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*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ai N coastal Zone information Center ~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~ ~~~~~~an' 3 n,,. 1 --4-,'"-- -~~~COM IO UT~~~~~~~, CENTER ManagNementamaLc~anan Ct~1~VOLU 2ON . S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTALi SERVICES CENTER ;'234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE IHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 Property of CSC Library Ores 4.tt <1 CabSEA ~3LT MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF NEW ORLEANS MOON LANDRIEU MAYOR CITY COUNCIL COUNCILMEN-AT- LARGE JOSEPH V. DIROSA JAMES A. MOREAU DISTRICT A - FRANK FRIEDLER B - A. L. DAVIS C - CLARENCE O. DUPUY, JR. D - JOHN D. LAMBERT, JR. E - PHILIP C. CIACCIO CITY PLANNING COMMISSION OF NEW ORLEANS MEMBERS WILLIAM B. BAR NETT CHAIRMAN I-T. MORTIMER FAVROT, JR. I.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VICE-CHAIRMAN .'ERNEST COLBERT, JR. *1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DR. ALBERT W. DENT -TEDDY GABB, JR. CHARLES E. GRANDBOUCHE PAUL MONTELEPRE AUGUST PEREZ, JR. ALBERT J.SAPUTO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The City Planning Commission expresses its appreciation for the assistance in the preparation of this report from Dr. j. Richard Shenkel, Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Supervisor of Archaeology at the University of New Orleans, from R. Collins Vallee, John Hammond, J. Ross Vincent, Dr. Sherwood Gagliano .and Mrs. Bethlyn McCloskey. Dr. Shenkel donated his time and resources to the City and prepared the Archaeological Sites Section of this report. The Planning Commission also wishes to thank all those agencies, organizations and individuals providing comments and advice in connection with this report. I/���i PREFACE This report was prepared to present to the City of New Orleans for its consideration, with'the initial means by which to control land uses and environmental quality within viable marsh estuary areas. Through implementation, this plan should allow the City of New Orleans to attain the following goals: 1) The maintenance of a high level of quality within estuary areas in particular and within the City of New Orleans in general; 2) the formulation of land use policiesand techniques appro- priate to marsh-estuary areas; 3) the formulation of a means by which energy resources may be exploited without adversely impacting environ- mental quality; 4) the provision of adequate open space and recreational areas for the benefit of the citizens of the New Orleans Metropolitan area, and the State of Louisiana; 5) to protect for perpetuity, the economic and ecologic re- sources represented by the natural environment; 6) the efficient utilization of existing governmental agencies, in a coordinated fashion, in the management of sensitive environmental areas; and, 7) the establishment of land use guidelines and priorities in estuary areas. In order to receive as much input as possible from govern- mental agencies, civic groups, and the general public, this plan is being circulated to the agencies and organizations listed below and is available to the general public upon request; and prior to official adoption of this plan, at least one public hearing will be held. Agencies and Organizations from whom comments have been solicited are:. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Coastal Environments, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior Louisiana Air Control Commission Environmer.al Protection Unit, Louisiana Attorney General's Office Louisiana Conservation Department Louisiana Stream Control Commission Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission Louisiana Section, Gulf Southwest Chapter, American Institute of Planner s American Society of Planning Officials Audubon Society of New Orleans Ecology Center of Louisiana, Inc. Environmental Committee, Goals for Louisiana Deparsment of Environmental Affairs, Louisiana State University in New Orleans NevJ Orleahs Center for Housing and Environmental Law Tulane University Environmental Action Committee Coastal Resouices Unit, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University Engineering Sciences Environmental Center,Tulane University School of Engineering Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University of Public Healtr and Tropical Medicine Chamber of Commerce of the Greater New Orleans Area 4legional Planning Commission of Jefferson, Orleans, St; Bernard and St. Tammnn.ny Parishes State of Louisiana, Office of State Planning New Orleans junior Chamber of Commerce voun, .-Mcn's Business Club of New Orleans Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers 1iI iv I I ?;i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgement .................................. Preface ......-..: ....... ............................. ii Table of Contents .......... ................... v List of Figures .v. ............... i.... , ii List of Tables ................. ix SECTION 1 I NTRODUCTION ............................ 1 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS ....... 3 3 CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS .................................. 25 4 SUMMARY OF URBAN GROWTH 35 5 GOVERI\MENTAL AGENCIES EXERCISING CONTROL OVER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ................................ 39 6 EXISTING LOCAL CONTROL MECHANISMS... 53 7 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES ........................... 65 8 SUMMARY ............................... 85 REFERENCES. : . ......i.. ., .......... 87 LIST OF FIGURES PAGE General Location Map - New Orleans, Louisiana.......................... ............ 2 Mississippi Alluvial Plain Below Cairo, Ill ............. 3 The Lower Mississippi River ........... ............ 4 Gulf Coastal Plain and Northern Gull of Mexico ........ 5 Maurepas-Borgne-Pontchartrain Marsh Estuary System... ......................... ........... 6 Regional Growth Fault System in Miocene and Younger Sediments in Northern Gulf of Mexico ............. 7 Faults of the Lake Pontchartrain Area ................ g Aerial Sedimentation Sequence ....................... 9 Land Loss and Gain in the Louisiana Wetlands ......... 10 Land Loss in Orleans Parish ...... .................... 11 Flood Control Works of the Mississippi Delta Below Old River, Louisiana ........................... 12 Mississippi River Delta Lobes Formed During the Past 6000 Years ............................ 13 Development of the St. Bernard Delta Lobe ........... 14, 15 Chronology of Delta Lobes Based on Age of Delta Plain Peats ..................................... 15 Schematicized Distribution of Flora ................... 17 Diagrammatic Transect from Irish Bayou to Lake Pontchartrain Showing Existing Brackish'Marsh, Open to Tidal Flow ...............................18 Diagrammatic Transect from Blind Lagoon to Bayou Sauvage Showing Ideal Vegetation Conditions ........ 19 vii PAGE Diagrammatic Transect from Lake Pontchartrain to Bayou Sauvage Showing Existing Marsh Conditions ..................................... 19 Diagram of Marsh-Estuary Functional .Relationships ... 20 Orleans Parish Levee System .... ...................... 21 General Soil Types of New Orleans................. 23 Environmental Areas ................................ 26 Ponrchartrain New Town in Town Proposed Land Use... 28 Proposed New Tow;n Sites ........... ............ 29 Critical Environmental Areas ........................ 31 iHydrological Units Maps .................. ............. 32 Hydrological Units Growth Management Land Use Plan for the City of New Orleans ..................................... 36 Environmentally Sensitive District ................... 79 Environmentally Sensitive District .......... .......... 83 I il I 1. I7 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page I Special Expertise or Authority of Federal Agencies in Areas of Environmental Concern.... 45 2 Special Expertise or Authority of State Agencies in Areas of Environmental Concern.... 49 3 Special Expertise or Authority of Regional and City Agencies in Areas of Environmental Concern ......................................5i ix I I I I I I 3 I I I I I I, I <1it * II tt dMotllirx I Of importance in developing and implementing a coastal zone Of potential value is the massive geothermal field wlhich is U management plan is The recoCnition of those factors, both physical buried between 45, 000 and 75, 000 feet benlow the surface. and cultural, which determine development constraints, oppor- tunities and needs of the City of New Orleans. European colonization of the New Orleans area took place during the early 1700's and in 1722 Jean Baptliste lc Moyne, Sieur The geologic history of the New Orleans area has been a de 13iunville was chaJr:ed wtih making the city the capitol of a new vital factor in shaping the city's geography. Constant sea fluct- french colony. Early life in the area was not simple; there were -C uations, glaciarions, depositions and faulting have influenced the constant periods of flooding, swarms of mosquitoes and heavy location of the important Pleistocene sedimentation which is known storms. From the outset the population make up of New Orleans to be the best foundation characteristics in the region. These was varied being formed of.a myriad of races, religious and foundations are close to the surface on the north shore of Lake nationalities. During the period from 1720. until its purchase by Ponucharcrain, when they remained uplifted and became weather' the United States New Orleans was exchanged back and forth be- exposed about 50, 000 years B. P. However, the south shore sur- tween France and Spain, a remote pawn in the European power face was subject to fluctuating sea levels and further change. struggle. By the time of the 1803 purchase of the territory of Louisiana, which included New Orleans, the French and Spanish During one lowering of sea level a shallow marine deposit settlers had blended into a population unit which was predominant which had accumulated during the high water, formed a surface in the city government and surrounding plantation life. crust which extends from the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain through Lhe City of New Orleans at depths of 20' to 120' below . The 1803 purchase increased what had been a trickle of * the surface. "Americans" into the Orleans area, an event which the Spanish- French viewed with chagrin. They shunned the new comers, re- - i rise in sea level about 7, 000 to 4, 000 years ago caused treated further into their own "native" society and even imposed islands to be formed by Pieistocene sands deposited in the open geographic boundries upon those from outside the area. glulf by the Pearl River. These islands are part of the formative base of what is now the present south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. In spite of the division among all segments of society, par- ticularly the political level, the City's economy boomed. By About 4000 years B. P. - 700 years the major deltaic lobe 1850 New Orleans was referred to as "OCueen City of the South"; of the Mississippi River developed (St. Bernard Delta Complex) cotton was its mistress, the port its ticket to world trade. creating a sequence of prodelta, lacustrine and delta front de- posits. Natural levee ridges emerged and mud flats became The Civil War and Reconstruction drastically changred the e established and colonized by marsh grasses. During this period life-style of the New Orleans area, however, the future of the Lake Pontcihartrain was formed and there was indian activity in city's economy had already been determined by events taking - th e area. place in other areas. The digging of Erie Canal had given the Port of New York a cheap and fast outlet to western trade soon During the period of geologic history the St. Bernard Com- allowing it to surpass New Orleans as the major U. S. port. plex was abandoned when the Mississippi River diverted to the west and peac and organic debris continued to be deposited in the The years following the Reconstruction era saw New Orleans swamps and marshes. Salinities increased and the estuaries expanding on a basis far exceeding other parts of thle state. The .were form~ed. city limits were extended to the lake and gr-adua.'y the city's growth spilled over to neighboring parishes. After World 'War L a con- The New Orlaans area is still tectonically active. The struction boom began in New Orleans which has only been slowed northern gulf coast geosyncline passes directly under the area by minor economic recessions in the nation's economy. and zones of active faulting are present. In a near sea level | area such as New Orleans minor fault movement can be highly The New Orleans area has continued to be a "melting pot" significant,. of diverse nationalities, religions and attitudes. In recent times a concensus has developed throughout the area that there must be a concerted effort made to preserve the old flavor of the city which l is the partly result of the former diversities and contrasts which used to exist. Historic preservation districts are being formed and citizen groups are workinmg with area officials to create a better life for all. Part of the effort toward preservation and conservation is the coming awarencss thlar ourismn ranks hilgh.in the city's eco- nomy, second only to the polrt. (This is debated by the tourist commission who ratnks it higher). Last year, 1973-74 4. 4 million tourists spS:. ;326, O((, ())0 in the New Orleans ara and Ill. a. J projections are that thie industry will increase tremendously in J the next few years. Of major importance is the completion of Okl / the Superdome, a huge complex whose potential for attracting M- -*. - . - . - tourists is yet to be explored. ITorel facilities are increasing jArk and all signs point to a new tourist based :"conomy. \ aV , - -. __.-F. - .. -._. S.C. As indicated earlier, the New Orleans' area has always ! / Ga. .' been port oriented in terms of a major economy base. Presently, ,Miss. the port is second in the U. S., and 20%, of the employable are j \ "port dependant". u . Other economic generators in New Orleans are shipbuilding, : ck:son mining, and the oil industry. }3tnking,mlanufacturing, and con- struction are also vital contributors to the areawide economy. IMany of the aforementioned industries are either directly.. Fla or indirectly related to the fact that New Orleans is within the , H 0usonV coastal zone. The seafood industry, however, not only depends NEWOR B E N on being within the coastal zone but also depends upon the health .. of the coastal zone. ironically, the seafood industry (with its strong economic link to tourism) is probably the most difficult to document. Equally difficult to documern is the recreational value of coastal shores, lakes, islands and marshlands. In- ex creased yearly Loan registl-arions signify that the demand for these resources is growing. On the other hand, tourists seeking . mi water relared recreation have little or no opportunities other than the passive and strongly promoted river and bayou cruises. Therefore, the potential exists for increasing tourism through the expansion of water-related activities. LOCATION OF NEW ORLEANS The steady growth of the New Orleans area seems to indicate that there are additional benefits of living in the Coastal Zone. Of particular interest, though difficult to define, is the personal aesthetic value. The ability to experience a sub-tropical climate, participate in and view outdoor sports year-round, to enjoy out- door cultural activities, festivals, 'celebrations, coastal scenery and wildlife and values of the Coastal Zone which surely balance or perhaps outweigh the adversities associated with Coastal Zone li vlng. rt' I> 4 * 4 I I I I I I I I I I Geologic History New Orleans is located in the lower Mississippi River basin, an area containing a large number of marsh-estuary systems. The principal marsh-estuary system in which New Orleans lies is the Maurepas-Pontchartrain-Borgne System;:the second most ..> productive estuary s$ystem in Louisiana. ,> The geologic setting of the city is the Gulf Coast Region which physiographically, is a part of the continental coastal "-' , � .r.. " plain which extends generally from Massachusetts to Tampico, " :-: > Mexico. The average width of the coastal plain is 250 miles, , , but the Mississippi embayment extends inland some 575 miles z j from the Delta to Cairo, Illinois (Coastal Environment, Inc., A(a i 1972). o I ; The coastal plain was formed over a period of at least 200 ' - million years and is the result of an interaction of several geo- logic processes including changes in sea levels, fluvial, lacus- ' trine and marine deposition, and location on the continental mar- '\' ' ?- . grin. Extensive dowdwarping has occurred in the Gulf Coast Plain s Fl" ,* o A ;: / . as a result of tectonic movements of the crustal plates and sedi- N i rment deposition. ; River borne sediments consisting of sand, silt, and clay V v have been deposited into the sea resulting in a gradual deltaic - buildup which has slowly encroached seaward from relatively f f B . high ground and extended out\ard toward the margins of the MilKl 50 continental shelf. Coastal Louisiana and New Orleans are sit- B. gVI ' uated upon this wedge of sediment. Sediments have, in conjunc- tion with tectonic movements, forced a downwarping of the Meso- ' zoic Basement complex. This Gulf Coast geosyncline passes . * through the Louisiana Gulf Coast, directly under the New Orleans area. Associated with the geosyncline are zones of active faulting I "- - ;. .-:- resulting from the pressure exerted by the weights of the sedi- OR iAIS ment deposits. c i' Both faulting and subsidence occurred contemporaneously with depositional processes. Deep seated beds of salt, related to an ancient Jurassic sea, and thick marine shale units have been deformed by differential loading pressures causing additional movements. These movements often initiate zones of weakness MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL PLAIN BELOW which persist as sediment continues to accumulate above them producing growth faults. These normal faults characterized by CAIRO, ILL. (After. Powers, 1966) increased throw with depth and across which, from the upthrown to the downthrown block, there is a great thickness of correlative section, Growth faults are one of the primary adjustments to sediment accumulation in the basin. Hence they strike parallel I~~~~~~~ ~ ,etin Grwhfut . n ftepiayajsmnst S-: . - -- - s -- -- THE LOWVER U '4 1 3 \ f~~~~~~~r!~MSSISSIPPI RIVER \\ r~~~i nca Distributari~s Selawh EBalcn Roug,' and De 1 to Lakes Such cS Pontchar- train. &!. ~-n~Baton 7Rouge . L t fp ~orl 0A~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e 9 �~~- C~jiL- - - ) -~~~ New~ 0'_ Or ean " . -ar X. h,,I I Newj 2j -~~~~- /~~~~~~~~ ~ 4r ~ ~ ~ �r~ ZI I '4 --- -S~~~~~~~~. j;;~~~~~~~~~~~~3 to the geosynclinal axis and are almost invariably downthrown on the gulf side. Faults along the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain and underlying the lake itself are related to the regional pattern of normal growth faulting. Surface displacement of relatively modern surface features, such as beach ridges and old meander scars of streams in the area north of Lake Pontchartrain attest to the fact that some of these faults have been active within late Quaternary items (probably within the last 5, 000 years). Maximum surface displacement is found along the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain where eighteen feet of surface displacement can be documented. Two minor faults trend northeast-southwest -.-.. . 3,UN< :-. 9&&Swa- .u through the study area. One of these has a near-surface displace- L �Iw f *..<. .......,0\3^S{/5P~ tA*ment of five feet. Two additional faults converge near the con- ~',z.:i" - n-:.~ "FkST T~Az '-r A Sff fluence of Chef Menteur Pass and mLake Pontcharrrain. Both of -". )S? > < E set of he f the Pleistocene) of approximately ten feet. CONkINEN rA L-'gain_. r ,@,-,... .,,.)m''The gulf basin is exceptionally rich in subsurface m- neral de - ;0000p,>-,< _9T LXA; j k ..>g 5_X0'_ ,>,posits (oil, gas, salt and sulphur). These most commonly occur xs~r *-- /=/Uf�' Po~rINeo'o Iin commercial quantities where some structural trap favors ~/;:/' ':%':$ ,'w 1 de w/. _ X: EG G'~/ JJ) their accumulation (i. e. salt dome or fault). The nearest known ;"lO,'0 'G /O /soil and mea s field s are Unknown assil a fewd mas t of the IVda d __ .study area, and th e Goose Point Field in Lake Pontchartrain to CONTINENTALV7 �| :.:;,4 .::,. AL : : . . ....:':..:. The nature of the sedimenta ry deposits in the New Orleans *;S;I.J : ......... Z:)<l i } < / area are important in considering urban an d s emi -urban land t:~'XR'~EPx:,t: ...... Ul/ ,> ) ...uses (Coastal Environments, Inc. 1972). The most important of these deposits in the land use context are the ancient sedi- I T::o ////2/ AMesozoic Uponds mentary deposits of Pleistocene age designated as pre-prairie � 2CnLS2/l/A E~~: Ceno0Oic Costd and prairie (Coastal Environment, Inc., 1972). According to "* '~~PAin / _.Ithe Coastal Environments report (p. 8), "These formations lave GUL F C OA S TA L Pi{o1 1rn A AD ..> b NT...RN.. the best foundation characteristics in the region. ThcN v:u WGULF COAST- 1 j41 -AL PLAIN AND NORTHER.mN deposited more than 50, 000 years ago when sea level stoos r aa GULF OfFr M EXICO ....... approximately the same level as it does today. Tle deposits, consisting of consolidated sas a silty and organic clays, are found at the surface on the north shore of Lake Portc!,artrain but slope down and become deeply buried by more recent deposits . To understand the evolution of the parish one must visualize the sea as fluctuating in level over long periods of time. About 50, 000 years ago sea level was lowered approximately 300 feet in response to continental glaciation. It began to rise some 40, 000 years ago and reached its present level again about' 30, 000 years ago. During these falling, lowered and rising stages, the prairie formation was exposed to weathering and a deep crust was formed. During the process of sea level change regional I., 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ (IA U RE PAS - E3COPG NE- K _ 7 '~~~~~~~7 . -. -MIA`3 ESTUARY /i Pleistocene Terracc SouIthern Boundary 'I ,1~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ of Estuary System dB ctn Rouge .--1 I / G~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ultport- -i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lake- Po'/pran "? i t c ~~~~~~~~~~~~~-New L ~ Iberia IN, <m ~2 LIJ ~ ~ ~ I- _Fall~~I / ~~ ~i� ~(1 ~~~~D~~i 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~Fo aae t f 973b 6~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I10 1 P~egional Gr31owth Fault System In Mioccene And Younger Sediments In I ~~Northern GulfT Of Mexico (Aft~r- Murray 19 6, , ' LOUIS IAN A ALABAMA I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MSISFl1 TEXAS O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RI DA~.- --* I 'K.~~~ x X.<~~ Geosyncilnal Axis ~~~~~~~~~~~IL I ~~~~~~~~~~~~Edge of Continental She-if O 0 00 MILES I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 .9~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /5S* S M~ SSI-P-PRI- Guif port ke ~~ ~ ~ -.I FA U LT S 0 F T H AKE~~~~0 I-~ ~ Ovres. Mil -~~~ I ~~~USRAEFAULTSOFLT AE UCmie FromLTFSk194) SoUc~RFACE DISPLcACE-66 The vertical structure of the parish consists then of great thicknesses of ancient marine and riverine sediments over which lay thinner sequences of more recent deposits that form the act- . 'is:-. :'xK::'~,.'-: ual land mass of the parish. At depths of up to 40,000 feet is a 5 /u@C".to~ae - INUTE'RECE ~OF hbasement layer perhaps 200 million years old. On this are 40, / Co --CTSTPLEISTOCENE AND 000 feet of sediments 50, 000 to 7, 000 years old with only the last ...'..''::--":"<' c;,'~ '. -- ~ iZ�~; ~ ..".. ~~~ ' - RECENT SEDIMENTS ."-<,'C, ' Yc,,'...'. '. >c/?-x�, ..../ P.... 50 to 100 feet of an age less than 4000 years. Formation of the '/ .. ._,:' . S'-' .?,T5' ..Xv ' -parish itself within this relatively recent time frame is discussed :;'" v' ' in the next portion of the report. u''.. . ;; > -/'b'y-As a result of its formative processes and location, the _S, I/ region is very active techtonically. Both faulting and subsidence ga;1LE -.- ::. -^deposited the earth's surface constantly adjusts to, and becomes deformed by differential loading pressures. These movements c, A u S ' ' NRECENT SEDIMENTS occur along zones of weakness which persist even as sediment - � { :,9.,j i OVERLYING continues to accumulate above them and produces growth faults. PLEISTOCENE . DEPOWSTS The faults strike parallel to the axis of the geosyncline and are -l Iu~ -:almost invariably downthrown on the gulf side. Their location I is important in relationship to building of structures, affect up- | ARIAL SED!iENTATION SEQUENCE C(From Coastal Environments, on marsh subsidence, and location of canals and associated con- * Inc. 192) struction. Fault activity, although not as dramatic as that in places like California, nevertheless indicates that the region is extremely active and that change is present". tilting also occurred. When sea level had re-established itself an uplifted portion of the prairie formation remained high and 'Studies conducted in coastal areas throughout the world sug- dry forming the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain. gest that sea level reached its present stand about 3200 years ago. Since that time only very minor fluctuations of the ocean During the period 30,000 years ago when sea level was high levels have occurred. However, there has been a continuing shallow marine deposits accumulated in the area that would change in relative positions of land and sea in coastal Louisiana. become in the New Orleans Metropolitan Area. These deposits . With few exceptions the wetlands area is sinking. A number of extended gulfward from approximately the n-rth shore of Lake Pont- factors contribute to the apparent vertical movements in land char:rain. About 25, 000 years ago sea level was again lowered and sea. Kolb and Van Lopik (1958) identify the primary factors 300 feet because of glaciation and the marine deposits were ex- as follows: posed to wveahering; a crust was formed on their surface. This surface and the prairie formation dip from the north shore of A. True or actual sea level rise rI Lake Pontchartrain beneath the New Orleans... urban region at depths of 21 to over 120' below the surface. It is these format- B. Consolidated of sediment of the Gulf Coast geosyncline ions that form the most important foundation bearing strata in 1. Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene sediments the area. 2. Recent sediments During the last phases of recent sea level rise, from about C. Local consolidation 7000 to 4000 years ago, the region again underwent significant changes that set the stage for the formation of the present land 1. Consolidation caused by weight of minor landforms mass of the parish. The location of land mass of today was open 2. Consolidation caused by weight of man-made struc- gulf. Sand deposits winnowed from eroding Pleistocene deposits tures and introduced to the coast by the Pearl River were reworked and redistributed to form a series of sand spits and islands along D. Basement sinking caused by sediment load and/or sub- what is now the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. These were crustal flow similar to the islands that now lie off of the Mississippi Coast. 9 s~~~~~~~~ s iss I s \s11p~~~~~~j LAND LOSS AND rim GAIIN IN THEI - S ~~ Areas of Gain ~~ LOUISIANA WET-I '1/4/' ~ ~~~~Aea of LossLADI \. (~~~~~~~~~~~~From Cogliono, Kwon, Van 39e k >c~~~~~~v / Areas j .~~~~~~~~~~~~o Coastal WotlondiReport No 9 Bta ton RouC VI~~~~~K 7,/~:Q ulfport3 7' '/1/7' '~~~~~~~~ / Lak~~~e Pan/char/r'Gaia W-) . . . . ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ,4 44I. ber 1//zC//igri "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Q .S3 //~~~~~ K X// I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // I ?t ai � e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lke Pan/chartbainnC ~~~~~Bin LAND LOSS IN EASTLERN Srurce USG.S Mcp fAe Scc~r 1 24,000; 19~ 16 I. .... 11.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r M i S Ss I S \S iP. ~ FLOOD CONTROL WORKS OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA ji i I BELOW OLD RIVER, LA. 'I M ~~~v- Mainstream 'Mississippi A -Atchafalaya Floodwcy MO-Morganza Floodway 'I'L 8a, -Bonnet Carr' Floodway 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Source: U.S. Army Corps of Z!~~~L oo Engineers . Batfon Rouge NN A o~~~~~~- 2.U.O Orleans Rs L-kC ~~~~~~erta~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ,':I New O': c C)C 0 14 C, ~ N, t r * r-O 0 n't~~~~~~~~~~~' ~~~~~-~~~~~~~~ 0OLUME "I-- ~IATE? iN CUGIC FEET PEF! SEC7 , 0 o - ~~~~~~~~~~OLMLE OF OWATE N UI FEET PER SECOND______ .L7?~~~~~~~~~. ~~~12I E. Tectonic activity 3. 30,0(00 - 25,000 years B. P. - Sea level was at appl-oximantely its present stand. A gulf shoreline with sandy beaches as All of these factors contribute to subsidence within the study well established through what is presently the northern half area. Radiocarbon dating of buried peat deposits indicate that of Lake Pontchartrain. Shallow marine sediment accumu- rthe average rates for coastal Louisiana amount to 0. 35 feet/cen- lated in the vicinity of the study area above the weathered turv (Gacgliano and Van Beek, 1970). Local rates as high as 10 crust marking the top of the prairie formation. This wedge to 16 feet per century have been reported (Kolk and Van Lopik, of sediment extending seaward from approximately the * 1968). Saucier (1963), reports an ave'rage subsidence rare of I northern shore of Lake Pontchartrain is designated as the 0. 39 feet/century for the Pontchartrain Basin. Deweyville formation. Local subsidence of drained wetlands areas in coastal Loui- 4. 25,000 - 7, 000 years B. P. - Sea level was again lowered siana is a well known phenomena. When backswamp peats and . some 300 feet in response to continental glaciation. As in highly organic clays are drained they shrink and oxidize. Some- step 2, a weathered crust formed on top of the Deweyville imes logs and other organic constituents actually burn. These formation. However, this crust is neither as thick or as processes result in a significant lowering of the land surfaces. well indurated as the one marking the top of the prairie for- | Some areas within the city limits of New Orleans are 12 feet be- mation and in some places may be completely removed by I low mean gulf level. Elevations of more than five feet below erosion. Iowever, this soil zone or crust forms one of the the datum are common. It can be anticipated that within a few single most important foundation bearing strata in the area. years after drainage most of the Eastern New Orleans area will It is referre to in several diagras and maps as the op of be from three to five feet below gulf level. the Pleistocene". In the study area it forms a gently undulating surface ranging in depth from approximately 55 feet to less The upper 50 feet of sedimentary deposits underlying the than 20 feet. study area have accumulated during late Quaternary times (the last 30, 000 years). Events significant in consideration of foun- 5. 7, 000 - 4, 000 years B. P. - During the last phases of the re- dation conditions, ground water and surface morphology are as cent rise of sea level the study area underwent significant mor- follows: phological changes. Sand deposits winnowed from eroding Plei- stocene deposits and introduced to the coast by the Pearl River 1. more than 50, 000 years B. P. - Deposition of the late Pleis- were reworked and re-distributed to form a series of sand spits tocene Prairie formation. Sea level stood at approximately and islands trending southwest from the present position of the the same level as it does today. Sediment composing the Pearl River mouth into the New Orleans area. A major barrier formation was deposited in deltaic plain and marginal deltaic island trend was established which separated the open gulf from basin environments. Poorly consolidated sands, silty,clays, a sheltered sound on its northern side. The end product was a and organic clays Fredominate. major body of relatively clean, well sorted fine to coarse sand. The barrier island sand outcrops at Pine and Little Oak Islands I 2. 50, 000 - 30, 000 years B. P. - Sea level was lowered approxi- and slopes gently both north and south. At the shore of Lake mately 30p'feet as a result of. continental glaciation. It be- Pontchartrain it lies 20 to 25 feet below mean gulf level and at gan to rise again some 40, 000 years ago and approximated the Intracoastal Waterway it is about 45 feet below that datum. its present stand again about 30, 000 years ago. During This unit is important both from the standpoint of foundations these falling, lowered, and rising stages the prairie forma- and as a source of sand fill. It was used as a source of sand tion was exposed to weathering processes and a deep weath- fill for the Interstate-10 foundation through the Pontchartrain N.3 ered soil profile or crust was formed. This weathered New Town tract. The sands are permeable and porous and may crust is very firm and constitutes one of the major foundation constitute a minor fresh water aquifer. horizons below the study area. During.these intervals of sea level fluctuation regional tilting of the prairie formation 6. 4, 000 - 700 years B. P. - During this interval a major deltaic occurred. When sea level re-established itself at a high lobe of the Mississippi River developed in the area (St. Ber- level during the interstadial approximately 30, 000 years nard Delta Complex). A sequence of prodelta, lacustrine and ago an uplifted segment of the prairie formation north of delta front deposits introduced through active river distribu- Lake Pontchartrain remained high and drr, forming the - taries were defined and natural levee ridges emerged. The coastwise prairie terrace. 1 natural levee ridges along 13 Bayou Sauvage and Turtle Bayou de- eloped d hs neva.Mu t eelpd lciUnder normal conditions, the tide in both Lakes Pontchartrain and iBorgne is diurnal and has a range of approximately one-half or inrte-distributary areas and wvcere soon colonized by marsh foot, respectively. Tie RiTolets and Chef ;vlenteur Pass have de- grasses. The Pontchartrain Basin \was divorced from the gulf vcloped naturally deep and wide channels having adequate capacity and Lake Pontcllartrain was formed. Evidence of prehistoric for normal tidal flows and for discharge of tributary flow. HIow- Indian occupation is found from this interval in shell heaps or ever, the frequent and often appreciable chanles in the water le- middens in the area. vel of Lake Pcntclhartrain are not prinmarily caused by periodic tidal variations. Nearly all changecs are the result of variations, o7. u0 B. P. - 1.,93 hwe, s . - The .ississippi River diverted its in the direction, force, and duration of the wind. course to the West and the SE. Bernard Delt!a Complex was abandoned. River distributaries reverted to minor tidal wind is frequently from the nort streams and their channels became largely clogg-ed and filled, or northwest, l ake levels wha average one t o two feec lower than but deposition of organic debris continued in swamp and rnarsh- This is the resultr of a net movement oft areas Patdposits ittdrghavsgoeduring the summer. This is the result of a net movement of areas. Peaton deposnts iniidtoac during hesn active staoe of udenclta water from the lakes into the gulf. Abrupt changes in wind dfirec- d porg-r~aatn cor.cn to CCU e in response to subsiderce tion, such as those which often accompany the passage of a cold Divorced from the fresh water inflow of the M\ississippi salt- front, may cause a rapid change in lake level. This effect is nities increased and the area took on a distinctive estuarine character. M\oroholoMcatl sequences herein presented was reproduced from 8. 1720 - A. D . - Present - hen of European culture gradually invadred the area initiating the chain of events that led from the settlement of New Orleans to the current plan for a new com- m=,niy in the Pontcihartrain New Town area. At present the area is either completely drained, filled and urbanized or is; largely impounded by dikes and partially drained. * ... _._ _ _ s.;5 _ _-l__Vt _/ | !sss ,; C.L\KC .ThE /Ps- '.3O 3 Current Environmental Conditions x . New Orleans is subject to the same environmental factors 2< c c" i'2T affecting all of Coastal Louisiana. The area is in a subtropical c a - oST oa latitude experiencing mild winters and hot humid summers. Pre- vaiithg sumrner winds are southerly and produce conditions favorable ' ,/ -. : _ . ... . to the formation of afternoon thundershiower.- and sudden squalls. ,< The area is subject to frequent frontal mnovements during the colder ( --I seasons. These frontal movements bring heavy precipitarion and sudden temperature changes. The range of temperature fluctuations can be considered to be ' / moderate. Average summer temperatureis S3. �F; winter j a4- ! average temperature is 56. 1F. -Maan annual temperature is - 70 F. i Annual rainfall at New Orleans averages 63 inches. Heavy ,.,, winter rains generally occur from mid-December to mid-March. Sleet and snow is uncommon. ' /- From January through July, prevailing vwinds are south to south- east and northeast wo east-northeast from Sep-enlber through No- veroaer. Average wind velocity is S. 6 MPH, but often exceeds 100 vMPH during hurricanes. 14 1 - MiSS~~~~~SSIPPI R.VER ~~~~~DEVELOPMENT OF THE IT I, DELTA~ LOSES FORMED ERAR-D DELTA LOBE M I S! c)I p Sp. ~~~ .. I / ~~~~~~~~~~DU-RING THE PASr 6,000 YEA4 ..rrFs _T" sT Gulf port 6Rw,,,c~ CCY~~ (I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CA -1 P;T AA I ETAL S FORMED '~~~~~~~ I I.GTEPAS .0 YEARS F--t~ IG~,3r57) CHRONOLOGY OF DELTA LOEES BASED O N AGE OF DELTA-PLAIN YC.ITIACVT IA pr;5.IIM.CES. ~PEATS (AFTER FRAZIER, 1967) *3 20TocrJofYrSBor ItIU'ICI.L CCC I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ D~elso "ornpick ~~~~~~~~~-.I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r~~.sisp River 13I~CC I IIf9 ~~~-' O..Ifparz F Boyou I 01C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~afurxe :.,,r Lcfojrcnc De~ip Co.r..,:ex Boyru LafourCho nord T~rrcbosre I-, ?i I m .. -4~~~~12 ,. -5 .Fl cy:;d. Ter, u Eous ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~3 fl~~.--,ntp RI.v2r ard 611)0.1 Ltof.icrcC 6 I .x \,.-. , I Poy~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u C~~~pF~~~fODP.I Tec~~~~~~~~e Lello CorchroexL ,~wvc -K T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I..oyo1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JehoyuS; I I I j M~~~~~~~~~'orWqrgr. Ce~c Cwr1-,A evident in winds as lo\w as 5 miles per hour. Easterly winds cause New Orleans, located near the coast in the wildlife state, is a rise in Mississippi Soundl and Lake Borgne, producing an increase of natural, logical, and peculiar importance in a conservation, in flow through the passes and a subsequent rise in the lake level. and ecology program, not only of the south, but of the entire Westerly winds have the reverse effect, a rise or fall of six inches nation, since throughh it pass or in it there remain during the in an hour has been observed on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain or winter, so vast a part of the migratory bird life of the entire several occasions. The effects which hurricanes can have on water continent. A vast proportion of the migratory game birds of levels has already been pointed our. Strong winds and heavy rain- North American are harbored in Louisiana's great game pre- fall which occasionally accompany conventional thunderstorms serves-near New Orleans. create localized turul.ance but have little effect on overall lake levels. The physical characteristics of Louisiana, and especially of the environment of New Orleans, provide a remarkable setting As a result of frequentlychanging lake levels, strong and for the City of New Orleans. There are large areas within the 'irregular currents often characterize the major passes, particularly city limits which are parcely settled and which abound with the Rigolets. The ordinary maxilnum vclocity in this pass is 0. 6 wildlife and where excellent game fishing may be pursued. And knots but extreme velociiies of 3. 75 knots have been observed. because of the close proximnity of the marshlands to the city, Observations sugg-esE that a slight counter-clockwise circulation may markets are provided the fishing, oyster, fur and forestry in- be present in Lake Pon:chart-ain. However, the currents are dustries. affected by the volu:ne of fresh wvater inflow (estimated to average 5 million acre-feet annually), tides and storm surges which cause There are seven million acres of marsh land within the prox- enormous volumes of water to pass in both directions through the imity of New Orleans connected by hundreds of lakes and water- Rigolets, Chef Mentecur Pass, Lake Borgne, Mlississippi Sound, ways where fisheries, oyster beds, game and fur trapping exist. the Inner al-aibor Navigatrional Canal, and the Milississippi River- Gulf Outlet. With so many variables operating on the several ele- The total gross acreage of the State of Louisiana constitutes ments of the system, the current patterns are continually changing. nineteen million, two hundred thousand acres. The salinity of Lake Pontchartrain averages less than six parts The marshlands or wetlands of Coastal Louisiana surrounding per thousand but varies widely with location and season. Least New Orleans can be divided into fresh water marshes and salt U salinity occurs in the northwestern portion of the lake during the water marshes, based upon the salinity of the soil, water and winter and spring months. Values as low as 1. 2 parts per thou- the vegetation in general. The fresh water marshes border on sand (followi ng a heavy January rainfall) and as high as 1S, 6 parts usand ((folloin a h eavy pJa tuar rainfall ) and as high. as ve. 6 parts cypress swamps, so that occasional bald cypress trees extend per rtiousand (following a September tropical storm) have been ob- into the marsh which supports cattail, need cane, Phragmiies, m served in the lake. arrowhead, pickerel weed, water miller, giant bullrush paille fine; willow thickets are common. The salinities in Lake Borgnc are generally higher than that of Lake Pontcharrrain due to lesser fresh water flows and closer The salt marshes are extensive and consist of salt marsh proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. Average yearly salinity in the grass, couch grass big and little cord grasses, and black rush. wet year (1962) was '2. 4 ppr. , while in the dry year (1963) salinities Some of the common woody plants that grow on the raised bank, averaged 1i . 1 ppt. These years represent the probable extrdmes ridges, etc., are the live oak, toothache tree, haw- of salinity. thorns, opponax, marsh elder, Baccharis, and salt matrimony- vine. Water temperature in Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne are moderate.and ice is rare. In Lake Pontchartrain average The functioning of the coastal marsh ecosystem is complex remperatures range fromn a high of 30 degrees C (86�0F in August and diverse. The ecosystem is maintained by the inter-relation- to a low of 10. 5 degrees C (50. 90F) in January. In Lake Borgne, ship of a full range of terrestial and aquatic flora and fauna, and average highs of 32 degrees (89. 60F) in July and lows of 9 degrees extremely important water exchange processes. The few species C (45. 20F) in February are recorded. considered "valuable" to man for commercial or sports activity represent merely a small minority of life forms in the marsh. They are, for the most part, a select group near the top of the *1 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Kz I . ,- ~~~~~~~~-'~~~~~~~- N' -. ii ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.U~~~~7 U ,,, Y~Q< ,1 (7" .74'\ I /x"~ f/s .2 K''- ~. v4~KN-KI LA- 0~~~~~~~~I. I'l, /NM,~ ~ 1 I~~~~~RSAAE __RESSWM NAUA LE VEE VEEATO UPAD E T TPE A ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O S IT AND CLYS (o SAD F I L L '~ A B O V E +4 'I~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U L iii :D~ ~ (O SIT AN CLY)(N AD ILAOE+' U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lI<t -D J ; ) C I ~ ~ ~~~~- ;Z )MC C L ~ SCD~HEMATIC1ZED DISTRIBUTION -OF- FLORA WI IQ a e t. L., 973 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~17 IMPOUNDED MARSH SUBJECT TO ERRATIC WATER BLACK NATURAL BEACH IMPOUNDED BRACKISH MARSH LEVEL SWAMP LEVEE BALD CYPRESS DEAD CYPRESS I U SOUTHERN BLACK WILLOW MAGNOLIA MARSH ELDER SWEET GUM ROSEAU CANE SOUTHERN BAYBERRY LIVE OAK BLACK WILLOW POrUMMOND'S RED MARSH ELDER MARSH ELDER MAPLE ROSEAU CANE ROSEAU CANELO SOUTHERN BAYBERRY SOUTHERN BAYBERRY WATER HYSSOP CATTAIL I ALLIGATOR WEED PAILLE FINE SEASIDE ASTER MARSH ELDER THREE-CORNERED GRASS PAILLE FINE I . CATTAIL OYSTER GRASS COUCH GRASS IN COUCH GRASS COUCH GRASS POOR CONDITION. WATER HYACINTH CHARA DUCKWEED WIDGEON GRASS WIDGEON GRASS WIDGEON GRASS PONDWEED PONDWEED �5' +5 --- .'--~ LARGELY BARiREN OF vv BLRGELY OF __5AR VEGETATION _ VEGETATION -<I o D!AC-RLAUATlC ThANSEC;T FRDOM[RiSHBAYOUTO i LAKE PONTCHA.iRrTRN SHOWING E"ISTING I o .1 I 0AKS . on _- T (FROdM WALLACE,kT. AL. I173A) BLIND LAGOON NATURAL LEVEE FOREST I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~SRACKiSH MARSH LIVE OAKj LAU RE--L AKI SOUTHERN' IAGLA BLUEFLAG S','EETB3AY I, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BULL RUSH CAROLINA ASH BL XWLLCV ARROWHEAD PECAN -RSi LDER jSYCAMORE SUHER BAYERRY BO/ ELDER WATER HZKORY I G~~~~~STER I RSEAECATGRD MPL SF:E RJSH R O E U CNEBLACK WILLOW ROSEAU CANE 1 ~~~~ROSEAU CANE BLACK TUPELO ROSEAS HRCECORNEREC ARASS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GREEN ASH SLATE RUSH sAT GRASS SALT GRAS, WATER TUPELO ~~HOG CANE HOG CANE W~~~~~~~~~~~IATER HYACINTH BADCPESGROUNDSEL BUSH OYSTER GRASS OYSTER GRASS DUCK WEED YAUPONI I PONOWEED DWARF P-IAWETTO - . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WAX MvYRTLE COUCH GR;ASS iBUTTON BUSHI BLACKBERRY SUBSMERGED GRASSES IMAYAPPLE GREEN ETI ALGAEA N HTLNKN LIZARD'S TAIL SPIKE RUSH SPIKE RUSH CAITTAIL CATT A:L ALLIGATOR WEED ALLIGATOR WEED WATER HYACINTH ~~~~~~~WATER LILY W A T KEER IYDcwE I~~~~h-I G UL L E V E L m'~- -5- >~~~~~~~~~~ [XAGR-8.M'IATIO TRANSEC-T FRO'M LAKE BLN AONMEAN GULF LEVE PONTAFCHARTRAI'M TO BAYOU SAUVAGE SHOWING ..-r U * EXISTING MARSH CONDITIONS * (FROM WALLACE, ET AL., 1973A) c DIAGRAMMAT, -RANSE-CT FROM ELIND LAGOON TO BA'YOU SAUVAGE SHOWING IDEAL VEGETATIC'>.TIONS. (FROM WALLACE, ErT. AL., 1973) food chain supportec by an enormous lower level biomnass. The strength of the system lies in its diversity. However, there are key processes, biotic tLyvls, food chains, andi habitats that ulti- mately control its healIll. When these are impared or destroyed the entire system faces gross reduction of productivity or death. Of basic importance to the ecosystem are the input of fresh IIGIR cilR river water and sediiment tllrouch .eriodic floodinas and marine tida! action. Salit laden irver water is a prime source of the in- F' OA/TOy ' I.CO'.:r organic nutrients required by plants. Marine tidal action flushes W rr detritus from the mar-sh into the estuary, and provides access for nursery crabs, shrimp and fish. The mixture of riverine and marine water establishes the salinity balance necessary for , :he production of marsh .vegetation, the prime source of organic C; / , H'IV:REO detritus. _UTHIA . iVNOYSi II~s;C MAYEUTRlA The organic der-itus cycle is the biotic base of the entire ET US . marsh. It starts with the pihorosynthetic conversion of inorganic S A nutrients into forms useabie by higher forms of life. One portion of the cycle is essentiaily aquatic. Dissolved nutrients are photo- I CONSUM RPRSIR IILL synthesized into phytoplankton and algae, which are in turn fed 2OGPLAr/Tcu * _ _'{ / a~ rr~lzblrS\ . _ utpon by copepods, 'Shrinp larvae, and oysters. The most important portion of detritus cycle, however, is Po4 the production of rmarsh vegetation. Marsh plants contribute far s more vegetative material than is normally consumed byi the her- \O . bivores and are the single most important source of organic de- PHYTOPLAN:XT' VG.T: rritus. Both poltions of ihis cycle are kept viable by riverine in- ourALLU VLA Du. and tidal action./ . Marsh vegetation is eacen and returned to the svstem as epr. respiratory loss and feces; at death it is decomposed and con- verted to other life forms. B3accria conLvert the cellulose and SLA .i carbohydrates to concentrated protein. Some detriLus is consumed on the marsh, but mniuch is fluslihed into adjacent watef bv tidal actionl. There detri'us feeding organisms, including shrimp and oysters, crabs, and zoo-plankton, are able to make use of rlte partially decayecd matter. The secondary consumers, sucilh as minnors, plankton-feeders and predatory fish, are dependent upon the detritus-feeding organisms. The carnivors-alligators, mink, otter, raccoons-rely upon aquatic life and herbivores for DIAGRAM .OF MARSH ES iJARY FUNCTIONAL their survival. ' RELAT!ONSHIPS All tropic levels contribute to organic detritus and nutricnt cycling through production of feces and excreta and eventual death. Thus a combination of physical factors such as tidal exchange, riverine input of nutrients, climate, and the reczvcling of mater- ials by the biotic system serve to maintain the prsdectivity and :20 ii~~ LZES. '' ~~Existing Proposed I Chef /vfen/eur pigs -2~~~gC Lagoon - a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -. Loke ,~ ak 21~~~~~~~~~~~S ahrn I stability of the marsh-estuarine system. VWhen tidal effects and suspended sediment to the marsh, replenishing nutrient supply. river input are stopped, movement of both detritus and inorganic The process rejuvenates vegetation and [auna making it one of n.utrielnts aroe -erativ curtiled;, \trih a subseouent lowering of bio- the most productive fishery and wildlife habitats in the nation mass and productivity. (Palmisano, 1970). Plant life occurs inn a a-ea because of the individual require-- The value of such an ecosystem is high for both men and ments of the species, its relative tolerance and adaptability, and animal: the variation in envil-onmental! con!diLions. Z ioation of marsh vegetation is primarily the r!esult of the two interrelated factors 1. It serves as habitat and wintering grounds for game of water salinity and topooraphly. .Modifications and sometimes birds - valuable to man as sport, education, and re- total change (irreversible) have occurred in the Coastal Marsh creation. Zone as a result of: 2. It serves as a home and food for muskrat - sport, edu- 1. Canals - allow salt water into fresh water cation, economic value to man. 2. Spoil banks - a by-product of canals, obstruct drainage . and inmpound water 3. It serves as breeding grounds for shrimp, fish, other 3. Perroleum exploration and production organisms - economic and industrial value to man. 4. Reclamation of wetlands 5. Burning The only wildlife and natural fisheries habitats in New 6. Alien biological agents introduced (i.e. nutria) Orleans are located in the Eastern New Orleans wetlands and on the lower coast of Algiers. Much of the New. Ouleans area is a part of an old deltaic. lobe from thit Mississippi River and characterized by natural' Natural levees support a wide range of upland wildlife. levees or "front lands" (Penfounc1 and H-athaway, 1938). As part Rabbits, mice and squirrels are particularly abundant. For- of the gradually sloping land behind the levee, the area once merly the levees also provided habitat for bear and mounrain acted as an overflow catch basin. These backlands were charac- lions. The backswam'Ds further provide habitat for a wide range terized by cypress-gumi swamps arind/or marshes, deperndinlg 0of amphibians and aquatic life forms as well as nutria, muskrats uoon the amount of salinity. These backlands were drained by and raccoons. Although the whole area supports numerous sluggish, meandering bayous, a-d characterized by insignificant snakes, the natural levees and backswamps provide the most levees. Occasionally circular Go elongated islands occur as opportune habitat. The natural levees and backswamps also pro- former barrier beaches, and are oak vegetated. vide the only nesting sites for birds which nest above ground. There are major grass botanirical indicators of the marsh Impounded. marshes provide habitat for a number of main- zone along the Louisiana coast. These are grouped according to mals; the most notable are raccoon, nutria, and muskrat. fresh, brackish and saline waters. Trappers report occasional mink. The expanses of open fresh- water provide excellent waterfowl habitat and the first fresh- fresh water - Panicum hemitomon - paille fine, a major water encountered by migrating waterfowl upon crossing Lake peat forming grass Pontchartrain; where the marsh vegetation occurs, the available food is plentiful. brackish water - Spartina paten - cord grass Numerous ducks are usually present as vell as coot, Amer- saline water - Spartina alternifolia - oyster grass ican egrets, snipe, great blue heron, and green heron. A brac.kish marsh usually occurs as an ecotone between The Chef Menteur and Lake Borgne marshes sustain a varied saline and fresh water environments. It probably has the highest fauna. Shellfish include the brackish marsh clam, the horse productivity as a result of the unique balance of productivity be- mussel and blue crabs among others. The commercial shrimp tween saline and fresh conditions. In its simplest form this de- were noted in the open water bodies. Amphipods occur through- licate balance occurs during storm tide when saline water adds out these marshes. 22 7: -77r ., - HZ--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - -v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~9 - Partsn . -7- -~~~~1. - ~~~~~~ ~77~~S. Benr SEErisSE ......... - .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ S t ~- BELO W ,~~~~z. . s~~~~~~~~~zsr~~~~~~! m~~k ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ .% Parish~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ amn as z: ~ ~ --~9z----~ ' ZONE OF f7-SVV8 ,- z:-/ -7~~~~~MRN P a-e ' 2R;VRATO ./ NATUR AL ~S AIND F~LLJ/. * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~23 Recognition of this fact causes one to realize that additional data m -ust be compiled and corruelated on the basis of small unit areas Discussions w.~ithl local fishermern and comparisons Nvith simi- so that the implications of future actions can be fully understood. lar marshes indicatc that the predominant fish sLawning in the Chef Mientear and Lake Blarg-ne marshes should include: Croaker, Spot, M-enhaden, M~ullet and Sea Catfish. Soeckled Trout, Red Drum, Croaker, Spot and Me-nhladan are of commercial importance. Killi- fsn are also abrundan o the m)Larshes. Almylost all of the fresh ater fish srxiecies wvill alIso occur in the brackish marshes cue to rhe low salinivy condiriol-is. The natural areas presently provide habitat for a great variety of wvater fowl. The areas of frllrcI -watr mnars"h, though smnall and scattered, are -xcellent potential food sources. 1!-npoumded' marshes in the area arc: geYnerally operating at a reduced biotic level. In terchan ge wi tn the Otfif has been cut off and the system is -radually changing to a freshwater one. Althcugh marine fish occur occasionally, their access is limited to tha Dprovided by\ imprr)oprlyV tunctioin3- tide gates and drainae culverts. The blue crab which enters the impounded areas in a Juvenile- form i.s tLhe only marine creature occurring almost thlrouh--out the area. Freshwater fish are abundant throughout the impounded areas. Sur-m: ry --e d tscrimion of the current state of the New Orleans environ'reret and the natural forces influencing- environmental conditions providcis the "jumping oi'" point from which acoastal zone ana i gienntr plan must operate. The ~enc-1l do-Dscription of the natural environment in the mumcir-ci~i boundarie~s of the City of Nov.' Orleans provides a rudi- mrealtarv baseiUn'- from which, ciecisiuns can be made as to whether Eh- -,-nvaronment shIould be nai-tainedI in its present state, or whet~r- it should be modified. The inventory of existing con- diticns also provides a general means for measuring environ- mental changas due to natural and man-made modifications. The management of the environment must ecprat-:e within the frann-e-ork provided by nature. The complex inter-relation- ship between wa-ntcr regimens, tidal actions, biotic naramieters, cimlactiogv and other factors musts be well understood before I a management plan can be implemented. With-out a knowledge of :tese inter-relationships, there is no way to predict the out- come of the various managemeonr actions- as a result environ- mental degradation could be facilitated rather than, abated. 24 I I a I I I I I I I. I. I I I * CificMtorx2 O> IIwr'tli Ax The .City of New Orleans can be broken down into four en- elements which may be compatible to urban living. Waterways vironmental areas based upon the predominant conditions of each which have been filled could be reopened and utilized as aesthetic, area. Area I, the Highly Urbanized Area, includes the most recreational, and perhaps, transportation resources. Indigenous heavily populated areas of the city and is bounded by the Orleans/ plant species could be reinstated along canal and bayou banks, Jefferson Parish boundary on the west, Lake Pontchartrain on along streets and in open areas. the north, Paris Road on the east and the Gulf Intracoastal Water- way (Algiers) Canal on the south. Contained Marsh Area * Area II, the Contained Marsh Area, is bounded by Paris This area is one of rapid growth. Several residential sub- Road on the west, Interstate Highway 10 on the north, the Gulf divisions have been constructed in the area with the past decade, Intracoastal Waterway on the south, and U. S. Highway 11 on the and there are plans to construct Pontchartrain New Town in town east. This is an area of impounded fresh water marsh which is o on the site. now being sporadically drained. The area is planned for the site of the 8, 400 acre Pontchartrain' New Tcwn in town. Pontchartrain is a planned new community within the cor- porate limits of New Orleans and is proposed 20 miles from down- Area III, the Non-Urbanized/Levee Area, encompasses all town in New Orleans East. As conceived, the purpose of Pont- of what is known as the Lower Coast of Algiers. This is an area chartrain is to contribute a better environment; to provide im- which is sparcely populated. Much of the area is either forested proved living conditions; to add to the supply of housing, including or under agricultural use. The U. S. Coast Guard maintains a housing for low and moderate income groups; to promote sound large reservation in this area, at the southern most end. The economic growth and employment opportunities; and generally, Lower Coast is considered to be the most desirable developable land to provide a viable alternative to disorderly urban growth. and remaining in the city since it is totally above sea level and well forested. It has not developed to this point because of a Pontchartrain is planned to house some 110, 000 residents lack of access and utilities. in approximately 36, 000 dwelling units by the year 2000. Of the total 8,400 acres, 2, 691 acres are allocated for residential de- Area IV, the Estuarine Marsh Area, includes a very large velopment, 2, 913 for open space, 650 for industrial uses, 229 proportion of the City of New Orleans, and one which is cur- for community facilities, 332 for commercial and office use, and rently experiencing the most severe development pressures. the remaining 1, 589 acres for roadways and circulation. Since this is an area of most urgent environmental concern, this section will concentrate on the condition of the hydrologic units Pontchartrain proposes to provide a wide range of housing, contained within this area. employment, education, health, and leisure time choices and opportunities for all age, income, racial and ethnic groups, and Highlv Urbanized Area: life-styles. More specifically, there will be provided a variety to housing type options for all income levels, a high quality.ed- The highly urbanized area contains the bulk of the city's ucation system for all age groups, adequate employment and job residential population, along with virtually all of the city's com- training opportunities for all residents; business development mercial and industrial activity. Existing neighborhoods range opportunities; a variety of recreation areas and activities; com- in age from the early colonial period to newly developed areas. prehensive, readily accessible health care; adequate Lranspor- Contained within this area are the historic \Vieux Carre', Tremd, tation within the new community and connecting with other areas Garden District and Lower Garden District Neighborhoods which of the metropolitan area; public and private facilities which avoid were developed between 1728 and 1860's. Also within the area unnecessary duplication through a shared facility approach; a is the Central Business District (CBD), industrial corridors and high level of service with the equal access available for all re-. modern residential areas. sidents; opportunities for the effective use of new technologies in various fields such as transportation, communication, con- While the natural environmental characteristics which once struction and waste disposal; citizen participation in the develop- existed in what is now the highly urbanized area has long been ment process and commitment to social as well as market and destroyed, this does not preclude the reintroduction of those financial planning in the development process. * This, and much of the remaining portions of section V, was taken from Wallace, et. al., (197'a, 1973 b). 25 ENVIRONMENTAL. AREAS Lack e PonI/Ic~barri G- 1 1 ... ---7 hefMen/ear Pass /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E IIETT F ~~~~~-- ------ F_-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Non-rbaize /Lee 7 V~~~~~2 Pontchartrain will be developed over a multi-year period and will e financed with the aid of federal funds available under wiwith the exception of an Archaeological Site Unit which is not con- Section 7i3 of the Urban Growth and New Community Develop- sidercd a biologically distinct unit. me:nt ct: of 1970. The units, grouped according to their hydrologic conditions, Non-Urbanized/Levee: fall into five categories: open marsh, impounded mnarsh, drained marsh, natural levee, and spoil banks, roadways, and other ele- * The boundaries of the Lower Coast of Algiers are coter- vated areas and/or developed sections within a unit are not dis- minous aiteh this area's boundaries. The area is one of high cussed separately. ground which is heavily forested. The principal land use in the area is agricultural. Being, topographically, the most desirable Open Marshes * area for residential development, the City of New Orleans has plans for the development of a New Town in the area. Develop- In the area some 20,000 acres are enclosed by dikes, levees rnent in the area however is dependent upon adequate transpor- and embankments. The remainder of the area is occupied tation routes to link the Lower Coast with other areas of the city. by open marsh in unhindered communication with the estus- Recent announcements indicate a possible future bridge and ex- rine system through tidal exchange. Oix;n marsh areas are: pressway will go through the lower area of Algiers. This could The Irish Bayou-Chef Menteur Marsh Unit, the Lake Borgne serve as impetus to development of the area. Marsh Unit, the Venetian Isles Marsh Unit. These brackish tidal marshes support similar vegetation and animal com- Future plans for the Lower Coast of Algiers, an area con- munities. taining approximately 4700 acres, envision not only the creation of a new town but also tile proposed 1000 plus acre English Turn The Irish Bayou-Chef Menteur Marsh Unit is the tract of Wilderness Park. The "virgin" nature of the Lower Coast offers land east of the levee along U. S. Ilighway 11 and extending f an opportunity to develop a community'having as its primary ob- from the railroad north of the Irish Bayou south to Chef * jective the protection and enhancement of the existing environ- Menteur Pass. It is an open brackish marsh in excellent mental structure. condition representing the most productive and healthy es- tuarine nursery area east of Chef Menreur Pass. The Lower Coast plan proposes eight major residential communities, a town core area, and an industrial and office park. The area shows some evidence of ponding and minor degra- These are tied together by a transportation and open space net- dation of the marsh mat from changes in the water balance work. The anticipated 52,000 population will be given a wide resulting from the construction of the flood protection levee range of housing choice, education, employment and recreational which forms its western boundary. The marsh has adjusted opportunity. to these changes in water flow and appeared to be in a stable condition. Maintenance of existing freshwater supplies to * Estuarine Marsh Area: the marsh coupled with adequate protection measures could ensure the continued high productivity of rhis brackish marsh This area, because it is most susceptible to developmental and its role in the estuarine system. pressures and because it is mostly a viable part of the Maurepas- Pontchartrain-Borgne estuary com-plex, is subdivided into hydro- The Lake Borgne Unit fringes the Contained Marsh Under logic units. This is done to provide sufficient detail so as to Development Area on the south, comprising a small wedge facilitate the formulation of a management plan giving emphasis of a much larger unit extending beyond the area. The marsh to this area in the Lake Borgne Unit is still open to tidal ex ,hnge anid supports more diverse vegetation than theC Checf Menteur The area is divided into five environmental units, each com- marsh. At the eastern end of this unit sonic slxpoil has been prised of fairly homogeneous conditions with respect to drainage deposited in conjunction with the flood surge control channel and plant and animal life.. These units were derived by the to the Intracoastal Waterway west of the Chef Menteur Pass. Coastal Recource Unit of the Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University - Each unit is summarized below, Some deterioration of this marsh is evident in the poending 27 " I I~~~~~~~~~~ ix~~~~~~~~~: .. �:~~~~ ~ -�- K;�~ i~~~~~~~~oke~~91nd oo 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ aN O L2 un L- USE -s~~~~~~~~~~~~-�- i'I-rt.- ? 0 sdeiil I Cn e V.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-r \ x . A ubl- Sen- public~ 5'iid-K H / 28c~q C BndLagoon *s: / i A. - A-, 14 -:--PONCHARRAI NEW_ TOW IN' H�~;~ i )-�r Newc~: Orlen, LrcouiiaaLAD S a, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e .reas /oiin LN . .s ,::-*-- I/a :;.m eIndustrial ShoComm :ls nier--- ''---- 'W.7 U-~ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-.: i� ' 28~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I. I PROPOSED NEW TOWN SITES I Pontchartrain New Town-in-Town U ~~2 -Lower Coast of Algiers New Town I~~~~~~~~Lck P 70bL , 'r I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~gw I j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~EIS I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BE LokePn/hrri goe 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~29-. conditions and loss from lake front erosion during tile past three decades. iNonetheicss, the marsh is in good health The Lakefront IUnit is located along Lake Pontchartrain. be- and provides a viable fisheries nursery area and waterfowl tween the Southern Railroad embankment and interstate 10. habitat. Maintenance of the marsh with adequate freshwater in conjunction with an overall protection plan for the Lake The unit has lbeen closed to water exchange with Lake Pont- Borgne marshes could maintain this unit as a highly produc- chartrain since the construction of the Southern Railway em- tive area in the estuarine system. bankment 50 years ago. A tide gate for drainage is located at the eastern end of the unit. Despite this, the marsh is in The Venetian Isles Marsh Unit contains both developed and excellent condition and persists as a brackish miarsh. The undeveloped areas. Thle unldeveloped areas of the unit are clumping growth-forlm of its grasses is probably indicative U primarily open marsh. Immediately south of Venetian Isles of lowered salinity conditions and absence of tidal exchange. recent mosquito ditching is draining that section of the marsh. The abundance of species, such as the blue crab, is evidence of leakage of juvenile and larval forms of marine species I The section of this unit west of Venetian Isles north of the through the tide gate. The uniformity of the condition ofthis .U. S. Highway 90 and soudlL of the Bayo:l Sauvag-e has also marsh as vell as the maintenance of the brackish marsh been altered by mosquito control efforts. A marsh buggy vegetation suggests that saltwater is entering the unit beneath has been used to effect poncding in the center of this area. the embankment of the Southern Railway. Where undisturbed, this area supports a rather diverse brackish marsh vegetation. Critical Areas: In general, all of the open brackish marshes on the site are Because of current pressures for the development of wet- biologically rich, providing an especially productive, nur- lands areas, it is imperative that those viable wetlands which are sery area. most likely to be developed if unmanaged in the near future he identified. The designation of these areas and the formulation The Chef 'Menteur/Ritiolets Unit is characterized as a healthy of a program to check uncontrolled urbanization therein may in- salt to brackish marsh, interTa]ed by bayous, ponds, and volve the introduction and adoption of measures whose priimary a major lake, Lake St. Catherine. The area is cut by U. S. purpose is wetlands preservation. While the necessity of insti- Highway 90 and by a railroad embankment, but nevertheless tuting a like program for the remaining wetlands is recognized, has adjusted to these unnatural conditions. the urgency of instituting preservation measures for the critical areas should be given first priority. Vegetated spoil banks run through the unit. These spoils were deposited in the excavation of the Gulf Intracoastal Critical areas are those viable marsh and forest areas which Waterway. Plant life within: the entire unit is typical of that should be preserved because of Lheir value as recreational and previously described for like conditions in other units. economic resources. Typically, critical areas lie in the path of development in the near future, but at the same time, are Along the shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain, which borders areas which provide a substantial habitat for fish, waterfowl, the unit on the nort!i, and Lake FBorgne, which borders the and other species of wildlife which contribute to the region's unit on the south, rapid erosion is raking place. This is resources in terms of seafood production and recreational pur- due in part to the Gulf Intracoastal Wlaterway, and channeli- suit; therefore, development in these areas should be prohibited. 3 zation which have disrupted patterns of water flow and de- position. These areas on the East Bank of the Mississippi River border the Pontchartrain Noew Town in town site on the east and Impounded Mlarsh - A variety of conditions prevail over the south. These areas have been described previously as the Irish marsh portions of the area enclosed by levees and spoil Bayou-Clhef Menteur Unit, the Southern Venetian Isles Marsh banks. Poor drainage, unstable water conditions, and, in Unit, and the Lake Borgne Marsh Unit. There is one area on some large areas, flooding account for the diverse conditions the West Bank of the Mississippi River which should be considered' in this marsh. This area is the Lakefront Marsh Unit. * critical. This area, on the Loer Coast of Algiers is currently the site of a U. S. Coast Guard radio station, is virtually in a 30 I U ~~~CRITICAL ENVE10ONIVENTAL AREAS Lake Pon/cha,'-/,-a ~ ~ ~ Zoke o,, ct"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/' '~/MncrPs I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 Drizzly ~ ~ v //Z~j7//''SE NE I- Lakefront Marsh Unit 2-- Chef Menteur Marsh Unit 3- Chef -Rigolets Marsh Unit 4- ai. Northern Venetian Isles Marsh Unit b.Southern Venetian Islas Marsh Unit Lake ~~Pon/7c 12 r/ r nI 5 - Lake Borano Marsh Unit Chef Men/cur, Pass SE INSET 00 CVc, tarl 2 BEFLOW AI ~~~~~~~~( i~~~ L HYDROLOGICAL UNITS' -0 / La2eBi 3-2I I | wilderness state, and harbors several species of fowl' and wildlife. These areas, in their entirety are, in this report defined Critical Environmental Areas. The Lake Borgne Unit represents a unique case. Being along an area of the Gulf intraLcoaMsZal Waterway, which is slated for future industrial use, this area requires an adequate buffer zone in order co minimize potential adverse impacts emanating from this future industrial area. Therefore, the entire area south of tfie Gulf intracoasra! Waterway, East of the Westbank of the Michoud Canal, and north of Bayou Bicnvenue is here defined as being included with the Lake Borgne Marsh Unit as a critical environmental area. The critical areas described in this section are, with the exception of the Algiers parcel], outside of the city's hurricane protection systemn. This, in part, accounts for their viability and undeveloped stare. The importance of these areas should not: e under estimated. These estuarines support a large variety of flora and fauna, represent potential water oriented recreational sites, are ideal for. he development of research facilities and contain significant atrchaeological sires. In addition to the critical areas, there is a semi-critical area, or area of secondary importance. The semi-critical area constitutes the Chef-.Rigolets Marsh Unit. The sub-unit to the west of and along U.S. !lighway 90 has been developed largely as a fishing camp development with marinas, restaurants, and limited commercial development. The remaining portions of this sub-unit howeve'r, are still open to tidal flows and are viable estuary areas. Development in this sub-unit should be limited to the type that already exists and be closely monitored so as not to allow further inarsh deterioration. The sub-unit to.the East of U.S. Highway 90 is largely vir- grin marsh. Except for a railroad embankmenit, and navigation channels, th'is area is yet to directly be impacted by the works of man. Because this area is inaccessible except by boar, de- velopmenr pressures should not be placed on the area in the near future. However, because of the importance of this marsh as a fisheries and wildlife habitat, controls should be placed on the area and studies carried out to develop mechanisms for the marsh's maintenance. I 33- I I I I I I I - I I I I I I/1�1! I * UM&2x wtlit I classifications into four principal categories, namely, residential, I In order to understand more fully. the urgency of exercising commercial, industrial and public and semi-public. control through a combination of property and development rights acquisition and the use of police powers over critical and semi- The Central Business District of New OrLeans is illustrated criical areas; a general account of recent urbanization patterns, as a dominating hub of concentrated, commercial activity. This ias helpful'. map depicts the extension of the central- business area into parts of the Vieux Carre' and outward along Canal Street, St. Charles The urbanization of the City of New Orleans may be examined Avenue and North Rampart Streets. Public building complexes and described in three incremental growth periods based upon in the central area, such as the Civic Center and the nearby the citywide land use inventories of 1927 and 1949 as updated in Charity Hospital Medical Center and Union Passenger Terminal, 1953 and 1965. i the Municipal Auditorium and the International Center are depicted i as impressive landmarks giving added orientation-and definition Prior to 1929 tfhe development in New Orleans was -very com- to the commercial core. pact by present standards and was generally confined to the area, bounded by FloridfAvenue, the Orleans/Jefferson Parish Boundary The general lack of commercial areas in the form' of com- Line, the Industrial Canal, the Mississippi River, and on the munity or regional-type shopping centers is adequately illustrated. west bank of the river, by Behrman Avenue. Few commercial centers, excluding the CBD of course, meet the criteria of a shopping center. The extensive number -and In the period; 1928 to 1953 development in the city spread to array of "corner-type" commercial uses, such as bars, 'groceries, the north, south ande east as required by growing population pre- laundries, and the like, situated throughout the oldel parts of ssures and permitted by the replacement of fixed trolley lines the city, together with the rather extensive strip commercial uses in favor of motor bus, routes and the increasing utilization and such roadways as St. Claude Avenue,. ClagborneAvenue,, .pppu-larity, of the autmQbile.. -Drainage re�quir -4oe'd--e p.- --' e na s croa y is ei .--~r~~ e;Il-dUz' ';--,�.:-i ~1 �; -' :Broaa .Si-et. ad>Magazire Stredthas tended to keep centralizeda to form oneof the greatest obstacles tonew areas of growth, - shopping center commercial developments to a minimum. as it does today. By 1953, practically the entire area north of Florida Avenue, between the Industrial Canal and the Orleans/ Existing-industrial areas-are shown-in five major locations: - Jefferson Parish Line was- developing rapidly; as was the area along the Mississippi River; along each side'of Pontchartrain south of Florida Avenue to the east of the Industrial Canal, The- Expressway; along the St. Louis Street railroad frontages; along development of the west bank continued at a slow pace, inhibited the Industrial Canal; and the emerging industrial complex east by the lack of adequate access. Also, some development had of the Industrial Canal between the L & N railroad tracks and occurred north of Florida Avenue to the east of the Industrial the Intracoastal Waterway. Canal along Chef Menteur Highway and Hayne Boulevard. Public and semi-public uses have made a distinct impact The development period of 1954 to 1965 resulted in the ur- upon the city's land use pattern. The 1500 acr'e City Park, for banization of practically the entire area bounded by Lake Pont- example, is one of the most impressive features. Other signi- chaerain, the Orleans/Jefferson Parish Line, the Mississippi ficant public uses include Lake Pontchartrain and its open space River, the Industrial Canal north of Florida Avenue and the frontages, Audubon Park, Pontchartrain Park, the New Orleans Orleans/St. Bernard Parish Line south of Florida Avenue. The Airport, the Naval Station in Algiers, and the campuses of construction of the Greater New Orleans Mississippi River U.N.O., S. U. N. O., Tulane, Loyola, and Dillard Universities. Bridge in- the mid 1950's strongly accelerated development on the west bank. Similarly, improved access to the area east of the As can be seen,the City of New Orleans is experiencing a Industrial Canal resulted in-an increased rate of development rapid rate of physical expansion. The areas experiencing de- in that area, especially in the form c� residential subdivisions velopmental pressures however are mostly marsh areas outside * extending between Chef Menteur Highway and the Dwyer Canal. of the hurricane protection system, and without sewer and utility service. The only high ground suitable for development is found The following figure shows the generalized land use pattern, on the Lower Coast. of Algiers; transportation routes provi-ding of New Orleans resulting from a; grouping of twelve land use this area with ingress and egress however are severely deficient |I 0 3-5 Growth Management Land Use Plan For The City of New Orleans : Chef Menleur Pass SEINSET ELOWI L u~re SorqnI T BERNARD PAR~~~~~~IS Lake FontchodroI -%-%~~~LGIE EW T O W N ~~ =]RES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IDETA 11111111M PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC~~~~~ COMMERC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IALBrn and, therefore, the strongest developmental pressures are being felt in eastern New Orleans. While soil conditions in eastern port. This port is the second largest in the United States and New Orleans are considered not to be favorable for development, third largest in the world in value of foreign commerce and the relative accessibility of the area makes it an attractive one total water bore commerce handled. This importance can be to developers. realized in that it has been estimated that 20% of the local em- ployment force is considered "port dependent". In addition to development pressures placed upon the wet- lands, the presence of oil and natural gas underlying these mar- Additionally, the river, coastal bayous and related water- shes has placed additional environmental stresses upon the area. ways such as the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway provides the port Several wells, platforms, and pipelines are currently in the area. and the nation with a cheap and convenient means of transportation Additional exploration activity can be expected to take place as and communication. the current fuel shortage grows worse. Eastern New Orleans therefore, because of its wetlands nature and the pressures Another important factor in considering the economic value bearing upon the area, deserves primary attention in the develop- of the coastal zone, but one which is difficult to document mone- ment of a coastal zone management plan for the city's wetlands tarily, is the attractiveness of the coastal zone as a place to live. areas. Greater New Orleans is the largest xpopulated area of the state with a total of 1,092, 000 persons. According to Louisiana Wet- The effective management of the New Orleans environment, lands Prospectus prepared by the Louisiana ,Advisory Commission while coming under the general jurisdiction of city government, on Coastal & Marine Resources (1973), 24% of the projected must, by law, recognize the involvement of federal and state state population increase will be in the coastal zone with a signi- agencies and that of various departments of local government. ficant percentage being located in the New Orleans area. Economic Conditions The Coastal Zone is also attractive as a place to visit. According to the New Orleans and Louisiana Tourist Commission, INew Orleans is a part of the coastal region and is ensconced 4. 4 million visitors come to the area every year. In 1973-74 amid rivers, bayous and lakes. Historically these water re- visitors spent $326. 6 million dollars making tourism a leading sources have been, and remain a mainstay of the economy and industry of the area. Thc flow of tourists provides a year round lifestyle of the city. From the time the area was formed man employment base which dramatically increases during Mardi has lived in the coastal zone and directly supported himself from Gras. it. The diet of ancient Lidians for example, consisted largely of clams (Rangia cuneata)found in abundance in the brackish waters Likewise, surrounding bavous and swamps are increasingly of Lake Pontchartrain and Borgne. Later in dians traded the pelts attracting the interest of tourists which has resulted in an in- of marsh animals found in the coastal zone. crease in the tour boating industry. However, there remains a lack of recreational facilities in these areas. One of the primary determinants for establishing New Orleans on the baqnks of the river near Lake Pontchartrain was Paralleling and equally important to the water transportation the fact that this area was a natural portage heavily used by the aspect of water resources is the seafood industry. Attempts Indians in their trade. Here, too, was a plentiful supply of were made to collect sufficient data to establish a direct corre- marsh animals for food and furs. lation between the myriad of New Orleans restaurants and their link with the multi-million dollar tourism industry. Such a re- Trapping became one of the first "industries" in the New lationship has not been possible to document within the scope of Orleans area. At one time trapping was a significant occupation. this report for a variety of reasons, however; many indices However, the alteration of the marsh habitat and encroaching point to a probable correlation which should be documented. population sprawl has accelerated the demise of trapping as an important industry. A random survey of restaurants show that many of the most popular have a menu composed of approximately 75% seafood. | The Mississippi River provides the City of New Orleans The quantity and regional origin of the food is difficult to deter- with its drinking water supply and supports largest industry, the mine because these restaurants buy through processors as well 1~~~~~ as directly from the fisherman. Utilizing the results of a cursory survey it has been conser- vatively estimated that an average weekend fisherman spends Seafood (crabs, shrimp, fish, oysters) is a basic product of approximately $10 a day for bait, supplies, food and gas. Hypo- the NTew Orleans coastal region. However, due to marketing thetically, three people per boat fishing three times a year would practices it is one of the most difficult industries for which to have an estimated bare expenditure of $90, excluding the cost of establish statistics. Those referred to are preliminary figures boat rental which could range from a skiff to a 65' yacht. Also compiled by the National Marine Fisheries Association in 1973 excluded is initial equipment purchase which could range from a for Louisiana. cane pole to a sophisticated assortment of rods and reels. The Association points out that while the documented seafood If half (15, 000) of the registered motorboats fish in the sur- landings (total fisheries caught including crabs, shrimp, men- rounding waters three times a year with 3 persons aboard the hadden, oysters, etc. ) are not within the confines of Orleans expenditure is $1, 350, 000. Interviews with persons involved in Parish, the life cycle of the sea animals depends upon the inter- the service and supply business indicate that this estimate may relationship of the waters within and surrounding Orleans Parish., be conservative. One outlet for gas and supplies contacted has Tarver (1972) refers to Lake Pontchartrain as the largest conti- an average spring/summer business of 400 boats per Sunday. guous estuarine area in the coastal zone of Louisiana. In Louisiana Wetlands Prospectus, a report by the Louisiana At a recent federal hearing on proposed development projects, Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine Resources, it is Dr. John Cay (1974), testified that the Catherine-Borgne estuary estimated that coastal recreation, considered as an Industry, accounts for 25 per cent of Louisiana's total annual fisheries ranks third to the mineral and agricultural industries. The re- catch of 1. 2 billion pounds. He further stated, "more than one port continues, "other economic values of coastal zone recreation half of the food the fish and shellfish live on is derived from or- are not always recognized. Those include money brought into ganic material released by wetlands fringing the lake", localities by non-residents attractedl by the recreational oppor- tunities, increased attractiveness of the coastal zone for certain This estuarine area (the waters of Lakes Pontchartrain, Bor- types of labor, intensive business because the coastal zone is a gne and Maurepas, and Breton Sound) yielded a catch of 20, 500, desirable place to live, and business opportunities through direct 953 pounds valued at $4, 984, 834. In September, 1973 alone the service to recreationists, e. g. sales of paraphernalia of outdoor i catch from Lake Borgne was valued at $420, 000,half of which was recreating, boating, etc". (p. 267). oysters. The economic value of the New Orleans Coastal Zone must be Gosselink,Odum, and Pope (1973) in a study of marshes esti- assessed from a variety of viewpoints and bases: those that are mated that seafood processing increases the dockside value of directly and indirectly related to the coastal zone and those whose m fisheries by 75%. This would place the aggregate value of the worth is both tangible and intangible. All share a common depen-. 1973 Maurepas-Pontchartrain-Borgne catch at $37, 386, 255. dence, that is, .that the current condition of the New Orleans Coastal Region will not be radically altered. One of the benefits of living in the coastal zone is the avail- ability of water and marsh areas for recreation. Recreation is In summary, tourism in New Orleans is of great economic a great economic factor in the New Orleans coastal region, but value and is closely related to the viability of the coastal zone. like the relationship between tourism and seafood; it is difficult 4.4 million people visit New Orleans annually creating a $436 to document. There are approximately 17 boat dealers within million dollar industry. Because it is the city'rs fastest growing the city and 54 within the area. industry, there is a need for more family oriented activities. The potential for increasing tourism, providing recreational 1973 motorboat registrations indicate that 32, 32S motorboats space for local residents and expanding the local employment of over 10 horsepower are in the area. 'he area's two major exists in an expansion of water oriented activities. marinas can accommodate approximately 1000 boats. There are an equal number on their waiting list (including sailboats).' I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S3iI-TC-1u(n-fxl c-c,~ ,T I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o a - ag 7 ll ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7Li \ knoxmledge and understanding of the responslbillt es aid areas cf luls ilcrton of nvolx ed oovei nmental agenc es at all Source of information on conservation methodz levels is neccssary so as to ensure that all appllcable rules and agricultural rechrlques and rest.arch results redulanlons are adhel.d to Im managaing the coastal zone and to draw upon the resources and expertise possessed by these agencies CONTACT Agriculture Research Service The tolloulng is an annotated inventory of those federal state and Departmcnt of Agxiculture local governmcntal agenciLs concerned with the coastal zone 1110 Robert E Lee Blvd New Orleans Louisiana Special Expertise or Authoi ity of Departments In Arcas ot Ltnvionmcntal Concein Forest Service Department of Anriculture Since t iere are a wide variety of environmental concerns OBJECTIVES 1) promote and achieve a pattcrn of natural associated with the coastal zone many federal state and local resources uses rhat will best meet the neeas of agencies are involved These agencies have varying degrees of people now and in the future 2) protect and im inmolvement In order to aid in identifying the agencies and their prove the quality of air water soil anJ natural area of autlority an environmental matrix was developed using beauty 3) help protect and Imp ove the quality the aLgdst 1 1Q73 Council on Environmental Ouality guidelines of the open space environment in urban and com- for P ep.ration of Environmental Impact Statements as a guide munity areas (3 of 11 objectives) |Uto poThis section identifies which governmental agencies have FUNCTIONS Cooperates with agencies in the protectlon re- control powers r.quire information foi plannlig and management forestation management and use of fores ea lards purposes or dispense information to others for use in plarnning or and associated lands vital for ware shed pro- operations The control funding or coordinating functions of the tection agenc e6 have been identified for the environmental areas subject RELATIONSHIP VI fH CZM to n anag eemnt and other iesponblbllltles of the a~encies such as rebearcn and development planning management inventorylng Should be consulted regarding the preservation and operations or maintenance have been identified The agency of cypress trees and other environmentally en iun.tlons or actlvltles were obtained from the U S Government dangered vegetation as well as urbn forestry Organization Manual and discussions from the BNA Envlron planning for this type of cnvironment trent Reoorrer and the report prepared by the Loulslana kdvisory Cormm solon on Coastal and Marine Pesources entitled Loulsl CONTACT Director South Eastern Area ana Government and che Coastal Zone 1972 No verlfication has U S Forest Service been made as yet with the agencies themselves 1720 Peachtree Ro.d N W Atlanta Georgia 30309 Federal Agencies Arculural Research Seie Aen Soil Conservation Service Departmcnc ot Agriculture Aqriculiural Research Serlice Dfpaitment of Agrlceuture OBJECTIVES AND RESPON~IBILITICS OBJECTIVE Provide information and technlcal advice to farmers on matters of food production agri Develop and carry out a national soil and water cultural techniques and soil conservation conservation plo,lam in cooperation Nith land *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~users community and planning gZioups and ACTIVITY Conducts research in the fields of plant science other agencies entomology soils water marketing and nutri- tion ACTIVITIES Conservation operations soil surveys water 3 developmentsheds rec'ealton resource conservat on and development 39 TREL ATION-- -1I? WITH CZNM CONFACT National 1'1aiine risneiies Service Sou h- Ea~,t Rc~gion Consqul -tion regsiding piese t soil tConditions l' 1ist ~venue, South as weli as long iaa~c watershed piojer-tb orpl~n.-- Sr P,:ter.-bui g Florida -37013 Nnhtio'--l Bureau of atand~rds Department o Commerce Corps of Engineers Departmei ofLtf.n- PUB POST- Fro~vidck technical services to promotf- publ c ACTIVITIES Suivey progiam. inclu-de pi~,op ion coordinationl safety and tlhe basis for nation s plijsical -nd tiling ot environ -'nt~l impact -aten ents mcabur(-n ent system rcgion-il or river b'isin Studi s w~ SteW-Ler mrini-mt and u--a~n SLLIU es -nc ifood plain FUNCTIONS AND ACTIVTT ES ma iagcniment (pi ov d~s information and tLchnical assi-siance) rcgulatory functions d edg ~ Information prog4rams (Nat I Std Pef Data acti lit (I coistruLtion anid I lannin. n d Sy~teM) inst tute for b-.sic standards nmaerials, recreation -ciii cs and project,; in Lhe Vai.issi r~ise-rch applied technology c-ei ter compu-ter ppi River area sciences RELATIIT ONSHIP WITH CZNM 'RELATIONSi-TIP WITI' C'Wi Permittng, a,.,cncy fo dr-d ,in' -ctiv os con I Co alt-tion onl) for information -ega-Jing sultation regarding iloo., nlain m i-agz. nent and te-haical adequacy xu-iter quality standards fut--,- flood control plarnigic in th-. project area and air and noibe pollut on measurement standCO- CTCpzotDer 4400 D ul 1-ine atioa1Olla ni &-eAM Pt mobypheric Ad-ninistiation Depa-tmient of N~cw Cilcarv, Louisiana (-omr el ce ~~~~~~~~~~~Dep-rtnzent of Healtb Eda~tion rid Welfare PORPOSE On-rt a-id t sl-te ncwv phy bic-Ll aria biological &nowl ede into by s e ms capa ble of assessing toe PURPOSE P on a, e gcre-al \VOli-re ii the ie-lds of health ~.ea t, poten ial vi-lu education and social -e-urity )marnagu use and conserve thebe animal and ACTIVITIES Community un iror n untal man-g-Ire it ne-isgh min~-ral resources borhooa emnironrnental evaluat DP '1id decuao0r aids RELATIONSHPIPA Il I CZ-M FUNICTIONS AND ~tCTIVITIES Infoi ma ion an I Co-ISuLta ion E % ir-,,1J-r't ISbies 1Ae-.Lher,%Narnings conid-cts biological Evalual. on P. tuion Systc-r (\EL-DS to C.---v research on the i vi-ig resourcest of the se- out community bcaaiz pios,,- ms or for polentici "JTEVh i eseai ch ac iv cies REL kTIONSHIP WITH C7ivi Consul -tion -riairnl r regarding the funo ng, of miari-le projects and the monitor-ing of ~meri-le OBTECTh.VES Assist in providing tor sound development of lite and wel a e com iiunxim~, and M-etropoiitari areas 403 I I ACTIVITIES Grants for basic water and sewer facllltles .ADDRESS Geology Survey program administration opcn space land pro 1100 Commerce gr.ms public facility loans research and Dallas Texas technology environmental quality public utlllnes and technology application waste Bureau of Indian Affairs D.partment of Intellor management systems demonstrations research noise abatement and control and environmental OBJECTIVES To encourage and train Indlans to mdnage their hazards urbanizatlon effects on physical envi- own affairs and to aid them ronment and effects of recreational communities on rural areas RELATIONSHIP WITH CM | RELATIONSHIP WITI-j CZM This agency should ye consulted for the historical aspects of arcllaeolog'cal sites to ensure that Lead agency for the review and preparation of proper management and enhanccrrent are assured an LIS for ~-ederally funded residential develop ments Approval necessary for flood plain pro Bureau of Land Management Departmient o Interior tectlon siting in noise controlled areas and the was e managcment system employed PURPOSE Cl-sslfies manages and dlspo es of oubl c lands and related resources according to princlples Region VI irea Office Regional Office of multi use m-nag.ment New Oileans Dallas Texas 1001 Howard Avenue ACTIVITIES Administers the laws and is responslole ior New Orleans La 70115 nation s fedeial I nds responsible for survey I 504 527 1062 of federal lands and mlintains public lanc re cords manages watelsheds to pro .ct soil -nd Geological Survev 'Department of Interior enhance watei quality I OBJECTIVES Perform surveys investigation and research According to CEQ plovide foi protec io i of onb research covering topoglaph geology and lic land resources public land lnsrntory and minerals and water resources classify land plnning ard enx lronment-l analysis nubllc land as to mineral character -nd water and power management ]Dctallcd pl-n ing and c-silblll y resources enfoiced regulations -pply to oil studies recrcation and wlldli e nvcntory gas and other mineial leases planning and development programs ACTIVITIES Conaervation geology topographic mapping RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM water resources eros program Supervise op.rations of private industry for oil and gas Consulta ion regarding long tt m plans or area lease- on public lands to ensure maximum if land were public their evaluat on of po=, ble utl7 zarnon hlmlt environmental damage and land uses and coordination with other iede al pollution and protect public health and safety aoencles RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM Bureau of Mines Department o Interior Consul ation regard ng current geologic con - OBJECTIVES Conducts research ard adrnnli ters regularory dlitons and the effects of varioas nrojects on prorams necessary for perfoimance of the them Monitors and surveys water quality governmental function to stimulate tie priva e I conditions sector to% ard t-c prouuction of an approoDrlae 3 41 and substantial share of the national min&ral ACTIVITIES: Tnvestigate and develop plans for regulatiors, I anid fuel needs to best suit public. conservation of water and related land resources; ACTIVITIES: Health and safety programs, mineral resources ADDRESS: Region 5 and environmental de.velopment - studies and Herring Plaza: projects concerning the relationship of the minm- 317 E. Third eral industry to environmental problems. Box 1609 Amarillo, Texas 79105 RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: RELATIONSHIP CZM: Consultation and information during planning and development stages. If future pipelines Information and consultation as to the conser- are installed, or mineral resources developed vation of.the land resources in the area. on the area, the Bureau would organize safety and management programs. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation - Departmenr of Interior Office of Oil and Gas - Department of Interior OBJECTIVES: Government responsibility for outdoor recreation and the enhancement and protection of the envi- OBjECTfiVES: Selrve as a focal point for leadership and infor- ronment. naation on petroleum matters in the federal I govjernment. ACTIVITIES: Establishes uniform policies relating to recreation and wildlife, benefits and costs of federal multi- ACTIVITIES: Develops, evaluates, and coordinates oil and purpose water resources projects, inventory of gas inforr.ation to provide some bases for outdoor recreation reeds, maintains a compre- establishment and inmplementation of gas and hensive nationwide outdoor recreation plan. oil and gas policies and progralns; studies effects of oil and gas production, transportation, RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: manufacturing and consumption oh environment and reviews -or accuracy and completeness the Information and consultation as to recreational ElS which relate to oil and gas. facilities and information regarding types of facilities best suited for this environment. RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM. I National Park Service - Department of Interior Information and consultation during project planning and initial development. If the need for OBJECTIVES: Administers national parks, monuments, his- oil or gas supplies develops at a later period toric sites, and recreation areas. or drilling takes place, they would determine whether this is likely to occur. ACTIVITIES: Assists states in conservation and park manage- 3 me nt. Bureau of Reclamation - Department of Interior A]DDRESS: Southeast regional office OBJECTIVES: Stabilize and promote the growth of local and 3401 WMhipple Street regional economies through development of Atlanta, Georgia 33044 water and land resources. Rsclamatiorn Dro- jects include water quality improvement, fish, RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: wildlife enhancement, outdoor recreation, flood control. Information and consultation. If any of the area I 42 j became federal land, the Park Service issues repartment of Transportation - Assistant Secretary for Systems use pernmits. Development and Technology Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife - Department of Interior ACTIVITIES: Research and development of methods of abate- ment of noise generated by transportation equip- OBJECTIVE S: Understandingi, and cnjoymeI1nt by people of the ment. sport fish and wildlife resources, operates nationwide system of refuges, regulates migra- RELATIONSHIP WITI I CZM: ory bird hunting, improves and protects quality of environment for fish and wildlife resources. Consultation and information regarding agency research and development projects. | ACTIVITIES: Fishery programs, wildlife programs, training- | - programs, financial assistance programs, en- Federal Aviation Administration - Department of Transportation vironmenral coordination and river basin studies. MISSION: Regulation of air commerce and foster aviation ADDRESS: Regional Office safety. 809 Peachtree - Seventh Bldg. Atlanta, Georgia 30323 ACTIVITIES: Develop rules and regulations for control and abatement of aircraft noise; develop rules and RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: regulations for control and abatement of aircraft emissions to comply with EPA Standards. Re'sDonsible for the enforcement of federal conservation laws for the protection of birds, RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: fish, amphibians and reptiles. Also coordinates state and local game management. Consultation and information. The Regional FAA Office is familar with long range airport Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Department of planning in the area which can affect noise and Labor air pollution and also ground transportatioh patterns. OBJECTIVES: Responsible for occupational safety and health activities. ADDRESS: Regional Office 8345 Telephone Road ACTIVITIES: Develop and promulgates occupational safety Houston, Texas 77017 and health standards; develops issues and regu- 'I lations; issues citations for non-compliance with Coast Guard - Department of Transportation standards; conducts investigations and inspections to determine status of compliance. OBJECTIVE: Maritime law enforcement RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: ACTIVITIES: Maritime environmental protection including ocean operations, pollution control facilities, Will investigate and inspect the noise, physical marine safety and research, development, test and chemical conditions during construction and evaluation. Will be the federal agency taking place in the area for the health and safety having expertise in water quality, oil spills, ship of the workers. sanitation and marine pollution. ADDRESS: Area Office ADDRESS: 8th District 546 Carondelet Street Custom House New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans, La. 70130 I.- . .4 issue the construction permits. RELATIONSHIP WITHI CZM: : Interstate Commerce Commission If boats are used in recreational areas, they will be responsible for monitoring oil spills OBJECTIVES: To regulate carriers engaged in transportation in interstate commerce, including water carriers, oil pipelines, bus lines. Environmental Protection Agencyv ACTIVITIES: Regulates transportation economics and services OBJECTIVES: To permit coordinated and effective governmental action to assure protection of the environment RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM:. by the systematic abatement and control of pol-. lution through proper integration of a variety To regulate pipeline activities presently located * of research, monitoring, standard setting and on the area. enforcement activities. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ACTIVITIES: Pesticides, solid waste and radiation, air and water programs - standards development, OBJECTIVES: That activities in space be devoted to peaceful direction, support and evaluation of activities; purposes for the benefit of mankind including developmnent of programs for technology trans- the effective utilization of scientific and engin- fer and technical assistance, demonstration eering resources in U.S., the dissemination of programs, planning and management- research information concerning NASA's activities, as and monitoring; research centers. well as the solution of problems of flight. ADDRESS: Region IV ACTIVITIES: Space applications program, pollution monitoring, X 1600 Patterson Street satellite observation, manned space fiight. Dallas, Texas 75201 RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: RELATIONSH IP WITH CZM: Monitor pollution and land use changes via Enforces air and water quality conditions; con- satellite. sultation and information regarding pollution effects on the marshes and swamps. National Endowment for the Arts Federal Power Commission OBJECTIVES: To encourage and support national progress in the humanities and the arts by providing OBJECTIVE: Regulates the interstate aspects of the electric opportunities for worker experience in the arts. power and natural gas industries. ACTIVITIES: Awards grants to individuals and State A--- ACTIVITIES: Issues certificates for interstate gas sales and Councils, encourages dissemination of l;.- arts construction and operation of interstate pipeline and supports.the improvement of cultural insti- facilities, issues licenses to non-federal en- tutions. titles for using surplus water for power. WITH CZM I RRELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: Consultation regarding Indian mounds and his- If additional pipelines are needed, in the Coastal torical army forts in area as well as possible Zone Management area the Commission would funding of cultural activities at recreation.- facilities. ! S-PECIAL EXPIERTISE OR AUTHORITY OF FEDERAPL AGENCIES IN AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN �r.'crerr-, riana' .etm / v"'' '///~/ 41~~~~~~~~O. 9 c* / /~~~~~~~~~~~' / / / < 2 Re~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a'az'y Permit Going ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e 3 -~jC UiTori. r / . Cord,tt ,d�./.'4 /P& ~ / ''''/ &//7.v,� . 0 I soilr ar / 7. 0d. la.7n SIrarido ..rrg j' - ,005 $ ''41.0~co can 'n - a,,-a~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ /ry (5'c '4 '-'4 /VCENS / i-4i.g. A r cn~~~~~~~ ii~~~~~~~~~i perrn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j~~~. C ve and coastal I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-l riformclnagcrc Rrmie 01-T--' scod c " fol isrey cosednrot~ior il ltd _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ s e'l ar ari, io __________-_le__ c 'Oeg~c!c Gd ugriiea; { 11 fr ' Scval__ __ _ __ _ [ K fm~r A~~~~~4~..i' ,s-K !C* oIiCOjectu*344 ral and Arch.- -ico _______________ E__ --H-- U'~~~~~~~~~ De4pet Pr'odui o n _� 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ n u s e - ~ n o ,I~I ~ ~ __________________ ti rio'mts ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~1 iatGr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ _________________ .;' andr l r systic lie s aId o _____ ill~~~~e~ftTI{1l~~~jI ' i i I II.Z~~~~I7 ACTIVITIES: Controls radiation sources, educates citizens Water Resource Council and state agencies regarding technological OB~JE CTTIV]ES: To maintain a continuing study of the adequacy advances in the uses of nuclear power; inspects OBJECTIVES: To maintain a continuing study of the adequacy facilities for compliance with health and radiation of supplies of water necessary to meet require- mets in each aer resource region, the ade- regulation programs. Sole source for radiation mnerts in each water resource region, the ade- e quacy of administrative and statutory means for the coordination of the water and related land resources policies and programs of federal RELATIONSHIP WITH CM agencies; review plans of basin commission. Enforcement and regulation of radiation pollution; ACTIVITIES: Administers programs of grants to states to aid which enaybe used in thors radioactie ecipmer which may'bxe used in the industrial, commercial in comprehensive water and related land re- or institutional facilities located inthe area. sources planning, as well as see objectives. Department of Agriculture RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: information and consultation since the council Information and' consultation since the council OBJECTIVES: To promote, protect and advance agriculture coordinates water and related land resources within the state. policies and programs of several federal agencies. ACTivTIES: Registers, monitors and regula.es pesticide usage; regulates the use of fertilizers; sets standards for controlling livestock wastes, maintains an agriculture extension service which advises citizens on home gardening, land- scaping and herbicide and pesticide usage. OBJECTIVES: To maintain purity of the air resources of the RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: state consistent with the protection of the health and physical property of the people, maximum employment and the full industrial development an of the state, scaping and herbicide and pesticide usage. ~~~~ACT~~~~~~~~IVITIES: ~Department of Conservation ACTIVITIES: Planning; adopts and promulgates rules; fact finding; hold hearings, 'institute legal proceedings; finding; hold earings institute legal proceedings; tOBJECTIVES: Responsible for conserving the mineral, oil use other state agencies to effect its policies; and gas resources of the state. sole source enforcement of air quality in Louisiana. ACTIVITIES: Inquires and investigates whether waste of re- sources exists; grants permits for building and operating plans to burn natural gas and carbion Enforce air quality conditions; consultation and black, c ooperates wiCtr DComissi of inaith and the Stream Control Commission in issuingY information regarding air pollution effects on I h~~~~~~~ealt~~h and property. ~permits for disposal of waste by subsurface in- jections. Department of Conservation consists -Board of Nuclear EnercS)Iof: Inspection and Enforcement Section; Engin- Board of Nuclear E nergy eering Division; Geological Survey Division; OBJECTIVES: Responsible for the formlulation, establishment and Administrative Section. and implementation of policies and programs supporting atomic energy. 46 I RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: RELATIONSHIP WITIT CZM: When oil or any other mineral is found, a drilling Regulate local operations affecting the environ- permit must be obtained from the department. menu such as solid waste collection, storage and disposal, and water supply. Reviews and I lDepartment of Highways approves wastewater, solid waste and water supply plans. ACTIVITIES: Studies, administers, constructs, maintains, repairs and regulates the use of the state high- Mineral Board I way system: aid in construction and repair of public roads not included in state highway system; OBJECTIVES: To lease state-owned lands for the development enforces laws concerning highway beautification. and production of minerals, oil and gas. I RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM4: ACTIVITIES: Grants leases for mineral leases; supervises the leases and can revoke them. Consultation and information during the plan- |.. ning and initial development stages to determine RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: highway capacities. Aid in maintaining and con- structing any additional roadways which will be Information and consultation built. Department of Public Works Health Department ACTIVITIES: Administers the planning, design, construction OBJECTIVES: To promote health and welfare of Louisiana and operation of levees, canals, dams, locks, citizens and administer the state-wide solid spillways, reservoirs and other public works waste management program. - projects; fosters the maintenance, improvement and extension of the intracoastal canal system; ACTIVITIES: Regulates health related discharges into water; initiates, sponsors and implements all water- responsible for surveying public water supplies way projects within Louisiana; drains marsh- for safety from disease transmission and quality lands and overflow lands within the state to con- and semipublic and home water supplies; con- trol floods and allow use of the lands for agri- trols sanitary sewage disposal which includes culture and other purposes; assists various inspection of facilities and sampling discharges; planning agencies; issues rules and regulations surveillance of the atmosphere for contaminants; concerning the location of pipelines crossing preparing a state-wide inventory of all air emis- navigable waterways. Consists of an engineering sions; assist in enforcement of air control re- division with hydraulics, water resources, gulations to minimize or eliminate outdoor structural design and planning, reports, and burning; inspects and evaluates solid waste dis- resources development sections; and a lands posal facilities; inspects recreational areas to and survey section. dI ensure proper sanitary conditions; survey, sample and evaluate oyster growing waters for RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: safety of consumption of harvested oysters; in- spects, investigates and studies occupational Information and consultation regarding con- health hazards; inspects, monitors and regulates struction near pipelines, and construction of wholesale produce and the importation of food levees or dikes for improved flood protection. and drugs; radiation monitoring of air, water and food. -1~~ .~~~47 Recreazional Advisory Council ponsible for park permits and rule enforcement. I OBJECTIVES: To act in a review and comment capacity con- State Planning Office cerning matters or programs affecting the quality of outdoor recreation. OBJECTIVES: To serve as the Governor's state wide planning agency. ACTIVITIES: Reviews recreation related programs; super- vise long-range recreations planning; handles vise l ung-range reucreations planinatesg; handles ACTIVITIES: Coordinates state-wide planning; conducts basic federal funding requests, coordinatesapplications planning studies; reviews planning efforts of all of other state agencies for federal aid. state agencies as well as municipal and regional commissions; administers federal programs for RELA-TIONSHIP WITH CZM.: planning purposes; makes funding recommendationi provides assistance to subsidiary governmental Information and consultation bodies. State Land Office RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: OBJECTIVES: Responsible for state-owned lands including This acency will probably be the state's Coastal location, description, rlgllc-of-way, surface Zone Management Agency and therefore, will leases and royalty collection. be responsible for the formulation of a state CZM Plan and for the review and approval of ACTIVITIES: Locates, surveys, appraises and evaluates local CZM plans state lands; decides on land lease requests, recreation permits for navigable waterways; Water Conservaion Committee right-of-way requests; collection of mineral royaltries. ACTIVITIES: Advise, consult and assist on matters of soil RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: conservation. RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: Informnation and Consultation State Rarcks & Recreation Commission I Stream Control Commission OBTjCTiVES: To establish and maintain a parks and recreati- o iea pro~gram for the state. OBJECTIVES: To regulate and coordinate municipal and indus- trial water pollution control. ACTIVITIES: Park protection, administration, rule enforce- ment:r assists other state agencies in park site ACTIVITIES: Makes and promuligaes water pollution control se!ection; advises on all matters which may rules and regulations, monitors water Quality; affect the quality of outdoor recreation. Issueses wastewater treamen needs and park pernmits, coordinates with Bureau of Out- schedules. Issues, suspends and revokes waste door Recreation, cdischarge permits, RELATIONSHIP W-ITH- CZM: RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: If any of the recreational sites in the area be- Regulatory agencv which will issue, suspend or C come State parks, the commission will be res- revokc waste discharge permits. I1 SPECIAL EXPERTISE OR AUTHORITY OF STAT E AGENCIES IN AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN LEGEND ., ; i Enforcement '" * 4 Criteria Standard Setting 2 Regulatory Permit Giving 0 r/ r/ 5 Coordination c, at t. 6 Funding Information Required 1& ENVIRONMENT SUBJECT TO MANAGEMENT 9, c c / I Notur:1 Environment A Land I sodl ond plant life, sedimentation, erosion and hydrologicol conditions 3,6 II fish and w!ditfe , e 0 0 o 0 ii protection of environmentally critical oreas - wetlands, estuaries, waterfowl refuges, flood plains e 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 1,3 iv nord use in coastal areas a p!annnOa and reculation 0 0 3 o 5 b dredie and fill permits 2.3 c mocct on marine life and coastal zone monacement 0 � 0 - 0 d pollution effects S v vector conrtol a B Noise e I i arnd use and building material parts C Air Quality ann Pollution Control 1.2 0 0 D \.,:er i woaer qu ripity ard Dollution control 0 � 0 1.2.3 a : : 0 .4 ii woter suoply 0 12,3 j3 ii commercial fishery conservation and shellfish scrilo;on .3 0 0 O � 0 12,3 iv aolerway rogiation and stream mcdi icotion 2 2 So. al En'vi:nrrCnernt A H:storic, Architectural, and Archeological Prse! voaton Q G B Outdoor Recreation O | e o C | 2 C MJr;c-:al Services 3 3 Heol!n e 3 Maon N'.'e Environment A Ncturcl Gas Development, Production, Trzansrissicr, and Use B E!ectrical Energy Development, Generation, Transmissio, aend Use C Solid Wazste 2 D infrasir.;cture i ':ranSortoion 0 J I as t II U S 0II ii san'ta'on arnd oose systems I I 0 1 JI* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I II I I I If Water Resources Studv Commissilon RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: OBJECTIVES: To study the state's water policy and its adequacy, Maintain fire protection and prevention facilities. recommend revisions and methods. for imple- menting the revisions. New Orleans Department of HIealth ACTIVITIES: Studies of ground water resources and draft ACTIVITIES: The Bureau of Pollution Control, within the de- stare-wide ground water control law. partmcnt handles water, solid waste, noise and radiation control. This includes air surveillance RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: for the state through a network of sampling stations, the inspection of outdoor burning sites, Consultation and information . water quality monitoring, development of city E noise, profiles and training of personnel in a Wildlife and Fisheries Commission radiation program. The Bureau of Personal Health Protection is responsible for accident OBJECTIVES: To be responsible for making and enforcing prevention, inspection of areas using foods and administrative policies for protecting, conser- drugs, and other health or medical facilities. ving and replenishing the living resources of the state. RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: ACTIVITIES: Concerned with commiercial and sport fishing; This city agency will be the most involved in birds and game leasing of state-owned water programs protecting the environmnent. I bottoms, water pollution control, maintenance and operation of fish and game preserves; biolo- Department of Safety & Permits gical research. Comniission enforces rules and reg-ulations, issues licenses, has jurisdiction ACTIVITIES: Issues building permits and inspects construction over state water bTottoms, establishes game and areas. wildlife preserves. I'ssues permits for shell, sand and gtravel dredging and fill work. Assists RELATIONSHIP WITI- CZM: in the enforcement of water pollution control regulations. Advises'the Governor on environ- Issue building permits for construction mental impact matters.' Department of Sanitation RELATIONSHIP WIT-I CZM: OBJECTIVES: To collect and dispose of solid waste and clean Enforce' the State fish license program; issue the streets. permits for intended fill and dredging work. ACTIVITIES: Mlonitors the collections, issues citations for unlawful deposit of waste on public property Local Agencies and manages the Mosquito Control Program. The mosquito program includes aduitaciding, Department of Fire source control and permanent land control for 43 species of mosquitoes. OBJECTIVE: Prevent fires. RELATIONSHIP WITH CZ-M: ACTIVITIES: Fire fighting: structural inspection; controls outdoor burning. Heavily involved in mosquito control and other 50 vector control asp~ects; they will. also be res- SEcA XETS RATOIYO~RGOA I ~ ~~~~~ponsible for the waste collection. OECAE"PRTEORUHRIYFRGONL AND CITY AGEENCIES IN AREASO0F ENVIRONIMENTAL * Department of Streets CONCERN * ACTIVITIES: Constructs and maintains city streets and carries LF.GCND I irrnn out traffic engineering and safety for the city. 2 Recualory Permit Gvar.g 4Cr.!fr,;o Standard Selli~ng 6 Caondinatm The department \vill maintain streets and aid inomtonRqie the traffic engineering. N;OMrTSEJC OMA~E~ Ne'Olean iyP~ u C~ommission_______ -W Orleans City P14nni ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A Land I ________ isl an.d p~oal fe, sed,rnat-on.aa ACT~~~IVIIS ong and Land Use Planning. Responsible_______ ACTIVITIES:~ ~~g Zo, 6-h ):,IwM:! for preparing plans and programis relating to o ~fanaerami3F the, development m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ras - veloads, etwoaras, water fow l f thd dvelpmnt of the City of New Orleans. ef jes fodPlains v i and usr. coostal ora~qsI RELATIONSHIP WITI-i CZM: 'j-0q 1,1 P0,m,:s C aad no mahrra life and cosania ,~~~~eponsible for the development and modifying- I II the".city's roaster plan, and all its components. v ecir,r control I +4 I New Orleans Recreat~ on Department A ll n~! and P"~tona Cmmlral 2 ji,? o IC oA er q ugaby a nd portt ion control * i ACTIVITIES:- Administers the playgrounds and regional pro- ii awle supl~y adpilncfla grams for the city. COOFF' fsoritia conversaio andI I RELATIONSHIP WITI-I CZM1: ' nSoal oofr _ _io AHsicmic, AFFIFchcF'rII, and Aceoloqgcal The. recreational areas wi". be under therPcnora juri sdiction. 5 7a~5n~ ~ anrina Planning Commission of Jeffersoin, Orleans, St. Bernard 3r~~ and Mia and S,. Tamm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~any Palrishs OBJECTIVES: To coordinate area-wide planning.- ,*FY___ *jI_ ACTIVITIES: Prepare and review plans and programs of a O.I regional scope to inue that plans adprograms Ft- 1,ata anJaae~Sa5Iji2 o flocal entities making up the Commission are I I compatible with the plans of thd region as a whole. RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: To coordinate project planning with long range I ~~~~~ rgional plans. 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~51 Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans OBJECTIVES: Responsible for all water purification, drainage and waste water tr'eatment in Orleans Parish. ACtIVITIES: Operates water, wastewater and drainage utilities. Regularly monitors water supply; carries out water pollution studies. Maintains and enforces sewer and drainage regulations. RELATIONSHIP WITH CZM: The Board will be responsible for water supply and will maintain and enforce the sewer and drainage regulations. N I I U 1 * 4 U I I I * I.. I. C I * WzfitfiIrix Pwco&ll Ctirll Yctitrx i On the local level, the three major control mechanisms which A recent amendment to the Municipal Code, noted here be- exist to control landi usC; arLe di Municipal Code of the City of cause it is an important mechanism for the control of development New Orleans, the Building Code, and tile Comprehensive Zoning in flood prone areas, is the so-called'"Flood Insurance Ordinance" X Ordinance. These legal devices however, lack a recognition of of November 7, 1974. This Ordinance is reproduced below: the problems peculiar to wetlands areas. The needed mechanism for ensuring that a high quality estuarine environment is main- tained and that only land uses apprc,: iate to the wetlands environ- ORDINANCE ment are permitted do not presently exist. This deficiency in the I city's legal authorization and control guidelines can,however, be CITY OF NEW ORLEANS eliminated through appropriate legislative measures. Legal authorization for the managemient of estuarine areas within the CITY HALL: November 7, 1974 City of New Orlcans can be accomplished through amendments to the existing aMunicipal and Building Codes and Comprehensive CALENDAR NO. 6065 Zoning Ordinance. By so doing, the following goals can be attained: I 1) the provision of adequate open space and recreational areas NO. 5584 MAYOR COUNCIL SERIES for the benefit of citizens of the New Orleans Metropolitan area, and the state of Louisiana. BY: COUNCILMAN CIACCIO (BY REQUEST) I ' 2) the perpetual protection of the economic and ecologic resources represented by the natural environment; and, AN ORDINANCE to amend and reordain Ordinance No. 828 M. C. S., known as the Code of the City of New Orleans, by 3) the establishment of land use guidelines and priorities in amending and reordaining Chapter 32 thereof relative to land use estuary areas. and control measures. The specific sections of existing laws which should be amended SECTION 1. THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW are Chapter 32 of the Municipal Code of the City of New Orleans; Part III, Articles 201 through 203 of the Building Code of the City ORLEANS HEREBY ORDAINS, That Ordinance No. 828 M. C.S.,. of New Orleans; and, addition of a Section 27 to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance. known as the Code of the City of New Orleans, is hereby I These Ordinances and the proposed amendments follow. amended and reordained by amending and reordaining Chapter The Municipal Code of the City of New Orleans, in Chapter 32 thereof to read as follows: 32, authorizes the city to regulate land uses. Chapter 32 reads as follows: CHAPTER 32 LAND USE AND CONrrROL MEASURES Article I Purpose of Chapter Article II Definitions Article III Building Permits Required Article IV Building Permits Reviewed I -3 Article V Use of Coastal High Hazard Areas and the Department of Safety and Permits. U Article VI Utilization of Neighborhing Flood Manage- ARTICLE II DRFINITIONS ment Programs Section 32-2. Definitions Article VII Waiver of Regulations "substantial improvement" means any repair, reconstruc- Article VIII Penalties for Violation of Land Use and Control Measures for Flood Prone Areas tion, or improvement of a structure, the cost of which equals Article IX Conflicting Flood Prone Area Regulations. or exceeds 50 percent of the actual cash value of the structure with other Ordinances. either (a) before the improvement is started or (b) if the ARTICLE I. PURPOSE OF CHAPTER structure has been damaged and is being restored, before the 5 Section 32-1. Purpose of Chapter damage occurred. Substantial improvement is started when The principal purpose of these regulations is to prescribe the first alteration of any structural part of the building corn- minimum requirements for land use and control measures for rmences. flood-prone areas in the City of New Orleans, as determined "new construction" - the first placement of permanent by the Federal Insurance Administration (FIA) of the Depart- "I construction on a site, such as the pouring of slabs or footings ment of Housing and Urban Development. These regulations or any work beyond the stage of excavation. For a structure are based upon relevant technical storm data specific to without a basement or poured footings, the start of construction Orleans Parish, as developed by the U. S. Corps of Engineers includes the first permanent framing or assembly of [he struc- for the F. I. A. These measures must be applied uniformly ture or any part thereof or its pilings or foundation, or the throughout the community to all privately and publicly owned affixing of any prefabricated structure or mobile home to its land within flood prone areas, based upon standards set forth permanent site. Permanent construction does not include land in these regulations, as prescribed by the Federal Insurance preparation, land clearing, grading filling;; excavation for I Administrator. basement, footings, piers, or foundations; erection of tem- Official flood maps entitled FIA Flood Hazard Boundary porary forms; installation of sewer, gas and water pipes, or Maps No. H 22071 0000 02-30 are hereby made a part of these electric or other service lines from the street or existence regulations and are on file with the City Planning Commission on the property of accessory buildings, such as garages or 54 | .I. I sheds, not occupied as dwelling units or not a part of the Development has delegated thle administration of the program main structure. (34F.R. 2680-81, February 27, 1969). "residential structures" - a building or portion thereof, "100-year flood (storm)" - the highest level of flooding designed or used exclusively for residential occupancy but not that, on the average, is likely to occur once every 100 years including trailers, hotels, motels, motor lodges. - including trailers, hotels, motels, motor lodges. * - (i.e., that has a 1. 0 percent chance of occuring each year). "special flood hazard areas" - areas within the flood "floodproofed" - any combination of structural and non- -i plain that have been designated by the Federal Insurance Ad- structural additions, changes, or adjustments to properties ministratbr on official flood hazard boundary maps as "special and structures which reduce or eliminate flood damage to flood hazards" which may be flooded in the event of a 100 year lands, water and sanitary facilities, structures, and contents flood. .of buildings. "special flood hazard maps" - an official map or plat of "Director" - the Director of the Department of Safety and a community, issued or approved by the Administrator on Permits of the City of New Orleans. official flood hazard boundary maps as "special flood hazards"; "coastal high hazard areas" - the portion of a coastal which may be flooded in the event of a 100 year flood. flood plain having special flood hazards that is subject to high "flood hazard boundary maps" - an official map or plat velocity waters, including hurricane wave wash and tsunamis. of a community, issued or approved by the Administrator, on "flood plain management program" - the operation of an which the boundaries of the flood plain- and/or mudslide areas overall program of corrective and preventive measures for having special hazards have been drawn. This map must con- reducing flood damage, including but not limited to emergency form to the Special Flood Hazard Map and be of sufficient scale preparedness plans, flood control woi-ks, and land use and and clarity to permit the ready identification of individual -control measures. building sites as either within or without the area having * . "Land use and control measures - zoning ordinances, I special flood hazards. . subdivision regulations, building codes, health regulations, "Federal Insurance Administrator" - the individual to and other applications and extensions of the normal police .. whom the Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban power, to provide standards and effective enforcement pro- 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r visions for prudent use and occupancy of flood-prone and of the prescribed base flood elevation, then the non-residential I mudslide areas. structure and its attendant utility and sanitary facilities must ARTICLE III. BUILDING PERMITS REQUIRED be floodproofed up to the level of the prescribed base flood Section 32-3. Securing of Permit elevation. It shall be unlawful to proceed with any new construction, Section 32-5. Requirement for lowest floor of new construec- substantial improvement or major repair to a building within tion to be elevated at or above the level of the 100-year flood. the City of New Orleans without having previously obtained , a) Responsibilities of the Department of Safety and Permits: a permit properly numbered and approved from the Director It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Safety and of the Department of Safety and Permits. *Permits to act as repository for first floor elevation records It shall be the duty of the Department of Police to see that and to assign required Ist. floor elevation. The notation such work requiring a permit is authorized and to report the shall be made on the face of the building permit. The first absence of a permit to the Director. All work must comply floor elevation of new residential construction and substan- with the Building Code, as well as these regulations, and tial improvements must, at a minimum, be elevated to the shall be subject to inspection whether a permit is required 100-year base flood level as determined by the FIA Flood or not, at the discretion of the Director. Hazard Boundary Maps and the following Table for the parti- Section 32-4. First floor elevation required cular zone in question. Minimum Floor Elevation Require- All building permits issued for new construction or sub- ment for New Construction and Substantial Improvements. stantial improvements must have imprinted upon them the ZONE MEAN SEA LEVEL IN FEET mean sea level elevation of the lowest floor (including base- A33, B33 -4. 0 ment) and the base Flood Level of the 100-year storm. Said B5 -3. 5 elevation requirements apply to all new residential and non- A6, A7, All, A30, A36, B6, B7, B11, B30 -2. 0 residential structures as well as substantial improvements. A39 -1. 5 However, if the non-residential structure and its atten- A32 -1.4 dant utility and sanitary facilities are located below the level A12, A17, A29, A31, A37, B12, B17, B29, B31 -1. 0 . A15, B14 0.0 ment of Safety and Permits to assure that: A10, B10 0. 5 a. ) the first floor elevation of new residential structures AM 18,B18 z1. 5 or substantial improvements be at or above the base flood AS,A9, A16, A19, B8, B9, B16 2. 0 level of a 100-year storm. A21 2. 5 b. ) the first floor elevation of new non-residential struc- A20 3.0 tures or substantial improvements be either at or above the A38 4. 5 base flood level of a 100-year storm or if below the base A22, A23, A24 5. 0 flood elevation that together with its attendant utility and sani- A25 6. 5 tary facilities be floodproofed up' to the level of the base flood V26, V35 10. 5 elevation of a 100-year storm. - V27 - 12. 0 c. ) new construction or substantial improvements within b) Responsibilities of the Department of Streets: special flood hazard areas be protected against flood damage, Upon application for a Building Permit, and prior to the be anchored in accordance with the Building Code of the City issuance of a Use and Occupancy Certificate, the applicant of New Orleans to prevent flotation, collapse or lateral move- must present a Grade Certificate to the Department of Safety ment of the structure, utilizes construction materials and and Permits which shows the mean sea level elevation of the utility equipment that is resistant to flood damage and utilizes first floor of the structure, as certified by the Department constructions methods and practices to minimize flood damage. of Streets, and certification that requirements of paragraphs ARTICLE V. USE OF COASTAL 11IGI HAZARD AREAS of Article 202 of the New Orleans Building Code or the ele- Section 32. 7. Designation of Coastal High Ilazard Areas. vation requirements contained herein whichever is the more The Federal Insurance Administrator is the official restrictive have been complied with. r h - agency that has designated coastal high hazard areas and ARTICLE IV. BUILDING PERMITS REVIEWED F. I. A. official flood maps are on file at the City Planning Section 32. 6. Review of Permits for Construction Commission and the Department iof Safety and Permits. I shall be the responsibility of the Director of the Depart- 57 i ARTICLE VII. WAIVER OF REGULATIONS Section 32. 8. Utilization of new uses. Section 32. 11. Function of the Board of Building Standards Any new structure or substantial improvement in a coastal and Appeals high hazard area shall not be developed on land below the level It shall hereby be the function of the Board of Building I of the 100 year flood level unless the new construction or Standards and Appeals to hear petitions supporting waivers substantial improvement is located landward of the reach of in these regulations. the mean high tide and shall be adequately anchored to piles Section 32.12. Procedure for appeal from the decision of the Director of Safety and Permits or columns in accord with the Building Code of the City of Any applicant for a permit from the Director of Safety New Orleans and shall have its lowest floor level at or above and Permits required by these flood insurance provisions the base flood elevation of a 100-year storm. Further such whose application has been refused or revoked, or any per- construction shall have no basement and shall have space b. son who has been ordered by the Director to incur any ex- below The lowest floor free of obstruction so that the impact: pense, or any person who feels that there are practical of abnormally high tides or wind driven water is minimized, or any per difficulties or unnecessary hardships involved in the way of 3 Section 32. 9. Existing Uses. carrying out the strict letter of these provisions or Iwhere Any existing use located on land below the level of the it is alleged that there is an error in any determinaticn ! 100-year flood in a coastal high hazard area shall not be made by the Director may, within fifteen days after being expanded except in accord with these provisions. ; notified of such refusal or order, appeal from the decision ARTICLE VI. UTiLIZATiON OF NEIGHBORHING FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS of the Director to the Board of Building Standards and Appeals Section 32. 10 Flood Plain Management Programs in Adjoining by giving the Director notice in writing that he does so appeal, Parishes said notice shall be accompanied by a check in the amount Consideration of individual flood plain management pro- of $25. 00 payable to the City of New Orleans, which amount grams in Jefferson and St. Bernard Parishes shall be given is to be retained by the City. in an approach to overall flood management in the Metro- It shall be the duty of the Board: politan New Orleans area. a.) To hear and decide. appeals where it is ! alleged there is error in any order, require- In order to execute the above mentioned powers, the mQnt, decision or determination made by the Board of Standards and Appeals may reverse or affirm Director in the enforcement of these flood-prone � wholly or in part, or may modify the order, requirement, area provisions. decision or determination appealed from and may make b. ) To hear and decide all matters referred to it or upon which it is required to pass under Director, or to decide in favor of the applicant on any these flood prone provisions. matters on which it is required to pass under these pro- c. ) To pass upon appeals where there are prac- . visions, or toeffect any variation in these provisions. tical difficulties or unnecessary hardships in the Decisions of the Board of Standards and Appeals should way of carrying out the strict letter of those state the waivers or denials granted and conditions, if any, flood prone area regulations, to vary or modify as they may require in such action!. The decisions shall the application of any of the regulations or pro- - - . . Yi610n6 oi 6U~h articles~elaring to the csbe filed in the office within ten working days after the hearing visions of such articles relating to the construc- and a certified copy sent to the applicant by certified mail. - . tion or alterations of buildings or structures so . The Director must abide in the actions taken by the Board. that the spirit of these provisions shall be ob- ARTICLE VIII. PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION OF served, public safety and welfare secured and LAND USE AND CONTROL MEASURES FOR FLOOD-PRONE AREAS substantial justice done. Section 32. 13. Penalties for Violations Related to these d..) To interpret the intent or meaning of these Regulations. flood-prone area regulations and so advise the Under authority of Section 4728-R. S. Title 33 of the Director and to recommend to the Council such Louisiana Revised Statutes the City of New Orleans is amendments or revisions which may be required authorized to collect fines for violation of Building and to clarify the wording; also to recommend amend- ' Zoning Regulations. The owner or general agent of a ments or revisions as may be required from time building or premises where a violation of any regulation to time to meet changing conditions. for flood prone areas has been committed or exists or the 1 59 general agent, architect, builder, contractor or.any other The uilding Code of the City of New Orleans currently de- ; fines building standards and the process which must be followed � person who assists in any flood prone area regulation violation in obtaining building permits. The Articles 201 through 203 of ' Part III of the Building Code reads as follows: or who maintains any building or premises in which the violation exists shall be fined not less than ten dollars and not more than twenty-five dollars or be imprisoned for not more than thirty days for each day that the violation continues. ARTICLE IX. CONFLICT OF FLOOD PRONE AREA REGULATIONS WITH OTHER ORDIN- ANCES Section 32. 14. Priority of Flood Pone Area Regulations. All regulations described in the foregoing Chapter re- present minimum standards, and supersede all existing i ordinances which require lower standards. ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW | ORLEANS DEC. 5 1974 JOSEPH V. DI ROSA PRES1D1-NT OF COUNCIL Delivered to the Mayor on DEC 5,1974 ; Approved: December l1, 1974 MOON LANDRIEU MAYOR Returned by the Mayor on DEC. l1, 1974 - at 3:02 P.M. | CAROL B. RIZZUTO ACTING ASST. CLERK OF COUNCIL 60o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~~~~~application,. plans and Epeclflcations, it shall be correcLd. No permit will be Arti-cle 201 PA~-T k~ grantod except under conditions conforming to the provisions of this Code and other appl!ccble ordinances and laws. PREL1_,Y IMINARY RPn.E'4 QUE-171K 11.11FIT Changes in floor loadings shall comply w;th A.rticle 2309. *M~jPg~ 2--P~~ REQG~~U2RE~`~~~I~~~ThF, A placard as required by Article 208 shall be kept continuously and con- AaI~CHAPTE R 2-P0ELMiNA~ ANDEUR PLiACARD. spicuouely posted on the project slte for the duration of the work. A.RTICLE 201'. PE-RM',T AND PLACAIRD. It shall be unlawful to proceed with the erection, removal, re-roofing, demo-Re 6 lition, all alterations, all'additions, repairs, installation of machinery, air con- ditioning, of a building or other structures including the construction of grandstands and tents, a sign, marquee, or awning over the sidewalk, or to perform any exca- vations below lot grade, within the city of New Orleans, without having previously Article 202 obtained a permit properly numbered and approved from the Director, unless specifi- cally excepted as follows: ARTICLE 202. LOT GRADE l 1. smnoval and replacement of deteriorated weather-boards; (a) General. Any lot or site upon which a building or structure 2. Removal and replacement of deteriorated floor boards; intended for human'occupancy is to be erected must be graded or filled 3. Removal and replacement of deteriorated porch floor boards: (or both) to comply with the requirements of the Department of Streets of. the City of N'ew Orlealns. - 4. Removal and replacement of deterioroted steps-front and rearand sides when not in conflict with Zoning Law; t he Cit of w O rleansa S. -Interior decorating: In case a !ot or site, or part thereof, is higher than the adjoining 6.Interior decorting; sorp eoi . .*or abutting lot, the Department of Streets shall approve the method 6. Interior painting; lowtr doingrabtn ltrsia ~~~~~?. Interior~all ~ painting; ~used to prevent water 'from the higher lot or site flowing onto the 7. Wall papering; S. Outside pai:lting when not hazardous or when not requiring protective e ruirn t we t r re U c. Repair o~ and on f w ndo sah, crds a d othe wi dowRequiremer.ts for lot or site grading and filling (including Department R epair and installation of window screens, sash, cords and other window reptrz;' the office of the Department of Streets and are obtainable from that 10. Repairs to emisting doors; Department. Same must be complied with by all applicants for a Building 11. Sanding floors; Permit. 12. Paving of yard; la. Fences, eyxcpt masonry fences exceeding 4 feet in height, and encs ) Cricat. Prior to actual issance of a Use and Occupancy enclosures for exhibits, fair grounds, athletic fields, storage yards and other llfate byth Deparment of Safep e and n e G eC itifcthe arichan I such similar enclosures (see Appendix No. ~); bc eue rmte ~ ~ ~ ' tl' 1 -'' such similar enclosures (see AppeadiH 2No. -6) shall present an approved and numbeaed Grade Certificate v,,ticih has * I4. Repairs to interior plastering; ea~e~o c~ iun ~g~~ Ic 4. Rpalrs 'Lo Interior Plastering; been secured from the Department of Streets stipulating all grading 15. Any other similar ordinary repairs as listed above except: and filling has met thecr reouirernents. (a) th cuttin a of any wall, patition Or portion thereo hen a lot is in excess of Sixty (0) cubic yards below grade the Owner, or his Agen t, may request (in wu-iting) perrns~:sion forna the (b) the removal or cutting of any structural beam of bearing support; Ow o Aet m rst i ri ing nr t Depa)trtment of Streets to construct a building pior to fiiling and grad- (C) the removal or change of any required means of ingress or ogress; ing of the lot or site by posting cash, performance bond or n-gctib'ie I (d) the re-arrangement of parts of a structure affecting the exit or entrance scotrities acbceptably to the Finan.ce .Durt entn of the City of securities, nccceptablel to the Ffrintnt.~~rtmnent of the City of No~v requniremnents, c'v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~'requirements; ~Orleans. The cash, performance bond or negotiable secarities shall be Ce) the adlition to, alterations of, replacement or re-location of any stand- deposited with te City of rs. Te secr to e dposit-' pipe, wter suply, sewr, draiage, drinleade, gas, oil, wate, sen deposied withthe Cit ofsN TOrlca-e. The scuritac to be eposit pipe, watetr supply, se-wer, drainage, drainleader, gas, soil, waste, 'w.nt ed shall be of the class approved for investment for Life Insurance or similar piping. electric wiring, or mechanical or other work affecting Louisiana and shall be nsidred at their market vaue pu~~l~c health or general slfety. ~ ~ ~ ~ Compan7ies in Louisiana and shall be cnsidered at their inark - -Value 3~ � public health or general safety. in computing theamount to be depositld. It shall be the duty of the Police to see that such work requiring a permit The Department of Streets shall certify to the Department of Finance, !s authorized and to report the absence of a permit to the Director. All work the amount to be deposited or bonded by the Owner to inkure that all -must comply with this Code and shall obe subject to inspection whether a permit grading and filling ruiet of thi iii v be fic. Is required or not at the discretion of the Dirctor. ; grainill have been 3cti.~icd. iotr: See! definotion of "epars rticle 103.. The cash, performance bond or negotiable sccurities will h;b promp:ly - ' after issuanceio of aIepermit, ticl o10ra3.jn rutllo llrudr returned to the Owner upon completion of the lot or site filling ard grading ~iv after issuance of a permit, the operation authorized thereunder be not con"Inenced vi~italin 6 monthzs after date ol e,.1__t, or if commencenent of after certification by the Department of S'reets. Should the grading and * commenced within 6 months after date of permit, or If after commencetnent of operations, the -work be discontinued for a period of 6 months, such permit shall filling of said lot or site not be performad prior to occupancy of the be re-submitted for approval of the Director, for which no additional fee will building or structure, the Department of Streets will use the proceeds of be charged, said deposit to perform the necessary grading and filling of the lot or Application for permit shall ba made in writing to the Director as a certified site as required by this Article. statement by the owner or his agent, architect, engineer or contractor, upon a (c) Slab Foundations. Top of slab shall not be less than eighleen suitable feign Prov'ed by the' Director, which shall show0 the total fleet area of p ncacd bfoulrMpoin, estdbythed cost of r, wihsaturll swtmprove toent foor repair. and (18") inches above the highest point of the curb in front of the lot or site, 3 proposed buildrag, estimated cost of work:, nature of lmprovement or replair. and O nmrvdsresween ub r vialsa rds ecee ose or c~t~g~n nimproved st reasonableets where no curbs are available, slab grades. referenc- asGe or occupancy of all parts of~ the buildiong and such otheiOunmro e sree aso n abeifrma eon as =cuay be r allqartred by tho Director. bidnanucote e benr -ed to as above to future projected curbs'are to be as established by the tion as may be required by tho Director. Any penmit that has been obtained under a misrepresentation as to cost or Department of,Streets, in'o-operation with the Sewerage end Votrr board adteDe-partm-ent of. Safeets, in'praion writho the Cewrag ofd Naew Bo,1ard approximate floor area, or upon i'lur3 to execute said work in accordance, with said application, plans and specifications. shall constitute a violation of this Prior to pouring of the slab, an in!;pection shall be made by the Code, fartherm:nore, the permit so obtained shall bt corrected by the issuanc Departraent of Strects to c-rtify complianc wi the above rr;.cts an additional permit. Amy work done contrary to the requiBements of this Code and the Building Permit Placard shall be so certified by that Department. . chall be stopped..W he re the work performed is not 4n accordance with the aall be sto;)ppd. Where the work performed Is not fn accordance wifth the It shall be the duty of the Owner (or his authorized representative) to I, Al6 I notify the Department of Streets at least 24 hours in advance prior to Part. 1. Building Plan Requirement, Drawings and specifications pouring the slab. If the Owner (or his authorized representative) does not for the construction of buildings having walls, floors, and roofs, including notify the Department of Streets and the slab is set below the stipulated all electrical and mechanical work, shall be prepared by or under the elevation, the said Department of Streets- is empowered to order the direct supervision of a Louisiana Registered Architect or a Louisiina I removal or correction of said slab and the Department of Safety and Registered Civil Erngineer, and said drawings and specifications shall be Permits is empowered to cancel.the Building Permit. imprinted with his seal so designating, and shall contain a statement to (d) Piers or Chain Wall Foundations. Underside of sills shall not the effect that they comply with all City requirements to the best of his be less than twenty-four (24") inches above the highest point of the curb knowledge and belief and that he is generally administering (not generally in front of. the lot or site. On unimproved streets where no curbs are administering) the work. available, underside of sill grades, referenced to as above to future projected curbs are to be as established by the Department of Streets. in I cooperation with the Sewerage and Water Board and the Department of Article 203 Safety and Permits of the City of New Orleans. 22 vs 2-2 Revised June, 1989. Assembly, Places of Single story, less than 1,500 sq. ft., seating under 1C 1 persons, when the electrical work does not exceed Z3,000 and/or when the mechanical work does not exceed $5,000, in the opinion of the Director, De- Articlai 202.203 partment of Safety and Permits. - Dormitories . When electrical work does not exceod $3,000 and/or U Prior to setting the sills in place, an inspection shall be made by when the mechanical work does not exceed $5,000, the Department of Streets to certify compliance with the above require- in the opinion of the Director, Department o Saf- rnents and the Building Permit Placard shall be so certified by thatand ermits. Department. It shall be the duty of the Owner (or his authorized represen- Hotels When electrical work does not ezc-i-d 1300 aenz/or: teative) to notify the Department of SLreets, at least 24 hours prior to when the oechanical work does not o::ceed f m placing the sills. If the Owner (or his authorized representative) doees nty and Permits. not notify the Department of Streets and the sills are set below the stipullsted elevateon, the said Iepar~mcnt of Streets Industrial buildings IWhen electrical work does not exceed $3.000} and/or stipulated elevation, the said Department of Streets is empowered to when the mechanical work does not exceed $.i,003. order the removal or correction of said sills and the Department of Safety in the opinion of the Director, Department of Sal- and Permits is empowered to cancel the Building Permit. ety and Permits. (e) Ececptions. (1) In the Central Business District, (including Institutional buildings' hen electrical work does not exceed $2,000 and/or area known as Vieux Carre) in built-up commercial areas and in areas when the mechanical work does not exceed $-5, 0 X0. where a satisfactory system of lot grades and building elevations al- in the opinion of the Director, Department of Sal- ready have been established, the Department of Streets may modify or ety and Permits. vary the requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) above, provided the Mercantile buildings When electrical work does not exceed $3,000 and/or new construction in the above mentioned areas shall always be equal when the mechanical work does not exceed $5,000, to or above the average floor slab level in the particiular block or in the opinion of the Director, Department of Sa- - area. ety and Permits. if) Fees. (1) The initial fee of eight ($8.00) dollars for a Grade 2-3 Certificate of Compliance shall be paid to the Department of Streets at the time application is made for establishment of grade. This fee Revised October, will include the first on-site inspection for grade and elevation, or the - � underside of sill elevation-in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (c) or (d) above. (2) WVhere call-back inspections are necessary, a fee of three Article 203 ($3.00) dollars for each and every call-back inspection shall be paid to the Department of Streets at the time each appointment for suchbl A call-back inspection is made. This fee shall be paid to the Department APartmente One story Type V less than 1,500 sq. ft. of Streets prior to the call-back inspection. Aassembly, Places of Seating under 100 persons, one story Type V less than 1,500 sq. it. ARTICLE 203. DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS. Dormitories No exceptlons. With each application for a building permit, or electrical or mechanical Industrial buildings (a) One story Type V under 500 sq. ft. - no permit, and when required by the Director of the Department of Safety drawings. and Permits for enforcement of any provisions of this Code, at least two (b) One story Type III (when outside the sets ofdrawings and specifications shall be submitted. Inner Fire Limits) under 500 sq. ft. -draw- ings required but no architect or engineer required. Institutional buildings No eXceptions. Hotels No exceptions. Mercantile buildings (a) One story Type V under 500 sq. ft. - no drawings. IOffies~ When electrical work does not exceed $3,000 and/or (b) One story Type III (when outside the when the me-chanical work do-as not exceed 5.00. Inner Fire Limits) under 503 sq. ft. -d~raw- In the opinion of the Director, Departmenet of Sa I- ings required but no architect, or engineer Iety and Permits. Old age )1oMe3 %hen electrical work does not exceed $3,000 anid/o.r * ~~~Offices (a) One story Type V under 500 sq. ft. - nowhntemcail rkdsnoecedS,0 *~~~~~~~~~~~b OrwnegstoyTpI we usd h in the opinion of the Director, Department ofl Saf- * (b) One story Type III (when outside the I ~~~~~~~ety and Permits. Inner F-.ire Limits) under 500 sq. ft. - draw- IPenal institutions Vhen electrical work does not exceed $3,000 and/or - ~~~~~~~~~~~ings required but Do architect or engineaer when the mechanical vforlc does not eyceePd $5,000. * I Old ago ~~~~~~~ required. in the opinion of. the Director, Department of Saf- old age homes N o exceptions. eyadPris m Pe~~nal Institutions No exceptions. eyadPrls Res~~dancea ~ (a) One story less than 2500 Square fe-et, ex- Residenices Single ztory, less than 1,500 sql. ft. when the electrical cept in cases provided in Section 11-219 work does cot exceed $3000 and/or the mechanical U I ~~~~~~~~~~of the Code of the City of New Orleaiis wort does not exce-ed $5,6000, in the onitoal of the * f ~~~~~~~~~~being Ordinance No. 828, M.C-!~-, as *jDirector, Deparftment. of Safety anid Per-m-its, amienrle'. Schol *hen el~ctrical work does not exed $00)ad/or (b) Second story additions not ecdig50when the mechanical woe-k does not exceed $5,000, sq. ft. drawings required but no archiltect i h pno rteDrcoDprmn fSf - ~~~~~~~~~~or engineer requii'ed. Intyh andPermits. I.I chools NTo exceptions. eyadPris Storae waae~onz~ *. a) On stoy Typ V uner 50 sq. t. -Storage warehouses 'W'len electrical work dozz not exceed ,31,000 and/or dra~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Wins hen the meachanilca-l W-0-3c does noL -ccced *5.000, L(b) One story Type III (when outside the in the opinion of the Director, De-partment ofSaf- -- ~~~~~~~Inner Fire L~imits) under 500 sq. ft. - draw- ety and Permits. ings required but no architect or engineer Where there are unusual conditions because of type of occupancy or type of required. construction; the Director may depart from the limitations se'. forth above and MooWhere aro nsa conditions because of type of occupancy or type required drawings and specifications. I of construction~ the Director of the Dejpartment of Safety and Permits may depart P~egulatious concernfing examination of electrical drawings and specifications from telimitations set forth above and require drawings and specifications are as provided in Article 5020. * whenev'er deemed necessary. Regulations concerning examination of mechanical dravrings and specifIcations .Part 2. MeChanicul and EleOtr[Oal Plan Requirements. Drawings and spocem- are as provided in Article 4805. I cations embo-dyinzg mechanical and electr-ical installations for buildings shall be Regulations concerning examination of dra,~ilings and the field lns1)ections of Jitopared by or under the direct supel-elsion of a Louisiana Registered hiechanicat ' mechanical and electrical equipruent and apparatus are pro'rldepd in, Ch.Ppt,,rq 47. or ~c'i~al -neeras r~plaland said drawvings and specifications Shall be '~43. 50, a-id 53. imRprinted With his seal so designating, and shall contain a statement to the effect Plans and specifications shall1 bo of suffici'ent clarity to Iindleate the naturel t~hat they comply with, all City requirements to the best of his knowledge and and character of' the work proposed and to shii-. that the requirements of tb? U belief and that he is generally administering (not generally administering) the work, law will be fulfilled. Computations, strain sheets. etress diagrams and other data said drawings to be subnzitted at time of application for mechanical or electrical' necessary to show the correctness of the plans ahall accompany the plans and U Permits. Specifications when required by the Director. Exceptions: Any specifications in 'which general expressions nre used to the effect that *~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~a 'parkmns .Snl trls hn1,0 q t hnteeetia shall be done In accordance with the Building Code" or "to the satisfa-cilon I ~ ~~~~~~~~Wortz does no'. exceed $3,000 and/or tho raechanIcal of the Director" shall be deemed [imperfect and ln~completa and every reference to work does not exceed $5,000, In the opinion of tile this Code shall be by Article or Sub-Article app`116abla to the ma~terial to b'e used Director, Department ol Safety and Pormnits, or to the method of construction proponed. The application, drawings and specifications filed by an applicants for a build- ing permit shall be checked by the Dizector on receipt of the required permit fee. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mi .Wen such drawings and specifications are found to be in c'enforinity with the re- quirements of this Code a,-d the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance, and all other 2- 2b ~. Revised October, l9 ~ laws or ordinances applicable thereto, the Directocr shall issue a perinit for the I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~2 Reie coe,1. specified construction sand/or installation. * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~63 X~n b- Drector jjs,,ja3 tige per--.11 ho she!l endorza In wiitinil_ cor hir;.i RILEADPUP on-bnLh sets of rlarm azd z-caains XM~POVI zret ox'tnpe in eteaiod IS recounted. tobe 1,ept. on the sits during Ohio couroz c-,cn.RTC-- 2. TIl-r,F'ADPROE lette shall~ be ncoafl orn craznie. upnzae'al -r or' indra.y anys ores j Th prpose- of rjie Com-prehecnsive Zoninzg Ordinance is to letter, word or orrins' ontaied upo anY ~J ~ ~)~ltl~encourage and p)romote, in accordance with p~resent and future compuaton fiedmrthor 8tampC!d lpy the Dorctor. 1Zdurln& the proceeds o ,~-- (xoto fsc ok tI eie odvat In an nrnr-etc teneeds, tile Safetay, mnorals, health, order, COnvenici~ce, pro':iperityl cozslruclion or otlaor ~S~rSo h uligfoetetra ttea~lc2nand gencral. welfare of thre citizens of thre. city of New Orleans anti plans~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~1C o ,cone t zuto oto oi.Stc fsc oe 2 to to providec for efficiency and economly in tile Process of developm-ent, alter or deviate shall be givCn in writm5 tb the Director, and. Ws2 writtea sss,nft for the approp~riate and best usc of land, for- preservation protection, shall, ho obtz'med bezfcre- zuch ltcq i or damtossay b mac. 0, each I Cbargo or dev~ati--n aUfc!ts tlhe ca~rrying out of c-It-actum,~ I arts of ,r- 'coul dnbtdlfdeeopet and conservation of the natural resources of land, Or stracture, or 1ts cisosificition, or grade of occLPaezcy., nav-1 p~ans thereo-f shal1l water, and lir, for convenience Of tr-affi;c and circulation Of people bo3 submit'ed to tle Director for apprrval, an.if Decess-rY, an'T additional prn-Jt and goods, for the use and occupancy of buildings, for hcalthful rhD11 b,~ sacora-p anti convenient distribution ofp1-opulation, for adequate' piublic utilities* 2 - Revieed April, IE059 a nd facilities, for promotion of the Civic amecnities of be~auty and visual interest, for preservation andi enhancemen of hi3stric~jj bi-ldings ande places, for p;romlotion of large--scale deeomnsas mreans of achieving unified civnic design, and -for develop~ment in accord with the Comprehensijve Plan by establishing zoning districts and by re gu- lating the location and use of buildings, sig~ns, aInd other structures, water. and land for agriculture, trade, induIStry, and reside-n-ce, by regulating and limiti ng or determining the heigiht, bulk, an-d accs to lgtadarfbudigs aind structure~s, thse area of yards and. other open spaces and the density of use. To accomplish thesob jectives, the regulations and districts and accompanying maps have been designed with reasonable consideration, among nther things, to the character of the districts and their peculiar suitability for- particular uses." City of New Orleans, comprehensive Zoning Ordinance of 1970, Article 2, pg-. 3. 64 .1 U I a a U U I I I: I * I I Coastal Management Alternatives have been developed which j include: control activities. The Louisiana State Board of IHealth will provide the technical expertise.. As national standards and Alternative 1: Urbanization-without management. This alter- regulations are revised, the Louisiana Air Control Commission | native wvould allow urban development to con- will advise the appropriate agencies. tinue into the wetlands and would make no pro- vision for the preservation of natural systems. Water ualiy Alternative 2A: � Controlled development -without management. I > This alternative would place restrictions upon The Loul giana Wildlife & Fisheries Commission, Stream s adevelopmer densities anwl d laend usestrictions pon Control Commission and the Louisiana State Board of Health gically sensitive area s without providing a2 pro-. will coordinate and do all enforcement. The State Board of I-Health will provide the coordination between the project and gcram of overt designed to maintain or gram of overt actions designed to maintain ors the state. Technical staff and assistance will be provided by the New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board. As national Alternative 2B: Controlled development - withl management. standards and regulations are revised, the Stream Control Alternative 28: Controlled development - with management. Commission will advise the appropriate agencies. This alternative would both place restrictions upon development densities and land uses in ecologically sensitive areas and also provide Water Supply for the development of an overt action pla n There are currently no state or. federal water supply regu- designed to maintain and/or enhance natural lations. Current congressional legislation will alter the systems. United States Public Hlealth Services 1962 (as amended) drinking Alternative 3A:. Prohibited development - without management water sandards for interstate supplies. The Louisiana - itlut ~nweiet't water standards for interstate supplies. The Louisiana Alti aernative wA.Poiie eeopmen wrohii mnycfrthe State Board of Health will coordinate, monitor and provide This alternative would prohibit any further dhvslopmenr and consrucld ion in ecolofrcally the applicable enforcement, based on the Louisiana State sensitive areas and would not include provisions Sanitary Code. The State Board of Ilealth will provide the ~sensitve aeas nd ouldotncldepovisonscoordination between the staite and local levels. for a natural resources management program. Alternative 3B: Prohibited development - with management. Waterway Regulation and Modificatiob This alternative would prohibit any further T development and construction in ecologically The Corps of Engineers regulations for navigable waters development and construction in ecologically I sensitive areas and would make provision for will be followed. The Corps will be responsible for this a systematic management program to maintain aspect of the environment. In addition to the involvement ~or enhance natural systems.~ ~of the Corps of Engineers in this area, amendments to the City's Municipal, Zoning, and Building Codes will require Under the above alternatives, existing environmental controls that building permits be secured prior to any modification would be retained and utilized. Only alternatives 2B and 3B how- of any waterway. Therefore, the city will also exercise would beretainedaduilizedOlyalteratives and 33hocontrol in this area. ever, would provide an additional program for environmental management. Existing control mechanisms are listed below under Solid Waste subject headings: The Louisiana State Sanitary Code as well as New Orleans 1 Air Qua y ordinances will be followed for regulating solid waste. The The Louisiana Air Control regulations will be followed. The Louisiana State Board of Ieaith vill provide enforcement. regulations will be enforced and regulated by the Louisiana Monitoring will be carred out by both the Louisiana State regulations will be enforced and reNOulated by the Louisianai- _Air Control Commission. The Louisiana State Board of Board of Health and the New Orleans Department of ani- U Air Contol Commision.Th Louisiaa State oardoftation. As national standards and regulations are revised, 3 Health will monitor, survey and coordinate the pollution 1 , . sites will be carried out with the cooperation of local univer- t', the Louisiana State Board of Health will advise appropriate sites will be carried out with agencies. sities. I Noise Radiation HUD noise abatement guidelines, EPA standards and OSHA Regulations of the Board of Nuclear Energy will be followed. re, Dr The Board will enforce and monitor these regulations. The regulations will be followed. Enforcement will be provided he Board will enfalso coordice and monitorate their activities with tThe Atomic by the federal agencies. The Louisiana State Board of Health by the federal agencies. The Louisiana State Board of H~ealth Board will also coordinate their activities with the Atomic will provide the monitoring and the coordination. The State Energy Commission. Board of Health should be apprised of all revisions to federal regulations and standards, and changes in the city ordinances, Land Use -Vector Control The New Orleans City Planning Commission subdivision re- gulations and zoning ordinances will be followed. The The Louisiana State Sanitary Code and local rat.ordinances building inspectors of the New Orleans Department of Safety will be followed. Vector Control will be enforced and moni- and Permits will do the enforcing. The City Planning Com- tored by both the State Board of Health and the New Orleans mission will provide the coordination with the Regional Mosquito Control Program. Planning Commission and State Planning Advisory Commission. Wildlife & Fisheries Flood Control The criteria provided in the Flood Disaster Protection Act Federal and state conservation laws and the National En- I dangered Species Act will be followed as well as the state 1973, which amends the National Flood Insurance Act of water quality regulations. It is currently against city 1968, will be followed. Monitoring will be frovide er ordinances to hunt within the city limits. The Louisiana both the Orleans Levee Board and the Corps of Engineers. Wildlife and Fisheries Commission will handle the regulation The New Orleans Sewerage and Taer Board will coordinate and enforcement by monitoring and checking the fishing licenses. Coordination will be handled by the Louisiana Water Board will be apprised of all revisions to the flood Wildlife and Fisheries Commission. As new federal legis- lation is enacted the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Com- Shellfish Sanitation mission will monitor and enforce as appropriate. Aesthetics - The Louisiana State Board of Health regulations will be followed. The Louisiana State Board of Health will also pro- There are currently no beautification or aesthetic regulations. vide the monitoring and enforcement of these regulations. The City Planhing Commission with the cooperation of the Mayor's Aesthetic Review Committee does review and comrn- Flood Control and Institutions ment on development plans. The Louisiana Sanitary Code, city ordinances, and applicable Historic and Archaeological Sites state laws will be followed. The National Preservation Act will be followed and the places Conservation of Resources cited in the National Renister of Hisroric Places will be checked and followed. The State Department of Art, Historical Appropriate federal and state laws will be adhered to. The & Cultural Preservation or State Museum Board will coordi- New Orleans Planning Commission will be the coordinating nate and carry out activities in this area with the federal agency. The various agencies will, for the most part, con- agencies. Inventory and classification of archaeological aion codes wih he enorcemenndhe followi re la66ons, codes and standards 66 I, 1. Air Quality 6. Vector Control a. Louisiana Air Control Law. Louisiana Revised 3 XStatutes of 1950, Title 40, Chapter 12, Sections 2201- a. Louisiana Sanitary Codes 2.216 anld Title 32, Section 1304, Subsection A. 7. Wildlife ad Fiseries 7. Wildlife and Fvisheries b. Louisiana Air Pollution Control Regulations. Effective July 17, 1972: amended November 21, 1972. amended. 11| I ~July 17, 1972: amended November 21, 1972. a. Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969, as I ' amended. c. National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Parts 50, 51, and 52. b. Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Title 40, Parts 60, 61, and 85. Title 40, Parts 60, 61, and 85. 8. Historic and Archaeological Sites '2. Water Quality a. Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment, a. Louisiana Stream Control Commission Acts. Executive Order 11593, National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. . - b. Louisiana Regulation on Reports of Industrial Waste '' EMDischarges. Title 56, Chapter 3, Part 1, Section 1435, 9. Land Use Louisiana Revised Statutes of 1950, August 1, 1951. a. Land Use Policy and Planning Assistance Act. c. Louisiana Rules Relating to Oil and Gas. Title 56, b. New Orleans Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance = . _ ' Chapter 3, Part 1, Section '- c. New Orleans Subdivision regulations d. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. 3. Water Supply a. Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973. I b. National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. c. Federal Insurance Administration Standards. b. U. S. Public Health Service. Drinking water Standards for Interstate Supply, 1962 as amended. 11. Shell Fish Sanitation 4. Solid Waste - a. Louisiana State Board of Health Regulations | Ua. Louisiana Sanitary Codes. Chapter X, Sections 10. 50- . 12. Food Control and Institutions 10. 56. 4 (Severage and Waste Disposal, Garbage, Rubbish, Ashes). Rubbish, Ashes). a. Louisiana Sanitary Code | 5. SNoise 13. Construction a. U.S. Department HUD. Noise Assessment Guidelines. a. Building Code of the City of New Orleans August, 1971. 'b. OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Part 1910 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations. c. Noise Control Act of 1972, PL 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234. (Noise abatement standards to ixb established by EPA. ) | ..,...... 67 ��~~~~~, , o . I Alternative Analysis ORDINANCE | Alternative 1. Under Alternative 1 the urbanization without CITY OF NEW ORLEANS management alternative, there would be no change in current policies governing physical growth and change. The geographic CITY HALL _ areas developed, the residential densitites, locations of com- mercial, industrial, and recreational uses would increase or de- CALENDAR NO. crease without any significant degree of control beyond that pre- sently exercised. It is possible that under such an alternative NO. MAYOR COUNCIL SERIES the city. Because the policy of allowing growth to continue sub- BY: jecr only to market demands, the major land use distributions will occur on the newly developing areas in Eastern New Orleans and Algiers. Eventually, all wetlands will be urbanized and the ANORDNANCE to amend Ordinance No. 828 M. C. S., natural resources of the areas will disappear. herein referred to as the "Municipal Code of the City of New Although housing for all socioeconomic levels among pre- sent and future residents will be available under this alternative, Orleans", as amended by Ordinance No. 4817 M. C. S., being future housing in areas which are now wetlands will be costly due to land preparation costs. Additionally, prolonged rapid sub- an ordinance to prescribe minimum requirements for land use sidence rates will present substantial hidden costs to home owners. Lots will sink under foundations causing potential haz- and control measures for marshes, swamps, wetlands, estuaries, ards and high maintenance costs in addition to detracting from the aesthetic qualities which may be present in future neighbor- waterways, and environmentally sensitive areas in the City of I hoods. New Orleans to ensure the maintenance, continued protection, With no controls in addition to those now in effect, potential recreational areas in New Orleans East and Lower Algiers will and prudent use of the natural resources, renewable and non- develop with higher intensity land uses, thus, the amount of land available for recreation and open space to serve an increasing renewable therein. population would be reduced. SECTION 1. THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANSU Alternative 2A. This controlled development without management alternative will place restrictions upon development .. HEREBY ORDAINS, that Ordinance hereafter referred to as densities and land uses in ecologically sensitive areas without providing a program of overt actions designed to maintain or en- . the Municipal Code of the City of New Orleans, No. 828 hance existing natural systems. M. C. S., as amended by Ordinance No. 4817 M. C. S., be, Development would be controlled primarily through the pro- D mulgation of amendments to the Municipal Code of the City of . and it is hereby amended by adding to section 32-1 of the New Orleans, the Building Code, and the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance. The recommended amendments to the Municipal Municipal Code of the City of New Orleans the following Code defines environmental areas and those types of construction requiring a permit from the City of New Orleans and reads as . paragraph, to wit: follows: "These regulations have the additional purpose of pre- 68 scribing the minimum requirements of land use and control as marshes, swamps, wetlands,-estuaries, waterways, measures, for marshes, swamps, wetlands, estuaries, environmentally sensitive areas, or not specifically desig- waterways, and environmentally sensitive areas in the naed as LS-]nvironmentally Sensitive Districts, the term City of New Orleans to ensure the maintenance, continued "new construction" shall mean the first placement of per- protection, and prudent use of the natural resources, re- manent construction on a site, such as the pouring of slabs newable and non-renewable, in the City of New Orleans re- or footings or any work beyond the stage of excavation. For presented therein". a structure without a basement or poured footings, the start of construction includes the first permanent framing or SECTION 2. By deleting from Section 32-2 of the Municipal assembly of the structure or any part thereof or its pilihgs Code of the City of New Orleans the definition of "new con- or foundation, or the affixing of any prefabricated structure struction", and inserting in ris stead the following definition:;. or mobile home to its permanent site. Permanent construc- "New Construction" (a) In areas defined as marshes, swamps, tion does not include land preparation, land clearing, grading, wetlands, estuaries, waterways, or environmentally sensi- filling, excavation for basement, footings, piers, or foun- tive areas, or designated as an ES-Environmentally Sensitive dations, erection of temporary forms, installation of sewer, District in Ordinance No. 18. 565 C. C. S. as amended by gas and water pipes, or electric or other service lines from Ordinance No. 4264 M. C. S., and Ordinance No. _, the the street or existence on the property of accessory buildings, term "new construction" shall mean any excavation, dredging, such as garages or sheds, not occupied as dwelling units or drilling, grading, draining, filling, clearing, any land pre- not a part of the Main Structure" pararion, or the first placement of permanent construction on a site, such as the installation of piers, wharfs, regard- SECTION 3. By inserting at the end of Section 32-2 of the less of size excavation or dredging for navigation, pipeline Municipal Code of the City of New Orleans the following de- or drainage, canals or channels, or any other work such .finitions: as the pouring of slabs, footings, or pilings or the place- "Marsh, Swamp, Wetland, or Estuary. All of the area in mert of utility lines. (b) In areas not specifically defined the City of New Orleans bounded by and including (a) Lake 69 Pontchartrain, Paris Road, and Interstate Highway Ten; (b) and two, the following paragraph, now to be designated as U.S. Highway 11, U.S. Highway 90, Lake Pontchartrain paragraph two: and Chef Menteur Pass; (c) The western most shoreline of "It shall be unlawful for the Department of Safety and Permits the Michoud Canal, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Bayou to issue a permit for any new construction which may cause Bienvenue, Lake Borgne, and Chef Menteur Pass; (d) Chef any significant adverse environmental impact upon any marsh, Menteur Pass, Rigolets Pass, Lake Pontchartrairi, and Lake. swamp, wetland, estuary, waterway, or environmentally Borgne; (e) the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Chef Menteur sensitive area; prior to the issuance of any permit for con- Pass, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad right-of-way, struction in any marsh, swamp, wetland, estuary, waterway, as of the adoption of this ordinance, and Range Lines 13 or environmentally sensitive area, comments and recom- East and 14 East. : mendations shall be solicited and considered concerning "Waterway. Any body of water, natural or man-made, potential environmental impacts resulting from such New whether navigable or not, including rakes, rivers, streams, .. Construction". 3 canals, bayous, lagoons, bays, or any other body of water ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS not located within a public park or playground, which is located in the City of New Orleans." - "Environmentally Sensitive Area.; Any area located in the PRESIDENT OF COUNCIL City of New Orleans which is in a natural or pristine state, Delivered to the Mayor on or any area located in the City of New Orleans which has Approved: been minimally impacted by man or the works of man and Disapproved: which is the permanent or temporary habitat of one or more I species of fish, fowl, or wildlife". MAYOR Returned by the Mayor I SECTION 4. By inserting in Section 32-2 of the Municipal on at Code of the City of New Orleans, between paragraphs one | CLERK OF COUNCIL 70 | Amendments to the Building Code define permit application drain any waterway, mars], swamp, wetland or environ- requirements for construction in ecologically sensitive areas mentally sensitive area within the City of New Orleans, with- and requires the filing of an environmental assessment as follows: v~~~ *~�r -�lrL^~I11�~ILL ~UUllrout having previously obtained a permit properly numbered and approved from the Director, unless specifically excepted ORDINANCE as follows: CITY OF NEW ORLEANS as follows: | : CITY HALL SECTION 2. By deleting the period (.) at the end of the * CALENDAR! NO. .___ _ first paragraph of Article 202 (a) of Part III of the Building | NO. MAYOR COUNCIL SERIES Code of the City of New Orleans and inserting the following: BY: " ; where such lot or site is located within a marsh, swamp, I AN ORDINANCE to amend Ordinance No. 17, 525 C. C. S., wetland, estuary, waterway, or environmentally sensitive area as defined in Section 32-2 of Ordinance No. 828 M. C. S., herein referred to as the Building Code of the City of New Orleans, as amended by Ordinance No. 4817 M. C. S. and Ordinance begin an ordinance providing for the adoption of a Uniform Building Code.| - No. , a waiver of this requirement may be granted 1 . SECTION 1.; TlHE COUrNCL OF THE CITY OF NEW by the City Planning Commission when deemed necessary to | ORLEAhNS HEREBY ORDAINS, that Ordinance No. 17, j525 - * prevent harm to the environment in areas defined as marshes, IC. C. S. hereafter referred to as the Building Code of the swamps, wetlands, estuaries, waterways, or environmentally City of New Orleans, be, and it is hereby amended by de- sensitive, or in areas desi ed as ES-Environment leting from the first paragraph of Article 201 of Part III, allDistricts y Ordinance No. 18. 565 C. C. S. as amended by Ordinance No. 4264 M. C.S. and Ordinance after the phrase ". . or awning over the sidewalks..." and amended by Ordinance o. 4264. C. S. and Ordinance all before exception number 1., and in its place insert the No. following, "piers or wharfs, regardless of size pipelines; SECTION 3. By inserting in Article 203 of the Building elevated platforms; or to perform any excavation below lot Code of the City of New Orleans, a Part 3 as follows: grade including any dredging or channeling; or to fill, or "Part 3. Site Description Requirement. Where new con- I 71 struction, as defined by Section 32-2 of Ordinande No. 828 proposed use of the proposed new construction, and at least I M. C. S., as amended by Ordinance No. 4817 M. C. S. and two alternatives to the new construction, one of which shall Ordinance No. , is to take place in any marsh, be a "no construction" alternative. There shall be a thirty I swamp, wetland, estuary, waterway, or environmentally (30) day period during which time comments shall be solicited sensitive area, as defined by Section 32-2 of Ordinance No. from any interested party. The Director-Secretary of the 828 M. C. S., as amended by Ordinance No. 4817 M. C. S. City Planning Commission of the City of New Orleans, may and Ordinance No. , the applicant for a construction require any additional information as is necessary to pro- I permit shall submit to the Director-Secretary of the City perly evaluate the potential'environmental impact of a pro- Planning Commission of the City of New Orleans, thirty posed new construction". (30) copies of a complete description of the lot or site and ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS its surroundings, and further information deemed necessary by the City Planning Commission for a proper determination I of the matter including. but not limited to the following: a PRESIDENT OF COUNCIL description of the geographic location of the site,; soil types Delivered to the Mayor on present, elevation; flora and fauna located upon or in close Approved: proximity to the site, any historical, archaeological, or Disapproved: natural features located upon or. in close proximity to the site; potential adverse impacts the proposed new construction MAYOR may have upon the flora and/or fauna and historical, archae- Returned by the Mayor ological, or natural features located on or in close proximity on at to the site; the potential impact of the proposed new con- struction upon tidal flows or currents, patterns of subsidence; .. erosion and/or deposition. This site description shall also CLERK OF COUNCIL identify the purpose of the proposed new construction, the 72 I 10. Describe work to be Performed: PROJECT DESCRIPTION FORM ( Environmental Assessment) I. GENERAL II. AREA DESCRIPTION 1. Name of Applicant: 1. Describe on Site Soil Characteristics: 2. Address of Applicant: Street Address or Post Office Box City State Zip Code 2. Types and Distribution of Vegetation on and near site: 3. Telephone Number: Area Code Number 4. Type of Project: 3. Types and Distribution of fish, fowl, and wildlife species on and near site: 5. Location of Project: 6. Purpose of Project:_ 4. List and Describe any Historical or Archaeological features on and near site: 7. Proposed Land Use (s): 5. List and Describe any Body of Water on or contiguous to 8. a. Dimensions of Site or Lot: the site: b. Total acreage: 9. District Zoning: (See Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance Base Maps) 6. List and Describe natural features located on or near "7 6. (cont) the site: 5. Describe all pungent or noxious odors which will occur as a result of the proposed work and on site land use activities: III. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 1. List and describe all temporary changes to the environ- 6. List the sources and levels of noise which will occur as ment anticipated as a result of the proposed work: a result of the proposed work and on site land use activities: 2. List and Qescri1e all permanent changes to the environ- 7. List and describe all direct and indirect sources of air ment anticipated as a result of the proposed work: pollution resulting from the proposed work and on site land use activities: 3. List and describe all actions to be taken to minimize 8. List and describe all direct and indirect sources of adverse environmental impacts resulting from the pro- water pollution resulting from the proposed work and on posed work: site land use activities: 4. List and describe all actions to be taken to minimize 9. List and describe all unavoidable adverse environmental adverse environmental impacts resulting from on site impacts which will occur as a result of the proposed land use activities: work or on site land use activities: 74' 10. List and describe all actions to be taken to reduce levels Sworn to and subscribed Before Me this day of noxious or pungent odors resulting from the proposed work and on site land use activities: Notary Public 11. List and describe all actions to be taken to reduce levels Amendments to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance define * of noise resulting from the proposed work and on site permitted and Conditional Uses in newly created "Environmentally Sensitive Districts". land use activities: ORDINANCE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS 12. List and describe all actions to be taken to reduce emis- CITY HALL sion of air pollution resulting from the proposed work CALENDAR NO. and on site land use activities: NO. MAYOR COUNCIL SERIES BY: AN ORDINANCE to amend Ordinance No. 4264 M. C. S., known 13. List and describe all actions to be taken to reduce water -I. ~ ~and referred to as the Comprehensive Zoning Law of the City of pollution hazards resulting from the proposed work and New Orleans, being an Ordinance to protect and conserve the re- on site land use activities: maining natural and environmentally sensitive areas within the City of New Orleans to ensure a sound and wise balance between their development and their preservation and continued viability as renew- IV. ALTERNATIVES - ; able economic, recreation and open space resources through the List and describe at least two possible alternatives to the creation of an "ES-Environmentally Sensitive", zoning district. proposed work and the anticipated environmental impact of each alternative. One of these alternatives should be a SECTION I. THE COUNCIL OFTHE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS "no construction" alternative. 75 HEREBY ORDAINS, that Ordinance No. 4264 M. C. S., known will be utilized or that private sewer and/or water facilities and referred to as the Comprehensive Zoning Law of the City be approved by the responsible public agencies in a manner that of New Orleans, be, and it is hereby amended by inserting in . would. not permanently disrupt the natural current and tidal | Article 5, the following section designated Section 27: flows: SECTION 27. "ES-Environmentally, Sensitive District". 1. Public and private open space areas, wildlife reservations, i 27. 1 Purpose of the District. , and similar conservation projects. The purpose of this district is to provide a classification for 2. Public or private fishing or hunting preserves. those coastal areas of a marsh, wetland, estuary or waterway 3. A single family residence or "fishing camp".except when nature which are in a natural or pristine state or which have .' such use results in the draining, filling, excavating any I ; been minimally impacted by man or the works of man; which, marsh lands or in separating viable marsh from the eco- � . by their nature, provide refuge or habitat for species of wild- system, and provided that height, area, and bulk require- .: life, fowl and fisheries; or which provide or affect sources of ments applicable to RS-1 districts are met. sustenance for species of wildlife, fowl, and fisheries, either 27. 3 Permitted Conditional Uses. directly or indirectly; and further to assure that land uses per- A In order to provide for certain uses, which, because of * mitted in the district are consistent with traditional develop- .. their unique characteristics, cannot be properly classified in � ment in these areas and are designed to ensure the continued * a particular zoning district, the City Council under the pro- environmental and ecological viability of natural processes ' . visions of Article 15 and specifically under Section 2. 6 shall - . operating within the district. � authorize the following conditional uses: 27. 2 Permitted Uses. When it has been determined by the City Council that such A building or land shall be used only for the following pur- conditional uses will promote the public welfare, public safety, poses subject to the performance standards of Article 5, Section and public health, and that the proposal is in general compat- 20, whenever said permitted use would normally require sewer . ability with adjacent or nearby land uses, applications for the and water facilities that where public sewer and water facilities ', following conditional uses shall be transmitted to the City � are available or can be reasonably extended:, that such facilities Planning Commission for a public hearing and action in accord 76 I I with the provisions of Article 15: other requirements of RS-1 districts. 1. Any of the following which might not result in the 5. shops and stores for the conduct of a retail business * -draining of filling of any marsh area or result in the disrup- but occupying no more than 3, 000 square feet of floor tion of natural processes, provided that where such uses are area, provided that all requirements for B-1 districts . located in a marsh, swamp, wetland, estuary, or waterway, are met. .that structures where necessary shall be placed on raised *. 6. piers, wharves, boat houses, boat docks, or boar rental, platforms or pilings so as not to disrupt natural tidal and cur- repair and related service facilities. 7. restaurants, but not drive-in restaurants. rent flows, and further provided that where public sewer and 7. restaurants, but not drive-in restaurants. water are available or can be reasonably extended, that such S. camping and picnic grounds . facilities will be utilized or that private sewer and/or water 9. museums 10. university research centers, laboratories or other re- facilities be approved by the responsible public agencies in a search facilities manner that would not permanently disrupt natural current and rtid-al flows: 11. excavation, filling, petroleum or mineral exploration 1. two-family dwellings, provided that all height, area, and * or extraction operations, dredging, or flood control pro- bulk requirements, exclusive of piling heights, of RD-2 jects designed to protect existing developed areas, pro- * districts are met. vided that such operations are carried out in such a 2. townhouses, provided that all height, area, and bulk manner as to offer maximum protection to natural environ- I requirements, exclusive of piling heights, of RD-1 dis- mental systems. tricts are met. 12. any public use 3: 3. hotels and motels containing not more than 20 rooms 13. any other use similar to those listed above or those provided that it meet the requirements of RM-3 districts. found to be in the public interest to further the purposes I 14. private club, ode, meeting hall or marina provided set forth for this district. . . that it is located on a site having a minimum lot area of ADOPTED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORTE ANS 10, 000 square feet and further provided that it meets all 77 In order that existing city agencies be efficiently coordinated in Coastal Zone Management functions and that all areas of expertise available to the City can be utilized, each permit application would be reviewed by the City Planning Commission, Sewerage and Water Board, Department of Safety and Permits, Department of Sanitation, Orleans Levee Board, Department of Utilities and other appropriate PRESIDENT OF COUNCIL agencies. Additionally, the existing Planning Advisory Council (PAC) membership should be expanded to include the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Louisiana Department of Con- servation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Louisiana State Delivered to the Mayor on Board of Health, and the U.S.. Coast Guard. This expansion of PAC membership would increase the existing pool of knowledge Approved: available for advising the City Council in the decision making pro- cess. Additional PAC members may be drawn from the local aca- Disapproved: demic community. This would provide.a broad base of expertise to guide the management program and ensure that the actions of all agencies at the federal, state, and local levels do not conflict. MAYOR In order that sufficient time be made available for further study and research as to the appropriate construction techniques for wetlands, a moratorium should be placed on all construction Returned by the Mayor' and land preparation in Critical Environmental areas, except for structures which will be built on raised pilings or platforms for a on at period of two years. During this one year period, studies will be conducted to establish the appropriate construction methods to be permitted in Environmentally Sensitive Distri cts. So that the City may have the in-house expertise and means I CLERK OF COUNCIL of continuously monitoring land use activities in ES-districts, the - city will: first, formally establish an environmental planning sec- tion in order that the city will be able to carry our a continuing program of comprehensive coastal zone and environmental planning on a long range city-wide basis. Second, an additional staff position in the Department of Safety and Permits should be funded; the per- son assigned to this new position would have as his primary res- . ponsibility the inspection and monitoring of all land use activities within ES-Districts to ensure that all codes, rules, regulations �: ': and environmental safeguards are adequately adhered to, and to ensure that violations are reported and prosecuted. This alternative would have the effect of providing for the in- telligent use of existing natural areas. While this alternative places limits upon uses and densities in specific -areas thereby reducing the acreage available for residential and other uses, this alternative will promote the development of areas having more stable soils and car, be viewed as beneficial to consumers. Additionally, this E alternative would act to prevent further urban sprawl, reduce auto- mobile dependence by allowing greater efficiency in mass transit 78 . ?' ~~PAIS I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l/U 0LNR ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SEINE I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ltr PLAQUEMI ~ ~ ~~~~L~r Sog I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~& Lake Bothrrai iorgn r~~~~lII~~~co ~~JEFROPAIS ~~~~~~~~~~~AIS facilities (especially when considered in combination with the city's consultants, "Environmental Evaluation of the New Orleans East proposed Growth Management Land Use Policy), and will serve to Area" and "Environmental Baseline Study,St. Bernard Parish", curb the destruction of natural, renewable resources. have produced a basic but general unuerstanding of the region that need not be repeated in the present study except as background. This alternative however, makes no provision for the overt The major thrust of the proposed study is a detailed analysis leading management of natural areas and therefore will not function in ' to specific recommendations for management practices to maintain maintaining natural resources. and upgrade the area for multiuse and water-oriented recreation. Following is a detailed program of the study. Alternative 2B. Alternative 2B is. essentially identical to alternative 2A, except that this alternative provides for a program Phase I. Data Base of research and the development of resource management alter- natives. The management program alternatives developed would' Phase I will be organized into two parts reflecting the type of U recognize the fact that Orleans Parish is extremely fortunate in' information being developed. Part I, Baseline, involves a detailed having major wetland zones within its boundaries. The marshes inventory and analysis of existing conditions.and establishment of between the Rigolets and Chef Melnteur Pass and those fringing management units. Part 2, Measurement, involves specific col- the levee systems of New Orleans East are valuable as a storm lection and analysis of selection parameters within each unit to buffer, as urban open space, and as a recreation resource, as establish a basis for the management program. well as acting as a nursery ground for fisheries production of Lake Pontchartrain and Borgne. They are contiguous with the marshes ' Part' 1. Base line . This portion of the study will be similar of the lower Pearl River basih and together these areas form a to the cited studies and builds upon the data with expansion and large zone of near natural environment-in close proximity to popu- modification as needed to include the full study area. Baseline lation concentrations Of the Gulf Coast. The marshes are generally data will be derived from existing literature search, map and aerial unsuited to intense urban development; there-forej:-thei'-rallocation ---No :: :: -,photo review:, :'and-field work: '-It)provides background-preseinted . . and management for compatible uses is desirable. in such a manner that a lay reader may understand the future . planning decision. For the planner it provides the basis of manage- The wetland system is not fully self-maintaining because of ment unit identification. natural and man-made stresses. Deltaic processes that originally ' built the wetlands are 'ydlic. The river builds land through pro- The baseline-will include the following: gradation and aggradation for a period. Eventually, it abandons the course for a steej er gradient to the Gulf. At the time of aband- A. Development of the land base--This section will describe the onnment marine forces begin to dominate the system and erosion setting of the area under study in terms of the geological pro- takes place. The wetlands in Orleans Parish have been abandoned cesses, materials, and forms that have influenced its present by-the river for over 500 years and are subject to marine forces of condition. . In the rapidly changing environment of southern erosion by tide, current, and storm. The area is influenced by Louisiana this is an essential first step in the planning process. roads, water pollution, buildings on the natural levees, commercial shipping, recreational boating, flood and hurricane protection le- B. Inventory of existing features-- vees and structures, and proposals for additional land uses. If Physical: topography, landforms, drainage, surface and this area is to return its full natural potential for recreation and subsurface structures, soils, water regime, other uses to the people of the parish, a management plan for its meterology, accretion and erosion. protection, conservation, and improvement is essential. Biological: flora and fauna The process of developing a management plan involves two phases and would require approximately two years to complete. Cultural: human use and modification. Phase I includes inventory, collection, and analysis of basic physi- cal data essential for future decision making. Phase II involves C. Establishment of management units--The basic unit of manage- the setting of management goals and the formulation of attainable rent to be used i-s the environmentally based management unit. plans for their-achievement. Two studies previously completed by . These are units that can be identified based upon physical char- 80 acreristics, biological conditions, state of cultural modification, with existing long term tide and weather station records to or combinations of conditions giving a particular land area an cstablish a predictive model for future manallagCement use. identity useable for management purposes. Existing guagc stations in the area will be used as a base and n* observations will be made and related to them. * D. Identification of problems or opportunities related to each management unit. This will be a general summary of coBn- B. Specific elevation survey--Because of the low-lying nature of ditions found in the above studies and is intended to identify the land it is necessary to identify elevations at key points areas or problems that will need further treatment in the within the management units. Elevations will be related to I remaining portions of the total management study. the tide and current information co provide an indication of existing water-land surface relationships. Pilot areas will be E. Archaeological survey--A systematic archaeological survey of surveyed in detail and other areas will be surveyed on a sam- Orleans Parish will be undertaken by a local university to locate, ple basis. I describe, collect, and assess the value of all remaining pre- historic archaeological sites that have any surface configuration. C. Detailed flora and fauna survey--Marshland vegetation and It should be emphasized that the probability is quite high that fauna is closely correlated with elevation, tide and water che- there remain a considerable number of archaeological sites mhistry conditions. They, therefore, serve as biological in- which have not yet been discov red. Techniques to be utilized dicators of physical condition and change. A statistically in this research comnponent include the use of aerial photography, sound sampling procedure will be used for survey of each. aerial infra-red photography, o.n ground traversing, test ex- management unit over a yearly cycle. cavations, cores, radio-carbon dating and detailed artifact * analysis. The precise location of each site will be determined D. Water quality measurement--Water, its biological and chemical by latitudd and longitude. The site name, number, location, properties, is a basic element of wetland ecology. A water and all relevant data will be placed on coinputer cards for easy sampling and analysis program will be established to identify data retrieval to allow for a rapid assessment of the impact of specific conditions. any project in Orleans Parish on its prehistoric resources. E. Physical structure--The changes in the land base itself will be Part 2. Measurement. This portion of the study is intended monitored on a systematic basis. Selected areas where accre- to supply the essential detailed data needed as a basis of manage- tion or erosion are evident will be measured to give a basis for ment decision. It will establish an original base of information prediction of land loss or gain to be expected in the future. that is not presently available and will allow for projection of a Borings will be made at selected points to establish near sur- specific management program. face conditions. Basic to management of wetland systems is understanding and F. Archaeological sites--All archaeological sites in Orleans control of hydrology and water quality. Because measurement is an Parish will be sampled, dated and analyzed. expensive and time consuming process it will be limited to the lparameters essential to development of a mnaagement program. Phase IT. Resource Management Plan Measurement activities will be designed and carried out by The resource management plan for the area will be an integration qualified scientists. The organization of this part of the study allows of goals for use and the restrictions or opportunities offered by the three months for experiment design and preparation. Measurement environmental setting. Phase II is organized into.three parts. Part will take place over a full year period with trained personnel sche- 1, Goals, is concerned with setting specific goals and uses to be duled to be in the field for one, week per month. accommodated in a managernent plan. lPart 2, Spencial Uses, is con- cerned with detailed evaluation of particular potential uses such as Measurement will include the following: oil and gas exploration, geothermal power generation, pipeline con- struction, marina development, and housing, that may require special A. Tide and current data--The monitoring and measuring of tides treatment or programs to insure environmer!al comoatibility. Part and currents over one yearly cycle which can be correlated 3, Resource Management Plan, makes recommendations for specific * 8 management techniques and programs based upon the previous por- and referred to as the Comprehensive Zoning Law of the City of tions of the study. New Orleans, being an Ordinance to protect and conserve the re- Part 1. Goals. The use program for management will be developed jointly between the Planning Commission and consultants. maining natural and environmentally sensitive areas within the Public input to the process will be solicited and developed through a series of public meetings to gain testimony on needs and desires City of New Orleans to ensure a sound and wise balance between of the people of the community and the region. The goals will pro- vide the basis for development of a program for land use of the their development and their preservation and continued viability area. as renewable economic recreation and open space resources through Part 2. Special Uses. Special uses defined in the program will be investigated in detail, their potential impact evaluated, and the creation of an "ES-Environmentally Sensitive", zoning district. methods of reducing impact of required but obtrusive uses developed. SECTION I. THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS I Part 3. Management Plan. All of the data from Phases I and. THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS II are to be brought together in this part. Specific plans for manage- HEREBY ORDAINS, that Ordinance No. 4264 M. C. S., known ment of each unit will be presented. The plan will include use re- commendations, protection plans, and proposals for modification; and referred to as the Comprehensive Zoning Law of the City or control needed to fulfill the needs of the plan. Such items as plans for reduction of erosion, control of water regime, and selec- of New Orleans,be, and it is hereby amended by inserting in tive rebuilding will be included. Recommendations for administration and future monitoring of environmental changes will be presented. ' Article 5, the following section, designated Section 27: Alternative 3A. Alternative 3A would prohibit any and all ! ' "Section 27. ES-Environmentally Sensitive District". future development in ecologically sensitive areas, reserving these areas as natural environments and would provide the initiation of 27. 1 Purpose of the District. the management proposal incorporated in Alternative 2B. Under this alternative, the affected areas would be governed by the following . The purpose of this district is to provide a classification amendment to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance: for those areas of a marsh, wetland, estuary or waterway nature ORDINANCE . which are in a natural or pristine state or which have been CITY OF NEW ORLEANS - . minimally impacted by man or the works of man; which, by CITY HALL their nature, provide refuge or habitat for species of wildlife CALENDAR NO. . fowl and fisheries; or which provide or affect sources of sus- NO. MAYOR COUNCIL SERIES '.. tenance for species of wildlife, fowl, and fisheries, either BY: . directly or indirectly. Land uses permitted in the district are I . consistent with traditional development in these areas and are AN ORDINANCE to amend Ordinance No. 4264 M. C. S., known - designed tb ensure the continued environmental and ecological ;Q * I~~ Envir'onmentally Sensitive District GAke P019/chor/rain - Ghe Af ienteur Pas - ~~~BELOW I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lake Bo0rq1ne Laoke PoI7/char/r-amn * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~83 viability of natural processes operating within the district. Alternative 3A would have the effect of preventing any and all further development in wetlands areas, as well as preventing future 27.2 Permitted Uses. 4 dredging and channelization projects, mineral exploration and ex- traction activities and any other use which will have the effect of [ A land shall be used only for the following purpose sub- modifying the area's natural environment except for resource management activities. ject to the performance standards of Article 5; Section 20: By preventing further use of wetland areas, residential, comr 1. Public and private open space areas; wildlife reser- mercial and industrial expansion will be accomplished through in- creasing densities and redeveloping the currently urbanized areas vations, and similar conservation projects. of Orleans Parish and throughI the development of the Lower Coast of Algiers. - - 2. Resource management activities conducted by public Alternative 3B. Alternative 3B is essentially the same as �* . agencies whose purpose is to maintain and/or enhance Alternative 3A except that no provision would be made for the management of natural resources, thus, allowing natural processes natural ecosystems. to continue without a program for regulating water quality, abuting erosion, etc. ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS Recommendations Because it is important to maintain a balance between the eco- nomic growth of the City of New Orleans and the necessity of in- telligently developing the city's natural resources, it is recommended PRESIDENT OF COUNCIL that Alternative 2B, be implemented. By implementing Alternative 2B, it would be ensured that the potential resources of the city's Delivered to the Mayor on natural resources will be utilized to their utmost potential, that' development will consider the implications of natural systems, and Approved: that adequate open space for recreational purposes will be provided for future generations of New Orleanians. Disapproved: MAYOR Returned by the Mayor son at 3 I CLERK OF COUNCIL 84 I I I I I' I. I 4 I I I I I <0) - \ \,..t(� I p I. I in small segments of the City's Coastal Zone. That is, a more This Coastal Zone Management Plan for the City of New detailed management study must be conducted to determine the pre- Orleans is the product of two years concentrated effort in analysis, cise environmental and ecologic conditions present. The Manage- editing and writing. Contained within volumes 1 and 2 is a sum- ment Plan recommended herein would provide the necessary mary of the environmental conditions which have shaped the growth general controls to protect environmental quality. What is needed of the City of New Orleans, the history of the city, an assessment is further refinement to determine if and where more stringent of existing social and environmental conditions found in New Orleans, regulatory measures are necessary and to determine appropriate and a positive action program for the conservation and development amelioratory actions in reversing marsh deterioration. of New Orleans' unique economic and recreational resource, the wetlands. Further study is needed to determine precise conditions on a sub-unit basis within the context of hydrologic units. Drainage The Coastal Zone Management Plan, when adopted will have, patterns for each acre of marsh must be known so that criteria * by ordinance, established the vehicle by which a multi-disciplinary, may be developed by which permitted construction projects can be coordinated approach will be made toward the rational manage- evaluated with respect to their environmental impact. In this ment of the natural environment and the attainment of the following regard, additional studies will be conducted to define in rather goals: precise terms, the geographical and biotic characteristics of small sub-units of each hydrologic unit. 1) The maintenance of a high level of quality within estuary areas; in particular and within the City of New Orleans in Over the next several months, studies must be performed to general; determine the effects tides and currents are having on shorelines, and the effects that alterations upon tides and currents would have; 2) the fotinulation of land use policies and techniques appro- the means of preventing flood damage; means for protecting and priate to marsh-estuary areas; re-establishing species of fish, shellfish, and wildlife; appropriate recreational opportunities which can be provided in wetlands areas; be exploited without adversely impacting environmental lost through leveeing,channeling, etc., and to determine those quality; areas of the National Interest which can best be served through 4) provision o: adeaucte open space and recreational areas appropriate well timed and efficient management program options. 4) the provision of adequate open space and recreational areas for the benefit of the citizens of the New Orleans Metropolitan Additionally, studies should be conducted to determine the re- area, and the State of Louisiana; lative value and significance of each known archaeological site I - within the wetlands in the City of New Orleans. 5) to protect for perpetuity, the economic and ecologic re- sources represented by the natural environment; By conducting these studies, a baseline would be established *) 3he efficient utilization of existing governmental agencies, to determine not only the potential effects of future construction * 6) the efficient utilization of existing governmental agencies, and natural processes, but also to determine the ongoing effects of in a coordinated fashion, in the management of sensitive present man-made features within the area. The collection and environmental areas; and, periodic updating of these data will provide the knowledge necessary for taking remedial and preventative measures to preserve what 7) the establishment of land use guidelines and priorities in yet remains of the Natural Environment. This report represents a preliminary effort toward the formu- lation of a sophisticated, technically grounded Coastal Zone Manage- ment Plan for the City of New Orleans. The data presented in this * report, while adequate to formulating a generalized Management 3 Plan, is inadequate to the task of specifying specific conditions with- I s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 I I I I I U I I I I I I I I L?.litf- m@J&Q I. Cardwell, G.I., Forbes, M. 1. , Jr., and Gaydos, M. W., (1967') WVarer Rcsources oi the Lakce Poentchartl-ain A \cC, l.oui-nina.fl. T NWater Resources ],;ui etin No. 12. titon Rouge, La.: D'epartmentr of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survcv, and Louisiana 1xDepartmcnt of Public Works. 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H., (1970), Gebthermal resources of the Tchefuncte culture, an early occupation of northern Gulf of Mexico basin.. Geothermics, the lower Mississippi valley. Memoirs of 1970 - Special Issue 2, U.N. Symposium on the Society for American Archaeology, Volume the Development and Utilization ofeothermal 10, No. 3, Pt. 2. Menoska, Baton Rouge. the Development and Utilization of Geothermal 10, No. 3, Pt. 2. dMenoska, Baton Rouge. Resources, Pisa. 1970, Volume 2, Part 1. Foster, J. B., and Whalen, H. E., (1966), Estimation Kendall, J., (1922), History of New Orleans. Chicago: of formation pressures from electrical survey, Lewis Publishing Company. offshore Louisiana. Journal of Petroleum Technology, Volume 18. Kerr, P. F., and Barrington, J., (1961), Clays of deep shale zone. Caillou Island, Louisiana, Bulletin Gagliano, S. M., IKwon, H.J., and Van Beck, J. 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M., Lemann, B., (1969), Historical Sites Inventory. New I (1973), The Value of the Tidal Marsh. in press. Orleans: The Regional Planning Commission for Jefferson, Orleans, St Bernard Parishes of Guyod, H.,' (1946), Temperature well logging. Well Louisiana. Instrument Developing Co. Houston, Texas. abuty, M. T., (967), SaLewis, C.R., and Rose, S.C., (1969), A theory Halbouty, M.T., (1967), Salt Domes, Gulf Region, relating high temperatures and overpressures. United S t a t e s a n d Mc relating high temperatures and overpressures. United States and Mexico. Houston, Texas: Journal of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Gulf Publishing Co. SPE 2564. Hardin, J., and Hager, R.V., Jr., (1958), Experi- Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine mental deformation of sedimentary rocks under Resources, (1972), Louisiana Government and the confining pressure, pt. 2, tests at high tempera- Coastal Zone - 1972. Baron Rouge, Louisiana. ture. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Volume 42. Mcintire, W. G., (1958), Prehistoric Indian Settlement Hottman, C. E., and Johnson, R. K., (1965), Estimation of the Changing Mississippi ive Delta. Loui siana State University, Coastal Studies Series No. 2. of formation pressures from log-derived shale Baron Rouge, Louisiana properties. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 0 Volume 17. Meyerhoff, A.A., (ed. ), (1970), Geology of natural gas . Hough, H. and Couvillion, J.A., (1966), Deep hot in South Louisiana in Natural Gases of North drilling marks Gulf Frio play. Oil Gas Journal, America, Memoirs of the American Association V'olume 64. of Petroleum Geologists, Volume.1. Jones, P. H., (1969), Hydrodynamics of geo-pressure in the Northern Gulf of Mexico basin. Journal 8. of Petroleum Technology, Volume 21. Milne, I. H., and Early, J. W.A', (1958), Effect of New Orleans City P'lanning Commission, (1973g), source and environment on clay minerals. Colnlparisons and Interprtatin of Orleans Bulletin of the American Association of Petro- Parish ihopula[ion wvitr. Selccte'd C(itie, and leum Geologists, Volume 42. othecr Parishes in Lithe Me.\_ropoJiltan Ne_,w Orleans Moses, P.L., (1961), Geothermal gradients now known in greater detail. W'orld Oil, Volume 152. New Orleans Press, (]885), llistorical Sketch Book & Guide to New Orlcans. New York: Will H-l. Neumar, R. \'., (1973), An Archaeological Assessment Coleman Co. of \Water Resource lanrnilng Areas 9 & 10, Louisianla. Report prepared for the National Nichols, E. A., (1947), Geothermal gradients in Mid- Park Service. continent and Gulf Coast oil fields. Trans-Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Engrs., Volume 170. New Orleans City Plainning Commission. (1970), Community Renewal !Prograin, Summary Volume, Ocamb, R. D., (1961), Growth faults of South Louisiana. New Orlc.lans: Ciry Planning C'ommission. Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol Socs. , Volumre 11. 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Orleans H-listorv, 1973, Problems, Coals, Programs. New Orleans: City Planning Commission. Pontchartrain Land Corporation, (1972), Application for Pontchartrain New Town-in Town. New Orleans: New Orleans City Planning Commission, (1973d), Selected Pontchartrain Land Corporation. Items Re:narciinr P'opulation and -Iousing - 1970 Censuis. New Orleans: City Planning Commission. Powers, W\'. E., (1966), Phvsical Geography. New York: Appleton P hublishers. New Orleans City Planning Commission, (1973e), Demograprhic Summary Report of Crieans Parish Regional Planning Commission for Jefferson, Orleans, Planninz Sections. New Orleans: City Planning St. Bernard Parishes, (1969), !-listory of Regional (om-ission. Growth. New Orleans City Planning Commission, (1973f), Profile Regional Planning Commission, (1970), Soil Su-vey. of of Building Activity in New Orleans. New Orleans: Portions of Jeflerscn, Orleans, Sr. Itcrnard Parishes, City Planning Commission. Louisiana. No:w OLlecans: Regional Planning Com- mission of Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and St. Tammany Parishes. I9 Rickey, Emma C, and Kean, Evelina P., (1915), The New Orleans Book. New Orleans: L. , Graham Co., Ltd. Rollo, J.R., (1966), Ground-Water Resources of the Greater New Orleans Area, Louisiana. Water Resources Bulletin No. 9. Baton Rouge, La.: Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geolo- gical Survey, and Louisiana Department of Public Works. Saucier, R. T., (1963), Recent Geomorphic History of the Pontchnrtrain Basin, Louisiana. U. S. Gulf Coastal Studies, Technical Report 16A. Baron Rouge; LSU press. Tarver, J.W., (1972), Occurrence, Distribution, and Density of Rangia Cuneata, in Lake Pontchartrain - . and Maurepas, Louisiana. Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission Technical Bulletin No. 1. Tropical Ecology Program,"' (1972), Ecological Inventory -'. of the City of New Orleans. New Orleans: Tulane University Medical Center, City of New Orleans ....... ... Health Department, and the U. S. Public Health Service. Urban Life Research Institute, Tulane University, (1953),, ... . New Orleans Population Handbook, 1950. New Orleans: Tulane University. Wallace, Mcl-larg, Roberts, and Todd, (1973a), Pontchartrain New Town-In Town Ecological Planning Stucdy, iNJew Orleans: New Orleans East, Inc. Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd, (1973b), Pontchartrain New Town-In Town Environmental Impact Study. New Orleans: New Orleans East, Inc, Weller, J. M., (1959), Compaction of sediments. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Volume 43, 90 HAROLD R, KATNER - DIRECTOR SECE-TARY 'I1LLIAM J, RAPP - ASSISTANT DIRECTOR Bobbie L. Abernachy- Principal Planncr PLANN'OG SECtIO NS C GENERAL PLANNING N0 PLANNING\ SERVICESE Robert Becker Chicf Planner PaUricia EUr 'v6ell Chief Planner James Lcvvin Associate Planner Eu Ie>!e Mounter Associate Planner Joen Wilson lissociate Planner. ELit iay i\ssociae Planner Allain Hardin Assistant Planner RichL rd Rednmann Associate Planner Wanda Butler Assistant Plannor Peter Castelluccio Assistant Planner Shirley HIasnman Planning Aide P1IYSICGA Lk ENVIRONMNIENTAL 0 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING Dean BGell, Chlief Planner Andre' Neff Chief Planner William Gustafson Associate Planner Randolph Clement Associate Planner Carlo 1-lenandlez Alssociate Planner .eorge Rur-mel III Assistant Planner Jacquelyn Frick Assistant Planner SUPPORT SERIVICES I0 TECHNICAL ________AL 0 STENOGRAPHIC 1IC Lavvrence P. Connolly Engr. Tech. Jenrietta Jackson Clerk III Verta LIucien Secretary Harry IMinds Draftsman III Thelma H-utlbert Clerk ii Sharon Joseph Steno III Merle RIdford Draftsmaill Marie Yourng Clerk II Susan Abadie Steno II Stanley Chatman Draftsman II Sherrie Lawson Trainee Evangeline Dell Steno II Len Nelson Draftsman If Deborah Brooks Steno II Joseph WTatson Draftsman II Deidre Doomino Steno II Claudette Jackson SIe-noii Elvira Taylor Steno II Patricia Bell Typist Clerk- II i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I a RndIoloI Clement Principal Author Andfre' Neff HL ior rGraphics James 1Lewin D Xem.ographer Eugane Melunier . Itr Jacaclqelyn Frick Contributino Author Len Nelson DritLsman George Rlummel III Editor Elvira Taylor Typis,