooms which are an important component of State
                                       coastal programs. At the Reserves, the public can see State coastal zone
                                       management programs in action.


                                       Much remains to be done in the establishment and development of Reserve
                                       sites. As a system representing the bio-geographic diversity of the
                                       .estuarine environment, the Reserve System is only two-thirds complete.
                                       Continued Federal commitment is essential to the completion of the Natio-
                                       nal Estuarine Research Reserve System.














                                                                   as--v, 'W"




                                                                                     7;
                                                         ;YA




                                        7-


















                                                                         9






                                                         COASTAL USES AND USERS

                 Ports & Harbors
                 10.    There are about 190 seaports offe(ing over 3,000 berths for commercial
                        car6ers in the U.S.
                 0.     An estimated 60% of the Nation's coastal waterways require operational and
                        maintenance dredging.
                 10.    Within coastal waters, some 200-250 million cubic yards of sediments are
                        dredged each year.

                 Fisheries
                 10.    Coastal waters provide nurseries and spawning grounds for 70 percent of the
                        U.S. commercial and recreational fishery.
                 Do.    Commercial fishing employs over 350,000 people in vessel and shore-related
                        fisheries work.
                 01     Seventeen million people participate in recreational saltwater fishing, spending
                        $7.2 billion annually.

                 Boating
                 10.    Over 73 million people participate recreational boating activities on coastal
                        waters each year.
                 10.    Between 1950 and 1989, the number of recreational boats owned in the U.S.
                        grew from 3.5 million to over 15.5 million.
                        More than 3,800 private marinas and 4,500 private charter boats are located
                        within the coastal zone.

                 Coastal Energy Facilities
                 01     Approximately 98 percent of U.S. refining capacity is located in coastal areas.
                 10.    With the U.S. containing 25 percent of the wodd's coal reserves, U.S. ports are
                        expected to be increasingly relied upon as transfer points for coal shipments.
                        Over 520 electrical generating facilities are located in coastal counties where
                        cooling waters are found  ' and another 100 are planned.
                        The coast has been a focal point for developing alternative energy sources,
                        such as tidal, thermal, deep ocean cold water, wind and solar energy.

                 Tourism and Recreation
                        Coastal beaches are visited by more than 180 million visitors each year.
                        Americans visit the shore for recreation purposes an average 10 days per year.
                        Coastal recreation and tourism generates $8-$l 2 billion annually.





                                                         10







                           PRESSURES ON THE COAST

                          Population Growth
                                  The population in the coastal zone has increased from 80 million people in
                                  1960 to more than 110 million today.
                                  Fifty-three percent of the Notion's population live within the coastal zone.
                                  The population density of coastal counties is four times the national average.
                                  By the year 2010, the U.S. coastal county population is projected to grow to
                                  127 million people.
                                  About 700,000 new homes are constructed in coastal areas each year.

                          Coastal Pollution
                          IN.     Pollutant run-off from land uses is responsible for forty-three percent of
                                  impaired estuaries and coastal waters.
                          00.     Only about one-third of shellfish beds are approved for the harvesting.
                          0.      The total economic loss to New Jersey and New York in 1988 due to marine
                                  pollution has been estimated to amount to between $3 billion and $7.3 billion
                                  dollars, with losses of between 46,000 and 100,000 jobs.

                          Coastal Hazards
                                  Hurricane Andrew, a category IV hurricane, caused at least $15.5 billion in
                                  insured losses when it struck South Florida in 1992.
                          01      Estimated losses resulting from a category V hurricane, the severest, for surpass
                                  those of Hurricane Andrew-$43 billion for Galveston, TX; $52 billion for Fort
                                  Lauderdale, FL; $34 billion for Hampton, VA.
                          0.      Eighty percent of people living in hurricane-prone areas have never experi-
                                  enced a major storm.
                          10.     Great sums are being spent on protecting structures from natural and
                                  predictable occurrences of erosion: Miami Beach, FL-$65 million; Ocean
                                  City, MD-$45 million; Rockaway Beach, NY-$52 Million; Seabright,
                                  NJ-$I 58 million.
                          10.     In recent years, the Corps of Engineers has spent $40470 million annually on
                                  beach renourishment and shore protection.

                          Loss of Coastal Wetlands
                                  In 1780, an estimated I I million acres of coastal wetlands ringed the coasts
                                  of what is now the lower 48 States; by 1983, only 5.47 million acres of
                                  wetlands remained.
                                  Annual wetlands losses for the U.S. are estimated at 31 square miles.






               THE UMA:
               TWENTY-TWO YEARS OF PROGRESS


               For the past twenty years the CZMA has enabled coastal States to balance
               the need for economic growth with resource protection. The Act has
               enabled coastal States to become laboratories to experiment with new
               laws and. to strengthen existing statutes to protect ecologically
               threatened wetlands and estuaries. The States have tailored their CZM
               programs to meet national objectives as well as unique local
               requirements. The State CZM accomplishments cited here are by no
               means exhaustive. Rather, they reflect the wide diversity and scope of
               each State's coastal management efforts that are a result of the CZMA.

                      Managing Coastal Development

               Ports and harbors advance     critical national objectives by promoting
               energy exploration, fishery production, commerce and recreation. The
               CZMA enables States to identify sites to construct ports and harbors,
               coupling economic development with wise management of coastal
               resources.

               Do.    Oregon's CZM program designated large sites for platform
               fabrication projects, coal transshipment and other coastal-dependent
               energy facilities where permits were readily available. This advance site
               identification system has enabled Oregon to approve project proposals
               for offshore module construction facilities at Coos Bay and Astoria in less
               than 60 days.

               10.    Rhode Island converted a large surplus Navy base at Quonset
               Point-Davisville into a major support base used for offshore oil and gas
               exploration in the mid- and North Atlantic. The State also provided dock
               space and support facilities for displaced commercial lobster fishermen
               by redeveloping the fishing port of Galilee.
               10.    Washington used CZM funds to evaluate 17 ports for future
               offshore platform construction sites. This helped local industry meet
               Federal and State regulatory and environmental impact requirements by
               providing advance notice of alternative construction sites.


                                                    12








                                        10.   California reserves areas for the present and future needs of the
                                        State's five deepwater commercial ports. The Corps of Engineers and the
                                        Port of Los Angeles worked together on projects designed to meet the
                                        port's cargo and infrastructure needs through the year 2020. This
                                        project generated thousands of construction and operation-related jobs.
                                        Mitigation actions required in connection with these projects are
                                        expected to restore nearly 600 acres of wetlands.


                                        The shortage of available sites for the disposal of dredged material often
                                        prevents port expansion and threatens the continued use of waterways
                                        for shipping.  State CZM programs assist the U.S. Army Corps of
                                        Engineers in identifying environmentally acceptable disposal methods and
                                        designating suitable sites for dredge spoil disposal.

                                        10.   The Florida CZM program conducted detailed engineering and
                                        environmental assessments to locate acceptable disposal sites for
                                        dredged materials. In the Port of Jacksonville alone, the Florida CZM
                                        program expects to save 72 months of permit processing time over the
                                        next 25 years.

                                        No.   In Maryland, the Corps of Engineers was able to dredge a severely
                                        silted Wicomico River for the first time in 10 years after a $335,000
                                        Maryland CZM project identified suitable upland areas for dredge
                                        disposal. Industries dependent on oil, coal and grain transport along the
                                        Wicomico River saved more than $4 million each year as a result.


                                        CZM funds finance harbor management and.port improvement projects.

                                        IN.  The Bath Iron Works naval shipyard established its Portland,
                                        Maine, operations and positioned one of the nation's largest floating
                                        drydocks with the assistance of a waterfront coordinator hired by the city
                                        under the Maine CZM program. The coordinator guided this $45 million
                                        project through a maze of procedural hearings and found an acceptable
                                        location to dispose dredged material from the deepening of the dry-dock
                                        area. This effort netted the State an important defense industry and
                                        created 750 newjobs.

                                        No.  Wisconsin and Minnesota initiated joint harbor management
                                        planning which increased interport cooperation, reduced harbor
                                        congestion, improved the port's truck and rail access, and led to the
                                        construction of new boat ramps and fish piers to reduce access conflicts
                                        between recreational boaters and commercial shippers.

                                                                         13







               Shorefront property is becoming increasingly scarce. To relieve develop-
               ment-related stress on shorefront property, many States restrict water-
               front uses to those that are "water dependent."

                     After considering the recommendations developed by the
                                                                                                            t
               Commonwealth's coastal management program, the Massachusetts
                                                                                                                 4\
               legislature approved a public trust lands law that requires critical
               waterfront space to be reserved for water-dependent uses.

               IN.   Connecticut law protects scarce waterfront sites by prohibiting
               the conversion of existing water-dependent facilities such as marinas and
               shipyards to non-water dependent uses. Local and State permitting
               authorities are empowered by statute to reject non-water dependent
               coastal development even if all other zoning and regulatory standards are
               met, thereby encouraging "land banking" of key sites along the
               waterfront. This unique approach insures that priority consideration is
               given to water-dependent uses that require a coastal location.


               U.S. Commonwealths and Territories, which rely heavily on tourism for
               their economic livelihood, have taken steps through their CZM programs
               to guard against coastal overdevelopment and enhance natural resources.
               to.   The Virgin Islands balanced concerns for environmental protection
               with a need for tourism revenue by allowing some bay filling for a new
               berth that could accept large cruise ships.

               10.    To accommodate a dramatic increase in tourism, the
               Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands used CZM funds to prepare
               a management plan for hotel development in the Saipan Lagoon.

                      Since 1988, the American Samoa Coastal Management Program
               (ASCMP) has worked to establish a coordinated system of land use
               review, which involves several American Samoa governmental agencies,
               each with its own technical expertise and authority over various
               economic, social and environmental planning concerns.           Although
               responsibility for the program and the permitting system rests with the
               entire government, ASCMP has been assigned the responsibility of overall
               program development, administration, and coordination.





                                                  14







                                       0      Enhancing Coasial and Ocean Resources
                                       The economies of coastal States are intimately tied to healthy and
                                       productive coastal waters. State CZM programs restore and protect fish,
                                       shellfish and their habitat while providing for increased commercial and
                                       recreational opportunities.

                                              In New York, over 100 fish habitats in coastal waters have
                                       increased protection. These are part of the 205 fish and wildlife habitats
                                       that are designated as being of statewide significance in the New York
                                       Coastal Program, and encompass thousands of acres.

                                       10.    South Carolina used CZM funds to map its oyster grounds,
                                       allowing the State to identify oyster quantity and quality. To boost
                                       shellfish production, the State also developed a mechanical oyster
                                       harvester that helped transfer thousands of bushels of seed oysters from
                                       polluted ocean beds to cleaner waters.

                                              Flofida is improving its fishery management efforts by
                                       documenting the long-term effect of habitat changes such as channel
                                       dredging, bulkheading and marsh and mangrove loss on various fish
                                       populations. The extent and causes of habitat loss along 6,000 miles of
                                       Florida coastline are being documented on a site-specific basis in order
                                       to protect key habitats and save permit processing time.

                                              In Boston, an overloaded and antiquated sewer       system which
                                       supports 43 communities has caused severe water pollution.            The
                                       Massachusetts CZM program helped assess the Harbor's pollution levels,
                                       assisted in the coordination of the Governor's task force to address the
                                       problem, and drafted a legislative cleanup proposal. These efforts led to
                                       enactment of a law which transferred control of the Boston Harbor sewer
                                       and water systems to a new independent authority and provided both
                                       financial resources and institutional latitude to improve water quality.

                                       0.    Michigan applied $30,000 in CZM funds to inventory the
                                       spawning grounds of fish species throughout its Great Lakes waters. The
                                       data, which was collected through on-site evaluations and interviews with
                                       commercial fishermen, describes spawning cycles and habitats of
                                       particular fish species and the characteristics of surrounding lakebeds.
                                       This inventory data has enabled the State to restore native fish
                                       populations and balance commercial and sport use of fish resources.




                                                                         15








                b.    After considering a series of recommendations proposed by the
                State coastal program, Maine voters approved a $10 million State
                expenditure to build seven new fish piers, complete with berths, fuel and
                ice facilities. Another $12 million in local and Federal funds supple-
                mented construction financing for the new piers, enabling the fishing
                industry to expand and attract additional private capital investment and
                devise new fish marketing methods.

                No.   Maryland's coastal program helped watermen on the Eastern
                Shore obtain a long-delayed Federal permit to dredge and bulkhead a
                new lagoon for docking oyster and clam boats off the Kent Narrows.
                Until the State CZM program intervened, the Corps of Engineers had not
                acted on their permit request for 19 months. The Maryland CZM
                program conducted a study that demonstrated that the project would not
                impair water quality and circulation, prompting the Corps to issue the
                permit and enabling watermen to pursue $600,000 in State and local
                funds for project financing.
                0     Restoring Urban Waterfronts

                Our nation's waterfronts, ports and harbors have historically been centers
                of rapid industrial and urban growth. Access to waterborne transporta-
                tion led to the development of the country's large metropolitan areas.
                Over the years, however, many waterfronts have fallen into disrepair.
                State coastal management programs revive deteriorating water-fronts
                across the nation.

                No.   New York's two largest cities are putting together ambitious
                waterfront revitalization undertakings. New York City's proposal calls for
                virtually continuous public access around Manhattan; designation of six
                sites to protect maritime uses; safeguarding of three Special Natural
                Waterfront Areas; and new waterfront zoning changes. In Buffalo,
                through the Horizons Waterfront Commission, a state-backed effort with
                Erie County, new waterfront projects include: an aquarium and science
                center, a Buffalo Harbor redevelopment plan, and relocation of a principal
                highway to open the waterfront to public access.
                10.    Michigan has promoted tourism by encouraging redevelopment
                of abandoned riverfront and lakeshore areas by i*ncreasing the marketabil-
                ity of industrial riverfront corridors through inexpensive aesthetic
                improvements, and building walkways along the historic canal locks at
                Sault Ste. Marie.




                                                   16







                                               Since 1981, the California CZM program has used approximately
                                       $20 million to leverage an additional $100 million fro *m other public and
                                       private sources to fund over 60 projects for the construction of docks
                                       and marina berths for commercial fishing; public piers and fishing wharfs;
                                       coastal parks and public access improvements; and educational sites.

                                               Between 1978 and 1980, the Michigan coastal management
                                       program provided Detroit with $100,000 in CZM funds to plan, design
                                       and engineer a major urban waterfront redevelopment effort, the Linked
                                       Riverfront Parks project.      It proved so successful that the city
                                       subsequently appropriated more than $33.5 million for additional park
                                       development.     Consequently, these CZM-based revitalization efforts
                                       inspired the Stroh's Brewing Company and a private developer, American
                                               Natural Resources, to plan two residential-commercial projects
                                               along the Detroit River totaling more than $160 million in private
                                               investment.


                                                      Port Angeles, Washington, located on the Straits of Juan
                                               de Fuca, applied $21,000 in CZM seed funds toward the design
                                               and construction of a $2.5 million city pier, park and aquarium.
                                               Port Angeles invested another $2.4 million in private and public
                                               funds to rehabilitate its shoreline.


                                                     In Washburn, Wisconsin $40,000 in CZM funds were
                    Ap                         applied to revitalize an abandoned waterfront. This investment
                                               led to a $5.6 million venture in private and public capital and the
                                               creation of 85 permanent new jobs. Now the waterfront boasts
                                               a new ship repair and boat building facility, marina, restaurant
                                               hotel complex, residential townhomes, and lakeshore park.

                                               Residents of Lynn, Massachusetts redeveloped a parcel of
                                       degraded waterfront by applying a $1.7 million in CZM funds to a State
                                       Heritage Park and private condominium proposals to generate $6 million
                                       in private investment and $5.5 million in State capital funds.

                                       10.     In New Haven, Connecticut a $25,000 CZM grant used for
                                       planning and a design competition initiated the construction of a $250
                                       million office, conference, commercial retail, hotel and marina complex
                                       on what had once been a deteriorated, under-utilized waterfront.







                                                                          17







                      Working with Federal Agencies

                The Federal consistency process has increased coordination between
                State and Federal agencies so that conflicts can be resolved or avoided.
                In a 1985 Federal review of the consistency process, only five of 1,336
                consistency certifications by States for OCS regions in the Gulf of Mexico,
                the Pacific, Atlantic and Alaska between 1978 and 1985 were denied.

                Do.   New York relied on the consistency process to negotiate a land
                swap that helped convert surplus Federal coastal land into a State park
                at Montauk Point and, at the same time, expand Federal holdings in the
                Fire Island National Seashore.

                1@    The consistency process enabled the Washington and Oregon
                CZM programs to negotiate an agreement with the U.S. Department of
                the Interior to provide crab fishermen with advance notice of Federal
                seismic testing for oil and gas in the Northern Pacific, thereby reducing
                damage to crabbing equipment.

                No.   Connecticut entered into negotiations with AMTRAK using
                consistency procedures to ensure continued beach access in an area
                which otherwise would have been blocked due to fencing of a high speed
                rail bed. Since railroads are statutorily exempt from local regulation and
                AMTRAK is a private corporation chartered by Congress, the consistency
                provisions provided both parties with the only mechanism, short of
                litigation, for reaching this agreement.

                No.   Louisiana is developing long-term management plans for nine
                federally maintained navigation channels in the State's coastal zone.
                These plans will provide guidance for priority use of material from
                dredging of the channels for wetlands restoration, salt water intrusion
                abatement and bank stabilization into the next century.

                No.   The California CZM program and Vandenberg Air Force Base have
                reached agreements on water conservation planning, creation of miles of
                shoreline access trails, and protection'for endangered and threatened
                species. Billions of dollars worth of NASA space program and U.S. Air
                Force missile program projects have gone forward while securing
                environmental protection, enhancing community relations, and increasing
                public access and recreation opportunities.





                                                    18






                                        CONCLUSION

                                        The coastal zone is rich in a variety of natural, commercial, recreational,
                                        ecological, industrial, and aesthetic resources which are of great value to
                                        the present and future citizens of the Nation. But, the lands and waters
                                        of our coastal zone are subject to increasingly intensive and competing
                                        uses.    Population growth, industrial, commercial, and residential
                                        development, recreational demands, extraction of mineral resources and
                                        fossil fuels, transportation and navigation, waste disposal, and harvesting
                                        of fish, shellfish, and other living marine resources, cumulatively threaten
                                        the economies, way of life, heritage, recreational opportunities, and living
                                        resources of the coast.

                                        Through the CZMA, the Congressional plan for managing America's
                                        coasts, the coastal States are developing or have implemented federally-
                                        approved programs covering 99 percent of the coastal zone. The success
                                        of this unique State/Federal partnership is well documented, by the
                                        support of the public, coastal businesses, and local, State and Federal
                                        governments. Indeed, many foreign countries view the United States
                                        coastal program as a model. The National CZM program is a proven,
                                        cost-effective way to pursue national priorities, and manage the nation's
                                        interest in the coastal zone.

                                        Our Nation's commitment to the coast is at a crossroads. Together, the
                                        Federal and State governments have made a significant financial
                                        investment in managing the Nation's coastal resources over the last two
                                        decades.    However, this effort must continue.           By every major
                                        indicator-population, percent of GNP, value of real estate, natural
                                        resource productivity and ecological importance-the country's well-being
                                        depends in large measure on the well-being of America's coasts. And the
                                        well-being of America's coasts continues to depend upon Congressional
                                        support for the national Coastal Zone Management Program.











                                                                            19







                  AMNDix A - CZMA FUNDING HISTORY: FEDERAL CONTRIBUTION                                                            (do/lars in thousands)

                    Fiscal       State           State CZM        NERRS            Coastal Nonpoint              NOAA         State CZM            Totals
                    Year         CzM             Mgmt.                             Source Pollution              Admini-      Program
                                 Programs                                          Program Development           stration     Development

                    1972                         -0-                                                                                               -01
                                 -0-                              -0-            ... -01

                    1973         -0-             -0-              -0-                                             0-          -0-                  -0-

                    1974         -0-             -0-              4,000
                                                                                                                 800          7,200                12,000

                    1975         -0-             2,100            -0                                             919          14,100               17,119

                    1976         1               4,850            -0                                                 182      15,000               21,032

                    1977         2               9,152            1,500
                                                                                                                 2,250        17,803               30,705

                    1978         12              18,212           300
                                                                                                                 3 62         11,028               33,202-
                                                                                                                    6

                    1979         18              31,212           3,000                                          3,343        4,535                42,090

                    1980         25              37,712           3,000
                                                                                                                 5,163                             45,875

                    1981         26              33,962           3,000
                                                                                                                 5,201
                                                                                                                                         : @@ -.-- 42,163
                                                                                                                              .. . .. .....-

                    1982         28              36,000           2,000                                          31180                             41,180
                                                                                                                              .. .. .. . ...
                                                                                                                 3,229                             46,338
                    1983         28              40,179           2,930

                                                                                                                                                   27,106
                    1984         28              21,000           2,930                                          3,176
                    1985         20              37,000           2,930
                                                                                                                 31275                             43,205
                    1986         26              34,448           1,991                                          3,122                             39,561

                    1987         29              31,373           2,859                                          3,020                             37,252

                    1988         29              34,055           2,859
                                                                                                                 2,509                             39,423

                    1989         29              34,942           2,790                                          2,779
                                                                                                                                                   40,511

                    1990         29              34,400           3,490
                                                                                                                 3,279                             41,169

                    1991         29              34,600           3,473
                                                                                                                 3,394                             41,467

                    1992         29              40,3311          3,722            2,000                         4,000        600                  50,653
                    1993      1  29              40,5341          3,214            1,920                         3,597        800                  50,065-
                    1994         29              45,8001          3,214            4,000                         3,500        -0-                  56,514
                    1995         29              491200'          3,350            5,000                         4,100        760                  62,410
                  1@29                           651,062          56,55:2::[ 12,920                              68,680       71,826.00            861,040
                              I




                        Includes transfers from the ï¿½308 CZM Fund and apportionment for ï¿½309 grants.








                      Appendix B

                      Legislative Chronology of the Coastal Zone
                      Management Act
                                                                                           1973
                      1953                                                                 0 OPEC oil embargo demonstrates the notion's
                      0   Congress enacts the Submerged Lands Act                          vulnerability to supply disruptions, spurring national
                      explicitly recognizing coastal state jurisdiction over               attention to energy independence.
                      the resources of the three-mile territorial sea.
                                                                                           1974
                      1969                                                                 - President Nixon directs the Interior Department to
                      - Oil spill in California's Santa Barbara Channel                    accelerate its OCS program to lease 10 million
                      brings national attention to offshore environmental                  acres in 1975, equal to all previous federal leasing
                      issues.                                                              of the OCS.

                      0 The Nixon administration proposes a five-point                     0 Clarifying amendments to the CZMA (P.L. 93-
                      ocean  science program including a proposal to                       612) increase the planning grant authorization from
                      establish an estuarine and coastal zone management                   $9 million to $12 million per year and change
                      program.                                                             provisions that affect the distribution of grants to
                                                                                           coastal States and territories.
                        The U.S. Commission on Marine Science, better
                      known as the Stratton Commission, issues a report                      Congress provides initial funding of $7.2 million
                      recommending that a Coastal Zone Management                          for coastal zone management program development
                      Act be enacted to manage the coastal waters and                      grants.
                      adjacent land.                                                       0    Oregon's South Slough Estuarine Reserve
                      a    The National Oceanic and Atmospheric                            becomes the first federally designated estuarine
                      Administration (NOAA) established within the                         sanctuary.
                      Department of Commerce by Executive Order.
                                                                                           1976
                      - The Coastal States Organization formed.                            - CZMA amendments (P.L. 94-370) are prompted
                                                                                           by calls for U.S. energy self-sufficiency and
                      1971                                                                 accelerated federal efforts to explore and develop
                      0  Senators Ernest F. Hollings and John Tower                        new offshore oil and gas reserves. The amendments
                      introduce comprehensive coastal zone management                      establish a Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP)
                      legislation, while in the House, a similar bill is                   authorizing grants, loans and loan guarantees over
                      proposed by Congressman Alton Lennon.                                ten years for states whose coastal zones support and
                                                                                           are impacted by new energy facilities.                 The
                      1972                                                                 amendments also raise the federal share of CZM
                      - The Senate approves a coastal zone management                      administrative grants from two-thirds to 80 percent.
                      bill.                                                                Program development funding extended for three
                                                                                           years.
                       Congress passes the Coastal Zone Management
                      Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583) to be administered by                        Washington State coastal zone program becomes
                      NOAA. The Act provides federal grant assistance to                   the first to receive federal approval.
                      coastal states to develop and implement coastal
                      management programs; requires federal consistency                    1978
                      with approved coastal management programs; and                       - Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act amendments
                      authorizes federal financial assistance to coastal                   enacted (P.L. 95-372), affecting the CZMA's Coastal
                      States for the acquisition, development, and                         Energy Impact Program provisions and clarifying the
                      operation of estuarine sanctuaries to serve as natural               consistency certification process for OCS permits and
                      field laboratories.                                                  licenses.









                  1979                                                            1984
                  - Funding for program development grants expires.               - The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the CZMA's
                                                                                  consistency provisions do not apply to federal
                  1980                                                            offshore oil and gas lease sales. The Court's ruling
                  &  Carter Administration proposes an eight-year                 in Interior v. California raises new concerns about
                  phaseclown of federal funding for state CZM                     the applicability of the consistency provisions to other
                  administration grants.                                          federal activities such as deep seabed mining, at-sea
                                                                                  incineration, and ocean dumping that, although
                    Congress amends and reauthorizes the CZMA                     conducted outside a state's coastal boundary, might
                  (P.L. 96-464) specifying national objectives to guide           affect that state's coastal zone.
                  states in managing their coastal resources. A new
                  title authorizes resource management improvement                     The House Merchant Marine and Fisheries
                  grants to finance low-cost construction projects,               Committee holds hearings on legislation to amend
                  preserve fragile coastal areas, redevelop waterfronts           the CZMA's consistency provisions to require that
                  and ports, and provide shoreline access. The scope              federal activities significantly affecting state coastal
                  of the CEIP program expanded, enabling Great                    zones comply with federally-approved state coastal
                  Lakes states affected by the growing national                   management programs. The Senate Commerce,
                  demand for coal to accommodate new coal                         Science and Transportation Committee later reports
                  development, storage and shipment facilities in their           a similar bill.
                  coastal zones.
                                                                                  1986
                  1981                                                            0 Congress reauthorizes the CZMA (P.L. 99-272)
                  a  The Reagan Administration proposes to end                    gradually increasing the match requirement for state
                  federal funding for the State CZM administrative                administrative grants to equalize state and federal
                  grants and Coastal Energy Impact Assistance                     contributions by FY89. The estuarine sanctuaries
                  programs, the first of nine Reagan Administration               program is restructured as the National Estuarine
                  budgets recommending a zero funding level for State             Reserve Research System. Congress directs NOAA
                  CZM grants.                                                     to prioritize the Reserve System for estuarine research
                                                                                  projects    wh ich    address      coastal     resource
                    Interior Secretary James Watt announces a five-               management information needs.
                  year OCS program, based on the concept of
                  areawide leasing, offering oil and gas development              1987
                  rights on one billion acres.                                    0 The Office of Technology Assessment issues
                                                                                  report Wastes in the Marine Environment finding that
                    NOAA publishes final regulations interpreting the             the overall health of estuaries and coastal waters is
                  CZMA federal consistency provision so as to                     declining or threatened.
                  preclude its application to OCS leasing. The House
                  Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee reports a
                  resolution disapproving the regulations.         NOAA           1988
                  rescinds the new rule.                                          0 Dolphin die.offs, medical waste wash-ups, and
                                                                                  summer beach closures focus national attention on
                  1982                                                            coastal pollution. The House Merchant Marine and
                  - Appropriations for CEIP Fund discontinued.                    Fisheries issues report Coastal Waters in Jeopardy
                                                                                  finding the federal response to the problem of
                  - Washington office opened by the Coastal States                coastal pollution to be fragmented and ineffectual.
                  Organization.                                                   The report cites the need to place greater emphasis
                                                                                  within the Coastal Zone Management Act on
                  1983                                                            protecting estuaries and other coastal waters.
                  - The House passes an OCS revenue sharing bill
                  which allocates a portion of federal revenues from                    Congressional intervention prevents NOAA
                  offshore oil and gas leasing to state coastal zone              reprogramming of funds appropriated for coastal
                  management programs to help offset the impacts of               programs.
                  offshore drilling operations on the nation's
                  shorelines.











                 1990
                 0     Congress enacts the Coastal Zone Act
                 Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) (P. L.
                 101 -508, sec.6201 et seq.) amending the CZMA's
                 federal consistency provisions to overturn the
                 Supreme Court's 1984 decision in Interior v.
                 California by clarifying that all federal activities,
                 whether in or outside of the coastal zone, are subject
                 to   the    CZMA's      consistency     requirements;
                 reauthorizing    program     development       grants;
                 authorizing Coastal Zone Enhancement Grants for
                 the improvement of State CZM programs;
                 authorizing   appropriations through        FY95     at
                 increased levels; and requiring states to develop
                 coastal nonpoint source control programs.

                 1992
                 0 The House and Senate approve OCS revenue
                 sharing bills as part of comprehensive energy
                 legislation;   however, all OCS provisions are
                 dropped during the House/Senate conference on the
                 energy legislation due to failure to reach agreement
                 on OCS lease sale moratoria and buybacks.

                 - Technical amendments to the CZMA. P.L. 102-
                 587.


                 1993
                 a     NOAA and EPA issue guidance for the
                 development and appoval of State coastal nonpoint
                 source pollution programs.

                 1995
                 0   Submission of State coastal nonpoint source
                 pollution programs due.

                     CZMA up for reauthorization.









                  Appendix C

                  Coastal Program Contacts


                  Federal CZM Contact

                  Mr. Jeffrey Benoit, Director             California                               De6ware
                  Office of Ocean                          Mr. Peter Douglas                        Ms. Sarah Cooksey
                  & Coastal Resource Mgmt.                 Executive Director                       Administrator
                  National Oceanic &                       California Coastal Commission            Beach Preservation Section
                  Atmospheric Administration               45 Fremont St., Suite 2000               D. N. R. E. C.
                  SSMC 4                                   San Franciso, CA 94105-2219              P.O. Box 1401
                  1305 East-West Highway                   415-904-5200                             Dover, DE 19903
                  Silver Spring, MD 20910                                                           302-739-3451
                  301-713-3155                             Mr. Alan Pendleton
                                                           Executive Director                       Mr. David B. Carter
                                                           San Francisco Bay Conservation           DCMP
                  State CZM Contacts                       and Development Commission               D.N.R.E.C.
                                                           30 Van Ness Avenue                       Division of Soil and Water
                  David Slade                              San Francisco, CA 94102                  P.O. Box 1401
                  Executive Director                       415-557-3686                             Dover, DE 19903
                  Coastal States Organization              CNMI                                     302-739-3451
                  Suite 322                                Mr. Manuel C.   Sablan                   Florida
                  444 North Capitol St., NW                Administrator                            Mr. Ralph Control
                  Washington, D.C. 20001                   Coastal Resources Mgmt.                  Executive Director
                  202-508-3860                             Office of the Governor                   Coastal Management Program
                  Alabarna                                 2nd Floor, Morgen Building               Dept. of Comm. Affairs
                  Mr. Gil Gilder                           Saipan, MP 96950                         2740 Center View Drive, #305
                  Coastal Program Manager                  011-670-234-6623                         Tallahassee, FL 32399-2100
                  Dept. of Economic                        Connecficut                              904-922-5438
                  & Comm. Affairs                          Mr. Arthur J. Rocque, Jr.                Georgia
                  P.O. Box 5690                            Assistant Commissioner                   Mr. Duane Harris
                  Montgomery, AL 36104                     Long Island Sound Programs               Coastal Resources Division
                  205-242-550                              79 Elm St.                               Department         of   Natural
                  Alaska                                   Hartford, CT 06106-5127                  Resources
                  Gretchen Kaiser                          203-566-7404                             1200 Glynn Avenue
                  Coastal Program                          Mr. Charles H. Evans                     Brunswick, GA 31523
                  P.O. Box 110030                          Director                                 Dr. Stuart Stevens, Chief
                  Juneau, AK 99811-0030                    Coastal Resources Management             Ecological Services Sec.
                  American Samoa                           79 Elm St.                               Coastal Resources Division
                  Mr. Lelei Peau                           Hartford, CT 06106-5127                  Department         of   Natural
                  Manager                                  203-566-7404                             Resources
                  Samoa CZM Program                                                                 One Conservation Way
                  American Samoa Government                                                         Brunswick, Georgia 31523
                  Pago,AS 96799








                   Guam                                       Maryland                                  Mississippi
                   Mr. Michael L. Ham                         Dr. Sarah Taylor-Rogers                   Mr. Jerry E. Mitchell
                   Administrator                              Assistant Secretary                       Coastal Management Program
                   Coastal Management Program                 Dept. of Natural Resources                Dept. of Marine Resources
                   P.O. Box 2950                              Tawes State Bldg.                         2620 Beach Blvd.
                   Agana, Guam 96910                          580 Taylor Ave.                           Biloxi, MS 39531
                   011-671-474-4201                           Annapolis, MD 21401                       601-385-5880
                                                              301-974-2427
                   Hawaii                                                                               New Hampshire
                   Mr. Douglas S.Y. Tom                       Mr. Robert Beckett                        Mr. David Hartman
                   Chief, C.Z.M. Program                      Director                                  Coastal Program Manager
                   Office of State Planning                   Coastal and Watershed                     Office of State Planning
                   Office of the Governor                     Resources Division                        2-1/2 Beacon Street
                   Capitol Center                             Dept. Natural Resources                   Concord, NH 03301
                   P.O. Box"3540                              Tawes State Office Bldg.,   B-2           603-271-2155
                   Honolulu, HI 96813-3540                    Annapolis, MD 21401
                   808-587-2875                               410-974-2427                              New Jersey
                                                                                                        Mr. Steven Whitney
                   Indiana                                    Massachusetts                             Administrator
                   Mr. John Simpson                           Ms. Peg Brady                             Office of Regulatory Policy
                   Director                                   Director                                  401 E. State Street, CN #423
                   Division of Water                          Massachusetts CZM Program                 Trenton, NJ 08625
                   402 W. Washington St.                      100 Cambridge Street                      609-292-1875
                   Indianapolis, IN 46204-2212                Boston, MA 02202
                   317-232-4161                               617-727-9530                              New York
                                                                                                        Mr. George Stafford
                   Mr. Jack McGriffin, Jr.                    Mr. Richard Delaney                       Director
                   Program Managaer                           Director                                  Division of Coastal and
                   Indiana Coastal Zone                       Urban Harbor Institute                    Waterfront Revitalization
                   Management Program                         University of Massachusetts               Department of State
                   Division of Water                          100 Morrissey Blvd.                       162 Washington Avenue
                   402 W. Washington St.                      Boston, MA 02125-3393                     Albany, NY 12231
                   Indianapolis, IN 46204-2212                617-287-5570                              518-474-6000

                   Louisiana                                  Michigan                                  North Carolina
                   Dr. Terry Howey                            Mr. Chris Shafer, Chief                   Mr. Roger Schecter
                   Coastal Management Division                Dept. of Natural Resources                Director
                   Dept. of Natural Resources                 Land and Water Mgmt. Div.                 Division of Coastal Mgmt.
                   P.O. Box 44487                             P.O. Box 30028                            DEHNR
                   Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4487                 Lansing, MI 48909                         P.O. Box 27687
                   504-342-7591                               517-373-1950                              Raleigh, NC 27611
                                                                                                        919-733-2293
                   Maine                                      Mr. James G. Ribbens
                   Mr. David H. Keeley                        Coastal Programs Unit                     Ohio
                   Director,    Maine      Coastal            Dept. of Natural Resources                Mr. Michael Colvin
                   Program                                    P.O. Box 30028                            Coastal Management
                   State Planning Office                      Lansing, Ml 48909                         Administrator
                   184 State Street                           517-373-1950                              Dept. of Natural Resources
                   State House Station #38                                                              Fountain Square, Bldg. C-4
                   Augusta, ME 04333                                                                    Columbus, OH 43224
                   207-287-3261                                                                         614-265-6395









               Oregon                                    Texas
               Mr. Eldon Hout                            The Honorable Garry Mauro
               Manager                                   Commissioner
               Coastal Ocean Program                     General Land Office
               Department of Land                        1700 North Congress Avenue
               Conservation and Development              Austin, TX 78701
               800 N.E. Oregon Street, #18
               Portland, OR 97232                        Virgin Islands
               503-229-6068                              Beulah Dalmida-Smith
                                                         Nisky Center
               Pennsylvania                              No. 45A Estate Nisky, Suite 231
               Mr. James Tabor                           St. Thomas, VI 00802
               Chief
               Division of Coastal Programs              Virginia
               Land and Water Conservation               Chesapeake Bay and
               P.O. Box 8555                             Coastal Programs
               Harrisburg, PA 17105-8555                 Dept. of Environmental Quality
               717-787-2529                              Intergovernmental Coordination
                                                         629 Main St., 6th Floor
               Puerto Rico                               Richmond, VA 23219
               Mr. Pedro A. Gelabert                     804-786-4500
               Secretary
               Dept.     of    Natural      and          Washington
               Environmental Resources                   Mr. Jay Shepard
               3 1\2 Munoz Rivera Avenue                 Program Manager
               P.O. Box 5887                             Sharelands and Coastal Zone
               Son Juan, PR 00906                        Management Program
                                                         Dept. Of Ecology
               Mr. Jose A. Gonzalez-Liboy                P.O. Box 47690
               Director                                  Olympia, WA 98504-7690
               Puerto Rico Coastal Zone                  206-407-7280
               Management Program
               P.O. Box 5887                             Wisconsin
               Son Juan, PR 00906                        Mr. Nathaniel E. Robinson
               809-724-5516                              Administrator
                                                         Division of Energy and
               Rhode Island                              Intergovernmental Relations
               Mr. Grover Fugate                         Department of Administration
               Executive Director                        P.O. Box 7868
               Coastal     Resources     Mgmt.           Madison, WI 53707-7868
               Council
               Oliver H. Stedman Govt. Center
               Tower Hill Road
               Wakefield, RI 02880
               401-277-3577


               South Carolina
               Dr. H. Wayne Beam
               Deputy Commissioner
               Office of Ocean and Coastal
               Resource Management
               DEHEC
               1201 Main Street, Suite 1520
               Columbia, SC 29201








                  Appendix D

                  Nallional bUdne
                  Researth Reserve Syslem


                  National Estuarine Research             Jobos Bay NERR                          Sapelo, Island NERR
                  Reserve Association (NERRA)             P.O. Box 11] 70                         Georgia Dept. of Natural
                  Mr. Jim List, Manager                   Guayama, PR 00785                       Resources
                  Wells NERR                              809-721-5495                            P.O. Box 15
                  RR #2, Box 806                                                                  Sapelo Island, GA 31327
                  Wells, ME 04090                         MD DNR/CBNERR-MD                        South Slough Estuarine
                  207-646-1555                            Tawes State Office Bldg. B-3.           Research Reserve
                                                          580 Taylor Avenue                       P.O. Box 5417
                                                          Annapolis, MD 21401                     Charleston, OR 97420
                  ACE Basin NERR                          410-974-3382                            503-888-5558
                  P.O. Box 12559
                  Charleston, SC 29412                    Narragansett Bay NERR                   Tijuana River NERR
                  803-762-5062                            Dept.    of Environmental               301 Caspian Way
                                                          Management                              Imperial Beach, CA 92032
                  Apalachicola NERR                       P.O. Box 151                            619-575-3613
                  261 7th Street                          Prudence Island, RI 02872
                  Apalachicola, FL 32320                  401-683-6780                            Waquoit Bay NERR
                  904-653-8063                                                                    Dept. Of Environmental Mgmt.
                                                          North Carolina NERR                     P.O. Box 3092
                  Chesapeake Bay NERR-VA                  UNCW/CMSR                               Waquoit, MA 02536
                  VA Institute Of Marine Science          7205 Wrightsville Avenue                508-457-0495
                  Route 1308, P.O. Box 1346               Wilmington, NC 28403
                  Gloucester Point, VA 23062                                                      Weeks Bay NERR
                  803-546-3623                            North Inlet/Winyah Bay NERR             10936-B U.S. Highway 98
                                                          USC Baruch Marine Laboratory            Fairhope, AL 36532
                  Deknvare NERR                           P.O. Box 1630                           205-928-9792
                  DENREC                                  Georgetown, SC 29442
                  89 Kings Hwy.                           803-546-3623
                  Dover, DE 19901
                                                          Old Woman Creek NERR
                  Elkhorn Slough NERR                     22514 Cleveland Road East
                  1700 Elkhorn Road                       H222222uron, OH 44839
                  Watsonville, CA 95076                   419-433-4601
                  408-728-2822
                                                          Padilla Buy NERR
                  Great Bay NERR                          1043 Bayview-Edison Road
                  NH Fish & Game Dept.                    Mt. Vernon, WA 98273
                  37 Concord Road                         206-428-1558
                  Durham, NH 03824
                  603-868-1095                            Rookery Bay NERR
                                                          10 Shell Island Road
                  Hudson River NERR                       Naples, FL 33942
                  C/O Bard College Field Station          813-775-8845
                  Annandole-on -Hudson, NY
                  12504
                  914-758-5193





                                               STATE PROGRAMS





               Alaska
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND

                  Following enactment@ of the federal Coastal          resources, uses, and activities of particular local
               Zone Management Act in 1972, the State of               concern and, when coupled with State ACMP
               Alaska began active coastal management                  standards, provide a comprehensive framework
               planning in 1974. The Alaska Coastal                    for decision-making and permitting of proposed
               Management Act was enacted in 1977, and the             development projects.
               state received federal approval of the Alaska
               Coastal Management Program (ACMP) in                    Balancing Development and Protection of
               1979.                                                   Coadal Resources

               The Alaska Coastal Management Act provides              The ACMP provides a forum where conflicts
               for 1) a program coordinated by the Office of           about coastal development can be identified
               the Governor; 2) State standards enhanced by            and resolved. For example, energy resour@ce
               11coastal districV management programs                  development, mining, port expansion, or
               developed and implemented by local                      seafood processing projects along Alaska's
               communities and the State; 3) a management              coast can involve numerous permits, complex
               structure built on existing State resource agency       issues, and multiple jurisdictions. 'The ACMP
               authorities and local government land-use               sets the stage for an integrated, multi-agency
               actions, rather than a separate coastal permit;         review of such coastal development projects.
               and 4) the Alaska Coastal Policy Council to             Local interests are incorporated into a State-
               oversee the development and implementation of           level consistency review, particularly when
               Alaska's coastal program.                               questions of public need and alternatives arise.
                                                                       The impacts of major development projects are
               Under the ACMP, local governments, rural                minimized at the same time that the state's
               areas,.and the State 10fAlaskm cooperatively            resource-based economy is enhanced.
               manage the use and pr6tection of Alaska's
               coastal resources. The State ACMP standards             Management of Coastal Habitats
               establish general policies governing uses and
               activities in the following areas: coastal              Many habitats throughout the very diverse
               development, geophysical hazard areas,                  coastal regions of the state are managed under
               recreation, energy facilities, transportation and       the ACMP, including offshore areas; estuaries;
               utilities, fish and seafood processing, timber          wetlands and tideflats; rocky islands and
               harvest and processing, mining and mineral              seacliffs; barrier islands and lagoons; and rivers,
               processing, subsistence, habitats, air, land and        streams and lakes. Maintenance or
               water quality, and cultural resources. Following        enhancement of the biological, physical, and
               State guidelines and subject to State review and        chemical characteristics of the habitats is the
               approval, coastal communities and regions               management goal.
               develop coastal district management plans,
               which become enforceable components of the
               ACMP. District programs focus on coastal








                  Protection of Subsistence Resources                          are processed at a regional level and most.
                                                                               activities or uses proceed according to
                  The ACMP recognizes the importance of                        regionalized conditions. Occasionally, a
                  subsistence resources in coastal areas. Districts            project review is appealed because of
                  may identify areas in which subsistence is the               controversial, complex or new issues; and the
                  dominant use of coastal resources. Several                   concerns are resolved by the heads of State
                  rural coastal districts have specific local policies         resource agencies.
                  addressing the protection of important
                  subsistence resources. In certain areas,
                  potentially conflicting uses or activities may be            The ACMP provides a strong vehicle for the
                  allowed only after careful review and adequate               State of Alaska to advocate for responsible
                  safeguards are in place to assure continued                  resource development and protection on
                  subsistence use.                                             federal lands and waters within the coastal
                                                                               zone. The federal consistency provisions
                  ACCOMPUSHMENTS                                               under the federal Coastal Zone Management
                                                                               Act are an important tool for the state when
                  1- Since the late 1 970s, 33 coastal districts               addressing the proposed activities of the
                    (ranging from the small Southeast cities to the            federal government, which owns a major
                    Municipality of Anchorage or large, remote                 portion of Alaska lands. Protection of
                    regions in rural Alaska) have developed local              bowhead wholes for subsistence hunting and
                    coastal management programs.. In several                   careful attention to oil spill contingency -
                    areas of the state, the coastal management                 planning are two instances where the state
                    planning represents some of the first                      has asserted its views during reviews of
                    coordinated, local-State planning to occur in              offshore energy activities under federal
                    this comparatively young state. Local                      consistency provisions.
                    concerns vary from district-to-district,
                    depending upon resource use patterns and                   Given the vast size of Alaska's
                    coastal demands.                                           coastline--about 34,000 miles---and the
                                                                               localized nature of coastal development in
                  l- Nearly 50 percent of the federal coastal                  Alaska, the state focuses its management
                    management grants, about $1 million, is                    efforts where the development occurs and the
                    annually passed through tolocal governments                people are concentrated. Recent specialized
                    and rural resource prqq&         coasta I planning         area planning is directed at urban
                    and implementation@`@40r,ts. - While most                  waterfronts, world-class fishing ports, and
                    communities have focused their efforts on                  urban wetlands. Regionalized planning and
                    participating in the State-level consistency               coastal project reviews enhance the coastal
                    reviews, some have also incorporated their                 land-use decision-making within a statewide
                    coastal policies into local regulations which              program framework which ensures consistent
                    govern the full array of local land use                    treatment of the coastal resources.
                    decis ion- making.

                    The ACMP consistency review, in place since             For Additional Information:
                    1984, is a streamlined, coordinated process
                    for reviewing and issuing State permits for             Alaska Coastal Management Program
                    proposed projects in Alaska's coastal zone.             Division of Governmental Coordination
                    Over 1,500 projects -- ranging from                     Office of the Governor
                    residential lot fills to major energy facilities    --  P.O. Box 110030
                    are examined each year, generally within a              Juneau, Alaska 99811-0030
                    30- or 50-day review period. Given Alaska's             (907) 465-3562
                    vast size and diverse coastal regions, projects





                Alabama
                COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM'


                BACKGROUND
                   The Alabama Coastal Area Management                  damage. The CCL will, in addition, help protect
                Program (ACAMP) was'approved in 1979.                   the character of the Alabama Gulf Coast for
                Program responsibilities are divided between the        future generations.
                Alabama Department of Environmental
                Management (ADEM) which handles all of the                3) Natural Gas Production
                regulatory aspects of the program including               Revenues from natural gas production in
                wetland and coastal construction permitting and         Alabama's coastal waters have been a financial
                the Alabama Department of Economic and                  boon to the State. Through its work wit h the oil
                Community Affairs (ADECA) responsible for               companies, other state regulatory agencies and
                overall program management including fiscal &           citizens groups, the ACAMP has played a major
                grants management, planning and public                  role in assuring that the development of gas
                information. The coastal area in Alabama                production has been conducted in an
                extends from the continuous ten foot contour            environmentally sound manner. The State has
                seaward to the three mile limit. Funding in             benefitted from gas production while
                FY94/95 federal funds matched by $702,000               protecting its other coastal natural resources.
                in state and local funds/in-kind services for total
                of $1,510,000. For more information contact:            CURRENT ACTIVITIES/EMPHASIS
                Gil Gilder, Manager, Coastal Programs,
                ADECA, 401 Adams Ave., Montgomery, AL,                    1) Shoreline Management
                36103-5690; 205/242-5502 or Phillip                       The Alabama Gulf coast has experienced
                Hinesley, Coastal Programs, 10936-B U S Hwy             pockets of erosion over the lost several years. A
                98, Fairhope, AL 36532; 205/928-3625.                   study "Alabama Shoreline Change Rates:
                                                                        1970-1993" completed last year is being used
                ACCOMPLISHMENTS                                         to develop a shoreline management plan for the
                                                                        Gulf coast The plan will explore management
                  1) Wetlands Preservation                              strategies and funding sources as a first step
                  Through judicious monitoring     of Section 404       toward a long-term program to prevent the loss
                Dredge and Fill permits, enforcement of                 of historic structures and recreational beaches.
                sediment controls and public education efforts,
                the ACAMP has greatly reduced the rate of loss            2) Public Access
                of wetlands due to man-made causes in the                 In an effort to expand public access to coastal
                coastal area. This has benefited coastal                waters some ACAMP funds have been allocated
                fisheries, water quality & wildlife habitat and         to low cost construction projects. Public access
                helped preserve wetlands as such for                    improvement projects include: Pier St. Ramp
                generations to come.                                    (Fairhope), Alabama Point Fishing Park (Orange
                                                                        Beach), Billy Goat Hole Romps (Dauphin Island)
                  2) Coastal Construction Control Line (CCL)            and Mary Ann Public Beach (Baldwin Co.). In
                  The ACAMP established a Construction                  addition the ACAMP is involved in coordinating
                Control Line to govern construction along the           public access development with local
                Gulf shoreline in order to protect & stabilize          governments & government agencies and in
                beaches & dunes and reduce potential storm              inventorying publicly owned lands.








                  3) Local Government
                  The ACAMP is increasing its involvement with
                local Government in an attempt to engage
                more people in the protection of coastal
                resources. In the current year staff will: a) work
                with districts in Baldwin Co. developing zoning
                ordinances in order to promote regulations
                protective of coastal resources and b) work with
                local governments and groups such as the East
                End Committee on Dauphin Island and the Dog
                River Clearwater Revival in Mobile.


                     Cousful AssocMon
                  The feasibility of and the need for an area
                and issue-wide membership association in the
                Alabama coastal area was the subject of recent
                study by ACAMP. As a result of the discussion
                and interest sparked by this study, the Alabama
                Coastal Foundation (ACF) was incorporated in
                1993. The ACF now has a staff and is
                sponsoring Amnesty Day and Baywatch.





               American Samoa
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND

                 Since becoming an unincorporated territory of           The traditional village pattern has been
               the United States in 1900, American Samoa has           largely modified in the 20th century as many
               changed from a subsistence economy to that of           villages have been forced to utilize their open
               a cash economy, while still trying to retain its        malae area for expanding residential needs.
               traditions and cultural values. This transition         Contributing to such change was the
               has brought about ecological changes as well.           development of a road system and the
               Traditionally, Samoans would plant, harvest and         urbanization of Pago Pago Harbor and other
               replant. Because of economic growth today,              highly populated areas. In the majority of
               deforestation more often results from building          villages, the malae has lost significance as the
               and new businesses. Areas which were once               center of village life, and today most houses
               forests and farms, are now shopping centers             and other new developments are oriented
               and European style homes. This is true of most          toward the main road in a "strip" development
               island nations in our region. Our biggest               fashion (A report to the Natural Resources
               challenge today is how to recognize the need            Commission 1992).
               for change and how to manage it without
               adverse impact to the'environment.                        Most villages have used up their developable
                                                                       land, either for residential or commercial use.
                 There are 48,767 acres in the territory, but          All villages are struggling to accommodate a
               about two-thirds of the land is steeply sloping         rapidly increasing population and commercial
               and virtually inaccessible. With the high               base. But the general trend is clear, growth
               percentage of steep inaccessible land in                continues to increase at alarming rates.
               American Samoa, the majority of villages are
               located in the relatively flat valleys of larger           In 1900, according to the U.S. Bureau of
               watersheds and their@ac4qiqirg coastal strips,          Census,,the population@of Tutuila and Manua
               with the exception of a broad, ancient lava flow        was 5,679. By 1985, the population had risen
               known as the Tafuna plain, to which the focus           to 35,527 (Statistical Digest, 1991), and 5
               of new residential and industrial/commercial            years later, the population stands at 46,773, an
               activity has recently shifted. Land prices have         almost 50% increase in one decade!
               risen to as much as $20,000 per 1/4 acre and
               legal battles over land ownership are common.             The environmental problems which American
                                                                       Samoa experiences today are exacerbated by a
                 Land use patterns are dictated by the                 high population growth rate and a growing
               communal village lifestyle. Traditionally, the          dependence on commodity product imports
               village developed around the malae, a large             from the outside world. With only 55 square
               open green or town plaza, located in the center         miles of land for Tutuila - American Samoa's
               of the village. Agricultural plots were located         largest island and home to 95% of the total
               on the outside perimeter of a village. With this        population of 47,000 - the 3.7% population
               type of development there was a clustering of           growth rate is indeed alarming.
               uninhabited areas along the coast, with
               agricultural uninhabited areas between villages.          It was within this setting that in 1980, the








                   American Samoa Coastal Management                               CZM Video: "Our Island Village"
                   Program (ASCMP) was established tn,@::;ugh an
                   executive order (later established into statute in              The major thruvl, of the film is the c-@,Jronment
                   1990). Since then, the ASCMP has played a                    and what we, as citizens, can do to p@,,_,serve. the
                   major part in fostering development standards                precious resources we have been given, while
                   for the territory.                                           still developing the island in a prudent fashion.
                                                                                The film also touched on the permitting sy..tem
                     The program's jurisdictional area was                      and the reasons for implementing a land-u,-,e
                   established to include all lands in the Territory            system.
                   and coastal waters seaward to the three mile
                   territorial sea limit.                                          The film was produced in both English and
                                                                                Samoan so that we have a broad audience.
                   ACCOMPLISHMENTS                                              The film was used as introduction to the
                                                                                legislature members when the CZM. legislation
                   ASCMP Legislcrfion approved by Fono                          was introduced in 1990. As a result, both
                                                                                houses vote unanimously to approve the
                     For almost 10 years the ASCMP has            been          legislation and was signed into law by the
                   under executive order. That has now changed                  Governor that same year.
                   as in 1990, the American Samoa Legislature
                   passed the ASCMP to be under statute. Two                    Landslide Mitigation Feasibility Study
                   previous:.moves to establish the ASCMP by
                   statute were @, rejected by past sessions of the                Following Hurricane Tusi which struck the
                   legislature. The legislation includes a stop order           Manua Island group in 1987, the Federal
                   provision, fines for violations, and a special               Emergency Management Agenc,.,
                   lienvironmental restoration fund" to be '                    mandated a certain set of qualiIY5.,;g criteria for
                   established through the collection of fines.                 future funding. The mandate included the
                                                                                requirement for the Territory to implement a
                   Archaeological Monument                                      strategy to mitigate the effects of potential
                                                                                landslides. As our program is directly
                     The first Archaeological Monument in the                   responsible for the coordinated review of Land-
                   Territory was completed in 1990 with 306A                    Use Permit Applications, we were given the task
                   funds. The monument preserves a several                      to prepare a study of landslide hazard areas
                   hundred year-old "star
                                           _m9p:pq'  'or "Tia-Seu-Lupe",        and to recommend Mitigation, measures.
                                             a a  . t- ly constructed
                   which consists of an'el S''ra e
                   mound of rocks located in the middle of dense                   The ASCMP and the Soil Conservation
                   lowland rain forest.-                                        Service worked together to design and conduct
                                                                                a feasibility study for effective landslide
                     Although there are several theories on the                 mitigation in the Territory. The goal of the
                   origins and purpose of Samoan starmounds,                    feasibility study was to p; Dduce a series of
                   most widely accepted is the theory that the                  maps, which, along with relevant data, could be
                   elevated sites were used in ancient times for                used as a broad scope locaiional reference to
                   pigeon hunting by high chiefs. There are some                determine if proposed developments should in
                   75 recorded starmounds on Tutuila, although                  fac', ".,,-e examined rnore closely from a potential
                   the actual number is very likely too be several              landslide perspective. 'Four parameters --
                   hundred. This particular starmound is in                     geology, soil type, slope zone, and vegetation --
                   relatively good condition and the park has been              were combined in a correlational model to
                   built around it for residents and tourists to enjoy.         assess low, medium, and high landslide hazard
                                                                                probability.







               Aerial Orthomapping                                     advocated by the ASCMP staff as the system's
                                                                       major benefits: (1) timely review of the land use
                 The ASCMP has pooled funds with several               permit application by providing coordination on
               other local agencies to produce an update of            all aspects of regulatory requirements of the.
               aeHal orthophoto maps of the Territory. Prior to        various resource management agencies
               this effort, the most recent aerial mapping was         represented on an interagency PNRS
               carried out in 1984 for the island of Tutuila           Committee; (2) more meaningful environmental
               only. Most of those photos are missing,                 review of development proposals by bringing
               damaged, or of a useless scale for planning             together the collective experience of some 7 or
               purposes. The new series off orthophoto, maps           8 professionals, rather than a single person as
               will be cataloged, referenced, and hopefully            was previously the case; and (3) a reduction in
               treated with the respect they properly deserve          expense for the public by requiring eady review
               through the thorough training of staff.                 of a project proposal at the conceptual site
                                                                       planning state, rather than at the stage when
                 All islands in the Territory were photographed        building blueprints were already approved by
               at an altitude that produced negatives that can         the Department of Public Work. This would
               be used to produce orthophoto maps of scale             eliminate the expense for such plans entirely.
               I" = 200'. In addition, special "sub-areas"
               including, our three special management areas,          Pulenu'us' Workshop
               was flown at a lower altitude to produce maps
               of scale 1     100".                                      In the past ASCMP and ASEPA conducted
                                                                       Pulenu'u's workshops of the eastern district and
               Pago Pago Harbor Toxicity Study                         western district of Tutuila, respectively. The
                                                                       purpose of the workshops was to acquaint the
                 Another interagency venture sets out to               pule'nu'us with the Coastal Management
               determine if it is safe to consume fish caught in       Program and foster their cooperation on the
               Pago Pago Harbor. The ASCMP has pooled                  village level.
               technical and financial resources with the
               Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources             Coastweeks
               and the American Samoa Environmental
               Protection Agency. The study examined the                 The COASTWEEKS celebration brings
               levels of toxic elements in sediments, water, and       together teachers, elected officials,
               fish tissue,. and sought tQctetermine whether           environmental organizations, local groups, and
               more detailed study'is"Warian-ted.                      individuals together to express their concern for
                                                                       coastal resources in an atmosphere of charged
               Permit Brochure                                         enthusiasm with plenty of work and fun.

                 The brochure's main objective was to inform             Our hope is to get as many people involved
               and assist the applicant in the permit process          and interested in widening the spectrum of ideas
               and the reasons for the PNRS system as                  that will expand public awareness in all
               described below. Again, it was produced in              communities, churches, schools and every
               both English and Samoan.                                comer of our island.

                 The ASCMP was in operation of eight years               We have celebrated Coastweeks in the
               when, in 1988, it initiated the establishment of        Territory for the past six years. We have
               a coordinated, interagency decision-making              received a lot of participation with all ages in
               process for the review of land use permit               the community. Our most popular activity is the
               applications. The new initiative, known as the          children's art calendar. This has been
               Project Notification and Review System (PNRS).          distributed both local and abroad and has been
               Three pHnciple features of the PNRS were                well received.








               Wetland Management Plan

                 ASCMP has just completed a Wetland
               Management Plan for Tutuila and Aunu'u. The
               plan provided recommendations for the
               American Samoa Government to consider in the
               protection of the wetland areas. ASCMP is
               working with village council toward adopting
               some of the recommendations contained in the
               Plan.





               California
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               OVERVIEW

               State coastal management efforts began in               undeveloped areas where there can be a
               California in 1 965--seven years before the             considerable impact from development, the
               enactment of the CZMA. The California                   coastal zone extends as much as five miles
               Coastal Management Program (CCMP) is                    inland from the water. In developed urban
               administered by three state agencies which              areas, the boundary is as little as a few hundred
               oversee the conservation and development of             feet inland. The Coastal Commission's
               California's coastline. These are the California        jurisdiction excludes San Francisco Bay, where
               Coastal Commission, the Son Francisco Bay               development is regulated by BCDC under
               Conservation and Development Commission                 separate law (see below).
               (BCDC) and the California State Coastal
               Conservancy (the Conservancy). Under the                The CCMP manages coastal resources using a
               CCMP California balances the demands for                variety of planning, permitting, and
               development with the need to conserve natural           non-regulatory mechanisms. One key
               resources, providing for sound, responsible             mechanism is the federal consistency review
               stewardship of one of the nation's most                 authority which allows the Commission to
               spectacular coastlines. Maintaining this                evaluate projects conducted or funded by the
               balancing act is an increasing challenge.               federal government, as well as private sector
               California's fiscal crisis in the 1990s has             projects which require federal permits. This
               severely constrained state funding for coastal          process gives the state an unparalleled ability
               protection, making federal funding more critical        to negotiate with federal agencies to ensure that
               than ever.                                              projects that effect the coastal zone are
                                                                       consistent with the CCMP.
               California Coastal Commission
                                                                       Along with federal consistency review authority,
               In 1972, California voteirs passed Proposition          the Coastal Commission's primary mechanism
               20, a coastal protection initiative- that led to the    managing the coast is the coastal development
               California Coastal Act of 1976, establishing the        permit. Any development in the Coastal Zone
               California Coastal Commission as a permanent            may require a coastal development permit
               state agency with mandates to, among other              issued either directly by the Coastal
               things, protect and enhance public access,              Commission, or by a local government to which
               recreation, wetlands, visual resources,                 this authority has been delegated. This
               agriculture, commercial and industrial activity,        delegation of authority represents a unique state
               and environmentally sensitive habitats within the       and local government partnership established by
               coastal zone.                                           the Coastal Act through which state-wide
                                                                       policies for the conservation and use of coastal
               Stretching 1 100 air miles from Oregon to the           resources are reflected in local coastal planning
               Mexican border (over 3,400 miles of actual              and development decisions. The Coastal
               waterfront land), the coastal zone extends              Commission generally approves 95% of all
               seaward three miles, while its landward                 permits under its purview, often with conditions
               boundary varies. In rural and generally                 to bring the projects into compliance with








                  Coastal Act policies@ Primary among these                This year the California Coastal Commission
                  policies are those which address:                        celebrates its first twenty years of promoting the
                                                                           intelligent use of the State's precious coastal
                    PUBLIC ACCESS--Provide maximum public                  resources. The Commission's future challenge
                  access to the shore while protecting public              will be to adopt this sturdy framework, erected
                  safety, fragile coastal resources, and private           and still strongly supported by the citizens of
                  property.                                                Colifomia, to the dynamic changes in
                                                                           California's demographics and economy, the
                    RECREATION--Protect and provide for                    cumulative impacts of the state's tremendous
                  water-oriented recreational activities, and              past growth, and new information about natural
                  related commercial facilities that serve visitors.       and human processes affecting the coast.
                  @` MARINE RE SOURCES- Protect the marine                 Son Francisco Bay Conservation and
                  environment and organisms for commercial,                Development Commission
                  recreational, scientific, and educational
                  purposes. Give special protection to areas and           In 1965 the California legislature created the
                  species of special biological or economic                Son Francisco Bay Conservation and
                  significance.                                            Development Commission and authorized it to
                                                                           formulate a plan to protect the bay for future
                    LAND RESOURCES--Protect environmentally                generations. BCDC developed Son Francisco
                  sensitive habitat, limit conversion of viable            Bay Plan to protect San Francisco Bay as a
                  agricultural land.                                       great natural resource, and to develop the Bay
                                                                           and its shoreline to their highest potential with a
                    D EVELOPM E NT-- Concentrate development in            minimum of Bay filling. In 1969 the legislature
                  already-developed areas, protect scenic qualities        made BCDC a permanent state agency and
                  of coastal areas, prevent increased erosion or           incorporated the Bay Plan into law, resulting in
                  other hazards, maintain Highway 1 as a scenic            the first comprehensive coastal management
                  two-lone road, give priority to                          program developed in the nation by a state
                  coasta I-de pendent development, and protect             agency. In 1976 further legislation directed
                  wetlands from adverse development.                       BCDC to similarly protect the Suisun Marsh, the
                                                                           state's largest remaining wetland.
                   INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT--Encourage
                  coastal-dependent induxtpg] Jacilities and               BCDC's mandates-are to limit. fill,increase
                  provide for port nee@ c6fisistent with other             public access to and along the Bay, and assure
                  policies of the Act, promote multicompany use            that sufficient land is available for priority
                  of tanker and other energy facilities, permit oil        water-oHented uses such as ports, airports,
                  and gas-related development which minimizes              water-related industry, wildlife refuges, and
                  environmental impacts.                                   recreation. BCDC permits to fill, change the
                                                                           use, or excavate materials from the Bay, from
                  Additional Commission     responsibilities under the     certain diked areas or tributaries to the Bay, or
                  Coastal Act include: reviewing and certifying            from a shoreline bond extending 100 feet
                  local government, and port coastal plans;                inland from the Bay. As the state agency
                  acting on permit appeals and plan                        implementing the CCMP in San Francisco Bay,
                  amendments; and carrying out public education            BCDC also exercises the authority to review
                  programs. The Commission also provides                   federally-sponsored, -funded, or -perrnittmd
                  technical assistance and grants to he@p local            projects in the Bay for consistency with the
                  governments develop and implemet@@"Iocal                 CCMP.
                  coastal programs.







                 Recently, with filling controlled and public                LAND USE CONSERVATION
                 access much increased, the Commission has                  AND SITE RESERVATION---
                 concentrated on (1) diversion of fresh water               Protecting, through acquisition, coastal lands
                 from the Bay, (2) dredging and the aquatic                 that are environmentally sensitive or have high
                 disposal of dredged materials in the Bay, and              scenic, recreational, or habitat value and
                 (3) the protection and enhancement of diked                holding them for eventual conveyance to public
                 historic baylands.                                         agencies or qualified non-profit organizations.

                 Califomia State Coastal Comemancy                           RESOURCE RESTORATION--Restoring areas
                                                                            through acquisition, lot consolidation, or other
                 The California State Coastal Conservancy was               means which help protect the coastal
                 created in 1976 to protect, restore, and                   environment or encourage orderly development.
                 enhance resources in the coastal zone and San
                 Francisco Bay through its authority to acquire              RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT--Creating,
                 land, design and implement resource restoration            restoring, and enhancing functioning wetlands,
                 and enhancement programs, and resolve                      watersheds, and other coastal habitat through
                 coastal land use conflicts, complementing the              technical assistance and mediation of land use
                 regulatory activities of its sister agencies.              conflicts, as well as project funding, planning,
                 Accordingly, the Conservancy collaborates with             and implementation.
                 the Coastal Commission and the BCDC to:
                 implement public access and mitigation                      NON-PROFIT SUPPORT--Providing technical
                 requirements arising from the two agencies'                assistance and financial support to non-profit
                 permit conditions; help resolve problems which             organizations to increase their capacity to carry
                 impede completion of local coastal programs                out Conservancy projects in all the above areas.
                 (LCPs); and help implement LCPs.                           The Conservancy is an invaluable catalyst for
                 The Conservancy's work is concentrated in the              cooperation between state and local
                 following areas:                                           government agencies, non-profit organizations,
                                                                            and the private sector. The Conservancy's
                  AGRICULTURAL LAND PRESERVATION---                         ability to mediate coastal resource and land use
                 Preservation of productive agricultural lands by           conflicts, and to take advantage of acquisition
                 acquiring property, providing necessary site               opportunities in a timely fashion, provides an
                 improvements, and resal@inqlegally protected               effective non-regulatory -complement to the two
                 lands for continued a`g@ncultural use.                     Commissions. Faced with growing fiscal
                                                                            constraints and some of the highest coastal land
                   PUBLIC ACCESS- Des igni ng, implementing,                prices in the world, the Conservancy has begun
                 and acquiring land for projects to improve                 to focus its activities on high priority sites that,
                 public access to the coast and bay shore.                  but for Conservancy intervention, would be lost
                                                                            forever as precious economic, environmental, or
                   URBAN WATERFRONT                                         recreational resources.
                 IMPROVEMENT AND RESTORATION---
                 Funding acquisitions, construction, and technical
                 assistance to redevelop deteriorated, underused
                 and poorly planned waterfronts for public and
                 commercial use. Supporting coastal-dependent
                 industries, including. commercial fishing, through
                 technical assistance and project grants.
                 Providing assistance and funding for enhanced
                 visitor, recreational, and public access
                 opportunities.








                ACCOMPLISHMENTS                                        upgrading of harbor space, the enhancement of
                                                                       commercially harvested wildlife, the prevention
                   Public Access                                       of harm from offshore oil development of
                 and Recreational 012portunities:                      seawater intakes of onshore facilities, and ocean
                Coastal-related recreation in the state  has been      waste disposal. The Conservancy's waterfront
                estimated to generate over $800 million                facility development and enhancement projects
                annually. Coastal attractions contribute strongly      have directly boosted the industry.!;s,-,.:
                to the $27 billion in tourism revenues collected       competitiveness.
                annually by the state's coastal counties. As a
                result of Coastal Commission action, over 2300           Local Government Decision Making: The
                easements for public beach access and                  Coastal Commission and BCDC have fostered
                recreational use have been secured in                  effective partnerships with local governments to
                connection with new development. Over 30               ensure that local planning and development
                miles of coastline previously closed to public  use    decisions reflect statewide policies for the
                have been opened. Many thousands of acres              conservation and sound use of coastal
                of new coastal parklands have been added to            resources. A local government obtains the
                local, State and federal park systems,  ,New           authority-4o issue coastal development permits
                campgrounds, youth hostels, hotels and other           through the submission and Coastal
                recreation-oriented facilities have been required      Commission approval of a Local Coastal
                or permitted under the coastal program. During         Program (LCP) for its portion of the coastal
                the same period BCDC increased public access           zone. Similarly, a Suisun Marsh local
                to the Bay shoreline from less than ten miles to       government gains permitting authority when
                over 100 miles., Together with local                   BCDC approves its local protection program.
                governments and non-profit organizations, the          By 1992, the Coastal Commissior, delegateil
                Conservancy has turned nearly 200 public               permitting authority to local governments in 51
                access easements into recreational facilities for      of 73 designated jurisdictions, representing 78%
                the permanent enjoyment of California's visitors       of the coastline. BCDC has delegated
                and residents.                                         permitting authority to all of the Suisun Marsh
                                                                       local governments.
                l- A12Rropriate Economic Developmen :
                California's coastal management program                b- Providing for Long-Term Port Needs: The
                provides for stable growth with. environmental         Coastal Commission port planning process
                protection to'serve the.Wds;..of tourism,              reserves appropriate,coastal areas forthe
                industry, agriculture, and recreation. The             present and future needs of the four deepwater
                Coastal Commission and Bay Commission have             commercial ports located in the coastal zone
                approved billions of dollars worth of                  (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Diego, and
                development while increasing public access to          Hueneme) while protecting the coastal
                the coast and Bay shoreline, ensuring that             environment. For example, the Commission is
                projects minimize adverse environmental                currently working with the Corps of Engineers
                impacts, protecting environmentally sensitive          and Port of Los Angeles on projects designed to
                habitats, reducing fill in Son Francisco Bay and       meet the port's cargo facility and infrastructure
                other bays and estuaries, concentrating                requirements through the year 2020, generating
                development where adequate public services             thousands of construction and
                exist, maintaining scenic coastal views, and           operations- related jobs for the southern
                preserving productive agricultural land.               California economy. Mitigation actions required
                                                                       in connection with these projects are expected to
                o- Commercial Fisheries: California's                  restore nearly 600 acres of wetlands. Similarly,
                commercial fishing industry harvests up to $200        BCDC prepared a Regional Seaport Plan to
                million worth of fish annually. Coastal                help assure that Bay Area ports have sufficient
                Commission policies promote the protection and         lands to provide for future shipping demand








               with a minimum of fill in the Bay. The plan,            floods. In 1974, the Coastal Commission
               drafted jointly with the regional transportation        found that over half of the nearly 200,000
               planning agency, establishes port policies and          acres of coastal wetlands that existed at the turn
               identifies shipping terminal sites to meet              of the century had been destroyed by dredging
               projected needs.                                        and filling, including 90% of all southern
                                                                       California wetlands. Both the Coastal Act and
               b- Promoting Sound Dredging Policies                    the Son Francisco Bay Plan restrict new
               in San Francisco Bay: Regular dredging of               development in wetlands and require their
               much of San Francisco Bay is necessary to serve         restoration as a condition of development
               the needs of its ports, marine oil facilities, and      permits. Both agencies work closely with federal
               many recreational marinas. Historically,                agencies, including the Army Corps of
               dredged materials have often degraded fishery,          Engineers, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the
               navigation and other important uses. BCDC               National Marine Fisheries Service. The results
               has advocated for reuse and non-aquatic                 are readily observed in San Francisco Bay,
               disposal options to provide predictability forthe       which by the early 1960s was being filled at the
               dredging community while allowing for wetland           rate of up to 2,300 acres per year. The trend
               enhancement as well as providing materials for          has since been reversed such that the Bay is
               levee reconstruction, construction material, and        now slightly larger than it was in 1965, when
               land cover for landfills. The Conservancy is            BCDC was established. In addition, BCDC's
               now developing and implementing innovative              Suisun Marsh Protection Plan forms the basis for
               projects to safely use uncontaminated dredge            protecting the largest remaining wetland in the
               material from ports to restore Bay area tidal           state. The Conservancy and local non-profit
               marshes.                                                organizations complement these regulatory
                                                                       actions with on-the-ground projects in wetlands,
               P- Promoting Sound Develor)ment                         estuarine, watershed, and riparian restoration
               of Oil and Gas Resources: By exercising its             and enhancement, acquisition, technical
               federal consistency review authority the Coastal        assistance, and public education.
               Commission has ensured that 41 outer
               continental shelf oil and gas plans of                     Restoring Urban Waterfronts: The
               exploration, development and production                 Conservancy's Urban Waterfronts Program
               include the strongest possible coastline                seeks to restore these areas as vital economic
               protection provisions while allowing industry to        and cultural components of a community. Since
               exploit this, valuable Peso  q, In State.waters         1981, the Conservancy has used approximately
               the Commissions permitting powers protect               $20 million to lever-age an additional $100
               coastal resources by encouraging the use of             million from other public and private sources to
               consolidated energy facilities and onshore              fund over 60 projects. Projects include:
               pipeline transport of oil instead of tankering.    In   commercial fishing facilities such as docks and
               addition, the Coastal Commission and BCDC               marina berthing; new and restored public piers
               are two of the key agencies implementing the            and fishing wharfs; coastal parks and public
               state's Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act of        access facilities; and educational facilities.
               1990, which imposes stringent requirements on
               oil transporters and marine facilities to reduce          Mitigating Enyironmental Impacts
               the risk of oil spills and effectively respond to       Through Public-Private Cooperation: Shrinking
               spills when they do occur.                              public funding for coastal protection increases
                                                                       the importance of public agencies finding
               b- Protecting and Restoring Wetlands: Wetlands          creative ways to work with the private sector. A
               are now valued as highly productive habitat for         prime example is the Coastal Commission's
               commercially and recreationally harvested fish          agreement with Southern California Edison
               and wildlife, refuges for endangered species,           (SCE). The utility will fund one of the largest
               and mechanisms for controlling pollution and            mitigation efforts ever attempted in the United








                 States to address the significant reduction in fish    who extinguish their development rights are
                 stocks caused by SCE's San Onofre Nuclear              compensated with two development credits for
                 Generati'ng Station (SONGS). The Conservancy           every affected parcel of land, applicable
                 broadens its impact by enabling non-profit             elsewhere in Monterey County. These credits
                 organizations, through technical assistance and        can be used, for example, to double the
                 targeted grants, to carry out their own coastal        allowed density of development. Preserving the
                 restoration, public access, and agricultural           scenic quality of this area permanently protects
                 preservation programs. In the past 16 years the        an asset which has generated millions of
                 Conservancy has channeled nearly $40 million           tourism dollars for the state.
                 to 78 different organizations which have carried
                 out almost 200 projects. BCDC chairs a trustee         1- Advocatina for Improved Bay
                 committee that is using an $11 million payment         and Coastal Water QualLty: For San Francisco
                 from Shell Oil Company to enhance wetlands             Bay to function as a healthy estuary sufficient
                 that were damaged by a 1986 oil spill into Son         fresh water must be made available for all
                 Francisco Bay.                                         beneficial uses. Yet, more than 50% of the
                                                                        fresh water that would otherwise flow into the
                 P- Providing Economic Incentives                       Bay from more than three-quarters of the state is
                 for Coastal Protection: Mounting popu@ation            diverted, mainly for agricultural use in the
                 pressures and limited funds for open space             Central Valley. BCDC continues to actively
                 acquisition have prompted the Coastal                  participate in the State Water Resource Control
                 Commission and the Conservancy, in                     Board's (SWRCB) ongoing, complex and lengthy
                 partnership with local governments, to develop         hearings, advocating for the estuary's many
                 innovative mechanisms for preventing certain           users. At the statewide level, the Coastal
                 types of inappropriate coastal development.            Commission has taken the lead, in cooperation
                 The best examples are'the transfer of                  with SWRCB and the U.S. Environmental
                 development credit (TDC) programs which                Protection Agency, to develop a nonpoint
                 encourage property owners to extinguish                pollution control component of California's
                 development rights on parcels zoned for                coastal management program. This effort,
                 residential use in the post, but which are judged      mandated by a 1990 amendment to the federal
                 unsuitable for development by today's                  Coastal Zone Management Act, will address
                 standards. In the ruggedly beautiful and               polluted runoff from various activities, including:
                 steeply-sloped areas of the Santa Monica               urban land uses; agriculture; forestry; marinas
                 Mountains, a TDC prqarpm@qllows permit                 and recreational boating; and stream
                 applicants wishing to s"Adivide or.build a             channelization and other waterbody
                 multi-family project in a nearby area to mitigate      modifications. There also will be a special
                 the environmental impacts of their project by          focus on the habitat protection needs of
                 purchasing the rights to develop a parcei of           wetlands and riparian areas.
                 land in a threatened area. This has
                 permanently protected over 500 parcels of land           Restoring Damaged Areas, Protecting
                 at no cost to the taxpayers, preventing erosion        Agricultural Lands, and Preserving Future
                 hazards, destruction of environmentally sensitive      Options: The Conservancy's Resource
                 habitat and watersheds, and degradation of             Enhancement Program seeks to haft damage
                 scenic views. The TDC program in a 90-mile             resulting from the draining and filling of
                 stretch of the Big Sur coast is built around a         wetlands, the destruction of dunes that buffer
                 single objective standard for protecting the           inland areas from encroaching seas, and the
                 scenic and open space character of the                 erosion that loads streams with sediments and
                 coastline: a prohibition on any development            increases the need for costly dredging. Since
                 which can be seen from Highway 1. Owners of            1978 it has done so in 167 projects located in
                 existing, otherwise developable residential            every coastal vmd Son Francisco Bay county at a
                 parcels in the "critical viewshed" of Highway 1        cost of $49 miflion. Projects include watershed







                protection, wetlands restoration, revegetation,            education about the types and results of
                and the acquisition of 1,500 acres of critical             pollution on our beaches, information that Is
                coastal sites. The Agricultural Program has:               disseminated to an even larger audience by the
                protected approximately 7,000 acres of                     widespread media coverage this event receives
                productive coastal land; funded projects to                every year. Both programs are substantially
                demonstrate agricultural conservation                      funded through public/private partnerships with
                techniques; mediated disputes between                      the backing of companies like Pepsi Co. and
                agricultural, urban, and natural resource                  Lucky foods. These activities are supplemented
                protection interests; and promoted the work of             by seminars for school, church, and citizens'
                land trusts. In less stringent economic times the          groups as well as public service outreach efforts
                Conservancy's Site Reservation Program                     to television, radio, and print media.
                purchased coastal parcels with high resource
                values as a "stand-in" for a permanent acquiring
                agency. This allowed the state to respond                  ELKHORN SLOUGH
                flexibly to the private market to acquire over
                5,000 acres of key resource lands at opportune             NATIONAL ESTUARINE
                times and minimize the cost of land acquisitions.          RESEARCH RESERVE
                b- Promoting National Marine Sanctuaries:
                California is home to four of the notion's eleven          Location: The Elkhorn Slough National
                Marine Sanctuaries including the newest and                Estuarine Research. Reserve is located on the
                largest, the Monterey Bay National Marine                  central California coast roughly halfway
                Sanctuary (MBNMS). Designation as a marine                 between the cities of Santa Cruz and Monterey.
                sanctuary promotes the comprehensive                       The Reserve is managed by the California
                management of special ecological, historical,              Department of Fish and Game.
                recreational, and aesthetic resources of each
                site. California's other Marine Sanctuaries are            Site Description: The Reserve encompasses
                at the Channel Islands, Gulf of the Farallones,            approximately 1,400 acres of wetland and
                and Cordell Banks. In addition to its direct               upland habitat. Elkhorn Slough is the second
                involvement in the formation and multi-agency              largest salt marsh is California. The main
                administration of these areas, the Coastal                 channel of the slough is more than seven miles
                Commission's impact on sanctuary management                long with over 3000 acres of mudflat and tidal
                is bolstered by its ability jp,reg u late land uses in     channels. Surrounding- habitats include coastal
                                                it
                adjoining areas. Together w h the natural field            dunes, grasslands, Oak woodlands, freshwater
                laboratories protected as National Estuarine               ponds and maritime chaparral. Hundreds of
                Research Reserves (two in California at the                species of invertebrates, fishes, and birds are
                Tijuana River, and Elkhorn Slough near                     found at the Reserve. The channels and tidal
                Monterey), the Sanctuaries serve as an                     creeks are nursery grounds for the young of
                important vehicle for the state's overall coastal          many species of fish. It is also a critical
                program to collaborate with the federal                    stopover on the Pacific flyway. Resident marine
                government in promoting long term coastal                  mammals include harbor seals, sea lions, and
                resource protection and education efforts.                 sea otters.

                b- Coastal Education and Public Involvement:               Significant Plant and Animal Species:
                The Coastal Commission's Adopt-a-Beach                     Pickleweed is the dominant vascular plant in the
                program has resulted in more than 300 local                salt marsh that flanks hundreds of acres of
                community organizations volunteering to keep               mudflat and channel. Three types of woodlands
                their "adopted" beach clean for a year. The                are found in the Reserve: the oak woodland,
                most recent Coastal Cleanup Day event gave                 Monterey pine, and eucalyptus.
                over 35,000 Californians a "hands on"







                  The Elkhorn Slough area supports several               Monitoring Program: Monitoring programs are
                  species of endangered fauna. These include:            performed by several. different groups. State
                  California brown pelican, California least tern,       Mussel Watch monitors compounds in mussel
                  Santa Cruz long-toed salamander, American              tissue from Mytilus edulis collected from the  * '
                  peregrine falcon and California clapper rail.          Reserve and throughout the watershed. A water
                                                                         monitoring project has been established on the
                  On-site Public Education                               Reserve and utilizes volunteers in the data
                  and Interpretation Programs: The Reserve               collection process. A National Weather Service
                  conducts training programs to prepare teachers         weather station has been established on the
                  to lead field trips to the site. The Reserve also      Reserve and utilizes volunteers in the data
                  sponsors specialized workshops for educators           collection process. The complements the station
                  wanting more in-depth training in natural and          maintained by the Moss Landing Marine
                  cultural history topics. Regularly scheduled           Laboratories nearby. Aerial photographs of the
                  interpretive walks are conducted by docents and        entire slough area are taken yearly. Every five
                  staff for youth groups as well as the public.          to seven years, high resolution infrared aerial
                  Schedules of special events, activities, and           photographs are taken.
                  public lectures are announced. Brochures and
                  fliers on various subjects are published and           Volunteer Program: Currently, nearly 100
                  distributed. The area is also designated a             people volunteer their time on the Reserve and
                  California Wildlands site under a program              around the slough. Volunteers participate in a
                  dedicated to education and interpretation              7-week training program in the natural and
                  instituted by the California Department of Fish        cultural history of the slough and the logistics of
                  and Game.                                              the program. Volunteers provide interpretive
                                                                         services on-site, help in staffing the visitor
                  Off-site Public Education                              center, operate the Reserve bookstore, assist
                  and Interpretation Programs: Off-site activities       with research projects, maintain trails, assist in
                  include sponsorship of major public symposia           bookkeeping chores, sponsor special projects,
                  and conferences on the "State of the Bay,"             assist in designing and maintaining exhibits,
                  participation in local fairs and events with           serve as members of the Reserve Advisory
                  staffed booths, lectures to local service clubs,       Committee and as members of the Board of
                  libraries, and other organizations. Radio and          Directors of thee non-profit organization
                  television programs have highlighted Reserve           established to protect the slough, the Elkhorn
                  programs and purpoï¿½qsi,@Pserve staff have              Slough Foundation..
                  sponsored and judg  e   ic hoo-1 science fairs and
                  participated in several Symposia-for educators,        Facilities: Public facilities at the Reserve include
                  focusing on teaching environmental and                 a Visitors Center containing exhibits, a library,
                  scientific issues. The non-profit Elkhorn Slough       and bookstore. Self-guided hiking trails are
                  Foundation helps support research and                  also open to the public. On-site research
                  education both on- and off-site.                       facilities include a small laboratory and weather
                                                                         station. Facility expansion is planned for 1993.
                  Research Program: Research includes work
                  funded by NOAA as well as graduate research            For additional information contact:
                  carried out by students from the Moss Landing
                  Marine Laboratories, USCS Long Marine .                Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research
                  Laboratory, and Stanford's Hopkins Marine              Reserve
                  Station. Research interests have ranged from           1700 Elkhorn Road
                  studies on fish populations to work on erosion         Watsonville, CA 95076
                  and sedimentation in the slough watershed. Of          (408) 728-2822
                  particular interest currently is a NOAA funded
                  study of non-point source pollution.






               TuUANA RIVER NATIONAL                                   of the 1,735 square mile watershed is in
                                                                       Mexico. The reserve is 2,513 acres of tidal
.10            ESTUARINE RESEARCH                                      wetland, riparian, uplands, beaches, dunes and
                                                                       agricultural land. The salt marsh habitat is .
               RESERVE                                                 characterized by extremely variable stream flow,
                                                                       with extended periods of drought interrupted by
               Origin of the Reserve                                   heavy floods in wet years. The Tijuana Estuary is
                                                                       distinguished by being one of the finest tidal -
               The Tijuana River Natural Estuarine Research            wetlands remaining in southern California with a
               Reserve (NERR) was established in 1982 when a           significant number of resident sate and federal
               group of citizens organized as the Southwest            endangered species, including: light-footed
               Wetlands Interpretive Association (SWIA) joined         clapper rail, least bell's viero, California brown
               with the State of California in nominating              pelican, California least tern, Belding's
               Tijuana River as southern California's candidate        savannah sparrow, wandering skipper butterfly
               for the NERR program. The NERR program is a             and the plant, salt-marsh bird's beak.
               partnership between states and the National
               Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration                  Key features include:
               (NOAA) and now includes a total of 21
               reserves, two in California.                              the international setting;
                                                                         migratory stopover for birds on the Pacific
               AdminWration                                              flyway (378 species of birds are recorded for
                                                                         the TRV);
               The nine member Tijuana River NERR                        a river mouth without a railroad or highway
               Management Authority includes the public                  blocking the opening;
               agencies with jurisdictional interests in the             the best of the few remaining coastal salt
               Tijuana River Valley. The Management Authority            marshes in southern California (California
               oversees and guides the reserve program. They             leads the nation wetlands destruction -- 90%)
               meet monthly with subcommittees meeting as
               needed. Members include the following land              Research
               owning agencies; California Department of
               Parks and Recreation (CDPR), U.S. Fish and              For over 10 years San Diego State University
               Wildlife Service (USFWS), County of San Diego,          (SDSU)) has conducted research focused on
               City ofSan Diego, and-Oip.I.V.S. Navy. The State        establishing restoration. guidelines for and
               Coastal Conservan                of Imperial            region coastal wetlands and developing
                                   CY
               Beach, Coastal Commission and NOAA are                  methods and protocols to deal with serious
               non land owning members. State      Pa rks              urban contamination problems. The University
               accepted the role of state lead agency.                 has a 3 acre field laboratory (Pacific Estuarine
               California Department of Parks and Recreation,          Research Laboratory) near the visitor center.
               and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service jointly          Research funding has been provided by NOAA
               manage day to day operations. San Diego                 (Sanctuaries and Reserve Division, Sea Grant),
               County Parks also plays a major role as                 U.S. Navy, National Science Foundation,
               operator of 730 acre Tijuana River Valley               USFWS, SDSU, University of California and
               Regional Park, which includes land in the               State Environmental License Plate Fund. The
               Reserve and upriver.                                    recent NERR research index (draft) by NOAA
                                                                       lists 18 funded projects at Tijuana River since
               Site Description and  Key Features                      1982.

               The Tijuana Estuary  is a tidal estuary on the
               international border with Mexico. Three quarters











                  Restoration                                               Problems

                  TRNERR has a complete habitat restoration                 TRNERR is affected by population pressures from
                  plan, ready for implementation, to deal with the          14 million humans who live within a 150 mJ1'e
                  significant urban related problems of habitat             radius. Key problems in maintaining the
                  loss due to sedimentation, filling, and                   ecological health of the reserve rvlr.,
                  contaminated water runoff. It includes
                  re-creation of 500 acres of tidal wetland                 0- waste water discharge from Mexico and
                  habitat.                                                     urban runoff from local U.S. communities
                                                                               sedimentation due to disturbance in the
                  Education                                                    watershed on both s; es of the border.
                                                                                                     id
                                                                               trampling of sensitiv,-e habitats by illegal
                  The program includes a totally bilingual                     immigrants crossing the border,
                  elementary grade curriculum on the ecology of             P- helicopter over flights from adjacent Navy
                  southern California coastal wetlands with field              base.
                  materials, posters, and two videotapes. Over                 the prospect of extensive gravel extraction
                  500 teachers from San Diego, Orange and Los                  next to the reserve.
                  Angeles counties and Baia California are
                  trained in the use of the materials. Teacher
                  training workshops are offered in.English and
                  Spanish. These materials are being used by
                  marine educators throughout the U.S. There is
                  an additional teacher workshop in using art to
                  teach science (ART-SCI).
                  The visitor center has a-,(bilingual) children's
                  program and cooperates with the local school
                  district in a year round "intersession" program.

                  Funding for preparation and dissemination of
                  materials comes from various sources in6-,Afing:
                  Calif. License Plate Fund, and NOAA awards.

                  Facilities

                  s- Field research laboratory including fenced
                    experimental channels, storage trailer
                    and utilities.
                    Visitor center -- 6,500 square feet including
                    administrative offices, education laboratory,
                    theater, and exhibit hall (exhibits nearing
                    completion), 4 car garage, shop, caretaker
                    carport and research lob,
                    4 acre native plant demonstration garden,
                    2.2 miles of beach,
                    6 miles of nature trails, separate from
                    equestrian trails,
                    1 mile of bike and dog trail.





                Connecticut
                COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                BACKGROUND

                  Coastal zone management has been a                     approach, Connecticut's Coastal Zone
                Connecticut success story. AJI along the                 Management Program has achieved the goal of
                coastline, from Greenwich to Stonington, there           striking the delicate balance between the
                has been a renaissance of urban waterfront               realistic need for coastal towns to grow strong
                development that has been both environmentally           economically, and the responsibility to preserve
                sound and economically beneficial to coastal             and protect natural coastal resources and our
                municipalities. At the same time, great strides          marine heritage for present and future
                have been made in guarding fragile natural               generations.
                resources, preserving and encouraging water
                dependent activities and restoring acres of              The program has given local governments new
                wetlands, beaches and barrier islands, and               regulatory authority and planning responsibilities
                improving marine life. Ongoing coastal                   backed by funding, technical assistance and
                management efforts have provided the citizens            guidance at the state level. In fact,
                of Connecticut with better public access to all of       Connecticut's cooperation and coordination
                the state's waterfront areas.                            with municipalities has served as a model for
                                                                         similar programs across the nation.
                Efforts to establish Connecticut's Coastal Zone
                Management Program began in 1975, two                    Since 1980, all coastal towns in Connecticut
                years after the passage of the federal Coastal           have been actively regulating coastal
                Zone Management Act. After four years of                 development under the policies of the CCMA.
                study of the overall effects of coastal activities,      In addition, 31 coastal towns have voluntarily
                identification of critical coastal resources, the        adopted municipal coastal programs which
                exploration of a variety of methods for                  provide a long-range plan for coastal
                improving-the manqgprpent;@;of %coastline use and        development within the-community. @ Through
                development and hundreds *of     public meetings,        the Coastal Zone Management Program, 9.5
                Connecticut's Coastal Management Act (CCMA)              miles of public access have been added to
                was passed in 1979 and became effective on               Connecticut's shoreline and over 1,500 acres of
                January 1, 1980.                                         tidal wetlands on Long Island Sound have been
                                                                         restored.
                The central concept which defines Connecticut's
                Coastal Zone Management Program is its                   Today, Connecticut's Coastal Zone
                emphasis on regulating coastal use and                   Management Program is part of the Department
                development based on resource protection                 of Environmental Protection's (DEP) Office of
                criteria rather than traditional zoning models.          Long Island Sound Programs (OLISP), a branch
                This use of "resource zoning" allows the Coastal         of the Commissioner's Office. This office was
                Zone Management Program to emphasize the                 created in the Spring of 1991 to institute a
                development of water dependent uses which are            comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to
                compatible with natural resource protection and          Long Island Sound management within the
                provide a greater measure of protection to               Department. OLISP has primary oversight
                fragile coastal areas. By adopting this unique           responsibilities for all of the Department  's Long








                  Island Sound activities and is directly responsible      2000, the Department's guidance document for
                  for statewide implementation of Connecticut's            meeting Connecticut's environmental protection
                  Coastal Zone Management Program. The                     needs and goals through the year 2000,
                  office is also responsible for permitting coastal        includes significant programs devoted to Long
                  development in the state's tidal, coastal, and           Island Sound and the protection and
                  navigable waters, protection and restoration of          management of its coastal resources.
                  the state's tidal wetlands and coastal coves and         Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management
                  embayments, implementation of the Harbor                 Program is prepared to meet the challenges that
                  Management Act, and long range planning for              lie ahead as we continue our efforts to protect
                  programs and initiatives affecting Long Island           our shoreline for future generations.
                  Sound. In addition, the office is responsible for
                  the intradepartmental coordination of agency             ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                  wildlife, fisheries and water quality programs
                  directly affecting Long Island Sound and its             Tidal Wedands; Restoration
                  natural resources, including the Long Island
                  Sound Research Fund, which annually provides             Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management.
                  one million dollars in grants to universities and        Program has been successfully restoring tidal
                  high schools for Long Island Sound related               wetlands for over ten years. Working
                  research.                                                cooperatively with DEP's Wildlife Division, the
                                                                           Department of Health Services Mosquito and
                  OLISP is currently directing its energies toward         Vector Control Section, the U.S. Fish and -
                  several key areas within the Coastal Zone                Wildlife Service and other groups on these
                  Management Program. Tidal wetlands                       projects, the Coastal Zone-Management
                  protection, public access, and nonpoint source           Program has successfully restored over 1,500
                  pollution have been identified as priority issues        acres of tidal wetlands in the state.
                  for the next decade. Connecticut is the first
                  state in the country to utilize funding provided         Since the turn of the century, and-prior to their
                  by the federal Intermodal Surface Transportation         statutory protection in 1969, Connecticut has -
                  Efficiency Act (ISTEA) for the restoration of tidal      lost over 6,000 acres of tidal wetlands on Long
                  wetlands. The creation of a Long Island Sound            island Sound and its related rivers to dredging,
                  commemorative license plate will provide                 draining, filling and development. Many of
                  monies to a dedicated Long Island Sound Fund             those wetland areas that were not directly
                  through public purchasq@,qflhe plate. Funds will         altered by development -were. crisscrossed with
                  be used for public access prole@ts, marine               mosquito ditches, an effort started in the early
                  habitat protection and restoration, marine               1 900's to drain the salt and brackish marshes
                  research, and public education and outreach.             and prevent mosquito breeding.
                  In addition, the office is currently evaluating an
                  extension of its coastal boundary to manage              The passage of the state Tidal Wetlands Act in
                  nonpoint source pollution control initiatives            1969 paved the way for efforts to stop the
                  affecting nearshore water quality in Long Island         rampant destruction of Connecticut's tidal
                  Sound and its tributaries statewide in                   wetlands by recognizing the tremendous
                  conjunction with the Long Island Sound National          economic and natural value of tidal wetlands
                  Estuaries Program.                                       and by establishing a regulatory program which
                                                                           has arrested wetland loss to less than one-half
                  As we look toward the year 2000, the need for            acre per year.
                  a strong Coastal Zone Management Program in
                  Connecticut will continue to grow. Demands on            While the Tidal Wetlands Act has successfully
                  the coast and its related resources must                 stopped additional wetland loss, the need to
                  continue to be balanced with protection of Long          restore those tidal wetland areas not
                  Island Sound and its invaluable ecosystems. E.           permanently destroyed by development become







                one of the Coastal Zone Management                         Long Island Sound License Plate
                Program's top priorities. Since many wetlands
                were cutoff from tidal flows by highway and                Faced by tough economic times and diminishing
                railroad causeways, tidegates or mosquito                  resources traditionally provided by the state's
                ditching, the program has been able to use a               general fund, Connecticut's Coastal Zone
                variety of innovative techniques to restore tidal          Management Program has developed a
                wetlands, all of which are based on the                    program to create much needed funds for Long
                principle of returning tidal flows, or salt water          Island Sound and the protection of its coastal
                flushing to the site.                                      resources. On May 27, 1992 Connecticut
                                                                           Governor Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. signed into law
                Those wetland sites that have been degraded            as  a bill creating a Long Island Sound
                a result of filling are prime candidates for the           commemorative license plate. Proceeds
                use of the state-of-the-art Open Marsh Water               collected from plate sales will benefit a Long
                Management (OMWM) technique. Using low                     Island Sound Fund administered by the
                ground pressure excavators to remove fill and              Connecticut Department of Environmental
                restore tidal channels, a site is restored to its          Protection. While other states have adopted
                original wetland ecosystem, and surface pools              similar license plate programs for specific
                and ponds are created to provide habitat for               natural resource protection, this program will be
                killifish, which eat mosquito larvae. Once these           the first in the country to have monies dedicated
                features are in place and the natural balance              directly to coastal management activities. The
                has been restored, OMWM has created a self-                Fund will support the restoration and
                sufficient mosquito control system and the marsh           rehabilitation of tidal wetlands and estuarine
                has been restored in the process. The Coastal              embayments, the acquisition and development
                Zone Management Program has used this                      of public access to Long Island Sound, marine
                method to successfully restore a variety of tidal          and anadromous fisheries research, habitat
                wetland systems.                                           preservation and restoration and public
                Additional methods have also been used by the              outreach and education.
                Coastal Zone Management Program to restore                 The bill, drafted by the Coastal Zone
                tidal wetlands including the installation of               Management Program, authorizes the
                culverts to restore tidal flushing to those sites          Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles
                which have been diked or impacted as a result              (DMV) to issue the plate, which is available on
                of causeways, bridge    -coqstryction and flood.           an elective basis-as a valid Connecticut motor
                control projects. Se@lf-re6u` atin'g tidegates have        vehicle license. plate. The plate depicts a
                also been used successfully to regulate tidal flow         Connecticut coastline, with a lighthouse on the
                where flooding of adjacent residential properties          left and beach grass on the right. The words
                is of concern. These gates allow a measure of              "Preserve the Sound" are centered beneath the
                tidal flow which protects low lying properties             ID numbers. Plates are obtained upon payment
                from flooding.                                             of a fee in addition to the standard fee for auto
                                                                           registration.
                Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management
                Program has become a leading expert in tidal               The Long Island Sound plates will be sold for a
                wetlands restoration. Many of the projects                 fifty dollar minimum charge. Fifteen dollars
                undertaken during the lost decade have served              from each plate sold will go to the DMV to
                as models for restoration efforts in other parts of        cover production costs. The remaining monies
                the country. Extensive monitoring of these                 will go directly into the Long Island Sound Fund.
                restoration projects by wetlands experts from              Current estimates are that plate sales may
                local colleges and universities has provided a             generate up to $10 million which will provide
                valuable database for future efforts of this type,         much needed support for programs designed to
                both in Connecticut and elsewhere.                         protect and enhance Connecticut's coastline







                  and benefit the preservation and protection of          As highway and railway improvements are made
                  Long Island Sound for future generations.               in the state, the ISTEA funds will be accessed to
                                                                          restore wetland sites that were impacted in the
                  The program has received high visibility                past, or mitigate sites that might be newly      . .
                  nationally and raised interest among many               affected. Connecticut has at least 358 bridges
                  states who are considering modeling similar             that could 'Cie offected by this program, and the
                  programs after the Long Island Sound plate              Department of Environmental Protection has
                  effort.                                                 begun implementation of a wetlands
                                                                          compensation policy that will create a wetland
                  ISTEA                                                   banking program to be used in situations where
                                                                          unavoidable losses may occur. Unlike other
                  Connecticut's Coastal Zone Management                   wetland banking programs, this policy directs
                  Program will be the first in the nation to use          the state Department of Transportation to
                  federal monies from the Intermodal Surface              conduct restoration projects now, which will then
                  Transportation and Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of            be credited to the bank, thereby ensuring that
                  1991 for tidal wetlands protection and                  when drawn upon, wetland credits will already
                  restoration. Plans were unveiled at a ceremony          be available rather than relying on potentially
                  held in July by U.S. Senator Joseph 1. Lieberman        high risk "loans".
                  and U.S. Representative Rosa DeLauro who
                  supported the legislation. The Deputy U.S.              An initial step in the process will be a
                  Secretary of Transportation, the di 'rector of the      reconnaissance study to determine wetland
                  federal Environmental Protection Agency's               restoration sites associated with Amtrak railbed
                  Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds,              upgrades. The U.S. Army Corps will provide
                  the general counsel for the U.S. National               $70,000 and Connecticut's Coastal     'Zone
                  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,                 Management Program $30,000 to fund the
                  Connecticut Environmental Protection                    study. ISTEA funding will then be provided to
                  Commissioner Timothy R.E. Keeney,                       implemen4- the results of the study, which is
                  Transportation Commissioner Emil E. Frankel,            designed to produce a prioritized list of tidai
                  and Colonel Brink Miller of the U.S. Army Corps         wetland sites eligible for the program. The
                  of Engineers signed the historic agreement.             chosen restoration sites must exhibit degradation
                                                                          resulting from the development c:-,f transportai.-n
                  The ISTEA agreement is also one of the first of         corridors through reductions in        flows#
                  its kind to bring together he@.,,state Departments      discharge of s-,ormwater or the C"t;placement
                  of Environmental Protection and Transportation,         marsh vegetation through the invasion of
                  the U.S. Army Corps and representatives of              common reeds in brackish tidal wetlands.
                  federal agencies involved in the management of
                  our nation's coastal areas. These qroups have           By making use of the ISTEA monies available for
                  forged a partnership that will pavt-,@he way for        tidal wetlands restoration, Connecticut's Coastal
                  other states to take advantage of the assistance        Zone Management Program has set the stage
                  available through the ISTEA program. This               for other coastal states to follow suit. In a
                  cooperative effort has allowed the state                difficult economy, this opportunity will provide a
                  Department of Transportation to recognize the           reliable source of funding to ensure that coastal
                  need to protect, preserve and restore the state's       protection will continue into the next century with
                  environmental resources as it rebuilds and              the some dedication and success as has been
                  modernizes Connecticut's transportation                 exhibited over the last two decades.
                  infrastructure. Through the ISTEA program
                  upwards of $8 million will be made available
                  for tidal wetlands restoration work in
                  Connecticut.





                Delaware
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND
               In 1972 Congress passed the Coastal Zone                and estuaries. The DCMP has responded to this
               Management Act to encourage states to                   situation through its support of and assistance
               preserve and protect the resources of the               with the implementation of the 1990 Erosion
               coastal zone. Passage of the act was spurred            and Sedimentation and Stormwater
               by the recognition that unplanned and                   Management Act and Regulations.
               uncontrolled exploitation of coastal resources          Wetlands Rehabilitation
               was resulting in the destruction of "important
               ecological, cultural, historic, and esthetic values     Tidal wetland rehabilitation efforts, if undertaken
               in the coastal zone which are essential to the          at all, a.re undertaken in an incremental way.
               well-being of all citizens". Basically, this Federal    For those tidal wetland areas that have
               program makes funds available to the states for         historically been degraded by man's misuse,
               the development and implementation of
               comprehensive land and water use controls and           neglect, and mismanagement, little in the way
               management plans for their coastal areas.               of comprehensive rehabilitation efforts have
                                                                       been attempted. Through the DCMP this issue is
               The State of Delaware has participated in this          being addressed under the "Christi na/Delawa re
               program since its inception. The purpose of the         Rivers Urban Wetland Corridor Rehabilitation"
               Delaware Coastal Management Program                     project. This project is designed to
               (DCMP) is to provide a systematic approach to           comprehensively address the issue of
               decision making regarding the use of                    rehabilitating degraded urban wetlands with the
               Delaware's coastal and marine resources in a            goal of improving wildlife habitat, increasing
               manner that will provide for reasonable growth          public access, and providing opportunities for
               and development while conserving and                    environmental interpretation and education.
               protecting -the State's4pre *-ceable resources.
                                                                       Estuarine Conservation
               The current emphasis in'the Delaware program
               is in sediment and stormwater control, wetlands
               rehabilitation, estuarine conservation, coastal         Delaware has long recognized the economic,
               hazards reduction, coastal access, and public           social and ecological importance of its two
               information and education.                              major estuarine ecosystems: the Delaware Bay
                                                                       and the Inland Bays. Environmental pressures on
               Sediment and Storrnwater                                these critical areas include: habitat loss,
                                                                       degraded water quality, closed shellfish beds,
               Non-point source runoff of eroded sediments             and conflicting resource uses. To help address
               poses a major threat to the nation's coastal            some of these issues, the DCMP has assisted in
               ecosystems and the local economies they                 the implementation of the Inland Bays Recovery
               support. Sediment erosion problems are                  Initiative -- an integrated watershed approach
               particularly acute in the mid-Atlantic coastal          that targeted some 38 specific tasks aimed at
               plain, where extensive agriculture and                  reversing the environmental degradation of the
               expanding development annually discharge                past 30 years.
               massive sediment loads into fragile watersheds







                   Coastal Hazards Reduction                                ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                   Delaware's Beach Preservation Act sets out to            The Delaware Coastal Management Program
                   preserve the beach and primary dune, because             (DCMP) accomplishments are numerous and.
                   of their ability to buffer storm wave energy. The        varied. Recent meritorious accomplishment
                   Act does not directly treat construction standards       include:
                   in hazard zones. As was clearly evident in the
                   January 4, 1992 storm, buildings located in              A. Successful completion of The Inland Bays
                   these areas were damaged by storm waves. The             Recovery InitiaWe.
                   DCMP has, as a priority, the need to improve
                   upon its coastal hazard reduction efforts. This          An intensive two year effort (1990 - 1992)
                   will be done through the implementation of a             resulted in:
                   post-storm management plan and an evaluation
                   of the need for and development of specific              1. Development of Conservation plans for NPS
                   construction standards in high hazard areas.             pollution control on over half of the agricultural
                                                                            lands in the watershed (32,000 acres). The -
                   Coastal Access                                           plans addressed erosion control, nutrient
                                                                            management, pest management, and farm
                   Public access to the Nation's coastline is a basic       profits with environmental gains.
                   tenet of the Federal Coastal Zone Management
                   Program. The DCMP supports this goal through             2. Improving stormwater management in new
                   its coastal access project. This project includes        developments. Over 40 sediment and
                   surveying and mapping work on State lands to             stormwater plans for new developments based
                   protect against encroachment and to assist in            upon new regulations were approved. Three
                   the development of the State's Coastal                   hundred and sixty five people completed a
                   Greenways; Program.                                      training and certification program. An
                                                                            Environmental Protection Officer position was
                   Public Informcrtion and Education                        established to inspect stormwater control
                                                                            projects in the watershed.
                   The DCMP has had and continues to have a
                   strong commitment to public information and              3. Developed and promulgated environmental
                   educcf,@on. This commitment has included                 regulations governing the location and design of
                   providing the mediaar public information                 new marinas. Regulations also require existing
                                         ; -A0
                   support for the lnland':B'@ys Recovery Initiative,       marinas to submit an Operation and
                   the development of a sediment and stormwater             Maintenance plan focusing on pollution
                   information video, and increasing the awareness          prevention and control.
                   of the public on Delaware's coastal
                   management issues.                                       4. Management of water and wastewater
                                                                            facilities in a more environmentally sound
                   For Additional Information:                              manner. Central water supply systems are
                                                                            required for subdivisions serving more that 15
                   Sarah Cooksey,                                           units. Central sewers are planned or in place
                   Environmental Program Administrator                      for areas currently served by over 10,000 septic
                   Delaware Coastal Management Program                      systems. Recycling and reuse of wastewater
                   Department of Natural Resources and                      coupled with the preservation of open space is
                   Environmental Control                                    encounage by requiring spray irrigation systems
                   P.O. Box 1401                                            wherever feasible.
                   Dover, Delaware 19903
                   Telephone: (302) 739-4411







               5. Improved land use planning through the             C. Increased Public Access to Delaware's
               creation of a partnership between the State and       coast
               Sussex County, assignment of a state planner to
               county planning and zoning meetings, and              The DCMP continues to provide the tools
               development of a build-out map for the                needed to increase public access to the coast.
               watershed. During the Initiative over 465 acres       Surveying and mapping work on state lands
               were acquired by the Division of Parks and            provides protection from encroachment due to
               Recreation for Open Space.                            natural processes such as accretion, sea rise,
                                                                     shifting sands, as well as encroachment effects
               6. Increased use of natural vegetation and            from development in the highly desirable lands
               stone to stabilize shoreline and provide wildlife     along the coast. These efforts are coupled with
               habitat. Re-opened previous closed shellfish          efforts to acquire and/or protect and preserve
               beds when conditions are favorable.                   open space under the State Greenspace,
               Demonstration projects establishing the               Greenway and Cultural Heritage Greenway
               feasibility of re-establishing submerged  aquatic     programs. DCMP supports a survey crew that is
               vegetation and stocking shellfish were                needed to monitor over 60,000 acres of state
               completed.                                            parks, conservation easements, Fish & Wildlife
                                                                     lands, forest and nature preserves. During the
               B.   Reduction of Coastal Hazards                     last eight years the State has spent over 31
                                                                     million dollars to acquire 7,666 acres of public
               The beauty of Delaware's Coast has attracted          lands. The survey crew monitors boundary lines
               hundreds of thousands of people from near-by          and establishes monuments to ensure public
               metropolitan areas. Historically, construction        access to recreational areas within the Coastal
               standards for the developments housing these          Zone. Past experience has shown that without a
               people has not addressed the effects of big           monitoring and monumenting plan many acres
               storms. In January of 1992 a twenty five year         of public lands will be lost for present and future
               storm pounded Delaware's coast. Fortunately           generations.
               Coastal Hazard Mitigation was on DCMP's
               agenda and plans were in place to develop a
               mechanism to plan for and manage the after
               effects of big storms. A Storm Preparedness
               and Response Plan has recently been completed
               that addresses (1)pre-stpjrp planning, (2)post-
               storm recovery and (3)p6st-storrn reconstruction.

               The pre-storm plan articulates long-term goals,
               policies and objectives related to beach front
               management, condemnations and/or acquisition
               of property, beach nourishment and related
               topics. The post-storm recovery component
               addresses damage assessment, access control,
               debris removal and disposal, emergency food,
               water, ice and medical supplies, protective
               measures to prevent further damage and
               coordination between governmental agencies.
               The post-storm reconstruction component deals
               with specific reconstruction standards and
               procedures. It addresses repair/reconstruction
               of habitable structures, seawall, roads,
               infrastructure, etc.






                 DE[AWARE NATiONAL ESMARINE
                 RESURCH RESERYE (DNERR)
                 MISSION                                                   educators, researchers, and citizen advocates
                 The mission of DNERR is to establish a natural            operating from a common on site facility that
                 research and education area which is                      will stimulate and refine interactions of these
                 representative of the diversity of coastal                diverse groups. This collaborated effort will
                 ecosystems found within the Mid-Atlantic                  provide government officials, citizen
                 Region. The valuable natural and cultural                 representatives, estuarine users and other
                 resources will be protected for long term                 coastal decision makers additional sound
                 research and education by designation of the              information for the basis of their actions.
                 Reserve as a National Estuarine Research                  STATUS
                 Reserve under section 315 of the CZMA.

                 BACKGROUND                                                Delaware has nominated and prepared a Draft
                                                                           Management Plan/FEIS for the Blackbird Creek
                 During the early   1980's, the Delaware                   and the St. Jones River as a two component
                 Department of Natural Resources and                       NERR. NOAA is expected to approve the
                 Environmental Control (DNREC) examined the                DMP/FEIS by this summer which will start the
                 NERR System's precursor, the National Estuarine           initial acquisition and development phase that is
                 Sanctuary Program, established in Section 315             to lost no longer than 3 years (NERRS
                 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.               Regulations, 15 CFR Part 921, Subpart C,
                 While the old Sanctuary Program had several               section 921.20).
                 desirable attributes, it did not have enough              By taking advantage of market opportunities,
                 flexibility or utility within the context of              Delaware has purchased with 100% State funds
                 Delaware's resource needs to warrant the                  910 acres of fee simple lands and conservation
                 State's support. However, during the mid-                 easements within the proposed Reserve
                 1 980's, the Estuarine Sanctuary Program                  boundary at a cost of $938,000 (this is
                 evolved into today's NERRS program, having a              matchable to NOAA federal funIds when other
                 greater emphasis on applied research and                  key lands are available for purchase)@
                 environmental educatiorv;.*hfle allowing more
                 flexibility in the administration of the reserve sites    The State and NOAA have committed
                 to accommodate multiple uses a n-d to respond             $175,000 to design the on site Education and
                 to management needs. This change occurred                 Research facility as o commitment towards the
                 when the Coastal Zone Management Act was                  operation of the Reserve.
                 re-authorized in 1986, in which Section 315 of
                 the Act was changed to the NERRS program                  The State has allocated and is spending
                 with its new emphasis. With this new direction            $116,000 of State Greenway funds towards the
                 at the federal level, the DNREC again became              construction of environmental/cultural trails,
                 interested in the program for Delaware, and in            boardwalks, education stations, and a boat
                 .1988 started a pro-active inquiry.                       launch on the Reserve in order to further
                 MANAGEMENT                                                connect and collaborate the implementation )f
                                                                           the Reserve's mission.
                 The Management of the Reserve will be
                 provided by a complete integration of State
                 wide coastal resource managers, scientists,








               EXPECTATIONS                                          Delaware's participation in the NERRS program
                                                                     will permit the acquisition and long-term
               Delaware's participation in the NERR System will      management of selected estuarine areas to
               help strengthen the federal program by                provide outdoor laboratories for studying
               establishing the first System located inthe           ecological structure, functions and processes, as
               NERRS' Middle Atlantic sub-region (Sandy              well as the effects of man-induced alterations or
               Hook, N.J. to Cape Hatteras, exclusive of             stresses. DNERR sites will also serve to educate
               Chesapeake Bay) of the Virginian biogeographic        students and the general public about the
               region. Nationally, there are 27 biogeographic        environmental roles and values of estuarine
               sub-regions recognized, by NOAA's classification      areas. Additionally, the protection of relatively
               system. In terms of benefiting Delaware, the          undisturbed natural areas will permit the wise
               federal NERR System will provide financial            use of their natural resources to continue,
               assistance awards, on a 50:50 matching basis,         typically in association with outdoor recreational
               to the State to acquire and develop estuarine         activities.
               areas as natural field laboratories and
               environmental education centers. NOAA also
               will provide up to 709/6 of the operation costs
               and education grants. Additionally, a NERRS
               program in Delaware will help to conserve
               open, undeveloped spaces and provide areas
               for outdoor recreation, all done in a manner
               which accommodates conservation-compatible,
               traditional resource uses.





                Florida
                COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                  Floridians are fortunate to have our nation's         Protection, Transportation, Commerce, and
                second longest coast-some 8,400 miles of                Labor and Employment Security, as well as the
                tidally influenced shoreline, with no point in the      Office of the Governor, and the divisions of
                state more than 65 miles from the shore. Along          Environmental Health, Historical Resources,
                these coasts, we find many valuable resources           Forestry; the Marine Resources Commission;
                in need of protection, including broad coastal          and the Game and Fresh Water Fish
                wetlands, vast estuaries and some of the most           Commission.
                beautiful beaches in the world.
                                                                          The Citizens Advisory Committee on Coastal
                  The Florida Coastal Management Program is             Resources Management, a 15-member board
                a network--of agencies, statutes and projects,          appointed by the Governor, provides advice
                dedicated to preserving these valuable                  and recommendations to the FCMP. The
                resources.                                              Citizens Advisory Committee has an extensive
                                                                        program for increasing citizen involvement,
                THE NETWORK                                             focusing primarily on involvement of local
                                                                        decision-makers and the business community.
                  The Florida Coastal Management Program is
                a partnership of 11 state agencies working                The mission of the FCMP is to carry out the
                together to encourage the protection,                   intent of the Coastal Zone Management Act,
                preservation and wise development of the                which is "to preserve, protect, develop, and
                coastal areas of Florida. The program is                where possible, to restore and enhance, the
                approved by the National Oceanic and                    resources of the nation's coastal zone for this
                Atmospheric Administration to serve as a guide          and succeeding generations" and to "achieve
                for state and federal activities in the coastal         wise use of the land and water resources of the
                zone.                                                   coastal zone, giving full consideration to
                                                                                             -historic-and aesthetic values
                                                                        ecological, cultural@
                  The lead agency for the FCMP is the Florida           as well as to needs for economic development."
                Department of Community Affairs-the agency              The FCMP has three primary responsibil Ries:
                charged with implementing the state's growth            federal consistency review; financial assistance;
                management, emergency management and                    intergovernmental coordination and
                housing programs. Being in the DCA allows the           communication.
                FCMP to interact productively with 195 local
                governments in the coastal area. Working with             FCMP agencies work together to resolve
                local governments to identify methods for               coastal issues and to prepare the annual
                protecting coastal resources is one of the recent       Coastal Action Plan. These networked agencies
                achievements of the coastal program.                    also work cooperatively to review federal
                                                                        projects and permits for consistency with the
                  The state agencies involved in implementing           coastal program and to initiate coordination
                the state's FCMP include those actively involved        efforts, such as regional training for
                in both the development and protection of the           environmental professionals and the Coastal
                state's resources. The FCMP agencies include            Information Exchange Bulletin Board System
                the Florida departments of Environmental                (CIE-BBS).









                 COASTAL ACTION PLAN

                   The 1995 -1997 Coastal Action Plan serves                The plan also         to implement a program
                 three primary purposes. First, it clearly                for the enhancement of fish and wildlife
                 expresses the priorities for the Florida. Coastal        habitats, as well as to advance Florida's
                 Management Program and its network of                    program's of nonpoint source pollution control
                 partners, including state agencies and the               and land acquisition and preservation.
                 Governor's Citizens Advisory Committee for
                 Coastal Resources Management. It identifies                The third priority issue, coastal hazards, is to
                 areas in which existing state and local programs         reduce risk and damage to Florida's population
                 can work together to sustain Florida.'s coastal          and resources through disaster mitigation
                 resources.                                               planning. Every local government in the coastal
                                                                          area needs to have specific hazard mitigation
                   Second, this plan serves as the basis for the          plans that include measures to protect resources
                 expenditure of coastal zone management grant             during recovery operations. The state needs to
                 funds, awarded to the state from the National            quickly coordinate efforts to facilitate recovery
                 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.                  form each declared disaster.
                 Third, this plan, reaffirms Florida's commitment
                 to the federal Coastal Zone Management Act               SELECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                 and Florida. Coastal Zone Management Act. It
                 is also a pledge to Floridians that 'this Coastal          Sponsored 33 workshops during which 950
                 Action Plan will continue to address emerging            environmental professionals were trained on
                 coastal issues.                                          topics, such as stormwater management, land
                                                                          acquisition, funding sources, marine education
                   Three priority issues are detailed in the              on coastal research.
                 Coastal Action Plan. The first priority issue, a
                 comprehensive management program, is to                  - Conducted a three-day conference,
                 balance competing coastal uses through a                 Weathering the Storm, attended by more than
                 cross-disciplinary approach to coastal                   265 people.
                 management. The key to this issue is
                 coordination among all appropriate                       - Reviewed thousands of actions for consistency
                 participants, includi.nq local, regional, state and      with the FCMP. These actions have an
                 federal levels. It is.also,4m. ortant to focus on        economic value.of more than.$2 bil-lion.
                                             @p
                 all economic, social-an d en  'vironmental-aspects
                 of the coastal community. In particular, the               Approved applications for subgrants from
                 plan addresses the importance of revitalizing            state agencies, water management districts,
                 Florida's working waterfronts.                           regional planning councils and local
                                                                          governments.
                   The second issue, coastal ocean resources, is
                 to restore, protect and/or acquire significant             Produced quarterly, critically acclaimed
                 coastal and ocean sites that will be lost or             newsletter, as well as other publications, ranging,
                 destroyed without state, regional or local action.       from fact sheets to annual reports.
                 It is important to develop a comprehensive'
                 policy that balances the need to protect our
                 natural resources with the need to provide
                 public access and with the need to enhance
                 deepwate- ports.










              FUTURE ACTION ITEMS

                Production of a study of the economic value
              of coastal resources to economic activities,
              specifically of an estuary to adjoining
              communities.


                Identification of working waterfront
              neighborhoods in coastal communities and
              plans for revitalization.

                Development of plans for acquisition and
              development of beach access sites.

              - Implementation of access programs for
              coastal heritage sites.

              - Establishment of a proposal by a local
              government to develop and adopt a hazard-
              mitigation plan in accordance with state rules.





                Guam
                COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                BACKGROUND

                  After nearly five years of program                    by becoming more active in defining problems
                development, the Guam Coastal Management                and opportunities for both the natural
                Program, or GCMP, was approved for                      environment and the developed community.
                implementation in 1979. Originally conceived            Wetlands issues, public education, stormwater
                in a "false boom" period, the GCMP was                  and nonpoint source issues, handicapped
                designed to be the bridge that linked the               access, and coastal hazards are all at the
                concerns of the environment in a nearly pristine        forefront of GCMP efforts. These efforts run the
                arena, with the economic necessities of intrusive       gamut from research and policy development,
                land development required to overcome the               to plan development and implementation.
                "dependent ward" role Guam had been thrust
                into by nearly eighty years of being on the             Weflands
                receiving end of a Manifest Destiny oriented
                stewardship.                                              In an area that is both limited in size and
                                                                        isolated from the translocational influences
                  With a true economic boom which began         less    (inter-zonal special mixing), that larger and
                than five years after program approval, and             more diverse geographic systems are subject to,
                which has resulted in many billions of dollars of       the importance of wetlands on Guam take on
                development over less than a decade, the                greater character. In developing the GCMP,
                GCMP, through its network of agencies,                  the wetland issues, and their importance to the
                undertook a wide range of efforts to develop a          community, were defined for the first time, and
                more thorough, comprehensive, and objective             regulations for guiding their management and
                system for development review, permit                   protection were developed and adopted as one
                application, resource management, and growth            of the foundations of the Program. These
                predictability. Throyg,@*.-,educational -efforts,       regulations resulted in-the requirements for a
                the GCMP has affected i6@ e@ w@ay in which non-         "wetlands permit' review and approval.
                expert, decision-makers review, approve and
                condition new development. Through its                  Public Education
                monitoring efforts, the GCMP has helped to
                foster a greater enforcement awareness of the              In an area where, as a pre-boom community,
                impacts of unguided development. Through its            environmental quality and resource protection
                policy making efforts, the GCMP has helped to           were taken for 9  1ranted, the GCMP began an
                design the fabric of the community for this and         early effort to acquaint the public with the
                succeeding generations.                                 potential threats that the anticipated
                                                                        development for tourism presented to the quality
                  Although the funding for the GCMP has                 of the resource base. 'Through the printing and
                decreased, in terms of real dollars, to                 distribution of a series of environmental posters,
                substantially less than what was available at           teacher packets for wildlife education, monthly
                program inception, and the problems associated          newsletters, video and audio public service
                with resource management have become more               announcements, and the availability of expert
                complex and costly, the GCMP has responded              speakers for a wide range of,forums, the public







                  has been better prepared for making decisions             Ranging from a two billion dollar resort
                  regarding the size, location, and speed of                request, to a requestfor a variance to the height
                  development. Impacts, both positive and                   of a business sign, the GCMP presents its
                  negative, can be more readily assessed, and               comments to the decision-makers based on
                  decisions to meet the needs of both environment           both short and long term impacts to the natural
                  and man can be more intelligently formed.                 and man-made environment, as viewed through
                                                                            the intent of Territorial policy. This ability to
                  Coastal Access                                            input has prevented some unwise development
                                                                            from occurring, and has allowed for the
                    As ione of the eight development policies               modification of other requests in order to allow
                  which form the foundation of the GCMP, the                them to proceed in a manner consistent with
                  rights of the public for reasonable access to the         community and environmental good.
                  coast and its resources has always been an
                  important consideration in the review and/or              Master Planning
                  formulation of policy-making and development
                  application. This issue is of much greater                  The Guam Coastal Management Program, as
                  importance in an island environment, where the            representative for the Bureau of Planning, has
                  entire population lives, and has always lived,            and continues to play a major role in master
                  within the coastal zone. An island is a coast, as         plan development. The GCMP is responsible
                  opposed to a continental State which merely has           for the, as yet to be implemented, East Agana
                  a coast. The GCMP has been directly                       Waterfront Redevelopment Plan; initiating and
                  responsible for increasing accessibility to the           playing the major role in creation and adoption
                  shore.                                                    of the Recreation Water-Use Mana-gement Plan;
                                                                            and continues to play a major role in the
                  Inter-Agency Coordination and Coopercrtion                development of the Master Plan for Guam,
                                                                            through its efforts as a member of the Technical
                    Prior to development of the GCMP, the                   Advisory Committee for the Land-Use Element,
                  agencies responsible for the seemingly disparate          which is the first ei"ement of the total plan effort.
                  authorities relating to land-use, environmental           Through its roles in plan devL'opment, the
                  management, historic preservation, access, and            GCMP has assured that the @-.Jicies of the
                  infrastructure development, had no venue in               Program and the needs of both the natural an-_
                  which to coordinate their functions. Permitting,          human environments can be addressed.
                  review, monitoring,. enfor;ement, and planning,
                  were undertaken indl@ljoa'lly -and from                   ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                  somewhat limited perspectives. The creation of
                  the GCMP in a network fashion, allowed for the             Lands acquired from the Federal Government
                  parts to speak as a whole, thus creating a more           on a portion of an off-shore, barrier reef island,
                  comprehensive, and therefore more cost-                   were, to all intents and purposes, closed to
                  effective and prod uct-effective process. The             public usage because of the lack of human
                  GCMP was designed, and has operated as a                  comfort facilities. @Being some two miles from
                  conscience and voice for what may be                      mainland Guam, the isolation of the island
                  conflicting means to achieve common goals.                offered an unique solitude for both resident and
                                                                            visitor alike. Using $45,000 of GCMP funds,
                  Development Review                                        the Department of Parks and Recreation was
                                                                            able to install a pen-nanent toilet facility, as well
                   Representing the Bureau of Planning as a                 as a fresh water shower. With those additions,
                  member of the Development Review Committee,               the Government of Guam added a pier, thus
                  the GCMP reviews all substantial development              increasing the use of this park area by
                  applications, as well as many more which are              approximately 20,000 visitor,days per annum.
                  subtle in their potential for negative impact.







                  The Territorial Land-Use Commission,                  Geographic Information Systems, for tracking
               empowered to approve zone changes, zone                  their own narrowly defined needs. The GCMP
               variances, wetland permits, and seashore                 has expended considerable time, effort and
               development, had acted for more than a                   money into not only creating its own, more
               decade without any clear, written direction for          comprehensive system, but has taken the lead in
               decisionmaking. The Guam Coastal                         coordinating the efforts of all government
               Management Program developed and produced                agencies to avoid unnecessary duplication of
               guidebooks for these appointed commissioners,            effort, and to ensure that all systems will be
               outlining their duties, discussing the entire range      compatible in terms of abilities to transfer
               of legal authorities they, are responsible for,          information from one agency to another. The
               describing the impacts of their decisions and the        GCMP has taken great efforts to assist the
               reasoning behind the language of the land-use            Department of Land Management in creating a
               laws, and including all of the Attorney Generals'        more holistic, Land Information System, and has
               Opinions regarding the land-use issues. These            been instrumental in drafting the scope of work
               books were disseminated to the Commission                for the contractor, and in tracking the progress
               members, and have become the *bible" for                 and resolving the problems as they become
               land-use decision-making on Guam.                        evident. Because of GCMP's efforts, the
                                                                        Government of Guam currently has an inter-
                 The advent of Jet Ski type recreational water          acting Geographic Information System and will
               craft brought the realization of conflicts between       shortly have a complete Land Information
               the various users in Agana Bay, and the                  System, which will allow for the maximum
               potential for human and environmental                    resource protection, economic development,
               damage. The GCMP initiated the government's              and community supportive planning and
               efforts to develop a plan which could meet the           decision- making.
               demands of all the users while protecting the
               shallow, reef flat ecosystem. The GCMP
               chaired a coordinated government effort, held a
               series of public meetings, led the successful
               effort to develop and have signed an Executive
               Order prohibiting mechanized uses during the
               seasonal Manahac (juvenile Rabbit Fish) runs
               and adopting a map of the six mile long water
               area for all users. The.,99MP also took the.
                                      Y_
               major responsibility for ensuring completion and
               adoption of the rules and regulations for
               recreational water use which will eventually be
               applied to all near shore waters. Because of
               GCMP's efforts, swimmers are no longer
               endangered by uncontrolled jet skis, hover craft
               are now banned within all enclosed lagoons
               and bays, shoreline residents are protected from
               unnecessary noise levels, commercial users are
               allowed to continue this viable tourism-related
               activity, and the nesting areas and fishing areas
               are protected for future generations.

                 In order to better maintain control, and allow
               for more thorough and reliable planning in a
               boom economy, various agencies of the
               government began to develop computerized





               Hawaii
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM



               BACKGROUND

                 Hawaii's Coastal Zone Management (CZM)                 Hawaii's CZM Program deals with recreation,
               Program is a networked organization of state          historic values, scenic and open spaces,
               and county government agencies that adhere to         ecosystems, natural hazards, beach protection,
               common policies and objectives for managing           public participation, and economic uses as
               the state's valuable coastal resources. The           significant concerns because they apply to all
               program also provides an effective coastal            land and water use activities. With respect to
               perspective for government agencies and the           tourism, the State's main economic activity,
               private sector in balancing the needs for             CZM policies support coastal development and
               economic growth, a clean environment, and             activities essential to maintaining tourism as an
               coastal recreational opportunities that are           economically feasible industry while, at the
               important to both tourists and residents. Hawaii      same time, the policies protect and enhance the
               has many unique and limited resources that the        scenic and recreational resources and values
               CZM Program helps protect. Coastal resources          that are important to residents. The current
               include beaches, coral reefs, pristine water          emphases of the program are public access,
               quality, scenic and open space areas,                 coastal hazard mitigation, shoreline setbacks,
               recreational areas, wetlands, fishponds,              beach management, wetland management,
               anchialine pools, marine mammals, sea turtles,        nonpoint source pollution and coastal water
               marinas, commercial and small boat harbors,           quality, ocean recreation, and ocean resource
               historic sites, and a variety of marine and           management.
               terrestrial ecosystems. (Of all bird species
               presently endangered in the 50 states, 40                Public Access
               percent are from Hawaii) With no point in
               Hawaii located more than 29 miles from the               The ocean and beaches are integral to
               shores, almost any qc:tiv#yJhqt.occurs inland   will  Hawaii's heritage. - Residents use them year
               have an impact on our coastal and ocean               round, and about 85% of visitors enjoy some
               resources.                                            form of ocean recreation. Virtually all of
                                                                     Hawaii's shoreline areas are under State
                 In 1977, the Hawaii Legislature determined          ownership. As development pressures in
               that the coastal zone was overregulated and           nearshore areas continue, the provision and
               undermanaged. Hence, the CZM Program was              maintenance of public access is increasingly
               designed to complement existing regulatory            important. Innovative methods for acquiring
               systems by bringing more focus and emphasis to        public access are currently being investigated.
               the management of coastal resources. As a
               result, the program mandates that all agencies           Shoreline Setbacks
               comply with the CZM objectives and policies in
               their decisions and actions. Within this shared          Shoreline setback provisions are implemented
               management framework, the various state and           by the CZM Program to protect life and property
               county agencies provide fiscal and human              damage from storms, erosion, and other natural
               resources in implementing the CZM Program.            and human causes; to prevent interference with
                                                                     natural littoral processes; and-to protect view








                 planes along the shoreline. In conjunction with              Nonpoint Source Pollution
                 public access and coastal view studies, the CZM              and Coastal Water Quality
                 Program is working on formulating effective
                 setbacks to guide development patterns in the                  Nonpoint source pollution affects ground,.
                 shoreline areas.                                             surface, and nearshore water quality, and
                                                                              aquatic ecosystems in Hawaii. Sediment is the
                    Beach Management                                          most visible and prevalent pollutant, originating
                                                                              primarily from agriculture, silviculture, urban,
                    Hawaii's beaches respond to a variety o@                  municipal, and industrial activities. Given the
                 dynamic oceanographic, terrestrial, and human                importance of high quality ground, surface, and
                 factors that determine erosion and accretion                 coastal waters for residents and tourists, the
                 trends. Studies indicate that beach erosion                  CZM Program is currently developing a
                 problems and responses in insular settings differ            comprehensive statewide coastal nonpoint
                 from continental seaboards. Effective beach                  pollution control program. The strategy is to
                 management in Hawaii is a critical concern in                coordinate among, and streamline, existing
                 view of the role beaches play in maintaining the             nonpoint pollution control processes. The
                 quality of life for Hawaii's residents and the               program is expected to be practically and
                 health of the tourist industry. The CZM Program              economically feasible, and result in real
                 is involved in developing policies and programs              improvements to water quality.
                 to conserve and enhance beach resources while
                 protecting nearshore properties and resources.               Ocean Recreation

                 Wetland Management                                             Hawaii's coastal waters provide residents and
                                                                              visitors a diverse mix of recreational and
                    Wetlands are essential habitats for endemic               economic opportunities such as fishing,
                 and endangered Hawaiian waterbirds. In                       swimming, SCUBA diving, boating, surfing,
                 addition to flood protection, they have                      windsurfing, jet skiing, submarine expeditions,
                 recreational, scientific, environmental, and                 and parasailing. Use conflicts require ongoing
                 economic values. In the U.S., anchialine pools               management resolution. In addition,
                 are found only in Hawaii. They are often                     controversies over the use of p:,Iblic resources
                 discovered when undeveloped lands are                        for private purposes have ernerged. The CZM
                 surveyed for potential development. Anchialine               Program is actively involved with federal, state,
                 pools are bodies of wqto
                                             VJbqt.have measurable            county agencies and the public in resolving use
                 salinity, tidal influence,"66in'o. surface                   conflicts in a way that balances the needs for
                 connection to the ocean. They are often                      environmental protection, economic
                 discovered when undeveloped lands are                        development, and cultural enhancement.
                 surveyed for potential development. Rare
                 species of shrimp and other marine life are                  Ocean Resources Management
                 found only in these pools. Their protection,
                 management, or alteration are important CZM                    Hawaii's. archipelago extends 1,523 miles
                 issues.                                                      across the Pacific Ocean and has abundant and
                                                                              diverse natural resources such as marine
                    Hawaiian fishponds are important cultural                 minerals, fisheries, coral reefs, wildlife refuges,
                 and economic resources whose restoration is                  habitat for the humpback whale, and other
                 encouraged by the CZM Program. In addition                   endangered marine species. The CZM Program
                 to studies to assess their historic, cultural,               actively participated in the deveiz-,:nment of
                 environmental, and economic values, efforts are              Hawaii's Ocean Resources Ma;-.,-,'     .9ment Plan
                 currently focused on restoring fishponds in the              and has a major role in coordinaling and
                 iraditional way for aquaculture, cultural                    implementing the plan.
                 enhancement, and as tourist attractions.







               CZM ACCOMPLISHMENTS                                   now specifically address hurricanes and storm
                                                                     winds as coastal hazards, and additional
               b, The CZM Program has prevented inconsistent         legislation relating to disaster mitigation
               development along Hawaii's coastline. As a            planning is presently being formulated to
               result, additional public access has been             address the many related building construction,
               provided and developments are better designed         insurance, and land use issues.
               to conform with the environmental values.
                                                                     P- The State's computerized geographic
                 Public access studies have been developed           information system, initiated by the CZM
               for the four counties. Building on these studies,     Program, is being expanded with additional
               the State Department of Land and Natural              ocean and watershed data to coverages, and
               Resources developed and is currently                  newer, faster workstations. It is being used
               implementing a statewide trail and access             increasingly for land use planning and analysis
               program extending from the coast to the               at both state and county levels of government.
               mountain areas. In addition, public access
               signs and guides with maps have been prepared           Hawaii's coastal nonpoint pollution control
               so that the public can identify public access         program is being developed in cooperation with
               routes and enjoy these public resources. The          Department of Health and with extensive
               County of Maui has gone even further with the         coordination among State, federal and county
               development and implementation of a                   agencies, private sector representatives and
               community aclopt-an-access program.                   public interest groups. This participation of the
                                                                     stakeholders will help ensure successful
                 Hawaiian fish 'ponds were inventoried and           implementation of the program through an
               assessed for historic, aquaculture, and               appropriate mix of regulatory and non-
               recreational values to determine their disposition    regulatory mechanisms.
               and management needs. For those fishponds
               with cultural and economic potential, the study
               was a catalyst for community based restoration
               projects.

               P- Beach management studies have been
               prepared, and the public is better informed
               about the causes and iT-plj-cptions of beach
               erosion. Where sea@%all`s`o'r revetments; are
               necessary to protect nearshore structures, more
               attention is being paid to design and location to
               minimize the loss of public sand beaches.

               b- After major hurricanes striking Hawaii within a
               decade, the Hawaii CZM Program is attempting
               to focus greater public awareness on ways to
               reduce Hawaii's vulnerability to hurricanes,
               tsunamis, and natural hazards in general.
               Coastal areas subject to hazards are being
               comprehensively mapped. In addition, tighter
               enforcement of existing floodplain and shoreline
               setback regulations, the designation of coastal
               high hazard areas, and the establishment of a
               hazard mitigation review process are being
               urged. The State's CZM policies and objectives





                Louisiana
                COASTAL RESOURCES PROGRAM



                BACKGROUND

                     The passage of the Coastal Zone                     of Natural Resources. Its sister agency, the
                Management Act (CZMA) in 1972 established                Coastal Restoration Division, administers a
                national coastal zone management policy. The             comprehensive strategy for restoring the state's
                major thrust of the CZMA was that the coastal            coastal wetlands. The CMD is the regulatory
                states and territories could voluntarily establish,      arm of the state's coastal program, and its
                and receive federal funding for, their own               major focus is to reduce the impacts of coastal
                coastal zone management programs provided                uses on wetlands and other coastal habitats.
                that the programs were developed in                      Another major component is reducing resource
                accordance with CZMA criteria. In 1978 the               user conflicts. From 1300 to 1900 permit
                Louisiana Legislature opted to participate in the        applications are processed each year by CMD.
                CZMA by passing the State and Local Coastal
                Resources Management Act (SLCRMA), which                    Because Louisiana has an approved coastal
                established the Louisiana Coastal Resources              management program pursuant to CZMA, it has
                Program (LCRP). One of the major reasons for             the authority to review federal activities for
                the state's participation in the CZMA was the            consistency with the LCRP. The state has
                recognition of the importance of Louisiana's             recently emphasized the application of
                coastal wetlands to the state and to the nation,         consistency to federal navigation projects, which
                particularly in light of the fact that the rate of       has not only resulted in a reduction in impacts
                wetland loss in Louisiana was becoming critical.         caused by the construction and maintenance of
                However, SLCRMA recognized the need to                   these waterways, but also in the beneficial use
                balance conservation and development. An                 of the material dredged from the waterways.
                example of this recognition is demonstrated.by           Examples of beneficial use of dredged material
                two of the policies of the LCRP, which are to            include shoreline stabilization, wetland creation,
                .."...protect., develop,. an4 1.
                                           w..'here feasible, restore,   and the enhancementof- wildlife habitat.
                or enhance the resources of the state's coastal
                zone" and to "...support and encourage multiple             Another important component of the LCRP
                use of coastal resources consistent with the             are the local coastal programs. The State and
                maintenance and enhancement of renewable                 Local Coastal Resources Management Act
                resource management and productivity, the                provides that a parish which develops a coastal
                need to provide for adequate economic growth             management program that is approved by the
                and development and the minimization of                  state becomes part of the LCRP. Parishes
                adverse effects of one resource use upon                 which join the LCRP receive authority to
                another, and without imposing undue restriction          regulate certain uses as well as partial federal
                on any user."                                            funding of their parish programs. Eight of the
                                                                         nineteen coastal parishes have developed
                 The LCRP was implemented on October 1,                  programs which have been incorporated into
                1980, and the Coastal Management Division                LCRP. These are Calcasieu, Cameron,
                (CMD) was created to carry out the LCRP. The             Jefferson, Lafourche, Orleans, St. Bernard, St.
                CMD is housed in the Office of Coastal                   James, and St. Tammany.
                Restoration and Management of the Department









                 ACCOMPLISHMENTS

                 The Geological Review Procedure                          as well as complete aerial photographic and
                                                                          map coverage of the Coastal Zone. The CMD
                    This joint agreement between Coastal                  had already mapped the wetlands of the
                 Management Division (CMD) and the New                    Coastal Zone by 1980, but due to the rapid
                 Orleans District Corps of Engineers allows the           rate of wetland loss in the Coastal Zone, CMD
                 two agencies to evaluate the technical                   needs to continually update its wetland maps@
                 considerations of siting oil and gas drilling            By combining its funding and expertise with
                 activities. It involves contracting the services of      other agencies and with universities, such as the
                 a petroleum engineer and a petroleum                     U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Louisiana
                 geologist to review proposed drilling sites with         State University, CMD has developed a
                 representatives of the applicant and the                 comprehensive interactive geographic
                 agencies involved in the permitting of the site.         information system which can provide
                 The goal of the process is to allow for oil and          information, not just to CMD, but to other
                 gas access with minimal impacts, and the                 agencies, universities, and the private sector.
                 application of this procedure is responsible for
                 reducing the direct wetland impacts of the               Habitat Conservafion and Restoration Programs
                 average oil and gas well access canal from 5.8
                 acres in 1982 to 2.9 in 1989. Average canal                The Louisiana Natural Heritage Program and
                 lengths also have declined by 79%.                       the Louisiana Coastal Restoration Program both
                                                                          had @Jheir origins in the Louisiana C-oastal
                 Beneficial Use of Dredged Material                       Re,.@;.,@;--ces Program (LCRP).

                    For many years the'Corps of Engineers has             l-- The Louisiana Natural Heritage Program -
                 been disposing of dredged material from                  The "seed money"to begin the Natural Heritage
                 navigation channels in the least expensive               Program was provided by the LCRP, and the
                 manner. This resulted in hundreds of acres of            program was housed with thee Coastal
                 wetlands being covered with dredged material             Management Division (CMD) from 1084 until it
                 and in the waste of the valuable dredged                 was transferred to the Louisiana Department of
                 material resource. The CMD has worked with               Wildlife and Fisheries in 1986. During the
                 the Corps through the federal consistency                program's stay with the LCRP, its'task was to
                 process to create. wetIa,11dsqnd/or use.the              identify the important natural communities in the
                 dredged material in such a way as to reduce              Louisiana Coastal Zone. Now that it is assigned
                 erosion. Recently, CMD has begun developing              to the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, it is
                 a program for long lerm management of                    responsible for identifying and cataloguing all of
                 dredged material, which requires that a plan for         Louisiana's unique habitats and natural
                 dredged material disposal be developed for               communities.
                 each waterway. The program already has
                 provided funding for development of cost                 b, The Louisiana C.0astal Restoration Program -
                 effective plans for several waterways.                   This program, which is charged with restoring
                                                                          and enhancinp, Louisiana's coastal wetlands,
                 Coastal Zone Data Base                                   originated      the LCRP. The State and Local
                                                                          Coastal Resources Management Act of 1978
                   The SLCRMA established that the secretary              (SLCRMA) established that the secretary of DNR
                 should develop a system to identify wetland,             should prepare a freshwater diversion plan in
                 coastline, and barrier island areas that are             order to reverse or offset land loss and salt
                 undergoing razp,"J change or are otherwise               water encroachment in Louisiana's coastal
                 consider critical, and the LCRP has done so.             wetlands and establish pilot programs to
                 The CMD has an extensive computer data base              control shoreline erosion. The CMD staff







              worked on these programs from 1980 to 1985
              when both the task and the CMD staffers who
              were working on it were transferred to the
              Louisiana Geologic Survey. The Coastal
              Restoration Program is now administered by the
              Coastal Restoration Division (CRD), CMD's
              sister agency in the DNR Office of Coastal
              Restoration and Management. The CRD is
              responsible for planning and implementing
              Louisiana's Coastal Restoration Program which
              has already restored and enhanced. hundreds of
              acres of coastal wetlands.

              Simplified Regulcrtory Process

                The CMD and New Orleans District Corps of
              Engineers (NODCOE) entered into an
              agreement to issue joint public notices in 1983.
              The Joint Public Notice Procedure (JPN) allows
              a permit applicant to submit his/her application
              to only one agency, CMD. although CMD and
              NODCOE still retain their individual permit
              review processes, only one public notice is
              issued for the purposes of both agencies. In
              1993, the Louisiana Department of
               nvironmental Quality joined the process and
              reduced expenses for permit applicants, who no
              longer have to pay for the cost of publication of
              Water Quality Certification public notices which
              are subject to the JPN process. Some of the
              Local Coastal Programs also participate in the
              JPN process. Further, costs are reduced
              because instead of each .9gency writing and,
                                     T 4@
              publishing its own notic'6, only one. public
              notice, which satisfies the legal requirements of
              all three agencies, is issued. Thus, the JPN has
              resulted in a reduction of the regulatory burden
              for permit applicants, saved taxpayer's money,
              improved interagency coordination, and
              provided concerned citizens with a
              comprehensive public notice system for activities
              in Louisiana's Coastal Zone.





                 Maine
                 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                 BACKGROUND

                   Maine's coastline extends 3,500 miles from               At the local level, - 144 coastal towns are
                 New Hampshire to Canada. Nearly 65% of the               responsible for reviewing subdivisions of land
                 state's population lives in coastal communities          and all activities proposed within 250 feet of
                 and 75% of all employment is found here.                 fresh or saltwater. A key aspect of local
                                                                          implementation is a local Code Enforcement
                   Maine initiated its coastal  management                Officer training and certification program which
                 program in 1978. The legal basis of the                  is administered by the Department of Economic
                 Program are 11 statewide environmental and               & Community Development. In addition the
                 land use statutes that pertain to air and water          agency offers periodic training for local boards
                 pollutioIn, siting of large projects, construction       such as Planning Boards and Boards of
                 activities in wetlands and along beaches,                Appeals.
                 shoreland zoning, operation of solid and
                 hazardous waste sites, and marine resource                 The Program provides annual financial
                 management.                                              support for better licensing and enforcement of
                                                                          environmental laws. Public education about the
                   Maine Coastal Program (MCP) activities focus           importance of these laws is a priority so that
                 on three distinct areas:                                 Maine citizens can better comply with state and
                                                                          local statutes. The MCP continues to work with
                   ï¿½  coastal land use and environmental                  the Legislature, state agencies, municipalities,
                      regulation by the state and coastal                 and others to strengthen implementation of
                      municipalities;                                     these laws. In 1986, the Coastal Program
                   ï¿½  coastal planning and policy development;            assisted the Legislature in reviewing state
                      and                                                 development and protection policies affecting
                   ï¿½  public outreach -,arW.@_pduclation on key           the coast;- The result was a legislative
                      coastal issues.                                     requirement that all state and local actions
                                                                          along the coast be consistent with the state's
                 Regulation                                               coastal management policies.
                   At the state level, three state agencies               Planning and Policy Development
                 implement the MCP through state regulations:
                 the Department of Marine Resources oversees                 The MCP supports local and state agencies
                 fisheries management; the Department of                  working on coastal issues and has funded more
                 Conservation regulates land use activities in the        than 500 local planning and small-scale
                 state's unorganized territories; and the                 construction projects along Maine's coast. At
                 Department of Environmental Protection                   the local level, for example, the MCP has
                 oversees various laws ranging from local                 helped towns prepare comprehensive plans,
                 shoreland zoning to oil and hazardous waste              conduct regional shoreline-access studies, and
                 control.                                                 prepare local strategies to manage areas








                 subject to flooding and erosion. At the state           SELECTED ACCOMPUSHMENTS
                 level, the MCP has funded coastal wildlife              (1989 - 1992)
                 studies, supported better permitting of state
                 laws, and analyzed Maine's marine resources.            Local Code Enforcement Training and
                 The Program has also developed public policies          Certification
                 on how coastal resources are used -- for
                 example, where new cargo ports should be                The State, in cooperation with municipalities,
                 located, how Maine aquaculture should be                began a training and certification program for
                 developed, and how state and local decisions            local officials in the state's coastal and natural
                 affecting the coast should be made.                     resource laws. The Program uses training
                                                                         workshops and a training manual to teach local
                   A major initiative of the MCP is support for          code enforcement officers how to enforce local
                 the state's municipal comprehensive planning            laws. Workshops have focused on topics such
                 program. This legislatively enacted program             as floo5:_,,*,_@'!n management, wetlands, and
                 provides financial and technical assistance to          Maine ci:@-@,.,,!gy and insulation standards, among
                 municipalities to prepare a comprehensive pkalrl        others. The program is seen as one way to
                 based on state standards. Once the plan is              improve the effectiveness of coastal laws by
                 adopted by a municipality it is to develop and          involving and empowering local officials.
                 implement programs to direct land use,
                 housing, municipal infrastructure and town              Growth Management
                 services so they achieve the vision they want for
                 their community.                                        Local growth management was one of the chief
                                                                         concerns voiced by communities along the coast
                 Public Outreach and Education                           during the 1 980s. In response, the Coastal
                                                                         Program joined with other state agencies and
                   Public outreach and education on important,           legislative leaders to create the 1987
                 coastal issues are vital aspects of Maine's             Comprehensive Planning Act. The
                 Coastal Program. Its educational efforts range          Comprehensive Planning Act provided a method
                 from intensive public workshops and meetings to         for Maine communities to take stock of the
                 broader outreach efforts such as public service         resources and quality of life in their community
                 announcements aimed at the general public.              and to devise a long-term comprehensive plan
                                                                         and subsequent local ordinances. The Coastal
                   Coastweek, a nation4,cielebration of.the.             Program continues its involvement in growth
                 nation's coasts, is e d each yearin October             management through review of coastal
                 and involves more than 20,000 -people. A                comprehensive plans. Furthermore, the Program
                 lending library of videotapes, publications and         provides towns with model Shoreland and
                 traveling displays is available free to the public.     Floodplain Management zoning ordinances, as
                 Marine and estuarine curriculum for grades 3-           well as publications on harbor management,
                 12 are available for teachers and educators.            estuary planning and management, and other
                 Numerous popular and technical publications             pertinent topics.
                 are also available. The Wells Reserve offers
                 unparalleled hands-on educational and                   Municipal Grant and Assistance
                 outreach opportunities. MCP staff also meet
                 frequently with and offer technical assistance to       Each year the Coastal Program provides grants
                 marine trade organizations and the public. All of       and technical assistance to the coastal
                 these efforts are intended to inform Maine              communities. The following are a few examples
                 citizens and visitors about the coast and' make         of the more than 500 projects that have been
                 them stewards of coastal resources.                     supported.







                Brunswick Receives National Award for                    constructing a downtown waterfront park and
                Innovative Coastal Protection Zone                       footbridge, was accomplished with financial
                                                                         assistance from the Maine Coastal Program and
                The Town of Brunswick with financial and                 the Community Development Block Grant
                technical assistance from the Maine Coastal              Program.
                Program began work to protect one of the
                state's most productive shellfish harvesting             Local Stewardship for Coastal Resources
                areas. The results of the project include the
                creation of a Coastal Protection Zone                    Many activities of the Coastal Program are
                (establishing density limits for future                  premised on local involvement in devising
                development, incentives for retention of open            strategies to protect and support appropriate
                space, stormwater management con       trols, and a      development of the coast. Empowering
                septic system inspection and maintenance                 communities to properly plan for and take care
                program) as well as the use of innovative public         of the coast is the best method for assuring
                education techniques related to coastal water            long-term stewardship of marine resources. As a
                quality concerns. This project has received a            result, the Shore Stewards Partnership was
                national award as an example of a dedicated,             initiated by MCP in 1990, to encourage local
                local effort to control non-point sources of             stewardship and volunteer water quality
                pollution in a highly valued and vulnerable              monitoring efforts along the Maine coast.
                marine setting.                                          Recognizing the need for public-private financial
                                                                         support for Shore Stewards, the Maine
                South Portland Completes Coastal Walkway and             Community Foundation established a dedicated
                Recreation Area.                                         trust fund for the Partnership, and a private
                                                                         Shore Stewards Board was formed to oversee
                After 10 years of planning, fundraising, and             the program.
                hard work, the City of South Portland has
                recently completed the coastal portion of a              The Partners in Monitoring element of the
                Greenbelt Walkway connecting various                     Partnership, providing technical expertise,
                neighborhoods along its coastline. The                   financial support, and equipment to volunteer
                Greenbelt is also linked to the Spring Point             monitor groups, began in 1991 through Shore
                Shoreway which was built during the 1970's               Stewards. Five local groups along the coast
                with support from the Land and Water                     have received Partners in Monitoring awards
                Conservation Fund. Fu.rldipgfrom the Maine               and-an additional five.'are slated to begin in
                Coasta .I Program for"i-eV6to7p,ment of the              1993.
                Greenbelt Master Plan and for construction of
                several portions of the Greenbelt Walkway has            Coastal Access
                been critical to the project's success and has
                enabled the City to leverage additional funds            In 1990-91 the Coastal Program assisted the
                from local businesses and organizations.                 Land for Maine's Future Board in purchasing
                                                                         three coastal access sites. Combined these sites
                Machias Waterfront is Revitalized                        total 685 acres and make accessible an
                                                                         additional 3.5 miles of shoreline for public use.
                In recent years, the Town of Machias has seen            Numerous private organizations and
                significant downtown waterfront revitalization           municipalities have also increased the amount
                efforts that originated with waterfront planning         of shoreline open to the public.
                projects funded by the Maine Coastal Program
                more than a decade ago. Implementation of                The Coastal Program also produced several
                the Town's waterfront plan, which included               public access publications for local officials
                rehabilitating their main street, stabilizing the        including Coastal Right of Way Rediscovery
                shorefront along the Machias River, and                  Programs: A Handbook for Local Researchers






                   and A Guide to the Liability of Maine                    WELLS NATioNAL ESTUARINE
                   Landowners Providing Public Access, as well as
                   a series of Public Access Inventory maps and an          RESEARCK RESERVE
                   accompanying report.
                   Marine Uses                                              1. Background
                   During4he past decade, use of the state's                The Wells reserve is nestled in York County,
                   coastal waters and upland areas intensified.    The      within the town of Wells, on the southern coast
                   conflict among water dependent and non-water             of Maine and includes the historic Laudholm
                   dependent uses was exacerbated by an                     Farm. The reserve's diverse natural features
                   unprecedented surge in population in the                 form an ecosystem unique to the region with
                   southern and mid-coast areas of Maine. The               undeveloped marshes and transitional upland
                   Coastal Program joined with private business             fields and forests along two contrasting
                   and other state agencies to prepare a series of          watersheds -- the Little River estuary and the
                   evaluative studies and long-range plans focused          Webhannet  -River estuary. Two endangered
                   on equitable and efficient management of                 species -- the-piping plover and least turn - nest
                                                                            within the reserve. Three plant species under
                   marine uses. Several of these included:                  state protection, slender blue flag, eastern
                   Completion of An A            re Development             joe-pye weed, and arethusa, thrive at Wells.
                                        Auacultu                            The Town of Wells managed and operated the
                   Strategy for the State of Maine with specific            reserve until 1990, when the state legislature
                   mandates and time frames. Nearly 2/3 of the              created the Wells National Estuarine Research
                   recommendations have been completed and                  Reserve Management Authority a the State
                   aquaculture is now the state's second most                                                  s
                   important fishery.                                       agency responsible for managing and operating
                                                                            the reserve.
                   Completion of Planning Study of Maine Coastal            11. Program Accomplishments
                   Port and Harbor Needs, which gives a priority
                   ranking system with a list of 70 priority projects,      The reserve added several members to its staff,
                   out of 232, evaluated by an inter-agency                 including a full time research coordinator and
                   Steering Committee. In 1992, working with.the            caretaker. With the addition of these staff
                   communities and legislature, the Coastal                 members, the reserve focused on refining the
                   Program succeeded. Jn. @0
                                        '_' z:[email protected] state funding       research and moriff6rino programs." The
                   for nearly 15 projects.                                  volunteer corps increased to approximately 300
                   Completion of An Evaluation of Marine Uses in            individuals, allowing the site to be open seven
                   Maine Waters that provides an analysis of                days a week.
                   marine uses and offers recommendations to                Projects completed during the biennium include
                   resolving some of the more contentions issues            a historic restoration of the main bam and the
                   Maine must address.                                      construction of meeting rooms and a workshop.
                                                                            Restoration began on other historic structures,
                                                                            and maintenance work continues on the
                                                                            property. There are several historic structures
                                                                            on the property that are integral to future
                                                                            program development plan. Projected uses for
                                                                            these buildings include housing for researchers,
                                                                            ï¿½ wetland lab and classroom space. In 1991,
                                                                            ï¿½ small building located near the farmhouse
                                                                            was renovated and dedicated by the Governor








               as the Adams- N unnernacher Research                      Maine studies. Another monitoring project
               Laboratory.                                               sought to document vegetation changes in a
               The reserve's final mana   gement plan was                marsh where tidal influence is being restored      .
               revised and then approved by the state; the               IV. Education Program
               reserve signed Memoranda of Understandings
               (MOUs) with the state and NOAA and most                   The reserve sponsored two major interrelated
               other state agencies, and other MOUs are in               education projects, the development of the
               negotiation. Reserve regulations are also being           Outreach and the on-site Discovery programs.
               promulgated. The management plan developed                The Outreach Program teaches K-6 grades
               a zoning plan that directs the type and extent of         estuarine ecology and resource protection. The
               activities allowed in different areas of the site.        reserve conducts workshops for teachers who
               This will help minimize conflicts among various           then use the reserve's teaching kits to instruct
               uses and will help protect the reserve's                  students. The project involves an entire
               resources.                                                elementary school population. During its
                                                                         two-year cycle, the program will reach nearly
               The Laudholm Trust, the primary non-Federal               8,000 students in nine schools.
               source of financial support for the reserve,
               completed a $3 million fundraising campaign to            The Discovery Program complements the
               support development and operations of the                 content of the outreach curriculum. Backpacks
               reserve through 1992.                                     and equipment are loaned for use with trail
                                                                         guides that describes hands-on activities for
               I1111. Research and Monitoring Programs                   children at stops along the reserve's five trail
                                                                         loops. Each loop uses a theme interpreted at
               Much of the reserve research has involved                 two instructional levels. Approximately 500
               collection of valuable baseline date.                     students used the program in two years. In
               Researchers obtained additional baseline                  addition, the reserve completed its planned trail
               information from habitat mapping, bird and                and boardwalk system of 14 trails grouped into
               plant surveys, and deployment of an automated             five interpretive loops.
               weather station and water sampling device. To
               improve the reserve's research potential, the             The education program actively integrated
               Reserve Management Authority is exploring the             reserve efforts with other education and
               addition of a running. sepypter, lab system. -The         management programs.in theregionj such as
               reserve manager also sierves as the Governor's            with the New England Aquarium, the
               appointee to the state's Marine Re    search Board.       Association of Science and Technical Centers,
               Data from the reserve's automated weather                 and other reserve educators. The education
               station proved valuable to the monitoring                 coordinators became a member of the State
               project by the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory     in        Shore Steward Trust Advisory Committee which
               understanding how the physical and chemical               encourages local citizen education and action
               properties of the Webhannet Estuary respond to            on water quality issues.
               environmental factors. The reserve also
               installed a computerized resource map that                V. Evaluations
               enabled the staff and researchers to pinpoint
               locations on the reserve and to analyze                   An evaluation was conducted in July 1991.
               geographical interrelationships. Another                  Findings report that the state continues to
               monitoring program established a benchmark                operate and manage a strong reserve program
               index of the Webhannet estuary's environmental            that is consistent with the goals of the national
               health. An associated plankton survey was the             program. The findings also indicated that the
               first of its kind completed south of Portland, and        state made numerous accomplishments since
               deemed a significant contribution to Gulf of              the 1988 evaluation. Major accomplishments









               include: the creation of the Wells Reserve
               Management Authority, the new state agency
               responsible for reserve management and
               operations; the hiring of a research coordinator;
               development and implementation of two major
               education programs; and completion of a $3
               million fundraising campaign to support the
               operations of the reserve.

               Designated: 1984
               Biogeographic Region: Acadian
               Size: 1,600 acres
               Acquisition Status: 100% complete
               Federal Funding FY90: $200,881
               Federal Funding FY91: $110,000




                 Maryland
                 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                 BACKGROUND

                   The Maryland Coastal Zone Management                  State agencies for carrying out projects which
                 Program (CZMP) was established in 1978 in               address issues of concern in the coastal zone.
                 response to the Coastal Zone Management Act
                 of 1972. The program was evaluated and                    Within the coastal zone, the State identified a
                 approved by the National Oceanic and                    "Critical Area"--4and lying within 1,000 feet of
                 Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and is                the Chesapeake Bay or tidal tributaries to the
                 eligible to receive federal funds through NOAA.         Bay. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area
                                                                         Protection Act, passed by the Maryland General
                   Maryland's coastal zone includes the entire           Assembly in 1984, places strict controls on
                 land and water area of the local jurisdictions          development within the Critical Area. This
                 bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the Chesapeake            program is recognized as a national model in
                 Bay and the Potomac River up to the municipal           fostering environmentally sensitive development
                 limits of Washington, D.C. This area includes           in coastal areas. The Act is implemented
                 Baltimore City and 16 of the State's 23                 through local Critical Area Programs, developed
                 counties. The coastal zone boundary extends             by local jurisdictions in accordance with State
                 seaward to the three-Imile jurisdictional limit of      regulations.
                 the State.
                                                                           Contractual funding agreements are used to
                 Program Implementation                                  ensure the active participation of local
                                                                         governments in the States's CZMP and Critical
                   Maryland's CZMP is a     networking program           Area Program and to promote the consideration
                 which makes use of the authorities and                  of coastal zone management concerns in local
                 programs of existing State and local agencies.          planning and regulatory activities. The contracts
                 The Maryland Departm"t@of. Natural Resources            are ad ministered. -at the local level by local
                 (DNR) is the lead agenc'y -overseeing the               planning and zoning agencies.
                 implementation of Maryland's CZMP. The
                 Coastal and Watershed Resources Division                Public Participation
                 (CWRD) of DNR is responsible for overall
                 coordination of the CZMP and administration of            Opportunity for public participation in
                 federal funds. DNR has established                      Maryland CZMP is provided through the
                 Memoranda of Understanding with the following           Coastal and Watershed Resources Advisory
                 State agencies: the Office of Planning and the          Committee. The committee has approximately
                 Departments of Agriculture, Environment,                100 members and is composed of citizens and
                 Housing and Community Development,                      representatives of business groups, civic
                 transportation, and the Chesapeake Bay Critical         organizations, environmental groups and
                 Area Commission. Through these memoranda,               academic institutions, as well as representatives
                 State agencies agree to carry out their coastal         of federal, States and local governmental
                 zone activities in accordance with the goals and        agencies. The committee provides a forum for
                 objectives of the State's CZMP. Contractual             the discussion of coastal zone management
                 funding agreements are also established with            issues and advises the Coastal and Watershed







                  Resources Division and the Secretary of DNR            Program staff in contacting private and public
                  concerning CZMP policy.                                landowners to seek protection of these areas.
                  Maryland's Estuarine Research Reserve                     A study was undertaken to analyze the role      'of
                                                                         boat wakes in shore erosion in Anne Arundel
                  The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine                  County. One of very few studies on the impacts
                  Research Reserve (CBNERR) consists of sites in         of boat wakes, this effort tested three
                  Maryland and Virginia and is part of the               hypotheses: (1) boat wake energy is a
                  National Estuarine Research Reserve System.            substantial contributor to the overall wave-
                  The Maryland component of CBNERR (CBNERR-              energy budget at study sites; (2) erosion off
                  MD) is administered through the Marylandw              shoreline sites is higher during the boating -
                  CZMP. CBNERR-MD was established in 1985                season that at other times of the year; and (3)
                  and now consists of three sites: Monie Bay, Jug        different boat designs and passage
                  Bay and Otter Point Creek. CBNERR-MD is                characteristics can change the levels of wave
                  responsible for coordinating research and public       energy in boat wakes. This study found that
                  education activities at Maryland's reserve sites.      boat wakes significantly contribute to total wave
                                                                         energy and potential erosion only when there is
                  Federal Consistency                                    a high frequency of boat passages close to
                                                                         shore.
                    Section 307 of the federal Coastal Zone
                  Management Act, as amended, requires that                An investigation of existing information on
                  federally conducted, supported or                      vegetated buffer areas was undertaken which
                  permitted/licensed activities which affect the         resulted in a report on the value of buffers in
                  State's coastal zone be consistent, to the             sed-imknt control, stormwater management,
                  maximum extent practicable, with the State's           provisions of riparian habitat and shading of
                  federally approved CZMP. The Coastal Zone              streams. An annotated bibliography on the
                  Consistency Unit of DNR's Water Resources              topic of buffer areas was also prepared as a
                  Administration (WRA) is responsible for carrying       complementary document. The report was
                  out federal consistency review activities. Federal     among the documents cited in development of
                  consistency review is based on the goals,              the 1 00-foot vegetated buffer requirement in the
                  objectives and policies of the State's CZMP.           State's Critical Area Regulations.
                  Though WRA is responsible, for making official
                  federal consistency deterpinations, decisions            CZM funds supported the establishment of
                  may be based partially'di -'entirely upon the          elevation bench marks and the development of
                  findings of a variety of agencies within the           tax map overlays depicting the 1 00-year
                  Maryland CZMP network, depending upon the              floodplain for several eastern shore counties.
                  nature of the proposed activity.
                                                                          A study of the groundwater-surface water
                  ACCOMPILISHMENTS                                       system in the Zekiah Swamp Run basin was
                                                                         prepared in cooperation with the Tri-County
                   Resource Protection                                   Council for Southern Maryland, the Maryland
                                                                         Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological
                   CZM funds were provided to Maryland's                 Survey. Increased water demand in and around
                  Natural Heritage Program to identify significant       the basin poses a threat to the stability of the
                  plant and wildlife habitat areas in the State's        swamp which was designated an area of critical
                  coastal zone. The project determined threats to        concern by the State of Maryland. The study
                  the habitat areas and identified management            investigated the hydrologic conditions existing in
                  mechanisms and protection boundaries for each          the basin and provided a foundation for future
                  area. The resulting inventory of significant           swamp preservation efforts.
                  habitat areas is used by Natural Heritage








                  Computerized maps of the State's nontidal             Management Preservation Areas. These are
               wetlands are being developed. This effort will           chiefly the 1 00-year. flood plain and all adjacent
               provide updated and more accurate information            wetlands, steep slopes and buffers.
               concerning their location and extent. These
               maps will be important in achieving full                 Improving Government Programs
               implementation of the State's Nontidal Wetlands
               Act.                                                       Maryland's Nontidal Wetland Program, Non-
                                                                        Structural Shore Erosion Control Program and
                  A vessel management plan was developed for            Boating Administration each grew from CWRD
               the South River, a tributary of the Chesapeake           program initiatives which used CZM monies to
               Bay. The plan established designated use areas           fund research and management activities. The
               and speed limits. Minimum wake areas were                Maryland legislature recognized that these
               established for shoreline areas with high erosion        programs dealt with important natural resource
               rates and for those containing habitat of                issues and passed legislation to increase the
               threatened or endangered species. Enforceable            stature of the programs with DNR.
               boating regulations were adopted pursuant to
               the plan.                                                  The Maryland CZMP sponsors workshops for
                                                                        local government planners in the coastal zone.
                  CZM funds were used by Queen Anne's                   The purpose of the workshops is to provide a
               County to promote comprehensive planning and             forum for local government coastal zone
               the establishment of mechanism to achieve the            planners to freely exchange information and
               best and highest uses for the Kent Narrows area          ideas about projects, studies, initiatives, etc.,
               while reinforcing the environmental and social           that they have undertaken or are currently
               values of the community. CZM funds were                  involved in for the protection of the Chesapeake
               utilized to conduct investigations that resulted in      Bay and other critical natural resources.
               the development of a Market Support Analysis
               and Interim Management Guide, as well as                   For cases involving ocean incineration off
               organization of the Kent Narrows Development             Maryland's Atlantic Coast, CWRD staff worked
               Foundation. These actions will allow the county          with NOAA to establish the State's right to have
               to guide future development and redevelopment            its determination of CZMP consistency play a
               in the county to guide future development and            role in the federal permitting process.
               redevelopment in order to realize the potential
               of the Kent Narrows are a.s.an asset.                    Public Access

                  Somerset County used     CZM funds to produce           The following  projects were undertaken in
               a Groundwater Protection Report which                    Ocean City with CZM funds:
               identified aquifers and confining layers. As a
               result, management measures were established               A boardwalk and crabbing/fishing pier were
               to protect groundwater resources in the county.          constructed adjacent to the town's convention
                                                                        center. This project improved public access to
                  With CZM funds, Calvert County completed a            the water and increased the site's recreation
               biological survey and map of the Flag Pond               capacity.
               area, a natural park adjacent to the
               Chesapeake Bay. This area is known to be a                 An elevated boardwalk was constructed over
               critical habitat for the Tiger Beetle which is           the wetland at Northside Park. The project also
               included on the federal threatened species list          included construction of an observation deck
               and the Maryland endangered species list.                and gazebo and provision of educational
                                                                        displays. In addition to providing visual access
                  Prince George's County utilized CZM funding           to the wetland, the elevated boardwalk also
               in its effort to map the county's Primary                provides fishing and crabbing areas.





                     At Rock Point Park in Baltimore County, a               CHESAPEAKE BAY NATioNAL
                   facility was constructed which provides                   ESTUARINE: RESEARCH
                   swimming access to the Chesapeake Bay for the
                   handicapped. A concrete ramp was constructed              RESERVE IN MARYLAND
                   and a floating pier was attached to the ramp.             (CHESAPEAKE BAY NERR
                   This facility was the first of its kind in the State of
                   Marylcndl.                                                MD)
                     National Estuarine Research Reserve funds                  The Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine
                   supported the development of design plans for             Research Reserve in Maryland is one of twenty-
                   the visitor center at the Otter Point Creek               two Research Reserves across the country which
                   component of CBNERR-MD and the design and                 provide opportunities for estuarine education,
                   initial construction phases of the visitor annex at       research, and monitoring. The Reserve Program
                   the Jug Bay component of CBNERR-MD.                       is managed through a federal-state cooperative
                   Coastal Hazards                                           venture in conjunction with local government
                                                                             and interest group partners.
                     A CZM-funded study that analyzed and                    The Chesapeake Bay NERR-MD consists of three
                   recommended solutions to shore erosion at                 designated components: Monie Bay, located in
                   Ocean City played a significant role in the
                   decision by the State of Maryland and local               Somerset County; Jug Bay, located in Anne
                   governments to, commit over $12 million to a              Arundel and Prince George's Counties; and
                   beach renourishment project. Property                     Otter Point Creek, located in Harford County.
                   protected through the renourishment project is            Monie Bay Component was designated in
                   valued at $2 billion.                                     1985. Jug Bay and Otter Creek Components
                                                                             were added to complete the Chesapeake Bay
                     CZM funds were used to support updating                 NERR-MD in late 1990. Through memoranda
                   the State's Historic Shoreline and Erosion Rate           of understanding and conservation easements,
                   Maps. Once complete, the maps.will define                 the Reserve currently provides protection to ov.,@7
                   areas of concern based on shoreline retreat.              4,500 acres of natural habitat. The purpose oi
                                                                             the Reserve is to augment the existing
                     CZM support,was.,pl-,04e4,     .to the State's.         programming of the partners short-term and
                   Non-Structural Shor@e"Er6s`io n Control Program.          long-term progrdmming in 'estuarine research
                   This program provides matching grants to                  and environmental education.
                   shoreline property owners in suitable areas for             In the last year, the Chesapeake Bay NERR-
                   application of non-structural (vegetative) shore          MD accomplished the following:
                   erosion control techniques.
                     A shoreline stabilization project was                   P- Dr. Grace Brush studied the land use of the
                   undertaken in the Town of Rock Hall.       The            Otter Point Creek Component based upon
                   project consisted of the construction of three            markers and indicators found in the sediments
                   stone breakwaters and a stone sill and the                of the marshes. Her research has permitted he.-
                   addition of clean sandy fill. Two species of sea          and her students to map the progression of
                   grass were planted in the fill area for                   Native American and European settlements in
                   stabilization purposes. Two unvegetated bench             the vicinity of Otter Point Creek and their impact
                   areas were also provided. This project wa5;               on both the land and nearby waterways.
                   completed in cooperation with EPA, the Soil               l- Reserve staff and partners at Jug Bay
                   Conservation Service and Maryland's Shore                 Component developed an informational guide
                   Erosion Control.







                 for volunteers who work in and around the Jug               Halloween program about the biology and
                 Bay area. The Volunteer's Guide to Jug Bay is               needs of bats. Guests observed bats feeding,
  .10            a synopsis of the cultural and natural history of           heard bats vocolizing (with the aid of special
                 the middle Patuxent River region as well as a               devices), and enjoyed learning about the bats'
                 reference about the partners involved.in the Jug            role in the ecosystem.
                 Bay Component: Patuxent River Park and Jug
                 Bay Wetlands Sanctuary.                                     10. The Reserve, at Otter Point Creek
                                                                             Component, was the host site for the Harford
                   The Education Coordinator has been working                County Envirothon 1994. Sixty students from six
                 with the staff at each site, at each component,             area high schools competed as five-person
                 to devise a Five Year Education Plan for the                teams in ecological subjects such as forestry,
                 Reserve. The plan includes special events for               soils, aquatic biology, and zoology. The
                 the general public, technical workshops for land            Envirothon Chairperson, who is the Reserve
                 use planners and managers, a lecture series on              Education Coordinator, organized the
                 a wide range of topics related to estuaries,                Envirothon committee, Reserve staff, and
                 workshops for teachers interested in                        volunteers as to what was needed to make the
                 environmental education, and school programs.               day a success.

                 ,- The Reserve hosted a 'Wetlands and Wildlife              P- The Reserve hosted a lecture by a naturalist at
                 Field Day" at Monie Bay Component for 150                   the Jug Bay Component and a researcher/grad
                 Somerset County fifth graders. The teachers                 student. The topic of their talk was the sora rail,
                 accompanied their students to stations located              a small elusive marsh bird which feeds on the
                 near the marsh where the students could help                wild rice in the Jug Bay area of the Patuxent
                 seine for fish, learn about oysters or crabs, find          River. The researchers' collaboration has
                 out about different birds or other critters in the          permitted them to collect, bond for release, and
                 marsh, and contemplate their surroundings to                observe more soro rails than had been
                 either draw or write about their experiences.               previously observed. Their research techniques
                                                                             and results were of great interest to the
                   At Otter Point Creek Component, volunteers                audience.
                 helped remove 2.4 tons of trash and debris
                 from the forest, creek, and outer marshes.                  P, The Reserve publishes a quarterly newsletter:
                 Students from area high schools, neighbors, the             Network. It is distribute to Reserve supporters
                 Izaak Walton League. (thq,prQperty owner and                within Maryland,, all Reserves, all Sanctuaries,
                 Reserve staff removed lin_'6@`s, bot.h with and             and all coastal managers statewide and
                 without rims, bottles, cons, paper-trash, a                 nationwide.
                 refrigerator, lawn furniture, and an industrial air
                 conditioning unit.

                 w Harford County Department of Parks and
                 Recreation (a Reserve partner) and Reserve staff
                 have been working closely to get the final plans
                 and construction specifications for the Reserve
                 visitors center. The plans for the Anita C. Leight
                 Estuary Center needed some revision after
                 preliminary reviews within the county. The
                 Reserve applied for and received a federal             grant
                 for the construction costs of the facility. It is
                 anticipated that construction will begin in 1995.

                 b- The Reserve hosted a "Bat Chat," a special





               Massachusefts
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND

               Massachusetts, also known as the Bay State, has          the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
               long treasured its coastal resources. These              Administration (NOAA) for implementation and
               resources both improve quality of life and               continued development of the Massachusetts
               provide significant economic opportunity for the         Coastal Zone Management Program.
               state. In fact, the improtance of tourism and
               commercial fishing to the state's economy show           Some of MCZM's major efforts include:
               that in coastal Massachusetts, the economy is
               the environment.                                         0 Federal Consistency Review-While MCZM is
                                                                        not a regulatory agency, it does review coastal
               After passage of the Coastal Zone Management             projects that require a federal license, are
               Act in 1972, the state legislature; local, state         implemented by a federal agency, or use
               and regional officials; and hundreds of                  federal funds, to ensure that they are consistent
               interested citizens combined efforts to develop a        with state policy.
               coastal zone management plan. In 1978, the
               Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management                    0 Technical Assistance-MCZM staff scientists,
               Program became the first on the eastern                  planners, lawyers, and regional coordinators
               seaboard to receive federal approval. In                 assist local decision-makers with harbor
               addition, recognizing the importance of this             planning, tidelands protection, water quality,
               program to Massachusetts, the state legislature          ocean management, public access, and other
               formally established the Coastal Zone                    topics. MUM also holds workshops and
               Management Office within the Executive Office            produces publication to provide technical
               of Environmental Affairs (EOEA) in 1983.                 information to local officials and the public.

               MCZM brings together qstaff:of technical                 N Water Quality -Protectiori,--MCZM works to
               specialists in marine sciences, policy, law,' and        protect coastal waters from nonpoint source
               public outreach, along with regional                     pollution, is active in National Pollution
               coordinators who serve as liaisons to                    Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
               communities and local organizations.       MCZM          permitting for coastal discharges, and makes
               develops and implements coastal policy with the          recommendations to the Secretary of EOEA on
               primary goal of protecting natural resources in          coastal water quality issues and monitoring
               the coastal zone while promoting responsible             plans.
               economic development. In addition, MCZM
               provides policy and planning advice to the               0 Waterfront Programs-MCZM helps
               state's Congressional delegation, the Governor,          communities develop harbor plans, assesses
               the Secretary of EOEA and EOEA departments,              dredging needs and dredged material disposal
               other state agencies, local officials, and the           options, provides assistance to local officials for
               public.                                                  managing growth in high-hazard coastal areas,
                                                                        promotes aquaculture where appropriate, and
               From 1978 through 1991, Massachusetts has                provides access planning assistance to local
               received a total of $23.8 million in grants from         officials.








                     Education and Public Informatioa.-                     MCZM also participates in the Gull of Maine
                  MCZM produces a information a variety of                  Program, which brings together represenatives
                  brocures, guidebooks, maps, and other                     from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine,
                  materials to help inform and educate the public           New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia to develop.
                  on coastal issues.                                        and implement a sustainable management
                                                                            strategy for the Gulf. In addition, MCZM was
                  MCZM is also involved in writing new                      fully involved in efforts to designate Stellwagen
                  regulations, resolving policy questions, and              Bank as a National Marine Sanctuary, which
                  acting as a facilitator-bring together                    occurred in 1993. MCZM was involved at
                  appropriate local, state, and federal officials to        many stages of the designation process, from
                  help keep important coastal projects rn,-,wing.           facilitating public meetings to providing detailed
                  Above all, MCZM seeks to develop and                      input into the final planning documents.
                  implement sound coastl policy by incorporating
                  science into the decision-making process. To              Direct results of,MCZM activities are evident
                  achieve this goal, MCZM supports the                      throughout the state. Over 400 acres of
                  development of al reliable information base and           shellfish beds have been reopened because of
                  strives to provide access to scientific information,      the efforts of the Massachusetts Boys Program's
                  natural resource inventories, and mapping                 Shellfish Bed restoration Program, which wc-.-.
                  projects.                                                 developed by MCZM. In 1994, the state's
                                                                            coastl program issued Guidelines for Barrier
                  This breadth and depth of involvement provides            Beach Management in Massachusetts, a state-
                  MCZM with a big picture perspective on                    of-the-art reference guide that provides detailed
                  Massachusetts coastal issues. This unique                 infc-nmation on how to balance preservation and
                  perspective, along with the extensive local               det@elopment of these vital natural resources.
                  knowledge acquired by MCZM's Regional                     Implementation of these guidelines has been
                  Coordinators, is sought by other agencies       when      instrumental in helping to increase the number
                  questions arise about coastal policy. This                of piping plovers in the state, as well as to
                  broader perspective allows MUM to provide                 reduce controversy between competing user
                  leadership in the effective management of                 groups.
                  Mossachusetts coastal    resources.
                                                                            Finally, COASTSWEEP, the state-wide beach
                  ACCOMPUSHMENTS                                            clean-up campaign coordinated by MCZM, is a
                                                                            tremendous succes        Every year, over 5,000
                  The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management                 people participate and clean up almost 200
                  Officel located within the Executive Office of            miles of Massachusett's shoreline. MCZM also
                  Environmental Affairs (EOEA), has successfully            coordinates with the. Center for Marine
                  coordinated a variety of state, federal and               Conservation to make COASTSWEEP part of the
                  international coastal initiatives. For example,           international coastal clean-up.
                  MCZM administers two U.S. Environmental
                  Protection Agency National Estuary Programs
                  (NEPs) -the Buzzards Bay Project and the
                  Massachusetts Bays Program. MCZM has also
                  participated in the development of a third NEP,
                  the Narragansett Bay Program. The Buzzards
                  Bay Program and the Narragansett Bay Program
                  have completed Comprehensive Conservation
                  and Management Plans (CCMPs) and have
                  begun implementation of these plans. The
                  Massachusetts Bays Program is finishing up their
                  CCMP.







               WAQUOIT BAY
 .10           NATIONAL ESTUARINE
               RESEARCH RESERVE                                         includes a salt pond, a section of saltmarsh,'
                                                                        and a mansion house with three outbuildings
               The Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research              serves as the Reserve's headquarters. The
               Reserve, designated in 1988, straddles the               Reserve Headquarters is one of only two
               towns of Falmouth and Mashpee on the south               confirmed localities in the commonwealth where
               shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It is                  the Federally Endangered plant Sandplain
               cofunded and managed by the Department of                Gerardia grows. Finally, in 1987, 400 acres
               Environmental Management (DEM) and NOAA.                 on either side of the Quashnet River, a tributary
               Administered by the Division of Forests and              of the Bay were acquired to protect the Bay's
               Parks' southern office (region 1), the Reserve is        watershed.
               linked programmatically to the Division of
               Resource Conservation, the Coastal Zone                  A total of 3.35 million federal dollars and some
               Management (CZM) Office and other Executive              20 million state dollars were used to protect the
               Office of Environmental Affairs agencies. In             2,500 acres that now fall within the boundaries
               addition, the Reserve works closely with the             of the Waquoit Bay Reserve. Another $900,000
               Department of Environmental Protection (DEP),            of federal dollars has been spent on renovating
               Division of Water Pollution Control, the                 the Gate House, the Carriage House and the
               Environmental Protection Agency and the Cape             Boat House into facilities offering library, office,
               Cod Commission. A 13-person Advisory                     laboratory, dormitory, classroom and meeting
               Committee, appointed by the Secretary of                 space. The exterior of the Mansion has also
               EOEA, serves to provide in-put from affected             been renovated and includes an indoor/outdoor
               interest groups. Other committees are the                classroom and a stage. The Commonwealth has
               Education Subcommittee, the Research Advisory            just released funds to renovate the interior of the
               Committee and the Resource protection                    Mansion which will offer space for exhibits,
               Subcommittee which is made of regulatory                 large meetings, and offices. The Reserve will
               officials from both towns with jurisdiction over         pursue additional funding for exhibit design,
               Reserve resources.                                       fabrication and installation.

               The Reserve has sigpe@o.;,_-M,6morandum of               The Reserve claims-one-of the most extensive
               Understanding with the Citizens for the                  research programs within the NERR System due
               Protection of Waquoit Bay (CPWS) for the group           to the significance of local resources and the
               to function as the Friend's Group of the                 Reserve's close proximity to prestigious
               Reserve. The Reserve also works with The                 institutions of higher learning in Woods Hole
               Association for the Preservation of Cape Cod             and elsewhere. A number of major, ongoing
               (Apcq.                                                   research projects have enabled scientists to form
                                                                        a preliminary picture of the primary processes
               Included  in the reserve is South Cape Beach             contributing to several disturbing trends in the
               State Park, acquired in 1982, which boasts a             ecology of Waquoit Bay and in many other
               beautiful barrier beach where Least Terns and            coastal areas in Massachusetts and other New
               Piping Plover nest and Roseate Terns feed. In            England States. The largest of these projects, the
               June 1983, the Commonwealth purchased                    Land Margin Ecosystem Research (LMER) grant
               Washburn Island, 330 undeveloped acres on                called "Coupling of Watershed and Coastal
               the western side of the Bay. With federal                Waters in Waquoit Bay", is a multidisciplinary
               assistance, the former Swift Estate at the head    of    research effort designed to assess the impacts of
               the Bay was acquired. This 24 acre site, which           changing land use patterns over time on
                                                                        groundwater and, in turn, on coastal waters. It








                 is jointly funded by NOAA, the National Science           position paper from the conference has been
                 Foundation and EPA. The project will provide              distributed to local, regional and state health
                 important information and methodology on                  agents, conservation agents and planners.
                 nutrient loading to the Cape Cod Commission               Because of this conference and several other
                 and to programs such as the Buzzards Bay                  meetings and workshops on this topic, the
                 Project. The Reserve will train town planners             Waquoit Bay Watershed has been named as
                 how to use the nitrogen loading computer                  one of 8 National On-Site Advanced
                 model developed by this project.                          Waste\Water Treatment Systems Demonstration
                                                                           Project Sites. We will receive $200,000 worth of
                 Other research is looking at eelgrass                     technology and expertise from Small Flows
                 populations dynamics, shorebird populations,              Clearinghouse, an EPA sponsored project at the
                 the effects of macroalgae on fisheries, shellfish         West Virginia University.
                 larvae dispersal, shoreline dynamics and
                 circulation patterns. During the annual Research          The Reserve also produces a Science- and Policy
                 Exchange Day, Waquoit Bay scientists discussed            Bulletin Series which has included issues on
                 their findings among themselves and with                  Computer Models and on Alternative
                 community leaders.                                        Denitrifying Wastewater Technology. The
                                                                           Reserve library is accessible through a
                 At the same time, the Reserve has been initiating         bibliographic computer program with 1000
                 and fostering programs that use the results of            entries. An unusually high response to our
                 the research to educate the public. and                   boating survey has provided us with information
                 clecisionmakers about the coastal issues and              that will contribute to a No Discharge
                 how human activities impact the estuary. A                designation in Waquoit Bay.
                 Research Translator position is funded by a               Working closely with CPWB and APCC, the
                 NOAA Education Award and EPA. A Watershed                 Reserve has provided technical support for an
                 Fieldtrip curriculum which includes indoor                outreach effort that has included presentations,
                 activities and five hour trip through a watershed,        the formation of a Citizen's Action Committee, a
                 teaches the public concepts such as watershed,            Waquoit Bay Watershed Action Plan and the
                 watertable and groundwater needed to                      formation of an intermunicipal committee to
                 understand the research and policy issues. The            respond to the plan.
                 Reserve offers the "Evening on the Bluff"series in        Over 100 volunteers help with every aspect of
                 the summer. People are invited to picnic on the           Reserve operations including monitoring,
                 lawn in front ofthe Mqqpan_.,while they listen to         administration@- buildings and grounds, press
                 or participate in presentations on research and           releases, design and outreach. A Resource
                 policy issues.                                            Protection Internship Program and Research
                                                                           Internship opportunities provide training and
                 Because the research demonstrated that much               experience'to college students and community
                 of the nutrient loading polluting the Bay was             members.
                 coming from on-site wastewater systems in the
                 watershed, the Reserve was funded by EPA to
                 organize a conference called "Nitrogen Removal
                 Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems:
                 Technologies and Regulatory Strategies."
                 People from about a dozen states that currently
                 pen-nit advanced on-site wastewater technology
                 were brought in to share the pros and cons of
                 managing these systems. Massachusetts
                 Department of Environmental Protection was
                 invited to participate in the planning sessions    to
                 insure their participation and attendance. A




                Michigan
                COASTAL MANA-GEMENT PROGRAM


                BACKGROUND

                Michigan was among the first states to join the            provide habitat for fish and wildlife are also
                federal Coastal Management Program.                        protected under this statute.
                Michigan's Coastal Management Program is
                housed within the Land and Water Management                Public Trust
                Division of the Department of Natural
                Resources. The Land and Water Management                     The Great.Lakes Submerged Lands Act
                Division administers several environmental                 establishes a fixed elevation, referred to as the
                statutes that protect the State's bountiful natural        Hordinary high water mark" as the landward
                resources.                                                 boundary of state-owned bottorniands. The law
                                                                           protects Michigan's harbors, bays, channels and
                Michigan's coastal zone, bordering Lakes                   other bottomlands from uncontrolled dredging
                Michigan, Huron, Superior, Erie and Lake St.               and filling. It also allows the wise and careful
                Clair comprises the longest freshwater shoreline           development of bottomlands while requiring the
                in the world. A,unique mix of shore geography              DNR, through a permit- review process, to
                is found on each of the Great Lakes' shoreline,            protect sensitive resources.
                including, clay bluffs, white sandy beaches,
                sandstone Cliffs, rock bluffs, rock beaches, low           Protection of Coastal Resources
                plains, and freshwate  Ir wetlands.                        P- The Sand Dunes Protection and Management
                Approximately thirty percent of Michigan's                 Act regulates the mining and development of
                shoreline is held in public ownership. The                 Michigan's unique sand dunes, the largest
                submerged lands of the Great Lakes are State               accumulation of fresh water sand dunes in the
                owned and held in public trust. The coastal                world. The law prohibits construction on dunes
                region.provides an irnpo#ctnt. habitat and                 with slopes greater than 25. percent and has
                nursery area for ma@Y_'_C-_6'7m me-r-cial and sport        provisions for local governments to assume
                fisheries, migratory birds and furbearing                  administration of Act.
                animals. Coastal waters supply municipal
                drinking water, recreational boating                       Historic Preservation
                opportunities and the transport of over
                200,000,000 tons of industrial and agdcultural             lo, Michigan protects histor*ical and
                materials through the Great Lakes commercial               archaeological underwater resources through
                shipping industry.                                         legislation designating nine Great Lakes
                                                                           Underwater Preserves. The Preserves comprise
                Coastal Hazards                                            over 5% of Michigan's Great Lakes'
                                                                           bottomlands and protect many of the 6,000
                Michigan's Shorelands Protection and                       shipwrecks that have gone down in Michigan
                Management Act charges the DNR with                        waters. This statute also regulates underwater
                identifying and designating high risk erosion              salvage activities.
                areas and flood risk areas and establishing
                construction setbacks. Coastal wetlands that









                 Wetlands                                                ACCOMPLISHMENTS

                   Michigan is the only state to have received           w The Great Lakes Information System (GLIS),
                 authority from the Environmental Protection             funded in part by the MCMP is a computerized
                 Agency to administer Section 404 of the Federal         geographical information system designed to
                 Water Pollution Control Act. Michigan's                 consolidate Great Lakes resource data. This
                 assumption of 404 program authority relied              information system emphasizes environmentally
                 upon the existence of several state statutes that       sensitive areas and critical habitats. The GLIS
                 establish regulation over the discharge of              compliments the Michigan Resource Inventory
                 dredge and fill materials into state waters.            Program, a land-based statewide geographical
                 Michigan recently adopted administrative rules          information system.
                 under the Wetlands Protection Act to strengthen
                 the enforcement of permitted activities.                @- Michigan was the first and only demonstration
                                                                         state that used Federal CZM funds for low cost
                 Public Access                                           construction projects. Due to the success of this
                                                                         pilot program, the Coastal Zone Management
                 lo- In addition to more than 200 public access          Act was amended to allow all participating
                 sites, 42 of Michigan's 94 State Parks are              coastal states to cpply for (306A) low cost
                 located along the Great Lakes or on coastal             construction project funds to enhance public
                 lakes within Michigan's coastal zone. These             access to their states' shoreline. Local officials
                 parks provide public access to over 115 miles           state that the impacts of these low cost projects
                 of prime shorelands. With over 67 Harbors of            usually have a greater than expected economic
                 Refuge, boaters,.are rarely more than 15                benefit, particularly in attracting private
                 shoreline miles from a safe harbor. Federal             investment.
                 ownership in National'Parks, U.S. Forests
                 and numerous local parks also provide public            P, The revitalization of Detroit's deteriorated
                 access.                                                 waterfront was initiated by a CZM funded
                                                                         "Linked Riverfront Parks Master Plan". This
                 Coastal Zone Management Grants                          linked park system has stimulated millions of
                                                                         dollars in private investment and has created an
                   Since 1978 Michigan has annually passed               estimated 1,200 new jobs. The project is
                 through approximately 40% of it's federal grant         designed to create several parks along the
                 to local coastal comrnuq#Jio;sJor research,             Detroit River that are. linked by a bike path
                 planning, design an@116v-m__c-o.it construction         system.
                 projects. Local projects have created or
                 enhanced public access, protected sensitive             P- The revitalization of Houghton's waterfront in
                      a                                                                                 'i
                 coast* I resources, preserved or restored               Michigan's Upper Peninsula s as resulted in
                 historical structures and rehabilitated urban           substantial private and public investment for the
                 waterfronts.                                            cities of Houghton and Hancock (Houghton's
                                                                         sister city).. Redevelopment of the waterfron'i.
                 For Additional Information:                             resulted from a waterfront deveiopment plan
                 Michigan Coastal Management Program                     funded by the MCMP. With the assistance of
                 Michigan Department of Natural Resources                CZM funding the City of Houghton has
                 P.O. Box 30028                                          purchased, renovated and opened to the pjblic
                 Lansing, Michigan 48909                                 all 6ut 200 feet of the 1.25 miles of shoreline in
                 517 373-1950                                            the downtown area.








                   Michigan has a Memorandum of Agreement
                with the Army Corps of Engineers which
                provides for the issuance of joint public notices
                and allows the use of one permit application
                which is shared by both agencies for statutes
                regulating the land and water interface,
                including Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors
                Act and 404 of the Clean Water Act,
                Michigan's Wetlands Protection Act, the Inland
                Lakes and Streams Act and the Submerged
                Lands Act.

                0- The MDNR has developed a Coastal and
                Inland Waters Permit Information System
                (CIWPIS) for permit processing. CIWPIS is a
                computerized data base management tool
                which allows all permit applications to be
                efficiently processed and tracked, and all
                information relative to permit applications to be
                available to all Division staff. The CIWPIS
                system can identify a wide variety of parameters
                and is very useful in identifying areas of special
                interest or concern.


                1- The Saginaw Bay Area Initiative is an
                integrated management plan for the Bay that
                targets DNR development priorities and
                resources in a joint effort with local interests.
                The goal of this initiative is to pool resources
                from the DNR, local government and private
                investors to develop new economic growth
                opportunities for this, areq,while protecting
                sensitive areas and avoiding *hazardous areas.

                w The Michigan Department of Natural
                Resources reviews and issues project permits
                under a consolidated permit process that
                currently encompasses a total of nine state
                statutes and four federal programs.





                Mississippi
                COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                BACKGROUND                                               Wetlands Protection and Conservation:

                  The Mississippi Department of Marine                      The Wetlands Protection Law of 19     73
                Resources is the agency responsible, for                 requires the issuance of a coastal wetlands
                implementing the Mississippi Coastal Program             permit for certain regulated activities in coastal
                (MCP). The DMR administers the MCP which                 Mississippi as well as requiring the development
                receives and administers the program's federal           of a plan for wetlands in the coastal area in
                funding. The DMR and the Office of Pollution             recognition of the CZMA of 1972. A major
                Control (opq and the Land and Water                      accomplishment includes the Mississippi
                Resources (LWR), both in the Department of               Regional Coastal Zone Permit which was
                Environmental Quality and the Department of              developed in cooperation with the Mobile and
                Archives and History (DAH), administers the              Vicksburg COE's. This regional permit meets
                regulatory permits that are required for activities      one of the objectives of Mississippi's coastal
                affecting the coastal zone. The DMR                      management legislation which is to establiï¿½h
                coordinates the activities of the various state          joint permitting procedures and streamline the
                agencies through their policy procedure.                 regulation process. The MSCRP is issued by the
                                                                         Department of Marine Resources and meets the
                   The Mississippi Department of Marine                  requirements of the Coastal Wetlands Protection
                Resources, by legislative action, gained                 Law as well as the COE as well as the state
                department status July 1, 1994. The DMR is               water quality office.
                governed by a seven member selected
                commission representing the three coastal                Special Management Area Planning
                counties and the 5th Congressional District of
                Mississippi. In addition to MCP activities,                 1. Special Management Area Planning (SMA)
                coastal wetland permits and federal consistency,         is provided for in the MCP and can be applied
                the new commiss'            soaddre                      to specific coastal areas-such.as Industrial and
                                   ioners-pj .        ss manne
                                      re        nd the use of
                fisheries, coastal p   Iserves a                         Ports Areas, Shorefront Access Areas and Urban
                tidelands funds.                                         Waterfronts. SMAs apply the general provisions
                                                                         of the coastal program to specific geographic
                MAJOR PROGRAM ACCOMPUSHMENTS                             areas; streamline the regulatory process;
                                                                         coordinate regulatory decisions and provide
                   Historically, the emphasis of the Mississippi         assistance to local governments to plan for
                Coastal Program is coastal wetlands protection           public facilities and services in areas whose use
                and conservation through regulatory permits,             is historically, economically, and culturally tied
                planning, land acquisitions, public waterfront           to coastal waters.
                access and development, special management
                area planning, marine resource education and                Most of the SMA plans have three elements
                information and most recently dockside gaming,           that include a development plan, a dredge
                coastal reserves and offshore aquaculture                material disposal plan, and a mitigation plan to
                activities.                                              offset damages that may occur to coastal
                                                                         wetlands or marine resources.







                  Public Access                                              Educational and Information Program
                     1. Waterfront Access Program. This program                 1. DMR supports the two coastal marine
                  has been extremely popular with the local cities           museums through funding and educational
                  and counties and has been used to construct                material.
                  boat ramps, finger fishing piers, in addition to
                  the associated parking areas and shoreline                   2. Major educational and informational
                  stabilization structures.    These facilities are          efforts have resulted in the development of an
                  jointly developed and funded by BMR and a                  series booklets written for use of the middle
                  local sponsor such as a city or county.                    grades students that attempts to bring about a
                                                                             greater appreciation of the coastal area and
                    2. Waterfront Planning in most all of the                resources. Workbooks are also part of the
                  coastal urban areas have been completed which              educational efforts as well as numerous
                  included recommendations for access to the                 pamphlets and posters ranging in material from
                  nearshore waters, the full utilization of the              oysters, crabs, shrimp and fish.
                  adjacent coastal resources in the urban setting,
                  achieve economic development while                           3. DMR wrote and produced several Public
                  maintaining the local environmental values.                Service Announcement (PSA's) addressing
                  Sand beach master plans for both Hancock and               marine resources, wetlands permitting and
                  Harrison Counties have been completed and 41-1             manne litter.
                  currently being used and has been used for                  4. News releases, public hearings and
                  beach re-nourishment activities. The Sand Beach            meetings, and staff presentations to various
                  Plans have been helpful in identifying items for           groups are also part of the educational and
                  funding of needed access improvements, beach               information program at DMR.
                  erosion, and traffic control and long term
                  maintenance.                                               MERITORIOUS PROGRAM
                                                                             ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                    3. Conservation of waterfront industrial sites.
                  The MCP provides for the selected use of                    1. Port of Pascagoula Special Managemert
                  certain coastal industrial sites restricting their use     Area (SMA) Plan.
                  to a proven need of water dependency.                      The SMA plan was developed through the
                                                                             cooperative efforts of the federal and state
                  Fisheries Enhancement.                                     regulatory agencies. in. conjunction with the
                                                                             Jackson County Port Authority, the City of
                    Launch facilities, fishing piers,-and parking            Pascagoula and has recently added to its
                  lots that are constructed through the waterfront           membership Ingall's Ship Building (Litton).
                  access program. The boat ramps, piers and                  Planning and agreement efforts were just
                  adjacent amenities are used by both small                  completed when Pascagoula was selected as
                  commercial and recreational fishermen.                     one of the homeports for the Navy. Only minor
                                                                             adjustments were made to the plan to
                  Coastal Hazards                                            accommodate the Navy. For partial mitigation
                                                                             of impacts and losses occurring to the coastal
                   At the Bellefontaine Beach area in Jackson                wetlands in the port area, the State accepted in
                  County an erosion study is underway that i,,               perpetuity, 3,265 acres of coastal wetlands in
                  looking at offshore water-movements and tidal              the Bangs Lake area of Jackson County.
                  heights, plus certain geological features. The
                  study will, make recommendations for erosion                The Port of Pascagoula SMA is reviewed 'imd
                  controls.                                                  updated every year and all findings resulting
                                                                             from the review are fo,-,varded to the SMA
                                                                             participants.








                 2. Marine Debris. Over the past several
               years, the DMR, in part through the MCP, has
               addressed various aspects of the marine debris
               issue. DMR staff worked with state legislators
               to pass the Marine Litter Law of 1989. This
               low, amended in 1991 was the nation's first
               state regulation which incorporated provisions of
               MARPOL V. The DMR has been instrumental in
               the formation of the Mississippi Marine Trash
               Task Force. Task Force members have carried
               out a variety of educational programs related to
               marine debris, including annual beach
               cleanups.




                New Hampshire
                COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM



                PROGRAM OVERVIEW

                New Hampshire's Coastal Program was                    The Coastal Program administers an annual
                established in two phases. The Ocean and               pass-through grant program on a competitive
                Harbor Segment was approved in 1982,                   basis to municipalities, the University of New
                covering the communities along the Atlantic            Hampshire and other educational institutions,
                Coast from Seabrook north to Portsmouth. The           nonprofit organizations, regional planning
                Great Bay Segment was approved in 1988,                commissions, and other state agencies. The
                which expanded the program boundaries to all           grants are awarded on the basis of which grant
                areas under tidal influence, including Great           applications most closely implement the 16
                Bay, Little Bay and all estuarine rivers and           guiding policies of the New Hampshire Coastal
                wetlands. New Hampshire's coastline totals             Program. The grants can be for small-scale
                150 miles in length (18 miles on the Atlantic          capital improvements, such as boardwalks and
                and 132 miles along its estuaries and tidal            boat launches, or they can be for planning and
                rivers) and includes 7,500 acres of saltmarsh.         management projects such as municipal water
                All told, seventeen communities are within the         resource plans and water protection related
                Coastal Program boundaries.                            ordinances. Local technical assistance is offered
                                                                       to communities in conjunction with the two
                The Coastal Program operates under the                 regional planning commissions which cover the
                auspices of the New Hampshire Office of State          seacoast area.
                Planning. The program staff works closely with
                other state agencies to implement a networked          Coastal Program staff have also become
                approach to coastal resource management.               involved with interagency coordination through
                The Coastal Program does not have any laws or          the CZMA consistency review authority. Any
                regulations of its own, rather, the program's          direct federal action, federal permit, federal
                implementation authc?ri*.qomes through existing        grunt award- which may affect New Hampshire's
                                   u ia@, ""
                state laws and reg    ii6ns which are carried out      coastal zone or activity on the outer continental
                by other departments within state government.          shelf requires Coastal Program review to
                Therefore, New Hampshire's Coastal Program             determine consistency with the program's
                emphasizes coordination and consultation in its        guiding policies. A wide variety of activities
                efforts to implement the program's mission.            come under the auspices of this authority,
                                                                       including, for example, review of U.S. Army
                Although the Coastal Program incorporates     the      Corps of Engineers' harbor dredging activities
                laws and regulations of many state agencies,           and wetlands permitting activities.
                the principal enforcement agency for the
                program is the Department of Environmental
                Services. The department uses Coastal Program
                funds to enforce laws and rules for coastal
                wetlands, erosion and sediment control,
                subsurface septic disposal, and municipal and
                industrial sewage treatment plant operations.







                  PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                  Highlights of New Hampshire's recent program-              New Hampshira's Jackson Estuarine Laboratory,
                  sponsored projects are presented in the                    program staff began a study to assess the
                  following paragraphs. It should be noted that              impact of septic systems on coastal water
                  hundreds of projects have been completed by a              quality. The study focused on the Town of
                  wide variety of sponsors and that the following            Seabrook. Seabrook offered a unique
                  descriptions are only intended as a                        opportunity because every house in Town was-
                  representation of the total.                               about to be connected to a municipal sewage
                                                                             treatment plant, therefore, household septic
                  The Coastal Program organized New                          systems could be evaluated with no fear of
                  Hampshire's participation in the national                  penalty to the homeowner. Field evaluations
                  Coastweeks program. Coast-weeks is an                      have begun for 13 properties located along the
                  annual three week celebration of the beauty and            coastline. For these properties, monitoring wells
                  diversity of the nation's coasts. Held in October          have been installed to document groundwater
                  of 1994, this year's Coastweeks celebration                flow rates and direction, and the extent of
                  included a number of festivities aimed at                  bacterial and nutrient contamination from septic
                  seacoast residents and school-aged children. A             systems. The results of this study will be
                  coastal clean-up project was quite successful,             availabie after July of 1995.
                  drawing participation from roughly 800
                  volunteers. This year, over 14,300 pounds of               The Coastal Program's collaboration with the
                  garbage was collected and disposed of. Private             Jackson Estuarine Laboratory extends to two
                  sector sponsorship and participation was at an             other projects as well. With the assistance of
                  all time high.                                             program funds, Jackson Lab is currently working
                                                                             to develop strategies for assessing nonpoint
                  Program staff continued working on the new                 source pollution impacts on the Squamscott
                  pollution-control mandate contained in the                 River coastal watershed. Several municipal
                  Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization                wastewater treatment plants located in the
                  of 1990. In an effort to comply with the newly             watershed have been upgraded in the past few
                  created Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control                 years; thus, Jackson Lab hopes to identify some
                  Program (Section 6217), the staff began a                  of the nonpoint pollution sources which were
                  number of activities including:. defining the              masked by improperly treated wastewater from
                  project boundaries,  "condp-  cti-ng a review of New       the old treatment plants. In conjunction with the
                  Hampshire's regulator"y ltfria@me`work to identify         Division of Public Health Services, Jackson Lab
                  existing management measures (or lack of),                 is working on a study of pollution sources and
                  continuing a water quality sampling program                environmental factors affecting the water quality
                  and preparing a local outreach strategy. A pilot           of Great Bay. This project is essentially an
                  local outreach strategy was begun in July of               update of the most recent Great Bay Sanitary
                  1994. This project involves working with local             Survey. It will be completed according to NSSP
                  decision makers in the coastal Exeter                      standards, and will hopefully result in allowing
                  River/Squamscott River Watersheds to prepare               more of the Bay to be open for recreational
                  some guidance as to how to integrate                       shellfish harvesting.
                  enforceable management measures into their
                  local regulatory frameworks.                               Several municipalities are currently using
                                                                             program funds for a variety of projects. The
                  In July of 1994, New Hampshire's Coastal                   Town of Rye is sampling the water quality of
                  Program began its first project under the                  Berry's Brook. This is a follow-up of one of the
                  CZMA's Enhancement Grants Program (Section                 recommendations made in the recent Berry's
                  309). In conjunction with the Department of                Brook Management Plan (also completed with
                  Environmental Services and the University of               Coastal Program assistance). The City of Dover







                 is using program funds to refurbish a waterfront          shoreline of Great Bay. This facility opened in
                 park along the banks of the tidal Cocheco                 late 1994, and houses a number of educational
                 River. This project is part of the City's larger          exhibits detailing marine life and the marine
                 strategy for revitalizing its central business            environment. There is a small boat launch on-
                 district. The City of Portsmouth is using                 site, as well as a nature trail system which leads
                 program funds for the planning and design of a            to a wooden boardwalk that extends out to the
                 1,400 foot, water-6ased boardwalk which will              salt marshes along the bay's edge. Coastal
                 connect the City's working port to the Strawbery          Program staff have been working with a group
                 Banke Museum and Presecott Park (the City's               of volunteers to increase the amount of salt
                 main waterfront museum and public park).                  water reaching a particular marsh area by
                 More than half of the communities covered by              digging a series of trenches within the marsh.
                 New Hampshire's Coastal Program are                       Once completed, the trenches will allow salt
                 receiving technical assistance on a variety of            water to reach a large marshland which has
                 planning projects from the Rockingham Planning            been cut off from tidal influence.
                 Commission and Strafford Regional Planning
                 Commission.                                               The recently completed Stuart Farm Marsh
                                                                           Restoration Project in Stratham, and the
                 Knowing that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient for        ongoing Awcomin Marsh Restoration Project in
                 plant growth in the Great Bay Estuary, the                Rye are excellent examples of interagency
                 Coastal Program is partially sponsoring a                 cooperation. For the Stuart Farm project, the
                 project with the University's Complex Systems             Coastal Program worked with several state
                 Research Center to conduct an assessment of               agencies and the Rockingham County
                 atmospheric nitrogen input to the Great Bay               Conservation District to replace and enlarge a
                 Estuary and surrounding watershed.                        driveway culvert which had disrupted tidal flow
                                                                           to a large marsh area. Completed in spring of
                 Two non-profit organizations have received                1994, the damaged marshland is already
                 program funding for the 1994 federal fiscal               showing signs of recovery. The Awcomin Salt
                 year. The Society for the Protection of New               Marsh had been negatively impacted over the
                 Hampshire Forests is working on a project                 course of many years as a disposal site for
                 known as the "Coastal Initiative", which is a        land dredged materials. Several acres of degraded
                 protection project covering the 17 Coastal                salt marsh will be returned to productivity once
                 Program communities. Generally, the project               the project is completed.
                 entails working with. loca [,.@Iecision makers to
                 identify and prioritize important parcels of land         The New Hampshire Coastal Program has been
                 for future protection. Those familiar with New            involved in the creation of the interstate and
                 Hampshire may remember that a similar project             international Gulf of Maine Council on the
                 was the precursor to the New Hampshire Land               Marine Environment. The states of New
                 Conservation Investment Program which helped              Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts, along
                 to permanently protect thousands of acres                 with the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova
                 during the late I 980's and early 1990's. The             Scotia have formed the Council with members
                 Audubon Society of New Hampshire is also                  appointed by the respective state governors and
                 utilizing program funds for the development of            province premiers. The Council has met several
                 educational programs on coastal resources            for  times since its inception to give direction to the
                 public and municipal audiences.                           staffs of the coastal agencies involved to
                                                                           develop cooperative solutions for the
                 During the past several years, the Coastal                environmental problems facing the Gulf of
                 Program has worked closely with the Great Bay             Maine. New Hampshire is currently hosting the
                 National Estuarine Research Reserve and the               rotating Gulf of Maine Secretariat position.
                 N.H. Fish and Game Department to establish
                 the Sandy Point Discovery Center located on the






                 GREAT BAY
                 NATIONAL ESTUARINE
                 RESEARCH RESERVE

                 The Great Bay National Estuarine Research                In 1992, the Reserve published The Ecology of
                 Reserve (NERR) was designated in 1989 and is             the Great Bay Estuary. New Hampshire and
                 managed by the NH Fish -and Game                         Maine: An Estuarine Profile and Bibliograi2hy
                 Department. In addition to the 4,500 acres of            and in 1993, a technical report on wintering
                 tidal waters that encompass Great gay, 830               eagles was released. A second technical report
                 acres of salt marsh and uplands are included             on wintering waterfowl is in production. To
                 within the Reserve.                                      support a comprehensive educational program,
                                                    - 'T                  the Reserve has prepared two trail guides (Sandy
                 The Reserve features the newly opened Sandy              Point and Adams Point), six marine resource
                 Point Discovery Center with indoor and outdoor           species brochures, a bird checklist, and an
                 exhibits as well as interpretive trails.. Education      eagle viewing guide over the past two years.
                 programs for elementary and secondary
                 students are offered at the Center and a
                 curriculum for grades 1-6 is under
                 development. Utilizing local volunteers, the
                 Reserve and the NH Coastal Program have
                 undertaken a salt marsh restoration project at
                 Sandy Point.

                 Public events sponsored by the Reserve include
                 an annual Duckers' Day. Held during
                 Coastweeks, this event examines the history of
                 waterfowling on Great Bay while promoting
                 efforts to preserve its rural character.

                 Research projects underwa.@. include water
                 quality and waterfowl '"monitoring as well as
                 examining the effects  of nonpoint source
                 pollution within the estuary. As part of this
                 effort, the Reserve has provided funding to the
                 Great Bay Watch which utilizes local citizens
                 and high school students to conduct water
                 quality sampling. The Reserve is also actively
                 involved with oil spill contingency planning.




 As New Jersey
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND

                    The New Jersey Coastal Management                     water uses that have a significant affect on
               Program was developed in the 1970's by the                 coastal resources. These authorities include
               Department of Environmental Protection and                 CAFRA, the Wetlands Act of 1970 (N.J.S.A.
               Energy (Department) and received federal                   13:9A-1) and the Waterfront Development Law
               approval from the U.S. Department of                       (N.J.S.A. 12:5-3). C-AFRA regulates the design,
               Commerce in two phases. The first approval                 location, and construction of housing
               given in 1978 was for the Bay and Ocean                    developments of 25 or more units and most
               Shore segment defined by the state law, the                major industrial, sewer, and energy facilities.
               Coastal Area Facility Review Act (N.J.S.A.                 The Wetlands Act of 1970 regulates activity in
               13:19-1 et seq.)(CAFRA). The second phase                  mapped, coastal wetlands. The Waterfront
               was approved in September, 1980 and                        Development Low regulates all development on
               includes the entire State under one program                or adjacent to navigable waterways. The Rules
               incorporating the Bay and Ocean Shore                      on Coastal Zone Management (N.J.A.C. 7:7E -
               segment, the Hackensack Meadowlands, and                   1.1 et seq.) define the policies of the Coastal
               the tide-flowed waters along the Hudson and                Management Program and guide the
               Delaware Rivers.                                           Department in reviewing the permit applications
                                                                          .Under the three permit laws.
                 New Jersey's coastal    zone extends from the
               New York boarder on the Hudson River south to                Within the Department, the Office of
               Cape May Point and then north along the                    Regulatory Policy, the Land Use Regulation
               Delaware River to the head of tide in Trenton.             Program, and the Office of Enforcement are the
               The coastal zone encompasses the waters and                lead management components for implementing
               varying widths of adjacent land. areas next to             New Jersey's Coastal Management Program.
               these tidal waters. The oq@ndary encompasses               The Office of Regulatory Policy is responsible for
               approximately 1,792    'r In i16 i'of tidal coastline,     overseeing the planning and administration of
               including 126 miles along the Atlantic                     the Coastal Management Program. The Land
               Oceanfront from Sandy Hook to Cape May.            It      Use Regulation Program is responsible for
               ranges in width from one hundred feet to                   administering the coastal permitting program,
               twenty-four miles )near Batsto and the Mullica             along with other state-wide permit functions: the
               River, in Burlington County where the coastal              Office of Enforcement is responsible for
               zone overlaps with the Pinelands Area). The                enforcing all laws and regulations associated
               total land area of the Bay and Shore region is             with coastal and water resources as well as
               approximately 1 376 square miles or 17 percent             other enforcement activities. In addition, other
               of New Jersey's land area.                                 Departmental programs, such as the
                                                                          Wastewater Facilities Regulation Element, Water
               Regulatory Authorities                                     Quality Management Program Element
                                                                          Engineering and Construction Element, Green
                Within the coastal zone, the State, through               Acres Program and other programs responsible
               the Department of Environmental Protection and             for regulating and funding development in the
               Energy, has the authority to regulate land and             coastal zone must also insurethat their








                decisions are consistent with the Coastal                change can be calculated and used durj-,g the
                Management Program, to the extent statutorily            review of wat-3rfront development permi@
                possible.                                                applications. @@his shoreiine prediction capability
                                                                         has provided a sound basis for revising the .
                Major Accomplishments                                    Coastal High Hazard Areas and Erosion Hazard
                                                                         Areas policies prohibiting selected coastal
                   New Jersey's coastal management efforts               development and setting a 30-year and 60-year
                have reversed several destructive trends. The            setback threshold.
                loss of coastal wetlands to development was
                occurring at an average rate of 1,500 acres per             In 1988, the Department completed a major
                year in the 1960's and early 1970's. With the            reorganization to consolidate permit programs
                enactment of the Wetlands Act of 1970, the               and functions by region rather than by statute.
                filling of coastal wetlands has been significantly       This major step was taken to accommodate an
                reduced. New high-rise developments that                 expanded scope of regulatory functions and to
                disrupt scenic vistas, intrude low rise                  produce a consolidated and streamlined
                neighborhoods and coast long shadows on                  regularity process to serve the public interest
                bathing beaches have been controlled to lessen           more efficiently. Benefits have improved
                these effects. Public access to coastal waters           coordination with local governments and more
                has been enhanced through the permit review              effective protection of the State's natural
                and local funding programs. Special coastal              resources.
                resources such as dunes, beaches, threatened
                and endangered species, shellfish growing                  New Jersey. recently adopted a State
                areas, shallow water habitat and submerged               Development and Redevelopment Plan (SDRP)
                vegetation, and other significant sensitive              which is meant to foster "sound and integrated
                resources are given special protection status            Statewide planning with local regional planning
                under the Coastal Rules.                                 in order to conserve its natural resources,
                                                                         revitalize its urban centers, protect the quality of
                Selected Accomplishments                                 its environment and provide needed housing
                                                                         and adequate public services at a reasonable
                   Supported through a multi-year effort using           cost while promoting beneficial economic
                coastal management funds, the Department                 growth, development and renewal..." The
                completed several studies on the development,            Department of Environmental Protection and
                implementation,   ,and mqq%ement of long-term            Energy played a significant role in the adoption
                public access to the `H16&o`n'kiv'er.. As a result       of the SDRP. During the development of the
                of these studies, the Department successfully            SDRP, NJ's Coastal Management Program
                established a Hudson River Waterfront Walkway            successfully worked with the State Planning
                Special Area policy within the coastal rules. The        Commission, the Pinelands Commission and
                policies provide a set of extensive guidelines for       coastal counties to initiate a process to
                the development and redevelopment of the                 coordinate coastal planning issues with local
                existing waterfront piers to protect the scenic          and regional agencies to better protect NJ's
                views to thee Hudson River and Manhattan                 coastal resources. This effort has been
                skyline and promote public access and open               successful in beginning to bring compatibility
                space along the Hudson Waterfront Walkway.               between local, regional and state programs
                                                                         affecting NJ's coastal area and in achieving
                   After a multi-year contractual effort, NJ's           consensus on how best to protect and enhance
                Coastal Management Program now has the                   coastal resources. Building upon these efforts
                ability to generate computer-based shoreline             and now that the Plan has been adopted, the
                maps which depict historical positions of mean           Departmem will be reviewing the entire coastal
                high water for the state's coastline. With this          planning process to enhance compofibility to the
                system, a site-specific prediction of shoreline          Rules on Coastal Zone Management with the








             objectives and strategies of the SDRP.

                In July 1991, the Department established the
             Office of Regulatory Policy which consolidated
             the coastal planning component of NJ's Coastal
             Management Program with the Statewide Water
             Quality Management, the Nonpoint
             Source/Stormwater Management Program and
             the Water Quality Standards and Systems
             Analysis Program. This- reorganization brought
             water quality and CZM functions together within
             the same office which will be an asset as the
             State begins to develop the Coastal Nonpoint
             Control Program in response to Section 6217 of
             the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
             Amendments of 1990.





                 New York State
                 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                 BACKGROUND                                                 Consensus Building

                   New York's coast stretches for 3,200 miles               Significant shifts in public policy are more
                 and includes the fresh waters of two Great                 readily achieved if those affected are involved in
                 Lakes and the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers;             setting and enforcing that policy. A major
                 the tidal waters, both fresh and salt, of the              emphasis of the Coastal Program over the past
                 Hudson River estuary; and the marine waters of             eleven years has been to use a grass roots
                 New York Harbor, Long Island Sound and the                 approach to achieve the goals of the State
                 Atlantic Ocean.                                            Coastal Management Program. The program
                                                                            has worked closely with local officials and
                 Home for 85% of the State's 17 million people,             citizens in the preparation of over 100 local
                 the State's coastal zone includes its largest              government waterfront revitalization programs.
                 cities, vast suburban expanses, some of its most           These programs foster consensus on what
                 rural areas, industrial zones, and.highly                  should be done for the coast. Over 2,000
                 productive ecosystems. The problems of the                 volunteers are working to implement these local
                 coastal zone are as extensive and diverse as      its      coastal programs. New parks are being
                 demographic, economic and environmental                    developed and existing parks restored. Boat
                 characteristics.                                           launch ramps, coastal trails and greenways
                                                                            have been developed and wetlands have been
                 The New York Coastal Management Program                    restored.
                 carries on a variety of activities to achieve a set
                 of coastal policies providing for resource use,            Science and Resource Management Policy
                 development and protection. These efforts
                 range from review of development proposals                 Faced with recent coastal resource crises and
                 and building consensus to advance the coastal              no public funds for traditional responses, the
                 program goals, to man        . 9 -coastal resource         Coastal Program has convened a series of
                                       %,@ 1. 98F, ,
                 crises, furthering program: objectives through             science and public policy workshops to confront
                 public and private partnerships, and targeting             such crises as the collapse of Long Island's
                 fiscal and technical resources on critical issues.         Peconic Bays caused by brown tide algae
                                                                            blooms, and increased flooding and erosion of
                 Review of Development Proposals                            Long Island's Atlantic coast.
                 With its regulatory responsibilities,  the Coastal         In the case of Peconic Bays, in cooperation
                 Program has a key role in the decision-making              with leading research institutions, the program
                 process for approving public and private                   established a long term research agenda to find
                 development proposed for the coastal zone.                 the cause and identify actions necessary to
                 Over 800 projects or activities are reviewed               reduce brown tide in the Peconic Bays. The
                 annually to ensure their compliance with State             resulting research has served as a catalyst for
                 and local coastal law.                                     the recent designation of the Peconics as a
                                                                            national estuary pursuant to Section 320 of the
                                                                            Clean Water Act.







                  With $10 billion of private and public properties           SELECTED RECENT ACCOMPILISHMENTS
                  at risk, Long Island's South Shore is venerable
                  to severe flooding and erosion damage as                    Redefining Coastal Management - After a
                  evidenced by the December, 1992 nor'easter.                 decade of coastal management, Governor
                  In 1989, the Coastal Program convened                       Mario Cuomo convened a Governor's Task
                  leading scientists to frame a new approach to               Force on Coastal Resources to assess the
                  managing the flooding and erosion problems.                 Coastal Management Program, propose
                                                                              recommendations to strengthen existing State
                  Partnerships                                                and local management activities, and address
                                                                              emerging coastal issues ranging from non-point
                  In 1985, a coalition of maritime labor unions               source coastal water poliufion to economic
                  and maritime industry employers joined together             dynamics affecting water dependent commerce.
                  under the leadership of the Coastal Program to              In 1991, the Governor's Task Force presented
                  identify steps needed to maintain the $12 billion           its recommendations and today State agencies
                  dollar maritime industry in the Po.,i of New York.          and the Legislature are implementing
                  Through this labor/managemeni/government                    recommendations. The key recommendations
                  partnership, tax issues have been resolved,                 call for stronger environmental protection at
                  cheaper alternatives to moving cargo through                every level of government to protect water
                  the port have been explored, port promotion                 quality and naturc" resources; the development
                  activities have increased, and expanded                     of a comprehensiva economic strategy to reflect
                  economic benefits of the Navy Homeport have                 business needs of the maritime, tourism and
                  been pursued.                                               recreational boating and fishing industries;
                                                                              targeted efforts for revitalization of urban
                  Targeted Initiatives                                        waterfronts; and expanded public access to,
                                                                              coastal areas and resources. Together, these
                  With limited funds and technical resources, the.            recommendations affirm a decade of coastal
                  Coastal Program has focused on resolving those              management and challenge the State and
                  issues and protecting natural and cultural                  coastal communities to access the issues and
                  resources that can be addressed with few public             capitalize on the opportunities of New York's
                  dollars. One such critical issue is the need for            coastal regions.
                  improved public access to the waterfront. The
                  program targets technical assistance,                       Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs -
                  supplemented by limitedfunds,.to local                      Currently, .115 of 250 coastal communities are
                  communities for localtp'O'b  .1,ic"access projects.         preparing cT implementing waterfront
                  Other targeted issues include promotion of the              revitalization programs. These communities
                  State's commercial fishing industry, improved               have jurisdiction over 70% of the more than
                  management of small harbors, the provision of               3,200 miles of shoreline and represent over
                  suitable space for traditional maritime activities,         90% of the 143 million people living in the
                  and solving the problems that constrain port                State's coastal communities.
                  and harbor dredging.
                                                                              Ead Hampton Water Quality Initiatives - A
                  Areas with special natural and cultural                     major component of the New York Coastal
                  characteristics are being identified and                    Program is advancing non-point source
                  designated for protection, including critical               pollution management measures to protect
                  coastal fish and wildlife habitats. A major                 coastal water quality. Through negotiation
                  initiative - one of the first in the county - is            offered by the Coastal Program, the Town of
                  underway to protect significant coastal scenic              East Hampton and the Association of Ma:@-,,ne
                  vistas.                                                     Industries agreed to best management measures
                                                                              for inclusion in the town's local coastal
                                                                              program. The measures include new







                 government regulations, a public information              efforts. Designation provides for regulation to
                 campaign, and voluntary industry initiatives to           protect habitats at several levels of government
                 reduce marina non-point sources of water                  and the development of habitat management
                 pollution.                                                plans which serve to maintain the integrity of.
                                                                           critical coastal ecosystems.
                 City of Newburgh National Recognition - The
                 City of Newburgh, with technical and financial            Coastal Landscapes - Recognizing the
                 assistance from the Coastal Program, recently             importance of coastal landscapes as an integral
                 received an award form the National Oceanic               part of the coastal environment, the Coastal
                 and Atmospheric Administration for outstanding            Program has begun to designate Scenic Areas
                 contributions in coastal zone management in the           of Statewide Significance in the historic Hudson
                 local government category. The city's award               River Valley. Once designated, scenic areas
                 recognized a unique and innovative project, as            receive unprecedented protection from
                 part of its local waterfront revitalization               incremental development to ensure protection of
                 program, to protect its magnificent, panoramic            scenic landscape qualities.
                 views of the Hudson River and surrounding
                 mountains.                                                HUDSON RIVER NERR
                 \611age of Saugerties Implementation Project -
                 Having an.approved local waterfront                          The Hudson River National Estuarine
                 revitalization program has enabled many                   Research Reserve (HRNERR) is a network of four
                 communities to focus on a variety of waterfront           sites located along a hundred miles of the
                 projects and programs. The Village of                     Hudson Estuary. Designated in 1982, the
                 Saugerties on the Hudson River was able to                Reserve currently protects nearly 5000 acres of
                 leverage a $50,000 coastal management grant               tidal wetlands and uplands at four components:
                 to obtain an additional $250,000 to refurbish             Piermont Marsh, Iona Island, Tivoli Bays, and
                 the historic Saugerties Lighthouse. Historic              Stockport Flats. These sites represent the
                 preservation objectives were achieved, public             diverse biological communities situated along
                 access to the river was greatly improved, and             the broad salinity gradient of the Hudson
                 Coast Guard Aids to Navigation -. previously              Estuary.
                 abandoned at the deteriorated lighthouse - were
                 restored.                                                 Research Activities
                 Public Access - Sin6e' -1 08-9',*-the Coastal                The Reserve sponsors a wide variety of
                 Program has assisted the Hudson River                     research activities, including studies of
                 Greenway Council. The Greenway trail is                   ecosystem ecology, non-point pollution, exotic
                 intended to provide continuous access along the           species, wetland-river exchanges of materials,
                 Hudson River from New York City to Troy. With             sediment pollutant profiles. In addition,'the
                 40 Hudson Valley communities preparing local              Reserve undertakes ongoing monitoring of water
                 waterfront revitalization programs, the Coastal           quality and selected plant and animal species.
                 Program has been instrumental in working with             Research tools such as vegetation maps,
                 communities and the Council to acquire                    watershed geographic information systems, and
                 easements, develop local land trusts and                  research bibliographies assist scientists in
                 ensure public access to the river as a condition          planning and conducting their work. The
                 of development.                                           Reserve sponsors a competitive summer
                 Habitcrts - Over the past six years, the Coastal          research fellowship program that attracts
                 Program has designated over 200 Significant               graduate and undergraduate students from
                 Fish and Wildlife Habitats to build upon and              around the nation. Selected research activities
                 improve State and local habitat management                are highlighted below.








                   Nonpoint Source Pollution Asses ment -              Facilities
                 Reserve scientists monitor physical and chemical
                 attributes of water in HRNERR marshes and               The Reserve currently operates out of a field
                 tributaries on a monthly basis and during             station on the Hudson River at the Tivoli Bays,
                 selected storm events. This information is used       on the campus of Bard College. The field
                 to describe variations in water quality and to        station houses offices, laboratories, classroom,
                 assess whether they are natural or human-             library, herbarium, bunkrooms, scientific
                 induced.                                              specimens, field gear, boats, and canoes.

                   Quantification of the, Annual Water Balance           New York proposes to establish a Hudson
                 of Tivoli Bays - Researchers at Yale University       River Center for Education and Research at the
                 are measuring water movements at the Tivoli           Iona Island Reserve site in an existing 20,000
                 Bays Reserve site, including atmospheric inputs,      square foot structure. This Center will be a
                 evaporation, surface water and groundwater            focal point for research, education, and
                 inflow from uplands, and tidal exchange with          programs to protect the river, providing access
                 the Hudson River. This study will result in a         to interpretive exhibits, offices, laboratories and
                 better understanding of how short-term events         classrooms, resource center and library. The
                 and long-term changes, whether they are               Center will bring together a variety of institutions
                 natural or human-induced, affect resources in         in a cooperative initiative to protect, restore,
                 coastal waters.                                       and enhance the Hudson River Estuary.

                   Watershed Geographic Information System
                 (GIS) - Researchers from Yale are also
                 developing a GIS for Tivoli Bays watersheds.
                 These will be used to delineate critical stream
                 flow source areas, predict annual soil loss, and
                 forecast the effects of proposed land use
                 changes, watershed management alternatives
                 and future development.

                 Education Activities

                   The Hudson River. NEn
                                            offers year-round
                 educational programs  -to pro-mote public
                 awareness and understanding of estuarine
                 resources, habitats and ecosystems, and
                 encourage use of the sites as outdoor
                 classrooms for research and instruction in the
                 natural sciences.

                   Particular emphasis is placed on two areas:
                 1) the training of teachers and other educators
                 in estuarine ecology and the development of
                 curricula materials to supplement existing school
                 programs; and 2) the translation of pertinent
                 scientific knowledge and research results into
                 information that will be directly useful to
                 resource managers charged with developing
                 and implementing management strategies.





                 North Carolina
                 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                 BACKGROUND

                 In 1974, North Carolina responded to the                 General Permits authorize routine development
                 CZMA challenge by passing the Coastal Area               projects, such as bulkheads and some
                 Management Act (CAMA) which established a                breakwaters. Emergency work is also authorized
                 comprehensive resource management program                under a general permit (including sandbagging
                 for the state's 20 coastal counties.                     or beach bulldozing after a storm). General
                                                                          permits can often be issued the same day the
                 A 15-member Coastal Resources Commission                 permit is requested.
                 designates areas of environmental concern,
                 adopts rules and policies for coastal                    Minor permits are required for smaller projects
                 development and resource protection, and                 such as building a single-family residence. They
                 certifies local land use plans. The Coastal              are issued by a representative of the county or
                 Resources Advisory Council provides technical            municipality. These Local Permit Officers (LPOs)
                 assistance and links local governments to the            are trained by the division's permit staff.
                 Commission. The Division of Coastal
                 Management administers the North Carolina                Federal Consistency
                 Coastal Management Program (NCCMP).
                                                                          Any project in the coastal area that is proposed
                 The NCCMP includes the rules and policies of             by a federal agency, requires a federal permit,
                 the CRC, local land use plans, and enforceable           or uses federal funds must be consistent with all
                 rules and policies of other resource agencies.           the rules and policies of the N.C. Coastal
                                                                          Management Program. The division
                 Permitting                                               coordinates a state-agency review of the project
                                                                          and then issues the determination of state
                 One of the principat-ye@ys._Ahe. coastal                 program. consistency.@ -
                 management program protects natural
                 resources is through the permitting program.             Enforcement
                 Permits are needed'for any development
                 proposed in an area of environmental concern             One of the most demanding responsibilities of
                 (AEC). All types of construction, associated land        the program is enforcing the Coastal Resources
                 clearing and land alteration are considered to           Commission's rules and policies. This includes
                 be "development."                                        monitoring permitted projects to ensure that the
                                                                          development complies with permit conditions
                 Major permits are   required for activities that         and identifying unpermitted development. Every
                 require another state or federal permit, projects        six weeks the staff conducts aerial surveillance
                 that cover more than 20 acres and for any                of the coastal area.
                 structure larger than 60,000 square feet.
                 Applications for major development projects are          Policy & Program Development
                 reviewed by 11 state and four federal agencies,
                 and have an average processing time of about             The division works to identify future issues and
                 75 days.                                                 formulate policies to address.those issues, thus







                 enabling the program to respond to changing            Public Information
                 needs to protect coastal resources. Technical
                 studies and evaluations are critical to the            The division encourages public participation in
                 decision-making process.                               coastal management and recognizes the need
                                                                        for education and information initiatives.
                 Land Use Planning                                      Information efforts focus on increasing public
                                                                        and media awareness of the program and
                 Long-range planning is vital to the protection of      coastal issues.
                 North Carolina's coastal resources. CAMA
                 requires each of the 20 coastal counties to            For more information contact:
                 develop and update land use plans. A well-
                 designed plan can conserve valuable resources          Division of Coastal Management
                 and guide growth to areas best suited for              P.O. Box 27687
                 development. Projects must be consistent with          Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687
                 the land use plan before a CAMA permit or              (919) 733-2293
                 consistency determination is issued. About 65
                 municipalities also participate in the program by      Maritime Fore-st Protection Initiative
                 preparing local land use plans of their own.
                                                                        Concerned over the gradual loss of the few
                 Coastal Reserve                                        remaining stands of undisturbed maritime forest,
                                                                        in 1989, the NC Coastal Resources
                 'The division preserves and manages more than          Commission (CRC) created a Maritime Forest
                 12,000 acres of undeveloped natural areas for          Working Group to: study various options for the
                 research, education and public enjoyment at            protection of our remaining maritime forests;
                 seven sites along the coast: Currituck Banks,          prioritize the most important maritime forest
                 Buxton Woods, Rachel Carson, Permuda Island,           areas for protection; and work with local
                 Masonboro Island, Zeke's Island, and Bald              governments and property owners regarding
                 Head Island. Four of these sites (Currituck            strategies to best protect the ecological values
                 Banks, Rachel Carson, Masonboro Island and             of maritime forests.
                 Zeke's Island) also are designated as the North
                 Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve.          The final report of the Maritime Forest Working
                 Acquisition of reserve land, is an ongoing effort      Group concluded that land acquisition for
                 and includes plans to. pV@Oase additional lands        conservation purposes is the most effective way
                 representative of the' JMM'e'coastal regions in        to preserve the maritime forest ecosystem. The
                 North Carolina.                                        report recommended: acquisition and
                                                                        conservation management of the few remaining
                 Beach & Water Access                                   high-quality tracts of maritime forest; that the
                                                                        State assist developers and lot owners in
                 The public access program provides residents           preparing site plans that minimize the impact of
                 and visitors with improved accessways to the           development on maritime forests; and that the
                 state's beaches and waterways. The economy             State encourage and assist local governments in
                 of North Carolina's coastal region is dependent        developing local ordinances to protect maritime
                 on tourism., so a strong access program is             forests. Finally, the working group
                 important to the economic health of the region.        recommended that if the high quality maritime
                 The division provides grant funds and technical        forest sites identified "cannot be adequately
                 assistance to local governments for the                protected through timely acquisition and/or
                 identification, acquisition, improvement and           local regulation, the Coastal Resources
                 maintenance of public accessways and facilities.       Commission should consider designating all or
                                                                        a portion of those threatened*sites as Areas of
                                                                        Environmental Concern (AEC) on a site-by-site




                 basis with specific use standards designed for           we re nominated in 1990 for AEC designation,'
                 each individual site." The CRC endorsed the              about 3,300 acres will be managed as natural
                 report in May 1990.                                      areas for conservation and long-term
                                                                          preservation. Of the remaining 1,700 acres,
                 In June 1990, the nine highest-ranking maritime          more than 95 percent are subject to strict local
                 forest sites were nominated by a coalition of            protection ordinances.
                 environmental groups for designation by the
                 CRC as Coastal Complex Natural Areas of                  Public Beach and Wcder Access Program
                 Environmental Concern (AECs). The sites: Kitty
                 Hawk Woods - 575 acres; Nags Head Woods           -      North Carolina's Coastal Public Access Program
                 755 acres; Buxton Woods - 2,500 acres;                   was established in 1981 when the state
                 Roosevelt Natural Area - 330 acres; Emerald              legislature authorized funding for access sites to
                 Isle Woods - 100 acres; Huggins Island - 100             the ocean beaches. This action was in response
                 acres; Bluff Island - 70 acres; Middle Island -          to the building boom of the 1970s which
                 100 acres; and Bald Head Island - 452 acres.             engulfed many places the public had
                                                                          traditionally used for access to beaches, sounds,
                 As a result of these AEC nominations, the CRC            rivers and creeks. In 1983, the legislature
                 directed the DCM staff to work with local                authorized an expansion of the program to
                 governments, property owners and other state             include funding for projects on estuarine waters.
                 agencies to ensure the nominated maritime
                 forest sites received an effective level of              Each year DCM requests state funds in the form
                 protection, either through public acquisition or         of a special appropriation from the legislature.
                 adoption of local protection ordinances.                 In 1985, North Carolina began to supplement
                 Throughout late 1990 and all of 1991, the                available funds by using federal 306A funds
                 CRC and DCM staff worked closely with local              from its annual federal CZMA award. Since
                 officials, property owners and other state               1981, this program has administered more than
                 agencies to develop adequate protection                  three million dollars in state and federal funds
                 measures for the maritime forest sites.                  for about 230 projects.
                 In addition to these local actions, the Corps of         Since the access program began, demand has
                 Engineers Wilmington District has placed                 always exceeded available funds. For example,
                 regional conditions on nationwide "404" permits          for Fiscal Year 91-92, DCM had $300,000
                 that in effect prohibit the issuance of nationwide       reserved for access grants, yet received
                 permits in North Carolina's remaining high               applications requesting over $1.6 million.
                 quality maritime forests. Beginning in 1992,
                 development activities., pp,;.@ed in Corps               North Carolina access sites offer different
                                            q
                 jurisdictional wetlands r6q'uire a.full "404"            facilities. There are small unimproved local
                 permit. These special "404" regional conditions          access areas, larger neighborhood access
                 apply to all of the maritime forests in North            facilities with parking, trash cans and dune
                 Carolina nominated for AEC designation.                  crossovers, and regional access areas with large
                                                                          (60-car) parking lots, bathrooms, lighting and
                 In summary, comprehensive protection for the             picnic facilities.
                 remaining high-quality maritime forest areas on
                 the North Carolina coast has improved                    All of the access facilities clearly are meeting a
                 significantly. State acquisition on Bald Head            demonstrated need. On a given day, there is
                 Island and final adoption of the Onslow County           stiff competition for parking at many of the
                 Land Use Plan Update will complete the                   popular sites. Occasionally, adjacent property
                 protection strategy endorsed by the CRC and              owners complain of noise, trash and minor
                 culminate three years of work by the Division    of      vandalism, but overall local governments
                 Coastal Management, the CRC, local                       manage and maintain their facilities with few
                 governments and private property owners to               problems. This is significant, keeping in mind
                 save our remaining maritime forests from                 that with the expanding tourist seasons, facilities
                 gradual destruction. Of the approximately                are subjected to more use for a longer period
                 5,000 acres of high-quality maritime forests that        of time.





                   An innovative technique for public access                These components protect popular
                   facilities exists through the affected local             estuarine/upland natural areas from the
                   government subdivision ordinance (assuming it            ever-increasing pressures of coastal
                   has adopted one) by requiring access. DCM                development and are situated near existing
                   advises local governments of this possibility and        marine science facilities that cooperate with the
                   of other tools such as negotiated easements in           NCNERR prograrn, (e.g., North Carolina
                   lieu of purchase fee simple, donations, and              Aquariums, UNCW Center for Marine Science
                   condemnation.                                            Research, Duke Marine Laboratory, North
                                                                            Carolina Maritime Museum). The four
                   In 1994, the state legislature approved a                components are managed for estuarine
                   dedicated funding source for the access                  research, education and compatible traditional
                   program, which could yield up to $500,00 each            uses. In 1988, the North Carolina legislature
                   year for additional access facilities.                   created the Coastal Reserve System to acquire
                                                                            and preserve additional undeveloped coastal
                   Plans for the Future                                     natural areas. The four NERR components also
                                                                            are part of the seven-site Coastal Reserve.
                   A blue-ribbon panel spent most of 1994
                   studying North Carolina's coastal region and             Administration
                   the status of its natural resources. The panel
                   recommended a number of improvements,                    The NCNERR is managed by the North Carolina
                   including additional assistance for land-use             Department of Environment, Health and Natural
                   planning and expanding the state's coastal               Resources/Division of Coastal Management.
                   reserve program. DCM already is working to               The Reserve program consists of three staff: Dr.
                   put many of these recommendations in place.              John Taggart (Coordinator), Dr. Steve Ross*
                                                                            (Research Specialist) and Ms. Joyce Atkinson
                                                                            (Education Specialist). Drs. Taggart and Ross
                   NORTH CAROLINA                                           have offices situated on properties owned by the
                                                                            University of North Carolina at Wilmington
                   NATIONAL ESTUARINE                                       (UNCM. They are also adjunct faculty
                                                                            members. Ms. Atkinson has her office in
                   RESEARCH RESERVE                                         Beaufort. This administrative arrangement is
                                                                            necessary because of the multi-component
                   Background                                               composition of t .he NCNERR.
                                                                            The current state budget for Reserve program
                   In 1982 the State  'of'NodhCarolina received             funds the salaries for Drs. Taggart and Ross plus
                   the first federal awar4feb'r''N-'0AAto initiate the      office expenses. Ms. Atkinson is funded by
                   North Carolina National Estuarine Research               NOAA operations and management
                   Reserve (NCNERR). Because of the large (over             cooperative agreements, but her position has
                   2.3 million acres) and diverse estuarine area            been recommended to the state Legislature for
                   found in North Carolina, NOAA and the North              permanent funding.
                   Carolina Division of Coastal Management
                   (DCM) decided to develop a multi-component               Research and.Monitoring
                   Reserve to include representative examples of
                   different topologies and biogeographic regions.          The Reserve components serve as protected
                   Four Reserve components associated with the              estuarine systems and are used for research
                   state's barrier island system were chosen and            relative to coastal management issues. Eleven
                   acquired: 2. Currituck Banks (960 acres 0.2              federally-funded research projects have been
                   mile north of Corolla, Currituck County) 3.              completed at the Reserve components. Among
                   Rachel Carson (2,600 acres 0.1 miles south of            the topics investigated by scientists from various
                   Beaufort, Carteret County) 3. Masonboro Island           universities are: acid rain effects on estuarine
                   (5,000 acres between Wrightville Beach and               eutrophication; relative habitat values of two sea
                   Carolina Beach, New Hanover County) and 4.
                   Zeke's Island (1,200 acres 3 miles south of
                   Kure Beach, Brunswick/New Hanover Counties).





               grasses -- implications for global warming;              Beaufort. Also, Reserve staff give presentations
               sediment-water nutrient exchange; the role of            at various expositions/formal meetings and to
               6enthic microalgae and estuarine ecosystems;             civic organizations, church groups,
               eel grass declines in east coast estuaries and           governmental agencies and conservation
               feral horse impacts on salt marsh vegetation.            groups.
               Current national priorities will focus research    on
               nonpoint source pollution. Considerable                  Future Needs
               non-federally funded research has also occurred
               at the components through such institutions as           The North Carolina program has made
               UNCW, UNC-Chapel Hill, Duke University and               considerable progress since 1990 when it was
               North Carolina State University.                         moved to the coast, and the current staff was
                                                                        hired. However, to realize the full potential of
               An ongoing monitoring- program is being                  the Reserve, the following are priority needs:
               conducted at the Reserve's Zeke's Island and
               Masonborough Island components. Dr. Steve                        Development funds (one million dollars)
               Ross, graduate students and undergraduate                to assist UNCW with the construction of a
               student intems take biological, chemical and             Marine Science Center that would house the
               sediment samples to characterize the nature of           Reserve program near the Masonboro Island
               the estuarine systems. A similar program is              component;
               being implemented at the Rachel Carson
               component and is planned for the Currituck               10.     Increased levels of funding to promote
               Banks component. The results will be used to             more consistent and integrated research at all
               develop a database for each component that               four components; and
               will be available to researchers and anyone else
               interested in these estuaries.                           0.      Creation of a second Reserve in North
                                                                        Carolina (Florida and California each have two)
               Education/Public Informcrtion                            to encompass low salinity, lagoonal sites,
                                                                        particularly in the Albemarle-Pamlico area.
               Educational opportunities offered by the Reserve
               program include field trips and outreach
               activities for school groups and other
               organizations. During 1992, for example, Joyce
               Atkinson presented 33 field trips to 602 persons
               and traveled throughout the state to perform 74
               outreach programs for 2,610 persons. She also
               organized @a teacher,@certifieation -workshop,
               estuarine art display and several Reserve
               clean-ups. A self-guided interpretive trail and
               brochure were developed for the Rachel Carson
               component. In addition, more than 1,500
               persons visited Reserve components during field
               trips coordinated through such affiliated
               institutions as the North Carolina Maritime
               Museum, the North Carolina Aquariums and
               Duke University Marine Laboratory.

               Information about the Reserve program is
               available to the public through various avenues.
               Management plans, brochures, the Project
               Estuary curriculum guide and Reserve field
               guide are distributed by the Reserve offices,
               N.C. Aquariums and Maritime Museum. A
               newsletter is mailed biannually to more than
               400 recipients. Monthly lectures are presented
               at the North Carolina Maritime Museum in







                Commonwealth of the
                Northern Mariana Islands
                COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
                PROGRAM


                BACKGROUND                                             From its inception, the CRMO has worked to
                                                                       achieve its goal of promoting conservation and
                Pursuant to the 1972 Coastal Zone                      wise development of the CNMI's coastal
                Management Act (CZMA), which encouraged                resources. Some of the emphasis of the
                states and territories to preserve and protect         CNMI's CRMP includes implementing resource
                their coastal resources, the Commonwealth of           planning and preservation practices, preventing
                the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI),                   sedimentation, promoting and maintaining
                developed an OCRM-approved Coastal                     public access to the coast, and conducting
                Resources Management program (CRMP) in                 public education programs.
                1978. The year 1992 marks the twelfth year of
                the CRMO's operation wit h CZMA Section 306            The CRMO is responsible for the receipt of
                funding.                                               funding under the CZMA, for all CRMP fis@al
                                                                       and administrative requirements, and for
                In order to develop a CRMP which would meet            applying the federal consistency procedures.
                the needs of the CNMI and maintain                     CRMO must also ensure that each element of
                consistency with the National OCRM                     the CRMP-as identified in Public law 3-47,
                management program regulations, the Coastal,           CRM Rules and Regulations and in grant
                Resources Management Office (CRMO) worked              applications-is fully implemented and complied
                extensively with both federal and commonwealth         with. CRMO also provides the CRMP Agencies,
                government representatives and the general             CRM Appeals Board, and Coastal Advisory
                public during the establishment phase of the           Council with staff and program support.
                program.
                                                                       With the passage of Public Low 3-47, CRMP
                Faced with.the demcinds--Fpj@,%,                       goals and policies were-codified and
                population and with the needs of an expanding          Commonwealth departments, agencies, offices,
                economy, the intent of the CRMP- is to enable          and instrumentalities were required to
                the Commonwealth to better prepare for growth          incorporate CRM policies into their programs.
                while minimizing adverse impacts on its rich           The new law was an important step in
                natural, cultural and historic resources.              institutionalizing the CRM Program, clarifying
                                                                       administrative responsibilities and improving
                In 1980, CRMO was created by Executive                 accountability for resource management
                Order No. 15, which directed all CNMI                  decisions.
                agencies to carry out projects in a manner
                consistent with the CRMP. 'The Coastal                 Regulations were established for a coastal
                Resources Management Act of 1983" (Public              permitting program to implement the CRMO
                Law 3-47), was passed by the CNMI Legislature          land and water management policies.
                and signed into law by the Governor. This law          Standards and priorities for activities within
                placed the CRMO directly under the Governor's          designated areas of particular concern and for
                Office.                                                large scale projects outside these areas were
                                                                       also developed.







                 'Coastal Activity Permitting and Enforcement            Assessment and Mufti Year Strategy
                                                                         Development
                 Public Low 3-47 and the CRM Regulations
                 provide a well-defined criteria for determining         In 1992, CRMO completed an Assessment of
                 whether a CRM permit is required for a                  and developed a Multi-year Strategy for
                 particular project and establishing penalties for       addressing certain CNMI coastal issues. A
                 noncompliance. Depending on the nature of the           concerted effort was made to actively involve
                 project and its location, CRM permit                    the general public in this process, including
                 applications are reviewed by the CRM                    public hearings and news publications. Working
                 Administrator and/or the CRM Board of                   with the Office of Oceans and Coastal
                 Program Agencies. When a permit application is          Resources Management (OCRM), the CNMI's
                 submitted for large scale projects, it is               strategy targeted addressing coastal hazards
                 distributed to the CRM Program Agencies for             issues.
                 review. Among the various technical and
                 environmental parameters included in the review         In the future, such comprehensive reviews of
                 is an evaluation of the following: Are practical        coastal issues will continue to be conducted. As
                 or reasonable altematives available? Does the           the operation and management costs of the
                 project fit with nearby land and shoreland use?         CRMP increase and local and federal program
                 Does the project meet federal and CNMI air              support funding continues to decline because of
                 and water quality standards and other                   budget cuts, the CNMI Lmust prioritize coastal
                 applicable laws?                                        issues to address. This is particularly important
                                                                         in coastal zone management where the issues
                 Permits for these large scale projects (referred to     are so many and so diverse. Additionally the
                 as "major sitings") must be signed by each of the       CRM program must be accountable to the
                 agency directors and the CRM Administrator to           public which it serves.
                 be in effect. A provision is made for a
                 confl ict- resolving determination by the CNMI          PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                 Governor. Smaller scale projects that are
                 proposed to occur in certain identified areas of        Siapan Lagoon Use Management Plan.
                 particular concern are subject to obtaining a
                 minor coastal permit signed by the CRM                  Begun in 1983 and finalized in 1985, one of
                 Administrator. Specific CRM policies and                the first major program development
                 procedures must. be follqw
                                            _,ed,..,by the permit        undertakings by-the CRMO was the Saipan
                 granting authorities. Perion's denied a permit or       Lagoon Use Management Plan (SLUMP). It
                 who are otherwise adversely affected by a               incorporated site specific user conflict and
                 permit decision have certain identified appeal          management regime analysis along the
                 rights afforded to them, including the ability to       extensive Saipan Lagoon shoreline. SLUMP also
                 refer the matter to an appointed CRM Appeals            made prescriptive suggestions for improving the
                 Board. Penalties for non-compliance are severe,         CRM shoreline protection program, a good deal
                 including potential fines of $10,000.00 per day         of which was incorporated as CRM regulatory
                 and the imposition of civil fines which can be          policies by the CRM Board of Agency Directors.
                 much higher.                                            With Saipan's rapid development increase
                                                                         however, much of SLUMP's planning projections
                 Monitoring efforts have minimized unpermitted           and interagency coordination procedures have
                 development activities and illegal dumping.             been dated and are in need of revision.
                 Fishing vessels calling on the CNMI ports have
                 been regularly monitored which has resulted in
                 reduced fish waste dumping, the control of
                 minor oil spills, and cleaner harbors.








                Saipan Comprehensive Wetlands Plan
                As the rate of growth in the 1 980's continued to      guide includes plant descriptions, natural
                spiral upwards on the CNMI Island of Saipan,           history/distri6ution, economic uses, taxonomy
                the CRMO initiated a comprehensive. study of           (scientific names and common names in
                existing wetlands on Saipan to devise a                Chamorro, Carolinian, and English), and
                judicious policy for managing these valuable           pro pagation/revegetatio n techniques that can
                resources. The study included a complete               be accomplished using native species.
                inventory of Saipan's existing wetlands, the           Environmental Education.
                identification of wetla nd -associated flora and
                fauna and the proposing of a ranking,                  CRMO has been very successful in promoting
                mitigation, and targeted-site preservation             public awareness and action by leading and
                strategy for managing the existing wetlands. The       participating in numerous island beautification
                plan is a useful tool for all the CNMI regulatory      and public education campaigns. CRMO has
                agencies whose mandate includes the protection         recently conducted and/or participated in
                and preservation of this unique resource.              several workshops for the public as well as for
                                                                       government employees and policyrnakers on
                Sedimentation Control Management Planning              relevant environmental topics such as erosion
                and Guidebook.                                         and stormwater control, wetlands, indigenous
                                                                       plants, groundwater, solid waste management,
                Non-point source runoff of eroded sediments            and environmental impact assessments.
                poses a major threat to the CNMI's lagoon
                ecosystems and, coral reefs. For the CNMI the          Upon request the CRMO staff makes
                sediment runoff problem was found to be                presentations to school children on coastal
                particularly acute during the mid 80's through         resources and accompanies teachers during
                1991, its peak period of growth and                    field trip events. CRMO has also recently
                development. The CRMO responded to this                published in the local media several press
                problem by establishing standardized     erosion       releases on current affair topics including coral
                control- planning permit conditions and by             spawning events, whale sightings, sand mining
                incorporating an active monitoring. program for        effects, nonpoint source pollution control efforts,
                major project sites. At places where erosion           and public participation and general
                problems are considered to be particularly             environmental awareness.
                serious, ponding basins Must be built to settle
                and hold the sedimeni@.*Adclitionally, the
                CRMO, together with the U.S.D.A. Soil
                Conservation Service and the Commonwealth's
                three Soil and Water Conservation Districts,
                funded the development and publication of a
                comprehensive CNMI stormwater control
                handbook for use by the local engineering firms
                and by the general public.

                Saipan Indigenous Plard Guide.

                In order to provide a more complete
                understanding of the unique flora of Northern
                Marianas and to encourage better methods to
                preserve and enhance it, the CRMO and the
                CNMI's Forestry Department sponsored the
                compilation of a pictorial plant guide. This





               Ohio
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND

               In March 1989, Ohio adopted a law for the             The collective provisions of Ohio's coastal
               comprehensive management of Lake Ede. The             management law provide for a comprehensive
               statute has been amended three times to (1)           and coordinated program consistent with the
               establish the Lake Erie Commission and Lake           federal Coastal Zone Management Act. The
               Erie Protection Fund, (2) create a program to         state of Ohio is already in the business of
               establish submerged lands preserves and               coastal management and has many
               regulate underwater salvage activities, and (3)       accomplishments to its credit as it moves toward
               modify the erosion hazard area management             full implementation of the program.
               provisions of the law.
                                                                     ACCOMPUSHMENTS,
               The Ohio Department of Natural Resources
               (ODNR) is designated the lead agency for                 Public Trust - the proprietorship responsibility
               development and implementation of the coastal         over the waters and submerged lands of Lake
               program and the law confers important authority       Erie was transferred from the Ohio Department
               upon the Director of ODNR. The law directs all        of Administrative Services to ODNR as an
               agencies of the state to cooperate with ODNR          integral part of Ohio's comprehensive coastal
               in the development and implementation of the          management program. On April 20, 1992,
               coastal management program and that their             ODNR adopted Ohio's first-ever rules for the
               action be consistent with the program.                administration and leasing of the territory of
                                                                     Lake Ede. These rules contain objective criteria
               The Coastal Resources Advisory Council advises        for evaluating applications to lease Lake Erie
               the Director and Department on policies and           submerged lands. ODNR also produced an
               actions necessary to preserve, protect, develop,      educational brochure in collaboration with the
               restore or enhance cpasIQL4,osources of the state     Chicago Title Company and- State Attorney
               and makes recomme    In@daiions on development        General on the Public Trust Doctrine and Ohio
               of policies, plans and programs.-                     law as it pertain to conveyance of submerged
                                                                     lands.
               The Ohio Coastal Management Program
               (OCMP) is in the final phases of program                 Lake Ede coastal flood hazard area rules
               development. The state has entered into two           were adopted July 16, 1990. These are the
               cooperative agreements with the National              floodplain management requirements for
               Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration since          counties and municipalities containing coastal
               October 1 , 1992, to assist preparation of the        flood hazard areas.
               final program document and environmental
               impact statement. Federal assistance is helping         Ohio's Lake Erie erosion hazard areas are
               ODNR accelerate the identification and                being mapped based on amendments to the
               mapping of the Lake Erie erosion hazard area          coastal management law. Enforcement rules
               as well as promulgating rules for controlling         are being drafted, and a streamlined state
               development in the erosion hazard area.               permit program is being developed. Control of







                 development within erosion hazard areas by               staff serve the coastal management program         on
                 local governments through similar zoning                 education and outreach activities.
                 ordinances or resolutions is allowable under the
                 low.                                                     b- Lake Erie Protection Fund - The Lakei Erie
                                                                          Protection Fund (LEPF), established by statute in
                    Public access - Ohio's public access facilities       1990, is used to award grants that will help
                 and sites on Lake Erie were inventoried in               protect and enhance Lake Erie through
                 ODNR's Lake Erie Access Study. This report               research, monitoring, demonstration and
                 responds to the need for up-to-date information          education projects. Since 1992, over $1
                 on recreation resources, along the Lake Erie             million has been aworded from the LEPF. The
                 shoreline. A survey of user issues helps to              LEPF is administered by the Ohio Lake Erie
                 determine future trends and insight into possible        Office, on behalf of the Ohio Lake Erie
                 cooperative projects for outdoor recreation on           Commission,- The LEPF is supported through
                 the lake. The Lake Erie Access Study will be             payments from the Plate and Lake Erie Credit
                 periodically updated to reflect new trends and           Card programs, and donations from individuals,
                 provide additional recommendations.                      organizations an corporations.
                 A financial assistance program has been                  P- Submerged Lands Preserves - a program
                 established to provide up to 50 percent                  enacted March, 1992, as an amendment to
                 matching funds to local agencies for public              Ohio's coastal management law provides for
                 access projects in ODNR's "Lake Erie Access              the establishment of submerged lands preserves
                 Program." Due to the positive response from              for areas of historic and archaeologic resources
                 local lakefront agencies, many sites originally          such as shipwrecks, and other areas of
                 listed as having potential for public access are         scientific, cultural or ecological significance.
                 now existing facilities for boating, launching and       The Ohio Historical Society cooperates with
                 shoreline fishing.                                       ODNR in the administration of this program
                                                                          and has approval authority for areas nominated
                   Coastal Barriers - Ten units have been                 as preserves as well as for applications to
                 mapped and included in the federal Coastal               perform salvage work on shipwrecks or
                 Barrier Resources System (CBRS) along Ohio's             abandoned property.
                 262 miles of Lake Erie shore.
                                                                          b- Wetlands - Ohio is acquiring and restoring
                   Ohio Lake Erie Com%iWqnJ-0hio Lake Erie -              wetland habitats in theIake.Ene Marshes
                 Office - The    h
                              0 io Gene          sembly created           region, a priority focus area of the North
                 the Ohio Lake Erie Commission in 1990 for the            American Waterfowl Management Plan. The
                 purpose of ensuring the coordination of state            acq uisition- protection of coastal wetlands,
                 and local policies and programs related to Lake          wetlands restoration, and increasing the
                 Erie water quality, toxic pollution control and          effectiveness and efficacy of wetlands regulation
                 resource protection. The Commission is                   are key components of Ohio's efforts to
                 comprised of the directors of the Ohio                   conserve and protect this critical natural
                 Environmental Protection Agency and                      resource.
                 Departments of Natural Resources, Agriculture,
                 Health, Development and Transportation. In               The OCMP was instrumental in securing
                 1992, the Governor established the Ohio Lake             $392,000 in federal funds for the
                 Erie Office to act as staff for the Commission.          acquisition/protection of wetlands at. Mentor
                 The Office administers the Lake Erie Protection          Marsh, also a unit of the federal Coastal Barrier
                 Fund, organizes Ohio's Coastweeks celebration,           Resources System. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                 prepares the Governor's State of the Lake                Service selected the project for 75% funding
                 Report, and represents the state in numerous             under the National Coastal Wetlands
                 Great Lakes forums. The Commission and its               Conservation Grant Program.







                Partnership projects at Maumee Bay State Park,            Administration
                Sheldon Marsh and Mentor Marsh State Nature
                Preserves, and Pickerel Creek, Metzger Marsh,             The OWC NERR is administered as a
                and Pipe Creek State Wildlife Areas all involve           cooperative state/federal partnership. Budgetary
                public/private partnerships and                           and policy decisions are shared by the on-site
                state/local/federal cooperation. This is resulting        reserve manager and staff from various offi     'ces
                in the protection, restoration and interpretation         of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources
                of thousands of acres of coastal wetland                  (ODNR) and NOAA's Office of Ocean and
                habitat.                                                  Coastal Resources Management (OCRM).
                OLD WOMAN                   CREEKNERR                     Staff - Four permanently assigned staff have
                                                                          been provided by ODNR to carry out the daily
                                                                          operations of the reserve: a manager, research
                Background                                                coordinator, education coordinator, and natural
                                                                          resources coordinator. When state or federal
                Ohio boosts the nation's only reserve on the              financial assistance is available, seasonal staff
                entire Great Lakes, the Old Woman Creek State             are employed to conduct critical ecological
                Nature Preserve and National Estuarine                    monitoring, education, and resource protection
                Research Reserve. Following the suggestions of            projects.
                the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                Administration (NOAA), the state of Ohio                  Support Facilities - The reserve administrative
                developed a formal administrative linkage                 offices are located on-site in the Ohio Center
                between the Old Woman Creek NERR and the                  for Coastal Wetland Studies which also includes
                Ohio Coastal Management Program.                          a visitor center, classrooms, research
                                                                          laboratories, and library. A 1 6-bed dormitory,
                The reserve, a Great Lakes-type freshwater                maintenance facility, boardwalk and trail
                estuary, is located near Huron, Ohio, on a                network, and observation decks have also been
                drowned stream mouth that drains into Lake                completed in the reserve.
                Erie. Ohio has already lost nearly 90% of its
                original wetlands so information gained from
                scientific studies carried out at OWC NERR is             Goals of Old Woman Creek NERR
                extremely important to coastal resource
                managers and decision makers in Ohio and
                                                                          The goals of the. OWC NERR are to protect the
                throughout'the Greafta6srbgion.                           natural integrity of the estuarine ecosystem;
                                                                          conduct long-term studies in the reserve to gain
                Within the reserve, several aquatic and                   a better understanding of natural and human
                terrestrial habitat types have been identified            process occurring within the reserve and
                including: embayment marshes, swamp forests,              watershed; develop information for improved
                mud flats, oak-hickory upland forests, barrier            coastal decision making; and to enhance public
                6eaches, and the open waters of the estuary.              awareness, understanding and stewardship of
                Hundreds of species of algae, vascular plants,            estuarine resources in the Old Woman Creek
                invertebrates, mammals, reptiles, amphibians,             Reserve and other Great Lake coastal wetlands.
                fishes, and birds inhabit the reserve. Several are
                threatened, endangered or species of special              Education and Outreach Programs
                concern such as the American bald eagle,
                sharp-shinned hawk, eastern fox snake, and the            The reserve provides an array of educational
                spotted turtle. The reserve also serves as an             programs that increase public awareness of
                important nursery and spawning area for                   estuarine ecosystems and coastal zone
                numerous species of Lake Erie forage and sport            management issues. Over the, post two years,
                fish.







                 thousands of people from 49 states and 21             Results of these studies have been disseminated
                 foreign countries visited the reserve and/or          to libraries, universities, and resource agencies
                 participated in educational programs, classes         throughout the Great Lakes region.
                 and workshops. Program components include
                 professional seminars for natural resource               More than a dozen monitoring projects have
                 managers and coastal decision makers,                 been completed by OWC NERR staff and
                 college-level estuarine ecology classes, natural      regional scientists on such topics as the impact
                 history lectures, environmental curricula for         of highway construction on estuarine water
                 schools, and interpretive materials such as           quality, floral and faunal community profiles,
                 brochures, color poster-, and slide talks.            and non-point source pollution.
                   The NERRS Program is currently providing            lo- As part of the national Water Quality
                 financial assistance for the OWC NERR to              Initiative' the OWC watershed has recently been
                 develop an educational stewardship program            chosen as a demonstration project by the U.S.
                 for watershed residents and agricultural              Dept. of Agriculture and ODNR for intensified
                 producers. the goal of this effort is to improve      efforts to improve water quality. Participating
                 and sustain good water quality in the watershed       landowners are applying best management
                 and estuarine wetlands by encouraging                 practices to mitigate non-point source pollution
                 improved agricultural land use and by                 of ground and surface water, thus improving
                 identifying other non-point source pollution          water quality in the stream and Lake Erie.
                 problems.
                                                                       As a direct consequence of strong institutional
                  Initiated a cooperative education project with       relationships between the Old woman Creek
                 the National Aeronautics and Space                    NERR and the OCMP, Ohio is fully integrating
                 Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center,          its National Estuarine Research Reserve into a
                 Cornell University, and the Hudson River NERR         broad-based approach to managing coastal
                 to develop materials and activities for NERRS &       resources.
                 NASA educators throughout the notion. The
                 project has incorporated remote sensing
                 techniques and skills into educational
                 programming throughout the system.
                 Research and Monitp@n9,.,,.,1-..-,._

                 Research on coastal saltwater estu aries has
                 demonstrated the importance of these wetlands
                 in providing many natural and econ,",ic
                 benefits. Studies undertaken at OWC NERR are
                 directed towards determining the extent that
                 Great Lakes-type freshwater estuaries perform
                 similar functions. Reserve staff and regional
                 scientists have developed a broad-based
                 program of basic and applied research, coupled
                 with long term environmental monitoring.

                 P, Nearly 80 research publications completed by
                 scientific investigators on such topics as exotic
                 species in the Great Lakes, the effects of toxic
                  1i
                 pol utants on Lake Erie fisheries, nutrient
                 dynamics, and wetland ecosystem modeling.




               Oregon
               COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND                                           11. Improved Resource Management: Specific
                                                                    Issues
               Oregon's Coastal Management Program
               (OCMP) has its roots in state plans and policies     Water Quality: Oregon's 1988 Statewide
               developed in the eady 1970's. In 1977,               Assessment of Nonpoint Sources of Water
               Oregon's program was the Nation's second to          Pollution and Coquille River basin project, part
               be approved under the federal Coastal Zone           of the EPA Near Coastal Waters initiative,
               Management Act. The OCMP consists of three           demonstrate technical expertise in water quality
               major elements: 19 statewide planning goals,         and a is record of innovative work with citizens
               local govemment comprehensive plans and              in watershed pollution problems. Oregon is
               ordinances which are consistent with the             prepared to implement the federally required
               planning goals, certain state agency programs.       Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program
                                                                    (Section 6217) on a comprehensive watershed
               1. Enhanced Management Capability: Planning          basis pending receipt of adequate financial
               Procedures and Process -- An Established             resources.
               State-Local Planning Partnership for Managing
               the Cumulative Effects of Development.               Wetlands: OCMP agencies secured new
                                                                    (1989) legislation integrating land use planning
               Coastal development pressures are directed to. a     and wetland management. Adopted wetland
               relatively small but very diverse and valuable       conservation plans, modeled on
               land base. Oregon's coastal communities tend         recommendations of the National Wetland
               to be small and could be overwhelmed by sheer        Policy Forum, will be fully coordinated with local
               numbers and scale of development proposals.          comprehensive plans. A state wetlands inventory
               To meet these conditions, all cities and counties    and a notice system coordinating local land use
               have developed comprehensive plans, zoning           decisions that may affect inventoried wetlands is
               ordinances and site speqAe@vrban growth              nearing completiom
               boundaries to carry out state planning goals to
               manage growth and protect coastal resources.         Natural Hazards: OCMP agencies are: 1)
                                                                    providing new geologic information to local
               The Department of Land Conservation and              governments to ensure that comprehensive
               Development (DLCD), Oregon's coastal                 plans and ordinances and state agency
               management agency, administers the statewide         programs address the potential for catastrophic
               goals, coordinates the various coastal program       earthquakes, tsunamis, ocean inundation, land
               elements, and assists local governments              Slides, and other chronic natural hazards; 2)
               financially and technically. The peHodic review      assisting local governments to develop and
               process creates an opportunity for the local         implement technical standards for geotechnical
               community and the state to evaluate the              reports and standards for reviewing, analyzing,
               effectiveness of comprehensive plans. Where          and using geotechnical information in making
               plans are shown to be ineffective, DLCD is           decisions about development proposals
               empowered to use the process to require
               changes to local plans.








                Public Access: 90% of the Oregon coast is in
                public ownership and the under Oregon low the
                public retains a paramount right of access to
                the other 10%. OCMP agencies funded a
                detailed inventory of some 1000 public access
                points, developed a logo sign for coastal public
                accesses, and prepared a draft model
                ordinance for use by cities and counties to
                implement state requirements to retain public
                ownership of public lands which improve access
                to coastal waters. Oregon has dedicated its
                306A funds to purchasing and constructing
                public accesses to coastal waters. The 306A
                program is very popular with local governments
                and the public. Resources available are far short
                of demand.


                Ocean Resources: Oregon has prepared and                                     7-Z
                adopted (1990) a comprehensive framework
                plan for ocean resource management within the
                200, mile U.S. Exclusive Economic. The plan
                emphasizes stewardship of renewable ocean
                resources and protection of marine habitats.
                Eight state agencies and five federal agencies
                participated directly in the extensive public
                process. An Oregon territorial sea plan, due in
                1994, will provide a mandatory framework for
                local, state, and federal agency plans,
                programs, rules and regulations pertaining to
                resource management within Oregon's territorial
                sea.


                Public Information &-PuMiccttions: Oregon
                produces publications'f6r,"usei by local
                governments, state and federal agencies and of
                interest to the public, some examples.
                  Citizens Guide to the OCMP
                  Oregon Estuary Plan Book
                  Oregon Ocean Plan
                  Federal Consistency Brochure
                  306A Field Guide
                  Highway 101 Visual Management Study
                  Foredune Management Handbook
                  Destination Resort Handbook
                  Waterfront Revitalization Guide




                 Pennsylvania
                 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                 BACKGROUND

                    In 1972, Congress -passed the Coastal Zone            structures within the minimum bluff setback
                 Management Act (CZMA) to provide for "a                  distance. Currently, the act restricts
                 national program for the management,                     development only from the bluff crest landward.
                 beneficial use, protection and development of            CZM wants to strengthen the low by including
                 the land and water resources of the Notion's             the regulation of structures placed lakeward of
                 coastal zones." Coastal states have two                  the bluff crest in a high hazard area known as
                 incentives to participate in the national program.       the bluff face. CZM also plans to improve its
                 The first is the availability of federal funds to        bluff recession monitoring techniques; for
                 develop and implement state programs. The                example, by establishing additional control
                 second is the federal consistency requirement of         points to monitor the rate of recession.
                 the CZMA. All federal activities, permits or
                 funding that affect a state's coastal zone must          Public Access
                 be consistent with the enforceable policies of
                 the state's federally approved coastal program.              Improving public access to the coastline is a
                                                                          major initiative of the federal coastal program.
                    Pennsylvania's Coastal Zone Management                In Pennsylvania, public access to the coastal
                 Program (CZM) was approved in 1980. From.                areas has been constrained by industrial
                 the beginning, CZM's goal has been to create             development, private ownership and natural
                 and maintain a balance between environmental             barriers. Although CZM has made great
                 protection and economic development in the               progress in providing public access to coastal
                 state's two coastal zones: Lake Erie and the             waters, the program wants to expand and
                 Delaware -Estuary. The backbone of the                   improve its efforts. Some areas that CZM is
                 program is a strong federal, state and local             exploring to improve public access include using
                 partnership that ensqr9s4he.:preservation of:            public rights of way for stairway access to Lake
                 Pennsylvania's coastal resources. The                    Erie; identifying other sources of public and
                 program's current emphasis is on coastal                 private funding for public access projects; and
                 hazards, public access, wetlands, public                 using public lands for experimental projects,
                 involvement and education, and the Delaware              such as stairway construction.
                 Estuary Program.
                                                                          Wetlands
                 Coastal Hazards
                                                                              CZM takes the preservation and protection
                     Pennsylvania's Bluff Recession and Setback           of wetlands within its coastal zone boundaries
                 Act provides a long-term, regulatory approach            very seriously. The program has taken
                 to reducing property losses from bluff recession         innovative approaches, beyond the normal
                 along Lake Erie. The act requires municipalities         coordination and review process, to ensure all
                 in bluff recession hazard areas to develop,              coastal wetlands are identified, monitored and
                 adopt and administer bluff setback ordinances.           vigorously protected or restored. The state Dam
                 The ordinances restrict new development from             Safety and Encroachments Act and its
                 bluff areas and limit improvements to existing           amendments adequately protect wetlands within







                  the coastal boundaries. However, coastal                   existing laws and regulations to target specific
                  wetlands are significantly affected by activities in       types of water pollution originating in coastal
                  wetlands and waterways beyond the coastal                  watersheds. The program will help --qsure that
                  boundaries. CZM is looking into the possible               management measures designed to @@duce
                  expansion of its boundaries to include                     polluted runoff from a variety of activities are
                  hydrologically connected wetlands and                      put into place through education, voluntary
                  waterways.                                                 activities, and existing regulatory programs.
                                                                             Already funded are projects to produce
                  Public Involvement and Education                           educational materials, and to map land use and
                                                                             water quality in coastal watersheds using a
                     CZM provides the public with opportunity for            Geographic information System. Anticipated
                  early and continuous involvement in managing               activities include a citizens' monitoring program,
                  the state's coastal resources. The locally run             an anti-freeze recycling effort, and
                  Coastal Zone Steering Committees are CZM's                 demonstrations of wetlands and streambank
                  main vehicles for disseminating program                    protection projects that will help to reduce
                  information in the coastal areas and for                   sediment pollution of coastal waters.
                  receiving feedback on CZM issues and activities.
                  Current public education material includes a               ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                  quarterly newsletter, information pamphlets,
                  program booklet and fact sheets. CZM is                     Since 1981, CZM has provided a free site
                  increasing its public awareness efforts with a             analysis and recommendation service to Lake
                  reconstituted slide show and portable exhibit.             Erie property owners affected by shoreline
                                                                             erosion and bluff recession. The service consists
                                                                             of on-site inspections and recommendations on
                  Delaware Estuary Program                                   surface and groundwater control, bluff
                                                                             stabilization and the role of vegetation to
                  CZM continues to coordinate Pennsylvania's                 stabilize loose soil conditions. In the first seven
                  participation in the tri-state Delaware Estuary            years of the service, approximately three-fourths
                  Program. The Program is a commitment of                    of the surveyed property owners followed CZM's
                  Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, the U.S.               recommendations, resulting in an estimated
                  Environmental Protection Agency and numerous               property damage savings and property value
                  advisory committees to promote long term                   enhancement of $5,250,000. Pennsylvania is
                  planning and ma nagerrWovf.. the Estuary's                 the only Great Lakes state to offer this service.
                  resources. Throug   h a c6o, perative effort, the
                  Delaware Estuary Program has developed a                    In 1991-92, CZM helped detect
                  Comprehensive Conservation and Management                  approximately 17 coastal wetlands violations
                  Plan (CCMP) which both documents and                       through the use of aerial photography and the
                  recommends approaches for correcting and                   program's annual helicopter overflight program.
                  preventing problems in the estuary. The "Draft"            Enforcement has begun on a majority of the
                  CCMP was published for public review in                    sites.
                  February, 1995 and is currently being reviewed
                  by both agencies and the public. The "Final"               1- In an economically depressed area of
                  CCMP is scheduled for EPA and the States'                  Chester, Delaware County, CZM provided more
                  approval in Olober 1995.                                   than $217,000 for construction of a public
                                                                             fishing and boating facility. The Commodore
                  Protection of Coastal Waters                               Barry Bridge Public Access Site has four boat
                  from Nonpoint Source Pollution                             ramps, two permanent piers, two floating
                                                                             docks, and parking for more than 150 cars and
                   CZM is developing a coastal       nonpoint                trailers. This is the only publicly owned fishing
                  pollution program. It will help coordinate                 and boating facility on the estuary in Delaware








                County and serves the tri-state region of
                Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware.

                  CZM has played a strong supporting role in
                Erie's downtown revitalization efforts. More
                than $170,000 in federal funds were used to
                enhance the waterfront area with such amenities
                as wooden sidewalks, benches and decorative
                lighting. These improvements have helped
                focus attention on the area and, consequently,
                many private developers are committing funds
                for future development efforts.

                P, CZM assists waterfront developers along the
                Delaware Estuary through its Urban Waterfront
                Action Group. The group conducts meetings
                with developers and federal, state and local
                government officials during the initial stages of
                a waterfront project. The meetings help identify
                and resolve potential problems that could incur
                costly delays in securing federal and state
                permits.

                ,- CZM certifies Lake Ede shoreline structures for
                claims under an amendment to the National
                Flood Insurance Program. The Upton-Jones
                Amendment provides reimbursement to property
                owners for the relocation or demolition of
                insured structures that are in danger of collapse
                over the bluff because of erosion caused by
                high lake- levels. The amendment has been
                repealed however, and the claims can no
                longer befiled after Sept@_ @-r 11995. CZM
                                 ng@ t,  - 1@
                has been monitori "' e"Jera -regulations
                development for a grant program directly to
                states to administer a similar flood insurance

                program.





               Puerto Rico
               COASTALZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               OVERVIEW


                 The Commonwealthof Puerto Rico is the                amended the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act
               smallest and easternmost island of the Greater         to define the territorial waters of the
               Antilles chain. The coastal areas include rocky        Commonwealth as extending 3 marine leagues
               cliffs, sand dunes, beaches, fresh and salt water      (10.35 nautical miles) from the shoreline,
               lagoons, forests, mangroves, swamps, flood             reflecting the Spanish antecedents of the
               plains, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows.             Commonwealth, which also apply in Texas and
               Agriculture has been largely supplanted in the         Florida.
               Island's economy by manufacturing, wholesale
               and retail trade, business and personal services,         The PRCMP covers four major elements,
               and tourism. The coastal area is vital for the         including:
               Island's tourism, as well as for local recreation.
               The Island's population has increased from 2.7            - Guiding development on public and private
               million in 1970 to 3.6 million in 1990, which               lands;
               produces a current density of 1,025 persons per           - Active management of coastal resources;
               square mile.                                              - Promoting coastal development; and
                                                                         - Research
                 The Puerto Rico Coastal Management
               Program (PRCMP) was adopted in 1978 by the                The process for guiding development is
               Puerto Rico Planning Board (PB) as an element          implemented by the four agencies mentioned
               of the island-wide Land Use Plan; it reflects the      above. The primary responsibility is with the PB,
               PB's 1977 Statement of Land Use Policies and           which is charged with regulating all land use,
               Objectives. The Department of Natural                  and with reconciling conflicts among policies
               Resources (DNR) is the designated lead agency          and objectives. In the review of proposals for
               for administration of_theFRCMP., Other                 development, DNR serves, as advocate for the
               Commonwealth agencies that participate in              natural resources, commenting to the PB on
               program implementation are the PB, the                 both the proposals and their environmental
               Environmental Quality Board (EQB), and the             impacts, if any. This enables the PB to balance
               Regulations and Permits Administration (RPA).          the needs for economic development against
               At the present time, Puerto Rico's 78 municipal        the need for conservation or preservation of
               jurisdiction do not regulate planning, zoning or       critical resources. The adoption of the PRCMP
               building permits, which are the functions of the       by the PB as an element of the Land Use Plan
               PB and RPA at the state level.                         established four new policies: protection of
                                                                      mangroves; access to beaches; protection of
                The boundary of Puerto Rico's coastal zone            sites required for water-dependent development;
               extends inland 1,000 meters from the shoreline,        and criteria for diking,'filling, dredging, and the
               and further inland in places where it is               deposit of dredged materials. The adoption of
               necessary to include critical drainage basins,         the PRCMP also designated eight Special
               plus all offshore islands and waters within the 3-     Planning Areas, one of which covers also
               mile limit set by the Coastal Zone Management          fdnging coastal mangroves. The PRCMP also
               Act of 1972 (CZMA). In 1980, Congress                  identified a list of sites recommended for








                  designation as Natural Reserves, and                         Landslides)
                  established the Coastal Management Office                    FEMA 768-DR May 1986 (Floods)
                  (CMO) within the Office of the Secretary of                  FEMA 805-DR November/December 1987
                  DNR. The PB was assigned the responsibility         of       (Floods)
                  certifying Federal Consistency with the PRCMP                FEMA 842-DR September 1989
                  for all Federally sponsored or assisted projects             (Hurricane Hugo)
                  in the coastal zone.                                         FEMA 931 -DR January 1992 (Floods)

                    Active management emphasized field services                b.    As an outcome of the first hazard
                  and facilities; management of the natural                 mitigation document, d Flash Flood Warning
                  reserves (once they are designated by the PB);            System has been designed and installed in
                  clarification and extension of public property            stages; it now serves about one million people
                  rights; and the adoption of regulations to deal           (one-third of the total population).
                  with sand extraction, the protection of coral
                  reefs and archeological sites (including historic            C.    The first flood areas has been
                  shipwrecks), and squatter communities on lands            completed, at a cost of $43 million in local
                  in the public domain.                                     funds. It involved the relocation of 1,300
                                                                            families, clearing floodways and removing
                  Promotion of coastal development concentrated             obstacles, and restoration or construction of
                  on a search for alternative sites for construction        protective dikes in the lower reaches of the Rio
                  aggregates, to reduce the pressure for taking             Grande de Loiza, east of Son Juan.
                  sand from beaches and sand dunes.
                                                                                 Resources Protection: PRCMP tasks
                    Research activities include: studies of coastal              provided the basis for several activities of
                  erosion; vulnerability of various areas of the                 importance for the
                  Island to natural hazards (earthquakes, floods,                conservation/preservation of critical
                  hurricanes, landslides, and storm surges);                     resources:
                  mapping of coastal high hazard areas, as a
                  basis for mitigation planning; conducting                    a.    Designation of 19 Natural Reserves was
                  inventories of coral reefs, beaches, and the              accomplished, out of a total of 28 suggested for
                  resources of Special Planning Areas and                   consideration in the PRCMP document.
                  proposed Natural Reserves; and field laboratory
                  activities in coastal                                        b.    Studies conducted by.staff of-the
                                                                            Research Area who received special training
                  OUTSTANDING ACCOMPLISHMENTS                               provided the evidence of damage to coral reefs
                                                                            resulting from the grounding of the ferry A.
                  1 .  Hazard Mitigation: The Natural Hazards               Regina, which brought about the settlement of
                  Program in DNR, created in response to the                the case with an agreement to remove the
                  PRCMP, has played a major role in hazard                  wreck and to compensate the Commonwealth
                  mitigation planning and project implementation,           for damages to the resources.
                  as follows:
                                                                               C.    The Jobos Bay National Estuarine
                    a.    Hazard Mitigation Plans were prepared             Research was designated in 1981; located on
                  or updated following Presidential disaster                the south coast, it involves offsbore sea-grass
                  declarations in Puerto Rico, including:                   beds, coral reefs, and mangrove areas.

                    FEMA 597-DR August/September 1979
                    (Hurricanes David/Frederick)
                    FEMA 736-DR May 1985 (Floods)
                    FEMA 746-DR October 1985 (Floods and









                OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS

                1. Guiding Development: A pate from the                    0.    A model mangrove management plan
                routine processing of applications related to            was prepared, as well as a manual for restoring
                development in the coastal zone, the following           mangrove stands.
                are the major accomplishment worthy of
                mention:                                                   b.    An evaluation was made of the
                                                                         protection offered by sand dunes, and a dune
                   a.   The PB adopted Planning Resolution               restoration manual was prepared. A pilot
                Number 17, to regulate development in coastal            project to demonstrate the feasibility of dune
                areas and access to the beaches of Puerto Rico;          restoration is under consideration.
                the new regulation tool effect 31 March 1983.
                                                                           C.    Full-time management teams have been
                   b.   The PB's Federal Consistency Unit has            established at the La Parguera and Tortuguero
                been increased to accommodate a higher level             Lagoon NRs, and resource management plans
                of activity, and to be able to respond with              have been prepared and are being
                alternate courses of action for projects that are        implemented.
                denied consistency certificates.
                                                                           d.    A major environmental education
                   C.   The DNR is developing a new draft of a           program has been undertaken, with five
                Regulation for the Maritime Zone of Puerto               environmental educators assigned to various
                Rico, which relates primarily to lands in the            regions of the Island.
                public domain and to potential siting of water-
                dependent activities.                                      e.    The study of public access to the
                                                                         beaches has been updated; a section will be
                   d.   The DNR Natural Hazards Program,                 added on needed facilities to promote the use
                working in support of the State Civil Defense            of public beaches.
                Agency, has developed 16 acres-specific hazard
                mitigation plans. The Sea Grant College                    f. The Legislative Assembly enacted Law
                Program at the University of Puerto                      Number 48, which assigns to DNR the
                Rico/Mayaguez has developed the preliminary              responsibility for registering small vessels, as
                bathymetric and storm surge data.      The               well as for delineating areas to be reserved for
                National Hurricane Ce-ntqr'jri. Coral Gables,            swimming at the. most. popular beaches, so as to
                Florida, has prepa  r6J'(;id d*e' livered to DNR a       keep recreational boats, jet skis, etc., away from
                Storm Surge Atlas for the Puerto Rico Area, for          swimmers.
                use in developing evacuation plans. The
                evacuation plan for the San Juan metropolitan            3.   Promotion of Coastal Development: The
                area, which was put into effect is some coastal          Puerto Rico Ports Authority has the primary
                communities for Hurricane Hugo, proved its               responsibility for port zones, as defined by
                value, since only 4 lives were lost in that event.       special regulations. Thus a long-term
                                                                         renovation of the Old San Juan waterfront is
                   e.   The Flash Flood Warning System was               being guided by a special commission. DNR's
                expanded in two additional stages to cover               jurisdiction is relatively limited, but it has
                additional parts of the Island, using local funds.       undertaken two major projects:

                2.   Active Management of Resources: The                   a.    A search for offshore sand deposits was
                CMO and the DNR's Area of Forests,                       carried out, to provide alternate sources of sand
                Sanctuaries, and Natural Reserves conduct most           for construction. Three such sites were
                of the management activity, supported by the             identified.
                Operations Area.








                  b.   A marine siting study was conducted
               over the course of several years, to identify
               potential sites, and to developed.

               4.   Research: A number of major activities
               have been undertaken in DNR:

                  a.   A vulnerability Atlas was prepared to
               indicate critical areas that are to receive priority
               attention in case of spills of oil or other toxic
               materials.

                  b.The DNR is seeking way to coordinate
               research projects with the Sea Grant College
               Program at the University of Puerto Rico at
               Mayaguez.

                  C.   The Legislative Assembly established a
               Natural He6tage Program in DNR, which is
               charged with identifying critical habitat and
               environmental areas and assigning a rank order
               for protection and possible acquisition.

                  d.   Through a contract for the evaluation of
               potential archeological sites in the Boca de
               Cangrejos-Vacia Talega coastal area, more
               than 250 such sites have been identified. An
               Underwater Archeological Council was created
               by the Legislature to deal with shipwrecks.





               South Carolina
               COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               PROGRAM OVERVIEW

                  The S.C. Department of Health and                    aspect of the program that caused the agency
               Environmental Control's Office of Ocean and             to win this prestigious award. OCRM's overall
               Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) is the               commitment to being fair to the developer and
               state agency that implements South Carolina's           yet offering a high level of protection to the
               Coastal Zone Management Act and federal                 environment is the guiding principle that makes
               coastal zone policies. The agency's two-                the agency a model for others.
               pronged charge is easy to state: protect coastal
               resources and promote responsible                         South Carolina's coastal program can be
               development. Development and environmental              divided into the following categories:
               concerns, however, are often polar opposites,
               making the agency's mission easy to state but           Permitting
               seemingly difficult to implement. OCRM
               overcomes this by running a program based on              - Beaches - Tourism is the State's second
               scientific fact and sound management policies.          largest industry. Wide, healthy beaches are just
                                                                       an important to this industry as the conveyor
                  South Carolina's Coastal Zone Management             belt is to the factory. South Carolina's coastal
               Act was approved in 1977. OCRM has direct.              program is making sure the State's continuing
               permitting authority over South Carolina's              development doesn't kill the goose that is laying
               beaches, coastal waterways and salt marsh.              the golden eggs. The agency's jurisdictional
               The agency reviews a variety of projects and            boundaries are determined by erosion rates (the
               addresses a myriad of concerns. Boat docks,             higher the rate, the farther landward the
               marinas, fishing piers, impoundments, access            jurisdiction); in this zone there are size and
               roads, bridges, shopping malls, sewage                  location restriction for homes and businesses.
               treatment plants, and -p-rplqm@ form are just a few     Hard erosion control -structures, which can
               of the types of projects the agency reviewed last       damage the beach, are prohibited. Dune
               year. Through the certification program, the            stabilization measures and beach nourishment is
               agency is involved with the regulation of               encouraged.
               freshwater wetlands and non-point source
               pollution as well.                                        The private sector is joining in these efforts.
                                                                       The insurance and banking industry is starting to
                  With 44 employees, the agency is considered          encourage property owners to move landward.
               small, yet powerful. An estimated 85% of the            Local government ordinances are doing the
               projects that are built in South Carolina eight         same.
               coastal counties need OCRM approval before
               construction can begin.                                   - Docks - Access to the resource is becoming
                                                                       a problem. Like most things, access is good,
                  OCRM was recently named the first winner of          but not if it is excessive. Without proper
               NOAA's Coastal Zone Excellence Award, a                 controls, in many areas one could "walk on
               competition to name the nation's best coastal           water" by hopping from dock to dock, and there
               zone management program. There is no one                would be a marina on every bend, just like a








                    convenience store. OCRM's permitting                        For additional information, contact:
                    program strives for adequate, appropriate
                    public access.                                              Chris Brooks, Deputy Director
                                                                                OCRM
                    Certifications                                              4130 Faber Place, Suite 300
                                                                                Charleston, SC 29405
                      Before any state or federal permit is issued in           (803) 744-5838
                    the coastal zone, OCRM must first certify that
                    the application is consistent with state coastal            PROGRAM ACCOMPUSHMENTS
                    management policies. Through this program,
                    the agency is able to review projects that impact           A. Beachfiont Management
                    freshwater wetlands which are present on
                    virtually any large all tracts of land carved out             While South Carolina's coastal programs
                    of the coastal zone. The agency has created                 have always been strong, State lawmakers gave
                    many model programs for the protection of this              their program Hercules strength in 1988 and
                    resource.                                                   1990. Realizing the folly of living too close ,o
                                                                                the sea, legislators enacted a retreat policy.
                     In the certification department the agency                 New buildings and reconstruction are subject to
                    also implements their stormwater management                 size limitations and must be built as for
                    program. Non-point source pollution                         landward as possible. In some particularly
                    (stormwater) is thought to be the    'source of             erosional areas, construction is prohibited: AJI
                    most water pollution. OCRM's stormwater                     new erosion control structures are prohibited.
                    program keeps this pollution to a minimum.                  Old ones will be removed as they fall info
                                                                                disrepair or are destroyed by storms and
                    Planning                                                    erosion. All 182 miles of shoreline are
                                                                                impacted by these new laws. Due to their
                    The best way to eliminate a problem is to                   location within the State's forty year setback, an
                    avoid it in the first place. OCRM practices this            estimated 1600 homes and mufti-family
                    11avoidance" through their planning department.             dwellings are regulated by this agency. In
                    The agency looks at issues (dock proliferation,             erosional areas, the setback zone will be
                    water quality concerns in the Charleston Harbor)            adjusted periodically to account for continued
                    or specific areas (the historic Ashley River),              erosion.
                    makes a thorough   *cQmRm
                                        @`     tation of current
                    conditions, projects tl;@ Juture, and makes                 B. Protection of Wetlands & Storm Water
                    recommendations (and charges); The                          Controls
                    11prevention is the best cure" mandate has served
                    this agency and South Carolina's coastal zone                While national wetland policies are under
                    well.                                                       constant fire, South Carolina has created a
                                                                                freshwater wetland program that pleases both
                    Enforcement                                                 the environmentalist and the developer. This
                                                                                program is called "wetland master planning."
                    Enforcement actions take many forms, from a
                    simple reminder to a stiff penalty. The violations          Wetland avoidano@ is foremost, but smaller
                    themselves are varied, from someone building a              (less than one acre) wetlands can be altered if
                    dock that isn't in compliance with his permit, to           all of the larger, more productive wetlands on
                    someone filling in the marsh in the middle of               the tract are given a greater level of protection
                    the night.                                                  through natural surn-,%;ncling buffers. Wetland
                                                                                functions are preserved and the developer
                    As is true for the rest of the program, the                 maintains use of his developable property. The
                    goal here is to be fair and effective.                      wetlands master planning concept offers







                freshwater wetlands as much protection as the            staff no longer has to depend on the actual
                 no net loss" plan, but is more effective because        permitting agency toensure compliance.
                developers find it more flexible.                        Stormwater ponds that aren't quite right or
                                                                         mitigation plans that were never carried out can
                  Golf courses, which are plentiful in the               result in strong penalties. A golf course owner
                coastal zone, provide the agency with a                  that illegally altered freshwater wetlands, for
                particularly interesting challenge. It is almost         instance, was required to complete a restoration
                impossible to build a golf course along the              plan that is estimated to have cost $250,000.
                coast without running into an abundance of
                freshwater wetlands. Runoff impacts can be                  While OCRM is very involved in the
                severe due to the heavy maintenance that is              protection of freshwater wetlands, the U.S.
                required. OCRM recently combined these two               Army Corps of Engineers is the lead permitting
                negatives to make a positive, using the natural          agency for this resource. The recently
                "kidney" action off the freshwater wetland to filter     completed Section 309 Assessment said
                the storm water runoff. The some process was             enforcement was the Corps most serious
                used at a sewage treatment plant in Myrtle               shortcoming in their freshwater wetland
                Beach.                                                   regulatory program. This year, the Corps of
                                                                         Engineers is attempting to correct this in part by
                  This past fall the entire state participated in        contracting with OCRM to help the federal
                for the first time a state-wide stormwater               agency track down wetland violations and
                management program. OCRM's program will                  violators. The Environmental Protection Agency
                include binding maintenance agreements,                  Region IV is also a party to this contract. To
                additional compliance inspections, and                   our knowledge, OCRM is the first state agency
                strengthened enforcement authority.                      to offer this type of support to a federal
                C. Enforcement                                           program.
                  While all of the aforementioned sounds good,           ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-
                talk is cheap. No regulatory program can                 EDISTO (ACE) BASIN
                expect to succeed if the policies aren't backed
                with solid penalties for those who choose to             NATIONAL ESTUARINE
                mismanage coastal resources., OCRM practices             RESEARCH RESERVE
                the "big stick" theory.qn_@.,s
                                             ypports an
                enforcement team that get results.
                                                                         As coastal development and      human populations
                  With regular patrols, the agency handles an            have increased throughout the United States, the
                average of 200 cases per year. Fines range               ACE Basin of South Carolina has remained
                from a flat fine of $100 to $1000 per day for            remarkably pHstine. This quality has drawn
                civil penalties or up to $5000 per day for               national attention to the biologically-rich basin
                criminal penalties. Restoration is almost always         of the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto (ACE)
                required.                                                rivers. Some 350,000 acres that lie about 45
                  The OCRM's enforcement program recently                miles south of Charleston and include portions
                expanded. The same penalties that await those            of Charleston, Colleton, Beaufort and Hampton
                who do not follow permitting directives can now          counties make up the basin.
                be used against those who violate the policies           Recognizing the need to protect the exceptional
                on the agency's certification department. The            natural resources of the ACE Basin, federal,
                                                                         state, local and pdvate interests are working
                                                                         together in an unprecedented- conservation








                 initiative. The ACE Basin National Estuarine            The inexorable trend toward more intensive use
                 Research Reserve (NERR) is one environmental            of our estuaries is generating new research
                 project that Congressmen, environmentalists,            requirements throughout the nation. The ACE
                 developers, sportsmen, and government                   Basin NERR, because of its pristine qualities and
                 agencies agree on. Commercial fishormen see             great biological diversity, has the potential to
                 it as a way to protect their livelihood; developers     attract top level scientists to carry forward
                 know that good natural areas make good                  expanded programs, embracing many
                 neighbors; and scientists see the ACE Basin as          disciplines. However, Congressional support is
                 an unparalleled outdoor laboratory for long-            needed to see that personnel, facilities and
                 term research and monitoring.                           fiscal resources are made available. Such
                                                                         support will also bolster a strong relationship
                 As part of the National Estuarine Research              with the state's research-oriented university
                 Reserve System, administered by NOAA, the               groups. Scientists already have established
                 ACE Basin program is committed to certain               confidence in the integrity of the ACE Basin
                 national, state and local goals and objectives.         study sites. They also know that data collected
                 However, the present level of funding is                will contribute to a growing data bank of
                 inadequate to successfully expand related               increasing scientific significance.
                 activities. Additional funds and talent must be
                 enlisted through Congress. Why should                   The Reserve also plays an important role in
                 Congress support the ACE Basin NERR? The                environmental education.The education
                 answer is simple--the Reserve is a  'n outstanding      program focuses on values of the estuary and its
                 investment because of its societal returns in           wise use. On-site programs are provided in
                 terms of practical application.                         association with elementary and secondary
                                                                         school systems, civic and environmental
                 Since the ACE Basin remains much as it was at           organizations, colleges and universities and
                 the turn of the century, it provides an important       other groups to foster individual responsibility
                 benchmark to measure man's impacts in                   and stewardship of estuarine resources.
                 disturbed estuaries. Comparing these altered
                 sites with the Reserve helps reveal both obvious        The Reserve serves as a training ground for
                 and subtle impacts on coastal resources. Of             science teachers. Special workshops are
                 particular importance, research results are made        designed to introduce teachers to marine
                 available to federal, state and Jocal agencies          science and provide hands-on examination of
                 responsible for ma king -.59-gstp 1, management         the physical. andbiological features -of various
                 decisions. Such inform ation benefits not only          wetland habitats. Since the ACE Basin is an
                 those directly involved in research, but the            0outdoor laboratory", it offers an excellent
                 nation as a whole when results are applicable     to    opportunity to capture the student's interests in
                 other coastal areas.                                    the scientific world, where textbooks cannot.
                                                                         Perhaps the most important benefit to be
                 An example of such   research can be seen in            derived from the Reserve is the support it gives
                 three large-scale projects proposed for 1993-           to quality education programs which emphasize
                 1994 in the ACE Basin NERR. All three studies           natural resources and wildlife as a way to
                 are focused on non-point source pollution within        understand our responsibil Ries to all living
                 the watershed. Although methodologies and               things.
                 parameters are defined differently, each project
                 is designed to answer the some standardized,            As land use changes and human impacts
                 management-oriented question: "How will non-            progressively decrease the availability of suitable
                 point source pollution affect estuarine                 monitoring sites, scientific interests in the ACE
                 ecosystems?" Results from these studies will            Basin will surely increase. Therefore, the Reserve
                 benefit the state and local governments and             does in fact represent a significant public
                 may be applicable to other coastal areas.               investment in estuarine research, education and








                stewardship--an investment that Congress must              almost entirely surrounded by an undisturbed
                support if the Reserve is to fulfill its mission.          pine and hardwood forest. In contrast, the
                                                                           Winyah Bay portion of the Reserve is a low
                FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT:                        salinity embayment which tends to accumulate
                                                                           sediments and contaminants. Discharges of a
                ACE BASIN NERR                                             wide spectrum of materials from an industrial
                SOUTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE & MARINE                           harbor, agriculture, and developments upstream
                RESOURCES DEPARTMENT                                       result in degraded water quality within the
                217 FORT JOHNSON ROAD, BOX 12559                           estuary. In addition to inputs which may affect
                CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 29412                           the ecology of the system, managed activities
                                                                           such as dredging, spoiling, and commercial
                                                                           fishing result in Winyah Buy being a much more
                NORTH INLET-WINYAHBAY                                      altered system than North Inlet. Research and
                                                                           education programs will gather and make
                NERR., SOUTH CAROLINA                                      available information necessary to improve
                                                                           understanding, appreciation, and management
                                                                           of these estuaries and others of national
                In October 1992, the North Inlet-Winyah Bay                concern.
                National Estuarine Research Reserve (NI-WB
                NMR) was dedicated as the 21 st site in the                The Baruch Institute is a world class research
                network. The NI-WB NERR is operated by the                 organization which has been conducting studies
                Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology               in these estuaries since 1969. Biologists,
                and Coastal Research (generally known as the               chemists, geologists, and others interested in the
                Baruch Institute) of the University of South               science, and management of estuaries comprise
                Carolina (USC) in cooperation with the South               a group of Associates. They conduct research
                Carolina Coastal Council (SCCC), the state's               and train students through undergraduate and
                lead agency in coastal zone management.                    graduate programs in Marine Science.
                                                                           Although most of the senior scientists are based
                The NI-WB NERR encompasses a core area of                  in facilities on the USC campus in Columbia,
                approximately 9000 acres of tidally flushed                some are in residence in Georgetown. The
                wetland, riparian habitats, and a limited amount           Baruch Marine Field Laboratory of the University
                of uplands. With the exception of the state -              of South Carolina is located on Hobcaw Barony
                controlled navigabIe..wa-tqrs-,.most of the Reserve        adjacent to the North Inlet salt marsh, A
                and the surroundin 11' @`16n  -ds -are owned by the        modem research laboratory (about 19,000 sq.
                                     9 UP
                Belle W. Baruch Foundation, which was                      ft) completed in winter 1993 serves as the base
                established in perpetuity to preserve and                  of operations for studies in the area. With a
                conserve the environmental, historical, and                well equipped and established research
                cultural qualities of the property. The area     is at     laboratory and a resident research staff,
                the southern end of the Waccamaw Neck,                     opportunities for visiting scientists are especially
                immediately east and south of the city of                  good. The North Inlet Long-Term Ecological
                Georgetown in Georgetown County.                           Research (LTER) program, supported by the NSF
                                                                           since 1981, has yielded a comprehensive
                The Reserve includes most of the North Inlet               database for key ecosystem variables. These
                Estuary, which is widely recognized for its                data plus ecosystem models, GIS maps, and
                pristine character, and a portion of Winyah Bay            archived collections provide a baseline of
                EstuIary, specifically the Mud Bay area, which             information which will be used to detect and
                has been influenced by human activities. North             interpret changes in the years ahead. Currently,
                Inlet is a salt marsh which is donated by tidal            a NERR monitoring program is being
                exchanges with the coastal ocean; the marsh is             implemented to expand our understanding of
                                                                           Winyah Bay and other ecosystem variables,








                including pollutants. We also have a
                far-reaching public education program that
                provides students, teachers, and citizens with a
                greater appreciation for estuaries.

                Although our research program is established
                and focused on problems of interest to
                regulators, managers, and users of coastal
                resources, adequate grant support for this
                important task is difficult to obtain. Keen
                competition for limited dollars for basic and
                applied research reflects our ability to deliver
                much needed answers to questions and
                recommendations to regulators and managers
                in a timely fashion. The funding levels for
                research in the NERRS does not begin to reach
                the level of effectiveness which was anticipated
                and expected in the establishment of the Reserve
                System, On a local level, we have many
                important management issues that need to be
                addressed so that uninformed decisions which
                may result in irreversible damage to our
                estuaries can be avoided. We need your help
                in identifying and securing additional financial
                support, especially fortechnical staff and
                equipment.

                Please feel free to call upon us if we can help
                you with any information about the North Inlet -
                Winyah Bay NERR, We would be glad to show
                you our facilities and the estuaries, In the
                meantime thank you for your interest in our
                program and in the, nati-ops,:.e.stuaries.

                Contact:


                Dr. Dennis M. Allen, Site Manager
                North Inlet-Winyah Bay NERR
                Baruch Marine Laboratory, USC
                P.O. Box 1630
                Georgetown, SC 29442
                803-546-6219; (voice)803-546-1632 (PAX)




                Virginia
                COASTAL RESO.URCES
                MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


                BACKGROUND

                    The Virginia Coastal Resources                        The Virginia Institute of Marine Science
                Management Program was established in 1986                (VIMS), with Coastal Program funding, has
                as a "networked" program managed by the                   developed legal and educational materials
                Council on the Environment (COE). The                     that are being used by all 35 local wetlands
                Program's goals include: prevention of                    boards.
                environmental pollution and protection of public
                health; prevention of damage to the Common-               Boardwalks over wetlands with signage
                wealth's natural resource base; protection of             explaining the values of wetlands have helped
                public and private investment; promotion of re-           to educate the general public to support the
                sources development and public recreation                 protection of this resource. As well, since FY
                opportunities; and provision of technical                 1991 the Coastal Program has helped to
                assistance and information. The Program is                acquire nearly 200 acres of sensitive wetlands
                enforced through state laws and regulations               and their upland buffers.
                related to fisheries management, subaqueous
                and tidal wetlands management, dunes                    Fisheries
                management, and point and nonpoint source
                pollution control. Program activities and               The goals of fisheries management are to
                improvements include:                                   protect food fish stocks from overfishing, to
                                                                        rebuild and maintain the spawning stock of
                Tidal Wetlands                                          critical species, and to preserve and improve
                                                                        finfish and shellfish stock. The cash value of
                Virginia has approximately 215,000 acres of             finfish and shellfish landings in 1990
                vegetated tidal wetlands within its coastal zone.       approached $7@. million..
                Protection of this reidbrta is -an important
                element of the Coastal Program-and has been .             An important element in improving fisheries
                improved through a variety of means.                      within coastal Virginia has been the
                                                                          completion of new fisheries management
                 In 1990, as a consequence of a study                     plans, strengthened regulations, and the
                 undertaken by the Marine Resource                        development of improved fisheries
                 Commission (MRC) and the COE, the                        information. Management plans have recent-
                 legislature granted the MRC new authorities              ly been completed for bluefish, spot, croaker,
                 to issue restoration orders, require scientific          American eel, summer flounder, red and
                 monitoring to assure adequate restoration,               black drum, and grey and speckled trout.
                 and levy civil fines for violations of the
                 Wetlands and Subaqueous Lands acts. MRC                  The development of crabbing and fishing
                 can now apply these penalties for violations             piers that include interpretive signage in
                 such as unpermitted docking facilities, boat             Suffolk and Charles City County has provided
                 ramps, and bulkheads and unauthorized or                 individuals in these rural communities with
                 improperly undertaken dredging.                          access to the area's fisheries.









                    Dunes

                    Virginia is fortunate in that the majority of its       P. As the boating population increases,
                    barrier islands are protected either by state or          especially in smaller creeks and backwaters,
                    federal ownership or by the Nature Conser-                overboard discharge of sewage has
                    vancy.                                                    increasingly become an issue. A current
                                                                              Coastal Program study is looking at
                    10. Nevertheless, development on available                opportunities and options for the creation of
                    barrier islands led the Marine Resources                  "no discharge" zones. Meanwhile, the
                    Commission to revise and strengthen its                   Council on the Environment and the Health
                    Barrier Island Policy to better protect both this         Department have joined together to develop
                    important resource and those investing on                 and distribute information encouraging
                    these lands. The policy places tight                      boaters to bring their septic waste ashore. To
                    restrictions on the location of development               assist them, 1000 large metal signs
                    and on vehicle access to the barrier islands.             identifying marinas that have holding tank
                                                                              pumpout and dumping facilities have been
                    b- Additional protection has been afforded to             distributed.
                    Bayside dunes in the Commonwealth's newly
                    purchased Kiptopeke State Park through a               Local Government Assistance
                    coastal grant which will provide dunes
                    crossings.                                                Grants to local governments have provided
                                                                              the resources to assure the implementation or
                    Nonpoint Source Sewerage Pollution                        significant improvement of the comprehensive
                                                                              plans and ordinances of the 29 counties and
                    Virginia's coastal zone contains over 5,000               15 independent cities within Virginia's Coastal
                    miles of tidal shoreline: ocean frontage, the             Zone.
                    Chesapeake Bay, five major rivers, and
                    hundreds of small tributaries. Some 6,000              CHESAPEAKE BAY NATIONAL
                    boats use these waters and approximately
                    10,000 houses along the shoreline rely on              ESTUARINE RESEARCH
                    individual septic systems. Both general water
                    quality protection and the protection of valuable      RESERVE SYSTEM IN VIRGINIA
                    shellfish grounds are.-      pt coastal issues.
                                                                           York River Research Reserves dedicated June
                    I,- One way to protect coastal waters is through       1991.
                    the careful siting of marinas. In 1988, the
                    Marine Resources Commission established                   The York River sites of the Chesapeake Bay
                    new guidelines which discourage siting                 National Estuarine Research Reserve System in
                    marinas in areas having highly valuable                Virginia are the beginning of a system that will
                    natural resource such as shellfish beds,               extend to the James, Rappahannock and
                    seagrass communities or endangered species.            Potomac rivers and the Eastern Shore. The
                                                                           Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Research Reserve in
                    P- In order to improve the siting and design of        Maryland contains three additional sites.
                    household septic systems, the Department of
                    Health, using a Coastal Program grant, has             The York River Sites
                    developed comprehensive educational
                    materials and a training course for local                 Goodwin Islands - An archipelago of
                    sanitarians. To date over 165 individuals              saltmarsh islands surrounded by submerged
                    have taken the course which will be repeated           aquatic vegetation beds, oyster reefs and
                    again within the next year.








                shallow, open estuarine waters. Location -                 Monitoring - The following are monitored:
                Mouth of the York River in York County. Salinity        surface water quality; groundwater nutrient and
                - 18-22 parts per thousand. Size - 1,607                chemical levels; birds; plants; estaurine debris.
                acres.                                                  Plans call for monitoring of amphibians, reptiles,
                                                                        mammals, insects and estaurine invertebrates.
                   Catlett Islands - Parallel ridges of forested
                wetlands surrounded by saltmarshes, shallow                Education and Communications - Estuarine
                water and sandy shoals. Location - 19 nautical          ecology programs are given on request to
                miles upstream from the mouth of the York               groups ranging from school and college
                River in Gloucester County. Salinity 8-18 parts         classes to resource managers. Datasets will       be
                per thousand. Size - 910 acres.                         offered to teachers via Learning Link, a
                                                                        computer conference system; this has broad
                   Taskinas Creek - Tidal creek with marshes            application notionally. Publications and
                brackish at the creek's mouth and freshwater at         exhibits emphasize program activities and
                its upper limits. Location - 24 nautical miles          estaurine ecology for many audiences.
                upriver from the mouth of the York in York River
                State Park in James City County. Salinity 3-13             Support
                parts per thousand. Size - 525 acres.
                                                                           In addition to NOAA, the program is funded
                   Sweet Hall Marsh - Extensive tidal freshwater        by the Commonwealth of Virginia and private
                marsh with adjacent nonticlal bottomland                doners. It is managed by The College of -
                forests on the mainland side and shallow flats          William and Marry's Virginia Institute of Marine
                on the seaward. side. Location - 37 nautical            Science.
                miles from the mouth of the York River in King
                William County on the Pamunkey River, a
                tributary of the York. Salinity - Freshwater, 0.5
                part per thousand or less. Size - 1,393 acres.

                   Activities


                   General - The York River sites
                correspondence to the York Regional Ecosystem
                Model developed at the. Virginia Institute of
                Marine Science. The'ryi6del'stresses the
                importance of ecological study over time and
                space. The Reserve system fits this plan well,
                being designated for long-term study at sites
                representing the watershed's ecological diversity.
                This is important to the program's research,
                monitoring and education goals.

                   Research includes diverse studies in physical,
                chemical and biological estuarine processes and
                coastal heritage. Projects include oxygen
                production and nutrient exchange in submerged
                aquatic vegetation communities: associations
                between oysters and submerged aquatic
                vegetation; the distribution of amphibians and
                reptiles; and documentation of historic and
                prehistoric habitation.




               Washington
               COASTAL ZONE                             MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


               BACKGROUND

               With passage of the state Shoreline                    with the lakes, streams, and marine waters are
               Management Act in 1971 (SMA), the                      also covered, as is a 200-foot wide shoreline
               Washington Department of Ecology became the            area landward from the water's edge. The
               lead agency for developing a program to                federally approved coastal zone management
               manage the state's shorelines. The Department          program benefits the fifteen counties bordering
               cooperates with local government agencies in           Washington's 2,337 miles of marine shoreline.
               administration of a program to maintain and
               improve shoreline quality, while at the same           In the years ahead, the coastal zone faces ever
               time, allowing for reasonable                          increasing pressures from a growing population
               and appropriate shoreline uses.                        with demands for public access and
                                                                      expectations of a clean environment. The need
               In 1972, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone             for continued cooperation between the local,
               Management Act (CZMA) to promote active                state, and federal agencies will remain high.
               state involvement in preserving, protecting, and
               developing our nation's coastal zones. Because         Local Shoreline Master Programs
               this federal law meshed well with Washington's
               Shoreline Management Act, Washington                   Uses and activities along the state shorelines are
               become the first state in the nation to have a         managed under city and county shoreline
               federally approved coastal zone management             master programs. Each local government's
               program in 1976.                                       shoreline master program is a combined
                                                                      planning and regulatory document for its
               Since 1976, Washington state has received              shorelines. Local governments tailor their
               federal coastal zone grants of $1.5 to 2.0             programs to meet physical characteristics and
               million annually. In add# om..Ito supporting the       management needs of,their,own shorelines.
               state program, grant mohey has also gone to            (based on policy guidelines developed and
               other state agencies, local and regional               maintained by the Department of Ecology) Most
               governments, and Native American tribes to             master programs include goals, objectives and
               benefit the state's coastal zone and its               policy statements, use regulations for twenty
               inhabitants. For example, local governments            three defined uses, and mapped environment
               have used federal grants to help fund city and         designations, such as urban, rural, natural, and
               county shoreline projects designed to protect          conservancy. Master programs are required for
               and restore shorelines and increase public             Washington's 39 counties and for 160
               access to shorelines.                                  incorporated towns.

               Washington's Shoreline Management Act                  Cities and counties continually update and
               applies throughout the state. Lakes over 20            refine these documents. Amendments to
               acres, all streams where the mean annual flow          shoreline master programs usually begin with
               is greater than 20 cubic feet per second, and all      citizen or local government action, and often at
               marine waters are under the jurisdiction of the        the recommendation of the Department of
               Act. Marshes, bogs, and swamps associated              Ecology. Once adopted by the local







                  government, proposed amendments are                         Air Washington Act, the state's Water Quality
                  submitted to the state for review and adoption              Act, Chapter 80.50 RCW, which established
                  into the state master program. The Department               the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council
                  of Ecology conclucts at least one public hearing,           (EFSEq, and the 1989 Ocean Resources
                  soliciting testimony to assist the director in              Management Act.
                  making a decision to adopt or deny the
                  proposed amendment.                                         PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS
                  Shoreline Permits                                           Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
                  In most cases "shoreline substantial                        Padilla Bay is one of the largest relatively
                  development permits" are required to build or to            undisturbed ticleflat areas in Puget Sound. In
                  conduct activities on shorelines.                           1980, through the cooperation of Skagit County
                                                                              citizens, the private sector, and governmental
                  Permits are issued by local governments. The                agencies, the Bay was established as one of
                  Department of Ecology reviews them to ensure                eight national estuarine sanctuaries in the U.S.
                  that permitted developments are consistent with
                  the local shoreline master program and policies             Managed by the Department of Ecology, the
                  of the SMA. If inconsistencies are found the                Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
                  Department may appeal the decision to the                   offers tideland access, approximately eight miles
                  Shorelines Hearings Board, a quasi-judicial                 of nature trails, wildlife habitat, and the     -
                  body established by the SMA to hear appeals.                Breazeale-Padilla Bay Interpretive Center. The
                  In fact, any party affected by the decision has             Interpretive Center contains exhibits, a hands-on
                  the right to appeal to the Board.                           room, theater, and library. Staff at the Center
                                                                              offer an on-going series of educational
                  The Department also must approve or deny all                programs for people of all ages. Facilities are
                  shoreline conditional use and shoreline variance            available for visiting researchers as well as staff
                  permits. The objective of the conditional use               researchers. The Center has become a model
                  provision is to provide more control and                    for similar, state and local government facilities
                  flexibility for implementing the master program's           in Washington's coastal zone.
                  regulations. A variance permit is used to grant
                  relief when there are practical difficulties or             Public Access Program
                  unnecessary hardships i_q,!hq,..way of carrying out
                  the strict letter of the m- dst6r Iprogram.                 Washington's CZM program, often in
                                                                              cooperation with other resource management
                  The Department of Ecology works closely with                and recreation agencies, works to help local
                  local governments to ensure thot the SMA is                 governments provide public access to
                  enforced by providing technical enforcement                 shorelines. Representative projects include the
                  assistance when requested and interceding when              Skagit County pedestrian/ bicycle path;
                  local government is not successful. Enforcement             LaConnees public,access float; Langley's beach
                  responsibilities are shared with the state Attorney         access stairway; Westport's whale interpretive
                  General's Office.                                           center and museum; South Bend's public access
                                                                              float; the Long Seach dunes boardwalk;
                  Additional Authorities                                      Raymond's Waterfront Park dock and trails; and
                                                                              Port Orchard's pedestrian ferry pier.
                  In addition to the Shoreline Management Act,
                  Washington's coastal zone management                        Willapa Bay/Pacific County Program
                  program consists of the State Environmental
                  Policy Act (SEPA), the Environmental                        The Department of Ecology and Pacific County
                  Coordination Procedures Act, the 1991 Clean                 are cooperatively undertaking initiatives to








                 address major environmental and land use                   develop -a management plan for the Nisqually
                 problems and to improve state - local                      River and -basin. Combining state funds with
                 relationships. This initiative began in 1986               federal coastal zone management funds, the
                 when due to a financial crisis, Pacific County             Shorelands Program initiated a cooperative
                 faced curtailment of many basic services,                  Nisqually River Management Program with
                 including aspects of its Planning Department               federal agencies, other state resource
                 which administers the county's Shoreline Master            management agencies, local governments, and
                 Program. Ecology responded to the County's                 the citizens of the basin.
                 request for assistance by funding administration
                 of the Planning Department and special                     Programs in water quality monitoring,
                 planning projects with federal Coastal Zone                environmental education, public access
                 Management grant funds. Since then, other                  acquisition, and sensitive area protection have
                 local governments and state agencies have                  been carried out. A major interpretive center
                 joined the initiative.                                     has been authorized. Today the Nisqually River
                                                                            Council, the Nisqually Citizens Advisory
                 The decline of the forest products and salmon              Committee, and the Nisqually River Basin Land
                 sport fishing industries which led to the County's         Trust (a private, nonprofit foundation allied with
                 financial crisis, also required that local citizens,       the Council) are providing a model for the
                 business persons, and political leaders focus on           cooperative management of other river basins
                 the remaining elements of the local economy ----;          and major landscape features in Washington
                 aquaculture and tourism. Recognizing the need              state.
                 to maintain a quality environment in support of
                 their resource based economy, local leaders                Urban Waterfix)nt Renewal
                 have increasingly supported the joint County -
                 Ecology programs. Willapa Bay is the most                  Federal coastal zone funds have been combined
                 unpolluted Pacific Coast estuary, and is the               with state and local funds to plan and
                 source of over 50 percent of Washington's                  implement urban waterfront renewal programs
                 oyster production. The 28 miles of Long Beach              throughout Washington's coastal zone. In the
                 Peninsula beaches represent over half the state's          small city of Poulsbo, an obsolete small-scale
                 coastal dunes, attracting three million visitors           industrial water front was replaced by a
                 annually.                                                  waterfront park and a collection of water-
                                                                            oriented businesses - both factors in a general
                 A highlight of the prggrqm,i
                                              0s.-the Willapa Bay           economic revitalization of Poulsbo. Coastal
                 Water Resources Coo@dilnating'Council. A                   zone grant funds were also used to assist the
                 citizen- and inclustry-based Willapa Bay Water             development of the Poulsbo Marine Science
                 Quality Organization Committee recommended                 Center, now operated by the Poulsbo School
                 in 1990 a permanent Water Resources                        District.
                 Coordinating Council (WRCC). Shorelands
                 provided initial financial and technical                   Ruston Way, an industrial district on
                 assistance in 1988-89. Since then Pacific                  Commencement Bay in Tacoma was affected by
                 County has acquired state Centennial Clean                 industrial blight. Coastal zone grants for
                 Water Act funds to expand their efforts.                   planning, land acquisition, and construction
                                                                            enabled Tacoma to transform this shoreline into
                 Nisqually River Management Program                         one of economic vitality punctuated by new
                                                                            shoreline public access opportunities.
                 The Nisqually River and delta has been the                 Furthermore, the Ruston Way project proved to
                 setting of Washington's earliest recorded history          be the impetus for further waterfront renewal
                 as well as some of the most contentious                    along nearby City Waterway.
                 environmental debates. The Washington
                 Legislature in 1985 authorized Ecology to






                  PADILLA BAY NATIONAL                                         The Padilla Bay watershed encompasses a
                                                                               drainage area of over 23,000 acres. Although
                  ESTUARINE RESEARCH                                           pirimarily agricultural and dairy, it also includes
                                                                               forested lands and the country's two major .
                  RESERVE                                                      industrial regions (March Point and the Port of
                                                                               Skagit Industrial Park). The two March Point
                                                                               petroleum refineries (Shell & Texaco) maintain
                  Established in   1980 as the eighth National                 unloading facilities on the fringe of the bay and
                  Reserve within the National Estuarine Research               lighter tankers adjacent to the Reserve's western
                  Reserve System; it is one of the largest of the              boundary.
                  twenty-two Reserves located throughout the U.S.
                  and its territories.                                         Facilities have been constructed at the Reserve
                                                                               beginning in 1982 with the opening of the
                  Established for the purpose of protection of a               Breazeale Interpretive Center. The upland
                  specific estuarine biogeographic type                        facility site (64 acres) was the Breazeale family
                  (Columbia n/Puget Sound), and the                            form, donated by Miss Edna Breazeale on
                  implementation of long-term research,                        behalf of her family (two brothers) to provide a
                  monitoring, education and interpretive       programs        place for natural science education programs
                  to enhance scientific and public awareness of                for children. The Reserve's facility list now
                  the value of estuaries and promote improved                  includes neady 15,000 square feet of buildings
                  coastal management.                                          (Center, house.. bam/lab, equipment buildings),
                                                                               plus the dike trail, beach access trail, upland
                  Washington Stat   'e's only Estuarine Reserve, and           trail, two observation decks, boat launch romp,
                  one of orly four on the entire western U.S.                  remote research access sites. Facilities provide
                  coastline. It was selected for nomination by the             space for ongoing programs in research
                  state after extensive evaluation of more than a              monitoring, public education, and interpretation.
                  dozen possible sites.
                                                                               Research and monitoring programs are carried
                  The reserve is managed by the Shorelands and                 out in the bay and adjacent wate,,-shed to
                  Water Resources Program within the Washington                provide information important to !he
                  State Department of Ecology, in cooperation                  conservation and management of the Reserve
                  with the Sanctuaries and Reserves Division of the            and the state's and notion's estuaries. Reserve
                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                                                                               staff, university personnel, pirivate labs, students,
                  A
                  d
                    ministrafion and several advisory committees.              and interns are involved in a variety of research
                                                                               and monitoring projects established and
                  Ownership of property in Padilla Bay is a                    prioritized in the Reserve's research and
                  mixture of public and private holdings. Currently            monitoring plan and funded by many agencies
                  the State (Reserve) owns over 10,600 acres of                and private organizations and/or corporations.
                  Padilla Bay tidelands, and over 200 acres of                 Studies related to the ecology of the seagruss
                  uplands (including the Breazeale form).                      system are- given a high priority.
                  Major resources in the bay include the largest               Recently, work has started on a cooperative
                  contiguous seagrass (Zostera) meadow in the                  ag ricu Itura I/non- point research project which
                  Pacific Northwest (over 7,000 acres), supporting             will involve the Reserve's far-mland acreage and
                  a tremendous nursery for juvenile salmon and                 local farmers.
                  crab, and providing habitat for hundreds of
                  valuable species, including the bold eagle,                  Education and interpretive program!@ "t the
                  peregrine falcon. It also supports hundreds of               Reserve serve thousands of students ond the
                  thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds which                  general public each year in a,variety      of
                  visit or reside there annually.                              offerings. Curricula for grades K-8 have been







                implemented since 1983, reaching over 60,000
                children and teachers with the direct, on-site
                message of estuarine ecology, water quality,
                and coastal/resource stewardship. In 1994,
                over 6,000 students and teachers took part    in
                the Reserve's very popular K-8 Estuarine
                Education Program. High school curriculum
                and school outreach programs are currently
                implemented with grants from NOAA, Texaco,
                and the Padilla Bay Foundation. Public
                workshops, college credit courses, and teacher
                training workshops are scheduled on a monthly
                and seasonal basis. Special programs for
                group visitation are provided on a reservation
                basis. Exhibits, aquaria and trails are open for
                public touring on a Wednesday through Sunday
                operating schedule.

                The Padilla Bay Foundation, a non-profit
                corporation, was formed by citizens, business
                people and public employees in 1988 for the
                purpose of helping support public education,
                research, and capital improvement programs at
                the Reserve. Resources have been provided to
                support interns, scholarships, and public
                exhibits. Grants from the Shell Oil Company
                have enabled the Foundation to sponsor several
                research assistantships at the graduate level.
                The Foundation also has an endowment fund to
                provide for a public lecture series on estuarine
                topics. Membership in the    Foundation is open
                to the public.






















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