    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                         Comprehensive Planning Study
                         for the
                         Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                         of Whatcom County, Washington

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                         Prepared for the
                         Whatcom County Planning Department
             HT          by
             168         Jones Associates, Inc.
             .W52        Planners, Economists, Engineers, Surveyors
             J66
             1979

                         November, 1979

                                     PrODC:@ty Of CSC Lib_--ory

                                      COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING STUDY

                                                FOR THE
                                     CHERRY POINT-FERNDALE SUB AREA
                                      OF WHATCOM COUNTY, WASHINGTON

                                     U . S - DEPARTMENT OF COMY
                                     COASTAL SERVICES CENT@R
                                     2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUF
                                     CHARLESTON , SC 29405-24

                                             Prepared for
                                     Whatcom County Planning Department

                                             Novembe-r, 1979
                                          OONES ASSOCIATES, INC.
                                      n
                                  Plan ers, Economists, Engineers, Surveyors

                   This report has been prepared under the auspices of the Whatcom
                   County Planning Process and h'as been made possible with grant
                   Monies received from the State of Washington, Department of
                   Ecology, and authorized by Section 308(C) of the Coastal Zone
                   Management Act of 1972.

                                              PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION

                            This report has been prepared by the staff of Jones Associ-
                            ates, Inc., acting under the direct professional supervision
                            of the Principal whose seal and signature appear hereon.

                            The conclusions and recommendations contained herein are the
                            results of independent professional investigation, analysis
                            and design and, except where noted, represent the opinions of
                            Jones Associates, Inc., an inter-disciplinary consulting firm
                            which does not have any past, present or contemplated future
                            financial interest in the project which is the subject of this
                           -report.

                            Jones Associates, Inc., makes no warranty, either expressed or
                            implied, as to its findings, recommendations, conclusions, or.
                            professional advice except that they were promulgated after
                            being prepared in accordance with generally accepted practices
                            under the direction of duly licensed professionals.

                            Project Number 79141, Whatcom County Planning Department

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                                                                                            4 S 10 C I ITIS '@C

                                                                                CONSUL TING
                                                                                 ENGINEERS

                                                         November 30, 1979

                       Mr. Michael Nicholson
                       Planning Director
                       Whatcom County Planning Department
                       Whatcom County Courthouse
                       Bellingham, Washington 98225

                       Dear Mr. Nicholson:

                       We are pleased to transmit to you the Comprehensive Planning Study for
                       the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area of Whatcom County, Washington. The
                       study contains the preliminary information necessary for you to develop
                       the final plan for this portion of Whatcom County. The report con-
                       tains descriptions of existing conditions within the Sub Area for land
                       use, the physical environmental setting, transportation/circulation,
                       utilities and community facilities.

                       We have also identified existing and  potential issues and concerns
                       as soci ated with each of these topics. The concluding portion of this
                       report is made up of planning recommendations and implementation strate-
                       gies that should be considered to promote orderly growth and to lessen
                       the adverse impacts of such growth in the Sub Area.

                       It has been a genuine pleasure for me and other Jones Associates staff
                       members to work with you and your Department in this effort. We look
                       forward to being of assistance to you in the future.

                                                         Very truly yours,

                                                         JONES ASSOCIATES, INC.

                                                         Donald L. Corson
                       DLC/so                            Project Manager

                                       2700 NORfHUP WAY 0 BELLEVUE, WA 98004 o (206)827-9555

                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                        LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

                        LIST OF FIGURES

                        LIST OF TABLES

                        PROJECT BACKGROUND
                             Purpose of Study
                             Study Methodology                                                     I

                        EXISTING CONDITIONS
                             Land Use                                                              4
                                  Cherry Point  - Ferndale Land Use: An Overview                   4
                                  Cherry Point  - Ferndale Land Use: A Brief
                                  Landscape Appraisal                                              5
                                  Land Use Patterns 1979: Quantitative Summary     and
                                  Map Analysis                                                   11
                                  Land Use Trends                                                15
                                  Existing Land Use Policy and Land Use Regulations              24

                             Physical Environment                                                29
                                  Geology                                                        29
                                  Soils                                                          34
                                  Mineral  Deposits                                              36
                                  Vegetation                                                     36
                                  Wildlife                                                       39
                                  Groundwater Availability and Quality                           41
                                  100-year Flood Plains                                          44
                                  Shorelines                                                     45

                             Transportation/Circulation                                          52
                                  Roadway System                                                 52
                                  Roadway Maintenance                                            61
                                  Transit                                                        63
                                  Railroads                                                      63
                                  Commercial Vessel Facilities and Airports                      64
                                  Trails                                                         65

                             Utilities                                                           68
                                  Water                                                          68
                                  Wastewater Disposal                                            70
                                  Energy                                                         73
                                  Storm Drainage                                                 76
                                  Solid Waste Disposal                                           76

                             Community Facilities                                                77
                                  Primary and Secondary Education                                77
                                  Parks and Recreation                                           86
                                  Fire Protection                                                92

                                                          i

                                    Police                                                           97
                                    Health Care                                                      98

                         ISSUES AND CONCERNS                                                        106
                              Land Use                                                              106
                              Physical Environment                                                  118
                              Transportation/Circulation                                            128
                              Utilities                                                             136
                              Community Facilities                                                  138

                         PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES                     147
                              Introduction                                                          147
                              Assumptions Used In Formulating The Recommendations                   147
                              Sub Area Forecast                                                     149
                              General Policy Recommendations                                        152
                              Planning Area Recommendations                                         164
                                    Greater North Bellingham Area                                   164
                                    100 Year Flood Plains Area                                      169
                                    Portal Way - Enterprise Road Area                               170
                                    Grandview Road and Interstate 5 Area                            173
                                    North Ferndale Area                                             175
                                    Central Sub Area                                                178
                                    Cherry Point Industrial Area                                    180
                                    Point Whitehorn - Birch Bay Area                                182

                         APPENDIX A:     Physical Environmental    Background Information
                                         and Issue Discussion                                       185

                         APPENDIX B:     Economic and Population Trends                             201

                         APPENDIX C:     Whatcom County Comprehensive Plan
                                         Goal Statements                                            220

                         BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                               224

                                                        LIST OF FIGURES

                         Figure 1    Vicinity Map                                                      2
                         Figure 2    Aerial Photographs of the Sub Area                                6
                         Figure 3    Representative Scenes in the Cherry Point-
                                     Ferndale Sub Area                                                 8
                         Figure 4    Land Use                                                        14
                         Figure 5    Subdivision Trends in the Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                     Sub Area: 1950 to 1979                                          20
                         Figure.6'   Subdivision Trends In Ferndale: 1970 to 1979                    21
                         Figure 7    Development Trends in Whatcom County: 1970 to 1979              22
                         Figure 8    Development Trends in Ferndale: 1970 to 1979                    23
                         Figure 9    Zoning                                                          28
                         Figure'10   Topography                                                      30
                         Figure 11   Diagrammatic Geologic Cross Section of the Cherry
                                     Point-Ferndale Sub Area                                         32

                                                             ii

                          Figure 12    Surficial Geology                                                  35
                          Figure  13   Soils Matrix for the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area                37
                          Figure  14   Significant Water and Wildlife Features                            40
                          Figure  15   General Conditions of Groundwater Occurence
                                       within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area                          43
                          Figure  16   Whatcom County Shorelines Management Program
                                       Regulations Pertaining to Developments Within the
                                       Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area                                     46
                          Figure  17   Typical Flood Plain                                                47
                          Figure  18   Transportation System                                              54
                          Figure  19   1978 Average Daily Traffic                                         57
                          Figure  20   Arterial Roadway Section                                           62
                          Figure  21   Water System                                                       69
                          Figure  22   Sewer System                                                       72
                          Figure  23   Soils Subject To Ponding     or Seasonally
                                       High Water Table                                                   74
                          Figure  24   Schools                                                            80
                          Figure  25   Parks and Recreational Facilities                                  90
                          Figure  26   Police and Fire Protection Facilities                              94
                          Figure  27   Land Use Issue Case Study Areas                                   107
                          Figure  28   Representative Land Use Issues                                    108
                          Figure  29   Physical Environmental Features                                   119
                          Figure  30   Prime Farmlands                                                   121
                          Figure  31   Engineering Properties of Geological Units
                                       Within The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area                         123
                          Figure  32   Development Constraint Areas                                      125
                          Figure  33   Planning Areas                                                    165

                                                           LIST OF TABLES

                          I.           Land Use Distribution, Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                       Sub Area                                                           12
                          Ii.          Population Density Changes in Three Represen-
                                       tative Areas of the Sub Area                                       17
                          III.         Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area Acreage by Zone                     27
                          IV.          Arterial Roadway Data                                              55
                          V.           Traffic Volume and Capacity                                        59
                          VI           Primary and Secondary Schools of      School Districts
                                       Serving Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area                             79
                          VII.         Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area School District
                                       Enrollment, by Grade Level                                         81
                          VIII.        Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area School District
                                       Projections, 1979-1986                                             81
                          IX.          Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area Park and
                                       Recreational Facilities                                            87
                          X.           Additional Regional Recreational Facilities
                                       Available To Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area Residents              89
                          XI.          Fire Protection Facilities in Cherry Point-
                                       Ferndale Sub Area                                                  95
                          XII.         List of Community Clinics                                         100
                          XIII.        Licensed Health Professionals                                     101

                           XIV.         Whatcom County Long-Term Care Facilities                          104
                           XV.          Traffic Volume and Capacity                                       130
                           XVI.         Arterial Roadway Data                                             132
                           81.          State of Washington Employment Forecast,
                                        1979 to 1981                                                      203
                           BII.         Population For The State of Washington and
                                        Whatcom County, 1970 to 1978                                      205
                           BIII.'       Whatcom County Population Characteristics                         207
                           BIV..        Major Employers in Whatcom County                                 208
                           BV.          Whatcom County Manufacturing Employment,
                                        1970 to 1978 Annual Average                                       209
                           BVI.         Whatcom County Employment in Non-Manufacturing
                                        Industries, 1970 to 1978 Annual Average                           211
                           BVII.        Whatcom County Civilian Labor Force - Unemployment,
                                        and Total Employment 1966 to 1978 Average Annual                  212
                           BVIII.       Whatcom County Covered Employment and Earnings                    212
                           BIX.         Whatcom County Baseline Employment Forecast                       214
                           Bx.          Changes in Whatcom County County Employment:
                                        1980-1990 (Baseline Projection)                                   216
                           BXI.         Whatcom County Population Projections, 1980-2000                  217
                           BXII.        Bonneville Power Administration Employment
                                        Projections for Whatcom County                                    218

                                                                iv

                                                       BACKGROUND

                        Purpose of Study

                             The purpose of the-Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area Study is to pro-
                        vide an incremental step in revising the 1970 tomprehensive Plan for the
                       .County. As a way to define and resolve land use-related issues unique to
                        different parts of the County, the County Planning Commission divided
                        the County into ten Sub Areas to be analyzed as separate planning units.
                        The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area is one of the ten and is shown in
                        Figure 1, Vicinity Map.

                             The purpose of this document is to provide the residents of the
                        Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area and the staff of the Whatcom County Plan-
                        ning Department with a sound basis for planning for future changes and
                        growth. The material in this report does not constitute a final plan for
                        the Sub Area.    Included in this report is a thorough discussion of
                        existing conditions, and an analysis of present and potential problems
                        regarding land use, physical environmental conditions, transportation
                        and utility networks and community facilities.      Recommendations made
                        represent the consultants' best judgment regarding workable solutions to
                        the existing or potential problems identified for   the Sub Area.   These
                        recommendations are provided as a basis for finalizing the Sub Area Plan
                        through the public review process. The recommendations are presented as
                        policies and implementation strategies that, when adopted, will be con-
                        solidated with similar policies and strategies for other Sub Areas.
                        Together, all these policies will make up the revised Whatcom County
                        Comprehensive Plan.

                        Methodology

                             This document is the product of original research, compilation of
                        existing data and information and independent analysis.         Land use

                                                        I

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                                                                                                                             f igure 1

                         information was gathered through an in-field survey of current        land use
                         for every ownership parcel in the S     ub Area outside the Ferndale city
                         limits.   Each parcel was coded as to location and land use.          From tax
                         assessor and county records, staff determined parcel size, zoning clas-
                         sification and whether or not the parcel was platted or not.

                              This Sub Area Study is divided into three sections.            The first
                         describes baseline conditions of land use, physical environmental condi-
                         tions, transportation and utility systems and community facilities. The
                         second identifies both general and specific issues that the consultant
                         team identified as either currently or potentially present.         The final
                         section contains planning recommendations and implementation stragegies
                         that will promote orderly growth and reduce the potential for adverse
                         growth impacts.      Also included are several appendicies that offer
                         detailed information regarding Sub Area physical environmental condi-
                         ti ons and economi c and popu 1 ati on  trends.    Land platted or not, was
                         compiled from tax assessor and county records. Land use data was tabu-
                         lated with computer assistance. Land use was mapped within the Sub Area
                         according to uses found in the field survey.        This detail of land use
                         information has never been available before and is an important addition
                         to the data base for the County.

                              Documents from the County, City of Ferndale, school districts,
                         other local organizations and state and federal agencies were gathered
                         and personnel at major industries in the Cherry Point area were inter-
                         viewed. From these sources, relevant information was compiled regarding
                         the physical environment, transportation and utility systems, and com-
                         munity facilities in the Sub Area.     Existing and potential uses concern-
                         ing these topics were identified by the consultant team.

                               In turn, solutions to these issues were formulated and are pre-
                         sented here as planning recommendations and implementation strategies
                         about such things as rezoning portions of the Sub Area, improving streets
                         or utilities or including new community facilities.

                                                             3

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                                                    BASELINE CONDITIONS

                                                          LAND USE

                              This section describes the existing conditions and the land use
                         characteristics in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area. The description
                         is both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the Sub Area land
                         uses that identifies this Sub Area's unique set of land use facts.

                              The discussion will cover five topics:

                                   An Overview: Cherry Point-Ferndale Land Use
                                   A Brief Landscape Appraisal
                                   A Description of Land Use Patterns, 1979:       Quantitative Sum-
                                   mary and Map Analysis
                                   A Description of Land Use Trends
                                   A Summary of Existing Land Use Policy

                                       CHERRY POINT-FERNDALE LAND USE: AN OVERVIEW

                              Cherry Point and Ferndale, only five miles apart, offer consider-
                         able land use contrasts. Photographs in Figures 2 and 3 portray some of
                         these differences.

                              Ferndale, a town of 3,440 population, is the residential and com-
                         mercial hub of the Sub Area. Immediately adjacent to Ferndale, land use
                         is mixed between single-family-residential, commercial and agricultural
                         uses. Farther away from the City in all directions, land use is predom-
                         inantly agricultural.

                              In contrast, land use around Cherry Point is dominated by large-
                         scale industrial users that take advantage of the fact that water deep
                         enough to accommodate large ships is only some 1,000 - 2,000 feet off
                         shore.   The largest industrial occupants are the Mobil and Atlantic
                         Richfield oil refineries and Intalco Aluminum. Immediately to the east
                         of this industrial area, land use is composed of woodlots, pasture, row
                         crops and the Lake Terrell State Game Range.

                                                            4

                             Between the Ferndale resident i al -commerci al area and the indus-
                       tri.alized sections of Cherry Point, agriculture, interrupted by large
                       blocks of forest land, is the primary active land use (see Figure 2).
                       These two uses predominate in the five miles between Ferndale and coastal
                       industries, and this distance, with the visual relief from both residen-
                       tial-commercial uses and industrial uses, provides an effective buffer
                       between the two.

                             CHERRY POINT-FERNDALE LAND USE: A BRIEF LANDSCAPE APPRAISAL

                             Photographs A-F in Figure 3 offer ground views of representative
                       scenes of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area. Scenes like these make up
                       the visual character, the landscape, of the area. Past and present types
                       of land use are expressed in this landscape, as are the outward appear-
                       ances of underlying physical environmental characteristics. These cul-
                       tural and physical elements combine  to make this Sub Area look different
                       from others in Whatcom County. The   existing landscape contains elements
                       that should be considered in future  land use planning, because land uses
                       that look markedly different from current uses are not usually well
                       accepted by residents; the changes   don't "fit" in well.   This aspect of
                       land use will be discussed in more detail in the Issues and Concerns

                       Section.

                             Views from different vantage points within the Sub Area reveal
                       contrasting land uses.    Agricultural uses contrast with the Ferndale
                       urbanizing rim and the Cherry Point industrial area. Wooded areas con-
                       trast with nearly cleared fields'. and the even topography of the Nooksack
                       flood plain contrasts with the hummocky uplands of north Ferndale.

                             These contrasts create various senses of enclosure and space within
                       the Sub Area. Views are expansive in the flood plain and along the south
                       and  east facing the slopes of north Ferndale's hills. These hills, are a
                       major visual aspect of views to the north from the Nooksack River flood
                       plain and from the Interstate 5 corridor.

                                                           5

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                     Cherry Point and Point Whitehorn looking north. Mobil Oil,
                     Intalco Aluminum and Atlantic Richfield facilities are shown
                     in the foreground, middle and background.

                                                                                                   Aerial Photographs
                     City of Ferndale looking east. The Nooksack River and                         of the Sub Area
                     Interstate 5 divide the Sub Area. Agricultural uses
                     predominate around the City.

                                                                        6                          figure 2

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                   Central portions of the Sub Area contain  a mixture of forest
                   cover and pasture. The Atlantic Richfield facility is shown
                    in upper left.

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                                    View to        the     south from North                 Ferndale hills.

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                                    View north          from Grandview Road into North Ferndale hills.                                                                                    in the
                                                                                                                                                                                          Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                                                                                                                          Sub Area

                                                                                                                                      8                                                   figure 3

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                    Row crops and pasture land farm buildings are major parts of
                    the landscape in the central portion of the Sub Area.

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                    Industrial facilities are mixed in with agricultural uses in the
                    western part of the Sub Area.

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                     Heavy industries, like the Mobil Oil refinery above, dominate
                     the areas where they are located.,

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                     Shoreline views are mixtures of industrial and natural features.

                                                                        10

                                              LAND USE PATTERNS 1979:
                                       QUANT ITATIVE SUMMARY AND MAP ANALYSIS

                          General land uses and their locations, described earlier in the
                      Overview Section, are discussed in this section in more detail. Table 1,
                      Land Use Distribution, and Figure 4, Land Use, are the products of
                      original research and represent levels of informational detail that have
                      not been available in the County until this study.

                          A critical element of the study and planning process was the asses-
                      sment of the kinds, quantities and locations of land uses currently
                      within the Sub Area. To accomplish this assessment, the entire Sub Area,
                      making up nearly 60 square miles, was reviewed in the field on an owner-
                      ship parcel by parcel basis. Parcels within the City of Ferndale were
                      excluded. Nearly 3,500 parcels were given a land use code number that
                      represented'a specific land use type.    This information was assembled
                      with Whatcom County Assessor's Office data regarding acreage per parcel
                      and tax status so that it was possible to determine the number of acres
                      in the entire Sub Area and the area breakdown per land use type. Infor-
                      mation regarding each parcel, such as its size, whether it was platted or
                      not platted, what land use zone and census tract it was located in and
                      whether it was occupied or not, was entered into a computer.       Acreage
                      tabulation was performed on the  basis of industrial land use codes with
                      computer assistance.   Land use  was then mapped on a parcel by parcel
                      basis and is shown in Figure 4.

                           Table 1. which describes    in detail some of the land use facts
                      regarding this Sub Area, highlights information already generally known
                      about the area, but also uncovers other aspects of land use not so
                      generally acknowledged.   Of the 37,228 acres in the Sub Area, 24,594
                      acres, or 66.1 percent is in agricultural use. Of this, half is live-
                      stock, pasture, or has no predominant agricultural use. Lesser agricul-
                      tural uses for this Sub Area are cropland, dairy and poultry. This use
                      distribution contrasts with other parts of the county where dairy, crop-
                      land or no agricultural uses predominate at all.

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                                                                               uses are distant but
                              Single family residential and industrial             Residential use is
                        nearly equal as major secondary uses in the Sub Area.
                        the predominant use on 2,221 acres while industrial use is found on 2,155
                        acres.   The majority of residential acreage is unsubdivided which fits
                        with the overall agricultural character of the Sub Area.           Nearly the
                        entire industrial acreage is devoted to manufacturing with the bulk of
                        the manufacturing acres divided between Mobil and Atlantic-Richfield oil
                        refineries and Intalco Aluminum.

                              Comparatively minor in terms of acreage within the Sub Area are
                        co mmercial uses with 183 acres, Public and Quasi-Public uses with 685
                        acres, and Communications/Utilities/Transportation with 202 acres.

                              Contrasting with these active uses are the acres that are not cur-
                        rently actively used. Forest cover makes up 5,786 acres of the Sub Area
                        or approximately 15.5 percent. This makes forest use the second largest
                        land use in the Sub Area.      Vacant land,, too, is significant within the
                        Sub Area making up some 1,402 acres.       Of this, 61 acres are currently
                        under the tax advantage of formally designated "open use,," which is an
                        agreement with the County by which the owner will not develop his land
                        for five years. Together, Forest land and Vacant land throughout the Sub
                        Area make up 7,188 acres or approximately 19.3 percent of all other land
                        uses excluding agriculture. This figure serves to underscore the fact
                        that passive uses within the Sub Area are important, if for no other
                        reason than that there is a lot of it and that it is a major visual and
                        land use characteristic of the Sub Area.

                              Figure- 4 is a map of land uses within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                        Area. Land uses mapped represent actual uses found to be present and may
                        or may not correspond to underlying zoning. For example, if the predom-
                        inant use of a parcel is commercial-retail but is found in a single
                        family residential zone,, the commercial-retail use will be shown.

                              Both active and passive uses of the land are portrayed.          Agricul-
                        ture,, as a generalized land use is shown to predominate in a diagonal

                                                          13

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                       zone across the map from northeast to southwest parallel to the course of
                       the Nooksack River. Agriculture also    predominates in the uplands north-
                       west of Ferndale.

                            The scale of industrial land use in the Cherry Point area is clear
                       on the map as are the locations and,sizes of areas in forest cover.       The
                       fact that the Sub Area has comparatively little retail-commercial space
                       or multifamily use is borne out in the map.

                            More important than quantity, however, are the locations of the
                       various land uses. Although there is little retail-commercial space, it
                       Js located in distinct districts around West Smith Road and Northwest
                       Avenue and along Portal Way.      Parcels in multifamily use are few in
                       number, as well,, and appear to be randomly-located in the Sub Area with
                       concentrations on Mountain View Road west of Ferndale and West Smith

                       Road.

                            Overall, land use is much more mixed within the Interstate 5 cor-
                       ridor than the Sub Area as a whole and the parcels are smaller. Land use
                       also tends to be mixed along arterials leading to the freeway. Land use
                       adjacent to West Axton Road, for example, -illustrates a patchwork. of
                       residential and commercial uses.

                            Vacant land is evenly distributed throughout the Sub Area except in
                       the southwest quadrant but usually occurs in small parcels.            Issues
                       related to this and other land use distributions will be discussed later
                       in the Section describing Land Use Issues and Concerns.

                                                     LAND USE TRENDS

                            As a basis for assessing the type.and degree of land use change over
                       the last several years since the writing of the last Comprehensive Plan,
                       1969 and 1970 aerial photographs of the Sub Area were compared with
                       aerial photographs taken in 1978.

                                                           15

                               In 1970 the Atl anti c-Richf iel d oil refinery was in the early devel-
                         opment  stages.   Intalco Aluminum and Mobil Oil were both well estab-
                         lished. To the east, agricultural uses were nearly the same as they are
                         now.   Strip residential development was present along West Axton Road,
                         Portal W ay and Northwest Drive.     Only a few of the residential subdivi-
                         slons around north Bellingham were developed.

                               The primary changes in land use in the Sub Area over the last ten
                         years have been a gradually increasing density of population through the
                         Interstate 5 Corridor and an increasing sprawl along major arterials.
                         Three areas located within the corridor were analyzed for changes in
                         overall density between 1   969 and 1978 to assess the magnitude of land use
                         change. These areas were centered on Portal Way, West Axton Road between
                         the freeway and.Northwest Drive, and West Smith Road between the freeway
                         and Northwest Drive.     These areas were chosen because, from comparing
                         aerial photographs taken in 1969 and 1978,        these areas seemed to have
                         changed the most. In the view of the study team, they also represented
                         potential land use changes in other parts of      the Sub Area in the future.

                               Table II, Population Density Changes In      Three Representative Areas
                         of the Sub Area, represents the type of changes that were found to have
                         occurred in the last ten years. In general, the population density has
                         Ancreased in each area and this has been primarily related to the devel-
                         opment of residential subdivisions along West Axton Road and West Smith
                         Road. Averaging the three areas together, overall density has increased
                         from .20 residential units per acre to .36 units per acre.              Signifi-
                         cantly, however, the number of persons per household has declined in the
                         last ten years from 3.2 to 2.8. This implies that population density per
                         acre  is not growing at the rate that the density of residential units per
                         acre  is. In effect, smaller household sizes are taking up more space.

                               In making specific comparisons between the three areas, the study
                         team  noticed that both overall population and the number of residential
                         units have increased significantly in areas adjacent to Portal Way and
                         West Axton Way. The population rose from approximately 211 to 325 along

                                                              16

                                                                    TABLE II

                                  POPULATION DENSITY CHANGES IN THREE REPRESENTATIVE.AREAS OF THE SUB AREA

                                    1969                                                  1978
                          ACRES   RES. UNITS. UNITS/AC.       POP/HSHLD    POP/ACRE      RES.UNITS    AMTS/AC. POP/   HSHLD    POP/AC

       Portal Way          191         68          .36/ac        3.1       1.1/Acre          116        .61/ac      2.8        1.7/Acre
                                                                           (211 total)                                         (325 total)

       Axton Way           259         48          .19/ac        3.1       .58/Acre          138        .53/ac      2.8        1.5/ac
                                                                           (149 total)                                         (386)

       W. Smith/           567         83          .15/ac        3.1       .45/Ac  re        ill        .20/ac      2.8        .55/ac
       Northwest                                                           (256 total)                                         (311)

                       Portal Way and from approximately 149 to 386 along West Axton Way.
                       Likewise, the density of residential Units per acre increased from .36 to
                       .61 per acre along Portal Way and from .19 per acre to .53 per acre along
                       West Axton Way.

                            There has  been a smaller increase in population and dwelling unit
                       density in the  West Smith Road - Northwest Drive area.    The population
                       increased from approximately 256 to 311 and the density of dwelling units
                       per acre rose only from .15 per acre to .20 per acre.

                            One possible explanation for the differences in growth rates
                       between these areas is that the West Smith Road - Northwest Drive area,
                       which is the center of the community of North Bellingham, was already
                       built-up in 1970 while the other two areas were not. Also related to the
                       growth differences between the areas is that Bellingham has historically
                       exerted pressure to develop in a south to north direction, toward North
                       Bellingham.

                            Following this scenario of south to north development, the West
                       Smith Road - Northwest Drive area can be expected to continue to infill
                       and density can be expected to increase substantially especially if more
                       mobile home parks and subdivisions are developed.

                            Similarly, density along Portal Way and       West Axton Way could
                       increase significantly if more mobile home parks and subdivisions are
                       developed there.

                            Another way of assessing the type and rate of land use change in the
                       Sub Area is to review and evaluate platting and building permit activity.
                       Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 illustrate trends in residential, commercial and
                       industrial activity since 1970 within the Sub Area, the county and in the
                       City of Ferndale.

                            Probably the most common characteristic among all three areas is
                       that development tends to be cyclic. Local development rates vary with

                                                         18

                       interes t rate changes and with any regional and national economic
                       factors that are reflected in local demand.

                            Residential' development in the Sub Area, as shown in Figure 5,
                       Subdivision Trends, illustrates the relationship between long plats (5
                       or more lots) and short plats (4 or less lots).

                            The number of long plats per year has varied between none and five
                       since 1970 but the number of lots platted has ranged between 130 in 1971
                       and 0 in both 1973 and 1976.   These years (1971, 1973 and 1976) roughly
                       correspond to regional economic boom-and slump years.

                            Short plats have increased in number over these same years, and,
                       since the enabling legislation was passed in 1972, the number of short
                       plats has been larger than the number of long plats in five of the seven
                       years.  This is. not surprising since the short plat process is simpler
                       than the long plat process. However, the number of lots in short plats
                       has been larger than the number of lots in long plats since 1976. This
                       fact is significant in light of the urban services and utilities implica-
                       tions accompanying potentially scattered large lot development.

                            In contrast, in the City of Ferndale the number of long plat lots
                       has always been larger than the number of lots in short plats except for
                       1975. The comparative success of long plat subdivisions in Ferndale is
                       probably indicative of the availability of utilities.

                            On a county-wide basis, a rough parallel exists between the devel-
                       opment rates of residential, commercial and manufacturing activity with
                       the exception that in 1974 and 1976 housing development improved while
                       commercial and manufacturing activity declined. In 1973 and 1975, how-
                       ever, the opposite condition existed. Together, these cycles might be a
                       local illustration of a "catch up" situation in which increased indus-
                       trial employment is reflected in the housing market the following year as
                       industry and commerce come into full production. The fact that Sub Area
                       residential development trends mirror County-wide residential trends

                                                          19

                                                           FIGURE 5

                     140-

                     120-

                     100-

                     80-

                                                   LONG PLAT LOTS
                     60 -
                                                                                        SHORT PLAT LOTS

                     40 -

                  Lu
                  o- 20

                  CD

                     10-

                             LONG PLAT SUBEIVISIONS,

                      0
                        2@                                                 Ln                        CD   >_ CA
                        cc                                                 r_                        r@   -i P,
                                 m       Cm       c7N                      ON                        ON

                                        SHORT PLAT SUBDIVISIONS (NOT APPLICABLE BEFORE 1972)

                           SUBDIVISION TRENDS IN THE CHERRY POINT-FERNDALE SUB AREA: 1970 TO 1979
                                                          (EXCLUDES FERNDALE)

                                                                 20

                                                           FIGURE 6

                      140-

                     120 -

                     100--

                      80-

                      60-

                      40-

                                                               LONG PLAT LOTS

                      20-
                  CD

                                                                                        SHOR PLAT LOT'

                      10-

                             LONG PLAT SUBCIVISIONS

                                                                           10
                                                                                   or      -loo

                      0
                                                  cli     m
                                         0%       c7%     m        m       a%

                                        SHORT PLAT SUBDIVISIONS (NOT APPLICABLE BEFORE 1972)
                                                                            L.-0000,

                                                         SUBDIVISION TRENDS IN FERNDALE: 1970 TO 1979

                                                               21

                          Sao-                                                                         00,

                         @600

                                 TOTAL
                          400--

                                       S NGLE FAMILY RESIDEITIAL UNI S

                          200-

                                                                                                    .00/

                          80-

                                     DUPLE              LY RESIDENTIAl. UNITS
                                         X & MULTI  I-FAMI

                          40-
                      ca  20 -
                                 MANUFACTURING & INDUSTRIAL
                                 (INCLUDES ADDIT13NS TO EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS

                                 oleo                                                                          0 0,
                          10
                                                                                                                    %
                                                                                                                     %
                                                  do 16                                           0
                                                                                                 k.        00              Nib
                                                                           %    %
                                                                            %
                                                                J*           %
                                                                                                                        %         41,
                                       op

                                                                                                             dop
                            5                                                          dr
                                                                                    %.,e'
                                         COMMERCIAL  & SERVIES                        %

                            0
                                         c@                  cm        cv)                 Ln         to
                                         P,       P,         r.,       r_        r@        P@l        ill
                                                  (71                            cri       cy%        M        4m         Im         c7i

                                                  PUBLIC &  QUASI-PUBLIC  (SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, UTILITIES, ETC.)
                                                  AMUSEMENT & RECREATION (PRIVATE   & PUBLIC)

                            FIGURE 7                          DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN WHATCOM COUNTY:                  1970 TO 1979

                                                                             22

                                       FIGURE 8

              120 -

                                  TOTAL

               80--

               60-
                      SINGLE FA41LY
                     RESIDENTIAL UNITS

               40-

                       DUPLEX & MULTI-FAPILY
               20-      RESIDENTIAL UNI"S
             CD

             _j

               10-

                                                 %%

                                                'o op..
                                                     x"

               0
                 2@                              Ln         r_   co

                           SERVICES & COMMERCIAL
                           MANUFACTURING A INDUSTRIAL (INCLUDES ADDITIONS TO EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS)
                           PUBLIC & QUASI-PUBLIC (SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, UTILITIES, ETC.)
                 --------- AMUSEMENT & RECREATION (PRIVATE & PUBLIC)

                                      DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN FERNDALE: 1970 TO 1979

                                          23

                         woul dsuggest that land use change related to the conversion of land to
                         residential use has historically been most affected by County-wide
                         growth rather than by.the growth of just the City of Ferndale.

                              Several land use trends can be expected to continue in the Sub Area.
                         The most accessible areas can be expected to develop most rapidly. Areas
                         on either side of Interstate 5 and adjacent to surface roads with direct
                         access to the freeway will have the most development pressure. Specifi-
                         cally, Slater Road, West Smith Road, West Axton Road, Portal Way and
                         Grandview Road can be expected to be the corridors and subcorridors of
                         growth.   This growth will probably take the form of in-filling on a
                         parcel-by-parcel basis of both already developed areas, such as North
                         Bellingham and commercial/residential strips.

                              Some evidence indicates the possibility for continued randomly-
                         located areas of higher density residential use with multifamily and
                         mobile home parks.    Trends indicate an overall increase in population
                         density, but, because of falling household size, the number of residen-
                         tial units can be expected to continue to rise at a higher rate than the
                         population. Residential expansion will probably occur in an increasing
                         number of short plats outside the City of Ferndale, but near the city
                         limits more long subdivisions can be expected.

                              Overall growth trends for all types of activity will probably con-
                         tinue to be cyclic with the potential over the long term of evening out
                         as new industries add to the stability of the county economic base. Over
                         the next ten to fifteen years, however, industrial development of vacant
                         land on Cherry Point will be sporadic but intense and will contribute to
                         the cyclic building trends within the Sub Area, County and City of
                         Ferndale.

                                    EXISTING LAND USE POLICY AND LAND USE REGULATIONS

                              Land use is presently guided and regulated by the Whatcom County
                         Comprehensive Plan and the Whatcom County Interim Zoning Ordinance. The

                                                            i4

                       Comprehensive Plan was originally adopted in 1970 and has been amended
                       several times to reflect the more detailed studies of land use issues
                       since'that time. The Interim Zoning Ordinance was adopted in 1972 and,
                       likewise, has been amended from time to time.

                                 Whatcom County Comprehensive Plan

                           The Whatcom County Comprehensive Plan, as adopted in 1970, served
                       to capsulize baseline physical and socio-economic information and to
                       provide a general guideline for the future development of the county.
                       The plan assumed a low population growth rate of 7100 new households for
                       the county over the next 20 years and also assumed that growth would
                       continue to be low density.     Its primary goals were to keep future
                       development from "scattering" and to promote development  around existing
                       activity centers. To this end, and to provide for an enhanced physical
                       and living environment, a set of major objectives were adopted.      These
                       are given below:

                            1.   Enhancement of Environment
                                 a.   Prevention and abatement of pollution
                                 b.   Protection of natural scenic beauty
                                 C.   Encouragement of attractive development
                                 d.   Elimination of congestion and squalor
                                 e.   Satisfaction of recreational needs

      A
                            2.   Conservation of Resources
                                 a.   Orderly timing in the conversion of land from rural to
      A
                                      urban development to protect the agricultural economy
                                 b.   Management of soil, forest, fish, mineral and water
                                      resources for optimum long-range benefits
                                 C.   Consideration of public interests in development of water
                                      areas, drainage features and related lands
                                 d.   Recognition of indirect benefits and ecological consider-
                                      ations in resource use

                                                         25

                             Since the original adoption of the Plan in 1970, several amendments
                       have been accepted.    In 1977 an amendment was adopted that established
                       Community Councils that were charged with the responsibility of foster-
                       ing the public review of impacts of major developments within their
                       communities.   Revisions of policy statements regarding Rural, Agricul-
                       tural, Primary Industrial, Forest Land and Business have also occurred.
                       The Comprehensive Plan has been a general guide and was not intended as a
                       body of implementation procedures.     The Zoning Code has been the main
                       tool for policy implementation.

                                  Whatcom County Interim Zoning Ordinance

                             The Whatcom County Zoning Ordinance provides for 41 land use desig-
                       nations that range from types of Suburban Residential Districts through
                       Recreation and Open Space Districts to Contract Zone Districts.           The
                       zoning ordinance also governs such specific facets of land use as off-
                       street parking and loading requirements, non-conforming uses, variances
                       and the manner for appeal of zoning decisions. The zoning ordinance at
                       present does not contain a Subdivision Ordinance or a portion regulating
                       mobile home parks.

                                  Zoning in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area

                             Zoning throughout the Sub Area is shown in Figure 9 and a breakdown
                       by acreage is shown in Table III.     Of the 41 zoning classifications in
                       the County, twelve are found in the Sub Area.      Of the twelve, the ones
                       cover ing the largest area are General Protection (GP) and Heavy Impact
                       Industry (HII).    Zoning classifications are most varied around Point
                       Whitehorn and along the Interstate 5 corridor.         Issues and concerns
                       related to zoning are found in the Section where       land use issues are
                       discussed.

                                                           26

                                                    Table III

                                        Cherry Point - Ferndale Sub Area

                                                Acreage by Zone

                                  Zoning Classification                   Acreage
                   SF1      Suburban Farm Once Acre                          968

                   SF5      Suburban Farm Five Acre                          989

                   S3       Suburban - 3 Families/Acre                       827

                   S4       Suburban - 4 Families/Acre                       280

                   RMD7     Residential Medium Density/Acre                  155

                   GB       General Business                                   99

                   GP       General Protection                            27,632

                   AG       Agriculture                                      807

                   LII      Light Impact Industrial                          314

                   HII      Heavy Impact Industrial                         4,882

                   ROS      Recreation and Open Space                        164

                   CZ       Contract Zone                                    112

                                                                          37,229

                                                          27

                                                                        ----- ------------ -----------                                                                                  --------------                                       -------                      ------

                                                          ROS
                                           NB                                                 4
                                                                                                                        GP
                                \GP                                                                                                  lie-
                                                                                                                  vj_@_ @el
                                           S4                    RF                                                                                                                                                                                                      Cz

                              S4                         L11                                    L @UINM -1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SF5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             GP

                                                                        H11                  .. .....

                                                  G P

                                                                                                                                                                                                        GP
                                                                                                               H11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        L------   i,-- L

                                                                                                                                                             ZA" rFRReLL

                                                                                                                  -IRI R1.                                                                                                                                     L

                                                                           pawr

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             F'_j

                                                                                                           G P

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      L

                                                                                                                                             ALUMT UM
                                                                                                                                             P_

                                                                                                                                                     H11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    GP

                                                                                                                                                         OIL REMNERY
                                                                                                                                                 f..       Xt                                                                       41
                                                                                                                            GP
                                                         Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                    Sub Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        --------- -

                         NORTH

                      0'  1000' 1000'      4000' SCALE IN FEET                                                                                                                                                                                                            R
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               fir" J11,10,11

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SF5     Suburban Farm Five Acre
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SF1     Suburban Farm One Acre
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             S4    Suburban District 4 Familie
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             S3    Suburban District 3 Familie
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        RMD7       Residential Medium Densi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             NB    Neighborhood Business Di
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             GB    General Business District
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Lil   Light Impact Industrial Dist
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Hil   Heavy Impact Industrial Di
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             GP    General Protection District
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             CZ    Contract Zone District
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ROS      Recreation and Open Spac
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             FIF   Rural Farm District
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             AG    Agriculture District
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Source: Whatcorn County Planning D

                                                 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

                                                        GEOLOGY

                            The Cherry Point-Ferndale   Sub Area has three major topographical
                       areas: the sea cliffs on. the west which flank the Strait of Georgia; the
                       Mountain View Uplands north of Ferndale which rise to slightly over 300
                       feet; and the lowlands which occupy the area adjacent to the Nooksack
                       River flood plain.    On-going tidal cycles, periodic river flooding,
                       erosion through weathering or stream activity and hUman alteration has
                       and continues to modify the physical landscape. Sub Area topography is
                       shown in Figure 10.

                            The geological formations within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                       are the result of processes occurring from the Late Cretaceous and the
                       Early Tertiary periods (50-70 million years ago) to the present time.
                       During this primaeval time, the lowlands of western Whatcom County.were
                       part of a vast flood plain. Fast-moving streams deposited materials in
                       the lowlands, which, combined with land mass sinking and with later
                       uplifting and deformation, created the sandstones, conglomerates and
                       shales of the Chuckanut Formation. This rock material is exposed along
                       Chuckanut Drive south of Bellingham but is not exposed within the Cherry
                       Point-Ferndale Sub Area. The Chuckanut Formation does however, form the
                       bedrock beneath the Sub Area and has been reached during well drilling at
                       depths from near sea level to over 500 feet below sea level.

                            During the Pleistocene period beginning 2 to 3 million years ago,
                       continental glaciation sculpted the terrain and produced the present
                       topography.   Ice, some three thousand feet thick, advanced into and
                       retreated,from the area at least four times and left behind sand, gravel,
                       silt and till (an unsorted and unstratified material of mixed clay, sand,
                       boulders and gravel). Each glaciation deposited material on top of the
                       previous glacial material thereby obscuring earlier evidence.      In the
                       Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area only a single deposit is visable as
                       evidence of ice advances that occurred before the most recent glacia-

                                                        29

                                                             CXERRY

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              .L

                                                                                      Q,

                                                                                                                           0%@EMNEW
                                                                                                                             X

                                               Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                    Sub Area

                     NORTH
                   0,                                                                                                                                                                                       pj"
                      1000' 2000'  4000' SCALE IN FEET

                                                                                                                                                                                        20' Contours

                                                                                                                                                                                        Source: U.S. Geological Survey

                         tion.   This older deposit, called Cherry Point silt, is composed of
                         horizontally laminated clay and silt with small sandy layers and is
                         exposed along the sea cliffs of Cherry Point to a maximum of 140 feet.
                         Its base is known to be below sea level, and its irregular upper surface
                         is the result of historic erosional activity.

                              The last glacial period, termed the Fraser Glaciation, began about
                         20,000 years ago and lasted approximately 10,000 years. It occurred in
                         three phases:   the Vashon Stade, the Everson Interstade and the Sumas
                         Stade. (A stade is a glacial advance of ice associated with continental
                         gl aci ati on. ) Duri ng the Vashon Stade, the i ce sheet reached a maximum of
                         one mile in thickness and extended to an area just south of Olympia,
                         deepening the Puget Sound Trough.     Figure 11 is a cross sectional des-
                         cription of the Sub Area's geology.

                                   Vashon Stade

                              The Vashon Stade is associated with two formations in the Cherry
                         Point-Ferndale Sub Area:     The Esperance Sand Member and Vashon Till.
                         They are collectively known as Vashon Drift.

                              The Esperance Sand Member, typical of glacial outwash stream depo-
                         sits, is exposed in sea cliffs and overlies Cherry Point Silt.               it
                         reaches a maximum thickness of 45 feet in the sea cliff exposure but
                         pinches out between Cherry Point Silt and Vashon Till in other locations.
                         Because of permeability in its sands and gravels, Esperance Sand prob-
                         ably serves as an aquifer (a geological material that holds and transmits
                         water) for moderately deep wells in the Sub Area.

                              The compact composition of sand, silt, clay, pebbles and a few
                         boulders, which characterizes Vashon Till, is the result of compression
                         by the overriding Vashon ice flow. Vashon Till is exposed in sea cliffs
                         along the Strait of Georgia where it reaches a thickness of 10 to 30
                         feet.

                                                            31

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                                  Everson Interstade

                              About 13,000 years ago, when sea levels rose in response to melting
                        continental glaciers, the Everson Interstade began. Three deposits in
                        the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are associated with this period.

                              The oldest is Kulshan Glaciomarine Drift, a deposit of massive
                        blue-gray, unsorted, unstratified materials.         Its character is the
                        result of the floating ice melting and dropping contained debris on the,
                        then lowered, sea floor.      It is exposed in the sea cliffs along the
                        Strait of Georgia where younger glacial sediments are superimposed upon
                        it.   Since it is not as compact as normal till, it is presumed that a
                        continental ice sheet never overrode the Kulshan Glaciomarine Drift.

                              Deming Sand was deposited on flood plains and beaches as the land
                        surface rose in response to the weight release of the retreating ice
                        sheet.   It is composed of stratified sand, clay and gravel with inter-
                        bedding of blue clay and sandy gravel.    It occurs in the sea cliffs along
                        the Strait of Georgia and in the uplands to the west of Ferndale.           In
                        both locations other glacial deposits are superimposed.

                              As the land surface sank for the second time during the Everson
                        Interstade, Bellingham Glaciomarine Drift was deposited over the Cherry
                        Point-Ferndale Sub Area and the surrounding non-mountainous areas of
                        Whatcom County.   It was the result of debris deposition on the lowered
                        sea bottom. It consists of unsorted and unstratified sandy, silty clays
                        with interspersed pebbles, cobbles and boulders.             Its deposition
                        occurred 11,500 to 11,000 years ago and is overlain by a wave-washed
                        mantle of pebbles and coarse sand that is one to ten feet thick in the
                        uplands west of Ferndale.

                                  Sumas Stade

                              During the Sumas Stade, continental ice again advanced southward to
                        the north of Sumas. The Sumas Outwash deposit, created by melted water

                                                            33

                          from this glacial advance 10,000 years ago, occurs in the northeastern
                       portion of the study area and to the 'southwest of Ferndale.              Certain
                       contemporary creeks, such as Tenmile Creek, occupy abandoned melt water
                       channels.    Sumas Outwash is composed of sand and pebble-size gravel.
                       Lakes which occupied melt water channels or topographic depressions have
                       since, totally or in part, filled with organic matter to form peat.

                             Sil, t, clay and fine sand deposits from the Nooksack River have also
                       modified the landscape. In the lowlands, these deposits have joined the
                       Lummi Peninsula, formerly an island, to the mainland. The mouth of the
                       Nooksack River alternated between Lummi Bay and Bellingham Bay, becoming
                       permanently located in Bellingham Bay in 1920 when levy construction
                       restricted.its meandering. Surficial geology is shown in Figure 12.

                                                            SOILS

                             Soils are created from the weathering of unconsolidated residues of
                       geological  formations.

                             Soil  types found in the Sub Area, their general characteristics,
                       constraints and capabilities are described in some detail in Appendix A,
                       Physical Environmental Background Information.         The material here will
                       serve only to summarize the soil characteristics noted there.

                             Over 70 specific soils have been identified within the Sub Area.
                       These range from peat to silty loams, gravelly sandy loam, to sandy loam.
                       The complexity of soils in the Sub Area is directly related to the
                       glacial history of the Sub Area. Glacial ice deposited varities of earth
                       material which have weathered differently because of size of soil par-
                       ticles, permeability and characteristics of material two to three feet
                       below the surface. Nearly half the soil types represented are varieties
                       of silty loam. Secondary types are loam, silty clay loam, much and peat.
                       The silty loams are found mostly on the uplands and are moderately
                       permeable.      Other. soils are scattered in lower areas or local
                       depressions.

                                                              34

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                                                              Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                             Sub Area                                                       ----------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -------         Lz_

                           NORTH

                        0'   1...' @000'       41.0' CALE 1. FEET
                        L-J--L----j                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     I PIN J11,11,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Qal       Recent Alluvial Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Qbg       Sand and Gravel Overlying Bel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Qb        Bellingham Glaciomarine Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Qp        Peat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Qt        Terrace Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Qso       Sumas Outwash Sand and Gra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Unstable Slopes - Slopes Gre
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            up                                     Underlain b
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Slumps or

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sources: U.S. Geological               Survey and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Don J. Easterbrook - Enviro
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         of Western Whatcorn Count

                             Silty loam soils generally drain well but large areas of the Sub
                        Area regardless of of soil type are susceptible to seasonally high water
                        tables.   These latter soils are shown in Figure 23, Soils Subject To
                        Ponding or Seasonally High Water Table. A significant problem regarding
                        soils in the Sub Area is that many urban constraints exist because of the
                        seasonally fluctuating groundwater level. Depending on location, dwel-
                        lings may require special foundation preparation, septic fields may fail
                        and roads and streets may be subject to "heaving" during periods of
                        sub-freezing temperature. Figure 13 identifies a variety of character-
                        istics of the soils present in the Sub Area.

                                                     MINERAL DEPOSITS

                             The mineral deposits    of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are
                        non-metallic clay, sand and  gravel. They may be of glacial origin--such
                        as Sumas Outwash, Bellingham Glaciomarine Drift and Vashon Till or may be
                        derived from recent alluvium.     The sands and gravels, mined in borrow
                        pits or quarries are used for construction purposes within the Cherry
                        Point-Ferndale Sub Area, as well as in other areas.        These sands and
                        gravels are also used in concrete and asphalt manufacture.      Clay, mined
                        on site, is used in concrete manufacture. Known past and present mining
                        operations have been located on the map of constraint areas and are
                        indicated in the Issues and Concerns Section.

                                                        VEGETATION

                             The vegetation of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area may be grouped
                        into types based on topography-- uplands, low lands, fresh water lakes
                        and streams, and salt water marshes.      The upland region comprises the
                        Mountain View area to the west of Ferndale. Here, mixed coniferous and
                        broadleaf forests are interspersed with cultivated crops.        Predominate
                        coniferous tree types include Douglas Fir and Sitka Spuce, with Western
                        Red Cedar occurring in localized, moist depressions. Broadleaf forest

                                                           36

                             ----
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           I
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            J           'zz-
                                                                                                     14e
                           SOIL NAME CODE                                                                                      J I Ce,lCf Jr-g I C1 I Co I Ea I Ec I Fa I C38 I Cib IGr-TGd Fr-f I Hb [Hc JHf I Ha            JIa JKaJKbJKc          IK61L JLbJ         Le I    Ld ILf I Lgi I Lh I Lk I Ll I Me I Mb I Me lmd I Na t N!         I Nc  IK1.10d Ip                  I  Pq     RatRbl    ibl5c, If's Ish      I5nIr'-15V15zJTaJTb                JTcJTkI1Te1Wa1VVb           VVG

                           GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
                           Terrain                                          U_[TDLTDI_T T                        IT                       D   I Ar-  T     T I   T   ID   IT     IT   I     T-1T     ITI   U I   U I T   ICT I    U     I U IU   U     U I U I    U,    I       U   T      T   T T          T           TD. UP I UD I CT I AF I AF       UP U           AF AF   AF    AF I   D I D III     I T  1 1)  1   1) 1 D  IAF I AF I AF ICT I T        I T I T I T I      T   IU   I U        U  TD
                                                                                               _L                _tUIU I U     IU     ID
                           Depth to Seasonal Water Table                    0      0        00    0              00191   0     10     10  10  1      01 *1 0 1   0   1 0  10     10   1     010      101   0 1   0 1 0   1   01   0     10  10   0     0101       0     10          0      0   0     0      0               0           0 1 0    1  A    0 *            010           *      01011111      1 A  1 0   1   0 1  0  1*    1   010    1 * 1 0     191 *1*          1 0   10      0       0  0
                           Depth to Impervious Layer                               0 1      01 01 0              01 01 010     10     10  101        0101 0      10  1 0  1   0  10   1     010      101   0 1   0 1 0   1   01   0     10  10   0   1 0101             10          01     0 1 0                            010101010                  -a- -2-          0 0     0     0      0 10 1 d      10     0       0 10    10    1   010     1010       101010             0    0   _a_        0  0
                           Permeability                                            01       0 1 '&I&             t' IA IA IA   Ia     I A A I        AI A I 'N   10  1 - I    A I A   I     AIA      I'&1  6 1   A                                                              0   0      10  0                            AIA10101A A A                               01A                            a   I A    A       A    A    A       &1*     1-10       1 0 1 A III        A    A      A       '& Z'
                           Hydrological Group                                      C I C    I c I C              C I C15/ciC   IC     1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           17      D I P     C'      b

                           PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS
                           Slope                                                                                 1       01               1   1                  1   1                A     0        A           a       I    1 0 A 0 0 1                         A     01        10           A 1 0 1                                                       1     1    1                                                                                                         0    1&             0
                           Shrink-Swell Potential                           0      0        00    A              00A     0     0      0   0          A0    0     A            0       0     0 A      A     0     0 '&        A    0     0   0    0     0 A        A     A       A   0      0                                0 -0        0    A A         A    A         0 A     0     0      0   0     a     A    0   10    1 A     0       0 A             0   0     0      A    A    0      0       0  &
                           Frost Action Potential                           0      0        400   0              A00     0     0      0   0          0*_   0     0            0       0     0 0      0 _*        0   0       0    A     *   0    0     0
                           Erosion Potential                                0      0        A0    0              000     0     0      0   0          00    0     0     0      0       *     a 0      0     0     q   0       C
                           Slippage Potential                                                                                                                                         A     0 0
                           -Ponding Potential                                      0        0                      0                  0   9

                           URBAN CONSTRAINTS
                           Dwellings                                        0      0        00    0              90      0                0          0           0     0                                         0           0 A        0   A    0 A                                       0         A 0 V              0   0     0 0 0 * 0                   0         0 0     0     0                                                     0 0 0               0     0 0 0 0 A                       a
                           Septic Tanks                                            0        00    0              0 01:   10    1 : I  :                                       0               0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                          0          *           0     0      0               0      0           0           0          0        0 0                            0 1 6*1    0*J 0' A*I 0*1 V             101 0     0 0 0 0                     0         0 0           0      0                                                                                                        0  0
                           Shallow Excavations                              0      0        0A    A              0010    10    1      0-             00    0     0     0  1   0             0.0      10 1 0 *.       0   1   01         0   0    :@*Lel                         0   *1     4   0     0      0    V      0 1 0     0101010                0    0    10   1 0   1 !!    0  1   0 1       to    0                0 1   0       0 0 0 Is           1      0 0 0 -0                        A  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
                           Roads & Streets                                         0        00    0              AA0                      0          00    0     0     0  1   n             A 0      10    0     0   @       0    A         A                                   0   A      I(',1+*-                     0 1 0     0 101 . 1.             0    0                                        040          '10101          0       0                   0     " 1010101 6                     8  0

                           AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES
                           Class                                            3V     311      1ZX   IM             MX3IL   M     M      1I  X X        33Z         M   =I       z M                                    M V Z :ZE              X    X X 31L Z              M       M EZ       X M:                                                                                       ir     n IzI zz
                           Prime Farmland (SCS)                                    0                             1       1     1                                          1   0                                                                      1     1     1              101        1                                0 0              0 0         0 1              0 0                0 0             0            01010         1   0              0 0 0 0                                       0
                           Farmland of State Wide Importance                0                                    01010   10    0                                                                                                            0          010              0         10       10        0    14, 1 - 1     0         1  1     1                 1                                                        1     1     1     1                                 1     101        10 0
                           Prime Farmland (CES)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0    10  1 - I     -                                     0 1                                                           1010        1   0

                                                                                   *SOIL NAME                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          AGRICULTURAL
                                                                                   ABBREVIATIONS                 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS                                                                                     PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS                                                                 URBAN CONSTRAINTS                    CAPABILITIES                   OTHER                                     Sources:
                                                                                   S
                                                                                   - Sil                         Terrain                             Depth to                         Permeability                           Slope                                              Erosion Potential                 0 - Slight                           Dot Indicates                         Infomati3n Not Given               Interpretations of Soils for Land Use Planning, 1979.
                                                                                   i        yt                   1                                                                                                                                                                         t                                                                                                                                    Environmental Resource data book, Whatcom County. 1978.
                                                                                   Cl - Cla                      AP-A                                Seasonal Water Table             (Upper 12")                             - <6%                                             0 - Sligh                               Moderate                       Designation                      V Variable
                                                                                   Lo - Loam                     CT -Coastal.Tidal                   0 ->5'                           0 - < O,@"Ilr                          0 - 6 -_15%                                        A - Moderate                      0     Severe
                                                                                   Fi Fine                       0-Depressions                       A - 3'-5.                        A - 0.         - 2.1"/hI.              A-   15    30%                                     0 - Severe                              Subject to Ground
                                                                                   Gr Gravelly                   T-Terraces                          0 -<3'                           0 - > 2.0/hr.                          *- > 30%                                                                                   Water Loading
                                                                                                                 TP -Terrace Depression
                                                                                                                 V-Up nd                                                                                                                                                        Slippage Potential and
                                                                                                                 la s                                Depth to                         Hydrological                           Shrink - Swell Potential          2')              Ponding Potential
                                                                                                                 UP-Upland Depressions               Impervious Layer                 Group                                  Frost Action Potential         I')                 - None
                                                                                                                                                     0->7 ..                          A - Minimal                            0 - Slight                                         0 - Slight
                                                                                                                                                     I& . 48@ - 72"                   0     Moderate                         j& - Moderate                                      A- Moderate
                                                                                                                                                     0 -<48"                          C     Moderate to Severe               0    Severe                                        0- Severe
                                                                                                                                                                                      0     Severe

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Soils Matrix for the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 t&o                    0                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  figure 13

                       cover includes Big Leaf Maple, Vine Maple, Red Alder, Black Cottonwood,
                       California Filbert and Wild Cherry. Elderberry, Pacific Dogwood, Oregon
                       Grape, blackberry, Sala] and the Wild Rose are predominate species of the
                       understory. Several v   arieties of ferns, fungi, lichens and mosses com-
                       plete the vegetative diversity of the natural upland habitat.              The
                       natural vegetation occurs primarily in wood"lots.

                            C ultivated crops of the uplands are mainly row or pasture crops.
                       Row crops are generally corn and such grains as wheat and rye. There is
                       a less intense production of pasture and hay.

                            Natural vegetation occurring within the lowlands is mixed coni-
                       ferous and broadleaf    forest, primarily Western Red Cedar and Douglas
                       Fir. Deciduous varieties are approximately the same as in the uplands,
                       but with the addition of Western Paper Birch. Willows and Black Cotton-
                       woods are numerous along the Nooksack River and various stream shores.
                       The varieties of shrubs, bushes, ferns and more primitive plants are
                       approximately the same as those found in the uplands.

                            Cultivated crops exhibit more variety than in the uplands.          Here,
                       more intensive row crop agriculture is exemplified by peas, carrots,
                       berries, bush beans, corn, potatoes and seed potatoes. Less intensive
                       agriculture is allocated   to hay and pasture.

                            The vegetation of the Terrell , Bennett and Tennant * fresh-water
                       lakes includes varieties of grasses, sedges, rushes, tules, lilies and
                       cattails.    Peat bogs found near these areas exhibit Douglas spirea,
                       Labrador tea and Small cranberry trees. Mixed coniferous and broadleaf
                       trees are.found adjacent to fresh water areas.

                            Vegetation occurring near the Terrell Creek and Gulf Road salt
                       water marshes include wild roses and salt water-tolerant grasses,
                       sedges, rushes and horsetails.

                                                           38

                                                           WILDLIFE

                              Various furbearers, birds and fish occupy the Cherry Point-Ferndale
                         Sub Area. Some species provide game potential, others are of commercial
                         significance, while others provide recreational enjoyment in viewing.
                         They all exist as part of complex ecosystems.        Sensitive habitats are
                         identified in the Issues and Concerns Section under Wildlife. Figure 14
                         identifies significant water and wildlife features.

                                    Furbearers

                              Blacktail deer are the largest mammals within the Cherry Point-
                         Ferndale Sub Area. An exact population size is difficult to estimate but
                         approximately 1300 animals have been counted within the Washington State
                         Game Department's Lummi Management Unit. The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                         Area coverage is less than one-half of that for the Lummi Management
                         Unit.

                              Other furbearers residing within the Sub Area include coyotes, red
                         fox, porcupine, skunk, beaver, squirrels, mink, muskrats, martens, raco-
                         ons, oppossums, rats and mice.      Fresh water river otters are known to
                         inhabitat areas adjacent to Terrell Creek. Although plentiful in Wash-
                         ington State, riv   er otter population is limited within the Cherry
                         Point-Ferndale Sub Area and a restricted hunting season has been placed
                         upon them.

                                    Birds

                              An enormous variety of birds, both resident and migratory, occupy
                         the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.       The Christmas 1978 count by the
                         National Audobon Society included over 130 species.

                              Major game bird species include ring-necked pheasant, California
                         quail, Hungarian partridge, ruffed grouse, mallards, wood ducks and
                         teals.

                                                             39

                                            - - - - - -            - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                    - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -

                                                                                                                                               H_

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                                                    R:@_ ZY,

                                                            OL REFINERY 4
                                                               Lim; I

                                                                                                                TERRELL
                                                                                                                6TAXE
                                                                               A@T VE                           6@F  It
                                                                               EA.-                             RA@e
                                                                               N-T,
                                                                                                                LAICE

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                                                                                         PLMT                                                                       01

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                                                                                                OIL REFINERY

                                    Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                      Sub Area-

                 NORTH

               0' 10011' 1000' 4000' SCALE IN FIEIET
                                                                                                                                                                   J-11P

                                                                                          State Designated Critical Wildlife Habitat           Whatcom County Shoreline Designati
                                                                                        * Active Eagle Nest                                          Aquatic
                                                                                        e Blue Heron Rookery                                   @ Natural
                                                                                       ....... Salmon Spawning & Migration Area                      Conservancy
                                                                                      <0 Lake                                                        Rural
                                                                                       <@D Reservoir
                                                                                       (Z8 Marsh (Wetlands)
                                                                                    -mmm 100 Year River Flood Plain
                                                                                                                                               Sources: Whatcorn C   Planning
                                                                                    - - - -100 Year Coastal Flood Plain                                Washington= Departme
                                                                                          Waters of Statewide Significance
                                                                                                                                                       Federal Insurance Administr

                              The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area lies within the Pacific Flyway
                        which is composed of all the known resting, nesting, feeding and rearing
                        areas along the Pacific Coast which serve migratory species. Within the
                        Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, the Pacific Flyway includes Lake Terrell
                        and Tennant Lake, as well as associated wetlands.        Between October and
                        December, prime resting time, over 10,000 birds have been observed in the
                        Lake Terrell area. Salt water marshes, such as the one located near the
                        Gulf Road, serve migratory birds as well.

                              Major non-game resident and migratory species include the Northern
                        Bald  Eagle, Great Blue Heron, Black Brandt, Canada Goose and Osprey.
                        Waterfowl families include loons, grebes, cormorants, dabbling and div-
                        ing ducks, gulls, shorebirds and terns. There are also several species
                        of perching birds (such as crows and sparrows) and several species of the
                        .raptor family (hawks and owls).

                                   Fish

                              The mainstream of the Nooksack River, as well as several small
                        tributaries and lakes, serve as habitat for various fish. All species of
                        salmon migrate up the Nooksack River to their spawning grounds. In the
                        lowlands, chum, pink, some coho, and fall chinook spawn in the mainstream
                        and associated side channels.      Chinook and coho rear in the mainstream
                        before sea migration.     Cutthroat and steelhead are also found in the
                        Nooksack River. Cutthroat, trout and catfish inhabit lakes within the
                        Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.

                                           GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY

                              Ground water location and availabi   lity varies with soil permeabil-
                        ity,  topography and the composition of geologic units underlying the
                        soil.   The sands and gravels of modern alluvium, Sumas outwash, marine
                        terraces,- Deming Sand and the Esperance Member have been characterized
                        as having moderate to high ground water yields. Figure 1      5 shows in cross

                                                            41

                       section form the general conditions of groundwater occurrance in Sub
                       Area.

                            Ground water may occur above the regional water table because
                       impervious materials prevent the downward flow of water; or it may be
                       confined like a sandwich between two impervious layers. Ground water may
                       also be unconfined, conforming to the regional water table. Generally,
                       the regional water table conforms to topography, but it is located at
                       varying depths from the land surface dependent upon the proximity to a
                       natural discharge area, such as a stream or river, and upon the location
                       of impervious materials. Thus, the regional water table near the Nook-"
                       sack River is closer to the land surface than in the Mountain View
                       uplands area.

                            Inspection of U.S. Geological Survey data on ground water, derived
                       from well log information, yields salient points concerning the Cherry
                       Point-Ferndale Sub Area.    Wells located in the lowlands or within the
                       Nooksack River flood plain discharge more water than those in the Moun-
                       tain View uplands area.    Ground water is primarily used for domestic,
                       public and irrigation needs.    Irrigation use, although perhaps near a
                       surface water source such as a river or stream,, tends to be supplied by
                       well waters. For wells known to be drilled since 1970, those for domes-
                       tic use discharge approximately 35 gallons per minute (low yield) while
                       those for public uses discharge approximately 55 gallons per minute
                       (moderate yield) (U.S. Geological Survey, computer printout).

                            Pumping rate can affect the water table in the immediate vicinity of
                       a well. Those wells which are rapidly pumped, due to low discharge or a
                       small well diameter tend to. create a deeper core of depression (a local-
                       ized depression in water table surface height) than wells of greater
                       discharge which require less pumping.

                            Little information on yield is currently available for wells within
                       the Mountain View uplands area.    This is due to the limited number of
                       wells.and variations in well log data notation.

                                                         42

                                              UPLAND

                                            PERCHED WATER TABLE

                                    B                    C
                                      IiLLA                    0
                                                        r
                                                                                                     CONFINED GROUND
                                                                                   D
                  f-'; ... . .                                                                       WATER LEVEL
                                                                                   4Z
                                                                                                     F
                                                                                                                                     LOWLAND
                                                           6SAND:
                                                                                   -A
                                                                                                          G

                                                   :6
                                                                                                              H                             RECENT
                                                                                                                                            ALLUVIUM
                                                                74
                                                                                                                  J
                                                                 0*
                                                                    L
                                                                                  ow,,, , , ' ,         .  .                                       NOOKSACK
                                                                     '0            4i;
                                    ESPERCAN GE SAmp                                 _qZ
                                                                                                  - -  - . - :.' .. .".. ..                         RIVER              _n
                                                      E
                                                          ER
                                                                                                                                            K

                                                                                                                                           ...... bu    OUT
                                                                                                                                                                       M

                                                                                                                                                ...                    LTI
                                                                                                                                                        ...........
                             ::7- Z7::: _:7-
                                                                 __Z7
                                                                POI)y
                                                                        SILT

                               CHUCKANUT    FdRMAX71i@

               GENERAL    CONDITIONS                       Vertical scale exaggerated.  Arrows indicate direction of groundwater movement.
               OF GROUNDWATER OCCURANCE                    Well A yields unconfined water from below the regional water table; well B yields  perched water from a
               WITHIN THE                                  water body perched on glacial drift; at well C water was not encountered owing to  insufficient depth;
                                                           well D yields perched water from water body perched on clay zone; well E yeilds unconfined water from
               CHERRY POINT-FERNDALE SUB AREA              below the rgional water talbe; well F yields confined perched groundwater and flows because land surface
                                                           is lower than the head developed on the water body as a result of the presence of the drift cover;
                                                           well G yields confined water from water body confined by clay zone; at well H water was not encountered
                                                           @_wi_ng to insufficient depth; well J yields unconfined water from below the regional water table; and
                                                           well K yields unconfined groundwater from glacial outwash materials lying below the regional water table
                                                           adjacent to the river.

                                                           Source: Modification of Diagram in: Water Resources of the Nooksack River Basin and Certain Adjacent
                                                                    Streams, Water Supply Bulletin #12, Division of Water Resources, Washington State Department
                                                                    of Conservation, 1960.

                          Ground water quality  within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area is
                     variable. The presence of iron, thought to be caused by carbon dioxide
                     and vegetal acid action on iron deposits, is the most objectionable
                     chemical component. It is found in waters contained within Sumas Outwash
                     and recent alluvial deposits. The presence of iron contributes to objec-
                     tionable, water taste, odor and discoloration.

                          The presence of nitrates is a second ground water quality factor.
                     It is thought that nitrate occurrence is due to the use of cattle and
                     chicken manure  on agricultural lands.     Commercial fertilizer use on
                    .berry and legume lands may be a secondary  source.

                          Coliform, bacteria which are one indicator of water contamination,
                     are not considered to be a problem by the Whatcom County Health
                     Department.

                                               100-YEAR FLOOD PLAINS

                          A 100-year flood plain is defined as an area in which there is a one
                     percent per year chance of flooding.     100 year flood plain areas are
                     shown in Figure 13. Flood plains are composed of three water sections:
                     the, stream channel, the floodway and the flood fringe.       The stream
                     channel is the location of the water during low or normal flow periods;
                     the floodway is the area of the flood plain that is subject to flooding;
                     and the flood fringe is the area that may be subject to flooding. Figure
                     17 is a visua 1 representation of these areas.

                         .Within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, there are two such flood
                     plain areas.   One area surrounds the Nooksack River and one area is
                     located adjacent to the shoreline of the Strait of Georgia.

                          The precautions advised by the Federal Insurance Administration
                     with regard.to 100-year flood plains are described in the Shorelines
                     Managemen t Areas section of Appendix A, Physical Environmental Back-
                     ground Information.

                                                         44

                                                        SHORELINES

                             This section characterizes the fresh water lakes, streams, rivers
                        and marine shoreline areas in the Sub Area.      Figure 16 summarizes the
                        regulations for each of these shorelines as found in the county's Shore-
                        line Management Program.

                        Aquatic Shorelines

                                  The Nooksack River, the most prominent fresh water body, is
                        characterized as "pastoral," because its slope is less than 5 feet per
                        mile.   The section of the Nooksack Ri    ver occupying the Cherry Point-
                        Ferndale Sub Area is modified with dikes and stream channelization
                        devices, although natural banks also occur.    Banks tend to be stable and
                        not susceptible to erosion. Meanders, which are characteristic of pas-
                        toral streams, are well developed on this portion of the Nooksack, and,
                        occasionally, deposits are found on the inner curves of its bends. Mean-
                        dering is a part of dynamic river processes; once initiated, it is self-
                        perpetuating and difficult to restrain.         Channel ization,, or 11rip-
                        rapping," banks will only arrest meandering downstream from that point.

                             Nooksack River bed materials are composed of sands and silts. Water
                        quality is considered by the Department of Ecology to be "Class All on a
                        scale where "Class AA Extraordinary" is the most pure.       Lesser quality
                        water resulting from an increased coliform count does occur downstream
                        from the municipal sewage treatment facility in Ferndale, but this lower
                        section of the River is also flanked by agriculture, recreational and
                        urban activities.

                                   Tenmile Creek is a pastoral stream with a gradient of approxi-
                        mately 7 feet per mile.      Weakly developed meanders are present and
                        erosion has been a severe problem on cleared bank slopes. Adjacent land
                        uses are primarily agricultural with some residential development, and
                        water quality has been adversely affected by livestock waste seepage.

                                                           45

                                                                                                                    P -Permitted :ubject to policies and m9ulations.
                                                                                                                    C -  Pennitte     s a conditional use subject to policies and regulations.
                                                                                                                                  d
                                                                                                                    N -  Not permitted.
                                         SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT                                            NOTES     * -  Refer to notes for additional comments.                                              Source: Whatcom County Shoreline Management Program. 1978.
                                         Agriculture                                    P  P-    P-   N   Conservancy:   Agriculture  1 d:,elopment, Including feedlots of less than 250 animal units, is pemitted.
                                                                                                          Natural:       Only   stock gra Ing and native products subject to sustained yield harvest are perinitted.

                                         Fisheries &   Aquaculture                      P  P.    P*   C-  Conservancy:   Only development. not requiring extensive alteration of natural features. is permitted.
                                                                                                          Natural:       Only developments which do not require structures, alterations of natural features. or mechanized harvest practices are permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       If not on tidelands or shorelands of natural shoreline designation, structures and alterations of natural features are permitted
                                                                                                                         as  a  conditional use.

                                         Commerci al                                    P. P.         N   Rural:         Only shoreline dependent or related comnercial development Is permitted.
                                                                                                      C*  Conservancy:   Only comprehensive plan or zoning ordinance encouraged or permitted developments of commercial resort, restaurant or campgrounds,
                                                                                                                         are permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       Only limited water surface dependent developments accessory to land uses consistent with the shoreline management program or
                                                                                                                         restaurants, are conditionally permitted.
                                         Dredging                                       P  C     N-   C   Natural:       Only dredging as one element of an approved shore restoration or enhancement plan, Is permitted.
                                         Flood Control Works                            P. P     N    11  Rural:         Channelization and dams are permitted as conditional uses.
                                                                                        C  N*         P*  Conservancy;   Chanelization and dams are prohibited.       Natural character erosion control means or current deflectors are preferred to bank
                                                                                                                         revetments.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       A dam, not adjacent to a conservancy or natural shoreline area, is permitted.
                                         Forest Practices                               P  P     N    P-  Natural:       Only forest practices to maintain or restore a desired stage of natural plant succession, or to suppress diseases. fires or
                                                                                                 P.                      insect epidemics. are permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       Hydraulics approval pursuant to the fish and game code (RCW 75.20.100) shall be obtained for wheel and crawler machinery.
                                         Historical Sites                                                 @onservancy:   Only interpretative centers, not requiring extensive structures and signs, are permitted.
                                            Interpretative   Centers    Signs           P  P-    C*   N                  Restoration of historical structures or extensive structure interpretative centers are conditionally permitted.
                                                                                           C*             Natural:       Only interpretative centers compatible with and subordinate to the area's physical and visual character are conditionally permitted.
                                            Archeological Excavation                    C  C     C    C

                                         Landfill                                       P  C-    N    N   Conservancy:   Landfill with vegetative stabilization or other natural character erosion control is conditionally permitted.
                                                                                           N*    P.   P*                 Landfill to create new uplands Is prohibited.
                                                                                                          Natural:       Only landfill. as one element of an approved shore restoration or enhancement plan, Is permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       Only landfill for fisheries and aquaculture Is permitted.

                                         Marinas                                        F  C     N    P.  Natural:       Only primitive launch ramps, which facilitate hand launching of small craft and protect natural shore$. if materials and design
                                         Launch Ramps                                   P  P     N    P.                 are site compatible. are permitted.
                                                                                                 P.       AgMiLIEL_      Marinas and launch ramps permitted, If adjacent shorelands designations are consistent with these uses (example:                  rural).

                                         Mining                                         P  C     N    1i  @quatic:       Only accredtional bar scalping in streamways Is pemitted.
                                                                                                      P*

                                         Piers & Docks                                  P  P     N    P-  Rural:         New pier development, Including expansion of existing piers, is conditionally permitted
                                                                                        C* C*    P-   C-  Conservancy:   New pier development, Including expansion of existing piers, is conditionally permitted
                                                                                                          Natural        Only public access, interpretative or nature observation facilities, compatible with and              subordinate to the area's physical and
                                                                                                                         visual character. are permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       Dock and pier development permitted if shoreland designations are consistent with these uses.
                                                                                                                         4ew pier development, including expansion of existing piers, is conditionally permitted.
                                         Port & Industrial                              P- P-    N    C-  Rural:         Shore dependent or related industrial -d port development are permitted if adjacent shorelands, subject to county ordinance.
                                                                                                                         are consistent in use.
                                                                                                          Conservancy:   Shore dependent or related industrial and port development are permitted if adjacent shorelands. subject to county ordinance,
                                                                                                                         are consistent in use.
                                                                                                          Aquatic        Port development and log storage are conditionally permitted.
                                         Recreation                                     P  P*    N    p-  Conservancy:   Only recreational development. not requiring extensive structures or substantial alteration to topography, is pemitted.
                                                                                                 P.   C-  Natural:       Only minor structures such as trails, small picnic areas, primitive roads, viewpoints. restrooms, or interpretative vacilities;
                                                                                                                         or development which prese rves or restores na tural features. is permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       Surface water dependent recreational developments a re permitted.          Underwater parks are conditionally permitted.

                                         Residential                                    P* P*             Rural:         Single family and multi-unit residential developments are perynitted.
                                                                                                          Conservancy:   Single family develolments are-peraitted. Multi-unit developments are conditionally permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic:       Only water surface dependent developments. as an accessory to residential developments, is permitted (example: docks).
                                         Road & Railways                                P  P.    I    N   @onservancy:   Road and railway development only for access to shore dependent or related uses, or other approved development, or to cross a
                                                                                                      P.                 water body or wetland.
                                                                                                          Natural:       Only primitive roads, providing access to non-commercial recreational developments, are permitted.
                                                                                                          Aquatic: _ Only bridge crossings and access to water surface dependent uses, such as ferry terminals, are permitted.
                                         Shore Defense Works                                              Conservancy:   Permitted uses are acceptable if less rigid and artificial means are not feasible. Conditional uses are permitted if they are
                                            Beach Feeding                               P  P     P.   P.                 accessories to shoreline dependent developments.
                                                kwaters                                 C  C*    N    C*  Natural:       Permitted uses are acceptable if necessary to restore an eroding accretion shoreform or to retard erosion elsewhere.
                                            :Uml:heads                                  P  P*    N    N   Aquatic:       Poemitted uses are acceptable if necessary to restore an eroding accretion shoreform or to retard erosion elsewhere.
                                                                                                                         C nditional uses are acceptable if located offshore rural or conservancy shoreline areas.               Groins and gabions are not permitted
                                            Gabions                                     C  N     N    N.                 offshore of conservancy or natural shoreline areas.
                                            Groins                                      C  N     N    R-
                                            Jetties                                     C  C.    N                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Whatcorn County
                                            Protective Berns                            P  P     P*   p-
                                            ReveUnents                                  p  p-    N    N                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Shoreline Management Program
                                            Seawalls                                    p  "     "    "
                                                                                        I         I     I          -                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Regulations Pertaining to
                                         Signs                                          P  P     N    P*  Natural!       Only   sign development for trail marking, hazard warning, or interpretative, scientific or educational purposes, Is permitted.
                                                                                                 P.       8au@ Only signs. numbering two or less per premise, and for shoreline dependent uses , are permitted.                                                                                                                                                                              Developments Within the
                                         Utilities                                      P  P     N*   P*  Conservancy:   Sewage treatment plants and fuel pipelines are conditionally Permitted.
                                                                                           C.         C*  Natural:       Only maintenance of existing utilities within this shoreline area Is permitted.                                                                                                                                                                                     Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                                                                                                      N*  Aquatic:       Submarine electrical or communications cables, and water intakes are permitted. Submarine water and sewer lines. fuel pipelines,
                                                                                                                         and sewer outfalls am conditionally pe mitted. All other utility developments are prohibited.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             figure 16

                                                                 FIGURE 17

                                                     9        Ordinary High Water
                                                     N

                                                       ... ..........

                                           100,4wv. NY                                          Floodway
                                           trin%;                   Roadway                   N64 Fringe
                                               OFFN
                                                                    Flood Plain
                                           FN

                                                        .Source: Whatcom County Shoreline Management Program, 1978.

                                                                                                        ..TYPICAL FLOOD PLAIN

                                                                     47

                                 Terrell Creek, in the western part of the Sub Area, drains a
                       15-square-mile area.   Its origin is Lake Terrell and its terminus is
                       Birch Bay.    Meandering is slightly developed, and bank instability
                       occurs in the lower portion near Birch Bay.

                                 Lake Terrell. is the largest lake within the Cherry Point-
                       Ferndale Sub Area. Its surface area is approximately 435 acres and shore
                       frontage is approximately 4 miles. The shoreline is generally marsh and
                       occasionally swamp. Swamp and peat formations indicate a lake of larger
                       size in the recent geological past. The entire shoreline is natural with
                       the exception of a small dock and boat launch ramp. Water depth reaches
                       a maximum of 12 feet. Terrell Creek is the surface outlet for the lake.
                       Adjacent land uses are predominantly within the Lake Terrell State Game
                       Range or are agricultural.

                                 Tennant Lake in the southeastern part of the Sub Area has a
                       surface area of approximately 43 acres with shore frontage of approxi-
                       mately one mile.   The entire shoreline is natural marsh land.      Ground
                       water is the primary source, and water depth is shallow. An intermittent
                       stream serves as the surface outlet into the Nooksack River.      Adjacent
                       land uses are agricultural, and, as part of Hovander Park, recreational.

                                 Bennett Lake has a surface area of approximately 40 acres with
                       a shore frontage of 3 miles. Beaver dams at the western end of the lake
                       have' drowned Tenmile Creek to form the long sinuous lake form.        The
                       shoreline is marsh and water depth reaches a maximum of 20 feet.       The
                       lake is supplied and drained by Tenmile Creek.    Adjacent land uses are
                       primarily agricultural with some residential development.     All shore-
                       lines are privately owned.

                            Constraint areas regarding these water bodies concern 100-year
                       flooding, bank instability and maintenance of wildlife habitats. These
                       topics are discussed at length in the Issues and Concerns Sections of
                       those respective topics.

                                                        48

                      Marine Shorelines

                           The entire western boundary of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                      is fronted by a marine shoreline which adjoins the Strait of Georgia.
                      This shoreline, running in a northwest to southeast direction, is gener-
                      ally in a natural, unaltered condition with the exception of industrial
                      development and its related piers. Because this section concerns shore-
                      lines landward of the ordinary high water mark, information relating to
                      tidelands is omitted. From Point Whitehorn to the northern boundary of
                      the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area only minor developments, such as a
                      small boat launch facility, occur.

                           Northwesterly from the Gulf Road, exposed sea cliffs, composed of
                      stratified and unstratified glacial materials, reach a maximum of 100
                      feet in height. Southeasterly from this point, these cliffs, which are
                      up to 180 feet in height, are often covered with vegetation.    Occasional
                      steep gullies cut into both cliff sections. These cliffs, due to slope
                      angle and material composition, are susceptible to erosion with resul-
                      tant beach deposition becoming a source of material for "long shore
                      transport." Water action Compounds the erosion potential by eroding the
                      base of cliffs which causes oversteepening and sloughing. The shoreline
                      adjacent to the Gulf Road is the only non-cliffed shoreline within the
                      Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.

                           Longshore transport, a part of the shore formation process, is the
                      movement of materials along a beach by wave action.   It affects the area
                      that is wetted during mean high tides; the beach segment that remains dry
                      during all but extreme high or storm tides; and the cliffs and sloping
                      terrain landward of the surf.

                           The potential energy for movement of shore materials involved in
                      this process, as defined by Bauer, is affected by the orientation of the
                      shore to prevailing winds, the angle at which waves strike a beach, the
                      amount of material available for transport and the presence of natural or
                      artificial barriers to wave movement.     The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub

                                                        49

                       Area coastline has  over 100 miles of northwesterly fetch and sea cliffs
                       provide considerable material for transport.      Thus, the Cherry Point-
                       Ferndale Sub Area coastline forms a high energy zone.

                            Bauer has classified the beaches near sea cliffs of the Cherry
                       Point-Ferndale Sub Area as Class 11.     This type of beach, occurring in
                       high energy zones, has a shallow berm which remains dry at ordinary high
                       tides but is wetted during all higher tides.         The narrow, unstable
                       backshore is actively involved in the shore processes of beach feeding
                       and long shore drift.

                            These shore processes move materials that range in size from sand
                       and gravel to cobbles and boulders.     These materials originated in the
                       sea bluffs.    Generally, fragment size decreases along the beach from
                       north to south, although medium-sized fragments are most prevalent. De
                       position of these materials may form accretion beaches.       The accretion
                       beaches of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area include those of Birch Bay,
                       the shoreline adjacent to the Gulf Road and Sandy Point.      Materials are
                       constantly deposited and removed along the shore process      corridor, but
                       it is in the areas of accretion that net buildup occurs. This buildup is
                       termed a berm or foredune. Where these processes have been interrupted
                       adjacent to industrial pier bulkheading, pocket beaches are forming.

                            The accretion beaches in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are
                       classified as Class 1.     Here, the more developed berm is wetted only
                      .under storm tide conditions. A salt water marsh is located landward of
                       the Class I beach adjacent to the Gulf Road. This marsh is biologically
                       productive and serves as a waterfowl habitat. Class I beaches also offer
                       shore access which is otherwise limited and thus can serve recreational
                       purposes.   The net long shore drift of the Birch Bay accretion beach
                       moves in a southwest to northeast direction, as is evidenced by the
                       location of the current mouth of Terrell Creek. Originally, creek waters
                       entered Birch Bay in the area that is now the state park.        Over time,
                       long shore drift and deposition have caused the mouth of the creek to
                       move approximately two miles to the northeast. Picnic areas associated

                                                           50

                     with the state park and a road are located on the developed berm. Land-
                     ward of this berm are the estuarine waters (the mixing of fresh and salt
                     waters) of Terrell Creek.   Wetlands occupy the areas adjacent to fresh
                     waters of Terrell Creek. Since the estuary and wetla nds are biologically
                     productive and serve as waterfowl habitats, they have been delineated on
                     the map of constraint areas and are discussed in the Issues and Concerns
                     Section under Physical Environment.

                          Water quality for this section  of the Strait of Georgia is classi-
                     fied as "Class AA Extraordinary," although local conditions of lesser
                     quality may be occurring proximate to industrial.outfalls.

                                                       51

                                                 TRANSPORTATION/CIRCULATION

                              Roadw ays, railways and sidewalk/pathway systems provide transporta-
                         tion ro utes for the movement of people and goods within the Cherry
                         Point-Ferndale Sub Area. Residents rely on the automobile as their major
                         form of transportation and use a network of roadways for access and
                         circulation within the Sub Area. Sidewalk/pathway systems, although not
                        .offering connecting routes throughout the areas, are used primarily for
                         recreational use or for short trips by pedestrians, bicyclists and
                         equestrians.   Railways provide for the movement of goods to and from
                         commercial and industrial facilities and are another important mode of
                         transportation in the Sub Area.

                         Roadway System

                              The circulation of cars, trucks, school buses and motorcycles is
                         accommodated by a network of streets and highways throughout the Sub
                         Area.   This street and highway network provides residents of the Area
                         with access to and from their places of residence and employment and to
                         and from centers of cultural, social, commercial and recreational activ-
                         ity. It also provides for the movement of goods to and from commercial
                         and industrial facilities within the Sub Area.        This roadway network
                         includes. a freeway, several classes of arterials and local access
                         streets that together provide the backbone   of the transportation system.

                              The alignment of existing roadways,     together with the identifica-
                         tion of roadway classifications, is shown in Figure 18, Existing Road-
                         way System.. Interstate 5, a portion of the National System of Interstate
                         and Defense Highways, passes through the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                         and provides regional access to and from the Sub Area.      Principal routes
                         provi ding for vehicular traffic movements between parts of the Sub Area
                         and providing connections to 1-5 are Portal Way, Grandview Road, West
                         Axton Road, West Smith Road, Northwest Drive, Kickerville Road, Mountain
                         View Road and Slater Road.

                                                            52

                            Portal Way is a maj  or arterial paralleling 1-5 for approximately
                       twelve miles from Ferndale to the town of Blaine.          Grandview Road,
                       Mountain View Road and Slater Road     provide important east-west routes
                       that accommodate traffic to and from   industrial areas near Cherry Point.
                       West Axton Road and West Smith Road   provide access to 1-5 and the Fern-
                       dale area from the eastern portion of the Sub Area. At the present time,
                       there is an overpass at West Smith Road, but there is no interchange that
                       provides direct access to 1-5. Indirect access is provided by a frontage
                       road, lying on the east side of the freeway. This road provides a route
                       to Ferndale andl from there, to the Axton Road interchange of the free-
                       way.  Access from Smith Road to Ferndale is also provided via Hovander
                       Road.

                            A complete listing of arterial roadways within the Sub Area is
                       presented in Table IV, Arterial Roadway Data. Information presented in
                       this table includes the arterial classification, right-of-way width,
                       roadway width, shoulder width, existing average daily traffic (ADT) vol-
                       ume and the speed limit for arterial roadway segments.

                            This traffic volume information was obtained from data collected by
                       the Whatcom County Engineering Department in 1978 and is presented
                       graphically in Figure 19, 1978 Average Daily Traffic.           Right-of-way
                       information was obtained from Whatcom County Assessors' maps, and road-
                       way and shoulder width information was collected during in-field inspec-
                       tion of these roadways in August, 1979.

                            Traffic accident information was obtained for the years 1974
                       through 1978 and is presented in Figure 18, Existing Roadway System.
                       Each mark in this figure represents the approximate location of a
                       reported motor vehicle accident during the years 1974 through 1978. As
                       shown in this Figure, Portal Way, Enterprise Road, Axton Road, Bay Road
                       and Slater Road all show a large number of accidents.           Intersections
                       around which a relatively high number of accidents are clustered include
                       Slater Road at Graveline Road% West Smith Road at Northwest Drive, Axton
                       Road at Northwest Drive, Axton Road at Aldrich Road, Harksell Road at

                                                         53

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                                                                                                                                                      IJ
                                                                         Sub Area                                        --------------               ail                                                               - - - -----------
                                                                                                                                                         .................... ............... ...............    ........ ---------------------- --------
                      NORTH                                                                                                                                                                                          I  J
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                                                                                                                                                                                                               Interstate Highway
                                                                                                                                                                                                               State Highway
                                                                                                                                                                                                       N= Major Arterial
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Minor Arterial
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Collector Arterials
                                                                                                                                                                                                               4-Way Stop
                                                                                                                                                                                                       - - - - Proposed Bicycle Trails
                                                                                                                                                                                                       -__Proposed Horse Trails
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ............ Proposed Hiking Trails

                                                                                                                                                                                                                Whatcom Cou     nty Engineerin

                                                                  T A 8 L E IV

                                                              ARTERIAL ROADWAY DATA

                                                                   ARTERIAL     RIGHT-OF-WAY      ROADWAY       SHOULDER      EXISTING     SPEED
                  ROADWAY                   LIMITS                   CLASS.      WIDTH (FT)      WIDTH (FT)    WIDTH (FT)     VOL (ADT)    LIMIT

         1    Slater Rd         1-5 to Haxton Way                    St Hwy           80             22             6           3500          55
         2    Slater Rd         Haxton Way to Lk Terrell Rd           Major           80             24             4           1900          50
         3    Northwest  Dr     Slater Rd to W Smith Rd                 11            60             20             6           2935          45
         4    Northwest  Dr     W Smith Rd to W Axton Rd                It            33             24             4           2275          45
         5    W Smith Rd        1-5 to Northwest Dr                                   60             22             4           2160          40
         6    W Smith Rd        Northwest Dr to Aldrich    Rd                         60             22             0           2355          50
         7    W, Axton Rd       Ferndale CL to Northwest Dr                           60             24             4           3040          40
         8    Portal Way        Custer to Enterprise Rd                               90             20             0           2020          50
         9    Portal Way        Enterprise Rd to Ferndale                             80             20             8           4860          35
       io     Grandview Rd      Portal Way to Vista Dr                                60             22             2           2395          45
       11     Grandview  Rd     Vista Dr to Olson Rd                                  60             23             4           1695          50
       12     Grandview  Rd     Olson Rd to Kickerville Rd                            60             22           6-8           1395          50
       13     Grandview  Rd     Kickerville Rd to Jackson                          40-60             23             6           1005          45
       14     Kickerville  Rd   Grandview Rd to Rainbow Rd                            60           21-22            0             755         40
       15     Rainbow Rd        Kickerville Rd to Mt View Rd                          60             21             3             900         35
       16     Mt View Rd        Rainbow Rd to Lake Terrell Rd                         60             20             4           2105          50
       17     Mt View Rd        Lake Terrell Rd to Olson Rd                           60             20             4           2005          50
       18     Mt View Rd        Olson Rd to Church Rd                                 60             20             3           2500          50
       19     Mt View Rd        Church Rd to Ferndale                                 40             20             0           3430          35

       (J"

                                                                  TABLE        IV

                                                              ARTERIAL ROADWAY DATA

                                                                   ARTERIAL     RIGHT-OF-WAY      ROADWAY        SHOULDER     EXISTING      SPEED.
                 ROADWAY                   LIMITS                    CLASS.      WIDTH (FT)      WIDTH (FT)     WIDTH (FT)    VOL (ADT)     LIMIT

            .Bay Rd            Jackson Rd to Blaine Rd             Secondary          60              18            0             400          :40,
      21     Bay Rd            Blaine Rd to Vista Dr                                  60              20            0            .1130         50
      2.2    Vista Dr          Bay Rd to Grandview Rd                                 60              21            0            1000          451,
      23     Vista Dr          Grandview Rd to Alder Grove Rd                         60              20            0            1225          45
      24     Vista Dr          Alder Grove Rd to Ferndale                             60              20            0            1475          45
      25     Blaine Rd         Grandview Rd to Bay Rd                                 60              18            0             400         ..35
      26     Grandview  Rd     Jackson Rd to Pt Whitehorn     Rd                      60              18           0-2            325          45
      27     Lk Terrell Rd     Mt View Rd to Unick Rd                                 60              20           3-6           1240          35
      28     Lk Terrell Rd     Unick Rd to Slater Rd                                  60              20            2            1310          35
      29     Ferndale Rd       Slater Rd to Ferndale                                  60              18            0             650          35
      r      W Axton Rd        Northwest Dr to Aldrich Rd                             40              19            0            2550          35
      31     Northwest Dr      W Axton Rd to Paradise Rd                              3-1)            19           0-2           2125          35
      32     Northwest Dr      Paradise Rd to Lattimore Rd                            33              20            0            1260          35
      33     Northwest Dr      Lattimore Rd to W Wiser Lk Rd                          33              19            0             850          35
      34     W Wiser Lk Rd     Ritter Rd to Woodlyn Rd                                33              18            0              -           -
      35     W Pole Rd         Northwest Dr to Aldrich     Rd                         40              17            0             510          35
      36     W Laurel Rd       Northwest Dr to Aldrich     Rd      Collector          40              19            0             650          35
      37     Slater Rd         1-5 to Northwest Dr                                    40              17            0             700          35
             Hovander/
      38     W Smi th Rd       1-5 to Ferndale                                        40              17            0              -           -
      39     Church Rd         Alder Grove Rd to Mt View Rd                           40              18            0            1090          35
      40     Alder Grove Rd    Jackson Rd to Vista Dr                                 60              19            0             260          35
      41     Jackson Rd        Alder Grove Rd to Bay Rd                            40-50              18            0             480          40

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                                                  Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                           Sub Area                                                P-   JAL a   _%C.                                let--                1111-JOL-1        1410-01 - -       161'_@
                       NORTH

                                      ...... C.Lr 1. F.rT

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  400

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1600

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2800

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4000

                                                                                                                                                                                                          Vehicles Per Day

                                                                                                                                                                                                          I@ 4-Way Stop
                                                                                                                                                                                                            *Traffic Accidents 1974-1978

                                                                                                                                                                                                          Source: Whatcom County Engineerin

                       North Enterprise Road, Alder    Grove Road at Vista Drive, Hax   ton Way at
                       Slater Road and Lampman Road at South Church Road.

                            A comparison of 1970 average daily traffic with 1978 average daily
                       traffic on arterial routes in the Sub Area is presented in Table V,
                       Traffic Volume and Capacity.    These volumes indicate a general traffic
                       volume increase of approximately 35 percent on the Sub Area arterials
                       between 1970 and 1978. Average daily traffic on several arterials (Kick-
                       erville, Rainbow and Lake Terrell Roads) has declined since 1970, due,
                       possibly, to the increased use of east-west routes. Additional informa-
                       tion in Table V, Traffic Volume and Capacity, includes the estimated peak
                       hour traffic volumes and the roadway capacities for arterials in     the Sub
                       Area.   In general, arterial routes throughout the Area are of adequate
                       capacity to accommodate existing traffic flows.

                            A comparison.of existing Sub Area arterial characteristics with
                       accepted arterial standards (American Association of State Highway
                       Officials, A_Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, 1965     ', Wash
                       ington D.C., 1966) indicated that arterial roadways in this area are
                       generally substandard. Recommended minimum roadway and shoulder widths
                       for two-lane rural roadways are generally greater than those of existing
                       arterial roadways in the Sub Area.       The recommended minimum   width of
                       surfacing for roads similar to those identified in Tables IV is 22 feet.
                       Recommended minimum shoulder widths are 4 feet.          These recommended
                       standards vary according to traffic volume and design speed and, for
                       roadways similar to those of the Sub Area, vary between roadway widths of
                       20 to 24 feet, and shoulder widths of between 4 to 10 feet.

                            Roadway subgrade conditions on many roadways within the Sub Area
                       preclude truck and bus travel during freeze-thaw periods. During these
                       times, truck traffic    could cause severe damage to roadway surfacing,
                       because the shrinking and swelling of the subgrade materials often
                       results in weakened roadways that are easily damaged by heavy loading.
                       All-weather roads, roads that can accommodate truck traffic at all times
                       of the year and under any weather conditions, within the Sub Area are:

                                                         58

                                                                    T A_ B L E V

                                                             TRAFFIC VOLUME AND     CAPACITY

                                                                                                                    -ESTIMATED     CAPACITY
                                                                            ARTERIAL       VOLUME        VOLUME      PEAK HOUR      (VEHICLES:
                   'ROADWAY                      LIMITS                      CLASS.       1970 ADT      1978 ADT       VOLUME       PER HOUR)

         1    Slater Rd              1-5 to Haxton Way                       St Hwy.                      3500           420           1302
         2    Slater Rd              Haxton Way to Lk Terrell     Rd          Major         1750          1900           228           1391
         3    Northwest   Dr         Slater Rd to W Smith Rd                     it         .2550         2935           352           1198
         4    Northwest   Dr         W Smith Rd to W Axton Rd                    It         1600          2275           273           1391
         5    W Smith Rd             T-5 to Northwest Dr                                    1700          2160           259           1228
         6    W Smith Rd             Northwest Dr -to Aldrich   Rd                          i8oo          2355           283            991
         7    W Axton Rd             Ferndale CL to Northwest Dr                            1550          3040           365           1391
         8    Portal Way             Custer to Enterprise Rd                                1250          2020           242            917
                                                   L    I
         9    Portal Way             Enterprise Rd to Ferndale                              3100          4860           583           1198
       10     Grandview Rd           Portal Way to   Vista Dr                               1750          2395           287           1110
       ii     Grandview   Rd         Vista Dr to Olson Rd                                    94.0         1695           203           1309
       112    Grandview   Rd         Olson Rd to Kickerville Rd                              880          1395           167           1302
       13     Grandview   Rd         Kickerville Rd to Jackson                               570          1005           121           1391
       14     Kickerville Rd         Grandview Rd to Rainbow Rd                              960            755-           91           973
       15     Rainbow Rd             Kickerville Rd to Mt View Rd                11         1100            900          108           1113
       16     Mt View Rd             Rainbow Rd to Lake Terrell Rd                          2150          2105           253           1124
       17     Mt View Rd             Lake Terrell Rd to Olson Rd                            2200          2005           241           1124
       18     Mt View Rd             Olson Rd to Church Rd                                  2500          2500           300           1073
       19     Mt View Rd             Church Rd to Ferndale                       it         2850          3430           412            917

     Ln

                                                TRAFFIC VOLUME AND CAPACITY.        T A B L E V

                                                                                                                  ESTIMATED      CAPACITY
                                                                          ARTERIAL       VOLUME       VOLUME      PEAK HOUR      (VEHICLES
                   ROADWAY                      LIMITS                     CLASS.       1970 ADT     1978 ADT       VOLUME       PER HOUR)

        20    Bay Rd                Jackson Rd  to Blaine Rd              Secondary        360           315            38           858
        21    Bay Rd                Blaine Rd to Vista Dr                                  980          1130           136           917
        22    Vista Dr              Bay Rd to  Grandview Rd                                680          1000           120           954
        23    Vista Dr              Grandview  Rd to Alder Grove Rd                        940          1225           147           917
        24    Vista Dr              Alder Grove Rd to Ferndale                             780          1475           177           917
        25    Blaine Rd             Grandview Rd to Bay Rd                                 290           400            48           858
        26    Grandview   Rd        Jackson Rd to Pt Whitehorn    Rd                       380           325            39           910
        27    Lk Terrell Rd         Mt View Rd to Unick.Rd                     If          2050         1240           149           1135
        28    Lk-Terrell Rd         Unick-Rd to Slater Rd.    -                If          1,450        1310           157           1021
        29    Ferndale Rd           Slater Rd to Ferndale                                  1050          650            78           858
        30    W Axton Rd            Northwest Dr to Aldrich    Rd                          980          2550           306           888
        31    Northwest Dr          W Axton Rd to Paradise Rd                              860          2125           255           939
        32    Northwest Dr          Paradise Rd to Lattimore Rd                If          550          1260           151           917
        33    Northwest Dr          Lattimore Rd to 14 Wiser Lk Rd                         370           850           102           888
        34    W Wiser Lk Rd         Ritter Rd to Woodlyn Rd                                 -             -             -            858
        35    W Pole Rd             Northwest Dr to Aldrich    Rd              If          200           510            61           828
        36    W Laurel Rd           Northwest Dr to Aldrich    Rd         Collector         -            650            78           888
        37    Slater Rd             !-5 to Northwest Dr                                    180           700            84           828
              Hovander/
        38    W Smith Rd            1-5 to Ferndale                                         -             -             -            828
        39    Church Rd             Alder Grove Rd to Mt View Rd                           430          1090           131           858
        40    Alder Grove Rd        Jackson Rd to Vista Dr                                 140           260            31           888
                       Rd           Alder Grove Rd to Bay Rd                               300           480            58           858

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                    the Interstate-5  freeway, Vista Drive, Portal Way, Enterprise Road, Lake
                    Terr ell Road, Slater Road,  Bay Road and Grandview Road.

                          Recommended standards  for rural roadway paving and shoulder width
                    and subgra.de preparation are-'illustrated in Figure 20, Arterial Roadway
                    Section. The Roadway section presented in this Figure is for major,
                    secondary and collection arterials in rural areas. This section illus-
                    trates a typical asphalt concrete road section. Actual surfacing design
                    should be. based upon soils and traffic analysis.        Use of a similar
                    roadway section with curbs, gutters and enclosed drainage would be suit-
                    able for urban arterials.

                    Roadway Maintenance

                          The roadway network in the Cherry Point area of the County is
                    maintained by the Whatcom County Public Works Department.       The Cherry
                    Point area lies in District No. 3 of the county, and uses funds allocated
                    to this district for roadway improvements. After 1980, the county will
                    no longer be allocating roadway funds on a district basis.

                          As an indication of budget allocations, based upon the approxi-
                    mately $2.3, million budget of the county road fund for District No. 3 in
                    1979, the following breakdown of county road funds uses is presented:

                               Construction                                      18%
                               Maintenance                                       63%
                               Reimbursables                                       5%
                               Administration (including engineering)            13%
                               Facilities (roads and ferry)                      17%
                                                                                 100%

                          Maintenance items include traveled way and shoulder work, seal
                    coating, patching, storm drainage, bridges, lighting, traffic control
                    devices, snow/ice removal, road cleaning, paint striping, vegetation con
                    trol, mowing, ferry operation and administration for maintenance
                    activities.

                                                        61

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                           Roadway improvements planned in the study area, that are included
                     in the 1980 annual construction program list for Whatcom County,
                     i n,c I ude: Grandview Road, Slater Road and Vista Drive. These roads are
                     all scheduled for preliminary engineering work, grading, draining and
                     surfacing and light bituminous surface treatment or pavement improve-
                     ments.,  Improvement of a railroad crossing on Grandview Road is also
                     scheduled.

                                                      TRANSIT

                           The only transit system available to residents of the Sub Area is a
                     commercial carrier that provides service twice daily between Ferndale
                     and Bellingham, leaving Bellingham at 9:30 a.m. and at 2:30 p.m. and
                     leaves downtown Ferndale at 10:15 a.m. and 3:15 p.m. bound for the depot
                     in.downtown Bellingham.

                                                     RAILROADS

                           Industrial rail service to the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area is
                     provided by the Burlington Northern Railroad Company.     The industrial
                     railroad network within the Sub Area consists of a mainline route, gen-
                     erally paralleling the Interstate 5 corridor, and a spur line extending
                     .from this mainline route at a point approximately one mile north of the
                     Sub Area to industrial sites in the western portion of the Sub Area
                     (Figure 17).    The mainline route provides connections between the
                     Seattle-Everett area to the south and the Westminster-Vancouver, B.C.
                     area to the north.

                           The tracks in the Sub Area are in very good condition, the oldest
                     being less than twelve years old. The mainline tracks were built in 1968
                     (Burlington Northern Railroad, personal communication, August 6, 1978).

                           Commercial and industrial operations in the Cherry Point-Ferndale
                     Sub Area are served by three trains per day northbound from the Seattle-
                     Everett area and three trains per day southbound from the Vancouver and
                     Westminster areas. A local service train provides service six days per

                                                      63

                     week originating in Ferndale at 6:30 a.m. This local serves all Cherry
                     Poi nt i ndustri es except Arco. Two 1 ocal s combi ne to serve Arco and 1. eave
                     Ferndale at 8:30 p.m.   The industries in the study   area served by the
                     Burlington Northern Railroad include Arco, Intalco, Mobil, Calgas,
                     Houston Chemical and other smaller shippers.

                          Approximately 250 rail cars per month are.handled from the Cherry
                     Point area.   In terms, of a rail traffic load, this would constitute a
                     moderate to heavy load.     Burlington Northern Railroad (BNRR) would
                     expand rail service to accommodate increased rail service requirements
                     and, according to a BNRR source, is looking forward to further growth in
                     this area (Burlington Northern Railroad, telephone conversation, Dennis
                     Anderson, August 6, 1978).

                          The nearest stations for passenger service trains are located in
                     Bellingham and Blaine.   These trains are part of the Amtrak system of
                     rail passenger service.

                                    COMM ERCIAL VESSEL FACILITIES AND AIRPORTS

                          The western portion of the Sub Area is adjacent to the Strait of
                     Georgia which serves as a primary commercial vessel traffic lane between
                     the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the southwest and Vancouver, B.C. to the
                     north. Arco, Intalco and Mobil have pier and berthing facilities in the
                     Strait of Georgia. These marine transfer facilities are used by Arco and
                     Mobil to receive crude oil shipments from tanker vessels and by Intalco
                     to receive raw materials from cargo vessels.    The pile-supported piers
                     support the roadway, pipeline and conveyor systems that connect the
                     berths to the shore. The water depth at mean lower low water (MLLW) is
                     65 feet at the Arco berthing facility, 38 feet at the Intalco facility
                     and 42 at the Mobil facility.

                          Three airports, located in Bellingham, Blaine and Lynden serve the
                     Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area. Bellingham International, approximately
                     4 miles to the southeast of Ferndale is the largest of the three facili-

                                                      64

                     ties. This airport has three hard-surfaced runways of suitable length to
                     accommodate medium-size commercial passenger and transport aircraft.

                          The Blaine and Lynden airfields, located approximately 12 miles
                     northwest and approximately 13 miles northeast of Ferndale, respec-
                     tively, consist of single hard-surfaced runways of limited length and
                     capacity. The great majority of air traffic at both facilities consists
                     of small single- and twin-engine passenger aircraft.

                                                      TRAILS

                          Nearly all trails   for walking, bicycling and horseback riding
                     within the Sub Area are limited to existing roadways and relatively
                     undeveloped paths at the shoulders of these roadways.     Other locations
                     within the Sub Area offering available routes for hikers and/or riders
                     include areas adjacent to the Nooksack River, Lake Terrell and the shore-
                     line along the Strait of Georgia.

                          Previous studies in which improvements and expansions of trail sys-
                     .tems in the Sub Area have been discussed include the Whatcom County Trail
                     Plan, prepared for the Whatcom County Park Board in 1973 and revised in
                     1975, and the,Whatcom County Department of Parks and Recreation, Marine
                     Shorelines Study of Public Access and Recreation Sites in Whatcom
                     County, prepared in 1976.

                          The Whatcom County Trail     Ian, identified general and specific
                     objectives.and criteria to aid in implementing a trail system provide a
                     network of bicycle, hiking and horsetrails in Whatcom County.      In the
                     trail plan study, specific recommendations for trail development were
                     discussed for various geographical areas of Whatcom County.      Geograph-
                     ical areas that included the Cherry Point- Ferndale Sub Area were the
                     Whatcom Basin and Nooksack River areas.

                          Bicycle trails identified in the trail plan include: routes along
                     the Nooksack River, which have been identified as the "backbone" of the

                                                        65

                       county-wide trail network; a roUtE              idale to the Nooksack River
                       via South Church Road and Haxton Way; a route from the Nooksack River,
                       along the Lake Terrell Road to a trail around Lake Terrell; a long route
                       connecting Ferndale to Birch Bay State Park via Thornton Road, North Star
                       Road, Mt. View Road (these roads also provide a route from Ferndale to
                       Lake Terrell), Rainbow Road, Henry Road, Powder Plant Road, Alder Grove
                       Road, Pt. Whitehorn Road and Birch Bay Drive; an alternate route connect-
                       ing Ferndale with the Birch Bay Recreational Area via Vista Drive, Bay
                       Road, Blaine Road and Alderson Road; and a major route along Northwest
                       Drive and West Wiser Lake Road that is a portion of.the Bellingham-Lynden
                       Loop trail.

                            Identified horse trails include a route along the Nooksack River; a
                       route from Ferndale to Goshen (approximately 12 miles ease of Ferndale)
                       along Barrett Lake, Ten Mile Creek and Hemmi Road; and a route along the
                       Interstate-5 frontage road and portal Way that is a portion of the route
                       linking Bellingham and Blaine.

                            Identified hiking trails include the Nooksack River route, a path
                       around Lake Terrell and the beach along the Strait of Georgia from
                       Neptune Beach to Pt. Whitehorn.

                            Many of the trails identified above could be suitable for some com-
                       bination of hiking, bicycling and horseback riding uses under some con-
                       ditions. Shared use of some trails may not be practical because hiking
                       trails are not properly surfaced to accommodate bicycles and extensive
                       horse use may result in trail surfaces that are unusable for hiking use.
                       Also, hiking trail use is generally more compatible with horse trail use
                       than with bicycle use, because bicycles require a harder, smoother sur-
                       face.

                            Development of many of the proposed trails could be accommodated
                       with existing county rights-of.-way and on other publically-owned lands.
                       The  identification of these rights-of-way and public lands as well as
                       those lands that would need to be acquired to provide a network of trails

                                                          66

                     for various uses are described in the Trail Plan and Public Access

                     studies.

                          Public access to trail areas and recreational sites is discussed   in
                     the Marine Shorelines Study of Public Access and Recreation Sites       in
                     Whatcom County. Access to trails and the implementation of a designated
                     trail system that ties this trail system with existing and planned land
                     use is an important consideration in meeting trail needs for recrea-
                     tional and transportation purposes. Access to the beach along the Strait
                     of Georgia has been proposed in the Public Access study for a site near
                     Alder Grove Road near its junction with the Pt. Whitehorn Road and a site
                     off Gulf Road.  Existing public access to the beach and   potential beach
                     trails include an unnamed right-of-way at Pt.- Whitehorn, Henry Road and
                     Urick Road. These rights-of-way, however, provide only legal access at
                     the present time as actual access routes to the beaches have not been
                     developed due to steep banks and because private tidelands exist adja-
                     cent to these possible access routes.

                                                       67

                                                       UTILITIES

                           Utility services extend throughout the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                      Area, providing water, wastewater disposal, energy, storm drainage and
                      solid waste disposal services.    These services are, to a grea   t extent,
                      concentrated around Ferndale but also extend to the industrial areas
                      near Cherry Point.

                           The existing utility system, supporting as it does the existing
                      land uses within the Sub Area, will be described below.

                                                         WATER

                           The principal existing water supply, distribution and storage sys-
                      tem serving the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area is shown on Figure 21,
                      Water System.    (This figure excludes service lines to residential and
                      commercial areas.)   The primary source of water for this system is the
                      Nooksack River.

                           Also shown on this figure are the locations and names of water
                      associations that supply water to limited areas outside the Ferndale/
                      Public Utility District service area.       These systems, developed from
                      wells, generally service residential and agricultural uses in many parts
                      of Sub Area.   The water associations are granted franchises to provide
                      water service to a particular area and are responsible for water      system
                      maintenance and operation within this particular area.       The quality of
                      the system's well water generally meets U.S. Public Health Service
                      standards; the iron content in some parts of the Sub Area may limit water
                      use to irrigation purposes.

                           Water service to the City of Ferndale and to industrial facilities
                      in the Cherry Point area is provided through a series of distribution
                      mains from the Nooksack River source, water treatment plant and pump
                      station.   This service, provided by the Whatcom County Public Utility

                                                          68

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                                                                                           Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                                                                        Sub Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ---------------- ------------                                                                                     --- --------
                                       NORTH

                                         I...' MID'                 4..O'..ALE 1. 1EE1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Existing Wells and Storage Facilities                                                                                                  1  Custer Water Ass'n.                                                   11
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Existing Water Lines                                                                                                                   2  Old Settlers Water Ass'n.                                             12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0 Proposed Storage Facilities                                                                                                                3  Pleasant Valley Water Ass'n.                                          13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ...................    Proposed Water Lines                                                                                                                   4  Aldergrove Water Ass'n.                                               14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       20 Water Associations                                                                                                                           5  Orchard Water Ass'n.                                                  15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       6  Baker View Water Ass'n.                                               16
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       7  Thornton Water Ass'n.                                                 17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           __       @3.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         81

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       8 Lake Terrell Water Ass'n.                                              18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       9 North Star Water Ass'n.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       10 Mt. View Water Ass'n.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Source: Whatcorn County Engineering Department,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            City of Ferndale, Whatcorn County,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Water District No. 8.

                      District (P.M.), has a capacity of    12,500 gallons per minute (gpm) and,
                      because the treatment plant has been sized and built to more than double
                      the 4.5 million gallons per day (mgd) capacity, the installation of
                      additional filters and pumps could allow a capacity of approximately 10
                      mgd (City of Ferndale Engineering Department, September 6, 1979, per-
                      sonal communication). The Ferndale/P.U.D. system is set up to allow the
                      City of Ferndale to draw water from this system first and during peak
                      demand periods, the City of Ferndale can draw so much water that supplies
                      to the County P.M. system, serving the industrial area to the west, are
                      reduced.  The City of Ferndale is able to draw water at approximately
                      3,000 gpm.

                           Expansions of the water distribution facilities in the Ferndale
                      Service Area and its extension to other parts of the Cherry Point-
                      Ferndale Sub Area are discussed in the current comprehensive water plan
                      for the Ferndale Service Area.     According to this plan, the existing
                      service area,, now encompassing the City of Ferndale, would be expanded to
                      provide service to almost the entire Sub Area.

                           The Point Whitehorn area, an area of approximately three square
                      miles lying in the northwest corner of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                      Area, is not included in this proposed water service area.        The Point
                      Whitehorn area is currently served by the water storage and distribution
                      facilities of Whatcom County Water District No. 8. Water District No. 8
                      provides water service along Bay Road and Jackson Road to Point Whitehorn
                      and the Birch Bay area and has proposed a water system that will provide
                      future service to the area lying generally north of Grandview Road and
                      west of Kickerville Road as well as future expansions of service near
                      Point Whitehorn.

                                                 WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

                           Two types of wastewater disposal systems are being used in the Sub
                      Area:   sewer systems with centralized treatment facilities and indi-
                      vidual on-site disposal systems with septic tanks and drainfields.

                                                        70

                           The sewer system is limited to th     e City of Ferndale where the
                      density of development necessitates such a system. This system is shown
                      on Figure 22, Sewer System. As indicated, the sewer system serves only
                      Fern*dale where the sewerage system collects wastewaters and conveys them
                      to the sewage treatment plant along the Nooksack River south of Ferndale.
                      Treated wastewater from the aerated lagoon treatment facilities is dis-
                      charged into the Nooksack River. This treatment plant and its effluent
                      currently meet state and federal requirements..

                           Based  upon information presented in the existing comprehensive
                      sewer plan for the Ferndale Service Area, modifications of the existing
                     .sewage treatment plant were recommended that would accommodate expected
                      future waste loads. To accommodate such loads, it was recommended that
                      the existing plant be modified and expanded into an extended aeration
                      process with increased capacity to accommodate future loads. The size of
                      these future loads was based upon the expected growth in Ferndale and in
                     @the Ferndale Service Area which extends five miles in an east-west direc-
                      tion and, three miles in a north-south direction, an area of approximately
                      nine and one-half square miles within the Sub Area.

                           Sewer service in this area and in other adjacent areas would be
                      provided contingent upon annexation to the City of Ferndale and would
                      require, further expansion of the treatment plant (City of Ferndale,
                      September 6, 1979, personal communication). Treatment of a significant
                      volume of industrial waste at the sewage treatment plant is not antici-
                      pated and these facilities will, therefore, be treating mainly domestic
                      sewage.  The sewage treatment plant is currently operating at approxi-
                      mately 70 percent of capacity.

                           Storm water inflow and groundwater infiltration of the sewerage
                      system adds to wastewater flows and loads at the treatment plant. During
                      wet seasons, such inflow/infiltration is substantial and can double nor-
                      mal wastewater flows to the plant. The inflow and infiltration is due to
                      direct connections between the stormwater lines and the sewer system;
                      groundwater infiltration is due to broken or cracked sewer pipes, open

                                                         71

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                                                                      Sub Area-

                      NORTH

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                                                                                                                                                                                                    -Existing Sewer Lines
                                                                                                                                                                                                      *Existing Pump Station
                                                                                                                                                                                                    ED Existing Treatment Plant
                                                                                                                                                                                             .................... Proposed Sewer Lines
                                                                                                                                                                                                      0 Proposed Pump Station

                                                                                                                                                                                             Source: City of Ferndale and
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Whatcorn County Water Dist

                      Joints, improper side sewer connectionsland damaged manholes. Accordin      g
                      to the existing comprehensive plan, such infiltration account       *s for a
                      major portion of increased flows in the sewerage system during wet times
                      of the year (City of Ferndale, July 23, 1979, personal communication).

                           The present sewer is adequate to accommodate wastewater flows from
                      Ferndale.

                           Throughout a large portion of the study area, septic tanks and drain
                      fields are utilized for wastewater disposal. Figure 23 indicates areas
                      within the Sub Area that have limitations for conventional septic sys-
                      tems because soils there are subject to ponding or seasonally high water
                      table.   The map is based on Soil Conservation Service data.        The Soil
                      Conservation Service has rated each soil type in terms of its suitability
                      for conventional septic systems.       Soils with more than one limiting
                      factor are given a "severe" rating which indicates that the area of a
                      particular soil type has limitations   for use as a septic tank drainfield.
                      A rating of "severe" does not preclude the use of septic tank systems in
                      the area nor does it indicate that a conventional septic system will
                      fail, but indicates that larger lot sizes or special septic desi.gn
                      features may be required to provide an adequate disposal system. Septic
                      tank and drainfield systems used for disposal of large quantities of
                      wastewater are subject to approval by the Washington State Department of
                      Ecology. On-site wastewater disposal for single families and for other
                      land uses that produce relatively small amounts of wastewater are sub-
                      ject to approval by the Bellingham and Whatcom District Department of
                      Public Health (Bellingham and Whatcom District Department of Public
                      Health, August 8, 1979, personal communication).

                                                         ENERGY

                           Energy services in the Sub Area are provided by Puget Sound Power
                      and Light Company and by Cascade Natural Gas Company.

                                                           73

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                                                                     Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                                      Sub Area

                              NORTH
                          0'   1000' 2000'          40()0' SCALE IN FEET                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             IV

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Source: Soil Conservation Service.

                           Electrical service, provided by Puget Sound Power and Light Com-
                      pany, is generated along the Columbia River and in Canada. These sources
                      transmit electricity through the Portal Way substation, the Custer sub-
                      station and another Bonneville Power Authority substation in Bellingham.
                      The transformer at the Portal Way substation is operating at a current
                      load of approximately 200 megawatts and has a capacity of approximately
                      325 megawatts.   Distribution facilities are located throughout the Sub
                      Area and provide service to all land uses within it.

                           To provide adequate service to meet peak demand loads, two new
                      thermal power generation plants are to be constructed near Point White-
                      horn at the site of an existing 69 megawatt power generation plant.
                      These two power plants, 75 megawatts each, are expected to provide ser-
                      vice by the end of 1980 and will be used for approximately 1500 hours per
                      year to meet peak load requirements in Whatcom County.    To improve the
                      power network serving the Bellingham and northwest Whatcom County areas,
                      a new transmission line is to be constructed next year from the Enter-
                      prise Road area to Bellingham.     This line will enable service to be
                      provided in the northwest Whatcom County area, including the Sub Area, in
                      the event of a power outage of the existing transmission line (Puget
                      Sound Power and Light Company, Dennis Soleibe, Division Engineer, August
                      28, 1979, personal communication).

                           Natural gas service is provided to the Sub Area by Cascade Natural
                      Gas Company through a 16-inch-diameter natural gas pipeline. This line
                      provides service to Arco, Intalco and Mobil as well as service to Fern-
                      dale. The natural gas distribution system within Ferndale is supplied
                      through a high pressure gas line along Slater Road.

                           Puget Sound Power and Light Company and Intalco are considering the
                      possibility of generating power by using natural gas and have engaged
                      Bechtel Corporation to study this possibility (Cascade Natural Gas Com-
                      pany, September 17, 1979, personal communication).

                                                         75

                                                     STORM DRAINAGE

                           Storm drainage facilities in the Sub Area are generally limited to
                      roadway ditches and culverts for roadway crossings. At the present time,
                      Whatcom County does not have a comprehensive drainage plan for this area.
                      Although there are no formal ordinances relating to storm drainage con-
                      trol, it is an unwritten policy in Whatcom County that storm water runoff
                      be limited to pre-development conditions in problem areas: i.e., those
                      areas where uncontrolled runoff is likely to cause such problems as
                      erosion, slope instability, sedimentation, flooding, general water qual-
                      ity degradation or the possible elimination of fish and other life from
                      streams.

                                                  SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

                           Solid waste management in Whatcom County has been guided by the
                      Whatcom County Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan adopted in
                      1973.  This plan discusses the existing (1973) conditions and proposed
                      solutions to solid waste management concerns, but is now becoming out of
                      date, expecially as a guide for solid waste management within the Sub
                      Area.

                           Solid waste disposal sites serving the Sub Area are approaching
                      capacity and, by late 1980, new disposal sites will need to be identi-
                      fied.   The incinerator on Slater Road, just west of the freeway is
                      currently disposing of wastes from Bellingham and the Sub Area, includ-
                      ing some solid waste generated in the industrial area. It is designated
                      to accommodate 100 tons per day but has been operating at approximately
                      140 tons per day.

                           The Ferndale dump is approaching capacity and is to be closed, and
                      the disposal site on the Birch Bay - Lynden Road will reach its capacity
                      in approximately one year (Whatcom County Engineering Department, August
                      7, 1979, personal communication). The County is now considering trans-
                      fer station possibilities to accommodate solid waste disposal in this

                      area.

                                                           76

                                                   COMMUNITY FACILITIES

                             Community facilities and services are generally provided as public
                        efforts, complemented in certain areas by private undertakings to pro-
                        mote the public health, safety and well-being of citizens. These facil-
                        ities and services, which include schools, parks and recreation, police
                        and fire protection, health and' other human services, significantly
                        influence the quality of life for citizens of a given area.-

                             The following sections describe the existing facilities and ser-
                        vices serving the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area. Valuable background
                        information on economic and population trends within the regi    on and Sub
                        Area is found in Appendix B, Economic and Population Trends.

                        Primary and Secondary Education

                             Primary and secondary educational services in the Cherry Point-
                        Ferndale Sub Area of Whatcom County are provided by the Ferndale, Blaine
                        and Meridian School Districts.    The Ferndale School District, which is
                        the largest of the three, encompasses the major portion of the Sub Area.
                        The Ferndale School District covers approximately 100 square          miles,
                        including Lummi Island and the Lummi Indian Reservation to the south,
                        extending roughly to Kickerville Road to the west, 'IN" Street        to the
                        north and Aldrich Road to the east. The Meridian School District      serves
                        the remaining western portion of the Sub Area and the Blaine          School
                        District the remaining eastern section.     The boundaries of these three
                        districts within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area-are shown in Figure
                        24, Schools.

                             At present,    the Ferndale School District has five elementary
                        schools, a middle school and a high school and also maintains an adminis-
                        tration building.    The Meridian School District maintains a primary
                        school, a middle school and a high school.      The Blaine School District

                                                           77

                       also has an elementary, middle and high school.     The name, address and
                       grade levels of each of these schools are shown on the following Table,
                       Primary and Secondary Schools of School Districts Serving Cherry Point
                       Subarea). Locations of these schools are shown in Figure 24.

                            There are no non-public primary or secondary schools within the
                       Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.    The nearest such schools for children
                       residing in the Sub Area are the Lynden Christian School, and the Bel-
                       lingha m- Christian School, Bellingham Cooperative School, Rosemary Harris
                       School and Seventh Day Adventist School, all in Bellingham.

                            Current enrollment figures, by school, in the school districts ser-
                       ving the Sub Area are shown in Table VI.       Present primary and secon-
                       dary enrollment in the Ferndale School is approximately 3,700. Enrol-
                       lment in both the Blaine and Meridian School Districts is close to 1,100.
                       Average annual full-time equivalent enrollment figures by grade for each
                       of the three school districts are shown in Table VII.

                            The Ferndale District experienced large enrollment increases in the
                       middle and late 1960's as a result of the population influx which accom-
                       panied the opening of the Intalco Aluminum facility in the area.          In
                       recent years, an approximate three percent increase per year has
                       occurred in the District.

                            The major problem currently facing the Ferndale School District is
                       that  a   number   of  the   existing   schools   are   accomodating    many
                       more students than their intended capacity. The most severe overcrowd-
                       ing conditions are at the Vista Middle school, which was built to accom-
                       modate 500 students and now has an enrollment of over 700, and the North
                       Bellingham Elementary School, where 5 portable classrooms are now being
                       used to accommodate the current enrollment.         The Custer Elementary
                       School is operating at capacity while the Central Elementary School is
                       one of the only facilities not overly crowded.

                                                          78

                                                         TABLE VI

                                    Primary and Secondary School of School Districts

                                        Serving Cherry Point - Ferndale Sub Area

                     FACILITY                             LOCATION                  GRADES       ENROLLMENTa

            Ferndale School District
              Mountain View Elementary           Henderson Road, Ferndale            K-5             695
              Central Elementary                 Second & Alder, Ferndale            K-5             393
              Custer Elementary                  Custer School Road, Custer          K-6             414
              North Bellingham Elementary        Northwest Road, Bellingham          K-6             450
              Beach Elementary                   Centerview Road, Lummi Island,      K-6               29
                                                 Ferndale
              Vista Middle School                Vista Drive, Ferndale               6-8             725
              Ferndale High School               Golden Eagle Drive, Ferndale        9-12          1,018

                                      TOTAL                                                        3,724

            Meridian School District
              Irene Reither Primary              Everson                             K-4             446
              Meridian Middle School             Ten Mile Road, Lynden               5-8             300
              Meridian High School               W. Laurel Road, Bellingham          9-12            350

                                      TOTAL                                                        1,096

            Blaine School District
              Blaine Elementary                  Mitchell Street, Blaine             K-4             401
              Blaine Middle School               H Street, Blaine                    5-8             326
              Blaine High School                 H Street, Blaine                    9-12            342

                                      TOTAL                                                        1,069

              aEnrollment figures are for    June, 1979, for the Blaine and Meridian School Districts
               and for May, 1979, for the    Ferndale School District.

            Source: Ferndale, Meridian and Blaine School Districts, 1979.

                                                            79

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                                                        Sub Area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    "I"IL
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                            Ferndale School District
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               A
                               1.       Mountain View Elementary School                                                                                                                                    6                                                                       A-Y
                               2.       Central Elementary School                                                                                                                                                                                            !p
                               3.       Custer Elementary School                                                                                                                        M
                                                                                                                                                                                        M    RIET     A
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                               4.       North Bellingham Elementary School                                                                                            I                                                                                                                                      L
                               1-       leach Elementary School                                                                                                      @11     A N.                                                                                                                            I VIE
                                                                                                                     LUMMI RAY
                               6.       Vista Middle School
                               7.       Ferndale High School
                                                                                                                                                                                                     MERIDIAN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               8 LLINIGHA
                            Meridian School District                                                                                                                                                 SCHOOL
                               8.       Irene Reither Primary School                                                                                   E     S.                                      DISTRICT
                               9.       Meridian Middle School                                                                17:                                                                                                                                                                               GE,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      VA
                            10.         Meridian High School                                      F- ft                                                                               BELLINGHAM                           BAY
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                            Blaine School District                                                                                     \1 ..... .                                                                                                                                                            I      ,     I
                                                                                                                                       BEACH                                                                                                    S-11            h-
                            11.         Blaine Elementary School                                                                                                                                                 LE
                                                                                                                                                                                                FERNDA
                            12.         Blaine Middle School                                                                                                                                    SCHOOL                                                                 99                                           0
                            13.         Blaine High School                                                                                                                                     DISTRICT
                                                                                                                                    1? lu                                                                                                                          ---- TO
                                                                                                                                                                                       1-  1c.,

                                                                                                                                                  41

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           SKAGIT COUNTY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Schools

                            Sources: Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
                                           Ferndale, Blaine and Meridian School Districts.                                                                                                                                                                                  figure 24

                                                                      Table VII

                 Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area School District Enrollment, by Grade Level
                        1978-79 AVERAGE ANNUAL Full Time Equivalent (FTE) St                        udents

                                                                           Grade Level

                        District               K                1-6             7-8               9-12                Total

                        Ferndale           136.67          1,853.88           .565.23          12032.95            3,588.73
                        Blaine              39.00             483.45           169.78              352.03          1,044.26
                        Meridian            43-39             523.11           158.44              362.76          1,087.70

                     Cherry Point-Ferndale TableVIIISub Area School District Projections, 1979-1986

                        COHORT PROJECTIONS - Individual Students

                                                                           Grade Level
                        District            Year             K            1-6             7-9            10-12            Total

                        Ferndale            1979           279          1,900.            862              804            3,845
                                            1980           281          1,957             892              777            3,907
                                            1981           283          1,993             949              795            4,020
                                            1982           285          2,040          1,033               761            4,119
                                            1983           287          2,111          1,073               790            4,262
                                            1984           289          2,215          1,063               845            4,412
                                            1985           291.         2,325          1,060               916            4,592
                                            1986           293          2,441          1,080               948            4,762

                        Blaine              1979             84            493            252              276            1,1.05
                                            1980             91            512            234              257            1,094
                                            1981             99            504            248              258            1,109
                                            1982           1,07            496            262              246            1,111
                                            1983           116             503            275              228            1,122
                                            1984           126             503            267              2142           1,138
                                            1985           137             503            258              258            1,156
                                            1986           149             503            265              267            1,184

                        Meridian            1979             97            527            242              273            1,139
                                            1980           106             550            229              269            1,154
                                            1981           115             561            247              228            1,151
                                            1982           125             565            266              223            1,179
                                            1983           136             579            298              21-0           1,223
                                            1984           148             621            292              228            1,289
                                            1985           161             666            277              247            1,351
                                            1986           175             715            269              275            1,434

                        Source: Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
                                    Research and Development Division, 1979.

                                                                              81

                          A construction program has been undertaken by the Ferndale District
                      which will provide a new elementary school and additions and improve-
                      ments to several existing schools. The new elementary school, which will
                      be located at the corner of Thornton and Vista Roads, will accommodate
                      500 students and is due for completion by September, 1980.           Other
                      improvements to be completed in 1980 include additional classroom space
                      and extensive remodelling of the North Bellingham Elementary School,
                      major remodelling and new construction at the Custer school site, and
                      addition and remodelling  of some facilities at the Vista and Mountain
                      View Schools. The Custer'site project involves remodelling of the exist-
                      ing elementary school, demolition of the old gym and former middle school
                      building and replacement with new classroom space.    An additional pro-
                      ject, remodelling and expansion of the Central School library and
                      covered play area may also be undertaken during 1980. Improvements to
                      North Bellingham Elementary School involve remodeling of the existing
                      gym into a library, construction of new gym, and construction of five new
                      classrooms to replace the portables now being used. The Mountain View
                      School improvements include the expansion of its kitchen area.         The
                      planned improvements for the Vista School are a remodelling and expan-
                      sion of its industrial arts facility.      Some additional recreational
                      facilities that are desired for competitive inter-school sports events
                      may also be undertaken by the school district.

                           The inventory of school facilities prepared for the State Superin-
                      tendent of Public Instruction for the 1977-1978 school year rated the
                      condition of the Ferndale District's schools as follows:      all of the
                      total square footage of the Beach Elementary were categorized as being in
                      "poor" condition; the entire square footage of the North Bellingham
                      Elementary School was classified as "good"; approximately one-fifth of
                      the Custer Elementary School's space was classified as good and the rest
                      poor; roughly two-thirds of Central Elementary School's space was cate-
                      gorized as good and the rest poor; the entire Vista Middle School was
                      listed as good; and 79 percent of Ferndale High School was classified as
                      good, 1.3 percent as fair, and the remaining 8 percent as poor.

                                                       82

                             The main result of the improvement projects now underway or planned.
                        and funded for the Ferndale School District will be to eliminate the
                        current overcrowded conditions and to provide an enrollment load appro-
                        priate for the intended capacity of each facility. These projects will
                        also improve some of the facility space which is currently in poor or
                        inadequate condition (such as the portable North Bellingham Elementary
                        classrooms).    Upon completion of these improvements in 1980-81, the
                        District's facilities are expected to be suitably equipped to handle the
                        anticipated enrollment. At that time, all of the elementary schools will
                        handle grades K-6, the Middle School grades 7-8, and the High School 9-
                        12.                                      b

                             Enrollment projections for the Ferndale District for the next 5
                        years indicate a continued annual growth of about 3 percent. The fastest
                        growing enrollment areas within the District are expected to be the North
                        Bellingham area, the Laurel area around Smith Road and Northwest Drive,
                        and the area north and east along Portal Way currently considered for
                        annexation to the City of Ferndale. Additional expansion or new facili-
                        ties will be necessary to accommodate further growth that occurs in the
                        District after 1980. Because the School District now has no sites other
                        than the existing facility and new elementary school property, a site
                        selection committee has been formed to determine when and where new sites
                        should be acquired.     A preliminary report has been prepared but no
                        decisions have yet been made comcerning specific sites or types of facil-
                        ities required for the future,

                             Total enrollment in both the Meridian and Blaine Districts has been
                        fairly stable in recent years. One change which did occur was a drop of
                        about 40 students in the Blaine District last year after the Blaine Air
                        Force Base closed. The Blaine School District facilities have a current
                        physical capacity which could accommodate up to 150 additional students
                        evenly distributed among grade levels. The Meridian District's facili-
                        ties are currently thought to be operating near capacity. Recent over-
                        crowding at the Primary School necessitated the transfer of several
                        classes to the Middle School which had some additional capacity.

                                                         83

                             The inventory of school facilities prepared for the State Superin-
                        tendent of Public Instruction for the 1977-78 school year rated all of.
                        the Blaine School facilities as being in good condition. In the Meridian
                        School District, the Primary School (the District's newest facility) was
                        rated in good condition while 40 percent of the Middle School space was
                        classified as good and 60 percent as fair, and 43 percent of the High
                        School space was classified as good, 24 percent as fair and 33 percent as
                        poor.  Part of the Meridian High School facilities are old and present
                        some problems such as difficulty in heating.         Another concern of the
                        Meridian School District is a shortage of physical education space (part
                        of it is classified as substandard).

                             Improvement projects planned for the Blaine School District include
                        additions to the Middle School kitchen/cafeteria, stage area and band
                        facility; addition of a new wrestling area and expanded locker area to
                        the Ken Waters High School gym; and a small addition plus extensive
                        remodelling and update of the old gym (used primarily by the elementary
                        and middle schools).

                             Beyond some minor repair and remodelling, no specific improvement
                        projects are currently planned for facilities in the Blaine or the. Meri-
                        dian School Districts.

                             Enrollment projections for 1979-1986 for the Ferndale, Blaine and
                        Meridian School Districts prepared by the State Superintendent of Public
                        Instruction are shown in Table VIII. These projections show a 24 percent
                        increase in the Ferndale District, a 7 percent increase in the Blaine,
                        and a 26 percent increase in the Meridian District.        It should be noted
                        that these projections, which were developed using cohort survival tech-
                        niques, are subject to greater potential forecasting error for            small
                        school districts such as those in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub           Area.
                        The impact of any major industrial expansion will significantly           alter
                        enrollment in the Sub Area districts.

                                                           84

                        Collele, Vocational and Technical Education

                             The principal colleges, vocational and technical institutions serv-
                        ing the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are Bellingham Vocational Tech-
                        nical Institute, Whatcom Community College and Western Washington Uni-
                        versity.

                             Bellingham Vocational/Technical Institute is one of five publicly
                        funded vocational institutes in the state.      Established under state
                        authority, it is administratively tied to the   Bellingham Public School
                        District. Although the majority of its students reside within its state-
                        designated service area, Whatcom County, students from other counties
                        can and do attend. The Institute provides vocational skills training,
                        adult basic education and other special programs to a current annual
                        enrollment of approximately 11,000 (including about 1,000 day-time stu-
                        dents plus part-time continuing education and part-time day students).
                        The vocational programs are oriented to trade and industries, office and
                        health professions and cover 22 trade and para-professional areas.
                        Among these are:   pre-apprenticeship training in the carpentry, elec-
                        tronics, general electrician, avionics, horticulture and automobile
                        mechanic professions, programs geared to general secretarial/clerical,
                        bookkeeping/ account i ng, data processing as well as programs preparatory
                        to practical nursing, aide or orderly, physical therapy, pharmacy or
                        dental assistant positions.    The Institute also periodically conducts
                        special vocational training programs designed in conjunction with speci-
                        fic requirements of individual unions or employers or special population
                        groups (such as the Nooksack and Lummi Tribes). Most classes offered by
                        the Institute are   given at its main facility (which is on Lindbergh
                        Avenue in Northwest Bellingham) although certain classes are offered at
                        alternate locations throughout the County.

                             Whatcom Community College is a two-year community college which has
                        a current enrollment of 2,500 full and part-time students (the equival-
                        ent of 1,000 full-time students).    The college has no formal central
                        campus but instead has several instructional centers or sites, including

                                                         85

                      three sites in Bellingham and ones in Ferndale,  Blaine  and Lynden. Loca-
                      tions in Bellingham include the services and administration offices at
                      5217 Northwest Road in north Bellingham as well as facilities at Mid-Town
                      and at Marine Drive High School. Facilities. elsewhere in the County are
                      also utilized for some of the College's programs.

                          .The Whatcom Community College offers a variety of Associate Degrees
                      as well as one-year certificates and non-degree continuing education
                      programs.  In addition to a traditional arts and services program, the
                      college has special courses and programs covering a variety of areas such
                      as:   business management,, real estate and banking, health services,
                      early childhood education as well as adult basic education and assorted
                      enrichment areas.   The College has also developed in-service training
                      programs in conjunction with specific industries (e.g., Mobil, Intalco
                      and Arco) and programs for specific population groups (e.g., agriculture
                      for the Lummi Indians).

                           Western Washington Univ  ersity -is the largest higher educational
                      institution and major university located near the Cherry Point-Ferndale
                      Sub Area. Western Washington University now encompasses seven separate
                      colleges: the Colleges of Arts and Science, Fine and Performing Arts,
                      Education, Business and Economics, plus Huxley College (offering upper-
                      level two year environmental programs) and Fairhaven College (offering
                      independent interdisciplinary study). The University offers B.A., B.S.,
                      Bachelor of Music as well as many Master's degree programs in its dif-
                      ferent colleges. The University's enrollment now includes approximately
                      9,600 full and part-time students drawn primarily, although not
                      entirely, from Washington Sta te. In addition to its main campus, which
                      is located in Bellingham, the University has continuing education cen-
                      ters in Blaine and Ferndale where special courses are offered.

                                                 PARKS AND RECREATION

                           The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area seems abundantly provided with
                      State, County and municipal park and recreation spaces both within and
                      without the Study Area, as can be seen in Tables IX and X, and Figure 25.

                                                        86

                                                     TABLE IX

                          Cherry Point   Ferndale Sub Area  Park and Recreational Facilities

                                        TOTAL DEVELOPED FRESHWATER      MARINE
                                       ACRES     ACRES        SHORE      SHORE       SPECIAL FACILITIES

           Washington State Parks
             Birch Bay State Park         198      130                   7,000       Swimming; picnicking;
                                                                                     Camping and tent sites;
                                                                                     R.V. sites.
           State Game Department
             Nooksack River (Smith Farm) 4.3        0         7,360
             Nooksack River Acreage         1       0         2,500
             Nooksack River Acreage
              . (Ferndale Road)             2.1     0         3,600
             Lake Terrell Game Range 1,153          12      249,600                  Picnicking; dock;
                                                                                     Two-mile trail.

           County Parks
             Hovander Homestead           348       @35       10,500                 Picnicking; 2 athletic
                                                                                     fields; fishing;
                                                                                     historical attractions.
             Tennant  Lake                248                                        Boating; fishing; hiking
                                                                                     archery; shooting;
                                                                                     historical significance;
                                                                                     beach; picnicking.

           Ferndale Municipal Parks
             Pioneer Park                  21       15                               Historic buildings;
                                                                                     3 athletic fields; rolle
                                                                                     rink; picnic areas.
             Flair Property                 0.5     0                                Neighborhood play area.

           Public Libraries
             Mountain View Library                                                   Branch County Library.

           Whatcom Community College
             Ferndale Instructional Center                                           900-square-foot meeting/
                                                                                     classroom center.

           Senior Service Centers
             Ferndal-e Senior Center (County)                                        4,500 square feet of
                                                                                     meeting rooms, lounges,
                                                                                     etc.

                                                          87

    TABLE IX     Continued

                                 TOTAL DEVELOPED FRESHWATER       MARINE
                                  ACRES     ACRES       SHORE      SHORE       SPECIAL FACILITIES

    Granges or Township   Halls
       North Bellingham Grange                                                 3,200 square feet of
       (Ferndale School District)                                              meeting space

    Ferndale School District
       Mountain View Elementary   15        10
       Central Elementary           3.7      3.7
       Vista Middle School        40        20                                 Classroom space plus
                                                                               gyms, auditoriums, shops,
       Ferndale High School       54.5      44.5                               football/soccer/base-
       North Bellingham Elemen.   19.7       4                                 ball and multipurpose
                                                                               courts and play equipment.

    Commercial Facilities
       United Campground          21.8       5                                 Picnicking; R.V. & tent
                                                                               camping facilities.
       Scottish Lodge               2.3      2.3                               Motel; pool; sa.una
       Shady Rest Mobile          11         5.5                               Picnicking; R.V. camping.
        Village
       Cherry Point R6crea-       55         2                                 R.V. & Tent camping.
       tional Park
       Riverside Golf Course      74        74                                 Picnic facilities;
                                                                               9-hole golf course.
       Grandview Golf Course      114       114                                Picnic facilities;
                                                                               18-hole golf course.
       Sandy Point Golf and                                                    Picnic facilities;
       Country Club and                                                        9-hole golf course;
       Marina                                                                  pool; tennis courts;
                                                                               boat launch.

     Source: Whatcom County    Parks Department, July, 1977 an,d 1979.

                                                    88

                                                                         TABLE X
                                                 ADDITIONAL RE6IONAL RECREATIONAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE TO
                                                                   CHERRY POINT SUB AREA
                                                                       RESIDENTS(a)

                                         U.S. FOREST SERVICE

                                                    Mt. Baker Recreation Area: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National For-
                                                    est--Heather Meadows Visitor Area, the Mt. Baker Ski Area,
                                                    ATV, horse and hiking trails, camping, hunting, trailheads.
                                                    backcountry roads, and the Baker Lake water-recreation area.

                                                    Ross Lake National Recreation Area and North Cascades Highway.

                                         SEATTLE CITY LIGHT

                                                    Newhalen Park Area:   Tours from Newhalen, including a boat
                                                    trip, an incline lift and an inspection of the hydropower
                                                    installations; boat launch facilities, nature trails, gardens
                                                    and picnic areas.

                                         STATE PARKS COMMISSION

                                                    Larrabee State Park:   Chuckanut Mountain--beach, camping and
                                                    picnicking areas, marine shoreline access, upland hiking.

                                                    Peace Arch: U.S. Canadian Border---

                                         COUNTY PARK BOARD

                                                    Samish State Park:   North Samish Drive, Bellingham--39 acres
                                                    and 1,500 feet of shoreline on Lake Samish provide swimming,
                                                    boating, picnicking, fishing and meet i ng/ref reshment build-
                                                    ing.

                                                    Silver Lake Park:   Silver Lake Road, Maple Falls-411 acres
                                                    and 4,800 acres of Silver Lake, providing fishing, swimming,
                                                    picnicking, boating, horse and hiking trails, tent and horse
                                                    campsites, cabins and historical museum displays.

                                                    Pine and Cedar Lakes Park: Chuckanut Mountain, near Belling-
                                                    ham--300 acres of trails and semi-wilderness and 5,000 feet of
                                                    water frontage for hiking, camping and fishing.

                                                    Plantation Rifle and Archery Range: Samish Highway, Belling-
                                                    ham--25 acres, providing outdoor and indoor rifle and archery
                                                    ranges, safety courses and competitive matches.

                                                    Lighthouse Marine Park: Marine Drive, Point Roberts--22 acres
                                                    and 2,500 feet of saltwater beach with boardwalks, picnic,
                                                    boat launch facilities, fishing access, annual arts and crafts
                                                    fair.

                                                    Roeder Home: Sunset Drive, Bellingham--early 1900s home used
                                                    for cultural arts programs, arts and crafts classes and social
                                                    events.

                                                    Lummi Marine Park, Lummi Island--29-acre, 450-foot shorefront
                                                    with boat ramps, swimming and picnicking facilities.

                                                    Seven Senior Activity Centers: Bellingham, Lynden, Point Rob-
                                                    erts, Blaine, Sumas, Deming, Everson and Lummi Indian Reser-
                                                    vation--information centers, referral services, education and
                                                    art and craft classes, music, dance, exercise, hiking groups
                                                    and assorted outings.

                                                    Pleasant Valley School Property, Kickerville and Bay Road--3
                                                    acres of undeveloped park site.

                                                    Cottonwood Beach Birch Bay access--15 acres with 1,200 feet of
                                                    shorefront which is used but not developed.
                                         (a) Outside actual Cherry Point Sub Area

                                                                        89

                                                                                      ------------                                - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -           - - - - - - - -

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                                           Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                               Sub Area

                    NORTH

                 0'  1000' 1000' 40011' SCALE IN FEET

               WASHINGTON STATE PARKS                          FERNDALE SCHOOL DISTRICT               GRANGES OR TOWNSHIP HALLS
                1 Birch Bay State Park                         10 Mountain View Elementary            18 North Bellingham Grange
               STATE GAME DEPARTMENT                           11 Central Elementary                  COMMERICAL FACILITIES
                2 Nooksack River (Smith Farm)                  12 Vista Middle School                 19 United Campground
                3 Nooksack River Acreage                       13 Ferndale High School                20 Scottish Lodge
                4 Nooksack River Acreage (Ferndale Road)       14 North Bellingham Elementary         21 Portal Way Mobile Village
                5 Lake Terrell Game Range                      PUBLIC LIBRARIES                       22 Evergreen Manor Recreational Park
                                                                                   br
                                                               5                                               ide olf Course
                                                               1  Mountain View Li  ary               23 Rivers
               COUNTY PARKS                                                                                        G
                6 Hovander Homestead                           WHATCOM COMMUNITY COLLEGE              24 Leisure Bay Resort
                7 TennantLake                                  16 Ferndale Instructional Center
               FERNDALE MUNICIPAL PARKS                        SENIOR SERVICE CENTERS
                8 Pioneer Park                                 17 Ferndale Senior Center (County)     Sources: Whatcorn County Department of Parks & Recreat!6
                9 Flair Property                                                                               and Miscellaneous other Sources.

                             In addition to the areas listed in the two Tables, there are several
                        other facilities that are worthy of note. Intalco has a private recrea-
                        tion space that provides a clubhouse, a baseball field, a horseshoe
                        diamond and tennis courts.

                             The Mountain View Library, located on Lake Terrell Road near Doug-
                        las Road, is   one of eleven branch libraries operated by the Whatcom
                        County library system in addition to the main library on Northwest Road
                        in Bellingham.    Other branch libraries in the County are in Blaine,
                        Deming, Everson, Glacier, Lynden, Newhalen, Point Roberts and at the
                        Sudden Valley development and Diablo Dam.

                             The Ferndale Instructional Center, operated by Whatcom Co      mmunity
                        College, on Third Avenue in'Ferndale, provides a variety of recreation,
                        crafts and education courses.     Other community college instructional
                        centers are located in Blaine (on Portal Way), Lynden (6th and Grover)
                        and Bellingham (Northwest Road near Smith, Marine Drive and Midtown on
                        Commercial). Other educational and enrichment opportunities offered by
                        higher educational facilities in the County are discussed in the Educa-
                        tion Section earlier in this report.

                             The City of Ferndale requires new housing developments to retain a
                        minimum area as park space for residents or to pay a fee in lieu and has
                        thus acquired a number of small play area/open space parcels. The Flair
                        property is one such park; it has been cleared by residents and is used
                        as a play area.   Another small (1-112 acre) park, located at the North-
                        west corner of Thornton and Mallory Roads, has recently been dedicated in
                        connection with another subdivision.      A third small park is in the
                        process of being developed by joint City/resident efforts on 3 acres
                        located at Aquarius Way.

                             In addition to those school facilities listed in Table VI, actually
                        located within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, other facilities of
                        the Ferndale, Blaine and Meridian School Districts are near enough to be
                        utilized by Sub Area residents for recreational purposes.

                                                         91

                            The Whatcom County YMCA also provides recreational facilities ac-
                       cessible to Sub Area residents.     The YMCA has an indoor facility in
                       Bellingham that has a swimming pool, gymnasium, handball and squash
                       courts and multi-purpose rooms. A number of youth and church groups, as
                       well as the Ferndale School District, use the pool for instruction and
                       competition.

                            An additional property on Thornton Road is planned for park devel-
                       opment by the City of Ferndale at some future date.      This is a 5-acre
                       site 112 mile west of Church Road, acquired by the City for a water
                       facility.   It is intended that the water facility will occupy 1/2-acre
                       and the remainder will be developed as a park.

                            A citizen's group, the Ferndale Recreational Association, has been
                       formed with the intention of formulating a recreation plan and capital
                       improvement program for the City.      It is possible that a bond issue
                       proposal for a park, pool and library facility may be forthcoming within
                       a year or two (Ferndale Parks Board,   July 31, 1979, Personal Communica-
                       tion).

                                                    FIRE PROTECTION

                            Fire protection services in the Cherry   Point-Ferndale Sub Area are
                       provided by the Ferndale Fire Department which serves Fire District No.
                       7. The boundaries of Fire District No. 7 are roughly identical to those
                       of the Sub Area, extending approximately to Aldrich Road on the east, Bay
                       (Harksell) Road on the north, Slater Road on the south and to the water
                       on the west.

                            The Ferndale Fire Department maintains three fire stations:        Fire
                       Station #1, located at the intersection of Washington Avenue and 3rd
                       Street in Ferndale; Fire Station #2, currently located in a leased facil-
                       ity on the Arco refinery site; and Fire Station #3, located on Northwest
                       Drive near the intersection with Smith Road.        Construction on a new
                       replacement facility for Fire Station #2 has begun at a site near the

                                                        92

                         intersection of Kickerville and Brown Roads. The new Fire Station #2 is.
                         expected to be in use within 3 months   . Stations #1 and #3 are both less
                         than 5 years old. Locations of Stations #1, #3 and the new #2, now under
                         construction, are shown on Figure 26, Police and Fire Protection Facili-
                         ties.

                               The Ferndale Fire Department is a volunteer force consisting of 70
                         volunteers and a full-time, paid fire chief.       Current equipment of the
                         Department includes four pumpers (two 1,500-gallon, one 750-gallon, and
                         one 500-gallon), three 300-gallon mini-pumpers, and two tanker/pumpers
                         (one 2,200-gallon tanker with a 500-gallon pumper, and one 1,000-gallon
                         tanker with-a 500-gallon pumper). One new 1,500-gallon pumper has been
                         ordered and will be delivered in November, 1979.

                               Specifications are now being prepared by the Department to order
                         two new mini-pumpers and a new 2,500-gallon tanker with a 1,000-gallon,
                         or larger, pumper.     These additional mini-pumpers and tanker/pumpers
                         will not be obtained until 1981.       It is conceivable, should the need
                         arise, that the Department might eventually consider maintaining part of
                         its firefighting force on a paid basis. The location of current manpower
                         and equipment, by station, is shown in Table XI, Fire Protection Facil-
                         ities in Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.

                               Each of the mini-pumpers currently utilized by the Ferndale Fire
                         Department is equipped and used as a rescue and aid vehicle. Twenty-two
                         of the Department's volunteer firefighters have been trained as emer-
                         gency medical technicians.

                               The Ferndale Fire Department's services that are provided to the
                         three major industrial facilities (the Mobil and Arco        refineries, and
                         Intalco Aluminum), are, in some cases, supplemented by       these company's
                         own fire-fighting capabilities.       Both Arco and Mobil    have their own
                         fire-fighting crews and equipment. However, while Arco       has an arrange-
                         ment to receive backup'services from the Ferndale Department and shares
                         in the financial support of the District, Mobil presently has no such

                                                            93

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                                                                 Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                                 Sub Area                                                                                                                                              ---- - --------

                             NORTH
                              1000' 1000'        4000' SCALE IN FEET                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1 1011

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Police Stations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Fire Stations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Police Statistical Grid Districts

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sources: Whatcom County Sheriffs I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Ferndale Police Departmen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Ferndale Fire Department.

                                                      TABLE   XI

                               Fire Protection Facilities in Cherry Point Sub Area

                                                Fire District No. 7

               STATIONS/LOCATION                     FIREFIGHTERS                       EQUIPMENT
               Fire Station #1                     30 Volunteers                     1 1500-gallon pumpe'r
                 Washington Avenue                 I Full-time Chief                 I 750-gallon pumper
                 & 3rd Street                                                        1 2,200-gallon tanker
                                                                                       with 500-gallon pumper
                                                                                     1 300-gallon mini _pumperb

               Fire Station #2 (under              20 Volunteers                     1 500-gallon pumper
                 construction)a.                                                     1 300-gallon mini-pumperb
                 Kickerville & Brown                                                 1 1,500-gallon pumper
                 Roads                                                                 (expected Nov., 1979)

               Fire Station #3                     20 Volunteers                     1 1,500-gallon pumper
                 Northwest Drive                                                     I 300-gallon mini-pumperb
                 & Smith Road                                                        I 1,000-gallon tanker
                                                                                       with 500-gallon pumper

                 aPresent Station No. 2 is located in leased facility on ARCO property.
                 bEach mini-pumper is also equipped as an aid-rescue vehicle.

               Source: Ferndale    Fire Department, July, 1979.

                                                           95

                        arrangement, is technically outside the Fire District and does not spe-
                        cifically contribute funds to its support. Mobil is now requesting the
                        establishment of a formal mutual aid agreement with the Ferndale Fire
                        Department.

                              Although Intalco Aluminum has some firefighting capabilities, their
                        service  is basically limited to the special training of some of its
                        security personnel and possession of hose line on its premises.
                        Intalco's facilities, therefore, rely primarily on the Ferndale Fire
                        Department for their fire protection resources.

                              Current fire protection facilities and services in the Cherry Point
                        area (including the new station) are thought adequate. The fire insur-
                        ance rati ng f or the C i ty of F erndal e i s 6 on a s cal e of 10 (where 10 means
                        no fire protection at all). The rating assigned the outlying areas is 8
                        or 9, depending on the'distance from fire hydrants and other factors.

                              Though not served  by water mains and hydrants, there are, in gen-
                        eral, no problems serving outlying areas.      It is estimated that a fire
                        anywhere within the district can be responded to within 5 minutes time.
                        Existing equipment can carry enough water to handle residential fires,
                        though there is some question regarding carrying enough to deal with
                        fires in larger structures such as barns.      There is, however, a mutual
                        aid pact among all the fire departments within Whatcom County. Should it
                        be necessary, the Ferndale Department could call on any other county
                        department for assistance.

                              The volume of calls in the Ferndale Fire District currently aver-
                        Ages about 1h calls per day. Approximately 40-50 percent of these calls
                        are aid and rescue calls; the remainder are primarily residential or barn
                        fires.  The only major industrial fire in recent years was a refinery
                        fire  at-Arco that occurred about 112 years ago.

                                                          .96

                                                         POLICE

                            Police services within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area'are pro-
                       vided for the City of Ferndale by the Ferndale Police Department and for
                       the rest of the Sub Area by the Whatcom County Sher if f ' s Department.
                       Although the Departments have separate funding and separate primary jur-
                       isdictions, they share a common dispatch system and provide mutual sup-
                       port to assure imediate responses to calls.

                            The Ferndale Police Department, which consists of 6 full-time
                       officers, including the Police Chief, and. two clerical support staff, is
                       headquartered at 2nd Street and Vista Drive in Ferndale. The Department
                       has 3 patrol cars.    The locations of police facilities are shown in
                       Figure 26.

                            The Whatcom County Sheriff's Department, which consists of 16 sworn
                       deputies, 5 supervisors and 29 support staff, has administrative offices
                       in the Bellingham Court House. In addition to the patrol officers based
                       in Bellingham, the County has three deputies who are based in towns in
                       the area, 2 in Pt. Roberts and 1 in Newhalen.

                            The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area is riot a high crime area; it does
                       not generate a large number of calls.

                            Information on response times and calls is maintained by the
                       Sheriff's Department on a county-wide grid system. These grids are shown
                       in Figure 26. Their information for the month of June, 1979, is summar-
                       ized in the Table below.

                                   Total Number of       Total Time Spent     Average  Response
                       Grid Section         Calls              On Each Call            Time

                          65                20                   40                    13
                          66                 5                   46                    22
                          67                46                   39                    14
                          68                62                   41                    22

                       Source: Whatcom County Sheriff's Department, July, 1979.
                       For July, 1979, the average response time ranges from 13-22 minutes.

                                                        97

                           The Sheriffts Department has indicated   that a need for 10 additional
                       officers to effectively serve the area.       An immediate addition of 4
                       officers has been requested and it is hoped that several more will be
                       added in each of the coming years.

                                                       HEALTH CARE

                           Most of the information in this section was obtained from the North
                       Puget Sound Health Council, a subdivision of the 10-County Puget Sound
                       Health Systems Agency, which is responsible for health planning in What-
                       com County.

                       Hospitals

                           Serving Whatcom County, there are two non-federal hospitals in Bel-
                       lingham:

                                  St. Joseph Hospital, a 103-bed hospital operated by the Sis-
                                  ters of St. Joseph of Peace, Health and Hospitals Services, a
                                  non-profit corporation. Most obstetric and pediatric patients
                                  are treated here.

                                  St. Luke's Hospital, a 11.2-bed facility, operated by another
                                  non-profit corporation.

                             Most general hospital services are available to area residents and
                       seem to be adequate for the area population.         For such specialized
                       services as coronary care, hemodialysis and radiation therapy, residents
                       usually travel to Seattle.

                            Two separate studies of Whatcom County's hospitals, one by the
                       North Puget Sound Health Council and one by the Whatcom County Citizens
                       Task Force for Medical Care Facilities,, reported that Whatcom County's
                       hospitals are overly sufficient for both current and 1990-projected hos-
                       pital needs. The Task Force recommended consolidating St. Joseph and St.

                                                        98

                        Luke's into a single location to save money and to create  a more effic-
                        ient operation.

                        Clinics

                             In addition to using the County's hospitals, Cherry   Point-Ferndale
                        Sub Area residents receive primary    health and medical care services
                        through several community clinics. Community clinics located in Whatcom
                        County are listed in Table XII. These clinics provide a variety of acute
                        and chronic care, services (including emergency, screening, diagnosis and
                        treatment) as well as prevention and health education services. They are
                        thought adequate to area's needs.   Located within the Sub Area itself,
                        the Ferndale Medical Clinic provides facilities for general health care
                        and minor emergencies, and is currently staffed by 2 physicans and 3
                        medical assistants.   The Whatcom County Health Department also brings
                        health care services (such as screening and immunization) to areas that
                        need them via mobile units.

                        Physicians

                             In keeping with the general adequacy of health care in the area,
                        there appear to be a sufficient number of physicians and other licensed
                        health care profes sionals, according to a 1978 report by the North Puget
                        Sound Health Council.    This report does, indicate that the physician
                        distribution may be skewed so that particular primary care needs may not
                        be met i n certain areas.   Table XIII summarizes physician and other
                        professional services available to Whatcom County residents.

                        Emergency Medical Services

                             Hospital-based emergency medical services are provided to residents
                        in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area by St. Joseph and St. Luke's
                        hospitals, which together, provide 24-hour coverage as well as lab,
                        x-ray, helipad and EMT and Paramedic-staffed ambulance services. Within
                        the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, these are supplemented by the aid/

                                                        99

                                              Table X11

                                         LIST OF COMMUNITY CLINICS

         1.  Bellingham-Whatcom Department of              14.   St. Luke's Hospital
             Public Health,                                      Emergency Room
             Bellingham                                          Bellingham

         2.  Children's Clinic                             15.   St. Luke's Hypertension Clinic
             Whatcom County Orthopedic Association               Bellingham
             Bellingham
                                                           16.   San Juan County
         3.  Countywide Ambulance Service                        Health Department
             Bellingham                                          Friday Harbor

         4.  Free Dental Clinic                            17.   Skagit County Health Department
             Bellingham                                          A. ML Vernon
                                                                 B. Anacortes
         5.  Inter-Island Medical Center                         C. Sedro Woolley
             Friday Harbor                                 18.   Skagit VaIlley.Hospital
         6.  Island County Health Department                     Emergency Room
             A. Coupeville                                       Mt. Vernon
             B. Camano Mini Courthouse
                                                           19.   United General Hospital
         7.  Island County Home Health Services                  Emergency Room
             Langley                                             Sedro Woolley

         8.  Island Hospital                               20.   Visiting Nurse Home Health Care
             Emergency Medical Services                          Agency of Whatcom County
             Anacortes                                           Bellingham

         9.  Lummi Indian Health Center                    21.   Wellspring Women's Clinic
             Bellingham                                          Langley

        10.  Ferndale Medical Clinic
             Ferndale                                      22.   Western Washington State College
                                                                 Student Health Service
        11.  Orcas Island Medical Center                         Bellingham.
             Eastsound,                                    23.   Whatcom-Skagit Rural Opportunity
        12.  Planned Parenthood of Whatcom County                Council Health Clinic
             Bellingham                                          A. Mt. Vernon
                                                                 B. Lynden
        13.  St. Joseph's Hospital
             Emergency Services                            24.   Whidbey General Hospital
             Bellingham                                          Emergency Room
                                                                 Coupeville

                                                  100

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                      rescue equipped mini- pumpers and EMT staff maintained by the     Ferndale
                      Fire bepartment.

                      Long Term Care Facilities

                           There are,twelve such facilities serving the Sub Area, as listed in
                      Table XIV. Pioneer Ridge Healthcare is in Ferndale and provides for 50
                      skilled nursing care patients and 12 intermediate care patients. It has
                      a staff of 7 R.N., 3 L.P.N., 21 aide/orderly and 2 administrative person-
                      nel.

                      Mental Health Services

                           Mental health services are provided by the following facilities.

                                 St. Joseph and St. Luke's: Short-term psychiatric hospitaliz-
                                 ation by agreement with the Whatcom Counselling and Psychia-
                                 tric Clinic.

                                 Whatcom Counselling and Psychiatric Clinic:    Outpatient ser-
                                 vices--therapy sessions, crafts, activities, work opportuni-
                                 ties and a special program for older clients.

                                 Blue Canyon Facility: Long-term and transitional psychiatric
                                 care, crafts, outdoor recreation and social activities.

                                 Sun Halfway House:     Transitional psychiatric care, weekly
                                 meetings with clients, weekend social and recreational activi-
                                 ties.

                                 Larrabee House (run by the YWCA):     Transitional psychiatric

                                 care.

                                 Sun Crisis Center: 24-hour emergency telephone crisis inter-
                                 vention services and coordination of squad teams that provide
                                 direct mental health emergency services on site.

                                                      102

                                  Cat lic Family and Children's Services:     Various outpatient
                                  services.

                             In addition to these nine agencies, there are six psychiatrists in
                        private practice in the County (North Puget Sound Health Council, Novem-
                        ber, 1977). The Bellingham-Whatcom County Public Health Department and
                        the Northwest Center for human development in Bellingham also provide
                        mental health therapy services. All of these health care services appear
                        adequate for current and 1990-projected populations.

                             Several other organizations provide a variety of social and human
                        services which supplement those described above.      The Whatcom County
                        Opportunity Council, based in Bellingham, provider health information
                        and referral, homemaker and home health aide as well  as outreach, educa-
                        tional programs, employment referral, advocacy,       transportation and
                        household repair services to disadvantaged individuals.     Project Con-
                        cern, located in Ferndale, also provides home nursing/health aide, chore
                        services, visitation,   information and referral,     transportation and
                        household repair services for poor and/or elderly individuals free of
                        charge. In addition, these types of services, as well as social casework
                        and monetary assistance, are available through t  he State Department of
                        Social and Health Services to those meeting the financial eligibility
                        requirements. Other groups and organizations such as the Red Cross, the
                         ight House Mission, Salvation Army and Veterans Services in Bellingham
                        and Project Hope, in Lynden, provide additional assistance, counseling,
                        and outreach programs. Information, referral, outreach and recreation
                        programs as well as actual treatment are provided for alcoholism by the
                        Whatcom County Alcoholism services in Bellingham.

                                                         103

                            Table XIV Whatcom County Long        Term Care   Facilities

                  1.  Alderwood Park Convalescent and Retirement Center
                      2726 Alderwood Avenue
                      Bellingham, WA 98225
                            733-2322 (Walbert Peterson, Administrator)

                  2.  Bellingham Villa Care Center
                      1200 Birchwood Avenue
                      Bellingham, WA 98225
                            734-9295 (Shirley Hanson, Administrator)

                  3.  Christian Rest Home
                      205 South B.C. Avenue
                      Lynden, WA 98264
                            354-4434 (A.L. Plagerman, Administrator

                  4.  Highland Convalescent Center
                      2400 Samish Way
                      Bellingham, WA 98225
                            734-4800 (Walbert Peterson, Administrator)

                  5.  Icelandic Old Folks Home
                      Fourth and D Streets
                      Blaine, WA 98230
                            332-8733 (Marjorie Hurd, Administrator)

                  6.  Needham's Nursing Home
                      1509 East Victor Street
                      Bellingham, WA 98225
                        1 733-3140, 733-3141 (J.F. Wiley, Administrator)

                  7.  O'Cains Nursing Home
                      1817 Knox Avenue
                      Bellinghan WA 98225
                            733-4870

                  8.  Pioneer Ridge   Healthcare
                      567 East Seamount Drive
                      Ferndale, WA 98248
                            384-1277 (Nancy Gullikson, Administrator)

                  9.  St. Francis Convalescent Home
                      2315 Williams Street
                      Bel I inghar% WA 98225
                            734-6760 (James Hall, Administrator)

                 10.  Seh6me Convalescent and Retirement Center
                      700 32nd'Street
                      Bellingham, WA 98225
                            734-9330 (Gordon DenAdel, Administrator)

                                                          104

                     Table xIV
                     Page 2

                    11.   Shuksan Convalescent Center
                          1530 James Street
                          Bellingham, WA 98225
                                733-9161 (Nonabelle    Marten, Administrator)

                    12..  Whatcom County Infirmary
                          5280 Northwest Road
                          Bellingham, WA 98225
                                734-4181 (Joseph L. Clark, Administrator)

                     Source: North Puget Sound Health Council, September 9, 1976 and May,                1979.

                                                                105

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     I                          ISSUES AND CONCERNS
     I
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                                                  ISSUES AND CONCERNS

                                                       LAND USE

                       General Issues and Concerns

                            From the foregoing discussion of.existing land use  and the identi-
                       fication of land use trends within the Sub Area and the  County, several
                       considerations are apparent. These are:
                                 The potential for conflicting land uses to locate near each
                                 other
                                 The Ferndale    Whatcom County interface
                                 The conservation/protection     of environmentally sensitive

                                 areas
                                 The location and the density of future residential uses
                                 The retention of economically viable land uses
                                 The maintenance of flexibility in future land use decision
                                 making
                                 The consistent enforcement of comprehensive plan goals and
                                 zoning ordinance regulations.

                       Area-Specific Issues and Concerns

                            These considerations are, to one degree or another, relevant to
                       much of the Sub Area.   But, in order to illustrate the nature of these
                       existing and potential problems in more concrete terms, six case study
                       areas are described. The areas are shown in Figure 27, and for'conven-
                       ience, are named West Smith Road-Northwest Drive Area,, Portal Way-Kass
                       Road Area, North Ferndale Area, Interstate 5-Grandview Road Area, Point
                       Whitehorn-Birch Bay Area, and Cherry Point Area. The series of photo-
                       graphs in Figure 28 illustrate some of the concerns present in these

                       areas.

                            West Smith Road - Northwest Drive Area

                            This area encompasses North Bellingham and is the most "urban" of
                       any area in the Sub Area outside the City of Ferndale.

                                                        106

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                3 North Ferndale Area
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                   The intersection of West Smith Road and Northwest Drive is the
                   commercial and institutional hub of North Bellingham. Continued
                   growth in the area under existing General Protection zoning will
                   be difficult to manage.

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                   Conflicting land uses are beginning to locate near each other in             Land Use Issues
                   some parts of the Sub Area. Here on West Axton Road a junk yard,
                   pasture and residential subdivision are close together.

                                                                     108                        figure 28

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                    to developers but current management tools may not control the
                    potential for strip development.

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                    Businesses along Portal Way presently serve  a relatively small
                    population but future population growth may  foster strip
                    commercial development.

                                                                      109

                     Mobile home parks are prevalent along Portal Way and represent
                     @n important housing alternative. Aesthetics has not been an
                     important design element, however.

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                     The location of multifamily housing has not been well controlled
                     in the past. Apartments will increase in significance in the
                     f

                     future as a viable housing alternative.

                                                                      110

                             The area is zoned for general use under the General Protection (GP)
                       zoning classification and is within commuting distance from Bellingham,
                       Ferndale and Cherry Point. Both of these factors have contributed to a
                       fragmentation of land use characterized by sprawling and uncoordinated
                       growth.   The GP zone allows for a broad range of land uses with no
                       accounting for the potential of incompatible uses to locate near each
                       other. To date the problem has been minimized. The area has an overall
                       low density with one to several vacant lots intervening between occupied
                       parcels. However, because of the location of the district within commut-
                       ing distance of major employment centers, pressure will probably
                       increase to infill and subdivide the remaining vacant land.              With
                       increasing population, retail and commercial service functions will
                       attempt entry and the potential for incompatible uses locating next to
                       each other may become a reality.

                       2.    Portal Way - Kass Road Area

                             Portal Way provides excellent access to the area east of Interstate
                       5 and west of the Nooksack River. The area is isolated from Ferndale by
                       the freeway and from the rest of the Sub Area to the east by the Nooksack
                       River.   The good access provided by Portal Way and the constraints to
                       east-west growth by the freeway and river naturally promote strip devel-
                       opment.   Currently, the area is occupied by several mobile home and
                       recreational vehicle parks and a scattering of commercial-retail estab-
                       lishments near the access to Interstate 5.

                             Several existing and potential land use problems are illustrated in
                       this district. The narrowness of the district and limited access to it
                       promote "strip" development which is not functional, aesthetic or the
                       best use of natural resources and energy.       Although Interstate 5 is a
                       barrier to direct linkage with the City of Ferndale, the area is within a
                       logical service area of the City. Land use planning for the area should
                       be done with the City to foster unified answers to questions of future
                       land use. Because Portal Way does provide good access to Ferndale and

                      Interstate 5, an issue that is likely to recur is that the access depen-
                      dent functions of retail, commercial, multifamily and mobile home parks
                      will increas6 in number but possibly with,little reference to the loca-
                      tion of other functions.   The area is currently zoned for General Bus-
                      iness (GB) and Suburban Residential (S3), but proposed multifamil    y use
                      is also shown on existing zoning maps.

                           The potential exists to overbuild for any one function especially
                      if growth is not coordinated between the County and the City of Ferndale.

                      3.   North Ferndale Area

                           Land use issues and concerns in the North Ferndale Area seem to be
                      related mainly to problems that could occur if development continues in
                      the pattern established to date.      Under current zoning, the area is
                      divided between Suburban Farm (five acre minimum size) and General Pro-
                      tection (GP). North Ferndale has historically been a farming area, but,
                      because the area contains view and topographic amenities, the area is
                      also very desirable for residential use. Single family subdivisions are
                      located up to the Ferndale city limit while actively farmed land predom-
                      inates on the County side.    Single family homes on five acre or larger
                      parcels are common along Vista Drive.

                           The general issues identified at the beginning of this section are
                      especially evident here.     Conflicts between an expanding demand for
                      single family housing and the desirability of retaining viable farm land
                      could arise.    Current Suburban Farm zoning implicitly promotes small
                      farms that are, in effect, "hobby" or "weekend" farms. Small farms are
                      not "productive" in the same way that larger farms are with the result
                      that otherwise productive farm land is removed.     In addition, there is
                      the practical matter that conflicts clearly exist between the usual farm
                      activities and residential uses, even at low density. Movement of farm
                      machinery interrupts or slows traffic and the range of rich farm smells
                      does not seem compatible with residential life to most people.

                                                          112

    0

                                        Second, Suburban Farm Zoning can promote low density development to
    					the point that local utilities and road maintenane abilities are taxed.
    					It costs more to provide services to a dispersed population than to a
    					more concentrated one.

    						Finally, an historic problem in developing the North Ferndale area
    					has been that the differences between the design specificaions for
    					subdivisions of the City of Ferndale and those of Whatcom County have led
    					to problems upon annexation.  Because Ferndale's specifications for
    					curbs, gutters, and stormwater are tighter, the difference has set up a
    					variety of practical problems for residents and Ferdale officals after
    					the subdivisions have been annexed to the City.  Residents of newly
    					annexed subdivisions have asked Ferndale officials to either add curbs
    					and gutters or to assist in stormwater control and the City is fiscally
    					unable to do so .

    						Another lesser concern is apparent in this area.  Because the topog-
    					raphy of the area offers panoramic views to the east and south, and
    					because the terrain of the area is hummocky, development within the area
    					is or may become visible from along streets.  Much of the eastern flank
    					of the area is visible from Interstate 5.  The views from residences
    					present highly desirable amenities but bare views into subdivisions are
    					not as aesthetically pleasing as hillsides scattered with uncoordinated
    					housing developments.

    					4.  Interstate 5 - Grandview Area

    						The area surrounding the intersection of Interstate 5 and Grandview
    					Road is one of the most accessible in the Sub Area.  Interstate 5
    					provides access to Ferndale and Bellinghma and north to Canada.  Portal
    					Way and Grandview Road both provide access to parcels on the west of the
    					freeway.  Grandview Road also provids access to the Cherry Point indus-
    					trial area.  In addition to these roadway routes, there is a railroad
    					which connects the area to Cherry Point and points south.  This combina-
    					tion makes this intersection a potentially critical hub for a wide range
    					of commercial- industrial uses.

    										113

                            The basic issue in this area is how to balance development and at
                       the same time maintain the accessibility that is, in a sense, a nonrenew-
                       abl e resource.   Once access is disrupted, it is very difficult to
                       restore. There are, currently, no plans for this area that guarantee a
                       use that takes advantage.of its accessibility.        Current zoning is a
                       mixture of Single Family, one acre mi,nimum lot size, General Protection;
                       Suburban Farm, five acre minimum size; and Contract Zone.     (The Contract
                       Zone is a classification that allows flexible land use decision-making
                       by requiring all plans to be justified and enforced through contractual
                       agreements between the developer and the County.)

                       5.   Point Whitehorn - Birch Bay Area

                            At present, land use conflicts are minimal in the Point Whitehorn
                       area despite the fact that six different land use zones are present;
                       recreational open space (ROS); single-family, 4 lots per acre (S4);
                       neighborhood business (NB); rural farming (RF); light      impact industry
                       (LII); and heavy impact industry (HII).      Land in any   one zone is not
                       completely developed.   Because of this, land use conflicts are not now
                       significant.   Further, the combination of zones is not unreasonable
                       considering long standing recreational and residential uses around Birch
                       Bay, Point Whitehorn and industry on Cherry Point.

                            Several potential land use conflicts are possible,    however, if and
                       when any one land use expands. Expansion or intensified    activity in any
                       one zone will exert pressure on uses in surrounding zones. The conflicts
                       that are most probable in the future are between:     (1) residential (S4)
                       and recreational uses (ROS) because of trespassing problems or because
                       of the desire to rezone recreational land for residential use; and (2)
                       residential (S4) and light, industry because of the potential for air
                       degradation and transportation conflicts.

                       6.   Cherry Point Area

                            The Cherry Point Area   at present does not exhibit major land use
                       conflicts because, like the   Point Whitehorn Area, the land is not com-

                                                           114

                     pletely deVeloped and industries present are buffered from each othe@:
                     and surrounding uses by large parcels in vacant, forested or pasture use.
                                                II                                                           I
                          Three problems exist concerning future development,            however.
                     Cherry Point represents a regional and national reso.urce as        the only
                     virtually undeveloped,,, deep water port in the United States.      Port and
                     shipping technology i;� changing at a rapid rate and the issue      of main-
                     taining flexibility:/in adequately meeting technological change     is para-
                     mount.   Shoreland 'zoning and upland zoning are inconsistent,      however,
                     and may stand in the way of effective industrial development.             The
                     shoreland is under General Protection (GP) zoning while the uplands are
                     designated for High Impact Industrial (HII).        The purpose of General
                     Protection zoning is to keep restrictions of industrial, business and
                     concentrated residential development to a necessary minimum. More spe-
                     cific zoning would be helpful in guiding industrial development. Like-
                     wise, the present conservancy classification of the shoreli'ne by the
                     Washington State Department of Ecology does not allow industrial devel-
                     opment of the shoreline to the same high degree that the Heavy Impact
                     Industrial zone allows on the upland.

                                         ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO THE

                                        WHATCOM COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND

                                               INTERIM ZONING ORDINANCE

                                Whatcom County Comprehensive Plan

                           The county comprehensive plan, as it currently exists, is not an
                     effective document to guide planning for the future of the County.          It
                     does contain the generalized goals that are applicable to present pro-
                     blems but it lacks an adequate baseline of current physical. and socio-
                     economic information relevant to the planning process now employed. It
                     also is based on assumptions regarding population and economic growth
                     that are outdated.    It also is unclear about controlling the timing of
                     development. This is a new county-wide challenge. Policies are written

                                                        115

                       in too broad a manner, some can often be interrupted in different ways
                       and are thus difficult to enforce consistently or to defend.           For
                       example, the location and development of new business is encouraged to
                       adjoin existing businesses on the same side of the street to curtail the
                       indiscriminent location of business along arterials (p. 39-40).        The
                       plan goes on to suggest that new business be restricted to arterial road
                       an highway locations (p. 40).     The intent may be clear, that is, to
                       cluster business activity, but the detail of the language is open to
                       interpretation.   In a rural-urban fringe area, isolated business loca-
                       tions on arterials may seem to make sense until it is realized that it is
                       difficult to draw the line between one more business and the effect of
                       fostering a diffused commercial strip development as is apparent along
                       Axton Way.

                                 Whatcom County Interim Zoning Ordinance

                            The Whatcom County interim zoning ordinance, in general,  provides a
                       clear discussion of land use regulations for the County. Readers may,
                       however, find that the wording makes it difficult to distinguish between
                       similar zoning classifications.     For example, the Suburban District,
                       Suburban Residential District, Residential District, Rural Residential
                       District and Rural Suburban District all allow three families per acre
                       and, yet, are different from each other.

                            In addition to these wording problems, the zoning code fosters
                       comparatively low density residential development.      Only 2 of the 13
                       zones for residential use regulate multi- family use and the highest
                       density use is 7 families per acre.    Low density residential uses is a
                       major characteristic of the Sub Area and County as a whole, but provi-
                       sions need to be made for the selective development of higher residential
                       density areas.

                            While the zoning code provides very specific discussions of resi-
                       dential use, it is vague regarding the contract zone which reads:

                                                          116

                            2.24.530 CZ CONTRACT ZONE DISTRICT

                            .010 PURPOSE

                                  The purpose and intent of this    classification is to pro-
                                  vide a use designation that       is sufficiently broad to
                                  enable the county to utilize      an agreement relating to
                                  permitted uses or other similar method as a means of
                                  flexible planning.

                            .050  PERMITTED USES

                                  All uses shall be prohibited except those uses which are
                                  expressly designated in a written agreement between the
                                  County and the person or persons who own land affected by
                                  this zone. Upon termination of the concomitant agreement
                                  all uses designated in such agreement shall become con-
                                  ditionally permitted and all other uses shall remain pro-
                                  hibited.

                                  (CZ District adopted 4-4-77)

                            The contract rezone can be an effective tool in regulating land use
                       but should be applied to a specific land use zone or should be used as an
                       option in any zone to enhance development.

                            The Zoning Ordinance also does not provide specific guidelines for
                       residential subdivisions, for mobile home development, for the problems
                       accompanying adjacent development with two different zoning classifica-
                       tions, for Planned Unit Developments for industrial, commercial, office
                       or residential use, or for other more innovative approaches to fostering
                       effective and aesthetic higher density development.

                            For the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area specifically, zoning issues
                       are related to the potential incompatibility between the General Protec-
                       tion (GP) classification of the Shoreline and the High Impact Industrial
                       (HII) designation of the uplands, and the application of the General
                       Protection zone to rapidly urbanizing areas.              The issue of the
                       shoreline-upland conflict was discussed earlier.          General Protection
                       classifications along any major arterial near Interstate 5 raise the
                       issue of potentially uncoordinated growth where conversion of agricul-
                       tural land to commercial or residential functions may conflict with each
                       other.

                                                           117

                                              PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

                         Physical environmental information is one of several considerations
                    in the planning policy development process.    This information was pro-
                    vided in the Existing Conditions section. An analysis of these elements
                    will identify areas suitable for intensive human use or structural
                    development while minimizing the excessive cost or risk associated with
                    its inherent and fixed qualities. It is the purpose of this section to
                    identify those physical factors within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                    Area that are relevant to development and to delineate those environ-
                    ments that could pose constraints or could be adversely affected by
                    development. Photos in Figure 29-illustrate some of the physical envi-
                    ronmental constraints in the Sub Area.

                                           GENERAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS

                              Unstable Slopes

                         Slopes over 15 percent and underlain by materials that foster mud or
                    debris flows were mapped. These slopes are present along the sea cliffs
                    at Cherry Point and Point Whitehorn and in isolated areas.in  the eastern
                    half of the Sub Area.   The primary issue is that future development be
                    sensitive to these slopes and not increase slippage potential.

                              Prime Farmlands

                         Farmlands designated as prime farmlands by the Soil Conservation
                    Service and the Cooperative Extension Service are shown in Figure 30.
                    Because productive agricultural land is a diminishing resource, and
                    because agriculture, while an active land use, has aspects that enhance
                    the physical and human environment, agricultural land should be con-
                    served.

                                                        118

                     --L 4A

                    The North Ferndale hills are hummocky and in places contain
                    unstable slopes. Both features are the result of glacial processes.

                                                                                                  Physical
                    Steep unstable coastal cliffs, a conservancy zoned shoreline                  Environmental Features
                    and sensitive beach processes make coastal development difficult.

                                                                      119                         figure 29

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                     The Nooksack River and its .75   to 3.0 mile wide 100 Year  Flood
                     Main are im,orIanI plysical,environmenlal and land     use factors

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                     The Lake Terrell State Game Range is one of the three State
                     designated Critical Wildlife Habitats in the Sub Area.

                                                                         120

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                                            Sub Area

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               1000' 2000' 4000' SCALE IN FEET
                                                                                                                                  I Pill J0,

                                                                                                                          Prime Farmlands (Soil Conse
                                                                                                                          Prime Farmlands (Cooperativ
                                                                                                                          Prime Farmlands (Soil Conse
                                                                                                                                     Cooperative

                               Soils Subject to Ponding or Fluctuating Water Tables

                          Large areas of the Sub Area are yulunerable to ponding or to sea-
                     sonal fluctuations in the water table due to such factors as the presence
                     of impermeable "hard pan" immediately below the surface.       These are
                     mapped in Figure 23. Issues related to this are that development requir-
                     ing septic tanks and drain fields or wells can healthfully develop only
                     with difficulty.   With increased pressure to develop in these areas,
                     utility services not now available may be required.    At the same time,
                     extension of water and sewer service significantly affects the rate and
                     direction of growth of all types.     General engineering properties of
                     geological units are summarized in Figure 31.

                               Vegetation

                          Vegetation is a critical element for wildlife habitats.    The pri-
                     mary issue associated with vegetation is its conservation in its varied
                     forms throughout the Sub Area. Wooded areas, open space and silt marshes
                     are equally important.

                               Wildlife Habitat

                          All major wildlife habitats in the Sub Area face the potential for
                     disruption or for a reduction in size.      At present, residential and
                     commercial land uses are beginning to encroach on Lake Tennant and water
                     quality in the lower Nooksack is not enhancing Salmon runs. Saltwater
                     marsh areas adjacent to Gulf Road and Terrell Creek are being pressured
                     by competing uses.

                               Groundwater Quality

                          See the Section titled Soils Subject to Ponding and Fluctuating
                     Water Tables above.

                                                         122

                                                                                                                                              Response to                      Slope                     Foundation                      Ease of
                         Geologic Unit             Composition                  Drainage                       Groundwater                   Seismic Shaking                Stability                     Stability                     Excavation

                         Alluvium              Sand & gravel                Good                     High permeability, yields large            High                   Natural slopes             Good to poor, subject to         Easy to excavate
                                                                                                     amounts of groundwater. Water                                       5% are stable            sinking under heavy
                                                                                                     table may be near the surface.                                                               structures

                         Alluvium              Silt & clay                  Moderate to poor         Moderate perTneability, yields             High                   Natural slopes             Good to poor, subject to         Easy to excavate
                                                                                                     moderate amounts of groundwater                                     5% are stable            sinking under heavy
                                                                                                                                                                                                  structures

                         Peat                  Organic matter               Generally poor           Water table near surface, water            High                   Natural slopes             Poor due to settling             Easy to excavate
                                                                                                     unsuitable for domestic con-                                        5% are stable            potential
                                                                                                     sumption

                         Sumas Outwash         Sand & gravel                Good                     Moderate permeability & grounu-            High                   Natural slopes             Good                             Easy to excavate with
                                                                                                     water amounts. Water table may                                      5% are stable                                             hand or power tools
                                                                                                     be near surface.

                         Sumas Outwash         Clay & silt                  Moderate to poor         Moderate permeability   & ground-          High                   Natural slopes             Fair to poor; s -ubject to       Easy to excavate with
                                                                                                     water amounts                                                       5Y are stable            settling under heavy             hand or power tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                  structures

                         Bellinghim            Pebbly silt &                Poor                     Very low permeability, yields              High                   Good when dry, slid-       Poor to fair; low when           Some difficulty in
                         Glaciomarine          clay                                                  little groundwater.    Acts as a                                  ing possible when          saturated                        excavation with hand or
                         Drift                                                                       barrier to vertical movement.                                     saturated                                                   power tools

                         Deming Sand           Mostly sand, some            Good                     Moderate to high permeability,             Moderate               Natural slopes             Good                             Easy to excavate with
                                               gravel                                                yields moderate groundwater                                         5% are stable                                             hand or power tools

                         Kulshan               Pebbly silt &                Poor                     Very low permeability, yields              High                   Good when dry,             Poor to fair; low when           Some difficulty in
                         Glaciomarine          clay                                                  little groundwater                                                subject to sliding         saturated                        excavation with hand or
                         Drift                                                                                                                                         when saturated                                              power tools

                         Vashon Till           Compact till, poorly         Very poor                Low permeability, yields little            Moderate               Good in natural            Good                             Known as "hardpan";
                                               sorted mixture of                                     groundwater.   Acts as a barrier                                  slopes of     5%,                                           difficult excavation
                                               clay, silt, sand,                                     to vertical movement of ground-                                   poor where exposed
                                               pebbles, cobbles                                      water.                                                            in sea cliffs

                         Esperance             Mostly sand, small           Good                     Moderate to high permeability,             Moderate               Poor due to                Not applicable                   Not applicable
                         Sand Member           amounts of gravel                                     moderate groundwater                                              exposure in   sea
                                                                                                                                                                       cliffs

                         Cherry                Silt, clay, sand             Poor                     Low permeability, yields                   Moderate               Poor due to                Not applicable                   Not applicable
                         Point Silt                                                                  little groundwater                                                exposure in   sea
                                                                                                                                                                       cliffs

                         Chuckanut             Sandstone, shale,            Very poor                Very low permeability, meager              Low                    Unexposed                  Not applicabel                   Not applicable
                         Formation             conglomerate                                          groundwater found in some bedding
                                                                                                     & fracture zones
                                           J

                         Source: Modification of Table in
                                   Environmental Geology of Western Whatcom County
                                   Don J. Easterbrook, 1973.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Engineering Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           of Geological Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Within the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Cherry Point-Ferndale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Sub Area

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           figure 31

                                 100 Year F lood Plains

                            Current uses and regulations are generally adequate.

                                 Shoreline Management Areas

                            Present regulations are generally satisfactory and consistent with
                       current uses.

                                 Marine Shorelines

                            There are now few marine shoreline issues. These issues will arise
                       with potential development on the uplands and with any possible require-
                       ments for the use of shoreline areas for indsutrial activities.       Their
                       designation as Conservancy does not appear at present to interfere with
                       current industrial use on the uplands.

                                 Aquatic Shorelines

                            The primary issue regarding aquatic shorelines is water quality
                       degradation caused by agricultural pollutants, principally animal waste
                       and fertilizers.   High concentrations of pollutants in the lower Nook-
                       sack River areas do not promote or enhance salmon spawning.

                                           AREA SPECIFIC ISSUES AND CONCERNS

                            Figure 32 is a composite map that shows the relative locations of
                       physical environmental factors that are constraints to development.
                       Approximately one.third of the Sub Area is covered in soils which are
                       subject to ponding or to a fluctuating water table. The 100 year flood
                       plain covers approximately M percent of the Sub Area.

                            In terms of the environmental considerations shown, the Sub Area
                       can be divided roughly into three zones that each occupy about one-third

                                                          124

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                                                                      Cherry Point-Ferndale                                                                                        C-D
                                                                                                         Sub Area
                                                                                                                                                                                   ------------------                                                                                                          ------------

                                 NORTH

                           0'    1000' 2000'         40011' S-LE IN FEET
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1 11, J-111011

                                 State Designated Critical Wildlife Habitat                                                                                            Whatcom County Shoreline Designation Areas                                                                              Sources:        Whatcorn County Planning
                     fl'11110110                                                                                                                                       - __ -      I                                                                                                                           Washington State Departme
                                 Active Eagle Nest                                                                                                                                 Aquatic (Noted on Map)                                                                                                      Federal Insurance Administr
                                 *Blue Heron Rookery                                                                                                                               Natural                                                                                                                     U.S. Geological Survey,
                      .........  Salmon Spawning & Migration Area                                                                                                                  Conservancy                                                                                                                 Don J. Easterbrook - Envirc
                                 Lake                                                                                                                                              Rural                                                                                                                       of Western Whatcorn Count
                          (:@Reservoir                                                                                                                                 Unstable Slopes - Slopes Greater than 15%,                                                                                              Soil Conservation Service
                         (@@Marsh (Wetlands)                                                                                                                                                         Underlain by Unconsolidated
                      mmma 100 Year River Flood Plain                                                                                                                                                Clayey Material Subject to
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Slumps or Debris Flows
                                 100 Year Coastal Flood Plain
                      lt:@@'@Waters of Statewide Significance
                                 Soils Which May Subject Groundwater to Contamination.

                        of the Sub Area. For coconvenience these are titled      western,  central and
                        eastern.   Of these, the western and eastern are most constraining to
                        development and the central one appears more favorable to development.

                                   Western

                              The bluff and shoreline facing the Georgia     Strait is the most con-
                        straining to development in the Sub Area. Waters there are classed as of
                        statewide significance.      Shoreline processes are sensitive to disrup-
                        tion. Slopes are unstable and sections contain critical wildlife habi-
                        tat.  Inland large areas experience ponding or a fluctuating water table.
                        There are two Blue Heron rookeries and two Bald Eagle nests. The largest
                        area of constraint is within the zone around Lake Terrell,, designated by
                        the State as a Critical Wildlife Habitat.        Some areas adjacent to. the
                        Terrell Creek are also classed as critical -wildlife habitat.

                              It should be noted, however, that despite development constraints,
                        development need not come to a halt. Industrial developments in the area
                        treat their own sewage. Existing industries, while intense, are low in
                        overall density and well buffered from each other by large parcels of
                        wooded or open space.

                              The superimposition of constraining factors does illustrate the
                        issue that remain  ing vacant, unconstrained industrial land is limited.
                        Additionally, expansion of industrial activity north or east of existing
                        industrially zoned land will be constrained by flood plain and critic         al
                        wildlife habitat.

                                   Central

                              In contrast to either the western or eastern thirds of the Sub Area,
                        the Central third is relatively unconstrained by the presence of cri-
                        tical wildlife habitats or by the presences of soils that are subject to
                        fluctuating water tables.      It does contain pockets of unstable slopes
                        north of Grandview Road between Valley View and Elk Roads and a band of

                                                            126

                      unstable soil through Ferndale. The area is cut off to the south by t@e
                      100 year Flood Plain of the Nooksack River. Not shown on this composite
                      map are large blocks of forest land and agriculture. Both these uses are
                      important to regional wildlife habitats. Environmental issues are cen-
                      tered around the. destruction or disruption of the habitat that might
                      occur by removing the cover and by increasing the overall population
                      density with new housing.

                                Eastern

                          .Much  of the Eastern third of the Sub Area is occupied by the 100
                      Year Flood Plain   of the Nooksack River.     The flood plain takes up a
                      Northeast to Southwest band in the Sub Area that expands from a width of
                      approximately one mile to three miles downstream. Fingers of the flood
                      plain project eastward around Ten Mile Creek and Deer Creek. Within the
                      flood plain lies Tennant Lake which is surrounded by a Critical Wildlife
                      Habitat.

                           As important an issue as the flood plain is (because the development
                      of permanent buildings is unwise because of chance of flooding) perhaps a
                      larger environmental consideration is the significant area shown to be
                      subject to ponding and fluctuating water tables. The flood plain is well
                      known and potential development hazards generally'known.       In contrast,
                      soil characteristics are "hidden" and development constraints less
                      apparent.   Most of the area in this third of the Sub Area is unsewered
                      and development to date has used septic tanks as the means of sewage
                      disposal. Continued development using septic tanks has built-in limita-
                      tions given the soils characteristics.       The environmental issues of
                      groundwater contamination accompanying the failure of septic systems
                      then becomes a land use and utilities issue.

                                                        127

                                           TRANSPORTATION/CIRCULATION

                         From the identification of existing conditions discussed in the
                    previous section, issues and c.oncerns about traffic movement have been
                    identified that either now or potentially may interfere with the safe and
                    efficient transportation of people and goods in the Sub Area.        These
                    issues and concerns are discussed in this section to provide a direction
                    for the planning of an efficient and safe transportation system for the
                    residents, merchants and industries of the Sub Area.

                         General concerns for the improvement of the transportation/circula-
                    tion system in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area include reducing
                    traffic accidents, increasing roadway capacities, improving roadway con-
                    ditions, creating convenient access and circulation within the Sub Area,
                    and establishing a public transit service and trail systems.

                        As shown in Figure 17, traffic accidents for the years 1974 through
                    1978 occurred primarily along the major arterials and intersections in
                    the Sub Area. The majority of accidents occurred on Bay Road, Grandview
                    Road, Mountain View Road, Slater Road, Vista Drive, Portal Way - Enter-
                    prise Road, West Axton Road and West Smith Road. Intersections at which
                    a significant number of accidents occurred are Alder Grove Road and Vista
                    Drive, South Church Road and Lampman Road, Slater Road and Haxton Way,
                    Northweste Drive and West Smith Road and Northwest Drive and West Axton

                    Road.

                        Roadway capacity is generally adequate at the present time to
                    accommodate traffic flows in the Sub Area. There are, however, several
                    roadways on which peak volumes of traffic are becoming a concern. These
                    roadways include Mt. View Road from Church Road to Ferndale and Portal
                    Way from Ferndale to Enterprise Road. Other roads on which capacity is
                    also a concern include: Mt. View from Olson to Church Road, Enterprise
                    Road north of its intersection with Portal Way, Northwest Drive from West
                    Smith to Axton Road and West Axton Road from Ferndale to Aldrich Road.

                                                      128

                        As shown in   Table XV, roadway capacity greatly exceeds estimated
                   peak hour volumes  on most arterial roadways in the Sub Area. The capac-
                   ity indicated in the Table, however, represents the maximum traffic
                   volume that can be accommodated on these roadways and generally repre-
                   sents operation at roadway speeds of 30-35 miles per hour and general
                   traffic conditions that the public considers a poor level of service.
                   Practical capacity could be approximately half the capacity figures
                   shown in the Table and indicates that the roads identified above are
                   approaching their realistic, practical capacities.

                        Capacities on the streets within Ferndale limit traffic flows
                   through the city present inconveniences to drivers and hamper traffic
                   circulation within the Sub Area as a whole.       The principal east-west
                   route through Ferndale (Main Street) is now being improved but traffic
                   flows will continue to be impeded through the city due to the congested
                   traffic conditions existing there.      Planning efficient roadway links
                   through Ferndale to provide improved circulation for Sub Area motorists
                   should be coordinated between Whatcom County and the City of Ferndale.

                        As discussed in the Transportation/Circulation Section of Existing
                   Conditions, roadway conditions on many of the arterials within the Sub
                   Area do not meet currently accepted standards of roadway and shoulder
                   widths.   Also, because of roadway subgrade characteristics, many roads
                   are not suitable for travel by trucks during freeze-thaw weather condi-
                   tions.

                        Whatcom County Engineering Department standards call for a minimum
                   22-foot paved roadway with 4-foot wide shoulders.      If this standard is
                   applied to the existing arterials listed in Table XVI, the following
                   roadways have substandard roadway and/or shoulder      widths:     Northwest
                   Drive between Slater and West Smith Road, West Smith   Road from   Northwest
                   Drive to Aldrich Road, the portion of West Smith Road from Interstate-5
                   and Northwest Drive between Byers and Graveline Road (not listed in the
                   table), Portal. Way from Enterprise Road northwest to the Sub Area bound-
                   ary to Custer, Portal Way from Enterprise Road to Ferndale, Grandview

                                                        129

                                                                     T A B L E    XV

                                                              TRAFFIC VOLUME AND CAPACITY

                                                                                                                     ESTIMATED      CAPACITY
                                                                             ARTERIAL       VOLUME        VOLUME     PEAK HOUR      (VEHICLES
                     ROADWAY                       LIMITS                     CLASS.       1970 ADT      1978 ADT       VOLUME      PER HOUR)
           I    Slater Rd             1-5 to Haxton Way                       St Hwy                       3500           420           1302
           2    Slater Rd             Haxton Way to Lk Terrell Rd              Major         1750          1900           228           1391
           3    Northwest   Or        Slater Rd to W Smith Rd                                2550          2935           352           1198
           4    Northwest   Or        W Smith Rd to W Axton Rd                               1600          2275           273           1391
           5    W Smith Rd            1-5 to Northwest Dr                                    1700          2160           259           1228
           6    W Smith Rd            Northwest Dr to Aldrich    Rd                          1800          2355           283            991
           7    W Axton Rd            Ferndale CL to Northwest Dr                            1550          3040           365           1391
           8    Portal Way            Custer to Enterprise Rd                                1250          2020           242            917
           9    Portal Way            Enterprise Rd to Ferndale                              3100          4860           583           1198
         10     Grandview Rd          Portal Way to Vista Dr                                 1750          2395           287           1110
         11     Grandview   Rd        Vista Or to Olson Rd                                    940          1695           203           1309
         12     Grandview   Rd        Olson Rd to Kickerville Rd                              880          1395           167           1302
         13     Grandview   Rd        Kickerville Rd to Jackson                               570          1005           121           1391
         14     Kickerville Rd        Grandview Rd to Rainbow Rd                              960            755            91           973
         15     Rainbow Rd            Kickerville Rd to Mt View Rd                           1100            900          108           1113
         16     Mt View Rd            Rainbow Rd to Lake Terrell Rd                          2150          2105           253           1124
         17     Mt View Rd            Lake Terrell Rd to Olson Rd                            2200          2005           241           1124
         18     Mt View Rd            Olson Rd to Church Rd                                  2500          2500           300           1073
         19     Mt View Rd            Church Rd to Ferndale                                  2850          3430           412            917

                                                TRAFFIC VOLUME AND CAPACITY          T A B L E     XV

                                                                                                                  ESTIMATED      CAPACITY
                                                                          ARTERIAL       VOLUME        VOLUME     PEAK HOUR      (VEHICLES
                   ROADWAY                      LIMITS                      CLASS.      1970 ADT      1978 ADT       VOLUME      PER HOUR)

        20     Bay Rd               Jackson Rd to Blaine Rd                Secondary        360          315            38            858
        21     Bay Rd               Blaine Rd to Vista Dr                      It           980         1130           136            917
        22     Vista Dr             Bay Rd to Grandview Rd                                  680         1000           120            954
        23     Vista Dr             Grandview Rd to Alder Grove Rd             it           940         1225           147            917
        24     Vista Dr             Alder Grove Rd to Ferndale                              780         1475           177            917
        25     Blaine Rd            Grandview Rd to Bay Rd                                  290          400            48            858
        26     Grandview  Rd        Jackson Rd to Pt Whitehorn     Rd                       380          325            39            910
        27     Lk Terrell Rd        Mt View Rd to Unick Rd                                 2050         1240           149            1135
        28     Lk Terrell Rd        Unick Rd to Slater Rd                                  1450         1310           157            1021
        29     Ferndale Rd          Slater Rd to Ferndale                                   1050         650            78            858
        30     W Axton Rd           Northwest Dr to Aldrich Rd                              980         2550           306            888
        31     Northwest Dr         W Axton Rd to Paradise Rd                               860         2125           255            939
        32     Northwest Dr         Paradise Rd to Lattimore Rd                             550         1260           151            917
        33     Northwest Dr         Lattimore Rd to W Wiser Lk Rd                           370          850           102            888
        34     W Wiser Lk Rd        Ritter Rd to Woodlyn Rd                                  -            -             -             858
        35     W Pole Rd            Northwest Dr to Aldrich     Rd                          200          510            61            828
        36     W Laurel Rd          Northwest Dr to Aldrich     Rd         Collector         -           650            78            888
        37     Slater Rd            1-5 to Northwest Dr                                     180          700            84            828
               Hovander/
        38     W Smith Rd           1-5 to Ferndale                                          -            -             -             828
        39     Church Rd            Alder Grove Rd to Mt View Rd                            430         1090           131            858
        40     Alder Grove Rd       Jackson Rd to Vista Dr                                  140          260            31            888
        41     Jackson Rd           Alder Grove Rd to Bay Rd                                300          480            58            858

                                                                 T A B L E   XVI

                                                            ARTERIAL ROADWAY DATA

                                                                  ARTERIAL    RIGHT-OF-WAY     ROADWAY       SHOULDER     EXISTING     SPEED
                   ROADWAY                 LIMITS                  CLASS.      WIDTH (FT)     WIDTH (FT)    WIDTH (FT)    VOL (ADT)    LIMIT

          1   Slater Rd         1-5 to Haxton Way                  St Hwy          80             22            6           3500         55
          2   Slater Rd         Haxton Way to Lk Terrell Rd         Major          80             24            4           1900         50
          3   Northwest  Or     Slater Rd to W Smith Rd                            60             20            6           2935         45
          4   Northwest  Or     W Smith Rd to W Axton Rd                           33             24            4           2275         45
          5   W Smith Rd        1-5 to Northwest Or                                60             22            4           2160         40

          6   W Smith Rd        Northwest Or to Aldrich  Rd                        60             22            0           2355         50
          7   W Axton Rd        Ferndale CL to Northwest Or                        60             24            4           3040         40
        Na
          8   Portal Way        Custer to Enterprise Rd                            90             20            0           2020         50
          9   Portal Way        Enterprise Rd to Ferndale             it           80             20            8           4860-        35
        10    Grandview Rd      Portal Way to Vista Or                             60             22            2           2395         45
        11    Grandview  Rd     Vista Or to Olson Rd                               60             23            4           1695         50
        12    Grandview  Rd     Olson Rd to Kickerville Rd                         60             22           6-8          1395         50
        13    Grandview  Rd     Kickerville Rd to Jackson                        40-60            23            6           1005         45
        14    Kickerville Rd    Grandview Rd to Rainbow Rd                         60           21-22           0             755        40
        15    Rainbow Rd        Kickerville Rd to Mt View Rd                       60             21            3             900        35
        16    Mt View Rd        Rainbow Rd to Lake Terrell Rd                      60             20            4           2105         50
        17    Mt View Rd        Lake Terrell Rd to Olson Rd                        60             20            4           2005         50
        18    Mt View Rd        Olson Rd to Church Rd                              60             20            3           2500         50
        19    Mt View Rd        Church Rd to Ferndale                              40             20            0           3430         35

                                                              T A B L E    XVI

                                                          ARTERIAL ROADWAY DATA

                                                                ARTERIAL    RIGHT-OF-WAY     ROADWAY       SHOULDER     EXISTING     SPEED
                 ROADWAY                 LIMITS                  CLASS.      WIDTH (FT)     WIDTH (FT)     WIDTH (FT)   VOL (ADT)    LIMIT

      20    Bay Rd            Jackson Rd to Blaine Rd           Secondary        60             18            0            400         .40
      21    Bay Rd            Blaine Rd to Vista Dr                              60             20            0           1130         50
      22    Vista Dr          Bay Rd to Grandview Rd                             60             21            0           1000         45
      23    Vista Dr          Grandview Rd to Alder Grove Rd                     60             20            0           1225         45
      24    Vista Dr          Alder Grove Rd to Ferndale                         60             20            0           1475         45
      25    Blaine Rd         Grandview Rd to Bay Rd                             60             18            0            400         35
      26    Grandview  Rd     Jackson Rd to Pt Whitehorn   Rd                    60             18           0-2           325         45

      27    Lk Terrell Rd     Mt View Rd to Unick Rd                             60             20           3-6          1240         35
      -28   Lk Terrell Rd     Unick Rd to Slater Rd                              60             20            2           1310         35
      29    Ferndale Rd       Slater Rd to Ferndale                              60             18            0            650         35

      30    W Axton Rd        Northwest Dr to Aldrich Rd                         40             19            0           2550         35
      31    Northwest Dr      W Axton Rd to Paradise Rd                          313            19           0-2          2125         35
      32    Northwest Dr      Paradise Rd to Lattimore Rd                        33             20            0           1260         35
      33    Northwest Dr      Lattimore Rd to W Wiser Lk Rd                      33             19            0            850         35
      34    W Wiser Lk Rd     Ritter Rd to Woodlyn Rd                            33             18            0             -            -
      35    W Pole Rd         Northwest Dr to Aldrich   Rd                       40             17            0            510         35
      36    W Laurel Rd       Northwest Dr to Aldrich   Rd      Collector        40             19            0            650         35
      37    Slater Rd         1-5 to Northwest Dr                                40             17            0            700         35
            Hovander/
      38    W Smith Rd        1-5 to Ferndale                                    40             17            0             -            -
      39    Church Rd         Alder Grove Rd to f1t View Rd                      40             18            0           1090         35
      40    Alder Grove Rd    Jackson Rd to Vista Dr                             60             19            0            260         35
      41    Jackson Rd        Alder Grove Rd to Bay Rd                         40-50            18            0            480         40

                       Road from Portal Way to Vista Drive (this section, as well as having
                       inadequate shoulder widths, also has poor surface conditions), Kicker-
                       ville Road from Grandview to Rainbow Road, Rainbow Road from Kickerville
                       to Mt. View Road, Mt. View Road from Rainbow Road to Ferndale.

                            The roadways listed above are the designated major arterials within
                       the Sub Area and, as such, should be considered for improvements to
                       provide a safe network of major roadways.    The secondary and collector
                       arterials listed in Table IV are all substandard if the previously men-
                       tioned standard is applied.    However, except for a few roadways with
                       relatively high traffic volumes, such as West Axton Road between North-
                       west Drive and Aldrich Road, Northwest Drive north of West Axton Road,
                       Lake Terrell Road from Mt. View to Slater Road and Vista Drive north of
                       Ferndale, these roadways are adequate to accommodate existing traffic
                       volumes. The shoulders of these roads are generally inadequate but, in
                       many cases, could be improved without extensive grading.

                            At some times of the year when freeze-thaw weather conditions pre-
                       vail,, many Sub Area roads are closed to truck traffic because their
                       weight can damage the road bed. During such periods, access routes from
                       Interstate-5 to the industrial areas near Cherry Point are available for
                       truck traffic.   However, on Grandview Road, Slater Road, Bay Road and
                       Lake Terrell Road east of Interstate-5 there are no all-weather routes
                       except for a portion of Portal Way and Enterprise Road. Roadway travel
                       by truck traffic is then, curtailed in the eastern portion of the Sub
                       Area during freeze-thaw conditions.   Driving without damaging roadways
                       during such weather conditions is dependent upon an -adequate roadway
                       subgrade such as that indijcated in Figure 19.    With good subgrade and
                       surfacing conditions and with adequate drainage facilities along the
                       roadways, the potential for damage to roadways due to use during certain
                       weather conditions is greatly reduced.

                            Two other roadway condition concerns.include railroad crossings and
                       roadway striping.   Railroad crossings at Bay, Grandview, Brown, Alder
                       Grove, Lonseth, Henry and Unick Roads are marked only by crossboards, as

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                     are those crossings of the mainline tracts at Hovander, Thornton, Alder
                     Grove, Brown and Grandview Road.      Several of these at-grade crossings
                     occur on some of the more heavily traveled Sub Area roads, including,Bay
                     Road and Grandview Road. The at-grade crossing along Hovander Road is
                     poor due to limited sight distance and roadway grade and surfacing condi-
                     tions near the crossing. The only adequately marked railroad crossing in
                     the Sub Area is at the railroad intersection with Slater Road.           This
                     crossing is marked by signs and flashing lights.

                          Roadway centerline striping is not provided on Kickerville Road
                     just north of Henry Road or on Slater Road between Lake Terrell Road and
                     Haxton Way.   Use of painted striped on these roadways could be used to
                     better identify driving lanes.

                          Major issues associated with improvements in circulation throughout
                     the Sub Area include possible needs for additional east-west routes,
                     alt6rnate routes through Ferndale to alleviate congestion in the Fern-
                     dale area (the solution to this issue may involve another bridge crossing
                     of the Nooksack River), additional freeway overcrossing(s) to provide
                     improved east-west access and circulation and roadway improvements
                     needed to increase roadway capaciti.es as discussed earlier in this
                     section.

                          Other concerns include the expansion of transit service to accom-
                     modate growth in the Sub Area and the implementation of existing plans
                     for construction of trail systems for hiking, bicycling and horseback
                     riding.   Construction of these trails should be planned when roadway
                     improvements are planned to ensure that other transportation modes can
                     be accommodated within existing public rights-of-way. To provide suit-
                     able separation of various transportation modes, adequate right-of-way
                     width is needed. The comparison of existing right-of-way widths shown in
                     Table XV, along with those recommended in Figure 20 indicate that
                     acquisition of right-of-way 'Should be considered along several roadways,
                     especially those that are planned to accommodate trail uses.

                                                       135

                                                            UTILITIES

                               Based upon the identification of existing utility service condi-
                         tions within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, issues have been iden-
                         tified that should be addressed.

                               An important issue concerning the expansion of utility services
                         revolves around the growth-inducing impact of such expansions. Because
                         utility services are so closely linked with land use, utility service and
                         land use planning efforts should be considered jointly. By considering
                         both utility service and land use, the planned land use density and
                         timing of development can be supported by the suitable level of utility
                         service.

                               Planning for land use density and development timing should be
                         coordinated between all relevant agencies within Whatcom County, the
                         City of Ferndale and local utility service associations.

                               Waste water disposal and water service are two of the most important
                         utility services that influence land use and development.          Waste water
                         disposal in the   Sub Area presents issues for both types of waste water
                         disposal -- individual on-site disposal systems with septic tanks and
                         drainfields and sanitary sewer systems with centralized treatment facil-
                         ities.

                               As the use of septic tanks and septic system failures become
                         more of a concern, increased pressure for sanitary sewer development
                         will  become apparent. This demand for an extension of sewers into areas
                         previously using septic tanks and drainfields for waste water disposal
                         will undermine efforts to retain rural areas-. Improved on-site disposal
                         methods could eliminate the need for sewer extensions to such areas.
                         Specific regulations governing septic tank and drainfield construction
                         should be established and enforced to ensure the design and maintenance
                         of on-site disposal systems. Other concerns for areas of se       ptic tank use

                                                             136

                     are soil characteristics and health standards, because, without proper
                     soil conditions use of septic tank and drainfield systems may pose health
                     problems as waste water effluents will not be properly treated.

                          Sanitary sewer service with centralized treatment facilities is
                     provided only near Ferndale.    The existing treatment plant is sized to
                     accommodate flows from areas within Ferndale only.        By expanding the
                     treatment facilities, service could be provided to'other portions of the
                     Sub Area.   Such expansion of this treatment plant, then, has a major
                     influence on expansions of sewer service and should be planned in accord-
                     ance with comprehensive planning efforts for the Sub Area.

                          The availability of water service can also influence where and when
                     development will occur and therefore will influence any proposed land
                     use planning. Expansion of water service tends to support development at
                     higher densities, and development is hindered where such service is not
                     available.    Without a County-approved water source, septic tank and
                     drainfield system permits and, ultimately, building permits are not
                     issued. Water service expansion also influences the level of fire pro-
                     tection for residents of the area and is a further indication of health,
                     welfare and land use issues.

                          Other issues include the development of adequate water sources,
                     water quality, use of existing water association service lines, expan-
                     sion of service to water associations, use of developer extension agree-
                     ments  to provide water system expansions and water storage capacity.

                                                        137

                                                    COMMUNITY FACILITIES

                              The analysis of existing community facilities, their service area
                        and service capacities, proposed expansion and improvement, anticiapted
                        demographic trends and possible future growth and land use changes in the
                        Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area indicate a number of existing and poten-
                        tial problems and concerns.      Several of these relate to general growth
                        and land use issues, while others deal with specific community facility
                        service concerns.

                              New growth and development within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                        Area  will significantly alter the area's economic base, employment and
                        land  use.  Industrial expansion at Cherry Point as well as overall growth
                        within Whatcom County will produce additional "spinoff" growt,        h.    The
                        resulting population influx of new workers and their families, their
                        sociodemographic characteristics,      and their geographic distribution
                        within the Sub Area, will have profound implications upon the need for
                        and delivery of community facilities and services.

                              Increased growth and more rapid Urbanization will create their own
                        special service demands. New service demands which will be presented by
                        Cherry Point industrial growth will be substantial. Services and facil-
                        ities must be provided in a timely fashon to accommodate new growth but
                        with sufficient flexibility to accommodate the moderate to rapid range
                        of growth possible. Advance planning and necessary front-end financing
                        for such facility provision will present a major challeinge.

                              The key issues and considerations identified in connection with
                        community facilities and services are discussed briefly in the following
                        paragraphs.    Several current service delivery concerns are first out-
                        lined. These are then followed by a description of concerns associated
                        with expectations for future economic and population growth in the Sub
                        Area.

                                                           1 j'8

                            There is present overcrowding in the Ferndale School District while
                       simultaneous excess capacity exists in the adjacent Blaine School Dis-
                       trict.  A small number of additional students could be accommodated in
                       the Meridian School District.     Although planned additions and improve-
                       ments to facilities in the Ferndale District will accommodate enrollment
                       levels anticipated through 1980-81, there will be a need for additional
                       school sites and facilities to serve future population growth.

                            State enrollment projections forecast an increase of over 900 stu-
                       dents in the Ferndale School District from 1979-86, and approximately 80
                       in the Blaine, and 300 in the Meridian School District over this period.
                       With completion of the improvements and additions to the Ferndale
                       Schools currently underway, the District could accommodate an estimated
                       250 students evenly distributed. The Blaine District could accommodate
                       an estimated 150 students, while the Meridian District could absorb no
                       more than 50 pupils.     Population projections discussed earlier under-
                       score the broad range of population growth (3,000-12,000) that may occur
                       in the Sub Area as a result of continued overall Whatcom County growth
                       trends and the extent of future industrial development at Cherry Point.
                       The expansion in enrollment produced by Cherry Point employment alone
                       could range from an estimated 500 to more than 3,000 new children.

                            Major areas of possible population and enrollment growth within the
                       Sub Area are expected to be the North Bellingham area, the area around
                       West Smith Road and Northwest Drive, the Laurel area, and the area north
                       and east along Portal Way.      The specific location and extent of new
                       enrollment growth within the Sub Area will be, however, substantially
                       affected by major industrial expansion.

                            Expansion programs will thus have to be flexible enough to accom-
                       modate the wide range of future possible demand upon the educational
                       system. The sharing of facilities and resources among school districts
                       on a short-term basis may be required to even-out demand/capacity and
                       effectively utilize existing facilities.        New sites will have to be
                       acquired, however, to accommodate new permanent facilities which may be
                       required.

                                                          139

                             Other current concerns include the need for a number of specialized
                       education, athletic and other facilities in addition to regular class-
                       room space and eventual replacement of several older structures to serve
                       the current population regardless of the extent of additional demands
                       created by new growth. Some of these additional needs relate to expanded
                       state education requirements and increasing importance of a number of
                       specialized programs within the educational system.

                            There is a current, and will be an increased future need for addi-
                       tional neighborhood parks and athletic facilities within the Cherry
                       Point-Ferndale Sub Area. Major regional parks and sub-regional commun-
                       ity parks containing unique natural and hi.storical resources do provide
                       substantial recreation activities for Sub Area residents.          However,
                       neighborhood parks and playgrounds and community playfields, providing
                       recreation facilities such as picnic areas, playgrounds, play equipment,
                       athletic fields, swimming, tennis and track facilities are in short
                       supply within the Sub Area. An additional concern is the need for effec-
                       tive mechanisms for protecting open space as future industrial growth
                       and accompanying development pressures occur.

                            The 1976 Whatcom County Interagency Park, Recreation and Open Space
                       Study also reported an expressed need by Whatcom County residents for
                       easily accessible, community-based recreational facilities; for addi-
                       tional indoor recreational facilities and year-round recreational oppor-
                       tunities; additional facilities for non-profit groups to expand their
                       recreational, cultural and human service programs; and a strong desire
                       for improved active use facilities such as small parks, trails, swimming
                       facilities and tennis courts.     This study also reported that not all
                       existing recreational facilities were efficiently used; that the recrea-
                       tional use of school property, for example, could be expanded, and that
                       there was a general need for interagency coordination; public and pri-
                       vate non-profit. sharing of facilities and cooperatively-run programs.
                       Among its recommendations, the 'study suggested that improved sports
                       fields be sought by local agencies and that a cooperative local agency/
                       county-wide bond issue be undertaken for construction of indoor recrea-

                                                         140

                     tional facilities, with indoor swimming pools a top priority. It recomr
                     mended that school and recreation agencies maximize the public use of
                     their facilities through mutual agreements and the coordination of pub-
                     lic use and that public recreational facilities be suitably designed for
                     use by non-profit recreation groups as well as the general public.

                          The 1976 study emphasized the importance of watercourses and wet-
                     lands as an important base of the County's open space program. The fol-
                     lowing potential open space corridors based on watercourses were identi-
                     fied within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area: 1) Terrell Creek, from
                     Lake Terrell to Birch Bay, a trail corridor and wildlife preserve con-
                     necting Birch Bay State Park with the Lake Terrell State Game Range; 2)
                     Nooksack River Floodplain, an agriculture, open     space, trail cooridor
                     connecting river parks and linking Ferndale, Lynden, Everson and foot-
                     hills; and,3) Tenmile Creek Corridor, an agricultural open space cor-
                     ridor, connecting wildlife habitats (including Barrett Lake to Green
                     Lake. The study also cited the potential for public-use development for
                     freshwater swimming, fishing or general shoreline uses of Terrell Lake,
                     in the Lake Terrell Game Reserve. The study identified a need for addi-
                     tional coastal waterfront access parks to accommodate potential popula-
                     tion growth.   Trailhead access points recommended for development are
                     futher discussed under "Trails" in the Transportation Section of this
                     report ).   Recommended trails include:    a 15-mile Ferndale to Everson
                     bicycle trail, following the Nooksack River dikes; a 4-mile foot trail
                     around Lake Terrell; a 3-mile foot trail from Birch Bay State Park to
                     Kickerville Road, . and possibly liking to Terrell Lake; and eventual
                     trails and footbridge links between Tennant Lake and Pioneer Park.

                          Concerning the public desire for a county-wide pool program, the
                     1976 study recommended that pools could be provided as part of a joint
                     park/school combination and that the existing    outdoor pool in Ferndale
                     might be renovated and covered as a joint City/County effort. Also, sug-
                     gested was that multipurpose community centers should be provided in
                     each community area,     if public support were sufficient.        It was
                     suggested, as a means of providing community parks to the County's unin-

                                                       141

                       corporated areas that the County Park Board formally contract with
                       school districts and possibly purchase school recreation grounds to pro-
                       mote the expanded recreational use of school property, and that local
                       Grange Halls, as well as schools, might also be a focus for park develop-
                       ment. Potential community park developme;t at Mountain View Elementary
                       and expanded suggestions for expanded recreational use of school pro-
                       perty in the Sub Area. It was also recommended that schools continue to
                       be utilized as multi-use community centers serving all age groups during
                       non-school hours.

                            Another current problem is understaffing of police manpower at the
                       County level to adequately serve areas outside Ferndale within the Sub
                       Area. These shortages will be sharpened with anticipated future growth.
                       To maintain the County's desired level of patrol personnel to popula-
                       tion, it would have to add between 1 and 4 new officers if population
                       growth of 3,000 - 12,000 occurs in the Sub Area. If all of this new popu-
                       lation is served by the Ferndale Police Department, it would have to add
                       from 5 - 20 officers to maintain its current staffing/population ratio.
                       At the present ratio of volunteers to population served, the Ferndale
                       Fire Department would have to add between 60 and 200 fire fighters to
                       serve the new population. Additional equipment and facilities require-
                       ments will also be necessary to expand this service.

                            There wi 11 be a need to     develop an appropriate private/public
                       interface in providing additional police and fire protection services
                       that major industrial growth will require. Changing service areas, for
                       example, an extension of Ferndale's police and service provision responr
                       sibilities to larger surrounding areas, and new forms of service deliv-
                       ery (e.g., eventual shift to paid professional fire department(s)) may
                       be required.

                            Among the additional public facility and service concerns that
                       relate to future growth in the Sub Area are the following:

                                                        142

                               The appropriate siting of public facilities of to serve future
                               population- and economic growth and provide those additional
                               services that@will be required.

                               Use of public facilities expansion and improvement as a growth
                               management tool, reinforcing land use and other policies
                               intended to direct future growth in the Sub Area.

                               Capability to accommodate short-term (e.g., construction phase
                               impacts of major growth-inducing projects with existing perm-
                               anent, single-use facilities.

                         Though future development of Cherry Point industrial areas will
                    occur over extended periods and their lag in impacts will allow some
                    advance time for pre-planning the appropriate community facilities
                    response, specific demands during different phases of industrial devel-
                    opment will vary significantly. Construction-related impacts will place
                    special short-term demands on community facilities and services. Inno-
                    vation will be necessary to appropriately accommodate special short-term
                    demands without making unnecessary permanent commitment of resources.

                         An anticipated problem is obtaining the financial resources to pro-
                    vide community facilities in time for expected new growth prior to the
                    realization of associated tax base growth.    Present residents may feel
                    unfairly burdened if asked to contribute tax revenues to provide for
                    needs of future residents. General equity questions (who benefits - who
                    pays) may prompt development of more palatable taxing and funding alter-
                    natives.

                          If more substantial industrial expansion at Cherry Point occurs,
                    resulting population growth will create new community service demands.
                    The average annual rate of population growth that will result from
                    expected overall Whatcom County growth and from assumed industrial
                    development at Cherry Point creating 2,000 new jobs, may approach 10 per-
                    cent, and produce an 8,000 - 9,000 population increase in the Sub Area by

                                                      143

                         1995.   This increased rate of growth will heighten current community
                         facility limitations and will present a whole new set of growth-related
                         problems.

                              The new population areas and commercial centers, as well as
                         expanded industrial uses will require expanded police and fire services.
                         New growth will also bring new crime and social problems. Population and
                         economic growth will affect usage of recreational facilities and the
                         accompanying physical changes may reduce recreational opportunities and
                         enjoyment.   School capacities in some locations will be strained, either
                         temporarily or over a prolonged period.          Over-crowding will require
                         either short-term solutions such as rescheduling by shifts, busing to
                         surrounding districts, use of portable classrooms, or permanent improve-
                         ment and expansion of facilities.

                              Certain components of the community service system like hospital
                         services, may be better able to absorb additional demands. The existing
                         supply of hospital beds should continue to suffice for the expected 1990
                         and 1995 population in light of the current excess bed capacity. Still
                         other sectors of the community service system will face new challenges.
                         Rapid growth may bring many side effects for certain population sub-
                         groups.   Inflation of housing prices as a result of rapid growth, for
                         example, may result in the displacement of a number of long-time low and
                         moderate income residents many of whom will be elderly.

                              Low and moderate income individuals may require some form of pro-
                         perty tax breaks or direct housing assistance to enable them to remain in
                         their existing housing.      Rapid growth can add newcomers to the area
                         faster than municipal facilities and services can be increased. To avoid
                         this situation and the resulting risk of overloads of existing capaci-
                         ties that cause a decline in the quality of services, future growth in
                         the Sub Area must be managed and caref'ul ly coordi nated with f uture publ i c
                         facilities and services expansion. Since community facility and service
                         costs are strongly affected by the sequence in which different areas of a
                         municipality are developed, the control of growth in an orderly fashion

                                                            144

                     al so has implications for efficiency in providing police and fire pro-
                     tection,  schools and other important facilities.      Thus control of the
                     timing of urban development also is a mechanism for economizing on the
                     costs of community facilities and services.

                          Additional growth associated with more intensive industrial devel-
                     opment of Cherry Point would have more serious implications for future
                     community facility and services in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.
                     Higher intensity industrial development and employment growth of 3,000
                     at the Cherry Point industrial area, together with overall county growth
                     trend spinoffs, would produce an estimated population increase of
                     11,000 - 12,000 people in the Sub Area by 1995. This additional develop-
                     ment pressure would heighten the overall risk of uncontrolled growth and
                     resulting deteriorating levels of education, recreation and other public
                     services. These earlier discussed issues and concerns would thus be mag-
                     nified under this senario.      The task of ensuring adequate community
                     facilities and services will be an even greater challenge as under these
                     circumstances.

                           In summary, the key community facilities issues for the Cherry
                     Point-Ferndale Sub Area include the following:

                                Overcrowding and simultaneous excess among area school facil-
                                ities; need for modernization and expansion of special educa-
                                tion and athletic facilities.

                                Provision of additional neighborhood park and recreational
                                facilities; especially playfields, an indoor pool, and tennis
                                facilities.

                                Preservation of recreation-valued open space (for example,
                                publicly accessible river frontage, Barrett Lake, and the Ten-
                                mile Creek Corridor.

                                                       145

                                  Definition of County/Ferndale urban service areas to   cope with
                                  shortage of police manpower to serve areas outside Ferndale
                                  and eventual shift to paid professional fire department
                                  personnel.

                                  Public/private interface in providing industrial-related fire
                                  and police services.

                                  Siting of private facilities and provision of new services
                                  required by future growth, including significant variation in
                                  short-term demands related to industrial expansion.

                                  Financing and equity (who benefits       who pays) problems of
                                  undertaking facility expansion and improvements needed for
                                  future growth.

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      I               PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS
                      AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
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                                PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES

                                                      INTRODUCTION

                            The purpose of this section is to outline recommendations and pol-
                       icies regarding land use, physical environment, transportation, utili-
                       ties and community facilities that address the existing and potential
                       problems of growth identified for this Sub Area.     The consultant team
                       developed these policies to be both effective and practical. They are,
                       however, preliminary and are meant to provide a basis for discussion in
                       the public review and plan adoption process.

                                 ASSUMPTIONS USED IN FORMULATING THE RECOMENDATIONS

                            Several assumptions were used in developing the recommendations for
                       the Sub Area.   These assumptions are based on an analysis of existing
                       conditions within the Sub Area and a review of county-wide growth trends.

                       1.   The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area will be affected by economic
                            growth within the County as a whole and by its changing socio-
                            economic makeup. Specifically, the following factors are assumed
                            to take place over the next 15 years:

                                 The Whatcom County economy will experience an expansion of
                                 resource-based and other,manufacturing activities.
                                 Trade will expand with regional and international markets.
                                 The County economy will further diversify and grow in service
                                 and non-manufacturing sectors.
                                 The County population will grow because of economic expansion,
                                 regional amenities and recreational attractions.
                                 Throughout the County, household size will decline, incomes
                                 will rise and the average age of the population will rise.

                                                         147

                      2.   Conditions in the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area will be primarily
                           influenced by future industrial development within industrially
                           zoned land on Cherry Point.      Industrial development there will
                           fundamentally alter the number of people employed within the Sub
                           Area, in-migration, community facility requirements, and demands on
                           traffic and utility systems.

                      3.   Land use changes will be affected by basic land use requirements for
                           residential, commercial and industrial uses. Among these are:

                                Medium and high density residential developments are most suc-
                                cessful when located close to employment centers, shopping
                                facilities, service facilities and on collector or arterial
                                streets.
                                Commercial-retail centers are most profitable when located on
                                highly accessible parcels, central to an adequate market area.
                                Industrial activities require flat expansive areas for the
                                manufacturing and assembly of goods and require networks of
                                several transportation modes to provide movement of goods to
                                and from their facilities.

                      4.   Land development will be affected by environmental constraints.
                           Some of these constraints are apparent in:

                                The undesirablity of developing within areas that are vulner-
                                able to flooding;
                                The expense involved in constructing buildings in areas where
                                the water table is near  the surface, where soils are unstable
                                and where slopes are over 20 percent.

                      5.   The City of Ferndale will continue to be the hub of commercial, ser-
                           vice and residential activity for the Sub Area.

                      6.   Future large-scale industrial development will occur over long per-
                           iods of time from design to project completion. This period could
                           last 2 to 5 years.

                                                        148

                                                    SUB AREA FORECAST

                            Given the current world and regional economic climate and therapid
                       rate of technological development, it is difficult to say with certainty
                       what specific directions industrial development will take on Cherry
                       Point or within the Sub Area. For this reason, growth scenarios are pre-
                       sented that are based on the probable. ranges of employee numbers that
                       might come into the area with different levels of industrial expansion.
                       These scenarios are:

                       1.   Employment increases of approximately 500 persons.           This would
                            accompany no or only small scale industrial development within the
                            current Heavy Impact or Light Impact Industrial Zones around Cherry
                            Poi-nt.

                       2.   Employment increases of approximately 2,000 additional persons.
                            This would accompany moderate industrial expansion on Cherry Point.

                       3.   Employment increases of approximately 3,000 persons.         This would
                            accompany full industrial expansion on Cherry Point.

                            The following are ranges of impact on the Sub Area that would be
                       associated with each one of the three growth possibilities. Together,
                       these scenarios illustrate in more tangible terms the kinds of growth and
                       requirements for space that can be expected to oc*cur over the next 15

                       years.

                                                    Growth Scenario I

                       Assumptions:

                       1.   Little or no industrial expansion on Cherry Point.

                                                           149

                      2.    The Sub Area and the City of Ferndale will be most affected by
                            County-wide growth trends.

                      3.    Cherry Point industry would increase its work force by up to 500

                            persons.

                      4.    Population growth averaging approximately 4 percent a year over the
                            next 15-year period and a total population increase of 3,000 - 4,000
                            in the Cherry Point/Ferndale Sub Area by 1995.

                            Given these assumptions about growth, several population projec-
                      tions can be made.      New jobs totaling 500 at Cherry Point could be
                      expected to account for a population increase of approximately 1,640 in
                      the Sub Area. Population increase expected as a part of overall Whatcom
                      County growth would be 1,800 for a total projected population increase of
                      approximately 3,440 in the Sub Area.

                            From these population projections, projections for types of land
                      use can be made. Approximately 172,000 square feet of additional retail
                      space would be needed. Assuming 33 percent lot coverage, this number of
                      square feet would require approximately 12 acres.            For industrial/
                      commercial space approximately 400,000 square feet would be required
                      that would take up some 28 acres.

                            Assuming 2.6 persons per dwelling unit, approximately 1,322 units
                      would be needed.     If on an average 4 dwelling units are built to the
                      acre, some 330 acres would be needed. The number of acres actually used
                      could vary considerably due to the range of residential densities pos-
                      sible.

                                                   Growth Scenario II

                      Assumptions:

                      1.    Moderate industrial expansion on Cherry Point that will employ
                            approximately 2,000 persons more than currently employed.

                                                          150

                        2.    Incremental growth of Ferndale and the Sub Area due to County-wide
                              influences are already taking place as described in Growth Scenario
                              I.

                        3.    Average annual population growth approaching 10 percent a year over
                              the next 15-year period and a total population increase of 8,000
                              9,000 in the Sub Area by 1995.

                              Employment increases at Cherry Point of 2,000 would increase the
                        Sub Area population by approximately 6,550. Population increase due to
                        County-wide growth would be approximately 1,800 for a total population
                        growth of approximately 8,350.

                              These employment and population statistics would be reflected in
                        the 'need for approximately 418,000 square feet of retail space that could
                        be expected to take up some 29 acres.       A demand for 1.6 million square
                        feet of industrial/corrmercial space could be expected which would take
                        up about 110 acres.     Approximately 3,200 more dwelling units would be
                        needed, which at an average of four per acre, would take up about 800

                        acres.

                                                     Growth Scenario III

                        Assumptions:

                        1.    Full industrial development of industrially zoned land on Cherry
                              Point that will employ approximately 3,000 persons more       than cur-
                              rently employed.

                        2.    Growth as described in Growth Scenario I and II is taking place con-
                              currently.

                        3.    Average annual population growth of over 13 percent in Sub Area over
                              next 15 years and a total population increase of 11,000 - 12,000 in
                              the Sub Area by 1995.

                                                            151

                           An employment increase of 3,000 persons at Cherry Point wouTd,
                      account for an overall population increase in the Sub Area of approxi-
                      mately 9,830.   Overall County-wide growth would bring in approximately
                      1,800 additional persons for a total population increase of about 11,630

                      persons.

                           Following this scenario, a demand for approximately 581,000 square
                      feet of retail space would arise that would take up some 40 acres.
                      Approximately 2.4 million square feet of industrial/comm6rcial space on
                      about 165 acres would be needed.      Demand for 4,470 new dwelling units
                      could be expected. At an average of four units per acre, this number of
                      dwelling units would take up approximately 1,120 acres.

                                            GENERAL POLICY RECOWENDATIONS

                           The purpose of this section is to assemble the general objecti        ves
                      and policies that will assist the development of a comprehensive land use
                      map for the Sub Area and provide the basis for area-specific recommenda-
                      tions.  This section will be followed by area-specific recommendations
                      that will provide an implementation strategy to facilitate the realiza-
                      tion of Sub Area objectives.

                                                        Land Use

                      Objective 1:    To reduce the potential for conflicting land uses to
                                      locate near each other and preserve the rural character
                                      of the Sub Area as a whole.

                      Policy A:       A mutually agreeable Urban Services Area around Ferndale
                                      should be developed between agencies of the City of Fern-
                                      dale and Whatcom County to promote efficient and respon-

                                                         152

                                          sive expansion of urban services.        A mean s of revising
                                          that line should also be formulated.

                         Policy B:        Future urban development should occur within the Urban
                                          Servi,ces Area established by the City of Ferndale and
                                          Whatcom County.

                         Policy C:        Heavy Impact industrial development should locate in
                                          existing industrially zoned land within the Sub Area.

                         Policy D:        Agriculture should be promoted as the primary land use
                                          outside of the Urban Services Area and Industrially zoned

                                          areas.

                         Objec.tive 2:    To improve the working relationship between the County
                                          and City of Ferndale regarding matters of mutual concern.

                         Policy A:        A mutually agreeable Sphere of Influence aro      und the City
                                          of Ferndale should be delineated in which planning con-
                                          cerns will be addressed on a cooperative basis.

                         Objective  3:    To provide for adequate amounts of higher density housing
                                          than allowed under the zoning ordinance and to encourage
                                          innovative development design that is sensitive to phys-
                                          ical constraints and promotes the inclusion of open space
                                          in site planning.

                         Policy A:        Develop new zoning classifications          that incorporate
                                          incentives for good site planning such as planned unit
                                          developments.

                                                            153

                     Objective 4:    To coordinate and     facilitate development procedures
                                     between all affected county departments to assure consis-
                                     tent and responsive  interaction with land developers.

                     Policy A:       Establish a Technical  Review Committee made up of repre-
                                     sentatives of each affected department to review and make
                                     binding recommendations regarding development plans.

                     Objective 5:    To safeguard the visual qualities of the Sub Area.

                     Policy A:       Analyze visual impacts of all major developments in the
                                     plan review process.

                     Policy B:       Develop ordinances that enforce requirements to buffer
                                     visual impacts of major developments from surrounding
                                     vantage points.

                     Policy C:       Develop an ordinance that establishes standards for
                                     development near the boundaries between land use zones so
                                     that development will be visually compatible with land
                                     uses in adjacent zoning.

                                                Physical Environment

                     Objective 1:    To reduce any adverse environmental impacts of develop-
                                     ment.

                     Policy A:       Consistently enforce the State Environmental Policy Act
                                     in relationship to "threshold determination" and require-
                                     ments for Environmental Impact Statements.

                                                        154

                       Policy  B:      Encourage effective mitigating measures for adversie@
                                       impa cts identified in Environmental Impact Statements.

                       Policy.c:       Enforce Federal and State ambient air quality standards.

                       Obje  ctive 2:  To maintain the wildlife habitat and to enhance its
                                       quality.

                       Policy A:       Encourage the conservation of wooded areas by encouraging
                                       use of existing tax incentives.

                       Policy B:       Encourage the conservation of open space and the incor-
                                       poration of greenbelts in developments, especially on
                                       steep slopes.

                       Policy C:       Discourage high impact  development from locating adjacent
                                       to sensitive wildlife habitat without effective mitigat-
                                       ing measures.

                       Ob jective 3:   To improve freshwater quality in lakes, streams and
                                       rivers.

                       Policy  A:      Develop and adopt stormwater control ordinances.

                       Policy  B;      Develop and adopt temporary erosion control ordinances to
                                       be followed during construction.

                       Policy C:       Explore management plans for the disposal of farm animal
                                       waste in areas that directly affect surface water
                                       quality.

                                                        155

                       Objective 4      To.reduce the potential for groundwater quality'degrada-
                                        tion.

                       Policy A;        Control development density in areas where soil is sub-
                                        ject to ponding and to seasonal water table fluctuation.

                       Pol icy -B:      Encourage investigation of practical and effective alter-
                                        nate sewage treatment systems.

                       Objective  5:    To minimize development-related disruption of marine
                                        shoreline processes.

                       Policy A:        Require    thorough    analysis   of   potential     development
                                        impacts and posting of bonds to assure performance of
                                        mitigating measures.

                                                 Transportation Circulation

                       Objective 1:     Establish an efficient, safe and       well-designed circula-
                                        tion system that promotes desired development patterns in
                                        this Sub Area.

                       Policy A:        Encourage the designation of specific truck routes into
                                                                        zas and minimize the conflict
                                        commercial and industrial are
                                        between truck and automobile traffic.

                                                                                              ;.Of
                                        Dedi*cate' -adequate 'and acceptab:16 public rights      -'wa@@ in
                       Policy
                                        a.11 -subdivisions.

                       Policy   C:      Encourage effective construction techniques, quality
                                        materials, and timely maintenance on all roads and high-

                                        ways.

                                                             156.

                        Policy D:       Discourage singl"6-pur@pse road construction and improve-
                                        ment projects (ex@ept-for routine maintenance) by coor-
                                        dinating street improvements with those of sidewalks,
                                        bikeways, underground utilities and landscaping as the
                                        need warrants.

                        Policy E:       Good design principles should be followed in the mainten-
                                        ance of existing streets or the construction of new
                                        streets.

                        Policy F:       Each road should be classified and standards for design
                                        should be consistently applied to each class of roadway.

                        Policy G:       Promote the consolidation of access points to frontage
                                        properties along major arterials.

                        Policy H:       Encourage the construction of safe internal access roads
                                        in developments and other private easement roads.

                        Policy 1:       Encourage the use of noise buffers between major trans-
                                        portation routes and residential areas.

                        Policy J:       Minimize the adverse environmental impacts of existing
                                        and future roadways on the natural environment.

                        Objective 2:    Encourage a railway system which provides for the effic-
                                        ient, safe, and economic movement of goods and people
                                        with minimum adverse impact to motorists, pedestrians,
                                        and adjacent land use in the Sub Area.

                        Policy A:       Railroad lines and spurs sbould be functionally related
                                        to the areas through which they pass and should promote
                                        desired industrial development patterns.

                                                          157

                        Policy B:       Use and operation of localized rail lines should coincide
                                        with periods of low  traffic flow on crossing streets.

                        Policy C:       Encourage the elimination of at-grade crossings on main
                                        line tracks.

                        Policy D:       Additional rail lines should be located in corridors in
                                        order to reduce the number of grade crossings and to
                                        reduce access and usability problems of the land located
                                        between such lines.

                        Policy E:       Where there is serious conflict between existing railroad
                                        lines and adjoining land use, steps should be taken, by
                                        designing subdivision screening or other methods, to min-
                                        imize the adverse impacts.

                        Objective 3:    Promote an effective and viable mass transit or   ride pool
                                        system which ties the Cherry Point Sub Area to the
                                        region.

                        Policy A:       Support efforts to increase the availability of transit
                                        use as demands increase.

                        Policy B:       Promote the development of more cost-effective methods of
                                        transportation to areas, of high employment.

                        Objective 5:    Create a functional, safe, and convenient sidewalk or
                                        pathway system in the Sub Area.

                        Policy A:       Create a sidewalk  or pathway system where every link is a
                                        part of an integrated network.

                                                          158

                       Policy B:       Integrate bicycle, pedestrian, bus and street systems ant
                                       develop accommodating and safe mechanisms of transferring
                                       from one mode of transportation to another.

                       Policy C..      Design a sidewalk or pathway system to tie residential
                                       areas to likely destinations such as schools, recreation
                                       areas, commercial areas, and so forth.

                       Policy D:       Design the sidewalk or pathway system to allow use by the
                                       elderly and handicapped.

                       Policy E:       Encourage the location, design, and maintenance of pedes-
                                       trian sidewalk or pathway systems to provide security for
                                       abutting property owners.

                       Policy F:       Provisions should be made in each sidewalk or pathway
                                       constructed to provide for the safety of the user.

                                                         Utilities

                       Objective 1:    Provide water utility systems which promote planned land
                                       use development patterns.

                       Policy A:       Establish an Urban Services Area around the City of Fern-
                                       dale that incorporates the area most appropriate for
                                       future urban development.

                       Objective 2:    Provide an efficient and adequate water supply to the
                                       residents and businesses of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                                       Area.

                                                          159

                       Policy A:       Gauge the si ze of new, water utility systems to the ex-
                                       pected requirements of the area's planned land use.

                       Policy  B:      Design new water systems to allow for their extension
                                       into potential service areas.

                       Policy C:       Discourage dead-end water systems when constructing new
                                       systems.

                       Objective 3:    Provide sanitary sewer service which promotes planned
                                       land use development patterns.

                       Policy A:       Establish an Urban Services Area around the City of Fern-
                                       dale that incorporates the area most appropriate for
                                       future urban development.

                       Policy B:       Design the size of new sanitary sewage systems in the Sub
                                       Area to be large enough for the expected requirements of
                                       the area's planned land use.

                       Policy C:       Design new sanitary sewer systems to allow for their
                                       extension into potential service areas.

                       Objective 4:    Provide an adequate and cost-effective method of prevent-
                                       ing property damage from local storm water.

                       Policy A:       Design storm water sys  tems to handle the    f low of peak
                                       runoff.

                       Policy B:       Where beneficial to downstream properties, control peak
                                       flow runoff from the source at a rate similar to natural

                                       conditions.

                                                          160

                        Objective 7:    Encourage the undergrounding of existing and  new overhead
                                        electrical or communications systems where practicable.

                        Policy A:       A program should be established and followed providing
                                        forthe orderly undergrounding of all existing overhead
                                        facilities.

                        Policy B:       Ordinances should be developed that set forth under-
                                        grounding requirements of all new facilities and connec-
                                        tions.

                        Policy C:       Encourage all undergrounding to occur in existing ease-
                                        ment or rights--;of-way whenever feasible.

                        Policy  D:      Vaults associated with undergrounding should be sited
                                        unobtrusively where they do not interfere with the safety
                                        of adjacent roadways.

                        Policy E:       Promote the use of one trench   in a corridor to accommo-
                                        date all electri,cal and communication utilities.

                        Policy F:       The County should establish procedures to encourage
                                        underground connections to facilities served by under-
                                        ground utilities.

                        Policy G:       Encourage a minimum of disruption to areas affected by
                                        the installationof underground utilities.

                                                   Community Facilities

                        Objective 1:    Encourage establishment of public and private community
                                        facilities and services that are adequate to meet current
                                        and projected needs and enhance the quality of life in
                                        the Sub Area.

                                                          161

                       Policy A:       Review proposed projects at an early stage to identify
                                       any significant potential public service impacts.

                       Policy B:       Explore creation of special service   districts or altera-
                                       tion of existing service district boundaries (e.g., fire,
                                       police, schools) to improve service delivery and accommo-
                                       date new demands.

                       Policy C:       Scale services and facilities to accommodate special ser-
                                       vice demands of different population subgroups and geo-
                                       graphic areas.

                       Objective 2:    Ensure equitable and cost-effective financing of facility
                                       and service costs.

                       Policy A:       Explore funding mechanisms to provide more equitable
                                       means of providing needed service expansion.

                       Policy B:       Utilize innovative approaches to deal with short-term and
                                       temporary service demand variations (e.g., temporary
                                       classroom space which could later be converted to other
                                       uses; sharing of larger regional facilities; or temporary
                                       service provision arrangements).

                       Policy C:       Coordinate service' improvements with the various pro-
                                       viders (e.g., public, private schools, churches and other
                                       institutions.

                       Policy D:       Encourage the  development and use of existing facilities
                                       rather than construction of new facilities where pos-
                                       sible.

                                                         162

                        Policy E:       Encourage multiple program and group usage of facilities.

                        Policy F:       Encourage the multiple use of school property for park
                                        and recreational needs.

                        Policy G:       Prepare long-term community facilities capital improve-
                                        ment program for Sub Area, that delineates projected
                                        needs, priorities, cost estimates, revenue sources and a
                                        practical,expansion program.

                        Policy H:       Annually update the community facilities program to
                                        ensure its value as an effective planning and programming
                                        mechanism.

                        Objective 3:    Provide community facilities and services as a means to
                                        channel anticipated growth into desired directions.

                        Policy A:       Coordinate public facility expansion and service provi-
                                        sion to reinforce land use policy and influence desired
                                        land use objectives.

                        Policy B:       Identify and secure appropriate sites for new school and
                                        park facilities that meet other land use objectives.

                        Policy C:       Encourage the development of special human and social
                                        services for residents, where needed, such as transporta-
                                        tion, mental health, nutrition, housing, medical/dental
                                        screening and care services.

                        Policy D:       Encourage location of community facility and service pro-
                                        grams in areas readily accessible t       o those persons
                                        served, or ensure provision of adequate transportation to
                                        these services.

                                                           163

                                          PLANNING AREA RECOMMENDATIONS

                         The consultant   team divided the Sub Area into eight areas that
                    appeared to warrant   specific policy recommendations.  These areas are
                    shown in Figure 33,  Planning Areas:

                         1.   Greater North Bellingham Area.
                         2.   100 Year Flood Plain Area
                         3.   Portal Way - Enterprise Road Area
                         4.   Grandview Road and Interstate 5 Area

                         5.   North Ferndale Area

                         6.   Central Sub Area
                         7.   Cherry Point Industrial Area
                         8.   Point Whitehorn - Birch Bay Area.

                                          Greater North Bellingham Area

                    Land Use

                    1.   Coordinate all land development with sewer system.

                    2.   Coordinate development in th Urban Services Area of Ferndale with
                         comprehensive sewer planning for the area.

                    3.   Rezone areas east of Pacific Highway and north of Barrett Lake from
                         General Protection to rural residential classifications that match
                         existing density.

                    4.   Coordinate land use decisions between County and Ferndale regarding
                         property adjacent'to Ferndale boundary and along Interstate 5.

                    5.   Discourage further commercial development on West Axton Road, West
                         Smith Road, Northwest Drive and Slater Road.

                                                      164

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I Greater North Bellingham Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2 100 Year Flood Plain Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3 Portal Way - Enterprise Road Are
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4 Grandview Road and Interstate 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5 North Ferndale Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6 Central Sub Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7 Cherry Point Industrial Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8 Point Whitehorn - Birch Bay Area

                         6.   Discourage strip commercial development along county lands adjacent
                              to Interstate 5 by encouraging planned developments and coordinated
                              site planning.

                         7.   Limit the location of future retail-service activities to existing
                              neighborhood shopping areas.

                         8.   Rezone county land adjacent to Interstate 5 for commercial-light
                              industrial use.

                         9.   Require existing and future establishments that need open storage
                              to buffer views into storage areas with vegetation or appropriate
                              fencing.

                         10.  Prohibit establishments that require open storage from locating in
                              the North Bellingham area except along Interstate 5.

                         11.  Promote agricultural uses in the North Bellingham Sub Area area as a
                              means of retaining rural character by encouraging use of existing
                              tax incentives.

                         12.  Encourage retention of wooded areas as means of retaining rural
                              character by encouraging use of existing tax incentives, such as
                              keeping wooded property undeveloped in exchange for a lower tax
                              rate.

                         13.  Encourage incorporation of open space and existing tree cover in
                              site planning.

                         14.  Utilize a Technical Review Committee to review plans and assist
                              developers in meeting community goals and objectives.

                                                          166

                     Physical Environment

                     1.   See land use policy re commendations 1, 2, 12 and 13.

                     2.   Preserve wildlife habitat and water quality of Barrett Lake, Ten-
                          mile Creek and Deer Creek by limiting development around them and
                          requiring stormwater management practices that limit siltation and
                          control peak volumes.

                     3.   Enforce Shoreline Management Program for relevant water bodies.

                     Transportation

                     1 .  Plan and implement roadway improvements on the following roads to
                          bring them up to Whatcom County Engineering Department standards of
                          22-foot paved roadway with 4-foot wide shoulders: Northwest Drive
                          between Slater and West Smith Road, West Smith Road from Northwest
                          Drive to Aldrich Road, the portion of West Smith Road from Inter-
                          state 5 and Northwest Drive between Byers and Graveline Road.

                     2.   Improve at-grade crossing of rail-road on Hovander Road by increas-
                          ing distance, reducing roadway grade and improving roadway surface
                          conditions near crossing.

                     3.   Investigate demand for upgrading intersection of West Smith Road
                          and Interstate 5 to full interchange with on and off ramps.

                     4.   Implement trail system plans within area.

                     .5.  Include potential transportation impacts in all  site plan reviews,
                          especially for commercial developments adjacent to Interstate 5 and
                          all subdivisions in the area.

                                                      167

                       6.   Coordinate roadway improvements of shared streets and roads betwee n
                            participating county agencies and City of Ferndale officials.

                       7.   Implement traffic safety improvements at key intersections to
                            reduce traffic accidents.

                       8.   Evaluate intersection of West Smith Road and Northwest Drive for
                            signalization or turning lane needs.

                       Utilities

                       1.   Coordinate all utility improvements and expansions within the con-
                            text of the Urban Services Area so that improvements and expansions
                            are consistent with overall goals and objectives.

                       2.   Discourage future development within areas where soils are inade-
                            quate for septic systems unless adequate water and sewer service is
                            provided.

                       3.   When water and sewer service is expanded, design systems to meet
                            long term growth projections for the area.

                       Community Facilities

                       1.   Select and acquire adequate school sites.

                       2.   Explore means of acquiring neighborhood and community park sites.

                       3.   Explore means of using school playgrounds as community and neigh-
                            borhood recreation facilities.

                       4.   Encourage incorporation of active and passive recreational space
                            within individual residential developments.

                                                        168

                     5.   Add police personnel as necessary to meet Whatcom County goal for
                          .ratio of police personnel to residential population.

                     6.   Upgrade fire protection by increasing personnel or equipment or
                          improving facilities as necessary to keep up with residential and
                          commercial developments.

                     7.   Coordinate police and fire service areas and personnel requirements
                          between City of Ferndale and County agencies.

                                            100 Year Flood Plains Area

                     Land Use

                     1.   Discourage any new development from locating within any 100 Year
                          Flood Plain area.

                     2.   Encourage agricultural or open space uses as primary activities in
                          all flood plains.

                     3.   Develop and apply Flood Plain Zoning classification to guide future
                          uses of Flood Plain.

                     4.   Enforce Shoreline Management guidelines for uses within flood
                          plains.

                     5.   Regularly maintain all levees and dikes on Nooksack River to pro-
                          tect existing development.

                     Physical Environment

                     1.   See Land Use policies above.

                                                      169

                       Transportation

                       1.    Limit the expansion of roadway networks in flood plain areas.

                       Utilities

                       1.    Discourage the expansion of utility systems in flood plain areas.

                       Community Fac ilities

                       1.    Allow open space as an alternative use in flood plain areas.

                       2.    Implement river trail system along Nooksack River.

                                           Portal Way - Enterprise Road Area

                       Land Use

                       1.    Coordinate a-11 developme nt with Urban Service Area concept.

                       2.    Assure development is consistent with Urban Services capacity by
                             reviewing development concept early in design process.

                       3.    Coordinate delineation of Urban Service Area of Ferndale with sewer
                             planning for area.

                       4.    Evaluate the rezoning of properties along Portal Way between Kass
                             Road and Newkirk Road to multifamily use.

                       5@.   Discourage development of more mobile home and recreational vehicle
                             parks by requiring a special permit or a conditional use permit for
                             their development.

                                                        170

                      6.   Encourage incorporation of open space and existing tree cover id
                           site planning.

                      7.   Discourage strip commercial development on Portal Way by limiting
                           future commercial development to existing General Business zoned
                           I and.

                      8.   Require existing and future establishments that require open stor-
                           age to buffer views into storage areas with vegetation or appropri-
                           ate fencing.

                      9.   Retain agriculturally zoned land under that classification.

                      10.  Retain rural character of land zoned General Protection north of
                           Grandview Road by requiring future development to remain at exist-
                           ing developed density.

                      11.  Utilize a Technical Review Committee to review plans and assist
                           developers in meeting community goals and objectives.

                      Physical Environment

                      1.   Require stormwater management and erosion control facilities for
                           all new development to minimize adverse environmental affects on
                           surrounding property and to help prevent degradation of regional
                           water quality.

                      2.   Encourage the incorporation of open space and existing trees into
                           site design.

                      3.   Coordinate all land development with sewer system planning in area.

                                                       171

                      Transportation

                      1.   Up grade Portal Way from Enterprise Road to Ferndale city limits to
                           Whatcom County Engineering Department standards for a minimum 22-
                           foot paved roadway with 4-foot wide shoulders.

                      2.   Provide increased safety at the intersection of Portal Way and
                           Enterprise Road by design and construction of a "T" intersection to
                           provide safe turning movements for southbound traffic from Enter-
                           prise Road.

                      3.   Include traffic impacts as a topic in design review process and
                           require developer to design and construct safe entries and exists
                           to.his project.

                      4.   Require commerical developments to include adequate off-street
                           parking but also encourage innovative parking design by allowing
                           developers flexibility in providing that space.

                      5.   Provide adequate public transit along Portal Way and Enterprise
                           Road by reviewing demand on a regular basis.

                      Utilities

                      1.   Coordinate all utility improvements and expansions within the Urban
                           Services Area.

                      2.   Discourage future development within areas where soils are inade-
                           quate for septic systems unless adequate water and sewer service is
                           provided.

                      3.   When water and sewer service is expanded, design systems to meet
                           long term growth projections for the area.

                                                       172

                    Community Facilities

                    1.    Explore means. of acquiring neighborhood and community park sites.

                    2.    Encourage incorporation of active and passive recreational space
                          within individual residential developments.

                    3.    Add police personnel as necessary to meet Whatcom County goal for
                          ratio of police personnel to residential population.

                    4.    Upgrade fire protection by increasing personnel or equipment or
                          improving facilities as necessary to keep up with residential and
                          commercial development].

                    5.    Coordinate police and fire service areas and personnel requirements
                          between City of Ferndale and County agencies.

                                      Grandview Road and Interstate 5 Area

                    Land Use

                    1.    Coordinate all land development with Urban Services Area concept.

                    2.    Assure development is consistent with urban services capacity by
                          reviewing design concepts early in development process.

                    3.    Prohibit major development from occurring until urban services are
                          near enough so that extending services would not produce a "leap
                          froggi.ng" effect.

                    4.    Consider re-zoning parcels currently zoned Contract Zone (CZ) to a
                          specific industrial classification that would encourage "clean"
                          industries to locate there.

                                                      173

                            Consider rezoning parcels at the Grandview Road/I-5 interchange
                            that are currently zoned Suburban Farm 1-acre minimum to non-
                            residential uses such as for specific light industrial uses.

                       6.   Encourage industries to locate in this area that would take
                            advantage of the high accessibility of the locale.

                       7.   Discourage strip industrial development along Portal Way by encour-
                            aging industrial  development to concentrate into industrial parks
                            in this area.

                       Physical Environment

                       1.   Require stormwater management and erosion control facilities for
                            all new development to minimize adverse environmental affects on
                            surrounding property.

                       2.   Encourage the incorporation of open space and existing trees into
                            site design.

                            Coordinate all land development with sewer system planning.

                       Transportation

                       1.   Upgrade Portal Way from Enterprise Road northwest past the Sub Area
                            boundary to Custer to minimum Whatcom County Engineering Department
                            standards for 22-foot paved roadway with 4-foot wide shoulders.

                       2.   Improve railroad crossing at Grandview Road to include signs and
                            flashing lights.

                       3.   Monitor all development in area for traffic impacts and require
                            transportation analysis of traffic impacts for significant indus-
                            trial or commercial development.

                                                         174

                      Util ities

                      1.   Coordinate all utility improvements and expansions within the the
                           Urban Services Area.

                      2.   When water and sewer service is expanded design systems to meet long
                           term growth projections for the area.

                      Community Facilities

                      1.   Coordinate fire requirements with County and City of Ferndale agen-
                           cies early in development planning.

                      2.   Coordinate security requirements with County and City of Ferndale
                           agencies early in development planning.

                                                 North Ferndale Area

                      Land Use

                      1.   Coor dinate all land development with Urban Services Area concept.

                      2.   Coordinate Urban Services Area of Ferndale with comprehensive sewer
                           planning for area.

                      3.   Coordinate land use decisions between the County and Ferndale
                           regarding property adjacent to Ferndale boundary.

                      4.   Consider rezoning land south of Alder Grove Road currently zoned
                           Suburban Farm 5-acre minimum to allow residential density of 1-acre
                           minimum lot size.

                                                        175

                        5.   Evaluate Light Industrial zone south of Thornton Road to include
                             specific industrial-commercial uses that will be compatible with
                             residential development to west.

                        6.   Require any rezone applications to consider primary and secondary
                            ,impacts on Urban Services capabilities.

                        7.   Discourage "leap frog" development patterns by controlling expan-
                             sion of Urban Services Area.

                        8.   Encourage retention of wooded areas as means of retaining rural
                             character by encouraging use of existing tax incentives, such as
                             keeping wooded property undeveloped in exchange for a lower tax
                             rate.

                        9.   Encourage incorporation of open space and existing trees into site
                             design for all development as. a means of buffering visual impacts of
                             development.

                        10.  Encourage innovative residential development that is sensitive to
                             physical setting by offering incentives for good site design, such
                             as allowing increased density.

                        Physical Environment

                        1.   Discourage development on unstable slopes.

                        2.   Require stormwater management and erosion control facilities for
                             all new development to reduce adverse impacts on surrounding pro-
                             perty and to help prevent degradation of regional water quality.

                        3.   Encourage incorporation of open space and existing tree cover into
                             site design.

                                                          176

                     4.   Coordinate development with sewer planning and Urban Service Area
                          of Ferndale.

                     Transportation

                     1.   Improve Vista Drive to Whatcom County Engineering Department road-
                          way standards.

                     2.   Evaluate all industrial development proposals for traffic impacts
                          on Thornton Road, City of Ferndale traffic patterns and linkages
                          with rail service.

                     3.   Upgrade intersections of at-grade roads with rail line to increase
                          safety.

                     utilities

                     1.   Coordinate all utility improvements and expansions with i.n the
                          Urban Services Area.

                     2.   Building permits should not be approved until all development plans
                          have been reviewed for utility impacts.
                        .1                                                                               1
                     3.   Develop clear mechanisms for expansion of Urban Services Area and
                          consistently follow those guidelines.

                     Community Facilities

                     L'   Explore means of acquiring neighborhood and community park sites.

                     2.   'Encourage incorporation of active and passive recreational space in
                          residential developments for the use of residents.

                                                       177

                       3.   Add police personnel as necessary to meet Whatcom County goal for
                            ratio of police personnel to residential population.

                       4.   Upgrade fire protection by increasing personnel or equipment or
                            improving facilities, as necessary, to keep up with residential and
                            commercial development.

                       5.   Coordinate police and fire service areas and personnel requirements
                            between City of Ferndale and county agencies.

                                                   Central Sub Area

                       Land Use

                       1.   Maintain rural character of area.

                       2.   Agricultural uses should remain as the primary land us   e for this

                            .area.

                       3.   Consider rezoning prime farm land areas in General Protection Zon-
                            ing to an Agricultural Conservancy designation that allows rural
                            residential densities.

                       4.   Encourage retention of open space and forestcover by encouraging
                            use of existing tax incentives, such as keeping wooded property
                            undeveloped in exchange for a lower tax rate.

                       Physical Environment

                       1.   Retain agricultural character of area.

                       2.   Discourage development on unstable slopes.

                                                       -178

                     3.   Discourage growth within Critical Wildlife Habitats.

                     4.   Encourage rural residential development to occur in areas not sub-
                          ject to seasonally high water tables.

                     Transportation

                     I .  Upgrade the following roads to minimum Whatcom County Engineering
                          Department standards:     Kickerville Road from Grandview Road to
                          Rainbow Road; Rainbow Road from Kickerville Road to Mt. View Road;
                          Mt. View Road from Rainbow Road to Ferndale city limit.

                     2.   Improve shoulders of Lake Terrell Road from Mt. View to Slater Road.

                     3.   Provide roadway center striping on Kickerville Road north of Henry
                          Road'and on Slater Road between Lake Terrell Road and Haxton Way.

                     4.   Promote ride pooling or- van pooling for employees in Cherry Point
                          industries to reduce traffic on area roads.

                     5.   Encourage use of Slater Road or Grandview Road as primary access
                          routes to Cherry Point to reduce traffic impacts on Ferndale.

                     Utilities

                     1.   Discourage extension of utilities into this area to encourage
                          growth to locate in Urban Services Area.

                     Community Facilities

                     1.   Limit community facility expansion in this area to encourage growth
                          to locate in Urban Services Area.

                                                      179

                                             Cherry Point Industrial Area

                      Land Use

                      1.    Re-evaluate eastern boundary of Heavy Impact Industrial zone and
                            consider moving boundary to Kickerville Road.

                      2.    If eastern boundary is moved to Kickerville Road, property along
                            Kickerville Road should be developed to be visually compatible with
                            more rural uses to east.

                      3.    Prohibit industrial expansion outside of area, with exception of
                            band between Burlington Northern Railroad right-of-way and Kicker-
                            ville Road.

                      4.    Require future industrial expansion to be visually buffered from
                            views from roadways.

                      5.    Encourage retention of existing wooded areas and agricultural uses
                            as interim uses until industrial development occurs.

                      6.    Re-evaluate Light Industrial Zoning as a "buffer" Zone in northwest
                            and southwest corner of area and consider upzoning to Heavy Impact
                            Industrial with specific performance and buffering requirements for
                            parcels adjacent to non-industrial designated parcels.

                      7.    Re-evaluate General Protection Zoning classification of shorelands
                            and consider means of making the designation more consistent with
                            upland industrial zoning.

                      Physical Environment

                      1.    Require all development plans for projects proposed in critical
                            wildlife habitat areas or that will impact shorelines to complete
                            an environmental impact statement.

                                                        ISO

                     2.    Develop specific guidelines for future industrial expansion to pro-,
                           mote the desired type and character of land use.

                     3.    Allow proponents of industrial developments the flexibility to meet
                           physical environmental constraints in innovative ways if they can
                           be shown to be an effective means of mitigating adverse environ-
                           mental impacts.

                     4.    Enforce all relevant Shoreline Management guidelines and Washington
                           State Department of Ecology regulations.

                     Transportation

                     1.    Encourage use of Slater Road and Grandview Road as primary access
                           routes to Cherry Point industrial area.

                     2.    Require all new pier facilities to be multipurpose to limit their
                           number, economize on costs and minimize shoreline impacts of     use
                           and construction.

                     3.    Upgrade Kickerville Road from Grandview Road to Rainbow Road and
                           Rainbow Road from Kickerville Road to Mt. View Road to Whatcom
                           County Engineering Department standards.

                     4.    Provide public trail access to beach areas.

                     Utilities

                     1.    Provide mechanism for the coordinated early review of utility
                           impacts of industrial development proposals by agencies and dis-
                           tricts with jurisdiction so that effects and solutions can be iden-
                           tified and solved effectively.

                                                       181

                       2.   Once an industrial proposal is approved, establish a County-City of
                            Ferndale technical committee to facilitate development and final
                            plan development.

                       Community Facilities

                       1.   Encourage new industrial developments to incorporate recreational
                            facilities for their employees.

                       2.   Coordinate all security requirements for industrial developments
                            with Whatcom County Police Department.

                       3.   Coordinate fire protection provisions for industrial developments
                            with City of Ferndale and Whatcom County districts.

                       4.   Implement shoreline trail system.

                       5.   Explore means of acquiring public access to shoreline at Powder
                            Plant Road.

                                           Point Whitehorn - Birch Bay Area

                       Land Use

                       1.   Limit future residential development to land zoned for multifamily
                            (7 units per acre) and single family residential (4 units per acre).

                       2.   Coordinate all land development with Water and Sewer District No. 8
                            capacities and comprehensive plan.

                       3.   Limit future commercial development to land currently zoned for
                            neighborhood business.

                                                        182

                     4.   Consider rezoning shoreline from General Protection to Recreationa,l
                          Open Space.

                     5.   Encourage incorporation of open space and existing tree cover into
                          site design.

                     Physical Environment

                     1.   Discourage any development within critical wildlife habitat areas.

                     2.   Discourage development in areas susceptible      to seasonally high
                          groundwater levels.

                     3.   Encourage new residential development in cliff areas to be sensi-
                          tive to landslide hazards and plan accordingly.

                     4.   Encourage retention of wooded areas and incorporation of existing
                          tree cover into site design.

                     5.   Require developers to manage stormwater by on-site detention.

                     6.   Retain viability of Blue Haron Rookery.

                     Transportation

                     1.   Upgrade all roads to Whatcom County Engineering Department stand-
                          ards.

                     2.   Approve new roads only if designed to meet Whatcom County stand-
                          ards.

                                                       183

                       Util ities

                       1.   Coordinate all utility improvements,and expansions with offices of
                            Water and Sewer District 8.

                       2.   Discourage future, development within areas where soils are inade-
                         -  quate for septic systems unless adequate water and sewer service is
                            provi ded.

                       Community Facilities

                       1.   Explore mechanisms for inclusion of active and passive recreational
                            space in new residential developments.

                       2.   Consider means of providing emergency health care during peak
                            visitor periods.

                                                         184

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                                                         APPENDIX A
                          PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ISSUE DISCUSSION

                             Due to the characteristics of geological units, factors affecting
                        potential development may be assessed. These factors pertain to drain-
                        age, groun d water availability, slope stability and response to seismic
                        shaking.

                             Permeability, the rate at which water will pass through a material,
                        is affected by grain size, surface slope, degree of stratification and
                        the characteristics of underlying geological          units.     Permeability
                        affects both surface drainage and ground water availability. If moder-
                        ately rapid, due to well-sorted and non-compact sands and pebbles, the
                        permeability rate can augment production of varying amounts of ground
                        water.    Septic tank filter fields located on these units can cause
                        potential ground water loading from septic effluent.        If a highly per-
                        meable material is underlaid by a compact unit, such as Vashon Till,
                        downward ground water movement may be restricted and potential aquifer
                        materials beneath this area will have to be laterally rather than verti-
                        cally recharged. This situation can also limit proper function of septic
                        tank filter fields.

                             Slope stability is related to the angle of slope, composition of the
                        geological unit and underlying units.       A slope composed of sands and
                        gravels will be less stable then one containing some clay or silt, which
                        act as cement. A slope composed entirely of clays or silts will be less
                        stable than one containing some sands or gravels, which act as angular
                        building blocks. A slope of less than 15%, depending upon composition,
                        may become unstable if the toe or base of the slope is reduced in holding
                        power, such as in excavation for road cuts.

                             The Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area has no active faults, but the
                        Puget Sound Basin is subject to frequent seismic shaking of varying
                        intensity.    Seismic shaking response is related to the composition of
                        geological unit  s.   Those that are compact exhibit less response than
                        units that are loosely consolidated or are of clay and silt composition.

                                                            185

                           Foundation stability and ease of excavation are inversely related.;
                      that is, compact materials provide strong foundations but may be dif-:
                      ficult to excavate.   Silt and clay units may be easy to excavate but are
                      subject to settling.    The properties of Vashon Till warrant attention
                      regarding development.   It acts as a barrier to ground water movement and
                      is difficult to excavate, although it gives strong support for building
                      foundations.

                           Figure 13 summarizes the geological properties with respect to
                      development potential within the Cherry Point Sub-Area.

                           The geological formations within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                      contain inherent potential and limitations for all types of biological
                      activity which occur upon them.     Gonstraint areas are those concerned
                      with potential slope failure or ground water loading.

                           Slope failure often occurs on slope   s of greater than 15 percent.
                      When saturated, units composed of unconsolidated or poorly sorted mater-
                      ials may have the potential for increased slope failure.          Areas of
                      occurrence are predominantly sea cliffs, marine terraces or slopes
                      caused by active stream cutting.    Engineering measures may minimize the
                      associated hazard:   for example, bulkheading at the base of the slope,
                      reduction of slope angle or drainage improvement.       These are general
                      recommendations, the applicability of which can only be determined
                      through site-specific investigation.    Areas prone to land slippage are
                      located on the map of constraint areas.

                           Since many geological units that could precipitate ground water
                      loading are sub-surface, they are not illustrated on the map of con-
                      straint areas.    Only site-specific investigations can determine the
                      potential for this hazard.

                                               SOILS/DEVELOPMENT MATRIX

                           Soil is a dynamic, natural r esource that is non-renewable during an
                      average human lifespan.    Viewing soils as a non-renewable resource is

                                                        186

                     especially, critical when defining areas to be. used as prime farmlands.
                     Alteration of these soils for other uses can only diminish an already
                     limited res  ource.

                           In,order to characterize the properties of the Cherry Point Sub Area
                     soil  and its uses   for development and agriculture, a soils matrix has
                     been  prepared. Data presented has been supplied by the Soil Conservation
                     Service, Cooperative Extension Service, and Whatcom County's Environ-
                     mental Resource Data Book. Because these sources provided only general
                     information, on-site, investigation for specific developments is still
                     required. The following text delineates the implicati         ons for each soil
                     category.

                                                 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

                           Terrain:    Terrain refers to the general topography which the soil
                     covers.    Terrain is an important factor relating to both the parent
                     material and the on-going natural processes which affect a soil's con-
                     tinuing formation. The terrain types within the Cherry Point Sub Area
                     include alluvial fans and flood plains, flood plain depressions, coastal
                     tidal areas, . terraces (as in geological marine terraces),                terrace
                     depressions, uplands (such as the area west of Ferndale), and upland
                     depressions.

                           Depth to Seasonal Water Table:          This measurement indicates the
                     minimum distance from the land surface to the water table when maximum
                     precipitation occurs. It is affected by the proximity of the soil to a
                     river drainage, as in a flood plain, and by the occurrence of impervious
                     materials underlying the soil.

                           Depth to Impervious Layer      This depth is the distance from the land
                     surface to,any geological materials which restrict the downward flow of
                     water. Since bedrock is not exposed within the Cherry Point Sub Area, it
                     is not a concern; however, compact glacial till and dense clays are.

                                                             187

                               Permeab i 1 i t y:    A so i I   s permeab i I i ty i s def i ned by i ts texture,
                       structure, porosity (space between individual soil particles), and den-
                       sity.      These combined factors affect the rate of downward water flow.
                       The categorical determination is based on the upper twelve inches of soil
                       but variation in permeability can occur at lower depths depending upon
                       soil structure.

                               Hydrological Group:             A soil's classification in a hydrological
                       group depends on its run-off potential when it lacks vegetative cover.
                       Run-off potential contains implications for the occurrence of standing
                       water. The categories are as follows:

                               "A"    Soils with rapid permeability rates that actively allow infil-
                                      tration (downward entry of water into the soil).                              Run-off
                                      potential is minimal in soils whi.ch are usually composed of
                                      deep sand with little silt or clay.
                               "B"    Soils with moderate permeability and infiltration rates.
                                      Run-off and potential standing water occurrence are moderate
                                      in these soils composed of shallow sands with some clay and
                                      silt.
                               IICI@  Soil permeability and infiltration rates are reduced because
                                      of the presence of silt and clay colloids. Depending upon the
                                      proportionate occurrence of these materials, run-off and
                                      standing water potentials are moderate to severe.
                               'ID"   Soils where run-off and standing water potentials are at maxi-
                                      mum.    These soils, of high clay content, are often saturated
                                      restricting further absorption.

                       Physical Constraints

                               Slope: A soil's slope is its grade, measured as a percentage from a
                       horizontal plane. Excessive slopes, defined as slopes greater than 15%,
                       may create utility installation, septic tank, dwelling and vehicular
                       movement problems for urban developments.                        Due to increased erosion
                       potential, excessive slopes may also create problems for agricultural
                       activity.

                                                                          188

                            Shrink-Swell Potential: The amount of clay or organic material in a
                      soil  and changes in its moisture content constitute a soil's shrink-
                      swell potenti  al.   For example, when saturated soils of severe shrink-
                      swell potential-lose    moisture, their volume is reduced. When this hap-
                      pens, dwellings and roads may experience sagging or settling.

                            Frost Action Potential: The frost action potential of a soil mea-
                      sures the expansion in a soil's volume when contained moisture freezes.
                      Sandy.soils with some clay content are especially subject to this expan-
                      sion.   A soil's frost action potential is an important determinant of
                      frost heaving in roads and run ways; it may also affect structures.

                            Erosion Potential:      The amount of soil which may be lost due to
                      natural weathering processes when vegetation is removed is a soil's
                      erosion potential.

                            Slippage Potential:     Slippage potential refers to the possibility
                      of earth masses moving down a slope.            Since f i ne- to-medi um- textured
                      soils  are the most vulnerable to slippage, excavations at any point on a
                      slope having such soils should be carefully studied.

                            Ponding  Potential: Ponding potential refers to a soil's         propensity
                      to allow standing water, either from a rise in the seasonal water table
                      or from inundation by flooding.        Soil with a high ponding potential is
                      usually close to flood plains or has impervious materials located'
                      beneath the ground surface.
                      SOIL CHARACTERIST*ICS RELATED TO BUILDING CONSTRAINTS

                            Dwellings:   These constraints pertain to single-family residences
                      or similar structures which lack basements.         The constraints are based
                      upon data concerning bearing capacity, soil slope and slippage poten-
                      tial, settling due to shrink-swell potential, frost action potential and
                      susceptibility to ponding or flooding.

                                                              189

                        Septic Tank Filter Fields:     This is a major concern' for rural
                   residences not served by a municipal water supply. The degree of limi-
                   tation is based on the soil Is ability to absorb and disperse septic
                   filter field effluent.    It is based upon soil permeability, depth to
                   impervious layer, susceptibility to ponding, flooding or the.occurrence
                   of a seasonally high water table, and local experience concerning the
                   performance of other septic filter fields.     A soil of moderate perme-
                   ability, having a seasonal water table of greater than five feet, is the
                   most desirable. A soil with rapid permeability may subject ground water
                   to loading by septic effluent.     Soils with this potential have been
                   identified on the map of constraint areas.

                        Shallow Excavations: This constraint is relevant to excavation for
                   basements, underground utilities, cemeteries and open ditches.     A soil
                   favorable to excavation is one that offers good workability, moderate
                   resistance to sloughing, a gentle slope and is not susceptible to pondi.ng
                   or flooding.

                        Roads & Streets: This refers to potential all-weather surfaced and
                   improved roadways. The categorical rating is based upon data concerning
                   bearing capacity, soil drainage, slope, shrink-swell (shrinkage) and
                   frost action (heaving) potentials. Susceptibility to ponding or flood-
                   ing is also considered.

                                           AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES

                        The Soil Conservation Service has established soil classes, farm-
                   lands of statewide significance, and prime farmlands based on a soil's
                   f armabi 1 i ty. The Cooperative Extension Service has designated soil
                   types associated with prime farmlands. These soils criteria are summar-
                   ized in the following section.

                        Soil Class: Soils are rated in capability classes from I (the best)
                   to VIII by the Soil Conservation Service.     These ratings categorize a
                   soil's potential for agricultural uses based upon climate, erosion haz-

                                                        190

                    ard, soil  moisture and response to common management practices.        These
                    categories do not pertain to soils which have experienced major altera-
                    tions due  to human developments.

                          Prime Farmlands (SCS): The Soil Conservation Service decides lands
                    are prime farmlands based on the soil quality, the growing season and the
                    moisture supply needed to produce sustained high yields of crops econo-
                    mically according to modern farming methods.         It also considers the
                    aver age soil temperature in the root zone, soil pH, water table depth
                    during the growing season, erosion potential, permeability rate, and the
                    number of coarse rock fragments.

                          In the Cherry Po int-Ferndale Sub Area there are several soils which
                    are classified as prime farmlands.       Currently, they are subjected to
                    competition by other uses. Since they are a limited resource, they can
                    be considered a potential.constraint to development and their distribu-
                    tion is located on the map of constraint areas.

                          Farmlands of-Stat.ewide Importance,:   The Soil Conservation Service
                    based this.determination upon lands which have a capability class of IV
                    or better.

                          Prime Farmlands (CES): The Cooperative Extension Service has based
                    its determination of prime farmlands on the sustained high yield of
                    various agriculture crops when current, applied farming technologies are
                    used. Crops included in this designation are hay, pasture, corn 'silage,
                    strawberries, raspberries, sweet corn, peas, bush beans, potatoes and
                    seed potatoes.

                          It should be noted that Whatcom County in 1974 produced 30% of all
                    the milk in t he Puget Sound milk-marketing area, in 1973 produced approx-
                    imately 65% of the snap beans in Washington State, and in 1970 produced
                    approximately 90% of the certified seed potatoes in Washington State.
                    This type of major agricultural production is a resource,, and     the soils
                    which relate to it have been located on the map of.constraint areas.

                                                          191

                       Forest Lands:   Since much of the land within the Cherry   Point Sub
                  Area is devoted to human developments or agricultural usage, little
                  forest land remains. It occurs primarily as woodlots, State School Lands
                  or Game Ranges and parks.   Their use for commercial forest practice is
                  limited due to their size and due to competing uses. Consequently, this
                 .category has been omitted in the soils matrix.    Where woodlots provide
                  habitats for wildlife species, they have been located on the map of
                  constraints areas.

                                                 VEGETATION

                       Constraint areas:    These include woodlots, salt   water marsh and
                  fresh water wetlands. Woodlots provide the location for natural vegeta-
                  tion, as well as dependent wildlife species.       Studies are currently
                  underway to evaluate potential damage caused to this natural vegetation
                  by industrial sources.

                       There are few salt water marsh areas within the Cherry Point Sub
                  Area. This habitat provides an environment for a variety of shorebirds.
                  Fresh water marshes provide habitat for an extensive variety of resi-
                  dent, migratory, game and wild birds. In the Lake Tennant area, there is
                  a Lowland Fawn Lily which is considered critical, that is, its continued
                  survival may be hampered.

                       A major conflict has been occurring during the past years between
                  intensive use agricultural land and human development.       Well-drained,
                  sandy loam soils, used for berry and carrot production, are in demand for
                  residential developments dependent upon septic tank filter fields.

                                                  WILDLIFE

                       Constraint Areas: The key issue with reference to wildlife is the
                  maintenance of habitat.    Woodlot loss to competing uses could impact
                  wildlife population size, distribution and variety.      Flooding, flood
                  control structures, poor water quality and low flows negatively affect
                  fish populations.

                                                      192

                          No known rare, endangered or threatened f urbearers are known to
                     exist within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.

                          Birds of sensitive status within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area
                     include the Northern Bald Eagle and Great Blue Heron. The Northern Bald
                     Eagle is classified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as threatened.
                     Two known nesting sites exist.      Two blue heron rookery locations are
                     known, also. These are located on the map of constraint areas.

                          The National Audobon Society has developed a supplimental, unof-
                     ficial list of Blue-Listed species, "species more common and often more
                     widespread which for any number of reasons known or unknown appear to be
                     suffering in all or part of their range from non-cyclical decline" (Army
                     Corps of Engineers, Washington Environmental Atlas page 40).             Blue-
                     listed species occurring within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are
                     the Red-throated Loon, Western Grebe, Double-crested Cormorant, Great
                     Blue Heron, Sharp-skinned Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, Barn Owl, Bewick's Wren,
                     Marsh Hawk and Osprey.

                          The Coastal Zone Atlas for Whatcom County has defined critical
                     habit.   These are geographical locations which, "because of unique
                     oceanographic or environmental conditions, provide major sources of
                     recruitment for adjacent populations;" or locations where "breeding,
                     nursery, feeding and resting areas occur" (State of Washington, Intro-
                     duction).   These criteria have been used to identify habitats on the
                     constraint area map.

                          Significant aquatic habitat, that is, migratory and spawning areas
                     for fish, include the Nooksack and Lummi Rivers, and portions of Terrel,
                     Tenmile, Deer and Silver Creeks. These have been located on the map of
                     constraint areas.    The Coastal Zone Atlas for Whatcom County considers
                     the entire Strait of Georgia coastal area, occurring within the Cherry
                     Point Sub Area, to be a critical habitat for Pacific Herring.

                                                           193

                                               SHORELINE MANAGEMENT AREAS

                            Approval of Initiative 43B in the 1972 General Election ratified
                      the Shoreline Management Act of 1971 (RCW 90.58). This act granted city
                      and county governments the responsibility of preparing shoreline manage-
                      ment programs for their jurisdictions. It is from this foundation that
                      the Shoreline Management Program of Whatcom County was developed. It i         s
                      the purpose of this section to identify shoreline areas in the Cherry
                      Point-Ferndale Sub Area that are subject to the Shoreline Management Act
                      and to identify regulations concerning various uses.            Shorelines of
                      state-wide significance will also be identified.

                            Shorelines of state-wide significance, as defined in RCW 90.58.030
                      and pertinent to the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are:        1) those areas
                      of Puget Sound and adjacent salt waters north to the Canadian line and
                      lying seaward from the line of extreme low tide, 2) those natural rivers
                      or segments there of downstream f rom a poi nt where the mean annual f I ow i s
                      measured at one thousand cubic feet per second or more, and 3) the waters
                      between the ordinary high and extreme low tide of Birch Bay from Point
                      Whitehorn to Birth Point.

                            In the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, this definition would
                      include Strait of Georgia waters seaward of extreme low tide, Birch Bay,
                      the mainstream of the Nooksack River, and any adjacent wetlands.            Wet-
                      lands are defined as marshes, bogs, swamps, floodways and flood plains
                      associated with marine or river water bodies for 200 feet landward from
                      the ordinary high water mark (RCW 98.58.030).

                            General policies adopted for Shorelines      of state-wide significance
                      are, in order of priority:

                            1)   The statewide interest should be recognized and protected over
                                  a local interest.

                            2)   The natural character of shorelines should be preserved.

                                                           194

                         3)   Uses of shorelines should result in long-term benefits to the
                              people of the state.

                         4)   Resources and ecological systems of shorelines should be pro-
                              tected.

                         5)   Public access to publicly owned areas of shorelines should be
                              increased.

                         6)   Recreational opportunities for the public should be increased
                              on shorelines.

                   Preferred  developments, which should be integrated into the natural sur-
                   roundings,  should provide for pollution c ontrol and prevention of damage
                   to the natural environment.

                         The Shoreline Management Act of 1971 also addresses shorelines of
                   the state. Shorelines are defined as:    all the water areas of the state,
                   including reservoirs, and their associated wetlands,    together with lands
                   underlying them (RCW 90.58.030).

                         For western Washington, this definition includes shorelines on
                   stream segments where the mean annual flow is between 20 to 999 cubic
                   feet per second and shorelines on lakes having a surface area of between
                   20 to 999 acres.    The Shoreline Management Plan.of Whatcom County pri-
                   marily concerns these areas.

                         Within the Cherry Point-Ferndale,Sub Area, four general      shoreline
                   areas are protected by the Shoreline Management Program--rural, conserv-
                   ancy, natural and aquatic. These designations affect Strait of Georgia
                   and Birch Bay waters seaward of the ordinary high water level; waters of
                   Lake Terrell, Barrett Lake and Tennant Lake; and shorelands adjacent to
                   the Strait of Georgia, Birch Bay, Lake Terrell, Barret     t Lake, Tennant
                   Lake, Nooksack River, Lummi River and segments of Tenmile Creek and
                   Terrell Creek. Since potential developments adjacent to or within these
                   areas should be carefully considered, these areas have been located on
                   the map of constraint areas.

                                                        195

                        The Shoreline Management Program establishes the general purposes
                   of the shoreline designation areas.    Those purposes pertinent to the
                   Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area are as follows:

                        RURAL - To ensure that uses are compatible with area physical capa-
                        bilities and limitations, natural resources and other low density
                        development. Such low to moderate density uses include, but are not
                        limited to, residences, agriculture and outdoor recreation develop-
                        ments.
                        CONSERVANCY - To obtain long-term, wise use of its natural resour-
                        ces, including multiple use whenever practical, and to prevent
                        forms of development which would be unsafe or incompatible with
                        more appropriate uses. This policy should be furthered by keeping
                        overall intensity of development or use low, and maintaining most
                        of the area's natural character.
                        NATURAL - To ensure long-term preservation of those resources which
                        yield optimum benefits to the community or region, in their natural
                        condition.
                        AQUATIC - To encourage and protect appropriate multiple uses, or
                        dominant uses in limited areas, of navigatible or open waters; to
                        preserve the limited water surfaces, tidelands and shorelands from
                        encroachment; and to preserve and ensure wise use of the area's
                        natural features and resources which are substantially different in
                        char-acter from those of adjoining uplands and backshores.

                        To ensure proper enactment of these policies, several regulations
                   have been established. In the following table, several uses with general
                   reference to policy regulations, are given. -References to specific use
                   regulations are available in the Shoreline Management Program and inqui-
                   ries concerning site-specific applications should be directed to the
                   Whatcom County Buildings and Code Administration.

                                                 GROUNDWATER

                        Future residential developments occurring outside the Ferndale
                   municipal water supply area may need to rely on aquifers for their

                                                       196

                    domestic water   needs until a water utility can be provided.            Since
                    information concerning aquifer potential in the Mountain View uplands
                    area is limited, more ground water investigation should be undertaken.
                    Other alternatives include surface water storage for run-off and precip-
                    itation, such  as in reservoirs, or expansion of municipal water supply.

                         To 'prevent contamination of well water, new shallow public and
                    private wells  are required to have   a double casing and concrete grout to
                    a depth of 20  feet.   Although more research is needed, the recommended
                    separation of  50 to 70 feet between  the well and any pollution source may
                    be insufficient for shallow sand and gravel water sources.        Many wells
                    occ ur in septic tank usage areas. Soils which may contribute to ground
                    water contamination due to high permeability rate, underlying materials
                    or seasonally high water tables are located on the map of constraint

                    areas.

                                               100-YEAR FLOOD PLAINS

                         The floodway of a flood plain is the area of the flood plain subject
                    to inundation, which must be kept free of encroachments, such as artifi-
                    cial fill.   Encroachments may increase flood water heights within their
                    boundaries and subject downstream unprotected areas to increased veloci-
                    ties and volumes.     The Federal Insurance Administration considers an
                    encroachment to be any structure that could cause flood water heights to
                    increase by more than one foot over unconfined levels.

                         The flood fringe is considered to be the area within the flood plain
                    which may be subject to inundation.          Encroachments or obstructions
                    within this area will not increase flood water heights by more than one
                    foot.

                         Coastal areas are also subject to inundation.        The Federal Insur-
                    ance Administration considers 100-year flood plains to be those areas
                    located within twelve foot elevation of the high water level.          Coastal
                    flooding is generally the result of a combination of high spring tides

                                                          197

                   and strong winds from winter storms. The ten-mile sourtherly fetch, deep
                   near shore waters and high energy setting of the Cherry Point Sub Area
                   coastline, cause low elevation areas between high bluffs to be particu-
                   larly vulnerable.

                        Structural flood protection measures consist of levees, bank stab-
                   ilization, flood control dams and flood proofing of buildings.         The
                   effectiveness of levees varies with its height, the height of adjacent
                   systems or river banks, susceptibility to erosion during h      igh water
                   periods and maintenance.    For example, a low-height levee downstream
                   from one of greater height may be rendered ineffective due to increased
                   flood surface level caused by the higher levee.       Bank stabilization
                   causes natural river meanderings to become fixed and during flood per-
                   iods may increase water velocity and volume due to the river's inability
                   to spread waters over a larger area. Flood dams may mitigate a flood's
                   intensity by gradually releasing impounded waters, thus reducing volume
                   and velocity.  Flood proofing of structures, such as increased founda-
                   tion heights and building orie ntation, can also reduce potential damage.

                        Nonstructural methods, such as flood plain, warning systems, flood
                   plain zoning or other land use regulations may be less costly methods of
                   protection.

                        In 1975, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recorded a flood consi-
                   dered to be a 10-year or 10 percent change of occurrence.      This flood
                   rendered existing flood protection measures ineffective, by breaching
                   levees and causing flood water impoundment behind them.

                        The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 created a federally subsi-
                   dized insurance program whereby responsibility is placed on individual
                   land owners for purchase of flood insurance. Lending institutions char-
                   tered or regulated by the federal government are not permitted to grant
                   loans to individuals who wish to build within the flood plain, unless
                   that individual purchases flood insurance.      Flood insurance is only
                   available to governmental jurisdictions in which land use controls, con-

                                                     198

                     forming to federal requirements, have been developed.         These require-
                     ments stress that land use control is less costly than structural flood
                     control, because these structures may be quite large and 100-year flood
                     protection insurance is expensive.

                           Since Cherry Point's 100-year flood plain can be considered an area
                     of  environmental constraint, it has been located on the constraint area
                     map.- The Flood In  surance Study of 1977 did not include consideration of
                     incorporated areas, such as Ferndale, or public lands, such as the Lake
                     Terrell State Game Range and Birch Bay State Park. Consequently, poten-
                     tial flooding pertaining to these areas is not illustrated.

                           Class I accretion beaches described in The Physical Environment,
                     Existing Conditions section especially in natural conditions, are rare
                     within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area, as well as within Puget Sound.
                    ,For these reasons, Bauer considers Class I beaches to be an endangered
                     shore "species" and, consequently, are included on the map of constraint

                     areas.

                           Direction of long shore drift is a concern regarding developments
                     which may interfere with shore processes. Conclusive studies have yet to
                     be made, but available studies by Bauer and Schwartz, et al., indicate
                     active drift shuttling throughout the shoreline with net movement south-
                     easterly from Point Whitehorn towards Sandy Point. A northeasterly net
                     movement  occurs from Point Whitehorn into Birch Bay.         Active two-way
                     drift and eddying occurs near Point Whitehorn.           Existing industrial
                     piers appear to be interferring with long shore transport to varying
                     degrees and only further-studies can determine the extent.         Bauer sug-
                     gests that these piers place a limit on long shore transport sectors near
                     the shoreline and that interruptions to ongoing shore processes should
                     be minimized.

                           Areas of constraint concern the maintenance of accretion beaches
                     due t o their uniqueness, shore access, biological productivity and loca-
                     tion for waterfowl habitat.      Bluff erosion and slippage potential have

                                                            199

                   been considered within the geology section.      Coastal flooding has been
                   considered within the 100-year flood section. Whatcom County Shoreline
                   Management Program des.ignations are discussed in the Management Program
                   section.   It is evident that further studies to determine long shore
                   transport  direction and the impact of artificial barriers to movement
                   should be  initiated.

                                                         200

                                                    APPENDIX B

                                          ECONOMIC AND POPULATION TRENDS

                           This section  describes regional, national and international eco-
                      nomic and demographic trends as they relate to these trends within the
                      Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.

                                             STATE AND REGIONAL TRENDS

                           The Pacific Northwest is one of the fastest-growing areas in the
                      United States. Its growth rates, future employment and income gains are
                      expected to exceed the U.S. average. Construction spending and housing
                      starts have all exceeded the national average and reflect both the gen-
                      eral strength of the regional economy and strong gains in the forest
                      products, agriculture and aerospace industries.       Recent population
                      growth has also been larger than for the U.S. as a whole, influenced by
                      the region's amenities as well as its favorable economic trends.

                           Washington State's economy, traditionally based in transportation
                      and trade, chiefly produces aircraft, railcars, trucks, ships, lumber,
                      paper goods and aluminum. Its location provides easy shipping access to
                      Japan and Asia, Alaska, British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. In
                      recent years, Washington has substantially expanded its trade of cargo
                      and other shipping activities with all of these markets.

                           Although.manufacturing is still important to the economy, Washing-
                      ton State's major employers since the 1969-71 Boeing recession have been
                      in wholesale and retail trades, services,, finance and construction.

                           Future economic growth is expected to be based in resource-based
                      manufacturing industries, trade with the expanding regional and inter-
                      national markets, diversified expansion of industries locat  ing in the
                      area,, and growth in aerospace employment.     The swelling 'orders for
                      Boeing's existing jetliners and its new generation of aircraft underlie
                      the strong outlook for aerospace employment for the next several years.

                                                       201

                            Forecasts at the state    level predict a total employment growth      from
                       1979-81 of,234,500    people and  wage and salary gains of $133,000,        with
                       larger gains   expected   in non-manufacturing industries (see Table        BI).
                       Combined ga.ins,of-68,400    51 percent of total annual employment growth)
                       are expected   at the state level for the trade and services industries
                       over this period. Statewide, personal income is expected to grow by 14.2
                       percent in.1979.and by 40.7 percent from 1979-81 (State of Washington,
                       Office  of @Financial Management, Population, Enrollment and Economic
                       Studies  Division,, May, 1979).

                            The most recent three-year state forecasts predict that employment
                       growth for durable manufacturers will slow in 1980 as national demand
                       weakens and as Boeing's expansion stabilizes, and will return to
                       stronger growth rates in 1981 as the economy picks up.

                             The forecast for nondurable manufacturing predicts relatively slow
                       growth in, food processing, printing and pulp and paper employment during
                       the 1980-81 period, following a swelling of pulp and paper employment in
                       1979,caused by the return of workers from a six-month strike. Nonmanu-
                       facturing employment is expected to grow by about 7 percent during 19.79
                       and to slow to approximately 4 percent during 1980-81. Construction is
                       expected to slow significantly before picking up again in 1980 and 1981
                       (Washington State Office of Financial Management, May, 1979).

                                   WHATCOM COUNTY AND    CHERRY POINT-FERNDALE SUB AREA

                             The traditional bases of    Whatcom County's economy have been fish-
                       ing,  forestry, mining and agriculture, sustained by the area's deep
                       water port, hydroelectric power, timber and fisheries resources.              The
                       completion of Interstate 5, construction of the ARCO Refinery and the
                       Intalco Aluminum Plant, growth of Western Washington University, influx
                       of Canadian spending into the County and enactment of the 200-mile fish-
                       ing limit have diversified and expanded these traditional industries.

                                                           202

                                                           TABLE BI

                                STATE OF WASHINGTON EMPLOYMENT FORECAST, 1979-1981 (THOUSANDS)

                                                                                                        7979-81
                                                                                             1979-81 PERCENTAGE
                                                   1979            1980          1981         CHANGE     CHANGE

            Total Wage & Salary Employment         1,598.8         1,658.4       1,731.8       133.0      8.3%

            Manufacturing                           306.5           314.8          327.9       21.4       7.0

            Nondurables:                             87.2            89.1           91.5        4.3       4.9
               Food & Kindred Products               33.2            33.3           34.0          .8      2.4
               Pulp & Paper                          15.6            16.7           16.8        1.2       7.7
               Apparel                                 7.2            7.5            8.2        1.0      13.9
               Printing                              15.7            16.1           16.6          ..9     5.7
               Chemicals                               8.3            8.1            8.0        -.3       3.6
               Petroleum                               2.1            2.1            2.1        ---       ---
               Other Nondurables                       5.1            5.4            5.8          .7     13.7

            Durables:                               219.3           225.7          236.5       17.2       7.8
               Lumber & Wood                         55.3            55.2           58.5        3.2       5.8
               Furniture                               3.2            3.2            3.3        0.1       3.1
               Stone/Clay/Glass                        7.5            7.8            8.1        0.6       8.0
               Ferrous & Fabricated Metals           15.3            15.6           16.1          .8      5.3
               Nonferrous Metals                     13.4            13.1           13.3        -.1       -.7
               Machinery                             22.8            23.4           24.9        2.7       9.2
               Transportation Equipment              92.9            98.1          102.0        9.1       9.8
               Other Durables                          8.9            9.4           10.3        1.4      15.7

            Nonmanufacturing                       1,292.4         1,343.6       1,403.8       111.4      8.6
               Mining                                  3.1            3.1            3.2        0.1       3.2
               Construction                         104.1           109.3          114.8       10.7      10.3
               Transportation                        61.2            62.5           64.3        3.1       5.1
               Communication & Utilities             32.2            33.7           35.7        3.5      10.9
               Wholesale/Retail Trade               390.3           403.4          420.9       30.6       7.8
               Finance/Insurance/Real Estate         91.0            95.7          100.1        9.1      10.0
               services                             299.2           316.9          337.0       37.8      12.6
               Government                           311.2           318.9          327.7       16.5       5.3

            Source: Washington State Office of Financial Management, May, 1979.

                                                              203

                          Bellingham, Whatcom County's largest town is the focus of trade and
                     commerce between Seattle and Vancouver, B.C.     Bellingham's population,
                     now an estimated 44,400 (according to the State's April, 1979 population
                     estimates), has grown by 12.8 percent since 1970 (see Table BII). Down-
                     town Bellingham, with an expanding economic base, retail trade and tour-
                     ism, and its waterfront, with the commercial fishing fleet, expansion of
                     marine-oriented commercial- and recreational facilities and marina facil-
                     ities, restaurants, retail shops and marine-related stores, appears
                     healthy. Activities at the Port of Bellingham's South Terminal a    t Fair-
                     haven have grown considerably, particularly the fish processing opera-
                     tion since adoption of the 200-mile fishing limit.

                          The County's summertime population swells to close to 400,000,
                     roughly 4 times its year-round population (Thumin, 1977).        The Birch
                     Bay-Blaine area has grown to become the County's predominant resort
                     complex, attracting substantial numbers'of weekend and summer visitors,
                     including a large proportion of Canadians from the Vancouver, B.C. area.

                          Whatcom County's population, which according to State estimates,
                     increased to 99,800 in 1979, grew by 21.7 percent over the 1970-1979
                     period. This compares with a state population increase of 14.6 percent
                     over this same period (Table BII). Population in the County's unincorpor-
                     ated areas, which had climbed to 43,401 by 1979 (a 27.6 increase from
                     1970- 1979) grew faster than that of the incorporated areas, which had
                     reached 56,399 by 1979 (a 17.5 percent increase from 1970-1979).         The
                     populations of Nooksack, Everson and Sumas have increased only minimally
                     in recent years and these towns remain relatively small.

                          The population of Ferndale, the principal population center and the
                     only incorporated municipality within the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub
                     Area, is estimated to have grown to 3,440 by 1979, a 69.1 percent
                     increase over its 1970 population.      This substantial growth rate was
                     influenced largely by the growth in employment at Cherry Point, although
                     annexation of surrounding unincorporated areas was also a factor.

                                                        204

                                                             TABLE BI I POPULATION FOR THE
                                                        STATE OF WASHINGTON AND WHATCOM COUNTY
                                                                          1970-1978

               Municipality
                by County           1970        1971       1972.       1973        1974       1975        1976        1977        '1978      1979

               WHATCOM             81,983      83,800     85,000      85,000      85,200     86,200      90,000      939600     96,600      99,800
                 Unincorp.         34,004      35,004     35,110      35,295      34,557     34,658      37,156      39,367     41,681      43,401
                 Incorp.           47,979      48,796     49,890      49,705      50,643     51,542      52,844      54,233     54,919      56,399
                  Bellingham       39,375      39,700     40,500      40,200      40,500     41,000      42,100      43,160.    43,400      44,400
                  Blaine            1,955       2,000      2,000       2,050       2,120      2,240       2,265       2,360       2,410      2,500
                  Everson              633         670a        675        680         690         700        730         755         805        820
                  Ferndale          2,164       2,500      2,740       2,800       2,927 a    3,030       3,100       3,180       3,440      3,660
                  Lynden            2,808       2,850      2,900       2,950       3,360      3,525       39540       3,655       3,735      3,850
                  Nooksack             .322        352a        352        352         352         353        413a        415         415        435
                                                     a           a           a           a          a           a           a          a           a
                  Sumas                722         724         723        673         694         694        696         708         714        734

            STATE TOTAL          3,413,250  3,430,100  3,418,800 3,424,300     3,448,100   3,493,990  3,571,591   3,661,975  34774,300 3,911,200

               aActual Census

               Source: Washington State Office of Financial Management, September, 1979.

                           The population of Lynden, the     other Whatcom County municipality
                      similar in size to Ferndale, has had   a population increase comparable to
                      Ferndale in the last three years.

                           73.6 percent of the County's 1970-79 popula  tion increase is attrib-
                      utable to people moving to the area and only 26.4 percent to natural
                      increases (births minus deaths).    In the state as a whole 57.7 percent of
                      the population growth was attributable to net migration and 42.3 percent
                      to natural increase (Washington State Office of Financial Management,
                      August, 1979).

                           Whatcom County's population is predominantly white (see Table BIII,
                      Whatcom County Population Characteristics).      Native Americans are the
                      largest racial subgroup in Whatcom County accounting for 2.6 percent of
                      the population. Many of these Native Americans live on the Lummi Reser-
                      vation, south of the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area.         Though racial
                      minorities are a very small part of Whatcom County's total population,
                      their population grew faster over the 1970-79 period than did the white
                      population.   Residents aged 65 and over constitute 11.2 percent of the
                      total population, a slightly higher proportion than the 10.5 percent of
                      the State population.

                           Per capita income estimates up   dated to 1976 indicate lower income
                      levels in Whatcom County than the state as a whole.       Whatcom County's
                      reported per capita personal income was approximately 89.6 percent of
                      the state average (Washington State Department of Revenue, September,
                      1978).

                           Wood products, oil refining, aluminum smelting and boat-building
                      are large employers in the County (see Tables BIV, BV, and BVI). Much of
                      the region's economic activity is highly seasonal and is therefore sus-
                      ceptible to seasonal employment fluctuations. Quarterly employment       fig-
                      ures indicate that employment in construction, fishing, agriculture,
                      mining, food and k.indred products is typically lowest during the first
                      quarter and highest during the third quarter of the year, while the

                                                        206

                                                         TABLE BIII
                                       WHATCOM COUNTY POPULATION CHARACTERISTIC,S

                                                                                 1970-1979
                                                       1970        1979       Percent Change

                            Total Population           81,983      99,800          21.7%
                            White (Excluding           78,334      94,855          21.1%
                              Spanish Surname)
                            Ethnic Categories
                              Spanish Surname            956        1,150          20.3%
                              Black                      201           400         99.0%
                              Indian.                  1,949        2,600          33.4%
                              Asian                      310           555         79.0%

                              Other                      233           240           3.0%
                            Population 6-5 Years       9,564       11,210          17.2%
                              and Over

                                                       Source: Washington State Office of
                                                                 Financial Management,
                                                                 August, 1979, and 1970
                                                                 Census of Population.

                                                             207

                                                    UBLE BIV

                                      MAJOR EMPLOYERS IN WHATCOM COUNTY

               NAME                  ADDRESS                        PRODUCTS                EMPLOYEES
      Atlantic Richfiel'd Co.      Grandview Road              Coke, fuel, jet fuel            350
                                   Ferndale

      Builders Concrete, Inc..     C. & W. Maple               Tru-mix concrete, sand          150
                                                               & gravel, pipe, concrete
                                                               floats

      Columbia Cement Co.          Marietta Road               Cement & Quarry                 155

      Ershigs, Inc.                742 Marine Drive            Industrial fiber, glass,
                                                               sheet metal                     250+

      Georgia Pacific Corp.       @300 Laurel                  Pulp, paper, chemicals         1,116

      Haskell Corporation          1011 Meador Avenue          Plumbing & heating              150

      Intalco                      Ferndale, WA                Aluminum                       1,190

      Mobile Oil Corporation       Ferndale, WA                Petroleum refinery              300

      Puget Sound Power
      & Light                      N. State & Magnolia         Utility Company                 155

      Uniflite, Inc.               9th & Harris                Fiberglass boats &              504
                                                               yachts

      Bellingham Herald            1155 N. State               Daily newspaper                 130

      Source: Whatcom County Industrial Development Council, 1979.

                                                       208

                                                                       TABLE BV
                                                       WHATCOM COUNTY MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT
                                                              1970-1978 ANNUAL AVERAGE

                            Total   Lumblar. Transpor-               Stone,               Food &   Printing               Other
                         Manufac-     Wood     tation     Primary     Clay      Other   Kindred    & Pub-     Petroleum     Non-
                  Year     turing    Prod.     Equip.     Metals     Glass     Durable    Prod.     lishing    Refining Durable
                  1970     5,700     790        310       1,340       250        190      1,000       210         300       1,330
                  1971     5,910     710        450       1,310       230        250         930      210         520       1,310
                  1972     6,110     730        500       1,260       210        250         960      200         600       1,390
          N-)     1973     6,350     810        590       1,220       230        240      1,110       210         630       1,320
                  1974     6,570     720        550       1,25b       240        300      1,190       200         700       1,440
                  1975     6,460     610        540       1,280       24.0       330      1,140       200         700       1,380
                  1976     6,630     670        na        na          na       2,470      1,110       na          @na       2,580
                  1977     6,740     700        na        na          na       2,420      1,120       na          na        2,500
                  1978     6,810     780        na        na          na       2,690      1,180       na          na        2,160

                  Source:    Data 1970-1975 from  Canadian  Impact Study, Whatcom   Council of  Governments, 1978.
                             Washington Dept. of  Employment Security data for 1976-1978 does not show brekadown
                             of Other Durable and Other NonDurable catagories.

                             As reported by the Whatcom County Real Estate Research Committee, '1979.

                      government employment is usually lowest during the summer when Western
                      Washington University and other schools are closed.    Overall unemploy-
                      ment rates in Whatcom County are approximately 2 percent above that of
                      the State (see Table BVII).

                           Local businesses are, affected by such outside factors as the Canad-
                      ian exchange rate.   Its fluctuations significantly affect retail sales
                      in Bellingham. Within the last year, the local economywas also signifi-
                      cantly affected by a labor dispute at Georgia-Pacific Corporation's Bel-
                      lingham plant that lasted from mid 1978 to early 1979.   In addition, the
                      Blaine Air Force base was closed in 1978, eliminating 120 military jobs.
                      Building activity also slowed @in 1978 and early 1979 from higher levels
                      in the early and mid-1970's (Whatcom County Real Estate Research Commit-
                      tee, 1979).

                           Despite the short-term easing of growth rates, long-range predic-
                      tions are for substantial growth in the economic and industrial base in
                      Whatcom County and the Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area (and nearby Bel-
                      lingham). The key factors in this growth are:  development of industrial
                      port facilities stimulated by an upswing in waterborne trade between the
                      Pacific Northwest and the Pacific Basin nations, as well as Alaska;
                      expansion of tourism in the area; increased Canadian retail purchases,
                      residents and recreation; effect of the 200-mile fishing limit on the
                      fishing and seafood processing industry and several proposals for estab-
                      lishing major new industrial facilities at Cherry Point.

                           Anticipated development of Cherry Point will be the major factor
                      influencing future Cherry Point-Ferndale Sub Area growth.           Cherry
                      Point's physical features make it the most desirable deep-water port
                      site still available for development on the west coast. These features
                      include an approximate 100 feet of shallow shoreline which drops
                      abruptly to a 90-foot depth, plus sufficient upland acreage for shipping
                      terminal development, Burlington Northern rail connection and convenient
                      nearby airport facilities.   Cherry Point's physical features plus the
                      favorable opportunities presented by increasing Pacific Rim trade and

                                                        210

                                                                  TABLE BVI WHATCOM COUNTY

                                                         EMPLOYMENT IN NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

                                                                  1970-1978 ANNUAL AVERAGE

                              Trans.,      Finance,      Wholesale                               Government
                              Comm. &       Ins. &       & Retail                                  Educa-      Other       Self-
                      Year     Util.       Real Est.        Trade      Services         Total        tion      Govt.     Employed

                      1970     1,590            690         5,400         3,190         5,380      3,540       1,840       4,420
                      1971     1,550            750         5,730         3,610         5,570      3,600       1,00        4,280
                      1972     1,680            800         5,810         3,980         5,710      3,670       2,040       4,800
                      1973     1,770            990         5,910         4,230         5,730      3,700       2,030       4,910
                      1974     1,860         1,030          6,290         4,630         5,790      3,740       2,050       5,040
                      1975     1,930         1,060          6,620         4,950         6,330      3,980       2,350       5,180
                      1976     1,740         1,170          74890         5,430         6,500      4,090       2,410          na
                      1977     1,820         1,340          83620         5,830         6,710      4,210       2,500          na
                      1978     2,202         1,520          9,190         6,410         6.910      4,250       2,660          na

                      Source:  Canadian Impact Stud-y, Whatcom Council of Governments, 1978.       WCOG also provided update.
                               As reported by the Whatcom County Real F-state Research Committee, 1979.

                                                      TABLE 5VII
                                                   WHATCOM COUNTY
                             CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE7-UNEMPLOYMENT AND TOTAL EMPLOYMENT
                                            1966-1978 (AVERAGE ANNUAL)

                             Civilian                            Unemploy-          Total
                   Year     Labor Force      Unemployment       ment Rate         Employment

                   1966        29,500            1,640            5.6%              27,860
                   1967        29,940            1,730            5.8%              28,220
                   1968        31,630            1,710            5.4%              29,920
                   1969        32,780            1,920            5.9%              30,850
                   1970        35,350            2,700            7.6%              32,650
                   1971        39,940            3,690            9.2%              36,250
                   1972        37,960            3,850           10.1%              34,110
                   1973        38,990            3,410            8.9%              35,580
                   1974        38,930            3,640            9.4%              38,930
                   1975        40,660            4,440           10.9%              36,220
                   1976        42,180            4,230           10.0%              37,950
                   1977        43,830            4,400           10.0%              39,430
                   1978        45,920            3,660            8.0%              42,260

                                                      TABLE BVIII
                                  WHATCOM COUNTY COVERED EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS
                                                      1966-1977

                                                            a         Total Wages Paid
                         -Year          Covered Employment               Current $
                         1966              14,757                        83,810,433
                         1967              15,095                        87,277,422
                         1968              15,980                        99,943,940
                         1969              16,725                       110,312,270
                         1970              17,723                       125,596,830
                         1971              22,475                       183,853,912
                         1972              22,174                       179,133,771
                         1973              22,898                       196,237,596
                         1974              23, -956                     216,452,910
                         1975              25,318                       249,630,371
                         1976              27,056                       283,089,614
                         1977              28,874                       327,009,856

                         Source: Canadian Impact Stu@y
                                                           Whatcom Council of Governments, 1978
                         aWorkers covered by unemployment compensation as reported by the
                          Whatcom County Real Estate Research Committee, 1979.

                                                       212

                        energy-related developments for shipping facilities and industrial
                        activities crease envimous potential for the area.

                             Current industrial development at Cherry Point includes Arco, Cal-
                        Gas, Intalco, Mobil and Puget Power Sound and Light.     Major proposals
                        which have been made for future development of Cherry Point include a
                        bulk cargo terminal and facility for the fabrication and assembly of
                        large off-shore and on-shore marine structures and components used for
                        raw material processing and energy development.     The cargo terminal,
                        which has been proposed by a major Japanese firm in conjunction with the
                        Port of Bellingham, would be an embarkation point for shipping coal and
                        other bulk commodities to Pacific Rim countries. The marine fabrication
                        facility proposed by Snelson-Anvil, a subsidary of Chicago Bridge and
                        Iron, and is projected to have a potential average employment of 1,000.

                             One other major consideration for future Cherry Point development
                        is the opportunity for container shipping terminal facilities.         The
                        off-shore depths and upland acreage at Cherry Point would provide a prime
                        location for development such facilities by the Port of Bellingham.

                             Employment projections for Whatcom County, by 5-year intervals
                        through the year 2000, have been prepared by the Whatcom County Council
                        of governments (in conjunction with a 1978 Canadian Impact Study). The
                        so-called baseline forecast, shown in Table BVIII, predicts a 1980-1990
                        growth in total employment of approximately 15 percent for the County as
                        a whole (see Table BIX). The major portion (68 percent) of this predicted
                        1980-1990 growth will be concentrated in trade, services and government,
                        while manufacturing is expected to account for only 9 percent.         The
                        trends projected in this forecast indicate a decline in manufacturing's
                        share of total employment and a shift from a resource- based, industrial
                        economy to a more diversified trade and services-based economy. These
                        forecasts were developed on the basis of historical 1966-75 employment
                        growth, interviews with major company representatives concerning their
                        plans, for future expansion, and specific assumptions with respect to
                        future events which 'would affect these industries. However, the future

                                                         213

                                                                                                                          TABLE BIX
                                                                                                                    Whatcom County
                                                                                                            BASELINE EMPLOYMENT PORECAST

                                                                                                             1975                                                                                                                   2000
                                                                                                             % of                                                                                                                   % of
                                                                         1966                1975       Total Emp.                 1980                1985                1990               1995                   200o      rotal Emp.

           Civilian Labor Force                                        29,500              41,980                                 51,330              59,340              68,000             77,020              88,250
           Unemployment/Unemployment Rate                          1,640/5.6          4,350/10.4                  -          5,040/9.9          6,130/10.4          7,390/10.9          8,170/10.7          9,610/10.9                  -
           Total Employment                                            27,860               37,630             100.0              46,290              53,210              60,610             68,850              78,640               100.0
              Agriculture                                                3,880               3,300                8.8              3,140               3,060               2,980              2,970                2,950                3.8-
              Self-employed Unpaid                                       4,110               5,180              13.6               6,070               6,890               7,750              8,730                91900               12.6
              Manufacturing                                              4,610               6,460              17.2               7,710               8,330               9,060              9,670              10,340                13.1
                 Lumber and Wood                                           940                 610                1.6                 820                 780                 740                 760                 780               1.0
                 Stone, Clay and         Glass                             220                 240                0.6                 260                 2@0                 280                 300                 310               0.4
                 Primary Metals                                            560               1 280                3.4              1  351              1,430               1,510              1,590                1,680                2.1
                 Transportati on        Equipment                          300                 540                1.4              1  070              1,370               1  750             11930                2,130                2.7
                 Other Durable                                             150                 330                0.9                 310                 320                 330                 340                 360               0.5
                 Food and Kindred Products                                 990               1 140                3.0              1  290              1,430               1  580             1,740                1,920                2.4,
                 Printing and Publishing                                   180                 200                0.5                 210                 220                .220                 230                 230               2.9-
                 Petroleum Refining                                        300                 700                1.9                 740                 770                 810                 850                 900               1 .1
                 Other Pion-Durable                                        910               1 '380               3.7              1  660              1,750               1  840             1,930                2,030                2.6
              Mining                                                       290                 350                0.9                 360                 380                 390                 400                 410               0.5
              Construction                                               1 780               1,450                3 .2             2,450               2,580               2,710              2,850                2,990                3.8
              Trans., Comm., Utilities                                   1 440               1 '950               5.1              2,330               2,750               3,180              3,670                4,270                M
              Wholesale and Retail Trade                                 4,330               6 , 6520           17.6               9,120              11,410              13,820             16,550              19,870                25.3
              Finance, InSUrance, Real Estate                              600               .1 060               ').8             1.310               1,580               1,850              2,160                2,540                3.2
              Services                                                   2,590               4,950              13.2               6,260               7,660               9,130             10,780              12,780                16.3
              Uovernmyent                                                4,230               6,330              16.8               7,530               8,590               9,750             11,060              12,590                16.0
                 Educational Services                                    2,560               3,980              10.6               4,870               5,510               6,240              7,060                7,980               10.1
                 All Other Government                                    1 670               2,350                6.2              2,660               3,076               3,510              4,010                4,610                5.9

                       Source: 'Whatcom County Council of Governments, November, 1978.

                         impact of several projects  such as the proposed CBI/Snelson-Anvil devel-
                         opment at Cherry Point (which itself would directly create some 1,000 new
                         manufacturing jobs) may be underestimated by this forecast.

                              Population projections were also prepared by the Whatcom County
                         Council of Governments in conjunction with the Canadian Impact study.
                         These forecasts, shown in Table BIX, were made according to the same
                         assumptions underlying the employment forecasts. These projections for-
                         ecast growth of Whatcom County's population to 184,910 by the year 2000,
                         an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent between 1975 and 2000. The
                         income projections indicate an average annual growth rate of 4.7 percent
                         over this period.    Retail sales growth projections, which assume con-
                         tinued substantial increases in nonresident expenditures, forecast a
                         doubling of sales between 1975 and 2000.

                              Two other sources of population projections for Whatcom County
                         include the Washington State Office of Financial Management (June, 1978)
                         and the Bonneville Power Administration (July, 1979).        These projec-
                         tions, which forecast a 33-38 percent increase in the total population
                         for the County from 1980 through 2000, are shown in Table BX.             The
                         Bonneville Power Administration has also prepared employment projections
                         for the County through the year 2000.        These projections, which are
                         reproduced in Table BXI and BXII, forecast an approximate doubling of
                         employment in the County from 1975 to 2000.

                              A continuing decline in household size, characteristic of similar
                         state and national trends, is forecast by both the state and the Bonne-
                         ville Power Administration. The average number of people per household
                         in Whatcom County is forecast by the B.P.A. to decrease from 3.07 in 1970
                         to 2.7 by 1980, and to further decrease to 2.36 by 2000 (B.P.A. July,
                         1979).

                          I   According to the April, 1979 State estimates of population and
                         housing, current household size (total population divided by the total
                         number of housing units) in Ferndale is 2.38.        Using the 2.4 percent

                                                           215

                      TABLEBX         CHANGES IN WHATCOM COUNTY COUNTY EMPLOYMENT:
                                               1980-1990 (BASELINE PROJECTION)

                                                                                      Increase or
                                                             1980            1990         Decrease

                      TOTAL EMPLOYMENT                      46,290           60,610          14,320
                      Agriculture                            3,140           2,980             -160
                      Self employed unpaid                   6,070           7@750           1,680
                      Manufacturing (total)                  7,71G           9,060           1,350
                          Lumber and Wood                      820             740             -80
                          Stone, Clay, and   Glass             260             280              20
                          Primary Metals                     1,351           1,510             159
                          Transportation  Equipment          1,070           1,750             680
                          Other Durable   Goods                310             330              20
                          Food and Kindred Products          1,290           1,580             290
                          Printing and Publishing              210             220              10
                          Petroleum Refining                   740             810              70
                          Other Non-Durable Goods            1,660           1,840             180
                      Mining                                   360             390              30
                      Construction                           2,450           2,710             260
                      Transportation, Communication,
                        Utilities                            2,330           3,180             850
                      Wholesale and Retail Trade             9,120           11,410          4,700
                      Finance, Insurance, Real Estate        1,310           1,850             590
                      Services                               6,260           9,130           2,870
                      Government (total)                     7,530           9,750           2,220
                          Educational Services               4,870           6,240           1,370
                          All Other Government               2,660           3,510             850

                      Source: Whatcom County Council of Governments, November 1978,
                               as reported by the Bellingham Department of Planning
                               and Community Development, 1979.

                                                    @216

                                                        TABLE BXI
                                        WHATCOM COUNTY POPULATION PROJECTIONS
                                               1980-2000 (In Thousands)

                                                               a                  b
                                             Washington State           Bonneville
                                            Office of Financial            Power
                                                 Management           Administration

                                   1980             100.3                  102.4

                                   1985             110.0                  113.6

                                   1990             119.8                  123.9

                                   1995             128.7                  132.8

                                   2000             133.6                  141.4

                                   Sources: a  Washington State Office of   Financial
                                               Management, June, 1978.
                                              bU.S. Department of Energy,    Bonne-
                                               ville Power Administration, July,
                                               1979.

                                                                                               Q0

                                                            217

                                                                         Table BXII
                                              Bonneville Power Administration Employment Projections

                                                                   for Whatcom County

                                                                  1975         1980         1985        1990          1995         2000
             Total Employment (Household)                      35,600       44,400       52,000       58,600      65,000       71,000
             Total Employment (Establishment)                  37,100       45,900       53,900       60,900      67,700       74,200
               Agriculture                                      3,075        2,800        2,650       2,550        2,475        2,400
               Non-Agricultural Self-Employment                 4,625        5,300        5,900       6,400        6,875        7,300
             Total Non-Agricultural Employment                 29,400       37,800       45,350       51,950      58,350       64,500

               Mining                                               so           75          100          100          125          125
               Construction                                     1,850        2,475        2,950       3,400        3,825        4,225
      00       Manufacturing                                    6,425        7,200        7,750       8,275        8,675        9,025
                 .F ood and Kindred Products                   (1,150)      (1,125)      (1,175)      (1,250)     (1,300)      (1,325)
                  Lumber and Wood Products                        (600)        (775)        (725)       (675)         (625)        (600)
                  Paper and Allied Products                    (1,200)      (1,350)      (1,350)      (1.  350)   (1,350)      (1,350)
                  Primary Metals                               (1,275)      (1,275)      (1,325)      (1)400)     (1,425)      (1,425)
                  Transportation Equipment                        (525)        (650)        (725)       (775)         (825)        (875)
                  Other Manufacturing                          (1,675)      (2,025)      .(2,450)     (2,825)-    (3,150)      (3,450)
               Transportation and Public Utilities              1,775        1,875        2,050       2,225        2,375        2@475
               Wholesale and Retail Trade                       7,025       10,750       14,150-      17,075      20,000       22,900
               Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate              1,075        1,500        1,900       2,300        2,700        3,075
               Services                                         5,050        6,925        8,625       9,925       11,225       12,525
               Government                                       6,150        7,000        7,825       8,650        9,425       10,150

             Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, July, 1979.

                         vacancy rate reported by the March, 1979 Federal Home Loan Bank Board
                         vacancy survey for the Bellingham and Lynden postal delivery.areas, an
                         adjusted.household size of 2.44 is obtained.

                              This trend of declining household sizes at the county, regional and
                         national level is related to several factors, the most significant of
                         which is the declining birth rate. The pattern of decrease in household
                         size.'has also been influenced by an increase in the divorce and separa-
                         tion rates and by an increase in one-person households.

                              Both State and B.P.A. forecasts also predict a continued "aging" of
                         the population. State forecasts predict an increase in the median age of
                         ,the Whatcom County population from 26.7 in 1970 to 28.5 by 1980, and 35.4
                         and a slight increase (to 11.3 percent) in the.proportion of the popula-
                         tion aged 65 and over by the year 2000 (Washington State Office of
                         Financial Management, June, 1978).

                              Current forecasts predict further state and national declines in
                         household size over the next decade as the population continues to age
                         (with a growth in the number of older couples whose children have grown
                         and left home, and with the greater longevity of women) and as an
                         increasing number of the young "baby-boom" adults leave home to estab-
                         lish their own households. Many of these adults leave home late,      post-
                         pone their first births, and have smaller families (Washington State
                         Office of Financial Management, August, 1979).

                                                           219

                                                    APPENDIX C
                                WHATCOM COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN   GOAL STATEMENTS
                                                  (SECOND DRAFT)

                          REGIONAL DESIGN GOALS

                          A.    Future urban development should occur within or immediately
                                adjacent to existing urban areas in order to eliminate sprawl
                                and strip development, assure the provision of an adequate
                                range of urban services, conserve agricultural and forestry
                                lands, optimize investments in public services and conserve

                                energy resources.

                          B.    Future development in rural areas should be low density, com-
                                pliment existing rural character, contribute to the conserva-
                                tion of agricultural and forest land and not result in demands
                                for urban-level services.

                     II. GROWTH MANAGEMENT GOALS

                          A.    To promote a conscientious program designed to plan, guide and
                                influence the appropriate location, timing, intensity, type
                                and servicing of diverse land use patterns.

                          B.    To determine the required amounts of land anticipated to be
                                utilized within the planning period (15 years) while retaining
                                options for future land use decisions beyond the planning
                                period.

                          C.    To encourage a predictable pattern of urban and rural develop-
                                ment which utilizes previously committed land areas and exist-
                                ing facility investments before committing new areas for
                                development.

                          D.    To ensure that a beneficial balance exists between the supply
                                and demand for public services. To encourage the cooperation

                                                       220

                                     among municipalities, special districts and associations in
                                     the planning and provision of public services. To discourage
                                     the proliferation of unnecessary special purpose districts.

                               E.    To develop a concise, equitable and practical set of land use
                                     regulations intended to implement the goals, policies and pro-
                                     posals of the County Comprehensive Plan in a timely and
                                     orderly fashion.

                          III. LAND   USE GOALS

                               A.    To conserve the agricultural and forest lands of Whatcom
                                     County for the continued production of food, forage and timber
                                     crops while promoting the expansion and stability of the
                                     county's agricultural and foi-estry economies.

                               B.    Urban residential development should be planned in areas that
                                     can be economically and efficiently served with existing or
                                     planned services, optimize energy use, function as integral
                                     neighborHood units, and can environmentally support intensive
                                     land uses.

                               C.    Adequate community and neighborhood commercial facilities
                                     should be encouraged in appropriate locations while avoiding
                                     incompatible land uses and the proliferation of unnecessary
                                     new commercial areas.

                               D.    To encourage a balanced and diversified economy in order to
                                     assure   desirable   local  employment    opportunities   and    to
                                     strengthen and stabilize the tax base. To accommodate antici-
                                     pated economic development in an environmentally responsible
                                     manner with due consideration for public cost, energy avail-
                                     ability, land use compatibility and transportation accessibil-
                                     ity.

                                                             221

                          E.   To promote the availability of economical and attractive hous-
                               ing for all income, age and ethnic groups, while also enhanc-
                               ing the integrity and identity of existing communities.

                          F.   To promote a functional, coordinated and multimode transporta-
                               tion system which provides for the safe and efficient movement
                               of people and goods, avoids undesirable environmental impacts,
                               and optimizes public investments and the conservation of

                               energy resources.

                          G.   Adequate facilities and services which provide diverse educa-
                               tion, recreation, cultural and social opportunities should be
                               encouraged.

                     IV. CULTURAL AND NATURAL RMURCES

                          A.   To identify and manage environmentally sensitive areas in such
                               a manner to prevent destruction of the resource base and
                               reduce potential losses to property and human life.
                                                                     I

                          B.   To continue the identification of cultural and natural
                               resources and formulate viable methods to preserve and con-
                               serve such resources in recognition of their irreplaceable
                               character.

                          C.   To promote a park and recreation system which is integrated
                               with existing and planned land use patterns and is diverse,
                               abundant and assures maximum public access and usage.

                     V.   CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION

                          A.   To assure opportunity for citizens to be involved in the form-
                               ulation of land use goals, policies and proposals and to pro-
                               vide a structure for citizen participation in the planning
                               programs of federal, state, regional and local agencies.

                                                      222

                             B.   To participate in intergovernmental coordination with federal,
                                  state, provincial, regional and local agencies, to develop a
                                  coordinated approach to problems which transcend local govern-
                                  ment bodies and to create an environment for the exchange of
                                  information and technical assistance.

                                                         223

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                                                             BIBLIOGRAPHY

                                                          Source Documents

                           Demographics/Economics

                           Washington State Department of Revenue. Division of Research           and Infor-
                           mation.    September, 1978. Revised Personal Income Estimates for Wash-
                           ington State.

                           Washington State Office of Financial Management. Population, Enrollment
                           and Economic Studies Division.        June, 1978.     Washington State County
                           Population Forecasts By Age and Sex: 1970-20057.

                           Washington State Office of Financial Management.         Population, Enrollment
                           and Economic Studies Division. May, 1979. Economic Forecast for Wash-
                           ington State, 1978-1981.

                           Washington State Office of Financial Management. Population, Enrollment
                           and Economic Studies Division.        August,    1979.    Population Trends of
                           Washington State Cities and Towns, 1979.

                           Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Novembert 1977.
                           1970 and 1977 Demographic Profiles, Washington State School Districts.

                           Whatcom County Overall Economic Develoment Plan Com        mitte. 1978. Over-
                           al,j Economic Development Plan Annual Report.

                           General and Local Planning Docu    ments

                           American Society of Planning Officials.         Planning Advisory Service Re-
                           port No.   265. Frederick H. Bair, Jr.       1971.   Modular Housing Including
                           Mobile Homes: A Survey of Regulatory Practice and Planners' Opinions.

                           Ame rican Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                           port No.   271.   Frederick* H. Bair, Jr.       1971.   Regulations of Modular
                           Housing,  With Special Emphasis on Mobile      Homes.

                           American  Society of Planning Officials.        Planning Advisory Service Re-
                           port No. 314. Frederick H. Bair, Jr.        1976.   Intensity Zoning: Regula-
                           ting Townshouses, Apartments and Planned DeveT-opments.

                           American Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                           port No. 331.    Daniel L. Leedy, Robert M. Maestro, Thomas M. Franklin.
                           1978. Planning for Wildlife in Citie's and Suburbs.

                                                                224

                       American Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                       port No.   304.   Daniel R. Mandelker.      1975.    Transferable Development
                       Rights.

                       American   Society of Planning Officials.      Planning Advisory Service Re-
                       port No.    318.   Michael J. Meshenberg.      1976.    The Administration of
                       Flexible   Zoning Techniques.

                       American   Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                       port No.   322. Michael J. Meshenberg. 1976. The        Language of Zoning: A
                       Glossary   of Words and Phrases.

                       American   Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                       port No.   272.   Marvin A. Salzenstein.       1972.    Industrial Performance
                       Standards.

                       American Society of Planning Officials.       Planning Advisory Services Re-
                       port No. 307/308. Charles Thurow, William Toner and Duncan Erley. 1975.
                       Performance Controls for Sensitive Lands:        A Practical Guide for Local
                       Administrators.

                       American Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                       port No. 324. William Toner. 1977. Mini-Warehouses.

                       Bellingham Chamber of Commerce.        Prepared by C. L. Thunin.         October,
                       1977. Scenario One: A Look at Whatcom County in 1990-2000.

                       Ferndale, City of. 1978. Proposed Comprehensive Land Use Ordioances.

                       The Urban Institute.      Phillip S.     Schaenman.     1976. Using An Impact
                       Measurement System To Evaluate Land      Development.

                       Urban Land Institute. Volumes 1, 2, 3. Randall          W. Scott, (ed). 1975.
                       Management and Control of Growth.

                       U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development. Federal Insurance Ad-
                       ministration. 1977. Flood Insurance Study, Whatcom County, Washington.

                       Whatcom County. Chapter 2.24 Whatcom County Code. 1972. Whatcom County
                       Interim Zoning Ordinance.

                       Whatcom County Board of Commissioners, Whatcom County Park Board, What-
                       com County Planning Department.         Prepared by Jones & Jones.          1973.
                       Nooksack Plan.

                       Whatcom County Council of Governments in Cooperation With Whatcom
                       County, City of Bellingham, City of Blaine. Technical Assistance Pro-
                       ject, Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
                       1978. Canadian Impact Study.

                                                            225.

                           Whatcom County Department of Parks and Recreation.          July, 1977.     The
                           Whatcom County Interagency Park, . Recreation and Open Space Planning
                           �tu@d.

                           Whatcom County Park Board. October, 1973; revised January, 1975. What-
                           com County Trail Plan.

                           Whatcom County Planning Commission. 1970. Comprehensive Plan for What-
                           com County, Washington.

                           Whatcom  County, Washington.       Ferndale Service Area.         Prepared by
                           Stevens, Thompson & Runyon, Inc. 1971. Land Use Plan.

                           Physical Environment

                           American Society of Planning Officials. Planning Advisory Services Re-
                           port No. 277. John A. Kusler and Thomas M. Lee.        1972. Regulations for
                           Flood Plains.

                           Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. January-February, 1979. Volume
                           34, No. 1. B. E. Frazier & H. F. Shovic.       "Sampling Land Use Changes on
                           Prime Agricultural Land in Western Whatcom County, Washington" (reprint-
                           ed).

                           National Audubon Society. ""Christmas Count, December 31, 1978, Whatcom
                           County."

                           U.S. Army Corps of Engi  neers. 1975. Washington Environmental Atlas.

                           U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. Map of Prime
                           Farmlands, Whatcom County, Washington.

                           U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. 1973 (1979
                           revisions).    A Supplement to Soil Survey, Whatcom County, Washington,
                           with Soil InterpretaFlons for Planning and Development.

                           U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. Prepared by
                           Galen S. Bridge (State Conservationist).       June, 1976.    "Land Use Inven-
                           tory and Monitoring Memorandum WA-1.11

                           U.S. Department of Agriculture.       Prepared by E. N. Poulson and R. D.
                           Flannery. 1953. Soil Survey of Whatcom County,,Washington.

                           Washington, State of. Department of Ecology. 1977. Coastal Zone Atlas
                           of Washington, Vol. 1, Whatcom County.

                           Washington, State of.     Department of Ecology.      Prepared cooperatively
                           with the U.S. Geological Survey.         1976.   Data on Selected Lakes in
                           Washington. Part 5.

                                                               226

                       Washington, State of. Department of Fisheries. Prepared by Mary Aguers,
                       1976. Whatcom County Fishery Resource.

                       Washington, State of. Department of Game. Art Stendale. 1976. Whatcom
                       County Game Animals.

                       Washington, State of. Department of Natural Resources. 1974. Washing-
                       ton Marine Atlas, Vol. 1, North Inland Waters.

                       Washington State University, Pullman. College of Agriculture. Coopera-
                       tive Extension Service.     Prepared by E. Stepleton, W. H. Gray, C.F.
                       Engle, B.E. Frazier. May, 1976. Whatcom County Agriculture -- Trends
                       in Agricultural Land Usage. EM 404T.-

                       Washington State University, Pullman.       Cooperative Extension Service.
                       Prepared by Joseph Perry, James C. Barron, William H. Gray.          February,
                       1976.. "Whatcom County Agriculture." EM 4008.

                       Western Washington University. Biology Department. Prepared by Ronald
                       J. Taylor. 1975. Systems of Vascular Plants of the North Cascades.

                       Whatcom County Council of Governments. Prepared by Don J. Easterbrook.
                       1973. Environmental Geology of Western Whatcom County, Washington.

                       Whatcom County Department of Parks and Recreation. Prepared by Jones &
                       Jones, Joyce Copeland Vaughn and Nordfors, Jongejan-Gerrard, and Gil
                       Peterson. January, 1976. Marine Shorelines Study of Public Access and
                       Recreation Sites in Whatcom County, Washington.

                       Whatcom County Planning Commission. Whatcom County Planning Department.
                       1978. Environmental Resource Data Book.

                       Whatcom County Planning Department.       1978.   Whatcom County Shoreline
                       Management Program.

                       Transportation/Utilities/Community Facilities

                       American Association of State Highway Officials. Washington D.C. 1966.
                       A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, 1965.

                       Citizens Task Force for Medical Care Facilities May 26, 1977. Report to
                       the Whatcom County Communit .                                                             I

                       Ferndale School District. April, 1979. Ferndale School District Site
                       Evaluation Study.

                       Highway Research Board. Special Report 87. Washington D.C. 1966. High-
                       way Capacity Manual, 1965.

                                                          227

                         North Puget Sound Health Council.       September 9, 1976.    DirectorX of
                         services to Senior Citizens:      Whatcom, Skagit, Island, i-nd San Juan
                             tTe -s.
                         Toun

                         North Puget Sound Health Council . November, 1977. Hospital Development
                         Guide for the North Puget Sound Region.
                         North Puget Sound, Health Council . March, 1978. Primary Care Development
                         Guide.

                         North Puget Sound Health Council. May, 1979. Physican Roster: Whatcom,
                         Skagit, Island and San Juan Counties.

                         Nursing Home Ombudsman Program and North Puget Sound Health         Council.
                         May, 1979. A Consumers' Guide to Nursing Homes in North Puget Sound.

                         Puget Sound Health Systems Agency, Research Section.       February, 1979.
                         Fact Book:    Data About the People and Health Services in Northwest
                         Washington'.

                         Seeyle,  E.E. 1945. Third Edition, 1960. Data Book for Civil Engineers -
                         Design. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

                         Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Facilities and
                         Organization Division. 1978. Inventory of Permanent School Facilities
                         for School Districts No. 502, 503 and 505.

                         Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Facilties and
                         ,Organization Division. September, 1978. Inventory of Permanent School
                         Facilities for the 1977-78 School Year.

                         Whatcom County, Washington. Ferndale Service Area. Stevens, Thompson &
                         Runyon, Inc. 1972. Comprehensive Sewer Plan.

                         Whatcom County, Washington. Ferndale Service Area. Stevens, Thompson &
                         Runyon, Inc. 1972. Comprehensive Water Plan.

                         Whatcom -County, Washington. Ferndale Service Area. Stevens, Thompson &
                         Runyon, Inc. 1972. Traffic and Circulation Plan.

                         Whatcom County Public Works Department.       County Road Fund No. 0108.
                         Financial Status Report as of June 30, 1979.

                         Whatcom County Public Works    Department.    Six Year Transportation Im-
                         Provement Program, 1980-1985.

                         Whatcom County Water District   No. 8. Prepared by URS Company. Seattle,
                         Washington. 1978. A General     Comprehensive Plan for Water and Sewerage
                         Facilities.

                                                          228

                                               Personal Communication

                      Atlantic Richfield. July 30, 1979. (Meeting, Ron Kelly, Technical Mana-
                      ger).

                      Bellingham Vocational/Technical Institute, Student Services *Office.
                      July 24, 1979. (Phone Conversation).

                      Blaine School District, June 20 and 24, 1979.        (Phone conversation,
                      Joanne Freeman).

                      Ferndale, City of. July 23 and 30, 1979.       (Meeting, John Eley, City
                      Engineer; Cecil Barr, Mayor).

                      Ferndale, City of. July 31, 1979. (Phone conversation, Harold Reimer,
                      City Councilman and Parks Board Member).

                      Ferndale Fire Department.    July 24 and 30, 1979.    (Phone conversation,
                      Lorne Jensen, Fire Chief).

                      Ferndale Police Department. July 24, 1979. (Phone conversation, Roger
                      Hintgen, Police Chief).

                      Ferndale School District.     July 20, 1979.     (Meeting, James La Rose,
                      Business Manager).

                      Ferndale School District.     July 20,   1979; October 25 and 26, 1979.
                      (Phone conversation, Tyronne  Knutson,  Special Services Director; Robert
                      Warnecke, Business Manager; Dr. Dennis  Pe terson, School Superintendent).

                      Meridian School District.     July 20 'and 24, 1979; October 25, 1979.
                      '(Phone conversation, Sherri Elder; Dr. Don Bauthues, Superintendent).

                      Glacier Park Land Company.   August 2,.1979.   (Phone conversation, Donald
                      Cowles, Manager, Industrial Development Burlington Northern').

                      Intalco Aluminum Corporation. July 30     1979. (Meeting, Robert Ferrie,
                      Presi dent-Manager).

                      Mobil Oil. October 1, 1979. (Phone conversation, Cloyce Miller, Techni-
                      cal Manager).

                      Washington State Office of Public Instruction.     July 23, 1979.     (Phone
                      conversation, Robert Munsen, Director of Research and Development).

                      Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Facilities and
                      Organization Division.     July 23, 1979..    (Phone conversation, Robert
                      Minnittit Director).

                      Western Washington University, Admi     ssions Office.     July 23, 1979.
                      (Phone conversation).

                                                          229

                        Whatcom Community College.   July 23, 1979.   (Phone conversation, Vir-
                        ginia Olson, Public Information Officer).

                        Whatcom County Department of Parks and Recreation.      July 31, 1979.
                        (Phone conversation, Pat Milliken, Parks Planner).
                        Whatcom County Park and Recreation Board. July 20, 1979.   (Meeting, Ray
                        Giesecke, Deputy Director).

                        Whatcom County Sheriff's Department.   July 24, 1979.   (Phone conversa-
                        tion, Lavern. Geleynse, Under-Sheriff).

                                                          230

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