[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                       MARYLAND'GREENWAYS ... A Naturally Better Idea

                                                  Report to the Governor by the Maryland Greenways Co@mmission



























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        Greenways beneflit everyone                                           Greenways are a great idea for Maryland today and
                                                                              for our future. Not only do they benefit everyone
                                                                              with added opportunities for outdoor recreation,
                                                                              but greenways also help protect our wildlife and
                                      From the moun-                          safeguard the waters of the Chesapeake Bay.
                                    tains to the shore,
                                    everybody benefits.
                                    By linking parks,                         William Donald Schaefer
                                    wildlife areas, his-                      Governor
                                    toric sites, open space
                                    - and protecting                         Maryland Department of Natural Resources
                                    watersheds - with a                                    Torrey C. Brown, M.D.
                                                                                                  Secretary
                                    greenway network,
                                                                                                                                                                           ar
                                    the whole really is
                                                                                 Greenways involve everyone.
                                    much greater than
                                                                             Learn how you can help. Contact:
                                    the sum of the parts.
                                                                             Maryland Department of Natural Resources
                                      Not only do green-                                  Program Open Space
                                  Mways increase envi-                                                                                           X.,
                                                                                           2012 Industrial Drive
                                    ronmental protection
                                                                                        Annapolis, Maryland 21401
                                    and recreational op-                                       (301) 974-7231
        Greenways  help  protect    portunities, but they
        the Chesapeake   Bay        also enhance the                                         County and City
        and its estuaries.          quality of life for                            Recreation and Park Departments
                                    everyone.                                                                                                       WOE
                                                                                            Save Our Streams                                         %0*           ,   .                           "
                                                                                                                                                              S1,
                                                                                          258 Scotts Manor Drive
          Greenways provide areas for hiking,                                          Glen Burnie, Maryland 21061
          biking, picnicking, fishing and strolling.                                           (301) 969-0084

                                                                                      Chesapeake Bay Foundation
          Greenways safeguard migratory corridors
                                                                                         162 Prince George Street
          and habitat for wildlife and waterfowl.                                       Annapolis, Maryland 21401
                                                                                               (301) 269-8816                                                          Families enjoy Greenways.
          Greenways serve as traffic-free suburban
          and urban walkways to and from recrea-                                         The Conservation Fund
          tion areas, schools, and parks.                                            American Greenways Program
                                                                                                 Suite 1120
                                                                                          1800 North Kent Street
        4 Greenways protect scenic vistas and                                            Arlington, Virginia 22209                                                                                           @4
          landscapes.                                                                          (703) 525-6300
                                                                                                                                                                                                              A
        * Greenways are places to "get away from
                                                                                         of MAI?),
          it all" in the middle of the city,

        * Greenways maintain open space which
          increases the desirability of adjoining
                                                                                                               Restoring
          properties.                                                                                             The                                                                                    V
                                                                                    7


                                                                                                             Chesapeake
        4 Greenways safeguard watersheds, river                                  Photos copyright. 1990 by R. Harrison Wiegard (cover),
          and stream valleys, vital elements in im-                                 Courtesy Anne Arundel County (cover inset),
          proving water quality in Chesapeake Bay.                                James Bleecker (scenic), Susan Bournique (wildlife).








          Maryland's                                                                                                                                     are MiMFl&oaaa1.1qg'1.
                                                             01
          conservation                                      @...........
          tradition
                                                                    Greenways link city                                                                  "RR
                                                                                                                                                                                V1141
                                                                    with country.
            For over eight decades Marylanders                  I"',I
                                                     have                                                    7 '777"P_
          worked hard to protect urban and rural open                                                                    --n'r'i
          space, to safeguard rivers, streams and water-
          ways and to preserve their surrounding
          watersheds.


            Because of past concern and present
          efforts, we er(joy federal, state and county
          parks, refuges and outdoor recreation areas
                                                                                                                                                      Wildlife use greenways    for
          throughout our state. Thanks to the foresight
          of citizens and leaders in state and county                                                                                                 shelter and as corridors for
          government, Maryland has a conservation                                                                                                     feeding and migration.
          tradition that spans nearly a century.


               Excit*            new idea
                         Ing

            'Ibday, we have a   unique opportunity to
          continue our conservation tradition with an
          exciting new idea - creating the nation's first
          statewide network of greenways. And at the                   A greenway partnership
          same  time - help protect the future of the
          Chesapeake Bay.                                                     in every county
            Greenways are corridors of open space con-                   Creating the new network means forming                      From the Alleghenies
          necting separate recreational, cultural and                  bold, new partnerships in every city and
          natural areas. Some greenways are publicly                   county. Individuals, businesses, city, county                       to the Atlantic
          owned; some are private. Some are open to                    and citizens organizations will need to work
                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                   01
                                                                                                                                                 uil





          visitors, others are not. Some appeal to peo-                together.                                                     Although the idea is new, greenways come
          ple; others attract wildlife. And because                                                                                in many familiar forms. Rock Creek Park in
          undeveloped greenways frequently follow                        From the woodlands of the Allegheny                       Montgomery County, the Appalachian Trail,
          waterways, they trap pollution that would                    Mountains to the wetlands of the Chesapeake                 the C&O Canal, Gunpowder Falls State Park,
          otherwise flow into rivers, streams and the                  Bay, greenways are a naturally better idea                  Anne Arundel County's Baltimore and Anna-
          Chesapeake Bay.                                              for Maryland.                                               polis Trail are all greenways.




                                               Maryland Greenways Commission 

                                                                                                             REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR
                                                                                               BY THE MARYLAND GREENWAYS COMMISSION











                                                                            MARYLAND GREENWAYS
                                                        ..A Naturally Better Idea/ 









                                                                                                                               June 1, 1990
                     Cover photo by Shawn Clotworhy                                                                     Annapolis, Maryland









                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS


               Letter to the Governor from the Chairman of the Maryland
                       Greenways Commission
               Executive Summary
               Greenways Commission Members
               Greenways Commission Staff
               Acknowledgements

                                                                                                             Page

               Introduction   .....................................................                              1

               Types of Greenways     ................................................                           3

                       Stream Valleys    ..............................................                          3
                       Coastal Wetlands    ............................................                          4
                       Barrier Islands   ..............................................                          4
                       Ridgetops    .................................................                            5
                       Urban  ....................................................                               6
                       Connectors     ..................................................                         7

               Findings    .......................................................                               9

                       Greenways--a Network of Open Space Corridors        ........................              9
                       Quality Environment--Greenways Benefit Natural      Resources   ..............          11
                              The Chesapeake Bay      .....................................                    11
                              Water Quality and Fisheries    ...............................                   12
                              Forest Resources    ..............        .........................              13
                              Wildlife   ..............                                                        14
                       Quality of Life--Greenways Benefit People     ...........................               15
                              Recreation   .........     ...................................                   15
                              Transportation    .........................................                      15
                              Health     ..............................................                        16
                              Economics    ............................................                        16
                              Community Building      .....................................                    16
                              Cultural and Historical Resources     .............................              16
                              Education    ............................................                        17


               Implementing Greenways in Maryland        ...................................                   19

                       Tools for Protecting Greenways    ...................................                   19
                              Public Acquisition   .......................................                     19
                              Registries   .............................................                       20
                              Dedication   ............................................                        20
                              Planning   .............................................                         20
                              Regulations   ...........      ................................                  21
                              Incentives   ............................................                        21
                       Local Approaches    ............................................                        21
                              Master Plans    ..........................................                       22









                                 Subdivision Regulations     ...................................                       22
                                 Zoning    ..............................................                              22
                        State Programs     ..............................................                              24
                                 Program Open Space       .....................................                        24
                                 Flood Management       ......................................                         26
                                 Scenic and Wild Rivers Program        .............................                   26
                                 Department of Natural Resources Forest       Programs      ................           27
                                 State Highway Administration       ...............................                    28
                                 Agricultural Programs     ....................................                        29
                                 Small Urban Waterfront Redevelopment Program             ..................           30
                                 Maryland Office of Planning     ................................                      30
                                 Natural Heritage Program       .................................                      30
                                 Maryland Rails-to-TTails Program       ............................                   30
                                 Regulatory Programs      .....................................                        31
                        Federal approaches      ...........................................                            32
                                 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service    ................................                      32
                                 National Park Service      ....................................                       33
                                 National Oceanic and Atmospheric       Administration    .................            33
                                 Environmental Protection Agency        ............................
                        Nonprofit organizations and Land Trusts         ............................                   35
                        Private Sector    ................................................                             36
                                 Grassroots    ............................................                            37
                                 Real Estate Development       ..................................                      38
                                 Agriculture    ...........................................                            39
                                 Sand and Gravel     Reclamation    ...............................                    39
                        Utilities  ...................................................                                 40
                                 Ownership     ............................................                            40
                                 Security  ..............................................                              40
                                 Liability  .............................................                              40
                                 Trails   ...............................................                              41
                        Public Outreach     .............................................                              41
                        Summary      ..................................................                                42

                Action Agenda     ...........................                  ........................                45

                Appendix     .......................................................                                   47




   Vargland Greenwags Commission



                                                                                                     William Donald Sc   haefer
                                                                                                                       Governor
                                                                   June 1, 1990                                0. James Lighthizer
                                                                                                                         Chairman

                                                                                                                  William C. Baker
                                                                                                                     ViceChairman



               The Honorable William Donald Schaefer
               Governor
               State House
               Annapolis, Maryland 21401

               Dear Governor Schaefer:

                       The, Maryland Greenways Commission has worked hard and
               enthusiastically over the past few months, and we are now honored
               to submit our report to you for review and comment.

                       We found that Maryland's land preservation and open space
               system for corridor protection is impressive, and our ability to do
               even more is beyond our greatest expectations. The infrastructure
               that exists for a Statewide network of greenways provides a
               foundation for what would certainly be an immeasurable gift to
               future generations.

                       A greenway network will not only serve to protect our valuable
               natural resources, but will also provide Marylanders with access to
               outdoor recreation and enjoyment close to home.                                     It will build
               partnerships among private enterprise, government agencies, and the
               general citizenry, while encouraging local pride.                                     it will also
               diversify and,strengthen our local economies and life styles.

                       Mumerous government agencies, not-for-profit organizations,
               and private businesses already have existing programs that can be
               pulled together with strong and imaginative leadership to implement
               this program immediately.
 I  .
                       More important, we have found that the private sector and the
               citizens of the State are enthusiastic and eager to help. Everyone
               with whom we talked, everywhere we went, is excited about this
               idea. Ve have also found that the rest of the Country is watching
               us and is anxious to.,follow our lead. A major outreach campaign is
               needed to enhance awareness and stir these people to action.


          Charles B. Adams - John S. Arnick - Henry S. Baker, Jr. 4 Elizabeth Bobo * Daniel B. Brewster - Torrey C. Brown o Robert C. Embry, Jr.
                    Charles J. Gaston - James W. Gracie - Ralph E. Grossi - Steven T. Hamblin - Ronald M. K itner - I-fans F. Mayer
                        Joseph J. McCann e Herman I. Porten * Dennis F Rasmussen * Michael J. Wagner * rMeargaret S. 1@mell

                     2012 Industrial Drive, Annapolis, Maryland 21401 - Phone:











           The Honorable William Donald Schaefer
           June 1, 1990
           Page 2




                Thank you for giving me this opportunity to serve as Chairman
           of this Commission and for surrounding me with dedicated people to
           complete this report in a timely fashion.      We look forward to
           proceeding into the next phase of work as outlined and would
           appreciate your comments and direction for proceeding on this task.

                                            sincerely,




                                            0. James Light izer, C airman
                                            Maryland Greenways Co-mmission-












                                                   Executive Summary



                                  Maryland is embarking on a bold adventure. The Old Line State
                          will soon pioneer the Nation's first statewide greenways network.

                                  The State's heritage of protected river valleys forms the underlying
                          infrastructure of the new system of interconnected recreation trails and
                          wildlife corridors. Additional threads include the Appalachian Trail and
                          other ridgeways, the C&O Canal and other waterways, and the B&A Trail
                          and other railways. In fact, Maryland enjoys a wealth of streams, wetlands,
                          barrier islands, ridgetops, pathways, utility rights-of-way, and abandoned
                          railroad beds that can be woven into the emerging web of greenways.

                                  The benefits of greenways are clear: a natural filter system for
                          trapping pollutants before they reach Chesapeake Bay; a buffer zone for
                          improving the quality of water throughout the State; a rapid expansion of
                          recreational opportunities for a burgeoning population; a safety net
                          providing cover and passage for endangered species; 'a geneway for the
                          enhancement of biological diversity; an outdoor classroom for teaching the
                          history of the State and the ways of the environment; and a tangible
                          enhancement of property values and an intangible improvement in the
                          quality of life.

                                  Maryland enjoys a full complement of tools for pulling together the
                          g
                            eenways network. Legislative approval of the Governor's proposal to
                           r
                          uncap funds for Program Open Space means a significant acceleration of
                          land acquisition is now possible. With the proper focus and dedication, an
                          extraordinary array of Federal, State, and local agencies and authorities can
                          be marshalled and brought to bear on the making of the greenways
                          network.     At the local level alone, available tools include registries,
                          dedications, plans, regulations, and a variety of incentives. Finding a State
                          agency without potential greenway responsibilities is difficult.        In the
                          Federal Government,'the key agencies are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                          Service, the National Park Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                          Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Foundations,
                          nonprofits, utilities, corporations, private developers, land trusts, and civic
                          organizations can also play pivotal roles.

                                  The public at large has already demonstrated its overwhelming
                          support for the greenways network. Maryland is ready for the adventure to
                          begin.











                              MARYLAND GREENWAYS COMMISSION

                                                    MEMBERS




                                                       Chairman
                                            Honorable 0. James Lighthizer
                                        County Executive, Anne Arundel County

                                                    Vice Chairman
                                                   William C. Baker
                                         President, Chesapeake Bay Foundation

                                              Charles B. Adams, President
                                       Maryland Society of Landscape Architects

                                               Honorable John S. Arnick
                                             Maryland House of Delegates


                                         Former Senior Executive Vice President
                                                  Henry S. Baker, Jr.

                                                Maryland National Bank

                                               Honorable Elizabeth Bobo
                                           County Executive, Howard County

                                              Honorable Daniel Brewster
                                              Former United States Senator


                                                              wn
                                            Dr. Torrey C. Bro ' , Secretary
                                           Department of Natural Resources

                                                Honorable James Clark
                                             Former Maryland State Senator

                                            Robert C. Embry, Jr., President
                                                 The Abel Foundation


                                          Charles J. Gaston, District Director
                                          U.S. Small Business Administration


                                              James W. Gracie, President
                                                J. Gracie & Assoc., Inc.

                                                Ralph Grossi, President
                                               American Farmland Trust









                                               MEMBERS (Continued)




                                                 Steven T. Hamblin, Director
                                           Maryland Chapter, Nature Conservancy

                                                Ronald M. Kreitner, Director
                                                 Maryland Office of Planning

                                             Hans F. Mayer, Executive Director
                                           Maryland Economic Development Corp.

                                                 Joseph J. McCann, Director
                                 Anne Arundel County Department of Parks & Recreation

                                                 Herman 1. Porten, President
                                            The Porten Development Corporation

                                               Honorable Dennis F. Rasmussen
                                             County Executive, Baltimore County

                                                Honorable Michael J. Wagner
                                                      Senate of Maryland

                                                      Margaret S. Yewell
                                           Prince George's County Planning Board
                                  Maryland-National Capital Park & Planning Commission




                                                        ADVISOR

                                                       Pamela J. Kelly
                                                      Office of Governor





                                      ALTERNATE REPRESENTATIVES

                                             Jeffrey A. Bourne - Howard County
                                           Susan Davies - Senator Wagner's Office
                                           Patrick Lester - Delegate, Arnick's Office
                                           Robert A. Sheesley - Baltimore County
















                  MARYLAND GREENWAYS COMMISSION STAFF




                                       DIRECTOR


                                    William A. Krebs



                                    SENIOR STAFF


                                  Jonathan A. McKnight
                                    Tolly W. Peuleche
                                   Loring LaB. Schwarz
                                     Anne C. Sloan



                                ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF


                                    Joan C. Michetti
                                    Sandra L. Trent



                                  AUXILLIARY STAFF


                                      Ellen Alers
                                      Larry Duket
                                     Roland English
                                   Stark MacLaughlin
                                      Chris Rigby
                                     Douglass Lea
                                      Jack Lynn








                                              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



                      The preparation of this report was made possible through the cooperation and assi     stan  ce
              of many individuals and organizations who banded together for a common cause. All recognized
              greenways as an opportunity to preserve natural habitat, protect open space, and contribute to
              Maryland's quality of life. The greenways network can truly become a reality with a continuation
              of our team effort. I am pleased to acknowledge some of the key people and organizations without
              whose assistance this report could not have been researched and written.

                      First and foremost, I would like to thank Governor William Donald Schaefer without whose
              leadership and vision this Commission and report would not have come to fruition. I also would
              like to personally thank the Governor for giving me the opportunity to chair a Commission which
              could change the face of Maryland and, indeed, set an example for the Nation. The ambitious
              schedule which the Governor set for us reflects the importance of the greenways concept. for
              preserving our valuable natural resources.

                      The Commission Members. Sincerest thanks to the 20 Commission members who so
              graciously volunteered a great deal of time from their busy schedules. The schedule which was
              set called for them not only to attend bi-weekly meetings, but also to work as committees within
              the Commission. These committees worked in the interim to garner the information needed for
              the formulation of this report. I am especially grateful to the committee chairmen who took it
              upon themselves to organize and lead these working committees. They invested a great amount
              of time, energy, and professional skills in completing their missions in a timely fashion.

                      The Department of Natural Resources.         Secretary Torrey C. Brown encouraged the
              greenways concept and brought it to the Governor's attention. The Department of Natural
              Resources not only provided the professional skills for scheduling the announcement, but made
              this effort a priority for all of the Department. We are especially grateful to Dr. Brown for
              providing staff to this effort.

                      The Conservation Fund. Patrick F. Noonan, President, served to advise the Commission
              and invested a considerable amount of time and effort to this initiative prior to and during the
              Commission's work. His guidance, as well as that of his staff, is greatly appreciated. The
              Conservation Fund's program, Greenways for America, was the incentive which propelled this
              action forward in the State of Maryland.

                      The Chesapeake Bay Foundation.      William C. Baker, President, and Vice-Chairman of the
              Maryland Greenways Commission, provided expertise and facilities for meetings, workshops, etc.,
              and lent staff.for assisting in the preparation of this report. His availability and consultation
              contributed considerably to this report.

                      The National Geographic Magazine. Gilbert Grosvenor, President and Chairman of the
              Board, provided support for our greenways effort. He took time from his responsibilities with
              National Geographic to meet with our staff, the Maryland Greenways Commission, and Governor
              Schaefer.

                      Morgan State University. Its School of Landscape Architecture assisted the Department
              of Natural Resources in preparing preliminary reports during the initial stage of this project using
              Anne Arundel County as a model for greenways. They prepared valuable case studies and
              important inventories.









                       The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Through a grant administered by
               the Department of Natural Resources' Coastal Resources Division, NOAA made funds available
               for the preliminary stage of this project for reports, brochures, and a slide presentation. NOAA
               continues to assist in funding for. this and upcoming phases of this program.

                      Anne Arundel and Howard Counties. These Counties assisted in the funding for staff for
               this project.-

                         Throughout the course of the preparation of this document, various representatives of
               Federal, State, and local governments supplied invaluablesupport and information and encouraged
               me with the prospects of their continued support as the greenways initiative continues.

                       Many thanks to those private organizations, conservation groups, park and recreation
               groups, utility companies, and others without whose assistance and enthusiasm we could not have
               continued. Responses to questionnaires, meetings, and on-going daily contact assured me on a
               daily basis that this was a worthwhile effort and that my time was being well-spent


                                                                                           O.James Lighthizer
                                                                                                       Chairman












                                                                                                     INTRODUCTION




                         Maryland is a land'of fertile valleys                        Greenways are not really new. In
                and serene rivers, of rolling mountains and                  'Europe, their antecedents go back to the
                lush marshes, of sandy beaches and thick                     hunting and fishing preserves and royal
                forests. At the heart of the region is the                   highways     of medieval         kingdoms, the
                Chesapeake Bay, a resplendent estuary                        landscaped gardens and estates of 18th
                teeming with plant and animal life.                          century     England,      and    the      elaborate
                                                                             boulevards, promenades, and greenbelts of
                         Located along this varied landscape                 more recent times.
                are corridors of green.          Many of these
                corridors over the years have been protected                          In the United States, particularly the
                by Federal, State, or local governments,                     Baltimore-Washington area, planners had the
                thereby putting in place a framework for an                  foresight to lay out park systems to preserve
                extensive greenways network that could                       the stream valleys that lined the. piedmont
                become the model for the nation.                             coun  try.  With their varied, natural, and
                                                                             "self-contained" landscapes, they were logical
                         The protection of greenways is                      places for parks in the expanding cities.
                perhaps the greatest single contribution that                These plans, completed in the early 1900's by
                the citizens of today can make to those of                   the    McMillan       Park     Commission         in
                tomorrow. The commitment of the people of                    Washington and Olmsted Brothers in
                Maryland to continue preservation and                        Baltimore, form the foundation for a
                protection     of the        remaining       natural         Maryland Greenways Network.                     The
                environment is a commitment to the quality                   Olmsteds, in their report to Baltimore City,
                of life itself, both now and for all time.                   stated, "From the landscape point of view, it
                                                                             frequently happens that a great' deal of
                         Faced with undeniable evidence that                 charming scenery is to be found along the
                America's green commonwealth is being                        stream; the water itself is interesting, the
                overwhelmed, the President's Commission on                   trees along the stream banks are apt to be
                Americans Outdoors made the following                        numerous and well-developed, and the valley
                proposal in 1987: "We have a vision for                      landscape is generally self-contained and full
                allowing every American easy access to the                   of interest. Moreover, it is generally true
                natural,world: Greenways. Greenways are                      that the lowlands are less valuable for other
                fingers of green that reach out from and                     city purposes than the uplands, so that they
                around and through communities all across                    can be more cheaply purchased, and their
                America, created by local action. They will                  withdrawal from occupation interferes less
                connect parks and forests and scenic                         with the productive occupation of the land."
                ,countrysides, public and private, in recreation
                corridors for hiking, jogging, wildlife                               Maryland's greenways evolved from
                movement, horse and bicycle riding. If the                   this foresight in planning, judicious use of
                creativity and enthusiasm and love of the                    financial resources, and an ever-present
                land of Americans are truly unleashed,                       conservation ethic. They. laid the framework
                greenways will link our communities coast to                 for what has become one of the best park
                coast, from 'sea to shining sea."'                           systems in the United States. Unfortunately,
                                                                             the   recommendations         were     not     fully









                 implemented.                                            inception in 1965, the Federal Land and
                                                                         Water Conservation Fund has granted $63
                         During the intervening years, many              million to Maryland. This was matched by
                 levels of government, have contributed to the           an equal amount to acquire and develop
                 greenways system.      The vision of stream             outdoor recreation and conservation areas for
                 valley protection was continued through the             both state and local governments in every
                 U.S. Congress' enactment of the Capper-                 Maryland county.
                 Cramton Act in 1930, which made available
                 federal funds on a cost-sharing basis for land                  State and local government programs
                 acquisition along the. major stream corridors           were greatly enhanced by the Maryland
                 extending into Maryland from the District of            General Assembly's enactment of the
                 Columbia. This came'at a time when the                  "Outdoor Recreation Land Loan of 1969,"
                 Maryland General Assembly had just created              generally known as Program Open Space.
                 the Maryland-National Capital Park and                  This innovative program has made available
                 Planning Commission (Montgomery and                     over $300 million for acquisition of outdoor
                 Prince George's Counties), which had as part            recreation and open space lands over the past
                 of its charter a plan to protect stream valleys.        20 years.     The 1990 Maryland General
                                                                         Assembly, with the support of the Governor,
                         State, Federal, and local governments           passed into law a bill that will, over the next
                 implemented acquisition programs that put in            six years, increase the annual funding for this
                 place the framework for an extensive                    program from $39 million to approximately
                 Statewide greenways network.          Since its         $100 million.






























                                                                    2







                               FACTS ABOUT GREENWAYS

                       GREENWAYS:

                               Greenways are corridors of open space that follow streams, ridgetops, rivers,
                       or other linear features for recreation and conservation purposes.


                       BACKGROUND:

                               Maryland has in place the framework for an extensive greenways network.
                       The C & 0 Canal, the Appalachian Trail, Patapsco Valley State Park, and the lower
                       Pocomoke River are all greenways. Trail systems like the Northern Central Railroad
                       Trail and Anne Arundel County's B & A Trail are recreational greenway connectors.
                       Some greenways are local and urban in character such as Salisbury Park, Frederick's
                       Baker Park, and Baltimore's Gwynns Falls Greenway. Greenways can be publicly
                       owned and provide recreation opportunities or privately owned and provide wildlife
                       habitat and water quality enhancement.


                       BENEFITS:

                               RECREATION:         Recreational greenways provide trails for strolling or
                               bicycling. Ball fields and playgrounds may be incorporated into the greenway,
                               as may amphitheaters, nature centers, and other educational facilities.

                               WILDLIFE: Greenways establish protected areas of natural vegetation for
                               wildlife. Many of Maryland's endangered species live in greenways. Natural
                               corridors also provide migratory paths that permit animals to travel throughout
                               the greenway network. By linking together large natural areas, greenway
                               corridors enhance natural diversity.

                               WATER QUALITY: By providing forest buffers to streams, greenways
                               purify runoff and remove silt and excess nutrients before they reach the
                               stream. Trees along streams or rivers shade the water and keep it cool,
                               enhancing fish habitat. By protecting streams and watersheds, greenways play
                               a big part in cleaning up the Chesapeake Bay.

                               EDUCATION: Greenways contain important cultural, historical and natural
                               resources and offer associated educational opportunities.

                               ECONOMIC: Greenways improve the quality of life and enhance property
                               values.   Greenways provide alternative commuter routes by connecting
                               residential areas with businesses and schools.

                               Maryland has more than 300 miles of greenways already protected, but the
                       network is incomplete. As the State continues to develop at a rapid rate, it becomes
                       increasingly vital that we fill missing links and complete Maryland's greenways
                       network.











                                                                                     TYPES OF GREENWAYS



                     Greenways can be created         in many types of terrain. The common greenway feature is
                linearity--they are all corridors of some type. They all g6 somewhere. In Marylan                Id, some are
                based on, natural features with a linear character: streams, ridges, coastal wetlands, barrier islands.
                Others are man-made corridors, usually associated with the rights@-of-way of utilities or
                transportation facilities.

                                                              Stream Valleys

                     Over many years, the State of Maryland                 an important recreational resource close to
                and its local governments have been setting                 where people live. In some cases, stream
                a Iside stream valleys -for public open space,              valley greenways        also -support boating
                both through acquisition and through                        activities like canoeing or rafting; in almost
                dedication during the land-subdivision                      all cases, they support fishing and wildlife
                process. Stream valleys form the heart of                   observation. Indeed, a major function @of
                some . of the most-used. State parks, like                  stream valley greenways. is to provide for
                Patapsco, Gunpowder, Swallow Falls, and                     migration of wildlife.
                Seneca.
                                                                                Not all stream valleys can           be used
                     Surveys of various interest groups,                    appropriately for recreational pursuits or
                completed for the Greenways Commission,                     even for general public access. Some stream
                showed that stream valleys are considered by                valleys are very small, little more 'than
                many to be the most important elements in a                 drainage swales         meandering through
                greenways network. Besides the C&O Canal                    developed @ areas, and general access could
                National Historical Park in the Potomac                     interfere with private uses. Others contain
                River     Valley,     names      like    Patuxent,          natural resources that could be damaged by
                Conococheague, Youghiogheny, Manokin                        human -access. Simply leaving a stream to
                and Monocacywere listed by respondents,                     nature's care may be the best prescription. in
                indicating the importance of these rivers to                some cases. Recognizing important natural
                the people who live near them.               Survey         values with a greenways designation may help
                respondents also listed stream and watershed                to keep human interference to a minimum.
                protection and wildlife habitat among the
                important benefits of greenways. Recreation                     Inclusion of nonrecreational            stream
                was the third- benefit most often cited.                    valleys into a greenways network can serve
                                                                            other environmental           and community
                     Parks can be designed around stream                    development goals. Floodplains are best left
                valleys where light trail use can connect with              undeveloped as a means of protecting both
                more active recreational areas.          In some            life and property. Undeveloped floodplains
                valleys not currently protected as parks'. the              can also help define, and separate urban land
                basis for a trail may exist along a sewer right-            uses and provide buffers and visual relief in
                of-way or abandoned railroad bed, since                     the urban landscape.
                these two uses also have gravitated to stream
                valleys.    Where a stream -valley park is                      Valuable wetlands are: often. associated
                located in a densely settled area, it provides              with stream valleys, while. naturally vegetated


                                                                       3









               buffer areas serve an important water-quality          ment of Maryland's rivers must play a role,
               function.     In any serious clean-up of               since over 90% of the State's rivers feed into
               Chesapeake Bay, protection and enhance-                the Bay.

                                                       Coastal Wetlands

                                                                                                                    f
               blessed with an abundance of tidal wetlands.           seafood game and waterfowl, the tidal
                   For a relatively small State, Maryland is          tidewater.    In offering up a bounty o

               Mostly marshlands, they are protected by               wetlands of the Chesapeake have fostered,
               State law and the Federal Coastal Zone                 Maryland's unique and world-renowned
               Management Act. These strong regulatory                cuisine, from roasted duck to crab cakes.
               protections,    coupled    with    a    general
               unsuitability for agriculture, industry, or                Maryland's tidal wetlands remain largely
               development, have protected tidal wetlands             intact, but they have been chipped away over
               from many of the ravages that have afflicted           the years. During the '1920's and 1930's,
               drier uplands.                                         marshland was grid-ditched to drain off water
                                                                      and stop the breeding of mosquitos. Many
                   Constituting the interface between land            marshes -have been used as pasturelands and
               and water, tidal wetlands are marginal in              it is not unusual to find the remains of
               more ways than one. Half land and half                 barbed-wire fences in tidal wetlands far from
               water, they fringe most of Maryland's                  any modern agricultural area. . The tidal
               coastline, forming a band thousands of miles           marsh has been used.as a dump for dredge
               long and comprising tens of thousands of               spoil and household waste, and marshes have
               acres. Within this maze of twisting channels           been cut, channelized, impounded, and
               and - lush marsh meadow, an incredibly                 burned over the years in a series of attempts
               complex and rich cycle of life has continued           to "improve" them, as . if their natural
               for millennia.                                         condition were somehow inferior.            But
                                                                      coastal wetlands 'have refused to be tamed
                   Tidal marshes are the nurseries for the            and continue to function, though under
               oceans and for the Chesapeake Bay. Here                greater stress.    Filtering, cleansing, and
               life is reborn year, after year in great               nourishing the Chesapeake, Maryland's tidal
               abundance.. The bounty of the marshes                  wetlands have survived to remain one of our
               guided the patterns of settlement on                   most precious natural landforms and an
               Maryland's Eastern Shore, and the harvest of           important 'component of our greenways
               the mar   sh forged the traditions of the              resource.

                                                         Barrier Islands

                   Barrier islands are long, narrow sand              undergoes @ cyclic warming and cooling, sea
               ridges that form an offshore chain        along        levels rise and fall by hundreds of. feet,
               much of the eastern coast of North America.            creating new land features and destroying the
               The most important characteristic of barner            old. Today's landscape reveals the remains
               islands-is their dynamic nature. They are a            of barrier island dune systems miles inland
               land in motion, formed and erased at the               from existing shorelines.      Offshore, the
               whim of wind, current, and tide., Barrier              immense sand bars that..once marked the
               islands change from moment to moment in an             interface between land and water await
               endless, seemingly random evolution.                   another age when they will again rise from
                                                                      the oceans.
                   In geologic. time, a. barrier island   is a.
               mere flash in the pan.         As our planet               Barrier islandshave four major divisions:


                                                                 4








                the sandy beach; the fore-dune or primary               islands have developed their own unique suite
                dune line; the dune-and-swale system; and               of species, some of which exist in no other
                the back-bay. While these ecological types              habitat.
                remain roughly distinct over the life of the
                island, their positions and size are dynamic.               People are   .able to   use ingenuity and
                Their. 'constituent materials ate constantly            technology to overcome the challenges of life
                moving from the beach to the dune and into              in -the dune line, at least on a temporary
                the back bay,. so that the island is constantly         basis. Seasonally attracted to ocean beaches
                rolling landward.                                       in droves, seeking fun, sun, and surf, the
                                                                        human species is tempted to build houses and
                    The inconstant nature of barrier islands            cities on the fragile dune, making life even
                makes them difficult places to live. Men,               harder for its native resident  s..But anything
                animals, and plants make special adaptations            built on land as transient as a barrier island
                to survive on them.                                     has but a tenuous hold on exi   stence. Sooner
                                                                        or later the sea will reclaim its own.
                    For plants and animals, the sandy islands
                are a brutal, sparse habitat. Sandy beaches                 In Maryland, three quarters of the barrier
                are one of the harshest ecosystems on earth.            islands remain in their natural state,
                The day-to-night temperature fluctuations are           providing pristine plant and wildlife habitat.
                extreme, and the uniformity of the beach                Maryland's barrier          islands    support
                offers little variation in habitat and precious         concentrations of rare and endangered
                few places to hide. Many animals live off the           species.   Protected and managed as State
                beach and dunes, but they must be                       parklands and National. Seashore, theseareas
                exceptionally rugged. Plants must adapt to.             provide quality recreation and educational
                an environment that is often saltier than the           opportunities. Linear in their very nature,
                ocean itself and in which there is no substrate         barrier islands were . greenways before
                remotely like the rich soils of the mainland.           Europeans arrived to alter the landscape and
                As a result of environmental hostility, barrier         create other greenway types.


                                                              Ridgetops

                    Although they occur throughout the State               'Because they have been inhospitable to
                in various forms, ridgetop greenways are                human      development,       ridgetops     have
                most characteristic of Western Maryland,                remained available for wildlife and provide
                where    they    dominate     much     of the           important habitat and migratory corridors.
                topography. Many of the mountains and                   The y often include unusual dry or rocky
                ridgetops were heavily timbered prior to the            habitats for rare plants and animals.
                turn of the century. Now reforested and still
                unsuitable for farming or other intensive                   Ridgetop greenways offer scenic relief in
                uses, they have remained.in a relatively                Central Maryland.         They provide@' the
                natural condition. In the central part of the           backdrop that gives the verdant valleys much
                State, ridges divide a largely agricultural             of their special character.        Hikers and
                landscape; further west they help to give               horseback. riders enjoy the trails associated
                identity to "Western Maryland." As parts of             with ridge summits, which also provide rustic
                the Appalachian chain, Maryland's ridgetop              camping opportunities for those able to
                greenways also provide opportunities to                 ba ckpack their equipment and supplies.
                connect to greenways in neighboring States--            Rock climbing and hang gliding are
                like other natural greenway types, ridgetops            specialized recreational pursuits that require
                know no political boundaries.                           the exposure offered by some of Maryland's


                                                                   5









                western ridgetops.                                      may be encountered on some ridgetops, like
                                                                        the Civil War's Battle of South Mountain.
                    Hikes on ridgetop trails can sometimes be           The second Washington Monument is also on
                broken by side trips down into friendly small           South Mountain.        Sometimes a ridgetop
                towns. Here bits of Maryland history remain             greenway     intersects    a   stream . valley
                largely inta .ct as a result of the relative            greenway, as where the Appalachian Trail
                isolation imposed by the rugged topography-             meets the C & - 0 Canal near the historic
                Important parts of U.S. history                         West Virginia town of Harper's Ferry.


                                                                Urban

                    Recreation close    to home    and respite          development of trails or bikeways protected
                from the ordinary urb  'an environment are two          frorh competition with automobiles.
                functions of urban greenways. Because of                Nonmotorized access to the country for city
                the density of development, greenways in                dwellers can be provided in this way.
                urban settings will in many cases be different
                from greenways associated with stream                      IOpportunities to create urban greenways
                valleys, wetlands, and ridges in more rural             exist in redevelopment and rehabilitation
                parts o'f the State. In some cases, they may            projects, such as that being carried out along
                not even be very green--for example, the City           the Patapsco river in Sykesville. Streams,
                of Frederick's riverwalk along the Carroll              once consigned to back yards or to service as
                Creek flood control project downstream from             drainage ditches, may be rediscovered and
                Baker Park. Even when very narrow, urban                highlighted.during such projects, becoming a
                greenways help separate and delineate parts             focus for community pride.         Removal of
                of , the urban structure, . as seen in aerial           vehicular traffic and conversion of a shopping
                photographs.                                            street into a pedestrian area, planted with
                                                                        shade trees and provided with amenities like
                    With some exceptions, notably in the city           benches or flower planters, can also be
                of Baltimore, where remnants of Olmsted's               undertaken as part of a redevelopment.
                original greenways plan can be found in                 Linked to natural greenways, such spaces can
                Gwynns Falls and Herring Run, most green                help to extend the greenway into the most
                spaces in Maryland's densely developed                  densely built areas of downtown.
                urban areas are fragments. These pieces can
                be knit together in a greenways network. The                Waterfronts offer additional opportunities
                available pieces include public parks, school           for greenways in urban areas, perhaps most
                yards, golf courses, cemeteries and other               famously realized in the redevelopment of
                historic sites, formal gardens and plazas,              Baltimore's Inner Harbor but evident too in
                playgrounds,     waterfronts,    and     cultural       such towns as Annapolis, Salisbury, and
                facilities like museums and libraries, which            Snow Hill.        Boat access, whether by
                are often set in landscaped grounds.                    commercial water taxi or private canoe, can
                                                                        help to tie such areas together in the overall
                    Some natural corridors, like          stream        greenways network. Clearing floodplains of
                valleys, connect urban open spaces with                 ill-planned or flood-damaged development
                suburban and rural areas. Rights-of-way for             can help create urban greenways.
                electric power or water transmission lines
                might also serve this function once they leave
                the urban      street network and enter
                undeveloped areas. Such rights-of-way also
                offer the potential for landscaping and the


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                                        The Appalachian Trail:
                                    South Mountain Greenway

                                  The Appalachian National Scenic Trail is the longest marked footpath
                           in the world, stretching 2,100 miles from Maine to Georgia along the crest of
                           the Appalachian Mountains. The Maryland segment of the Trail meanders 38
                           miles along the crest of South Mountain between Frederick and Washington
                           Counties.

                                  The Appalachian Trail, as a greenway resource, is unique in the way
                           it is administered and managed. It involves a cooperative effort among a
                           number of private organizations and public agencies. In Maryland, the trail
                           passes through four State Parks, with the Department of Natural Resources
                           (DNR) designated as the lead on all trail-related matters within the State's
                           jurisdiction. For specific trail maintenance and upkeep issues, responsibility
                           lies with private trail-maintaining clubs that have been established along the
                           entire length of the Trail. The Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) is an
                           umbrella group of the trail-maintaining organizations charged with overseeing
                           the activities of the clubs. In Maryland, the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club
                           takes the lead on all trail maintenance matters.

                                  The trail enters Maryland from the north at Pen Mar, a Washington
                           County park, and leaves South Mountain at Weverton Cliffs, entering National
                           Park Service (NPS) property at the C&O Canal National Historic Park. The
                           many natural highlights one encounters along the Maryland segment include
                           Raven Rock, Devils Racecourse, Annapolis Rock, and Weverton Cliffs. In
                           addition, South Mountain, a crucial location during the Civil War, has several
                           locales (Fox Gap, Turner's Gap, and Crampton Gap) that combine historic
                           preservation and education with recreation and natural resource protection,

                                  At present, all but six miles of the trail go through four State parks
                           (South Mountain, Gathland, Greenbrier, and Washington Monument). The
                           remainder passes through a number of private properties that have been
                           identified by DNR and the NPS as priorities for protection. With the
                           assistance of the NPS, Maryland anticipates the completion of the Appalachian
                           Trail Protection Project within the next four years. This accelerated land-
                           acquisition program is necessitated by the rapid rate of development in the
                           vicinity of South Mountain and its associated rising real-estate costs.

                                  Permanent protection of the Appalachian Trail and its buffer corridor
                           is important not only to complete Maryland's Appalachian Trail Program but
                           also to further the State's greenway protection efforts.      At present the
                           Appalachian Trail is already connected to an existing protected greenway, the
                           C&O Canal. Additional linkages being considered include the Weverton to
                           Roxbury Rail-Trail and a possible connection to the Catoctin Trail.











                                                             Connectors

                    Although     not    all   connectors     are        George's, and Anne Arundel counties.
                greenways, connectors are essential elements            Limited    use    of these      corridors     for
                in the greenways network. Connectors are                transportation facilities in the future can be
                linear spaces often lacking a significant               compatible with greenway use.
                vegetative component that join people with
                greenways.                                                  There are only limited opportunities for
                                                                        separate, dedicated rights-of-way for hiking
                    Connectors offer wonderful      recreational        or bicycling trails within the densely
                opportunities near homes, businesses, and               developed urban fabric. Outside of stream
                schools. In fact, they are the places where             valleys dedicated to park use and abandoned
                more and more Americans are pursuing their              railroads, which sometimes share the same
                favorite recreational activities:       walking,        corridors, connectors are most likely to be
                jogging, and bicycling.                                 found    where     utilities  have      required
                                                                        underground or overhead corridors, leaving
                    Some connectors, such as canals or                  the land surface available for another use.
                abandoned railroads, may be steeped in local            Most     opportunities       for     connector
                history. Old railroad lines frequently had a            development in urban areas, however, will be
                distinctive style to their stations, such as the        in corridors already developed for some
                Monkton Station on the North Central                    purpose. Walkways and bicycle routes in
                Railroad Trail. In Southern Maryland, the               developed areas might be designated as
                Chesapeake Beach railroad line was a                    connectors in urban greenways systems by
                popular route to the resorts at Chesapeake              special paving and the addition of benches,
                Beach from the turn of the century through              lighting, and landscaping to set them off from
                the 1930's. One day it may become popular               nonpedestrian facilities.
                once again as a travel corridor, this time for
                bicyclists and hikers from congested suburban               Often public utilities extend considerable
                areas making their way down through                     distances through the landscape. In some
                Patuxent Park to the Bay beaches.                       cases, these utility corridors, like railroad
                                                                        beds, make fine walking and bicycling trails,
                    Railroad rights-of-way are         common           serving  to link one urban community to
                connectors, in urban areas. Where      railroads'       another or to a park, recreation area, or rural
                are no longer in constant use for freight or            countryside.
                passenger traffic, their corridors offer
                potential for landscaping and joint use for                Connectors are the threads of the
                walkways and bicycle paths linking                      greenways network that one day may link
                recreational facilities or larger parks with one        individual river valley greenways to each
                another and with residential, commercial, or            other or may allow someone to walk from a
                office areas. The B&A Trail in northern                 ridgetop greenway in Western Maryland to
                Anne Arundel County is one example; others              the wild Atlantic greenway of Assateague.
                are under study in Montgomery, Prince









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                                                                                                         FINDINGS



                                     Greenways--A Network of Open Space Corridors
                                Maryland has unique opportunities to complete a whole network of
                                greenways-both to protect its precious natural resources and expand
                                multiple benefits for its growing population. Chances to complete
                                this network are disappearing in much of the State as development
                                pressures intensify and land prices escalate. The time to move
                                forward is now.


                   Some greenway types, notably ridgetops and barrier islands, were linear features in the
               primeval landscape. As such, they functioned as corridors for the migration and dispersal of flora
               and fauna. But prior to European settlement, Maryland was essentially green; corridors were the
               exception rather than the rule. The pre-settlement landscape was a series of natural ecosystems
               that abutted or blended into one another and blanketed the entire region. it was only with the
               advent of agriculture that.these natural systems were pushed back and began to take on linear
               qualities. The developing, urbanizing landscape consumes productive lands and leaves behind a
               remnant mosaic of marginal lands isolated in a sea of development.

                   Isolated ecosystems have a number of                  five) years will  b,e'lean times for squirrels,
               distinct disadvantages.      When a block of              who need oaks for, acorns. . Meanwhile,
               forested land is first separated from                     bobcats, wh,' o have been well fed in, past years-
               surrounding natural land, it contains roughly             with a large squirrel population, are left with
               the same plants and animals. as the larger                little choice but. to go elsewhere in search of
               forest of which it was a part. But the species            food, causing a temporary crash in their
               composition of that tract immed'iately                    Populations. Such is the*rouind-about nature
               becomes impoverished. Certain. species of                 of forest wildlife population dynamics. Add
               animals that require a critical minimum                   to the above scenario the immense
               acreage for successful reproduction will soon             complexity of interactions, the diversity of
               be lost. Because of their stringent habitat               creatures and plants found in the forest, and
               requirements, these will be animals that are              the fact that a new tangent begins with every
               already absent in other fragmented habitats.              new event, and it becomes clear that the
               Over time, more plants and animals will be                forest is a constantly changing system whose
               lost through a variety of mechanisms.                     inhabitants endure boom and bust and must
                                                                         be ready to move to greener pastures when
                   As the world goes through cyclical                    the necessity arises.
               climate changes--wet and dry years, hot
               summers and cool--plant and wildlife                          In an isolated habitat, a crash in a
               populations fluctuate.         Within natural             particular wildlife population can become
               systems, all populations regulate and are                 permanent, setting off a new series of
               regulated by each other. Thus a given dry                 changes. If the area in question is isolated by
               year might have great climatic conditions for             a superhighway, the act of emigration can,
               ,gypsy moths, which eat oaks. As a result,                have immediate and deadly results, with
               oaks have a poor year       (or two or three).            evacuating wildlife being squashed on the
               This means that the next three (or four or                road. If there is no suitable habitat near the


                                                                    9










                 isolated parcel, emigration is impossible and           riding. As participants in these activities,
                 animals are faced with the options of staying.          people like to have a place to go, a
                 put and starving or wandering about in                  destination, whether it is another park, a
                 unsuitable areas, like city streets.       More         stream, or the Chesapeake Bay..                A
                 importantly, when the adverse conditions that           recreational greenways network increases
                 caused the original crash dissipate, there is           their options and access.
                 no contact with surrounding forest that can
                 be used as a corridor for wildlife (or plants)              In addition to offering trail-based
                 to repopulate the area. The net result is that          recreation, linear parks themselves go places,
                 environmental stress, already compounded by             bringing the park to more people. This is
                 the original fragmentation, can permanently             simply a function of geometry. When natural
                 remove species from isolated tracts. In the             areas have linear outgrowths into the
                 long run, species diversity within the isolated         surrounding community, more people have
                 parcel. becomes depauperate and a few                   nearby access.
                 common species are all that remain.
                                                                             Consider again the natural landscape in
                     The natural landscape contains many                 the urbanizing world. Most of the land is
                 habitats, each expanding and contracting as             covered by housing, agriculture, commercial
                 climatic changes occur.      When conditions            centers, and transportation infrastructure.
                 favor one habitat type over another, the                Yet a residual natural component is also a
                 favored habitat migrates slowly into the                kind of infrastructure. Large parcels have
                 other, the end result being that throughout             been set aside as parks, forests, or wildlife
                 cool and warm periods, wet cycles and dry,              areas. Other areas are in natural covet but
                 there is always a native 'habitat complex               will soon be developed for houses or
                 overlaid onto the landscape. Fragmentation,             factories. Some areas are unsuitable for most
                 by reducing diversity and blocking migration,           uses and    have been left in their natural
                 impedes this process. In the long term, as              condition. These include mountain ridges,
                 well as over year-to-year cyclic changes, the           wetlands,  unusual geological or topographic
                 isolation 'of natural -areas results in an              features,   and    some stream         corridors.
                 increasingly barren biota.                              Planning   for the greenways network means
                                                                         viewing all open space as a whole, as a
                     Connections can enrich isolated areas.              natural-lands infrastructure that must coexist
                 Wooded corridors act as lifelines between               with everything else placed on the landscape.
                 lands which would otherwise be completely
                 cut off from each other. Wildlife and plants                The following pages identify a number of
                 can use natural corridors to evacuate areas             values in greenways.       Each represents an
                 that can no longer support them and to                  overlay on a map of the greenways network.
                 repopulate these areas when conditions                  In some areas, all of these values will
                 stabilize. This is the fundamental basis for            coincide. In others only one or a few values
                 greenways, at least from a conservation                 will be present. But a greenways network
                 standpoint.                                             consists of the whole, and the evaluation of
                                                                         the network must take each into account
                     But a number of other advantages can be             That is what is really new about greenways.
                 gained from a network of greenways. The                 By taking a view that is regional, holistic, and
                 same corridors that ferry wildlife from forest          aimed at connections, work can proceed on
                 to forest can ferry people from home to                 the entire system, even as it is assembled
                 work, or from school to play. The people of             part-by-part. In a landscape that is rapidly
                 Maryland want to get out and recreate. That             filling with houses, roads, and shopping
                 recreation increasingly involves trail-based            malls, it is none too soon to complete the
                 activities like hiking, bicycling, and horseback        natural infrastructure--the greenways matrix.


                                                                    10









               The point is* coming soon when many poten-             tial greenways, left unprotected, will be gone
                                                                      forever.



                   *   The State of Maryland should implement a statewide Greenways Program, with strong
                       local government input, in order that the strengths of a network be available for natural
                       and human values to all citizens of the State.


                   *   The Governor's Commission on Growth in the Chesapeake Bay Region to the Year 20,20
                       should integrate a statewide greenways network into its recommendations to the
                       Governor.





                             Quality Environment--Greenways Benefit Natural Resources

                              We cannot separate man's actions on the land from, what happens to our
                              waters. Greenways offer the best way of protecting our waters, and
                              ultimately the Chesapeake Bay, from what we do on the land.

                   As a means of organizing the State's land-preservation and          recreation-planning efforts,
               gre Ienways offer the most effective way of protecting the natural resources Maryland's people
               consider vital to their well-being. The Chesapeake Bay, the rivers leading to it, their fishery
               resources, and the State's forest cover and its wildlife are beneficiaries of the corridors in a
               greenways, system. Creation of a greenways network will secure these natural resources for fu.ture
               generations.

               The Chesapeake Bay                                     lack of understanding of the effects of
                                                                      unregulated industry and uncontrolled growth
                   The Chesapeake Bay is at the heart of              has led to increased environmental stress and
               Maryland, both geographically and culturally.          the slow strangulation of the Chesapeake.
               The Chesapeake is Maryland's original main             But there is a growing awareness of the Bay's
               street, the single most important influence on         plight, and in recent years much has been
               the history and unique character of the                done to reduce pollution.      It is no longer
               Chesapeake region. The Chesapeake Bay is               possible to view the Chesapeake Bay as a
               the largest estuary in North America and    was        separate entity, removed from the rest of the
               once, the most productive in the world,                State. As Maryland continues to develop at
               offering an annual bounty of waterfowl,                a rapid pace, it is becoming increasingly clear
               oysters, crabs, and in'numerable fish that has         that everything that occurs on the land has
               made Maryland a pleasant and secure place              ramifications in-the Bay.
               to live since prehistoric times.
                                                                         Greenways protect the          Chesapeake,
                   In recent years, Marylanders have                  cleaning and purifying the waters that flow
               watched with growing concern as the Bay's              into it. Protected river valleys provide food
               waterfowl have declined, seafood catches               and shelter to wildlife and spawning grounds
               have been dramatically reduced, and the                for aquatic life.   The key to life in the
               water quality of this once-pristine national           Chesapeake Bay lies in the unimaginably
               treasure has become gravely degraded. A                complex interaction of land and water, a










                  delicate balance of factors that,have         taken          reduced seafood catches, the depletion or
                  millions of years to stabilize. Stream valley                extinction of sensitive plants and animals, and
                  greenways protect the places where this                      water unsafe to touch, much less to drink.
                  interaction occurs, mitigating the effects of
                  man that disturb the natural 11ife cycles of the                 Recently, heightened awareness of these
                  Chesapeake and could eventually destroy it.                  problems has led to new laws and programs
                                                                               to protect watercourses.            Industry and
                      Marylanders now realize that the tiny                    municipal waste treatment facilities must now
                  stream nearby is as much a part of the Bay as                conform to higher water quality standards.
                  its verdant, expansive marshes or its sandy                  Grading and building permits also require
                  beaches. New laws have! been passed to                       special measures to prevent. the erosion of
                  protect the land and the water, and                          topsoil from building activities. However,
                  communities are organizingto save the Bay.                   natural buffers are still extremely valuable for
                  New regional agreements extend the                           removing sediment, nutrients and toxic
                  coordinated clean-up effort      ,to most of the             materials.     A number of programs now
                  states in the Chesapeake watershed. The                      require or promote buffers and protect non-
                  degradation of the Chesapeake Bay has                        tidal wetlands, another important watercourse
                  slowed, but much remains to be done. By                      protection.
                  some estimates, Maryland will have to absorb
                  another 850,000 people within the next 10 to                     Wooded buffers keep stream courses
                  15 years, further stressing the Bay. Little                  clean through four actions:
                  time remains to establish a protective
                  network of greenwayson Maryland's streams,                   0  Forest canopy reduces the velocity of rainfall,
                  but the Chesapeake Bay is simply too                            protecting steam banks from direct erosion.
                  important to die.
                                                                               0  Vegetation reduces the energy of surface
                                                                                  runoff, which, when slowed, drops suspended
                          Neighboring      states    should     be                particles in the buffer. When the material
                                                                                  dropped is inert sediment, it stays in the buffer
                          approached, through the      'Executive                 as a soil component. When it is rich with
                          Council of the Chesapeake Bay                           nutrients, these are used as fertilizer by plants
                          Program, to establish greenways.                        in the buffer.

                                                                               0  Subsurface runoff, which often carries high
                                                                                  concentrations of excess nutrients, passes
                                                                                  through the roots of buffer vegetation and is
                  Water-Quality and Fisheries                                     absorbed.      The buffer plants use these
                                                                                  nutrients to accelerate growth, binding them
                       As Maryland's landscape has undergone                      up as leaves and vascular tissues.
                  dramatic changes since settlement, so the
                  water quality of          streams, rivers, and               0. The simple act of shading the streambed can
                  estuaries has undergone drastic changes--                       have important benefits to water quality.
                  usually for the worse. Topsoil has washed off                   Shading reduces photosynthetic processes in
                  agricultural fields and building projects,                      the stream, curbing the growth of oxygen-
                  silting over aquatic resources and clogging                     depleting algae. Water's capacity for holding
                  harbors. Excess nutrients like nitrogen and                     dissolved oxygen is directly related to water
                  phosphorous have caused oxygen-depleting                        temperature, so shading increases dissolved
                                                                                  oxygen content. High dissolved oxygen levels
                  algal blooms, killing native, aquatic grasses,                  mean enhanced fisheries and nurture a healthy
                  fish, crabs, and other aquatic life. Toxic                      stream biota.
                  materials from automobiles and industry have
                  washed into streams and the Bay, disrupting                      Nontidal wetlands have similar effect on
                  normal aquatic life cycles.          The gradual             watercourses. Water is slowed by vegetation
                  degradation of water quality has resulted in

                                                                          12









                causing sediment    to fall out. Nutrients    are         tops, so large and extensive was the eastern
                utilized by plants, which remove them as the              forest. Early on, the forests of Maryland
                water passes through.                                     provided fuel, food, and building materials
                                                                          for homes and ships. The forest was viewed
                    The nutrient removal functions of both                as an inexhaustible resource and used as
                wooded buffers and nontidal wetlands are                  such. It was also feared as a haven of Indians
                vital to the easing of eutrophication. In a               and "wild men". Clearing for agriculture and
                pristine natural system, plants deposit detritus          expansion of towns and villages continued to
                into streams, where it is slowly broken down              reduce the forested acres until, by 1900, less
                by aquatic animals as it moves downstream.                than SOW of Maryland remained forested.
                Many nutrients in modern runoff, however,                 Over the past 80 years, forest' land has
                are in simple, inorganic forms that can be                continued to be reduced for all uses, with an
                quickly utilized by algae. By converting                  average of over 3,000 acres per year lost in
                these inorganic compounds into complex                    the last two decades.
                chemical forms that. require' extended
                decomposition to become -available as                         Throughout Maryland the establishment
                nutrients, wetlands and wooded buffers                    and implementation of- Best Management
                return aquatic systems to their natural                   Practices (BMP's) on forest lands and farms
                condition.                                                is underway. Traditional forest management
                                                                          practices, which utilize the forest to produce
                                                                          fiber and timber,, are now incorporating
                    *  Stream buffer areas should receive                 wildlife, recreation, and watershed values and
                       priority for greenways designation.                outdoor education into the planning process.
                                                                          Maryland has over 130,000 Acres designated
                   *   Greenways planning should include                  as State forest lands, and the various forest-
                       water quality and aquatic biota                    based industries in Maryland own a nearly
                       studies, even if problem sources are               equal amount of land.
                       off-site.
                                                                              Greenways@ can co-exist with' forest
                                                                          management through wise multiple use and
                                                                          the, application of BMPs.           Forest    can
                Forest Resources                                          berenewed, recovered, and established as
                                                                          part of any greenways complex. Interest in
                    "The forest is. as beautiful as it is useful.         reforestation, afforestation, and urban tree
                The old fai y tales which spoke. of it as a               plantings is increasing across the state.
                             ry
                terrible place are wrong. No. one can really              Millions of seedlings and trees are produced
                know the forest, without feeling the gentle               in State nurseries and provided to landowners
                influence of one of the kindest and strongest             each year. Thousands of     acres of hew forest
                @arts of nature. From every point of view it              are established, yet the gain never equals the
                is one of the most helpful friends of man.                loss.
                Perhaps no other natural agent has done so
                much for the human race and has been so                       Greenways can aid in new forest
                recklessly used and so. little understood.                establishment and 'in retention of existing
                                                Gifford Pinchot,          forest lands. The vast majority of forest land
                                                                          in Maryland is privately owned. Over two
                    When Captain Smith           first explored           million acres of woodlands @are in ownerships
                Maryland over 350 years ago, the state was                that range from five to 1000 acres. Although
                covered by forest. It has been said that a                privately owned, these wooded lands offer
                resourceful squirrel could travel -from the               many public benefits. Every acre contributes
                Chesapeake to the Mississippi in the tree                 to cleaner water and air, free range for.


                                                                    13










                  wildlife, and aesthetic values. Greenways                  protecting native wildlife. Corridors give
                  partnerships with private owners can expand                continuity to wildlife habitat and prevent
                  and preserve these shared. forest values.                  forest fragmentation, which can devastate
                                                                             wildlife populations. Greenway corridors
                                                                             allow wildlife a natural -highway within which
                         Dialogue should be encouraged, with,                they can migrate to new territories, escape
                         and incentives provided for, large                  famine, .   and    repopulate      restored     or
                         private forest owners to expand                     recovenng habitats. Many wildlife species
                         opportunities for pu    blic recreation             use greenways for seasonal migrations, and
                                                                             greenways themselves provide important
                         -on their lands.        I                           habitat.

                         Forest cover should,be       maintained
                                                                                 Stream valleys, ridgetops, and other
                         (or planted,      where   it  does not              linear features protect natural migration
                         presently exist) on all, steep slopes on            routes. They also constitute some of the
                         State- owned lands.                                 most important natural habitat types,
                                                                             especially wetlands, a resource that has
                                                                             undergone hard losses. A new awareness of
                                                                             the importance of wetlands and the threats to
                                                                             them has led to regulatory protection that
                  Wildlife                                                   may in the future become an important
                                                                             mechanism for protecting g*reenway corridors.
                      The wildlife  that Marylanders enjoy,today
                  is far different from that which once roamed
                  over the State. Those spep     !ies most sensitive            *   Wildlife corridors are priority areas
                  to landscape alteration; notably large
                  mammals     .and birds that require large or                      for green .ways designation.
                  diminishing habitats are gone. Our wildlife
                  species are those that adapt well to,. even                   *   Large blocks of contiguous natural
                  thrive in, Aisturbed, fragmented habitats.                        habitat should be provided to ensure
                  Few Marylanders are aware that bear, elk,                         that not all protected area is edge
                  wolves, and" a startling number of birds,                         habitat.
                  reptiles, amphibians, fish,' and uncounted
                  other animals once thrivedhere. The loss in                       Trails through large, contiguous,
                  plant species is even more@extensive. Most                        and pristine habitat blocks should be
                  extinctions and extirpations@are due to habitat
                  loss. The decline of species diversity is an                      designed to follow the edges of those
                  ongoing process; eventually, we could be left                     areas rather than bisecting interiors.
                  with only the wildlife that live in parks,
                  alleys, and garbage dumps..                                       Wildlife corridors should be a
                                                                                    minimum of 12 meters in width
                      Open space protection is the best                             wherever possible.
                  response to this trend. Arranging open space
                  in greenways is the most beneficial means of








                                                                       14








                                          Quality of Life.- Greenways Benefit People

                                 People need greenways --- for recreation, health, transportation, and
                                 aesthetic enjoyment. A statewide trail system is the most important
                                 recreational opportunity the greenways network can provide.

                    Whether people. actively use them or passively enjoy them from a distance, greenways offer
                Marylanders numerous benefits.

                    The quality-of-life factor is the most far-             abandoned railroad rights-of-way have the
                reaching and pervasive benefit for humans.                  additional benefit of not being in sensitive
                Greenways enrich lives; they offer respite                  natural areas, so trails can be sited with.
                from the workday world and provide places                   minimal disruption and can offer easy access
                to learn about the natural world. These ideas               even to those with,physical disabilities    '  Light
                w .ere stated , in many ways by those                       rail corridorsmay be, incorporated in a joint
                responding to questionnaires prepared by the                development with a trail system.
                Committee on Recreation, Parks, Cultural
                Resources, Grassroots and Environmental                         There is a large, relatively untapped,.
                Education.         (The summary of this                     constituency among equestnian. groups that           .
                questionnaire is available in Greenways                     would support greenways and even assist in
                Commission files.)                                          trail maintenance. Many in Maryland have
                                                                            horses and use linear park trails on a daily
                    A "sense of environmental harmony" is                   basis.    Equestrians are one of the many
                the way one person described the feeling of                 interest groups that could be encouraged
                just seeing a greenway each day. Aesthetics                 during the outreach phase of the Greenwa s
                                                                                                                             'Y
                and general environmental benefits were also                Program.
                listed. as important. Whether it provides a
                breathtaking vista, the sound of water lapping                   Hiking, bicycling, and equestrian trails
                against a bank, a glimpse into a world long                 are not always compatible with each other, or
                past, or a-walk in the evening with a friend,               with fragile hillsides or floodplains. Trails
                a greenway enhances the quality of life in                  need to be designed and built to protect
                both urban and rural settings.                              natural resources and'accommodate specific
                                                                            uses in appropriate locations.
                Recrea'tion

                    Opportunities     for recreation    rank    very                A statewide trail network should be
                high on - the list    of reasons people        want                 part of the greenways plan.
                greenways. - Hiking, jogging,. bicycling,
                nature study, birding, fishing'and canoeing                         The State's Rails-to-Trails program
                and horseback riding are activities frequently                      should continue to be implemented
                enjoyed by people in linear greenspaces. It                         to enhance the greenways network.
                comes as no surprise that people want these
                opportunities close to home. A Commission                           Appropriate fishing access areas
                survey of Maryland Parks and Recreation                             should be identified and developed
                Directors made it clear that easily accessible                      as part of the greenways plan.
                trails and scenic trail conneCtOTs between
                communities are major county needs. Survey
                respondents urged implementation of the                     Transportation
                Department's Rails to Trails Study (Dec.,                        Rails-to@trails projects offer especially
                1989). - Unlike undisturbed      .river corridors,          good potential as commuter routes, although

                                                                       15








                  other trail systems can also, provide this                Finally, the contribution of greenwaysto t     he
                  benefit. Maryland's existing rail-trails      'are        environmental quality of an area, which in,
                  indeed used by people going to and from                   turn may attract desirable economic
                  work, both on foot and by bicycle.                        development or revitalization, should not be
                  Opportunities for commuting by trail should               overlooked.
                  be encouraged and publi ized. as much as
                  possible.     The B&A trail, now being
                  completed from Ferndale in Northern Anne                         The Commission should stimulate
                  Arundel County to Annapolis, runs through
                                                                                   development of public-private joint
                  many     communities       and' makes        local               ventures that would complement
                  commuting       by    bicycle' a       reasonable                greenway use.
                  alternative and a way of avoiding the woes of
                  daily automobile traffic.

                  Health
                                                                            Community Building
                      Trail use, for transportation or recreation,
                  has the    important additional benefit of                    Greenway construction and maintenance
                  improving physical fitness.              Walking,         can  be a cornmunity-buil ding project. All
                  bicycling, or jogging is great exercise. Even             aspects can be carried out by private
                  more important is the overall sense of                    individuals and community groups.            Fund-
                  wellness that greenways pr 0@vide.                        raising,    working. on       legal     questions,
                                                                            organizing work teams, participating in
                      As the President's         Commission on              workdays, providing services for workers,
                  Americans Outdoors points out: "Diverse                   like food and child care--all of these activities
                  recreation programs that require people to                can- galvanize a     community and generate
                  use their legs, arms, lungs land minds should             community spirit. The resulting greenways
                  be available to support the full array of                 project, whether it be a new trail, a cleaned-
                  personal health and wellness goals." Wellness             up stream valley, of a planting to encourage
                  is not just related to active Use of Greenways;           wildlife, will belong to the people who made
                                                                            it come about. The construction and clean-
                  the trees and other vegetation that greenways
                  contain help cleanse the air and moderate                 up days will be memorable social events in
                  temperatures, particularly in urban areas.                the life of the community.

                  Economics.                                                    Recreational greenways can become
                                                                            meeting places for neighbors out -for a stroll
                      Greenways offer economic benefits both                or a ride. Community involvement will also
                  in the form of higher property values for                 reduce long-term maintenance and policing
                  private properties located near the greenways             requirements, since "owners" tend to take
                  and in opportunities for economic activities              responsibility for their property.
                  supporting their use.        Examples include
                  equipment sales or rentals, dining and                    Cultural and Historical Resources
                  overnight accommodations, and. commercial
                  enterprises selling outdoor recreation items.                 Greenways may contain and preserve
                                                                            cultural and historic resources. These can be
                      In large greenways, there may be                      architectural features, such as railway
                  opportunities for concessionaires. There may              stations, houses, taverns, mills, andraceways;
                  also be substantial employment opportunity                sites where historic events occurred; or
                  associated with maintenance and operation                 archeological remains of a historic or
                  and the purchase of 'equipment and materials.             prehistoric nature. These can be featured in


                                                                       16








               interpretive programs and help people                   nonprofit -outdoor education     programs can
               understand their past. The protection of a              play An important role in         environmental
               greenway may have its genesis in a historic             education as applied in greenways.           One
               preservation campaign.            Alternatively,        example is found in' this State's participation
               preservation of cultural artifacts may be an            in a national program known as Project
               add-on benefit of a project to protect a                WILD and Aquatic WILD, cosponsored by
               natural area.                                           DNR and the Maryland Department of
                                                                       Education. Project WILD is.an education
                                                                       program featuring curriculum materials about
                      Incentives   should  be provided to              wildlife and habitats. Project Learning Tree
                      groups - acquiring   and maintaining             is. a similar, somewhat older, program that
                                                                       focuses on the forest ecosystem.             The
                      historic or cultural sites to consider
                      the setting of the feature of interest           Chesapeake Bay Foundation and other
                                                                       nonprofit groups conduct many            popular
                      and to acquire suMicient land lo link            educational programs. Site visits are often
                      the site to other gre enways.                    made to greenways as a part of class work,
                                                                       and  'the nearer they are to the users the
                                                                       better.

               Education                                                   Many of Maryland's State and local parks
                                                                       have . ongoing- environmental education
                   As The'     Report    of the President's            programs. These programs are for diverse
               Commission    on Americans Outdoors stated              audiences, including schoo*,] groups and the
               so succinctly: "Outdoor education will help             general public, adults, children, and special
               create an activated citizenry which is more             populations. Environmental educators and
               effective at preserving environmental quality           park naturalists should. all be aware of
               and protecting natural resources."                      Maryland's new Greenways Program and
               Greenways and outdoor education are linked              asked to assist in- developing programs to
               in important ways.                                      explain the benefits of greenways.          Joint
                                                                       venture opportunities between counties and
                   Man  y schools are located near. greenways,         greenway parks for environmental education
               particularly stream valleys, in which teachers          can be encouraged.. - For example, the'
               already focus some of, their environmental              Maryland Department of Natural Resources
               education curriculum. In Baltimore County,              and.. other State environmental agencies are
               for example, schools near the Gunpowder                 well versed, in'natural resources facts, while
               Falls have adopted the river and have many             Aeachers know the techniques of teaching;
               school activities relating to it, with    special       Such'an opportunity for cross-pollenization of
                                                                       skills is being developed in Gunpowder Falls
               emphasis on water-quality studies. In new
               school construction, serious consideration              State Park, atthe Days Cove Environmental
               should be given to.sites that-are within safe           Education and Training Center.
               walking distance of stream valley greenways
               so that they can be used- as outdoor                        Cultural history is another part of
               laboratories.    An additional benefit is that          environmental education..        Many of our
               school parking facilities can be used on                existing river valley parks are.rich in history
               weekends to give 'convenient trail access to            and pre-history, and often these features are
               the general public. In addition, e'veningadult...       discussed in brochures and programs. In the
               education     programs     can. use       nearby        future, trails could be expanded to link
               greenways.                                              cultural features together. One area of great
                                                                       potential is the Patuxent River, where many
                   State and,  county agencies and various             historical contexts still coexist. A. heritage

                                                                  17








                 trail could be 'de  Iv'eloped which would tie              A final connection between greenways
                 together pre-historical, proto-historical and          and outdoor education is indirect.        When
                 historical elements and culture.                       people have a greenway nearby, they absorb
                                                                        information about it. A general appreciation
                     There is a need for tying cultural history         can lead to a desire to learn more about it, to
                 and environmental education opportunities              understand some of the processes that make
                 together with greenways, perhaps by creating           the natural world so fascinating. Informal
                 a central clearinghouse for information about          education is extremely important; Maryland
                 where the resources and programs , are                 must continue to provide opportunities for
                 located. In this way, all entities providing           local, daily contact with the natural world.
                 outdoor education programs can begin to                This conviction is echoed by environmental
                 coordinate, avoid duplication, and expand              educators . who      answered the        recent
                 where gaps are obvious.                                greenways questionnaire.


                    ï¿½ A program with the-State and local boards of education should he developed to provide
                        a portion of a greenway for an outdoor laboratory for each school in the State.


                    ï¿½ A computer-based education program, such as National Geographic Kids Network. should
                        be developed to allow schools to communicate with one another about their greenways.

                        Water quality monitoring and other weather-related. monitoring, such as acid rain, should
                        be incorporated in the computer network.

                        The linkage between land use and water quality.must be stressed in the public education'
                        component of greenways.

























                                                                   18











                                                                       IMPLEMENTING GREENWAYS
                                                                                                  IN MARYLAND



                                State leadership in      development of a      coordinated    plan for a
                                greenways network is a necessary step in order to6vercome present
                                fragmentation and duplication of effort. A.plan is needed to ensure
                                that a timely exchange of information'takes place and, that all tools
                                necessary to implement greenways are available to all participants."'

                    A greenways network in Maryland has over the years evolved out of many different initiatives
               at all levels of government. For the most part, it has been the inadvertent byproduct of these
               initiatives, however, rather than an intentional creation. While most of the necessary pieces are
               in place, responsibility for implementation is fragmented and lacks coordination. Some existing
               programs could better support greenways creation and development with relatively minor
               modification; others might require restructuring. Leadership is essential.

                    Programs are in place at all levels of                add up to a whole that is at least as    great as
               governmen t-- Federal, State and local--and in             the sum of its parts--these are major tasks for
               the private and nonprofit sectors.,            The         which responsibility has not been assigned
               programs range from regulation of private                  nor funding provided.
               action, which has the. effect of restricting
               certain kinds of development through public                    The following pages describe some of the
               encouragement of private activity by planning,             wide range- of tools available--from planning
               and incentives, to private philanthropic                   and zoning techniques to outright acquisition.
               approaches and outright,public acquisition                 The discussion then focuses on the many
               and deve  lopment of greenway components.                  possible actors and programs which can
                                                                          contribute to the network in Maryland, from
                    Keeping communication flowing among                   Federal, State, and local government to
               the multiple participants in greenways                     private corporations, utilities, and nonprofit
               implementation, and tracking, mapping, and                 organizations.
               coordinating many varied activities so they


                                                 Tools for Protecting Greenways


               Public Acquisition                                         entire, bundle of sticks and controls the use of
                                                                          the land to the extent allowed by law. Public
                    -Many people compare owning a piece of                acquisition of title to the land is the strongest,
               property to a bundle of sticks, each stick                 most permanent form of protection, since
               representing a land-use right--to live on it,              owners share the greatest 'control over what
               walk across it, farm it, chop down its                     happens on their land.         Fee-title can be
               trees .... each right can be separated from the            bought or 'donated.         This is the. most
               others and sold at an agreed price.                        appropriate form of protection for the most
                                                                          compelling greenway priorities, or for
                    In fee ownership, the 'Owner holds the                gr eenway segments that require heavy public


                                                                    19










                  access. To date, fee simple ownership is the             dffered to individual landowners. Examples
                  most common, approach          to public land            of registries operating in the State.include
                  preservation.                                            The Nature Conservancy's Natural Heritage
                                                                           Registry, The Wild and Scenic Rivers
                      A private landowner can sell or donate               Inventory (DNR), and The National Park
                  certain exclusive land-use rights, or a portion          Service's National Registry of Historic Places
                  of his "bundle of sticks"; this is usually called        and National Natural Landmarks Registry.
                  an easement. Restrictions ikuse are legally
                  binding either for a specific period of time, or
                  in perpetuity. Property taxes may be reduced
                  by the value of the donated land-use rights,                    Important     links in Maryland's
                  making this alternative appealing to those                      greenways        system , should be
                  who want to retain ownership of land while                      designated, and landowners of
                  contributing to the greenways network. In                       designated , areas       should      be
                  certain cases, less than fee interest is all that
                  is needed to promote greenways creation                         encouraged to tie into the network
                  (wildlife corridors, for example, And water                     voluntarily.
                  resources protection).      Since only certain
                  rights transfer to the easement holder (a
                  government or nonprofit group), the cost can
                  be substantially lower than fee acquisition.
                  Easements can be useful in areas where there             Dedication
                  is resistance to removing land from tax roles,
                  or where the owner is sincere about                          Dedication    provides recognition        that
                  managing the land for greenway values.                   certain pieces   of land are critical to the
                                                                           State's greenways system. A limited number
                      Purchase   of easements alone is rarely              of parcels are identified in a legally
                  adequate in     intensively developing areas             established State system and protected by
                  where the cost of an easement limiting                   str.ong    statutory      language- against.
                  development approaches the fair market                   condemnation and conversion by private and
                  value of the property. The flaws inherent in             public interests.      Long popular in the
                  easement use can be minimized by selective               Midwest, dedication of significant nature
                  use -of this tool on less critical greenway              preserves recognizes the highest, best use of
                  segments.                                                natural lands. This technique, which adds a
                                                                           measure of protection to greenways acquired
                  Registries                                               by the State, could be added to Maryland's
                                                                           greenways arsenal in the future.
                      A registry is a:roll of important lands
                  'whose presence on the list begs for
                  constructive attention. These priority areas                    Legislation to establish a dedication
                  must have cleared a rigorous evaluation                         system for greenways in Maryland
                  process. Although. registries rarely provide
                  real pr.otection for areas, Federal and State                   should be investigated.
                  agencies and nonprofit groups use them to
                  monitor lands requiring future protection.
                  Often the current landowner is notified of the
                  importance of his land and asked to protect it
                  voluntarily.   As a gesture to cooperative               Planning
                  civic-mindedness, plaques can be awarded to
                  the owner. Management expertise may be                       Plans   are expressions of policy         and


                                                                      20









                desired direction that can be used to guide                can    have     the    effect    of    preventing
                private and public. actions. Local and State               development of some lands, which then
                agencies in Maryland both can develop and                  become available for greenways, sometimes
                implement greenways plans. State laws and                  directly and sometimes following public
                policies related to natural resource protection            acquisition.
                are often expressed most effectively in local
                land-Use, functional, and recreation plans.                Incentives
                Public awareness of plans for a network of
                greenways can assist developers to plan                        Incentives involve a variety of means for
                individual projects to complement the                      inducing private property owners to take
                acquisition and development of public open                 actions which allow their lands to become
                space. Publication and wide dissemination of               elements of a greenway.           Favorable tax
                plans also serves to educate the public and                treatment, such as farmland assessment
                generate support for other actions.                        provisions or tax exemptions for some land       s,
                                                                           as under the cooperative hunting program,
                Regulations                                                are    familiar    examples      of incentives.
                                                                           Incentives in a greenways program can also
                    Regulation is the means by which a public              take the form of public assumption of liability
                entity restricts what a private owner rhay do              on lands open for public access, public
                with his land. State regulation, -found in                 provision 'of services like policing or
                many agencies, is largely designed to protect              maintenance, and provision of technical
                natural resources, while land use regulation,              assistance, such as is common in some
                including zoning, is a local function. Both                agricultural and forestry programs.


                                                           Local Approaches


                    Greenways systems tailored to a county's needs and resource limits have already made a great
                difference: in forward-thinking localities that have been planning for greenways and acquiring
                component lands for years. Montgomery and Prince George's Counties, for example, boast an
                extensive stream valley park system and are now engaged in designing links between those
                segments. Ecologists help local planners site recreational development at suitable nodesalong the
                corridors. Many other counties have along history of protecting stream corridors through both
                regulation of development and public acquisition, which have become thefocal points for open-
                space protection in county master plans.

                    Maryland has made remarkable progress                  implemented locally by professionals with an
                since 1970 in protecting greenway corridors.               intimate    knowledge       of   the     County's
                Because of these efforts, over 300 miles of                resources. In addition, local protection tools,
                protected river corridors reach across the                 such as easements, tree-cutting ordinances
                State. Much of the credit for that network,                and revegetation policies, subdivision review,
                including connections to it, belongs to the                special zoning ordinances, stream valley
                counties, as does the responsibility for                   dedication, tax incentives and          penalties,
                developing thegreenways network further.                   cluster development incentives, landscaping
                                                                           requirements, and construction standards are
                    In Maryland, land planning is a local                  critically important complements to statewide
                issue.   State and Federal laws addressing                 greenways acquisitions.        The concept of
                resource development and conservation                      transfer of development. rights (TDR) has
                (critical areas, flood plain restrictions) are             particular relevance for greenways protection;


                                                                     21









                  several Maryland counties have TDR                        Subdivision Regulations
                  programs in effect.
                                                                                Most jurisdictions have general powers
                      All of Maryland's local jurisdictions have            within the subdivision regulations to prevent
                  the basic ingredients for creating a greenways            the disturbance. of sensitive environmental
                  network, though some may have a broader                   areas and require the provision of open space
                  array of tools than others. County interests              areas in new developments.                   Many
                  range from general policy for stream                      subdivision regulations call for pedestrian
                  protection to rather explicit recommendations             links between homes and.school sites. In
                  for greenway connections in county master                 most     localities,   however,       subdivision
                  plans.    The following review of County                  regulations do not have a specific focus on
                  master planning, zoning ordinances and                    the uniform or systematic creation of
                  subdivision regulations demonstrates the                  greenways and linkages to public parklands.
                  broad scope of resources currently available
                  for greenways planning.                                       One promising approach to using
                                                                            subdivision processes for greenways is
                  County Master Plans                                       illustrated in Baltimore County. Here pre-
                                                                            development conferences are held with local
                      Master plans have been developed by all               developers who must adjust plans to
                  the counties as a means of coordinating long-             accommodate greenways elements in the
                  term land-use policies and goals.                A        Master Plan. Dedication of easements in
                  greenways system within a county can be pre-              cluster developments is encouraged and land
                  identified as "infrastructure" and zoned to               is then managed by the Parks and Recreation
                  prevent encroachment before it can be fully               Department.       Subdivision review enforces
                  protected.                                                buffers for water resources, steep slope
                                                                            protection and sensitive habitats.
                      With a few exceptions, even the older
                  county master plans and open space and                    Zoning
                  recreation plans contain the basic policy
                  ingredients upon which to build -a Greenways                  Certain types of zoning tools used by
                  Program. These include policies that call for             local jurisdictions present opportunities for
                  the preservation, or protection of stream                 the creation of greenways networks. These
                  valleys,    wetlands,. , forests,       farmland,         include planned unit development zones
                  shorelines, marshes, swamps, beaches, and                 cluster zones, comprehensive design zones:
                  historic and cultural features. Sorne plans               and other floating zones, such- as the
                  relate these policies to recreation, while                floodplain overlay.       The opportunity for
                  others merely note . the importance of                    creating greenways grows out of the
                  preserving open space and rural character.                requirement that open space and recreation
                                                                            land be designated on a site or development
                      The newer plans-, such as Baltimore and               plan that becomes part of the zoning approval
                  Calvert Counties' Plans and Howard County's               process.
                  Draft     1990      Plan,     make       specific
                  recommendations for greenways networks to                     In a state with diverse planning interests
                  tie together local' and State parks and other             and capabilities it is not surprising that there
                  land uses and attractions. Some recent plans              is great unevenness between counties, in both
                  have a more narrow greenways focus: Prince                the application of planning and regulatory
                  George's County focuses on stream valley                  tools and in the status of open-space
                  networks, for example, while Washingto          ' n       acquisition.     Some of the unevenness is
                  County emphasizes the C&O Canal, the                      accounted for by the lack of staff capable of
                  Appalachian Trail, and bikeways.                          carrying out the analysis or activities


                                                                       22









                necessary to use the tools. Differences in               plan allowing creation of linkages to a local
                financial resources clearly play a role.                 greenway.        Many local officials have
                                                                         questions about how and when to develop a
                    Some localities have abundant active                 greenway.     In some areas, greenways
               .recreation land., with no policy for sensitive           resources are managed by such a variety of
                land designation, while others are struggling            players that management for long-term health
                to..increase land suitable for active recreation,        of the resources is nearly impossible. Many.
                or access to the Chesapeake Bay. In some                 developers are mystified as to what is
                areas the Commission found there may be a                required of them, and yearn for a unified set
                conflict between the two desirable goals of              of regulations for their own planning
                preserving agricultural land and preserving              purposes. All of the localities say they need
                forest cover. In cities, land that has been long         additional     planning,     acquisition,     and
                developed is being redeveloped with a site               maintenance funding.



                       Appropriate county autho    rities should formulate and provide assistance to developers for
                       compliance with reforestation and tree-cutting policies.

                       Floodplains delineated during the zoning, site plan.review, or land subdivision processes
                       should be deeded to public or quasi-public organizations to enhance the greenways
                       network.

                       Counties should indicate bike/hiker patlis, wildlife corridors,, and safe sepa   rate crossings
                       during site plan review and subdivision processes and highway-planning and construction
                       process.


                       All local zoning regulations should allow clustering. and provide for transfer of
                       development rights from designated greenways.

                       Local jurisdictions should be encouraged to adopt a stream valley protection system such
                       as Baltimore, Montgomery, and Prince George's Counties' programs.

                       Each local government should be encouraged to implement a Greenways Program that
                       includes a local advisory board.














                                                                   23









                                                             State Programs

                     Numerous agencies in the DNR,           and some in other departments, have roles to play in a
                 .state-Aride greenways system. Some programs are primarily planning; some, regulatory; some,
                 funding. Some provide technical assistance. Some are closely tied to local government programs,
                 and some operate more independently. Some agencies are major landowners and managers, often
                 carrying out functions that,. on their face, have little to do with open space or recreation. Shared
                 by all these agencies and. programs is the fact that none of them have protection or establishment
                 of greenways anywhere in their statements of legislative purpose.

                     The following pages focus on those State                  Various agencies within Maryland's
                 programs having large potential impacts on a              government have been protecting greenways
                 greenways network.         Other major land-              for over 50 years. Although not officially
                 owning agencies--Departments of Health and                called a "Greenways" program, it has
                 Mental     Hygiene,      Public Safety         and        evolved into one. The sheer breadth of State
                 Correctional Services, Juvenile Services, and             coverage, and the number of actors, suggests
                 General Services--could usefully evaluate                 the importance of planning and coordination
                 -portions of their holdings for 'greenways                required to 'develop and. implement a
                 applicability.     Two of these agencies,                 coherent statewide Greenways Program.
                 Corrections and Juvenile Services, as well as'            When local and federal participants and
                 the Military Department, have access to                   myriad private and quasi-public actors are
                 manpower resources tha     -t might be applied to         added,      coordination       becomes,      truly
                 particular greenways construction projects.               formidable.


                    ï¿½   Every State agency should designate a Greenways Liaison to the Commission.

                    ï¿½   State agencies with land management responsibilities should require that best management
                        practices be implemented on their land.

                    ï¿½   State-owned land currently not in the greenways network should be reviewed for possible
                        inclusion in the system.

                    ï¿½   Cooperative work programs should be instituted with the Maryland Correctional System,
                        Juvenile Services and Maryland National Guard to use available manpower for greenways
                        projects.

                 I


                 Program Open Space (POS)                                  the past 20 years that it was cited by the
                                                                           President's Commission on Americans
                     POS is the State's funding mechanism for,             Outdoors as the premier way to foster
                 acquiring land for forests, parks, wildlife               greenways.
                 management areas, environmentally sensitive
                 areas, Bay access, agricultural lands, and                    POS also acts as a funding source for
                 heritage areas.       Program Open Space,                 local subdivisions. This past year, land trusts
                 administered by       the Capital Programs                became eligible to receive grants.             By
                 Administration, has been so successful over               enlisting   the    service    of not-for-profit


                                                                      24









                organizations, the State can move more                   network in A timely fash        'ion  while still
                effectively to preserve critical pieces of land.         meeting other open space heeds. Adding to
                Although POS helps to fund easement                      the pressure on available POS funds is the
                programs       through       the      Maryland           escalation of real estate prices, particularly in
                Environmental        Trust    and      Maryland          important waterfront areas.
                Agricultural Lands Preservation Program, fee
                simple acquisition is the preferred -technique               The General Assembly and Governor,
                for ensuring complete protection' and                    sharing this concern, dir         'ected DNR,
                development control on land used for public              Department.of Budget and Fiscal Planning,
                recreation. The recent lifting of the POS cap            and the Office of Planning to evaluate the
                by the Governor and the Maryland General                 feasibility, consistent with debt affordability,
                Assembly will dramatically increase annual               of utilizing some or all of the State transfer
                funding, which will continue to serve.as the             tax revenues allocated to Program Open
                main financial ' resource for preserving                 Space to support bond financin g, which could
                greenway     lands by       State    and local           accelerate land acquisition. A report on this
                governments.                                             matter is due by September 1, 1990.

                    According to DN R, a critical 86,400 acres               Concern    for the adequacy of POS funds
                must    still  be    acquired 'to       complete         led the Private Sector Committee to discuss
                Trogrammed acquisitions for State forests,               a number of additional financing mechanisms
                parks and wildlife, management areas. This               that might be employed to help implement
                does not include links between major                     greenways.         These     discussions      also
                projects. Furthermore, opportunities to close            recognized the need reflected in many
                gaps in existing river valley park acquisition           comments from local government personnel,
                lines are often lost because of inherent                 particularly, about funding for. maintenance,
                slowness in the State acquisition process.               program planning,         and administration.
                                                                         Among the tools suggested were tax
                    The Commission recognized that although              increment financing, user fees, special tax
                Program Open Space funds would grow over                 distriUs, and various means to leverage POS
                the next. several years, they might still be             funds to increase their effectiveness- - Further
                insufficient to complete the acquisition of all          evaluation of funding arrangements' remains
                critical elements of the, greenways                      outstanding.


                       'POS should be the major fund source for greenwAys acquisition.

                       Jo be sure that current data are being used, the.IDNR should thoroughly review State
                       acquisition boundary maps as soon as possible.

                       Creative means must he found to take care            of the  land once   it comes into    public
                       ownership.










                                                                    25









                 Flood Management                                        relate to land ownership and maintenance
                                                                         re.sponsibilities.
                     The stream valley components of a
                 greenways network are clearly related to the               There is presently no uniformity in the
                 State's interest in reducing flood damage and           ownership and maintenance arrangements for
                 loss. Stream valleys left undeveloped sustain           floodplains from one local jurisdiction to
                 very little flood.damage.                               another, or even from one -floodplain to
                                                                         another within a jurisdiction. Frequently,
                     Maryland's       approach       to    flood         floodplains that are not turned over to public
                 management includes a ..grant program                   parks and recreation agencies become
                 administered by DNR's.Water Resources                   orphans, with no one caring for them.
                 Administration. The major emphasis has                  Formalizing maintenance responsibility might
                 been on the acquisition and removal of flood-           be    facilitated   through    a     greenways
                 prone structures from floodplains. After a              designation,    and    associated     education
                 local government recipient of a flood                   programs couid stimulate better stewardship
                 management grant. acquires a property and               among nonpublic owners.          Alternatively,
                 removes the structure, the land must remain             local land trusts might be established to take
                 as permanent open space, usually in public              ownership and caretaker responsibility for
                 ownership.                                              floodplains set aside in the subdivision
                                                                         process that are not suitable for public park
                     Acquiring and removing floodplain                   development.
                 structures is a means of correcting past
                 mistakes in land-use decision-making, as at
                 least one participant in the Greenways                        The Flood     Management Program
                 Commission's workshop for local government                    should give priority to funding
                 recommended. The flood management grant                       projects which will contribute to
                 program is voluntary, however; local                          expansion of a g  reenway.
                 governments do not have to participate, and
                 individual property owners certainly do not                     he Fl
                 have to sell their property, even if the local                T       ood Management Program
                 government does participate. There is no                      should    modify     its  rules     and
                 .State policy on removing structures from the                 procedures so that it can more
                 floodplain.                                                   e Iffectively contribute to greenways
                                                                               objectives.
                     The contributions    of this program to
                 establishing and protecting a greenways
                 network have been less than extensive. The
                 program could play a more active role in the.
                 re-establishment of floodplains as natural'             Scenic and Wild Rivers Program
                 greenways if changes were made in its
                 operation, including -integration of flood                 The Scenicand Wild.Rivers Program,
                 management plans and local open-space                   administered by DNR's Capital Programs
                 recreation plans as a condition for flood               Administration, was created to serve as the
                 management grants.                                      state's comprehensive river planning and
                                                                         conservation program.       The program is
                     Besides changing the flood management               required to inventory and assess all rivers
                 grant program, there are other approaches to            within the State, and, with the assistance of
                 floodplain management that might be made                local citizen advisory boards, to prepare river
                 more effective in establishing and protecting           management plans that emphasize protection,
                 greenways. Some are regulatory. Others                  preservation, and enhancement of the


                                                                   26









               natural,. cultural, and recreational resources           of river corridor protection. The program's
               of those rivers that are designated scenic or            inventories and studies could be used to
               wild by the General. Assembly. Nine rivers               identify rivers that should be considered as
               are currently classified in the legislation as           part of a statewide greenways network'.
               scenic or wild and are. in various stages of             Finally, staff are available to assist local
               planning: Anacostia River, Deer Creek,                   g.overnment in efforts to enhance river
               Monocacy River, Patuxent River, Pocomoke                 corridors. In the future, the program hopes
               River,. Severn River, Wicomico River                     to have regional planning representatives
               (Western Shore), and Youghiogheny River.                 statewide.

                   The Scenic Rivers Program thus far has               DNR Forest Programs
               completed     three    statewide     inventories
               evaluating a total of 45 rivers. These provide              Within the DNR, the Forest, Park and
               a comparative analysis of rivers based on                Wildlife Service provides many forms of
               .their resource value and help identify rivers           assistance to the private and public sectors
               and related shorelines eligible for inclusion in         through its foresters-, biologists, and support
               the program. In addition, the program has                staff. Some major programs are as follows:
               assisted 'in the preparation of a number, of
               river   resource     studies, including       "A         Green Shores
               6@eenway Strategy for Weems,.Creek,"
               "Gems of the Severn," and "Strategies for                  @.Maryland's Nutrient Reduction Plan,
               the Chester River."                                      ..developed -as a result of the 1987 Chesapeake
                                                                        Bay Agreement, relies - heavily on the
                   The program is currently working with                establishment of vegetative buffers to reduce
               the National Park Service, other sections of             agricultural and urban non-point source
               DNIZ, local governments, and citizen                     pollution. Green Shores is a tree-planting
               organizations on a greenway concept for the              program created to establish forest buffers
               Pocomoke River and an assessment of                      along Maryland's waterways. Green Shores
               resource    conservation     and recreational            provides seedlings and technical assistance to
               opportunities along Deer Creek.         'On the,         private groups for plantings. Forested buffers
               Youghiogheny River, the program @ has                    along stream banks and other water bodies
               coordinated a recreational capacity study and            provide a cost-effective method of waterway
               oversees the Department's land acquisition               protection. Forested buffers do many things:
               program.   The program also administers State            besides improving water quality, they act. as
               land-use regulations inside the Youghiogheny             a natural air filter; they are a key component
               scenic corridor and assists the Forest, Park             in perpetuating the natural circulation of
               and Wildlife Service in the administration of            water; they create wildlife corridors; and they
               commercial whitewater-rafting regulations.               absorb rainfall, releasing it slowly into the
                                                                        ground.
                   Given its legislative mandate and its focus
               on river corridors, the Scenic and Wild                  Tree-Mendous Program
               Rivers Program is in an excellent position to
               contribute to the promotion of the greenways                To help Marylanders join the effort-to
               concept.     The program can provide a                   reforest the State, Tree-Mendous Maryland
               measure of protection for  -river corridors and          evolved from the realization that, when - all
               can provide the necessary technical assistance           the laws to help save the Chesapeake Bay
               to develop management plans that promote                 were passed and enforced, we would still face
               river conservation.      Its planning process            a losing battle unless and until Maryland's
               brings together local landowners, river users,           citizens change the way they live and treat
               and government officials to discuss methods              the land. Trees and shrubs can help us heal


                                                                  27










                  the scars of past abuse. and keep us from
                  doing further damage to the Bay.                                 The various State and local forest
                      The basic pro   .gram is the Gift of Trees.                  programs should be coordinated.to
                  Marylanders are asked to consider       buying a                 emphasize - tree planting. in
                  tree or trees in honor or in memory of a                         greenways.
                  person or event. Already, over 100 groves
                  have been established throughout the State as
                  lasting memorials.
                                                                            State Highway Administration
                      Tree-Mendous Maryland is reaching out                     The Maryland Department of
                  to community groups and schools who want
                  to plant in public spaces that need trees. In             Transportation's             State      Highway
                  Baltimore County, over 250 trees were used                Administration (SHA) has the responsibility
                  by public. schools, and, through the local                to assure that the needs of bicyclists are
                  forestry board, 750 trees were planted in                 considered in conjunction with maintenance
                  median strips, to shield. unwanted land uses              and improvement of State highways.
                  or to turn grassy abandoned areas into small              Shoulder construction and surfacing are *of
                  forests. Montgomery County is using 100                   particular concern. SHA guidelines suggest
                  Tree-Mendous trees to . help the Keep                     planners "take into, account -available right-of.-
                  Montgomery County Beautiful Committee's                   way, additional project cost, long term
                  efforts.   IKEA is the. first sponsor, in a,              maintenance cost, potential, bicycle use,'Iocal
                  corporate program that allows' major tree                 and community bikeway systems and other
                  plantings along State highways.                           relevant information."

                      Tree-Mendous Maryland is working with                     SHA's policy statements concerning
                  all State agencies, the Department of General             bicyrles focus on developing the existing
                  Services, the Department of Health and                    State transpo 'rtation system for shared bicycle
                  Mental Hygiene, and the Department of                     and motor vehicle use while improving
                  Public Safety and Correctional Services in                bicycie access to this system. The SHA is
                  .tree-planting programs. The Department of                willing to consider separate bikeways on a
                  Transportation may plant tens of thousands                limited basis where they may connect existing
                  of trees throughout the State over the next               or planned bikeway systems, but "will strive
                  few years.                                                to make its.highways compatible for shared
                                                                            bicycle use rather than designate and mark
                  Other Incentive Programs                                  special bikeways."

                      To stimulate forestry in Maryland, several                The SHA has numerous planning-
                  other programs are available, including                   guidelines that allow for coordination with
                  Urban and Community Forestry Assistance,                  local governments in bicycle transportation
                  Woodland Incentives Program, and the                      planning. A Bicycle Affairs Coordinator is
                  Forest . Conservation       and     Management            available to assist.
                  Program. From a tax standpoint, there are
                  several State and Federal programs that                       The SHA is responsible for bicycle access
                  encourage the planting of trees through tax               across major waterways where feasible,
                  credits or cost sharing. These include the                practical    and     consistent     with     legal
                  Maryland State Reforestation Tax, the                     requirements.     As the State and counties
                  Conservation Reserve Program, and the                     acquire and develop more and more major
                  Forestry Incentive Program.                               hikeT[bikeT trails, this guideline will become
                                                                            very important.


                                                                      28










                      Where roads    tire planned near   to or crossing  greenways, the SHA.should facilitate
                      connectors for wildlife and safe separate crossings for hikers, bicyclists, and equestrians.

                      When it purchases land for highway projects, the State Highway Administration should
                      consider acquiring entire parcels rather than the minimum portion needed for highway
                      construction, where this would contribute to furthering greenways objectives.

                      A hiker/biker trail is needed from Terrapin Beach Park to Sandy Point State Park via the
                      Chesapeake Bay Bridge.

                      A hiker/biker trail should be  incorporated into   the design and construction-of the new
                      Route  ,450 Severn River   Bridge to connect the   B & A Trail with the Annapolis Trail
                      System.




               Agricultural Programs                                       A belt of agricultural land, forest land,
                                                                      parks, wetlands, or other natural land could
                   The Maryland         Land     Preservation         create a buffer between the urban sprawl in
               Foundation was created by        the General           metropolitan areas and the rural character of
               Assembly in an effort to preserve productive           outlying areas. This greenbelt would create
               agricultural and forest land. The program              a landscape in Maryland. that would enhance
               provides for the establishment of agricultural         the quality of life; greenways     within this
               preservation districts and the sale of                 broader      belt   would     be    important
               development-rights easements. The program              contributions to the network.
               is completely, voluntary on 'the part of
               landowners and is dependent upon the
               cooperation@ of local governments.
                                                                             When an agricultural     easement is
                   The combination of State development                      acquired for a property contributing
               policies, land preservation, efforts, and      a              to   the  Igreenways , net-work,
               variety of local government initiatives to
                                                                             especially along the State's waterw
               protect the State's farmland have merged to
               create. an environment very favorable to a                    courses, Best Ma .nagement Practices'
               permanent and secure agricultural land base.                  should be made part of the
                                                                             easement.
                   Acquisition of agricultural easements,
               when combined with other land preservation-                   The Commission      should    explore
               initiatives, could provide connections vital to               .,Opportunities and means to enhance
               the entire,network. Agricultural easements
                                                                             the farmland preservation program
               could contribute even more effectively' if
                                                                             for properties adjacent to or in the
               priority in acquiring them were given to
               properties contributing to expansion of the                   viewshed of a designated greenway.
               State's greenways, or to properties providing
               additional buffer protection for existing
               greenways.




                                                                 29









                  Small Urban Waterfront-            Redevelopment                Many elements of the current plan mesh
                  Program                                                    directly with the recommendations of the
                                                                             Maryland Greenways Commission. Some of
                      The      Small      Urban        Waterfront            the issues identified.are: safeguarding water
                  Development Program is            a cooperative            quality of the Chesapeake Bay; preserving
                  interagency effort administered by the                     stream valleys, railroad rights-of-way, and
                  Department of Housing and Community                        public and private lands that provide access
                  Development          to . assist . waterfront              to Maryland's open space system; preserving
                  communities        to   take     advantage        of       a diversity of natural habitats; increasing
                  development -opportunities, to encourage                   opportunities for close-to-home recreation;
                  water related tourism activities, and to                   enlarging trail systems and connecting
                  improve the quality of the Chesapeake Bay.                 greenways across the State; educating the.
                                                                             public about recreation and open space
                      This program encourages the controlled                 opportunities; and coordinating recreation
                  development of under-utilized shoreline                    and open space issues among Federal, State,
                  areas.    It thus offers a particularly good               local and private groups.
                  opportunity to coordinate with the Maryland
                  Greenways Program on urban greenways.
                  Also, it encourages the development of Bay-                        Maryland Office of Planning should
                  related activities, such as Bay parks, inns,                       include a greenways element in
                  and boat landings, that will be promoted                           guidelines for local recreation and
                  through creative marketing. These activities                       open space plans..
                  will help accomplish the objective of
                  encouraging public access     to the Bay, which
                  is part of the State strategy to comply with
                  the Governor's 1987 Chesapeake Bay
                  Agreement.                                                 Natural Heritage Program

                      The Small Urban Waterfront Program                         The Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                  makes it easier for small and medium sized                 (MNHP) is the State's rare, threatened, and
                  communities to use more effectively the                    endangered species team. Formed in 1979 as
                  waterfront development funds available                     a joint effort between the Maryland DNR
                  through various State ` departments and                    and The Nature Conservancy, the Program is
                  programs.      Each participating agency has               linked to sister programs. in all 50 states via.
                  committed funds and staff to conduct the                   The Nature Conservancy's main computer in
                  reviews nec    .essary to -bring projects to               Arlington, Virginia.        MNHP operates a
                  fruition.                                                  database of rare species, unique habitat     s and
                                                                             significant    natural    features      throughout
                  Maryland Office of Planning                                Maryland.        Through its technical and
                                                                             scientific staffs, the Heritage Program
                      The    Maryland     Office of Planning is              evaluates the potential impacts of land-use
                  responsible for broad statewide planning                   changes on rare species, conducts research
                  efforts including the preparation , of the                 and education programs, and advises in
                  Maryland Land Preservation and Recreation                  management and acquisition decisions.
                  Plan. This document discusses in a general
                  way the State component of a greenways                     Maryland Rails-to-Trails Program
                  network for Maryland.            It provides a
                  framework that local governments can build                      DNR completed its Rails to Trails Study
                  on in local land preservation and recreation               in late 1989 in response to a legislative
                  plans.                                                     mandate. As a result, the.General Assembly


                                                                        30









                passed into law a bill requiring DNR to work              property adversely.      The purpose -of the
                with the Department of Transportation and                 Federally mandated local regulations is to
                the Office of Planning to coordinate efforts              reduce flood losses, primarily to property.
                regarding 'acquisition of railroad corridors              For this reason,, most local floodplain
                suitable for recreation use. The long-term                ordinances are designed primarily to ensure
                value of retaining networks@ of abandoned                 that new construction in -the floodplain is
                railroad corridor lines is substantial in terms           carried out in a manner to withstand flooding
                of providing access to public open space and              with minimal damage. Explicit requirements
                linking together other community -areas that              to consider retention of natural values in
                are often only accessible by vehicle.                     issuing permits for floodplain modification
                                                                          could make floodplain regulation a more
                    The bill states: "The General Assembly                important tool for greenways implementation.
                finds that in order to provide the public with
                access . to    the    use,    enjoyment,. and                 Both the Maryland Department of
                appreciation of the outdoor areas -of                     Environment and. local governments regulate
                Maryland, it is declared to be public policy of           stormwater ma         nagement in new
                this state to provide the means and                       developments.        Recent approaches to
               -procedures, for establishing and expanding a              managing stormwater have seen an emphasi
                                                                                                                           is
                network of recreational and scenic trails."               on the creation of wetlands and natural
                                                                          facilities that can become contributors to a
                Regulatory Programs                                       greeriways system. Even old     er facilities can
                                                                          be retrofitted, as is occurring in the
                    Limited     additions to a statewide                  Anacostia watershed in Montgomery and
                greenways network can be provided by the                  Prince George's Counties, and new ponds can
                State's regulatory programs, sometimes                    be designed to be more in harmony with their
                implemented by requirements imposed on                    natural, surroundings.
                new development through the planning 'and'
                zoning provisions of local governments.                       Since 1970 WRA has regulated tidal
                Regulations         generally       apply       to        wetlands in an effort to stem the loss of these
                environmentally   sensitive areas.                        potential components of a greenways system.
                                                                          The major threats to these wetlands have
                    Although there is a widespread public                 been bulkheading to prevent shore erosi       .on,
                perception that floodplains are protected                 and. dredging, which is often undertaken to
                from development, few local ordinances                    expand recreational opportunit    -ies. Regulated
                prohibit such development, according to a                 to protect wildlife habitat and, to a lesser
                s&vey     conducted      by    the    Greenways           degree,     water    quality,     wetlands      as
                Commission staff.       Similarly, the State's            components of a greenways network.will
                waterway permit program, administered by                  likely remain       largely inaccessible for
                the Water Resources Administration (WRA),                 recreational purposes other than limited
                regulates    the   conditions     under which             hunting.
                floodplain development may occur but does
                not prohibit such development.                                State laws preventing mining on steep,
                                                                          slopes and some local regulations restricting
                    Regulation of the floodplain under either             development on slopes exceeding a specified
                State or local program is not done for the                percentage grade offer some protection for
                purpose of protecting or enhancing natural                hillsides or mountain ridges, which thereby
                values; rather, the intent of the State law is            remain available as wildlife corridors.
                to maintain the conveyance capacity of the
                floodplain and to prevent one person's                        WRA       regulates surface           mining
                encroachment      from     affecting    another's.        operations@ which, particularly in the coastal


                                                                    31









                  plain, affect large acreages.           Stringent         use,    making public        acquisition     more
                  reclamation requirements now imposed on                   problematic.
                  this activity have made mined-out lands                       Regulation is inherently a negative means
                  valuable for inclusion in State and local park            of adding components to a greenways
                  and wildlife management areas. Here, the                  network--it tells people what they can't do
                  intent    of   the    regulations    is    simply         but has very limited capacity to gain positive
                  environmental      protection;     the effect,,           contributions.     In the greenways, context,
                  however, may well be an addition to the                   regulations of various types may help to
                  greenways system.                                         ensure that natural landscapes are not
                                                                            developed into alternative. uses; they have.
                      One area of State regulation in which 'a             -little capacity to assure that these landscapes
                  greenways benefit might have been intended                are maintained for wildlife and. human
                  is in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Areas                   benefit. Public access, particularly, cannot
                  program.     This program's limitations on                be provided through regulatory means.
                  development within 1000 feet of the Bay and
                  its tidal tributaries, @ and restriction of almost
                  all development within a 1 00-foot-wide buffer
                  along these waters, clearly has the effect of                     Regulatory agencies should report to
                  preserving bands of , green along the                             the Greenways Commission by
                  waterfronts. Private recreational uses, such                      December 1, 1990, on how their
                  as marinas, 'are among the exceptions to the                      programs can be administered or
                  ban on development in the 100-foot buffer.                        amended to further greenways
                  Public benefits of the resulting open-space
                  reservation will be largely limited to                            objectives mo re effectively.
                  aesthetics and improved wildlife habitat in
                  the absence of additional steps to acquire
                  land for public use. Ironically, perhaps, the
                  price of waterfront land may have been
                  forced upward by these efforts to regulate

                                                           Federal Approaches

                      The State of Maryland is unusually rich in land and water resources and qualifies for a variety
                  of Federal programs designed to help manage those resources. Also, the declining health of the
                  Chesapeake Bay has drawn the direct involvement of special Federal programs focused on
                  improving its condition. Following are brief descriptions of the major Federal programs that
                  address some aspect of greenways planning, acquisition, or management in Maryland.

                  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)                      facilities management, non-point source
                      The Chesapeake Bay Estuary Program                    runoff control, public awareness, and data
                                                                            management.
                  meets responsibilities identified by the 1987
                  Chesapeake Bay Agreement. As a result,                        The Regional FWS Office is important to
                  the regional FWS office established a                     FWS to preserve environmentally sensitive
                  separate presence in Annapolis, Maryland, to              estuaries that sustain aquatic and wildlife
                  coordinate     activities - relating    to     this       resources. Since these concerns over-lap with
                  agreement. Major efforts include: wetlands,               greenways goals, the FWS signed a
                  fish and wildlife resources, anadromous fish              Memorandum of Understanding with The
                  research     and restoration,          biological         Conservation Fund to work cooperatively
                  monitoring, resource contaminant analysis,                tow ard the identification and protection of


                                                                       32








               greenways in the regi     on.    A survey of           government entities.
               possible funding and FWS policies supporting
               greenways, work has already been completed.            National Park Service (NIPS)

                   The Regional Office oversees the                       The Recreational Resource Assistance
               administration of several funding programs             Branch encourages partnerships among
               available to provide money for fisheries and           Federal, State, and local governments and
               wildlife acquisition, planning, and technical          the private sector to:
               assistance. Dingell/Johrison, Wallop/Breaux,
               and Pittman/Robertson funds are distributed            o   help identify outstanding river, trail and
               on a matching basis through State fish and                 greenway resources and develop policies
               wildlife agencies, whic h have some flexibility            for their protection;
               in how they are spent.
                                                                      o   provide State and local entities with
                   The North American Waterfowl Plan                      technical skills needed to increase river,
               (signed by the United States and Canada in                 trail and greenway resources-,
               1986) offers an opportunity to protect
               remaining wetlands and conserve waterfowl.             o   help in the conversion of        abandoned
               The Maryland Atlantic Coast Joint Venture                  railroads to trails.
               (ACJV) is this State's implementation
               committee for the plan.           The group                Two ongoing projects in Maryland
               encourages public and private partnerships to          address    Chesapeake      Bay , access     and
               protect and restore wetlands and other                 Chesapeake Bay watershed planning. With
               migratory habitat for birds, fish, and other           the help of a grant from The Conservation
               wildlife. The ACJV has identified five'focus           Fund, the Recreation Resource Assistance
               areas in Maryland for wetlands and upland              Division is producing two greenways
               buffers: Sinepuxent and Chincoteague Bay               documents--one promoting economic values;
               Marshes, Blackwater and Nanticoke River                the other, the environmental design of
               Marshes, Lower Eastern Shore Marshes,                  greenways.
               Dickerson Bay, and Patuxent River Marshes.
               The ACJV is an -obvious forum for                          NPS administer's the Land-and Water
               cooperation in greenways protection when               Conservation Fund, originally establish    edin
               priority areas overlap.                                1966 as a shared responsibility between
                                                                      Federal agencies and the States. Now the
                   The FWS administers a refuge system                Fund is primarily divided among Federal
               responsible for the national network of lands          agencies -for the planning and acquisition of
               and water acquired for wildlife. The system            parks and natural resource areas. In recent
               in Maryland is an important component of               years, chronic instability has led to a variety
               the State's overall greenways network.*                of ideas for replacing it.

                   Finally, the National Wetlands Priority            National Oce     anic and Atmospheric
               Conservation Plan, developed under the                 Administration (NOAA)
               Emergency Wetland Resources Act of 1986,
               identifies wetlands that should - receive                  The Fede  'ral Coastal Zone Management
               priority attention for Federal Land and Water          (CZM) Act of 1970 requires States deriving
               Conservation funds.      The Plan can assist           Federal aid for coastal planning to address
               states in meeting.the requirement under the            issues outlined in State plans. ' Section 306
               Act that wetlands be addressed as an                   Funds  'are apportioned nationally by a
               important recreation resource.       The Act           formula based on pop    ulation and miles of
               promotes cooperation among private and                 coastal zone.


                                                                 33










                     Wetland conservation and non-point                 priority in funding requests.     Since 1983,
                 pollution control, major considerations in             Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the
                 greenways development, are shaping up as               Susquehanna River Basin Commission have
                 the new focus of the CZM Act as                        addressed the health of the Chesapeake Bay,
                 reauthorization works its way through                  focusing on interstate data management,
                 Congress.    Strong efforts are focusing on            economically   important living resources,
                 increasing funding in the national program             toxicity,   and    citizens'    water-quality
                 and passing amendments that address the                monitoring networks in each State.
                 variety of land-use problems affecting coastal
                 waters. The Federal CZM Program has                    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
                 already shown great interest in greenways for
                 their ability to buffer important coastal                  The EPA Administrator and the director
                 waters from non-point pollution.                       of the Regional Office have strongly
                                                                        endorsed greenways and have voiced support
                     The Maryland CZM Program, approved                 for Maryland's program.
                 in 1978, is based on the networking of
                 existing   State    laws   and     authorities.            EPA's research findings concerning the
                 Implementation is accomplished through                 Bay's decline and its recommended remedies
                 memoranda of understanding between DNR                 led to the signing of the 1983 Chesapeake
                 (the lead agency).and other State agencies             Bay Agreement, which forged the first links
                 and is coordinated and monitored by the                in an enduring commitment to the restoration
                 Coastal Resources Division of DNR's                    of the Chesapeake among Maryland,
                 Tidewater Administration. The Program's                Pennsylvania, Virginia, the District of
                 definition of the coastal zone includes 16             Columbia, The Chesapeake Bay Commission,
                 coastal counties and Baltimore City. Major             and EPA. A second Agreement, signed in
                 components of Maryland's plan include                  December 1987, goes well beyond the
                 implementation of Chesapeake Bay Initiatives           original   compact,     establishing     major
                 and the Chesapeake Bay Agreement.                      objectives and specific commitments for
                                                                        action to achieve the overall goals of the
                     Initial phases of Maryland's Greenways             Chesapeake Bay Program.         Bay Program
                 Program, including brochure-printing and the           goals address living resources, water quality,
                 production of the "Greenways for Maryland"             non-point pollution, population, develop-
                 audio-visual show, were paid for in part by a          ment, public information, public access, and
                 Maryland CZM grant.                                    governance.

                     NOAA's Marine and Estuary Sanctuary                    Both the Federal Clean Water Act and
                 Division administers the National Estuarine            the 1987 Agreement give EPA a role in
                 Research Reserve System for the United                 establishing a greenways network through its
                 States. This program focuses on protection             Chesapeake Bay Program.
                 of   natural    and     cultural    resources,
                 environmental education, monitoring, and                   EPA's national environmental programs--
                 research within a system of representative             including Superfund, water quality programs,
                 reserves illustrating the nation's varying             hazardous waste management requirements,
                 coastal waters. The -Maryland Chesapeake               groundwater      protection,      wastewater
                 Bay  Reserve System includes Monie Bay,                treatment regulations and air quality
                 Otter Point Creek, and Jug Bay, all in                 standards--also contribute to the protection of
                 various stages of completion.                          Maryland's greenways-

                     Interstate projects covering shared water              There are several opportunities for
                 bodies or estuaries receive the highest                greenways coordination through EPA's


                                                                   34









                existing programs.        Non-point pollution           gram that greenways, function        as critical
                controls call for a 40% reduction by the year           elements for water quality          and living
                2000 in nitrogen and phosphorus entering the            resources in the Bay.
                Bay. . Runoff from street       s, farms and
                construction sites is a major focus for control.            EPA also conducts special       studies that
                As noted above, greenways are an attractive             may strengthen. local greenways efforts. For
                way to address 'non-point pollution.        EPA         example, current interest in funding a model
                distributes   large   grants for       non-point        project on the Patuxent River presents an
                pollution control to the states. (In Maryland,          opportunity to coordinate greenways, plans.
                funding goes largely,to the Departments of
                Environment and Agriculture.)                               Finally, the Executive Council of the
                                                                        Chesapeake Bay Program, which includes the
                    Federal agency coordination and support             governors of Virginia, Maryland, and
                of the State's Greenways Program could be               Pennsylvania and the EPA Administrator is
                strengthened by persuading the Living                   an ideal vehicle for encouraging neighboring
                Resources Committee within the Bay Pro-                 States to initiate greenways programs.,


                       A memorandum of understanding with Federal agencies participating in greenways should
                       be developed to address mutual goals.


                    *  Funds for greenways acquisition, planning, or development should be provided through.
                       existing programs.


                    *  Formal agreements on existing Federal lands (military, Interior, Agriculture, etc.) should
                       be obtained to protect corridors that will further the implementation of the greenways
                       network.


                    *  The Commission supports the -transfer of surp      lus land at Fort Meade to U.S. Fish &
                       Wildlife Service or the State of Maryland for integration into and enhancement of the
                       Patuxent  Greenway.


                       Criteria to identify, protect, and manage greenways resources should be developed for all
                       Federal lands.




                                          Nonprofit Organizations and Land Trusts

                    Nonprofit organizations can make a very important           contribution to land preservation in
                Maryland. Relying on philanthropic donations to fund land acquisition programs, such groups have
                managed to preserve thousands of acres in Maryland. Besides actually acquiring and managing
                important landscapes, nonprofit organizations at the national level are sources of technical
                expertise and organizational skill. At the local level, nonprofit groups often provide volunteer.
                labor for greenway projects, as well as legislative and financial support.

                    Land trusts have been involved for more             throughout the country. In some cases, land
                than 100 years with preservation activities             trusts purchase or receive donations of fee

                                                                   35









                 interest in land; in other cases, they hold                Because these tools rely primarily , on
                 easements. The greatest addition to trust-                 charitable gifts from private property owners
                 held acreage has occurred over the past 20                 who value privacy, they are more appropriate,
                 years as development pressure on lands has                 for protecting scenic landscapes, farmland,
                 increased. Currently, Maryland has nearly                  and natural wildlife habitat than for providing
                 75,000 acres preserved in land trusts.                     public access for recreation.

                     The largest land trust in the United                       The Maryland Envir         on miental Trust
                 States, The Nature Conservancy,'has a long                 (MET) is the State agency that is expressly
                 history of preserving greenways and other                  designed to help nonprofit organizations form
                 natural are  'as in Maryland. In addition, the             and    maintain     land    trusts    and     hold
                 Conservancy pioneered the concept of                       conservation easements itself.         MET, in
                 voluntary landowner registry programs, which               cooperation with the Chesapeake Bay
                 could provide a model for buffers in future                Foundation (CBF),. formed the Local Land
                 greenways.        To date, 130 Maryland                    Trust Assistance Program with funds from
                 landowners are enrolledin the joint Nature                 the Coastal Zone Management Program.
                 Conservancy/State of Maryland natural areas                MET and CBF work together to encourage
                 registry program.                                          the formation of land trusts; they provide
                                                                            legal services and technical assistance for
                     To meet         the    management          and         incorporation . and establishment of tax-
                 preservation goals   of a nonprofit organization           exempt status. They also provide training in
                 and a landowner, each easement or land                     land    conservation         techniques        and
                 trust agreement is structured individually.                organization.



                    ï¿½ Incentives, leadership, and training should be provided for local land trusts and
                        conservation groups who wish to protect, manage, and maintain greenways.

                     ï¿½  Partnerships with influential land conservation organizations that have large supportive
                        memberships or can move swiftly to protect land should be created or strengthened.





                                                              Private Sector

                     Government cannot-create a greenways network on its own. Not all of the land important to
                 the network's integrity can or should be publicly acquired. Nor can -all land in the greenways
                 system be open to the public. Although most of the greenways examples cited in this report have
                 been public areas, privately owned lands play a vital role. Developing strategies,for weaving
                 private and public properties together is one of the most challenging tasks facing the Greenways
                 Program.

                     We already , know that greenway                        connectors can be rights-of-way owned or
                 connectors are critical components in the                  controlled by public utilities, such as electric
                 overall system; they are pathways by which'                power producers or gas pipeline companies.
                 people or wildlife can travel back and forth               Other privately owned lands that could
                 between other parts of the system. Future                  connect to established greenways include


                                                                      36









                cemeteries,   agricultural buffers, private'           areas for future   greenways, projects. The
                schools and college campuses, industrial park          results of the surveys indicated a strong
                open spaces, and floodplains.                          willingness to participate personally in
                                                                       making the greenways network a reality.
                    Some of these areas might be available
                for limited access to particular publics, such             The efforts of individuals joining together
                as employees in the industrial park, or                are already making a positive difference
                residents of the neighborhood abutting the             without the expenditure of a large amount of
                floodplain. Open spaces set aside during the           public money.
                subdivision process might be available. for use
                only by residents of the subdivision. Some             Adopt-A-Stream Program
                privately owned open spaces, like cemeteries
                or campuses, might be more. generally                      Adopt-A-Stream, a      statewide program
                available.    Other greenways would be                 jointly administered by DNR's Tidewater
                available to no one but the owner, as in the           Administration and Save Our Streams, is an
                case of the farmer who maintains the stream            example of a partnership between a State
                buffm on his land. Even without human                  agency and a private organization.             it
                access,.  these greenway elements are                  demonstrates how @stre,arn valley greenways
                important for wildlife habitat and, in urban           are already being monitored, protected, used,
                areas, for visual relief from pavement and             and enjoyed throughout Maryland.
                buildings.
                                                                           The Adopt-A-Stream Program recognizes
                    To explore opportunities to coordinate             the value of citizen involvement in. the
                with private interests, the Private Sector             monitoring and care. of stream valleys.
                Committee initiated meetings with staff from           Citizens are often 't'he first to notice sediment
                the Urban Land Institute and the National              and erosion Problems, illegal dumping, and
                Association of Home Builders and with                  other activities that threaten the health and
                various landscape architects.        The full          well-being of their nearby stream valley.
                Commission is continuing to work with these            Addiiionally, local knowledge is often very
                groups and other private sector interest               reliable and helpful to State agencies when
                groups like the Maryland Homebuilders, that            trying to determine the source and extent of
                Will add to the expertise available to the             violations.
                Commission.'     Forging common areas - of
                interest and experimenting with incentives for             The beauty of the Adopt-A-Stream
                private involvement in greenways are                   Program is its flexibility. Groups of any size
                challenging tasks. Examples of large-scale             or affiliation may participate, and the
                land development and sand-afid-gravel    ' mine        activities and levels of commitment are as
                reclamation that have already contributed to           varied as the groups that join. It is designed
                land preservation in the region were                   to involve citizen organizations in the
                -explored. The Commission will give      future        protection of their local waterway . through
                attention to these models.                             hands-on. educational'. civic, and scientific
                                                                       activities. Activities include watershed and
                Grassroots                                             stream surveys, storm-drain painting, water
                                                                       quality assessments, and simple stream clean-
                    Early in the         Commissi *on's  work,         UPS.
                questionnaires were prepared and sent out by
                several of the working committees.          The            Thousands of Maryland's citizens are
                objectives were to identify the grassroots             showing the.ir Support for the Adopt-A-
                supporters of greenways and the level of their         Stream Program.       Since September 1989,
                support, as well as to identify some priority          over 6,000 miles of streams have been


                                                                  37










                  adopted     more than one    third of Maryland's
                  17,000 miles of streams, 9501o of which drain                    Adopt-a-Stream        Program        should
                  into the Chesapeake Bay.                                         expand to include all           gree.nways
                                                                                   connectors.
                      Adopt-A-Stream is an excellent example
                  of a public/private partnership that benefits                    One Million Marylanders for the Bay
                  natural areas and wildlife habitat, provides an                  should implement. projects ' that
                  opportunity for civic stewardship of resources                   preserve and enhance the water
                  and education, and at the same                 *time             quality along our stream valley
                  enhances technical knowl     edge.                               greenways system.

                  One Million Marylanders for the Bay
                                                                              Real Estate Development
                      "One Million Marylanders for the Bay"
                  initiated' by Governor William Donald                           Private land development projects can
                  Schaefer, is a Statewide campaign designed to
                                                                              sometimes make major contributions to the
                  involve the citizens of Maryland in preserving              conservation       of    important       greenway
                  the Chesapeake Bay. By educating people                     resources. A limited development centered
                  on how they can help clean up this precious                 around the Laurels in the Brandywine Valley
                  natural resource, sometimes by making                       of Pennsylvania shows how'.protection and
                  simple changes in their daily lives, the                    profit are not mutually exclusive goals.
                  program aims to guarantee the Bay's long-
                  term survival.                                                  Where      .a land trust or conservancy
                                                                              becomes involved in a limited development,
                      According    to Governor Schaefer,       "it is         a large tract of important privately owned
                  everyone's responsibility to clean up the Bay.
                                                                              natural land is subdivided into large building
                  If we all join this critical effort, we can make            lots (in the Brandywine Conservancy project,
                  a   difference     in   its    preservation     and         these averaged 30 acres); the lots are then
                  restoration."                                               sold to private investors, along with
                      Marylanders can carry out simple steps                  easements that severely restrict what can be
                  outlined in "Ten Easy Ways You Can Help                     done with them.           In the case of the
                  Clean Up The Bay." These steps include                      Brandywine, the Laurels was donated to the
                  everything from water conservation to proper                Conservancy by investors as a permanent
                  lawn care and sensible pest control and can                 nature preserve.
                  easily be implemented on a regular basis in                     On. a smaller scale,             real , estate
                  homes and workpla     .ces.                                 development in Maryland already provides
                      Upon joinin    g One Million Marylanders                models for local grdenway project         's.   For
                  members receive a button and Chesapeack,                    example, at Solomon's Landing, in Calvert
                  the Governor's quarterly newsletter.             To         County, natural area conservation and trail
                                                                              development guided the site development
                  date,    One      Million      Marylanders       has        process.  .In the Sandy Oaks project in Anne
                  distributed over a million brochures.
                                                                              Arundel. County, State requirements for
                      Many of the activities -related to this                 wetlands and endangered species 'protection
                  campaign are helpful directly or indirectly to              and mandated local open-space needs led to
                  the greenways network plan.                 Future          well planned set-asides within residential
                                                                              subdivisions.      In the future, linkage of
                  cooperation between the'two projects will be
                  helpful to both.                                            subdivision open spaces with one another and
                                                                              with established greenways -can make the
                                                                              network available at the neighborhood level.


                                                                        38








                                   Local Action: The American
                                           Chestnut Land Trust

                                   The residents of Scientist's Cliffs, a small residential community on the
                           Chesapeake Bay, had watched with increasing unease as Calvert County grew
                           and developed at a fevered pitch. Unparalleled growth and rocketing real
                           estate values in nearby Washington, D.C., had pushed that city's commuting
                           belt out to include this rural peninsula, and a development boom was on.
                           When a 450-acre tract adjacent to Scientist's Cliffs went on the market late in
                           1986, residents decided to take direct action.           Forming a non-profit
                           corporation, the community solicited donations for "shares" in the property
                           at the rate of $4000 each. Through careful planning and a highly successful
                           fund-raising campaign, the American Chestnut Land Trust (ACLT), named
                           after one of the few American Chestnuts that had survived the blight and still
                           lived on the property, was able to make a down payment of $400,000 in 1988.
                           Using an innovative county land preservation program, the ACLT then sold
                           off the development rights to the property, which went into the county's
                           development rights bank. The advantage of such a Transfer of Development
                           Rights (TDR) program is that landowners can perpetuate their land as open
                           space while recouping the value of the development rights. The TDR's are
                           then sold to developers who want to increase the density of their projects
                           above that allowed by existing zoning. The net effect of this process is to
                           cluster development, maximizing open space and concentrating new homes
                           into centralized villages rather than large-lot suburban sprawl.

                                   After its unparalleled success with its first acquisition, the ACLT
                           continued to raise funds and acquire additional acres, forming a greenbelt
                           around the community, and it plans to continue protection efforts. The lands
                           now border tidal waters to the north of Scientist's Cliffs and may soon border
                           the Chesapeake on the south.

                                   When the ACLT first bought the preserve, it knew that the property
                           was special and beautiful and that the American Chestnut and old woods on
                           the site were worth protecting. But as the property was studied further in
                           cooperation with biologists from Maryland's Department of Natural
                           Resources, a number of additional values were identified, including seven
                           threatened and endangered species, one of which occurs nowhere else in the
                           State. The ACLT protects one of the major tributaries for Parker Creek, a
                           unique natural area.

                                   The American Chestnut Land Trust's success has spawned a growing
                           number of similar ventures throughout Maryland and has been recognized by
                           National Geojzraphic Magnine and other major publications. ACLT lands are
                           maintained by a dedicated force of volunteers and are open to the public.









               Prince George's County recognizes the                  mined for sand and gravel and that must be
               importance of these linkages in its upcoming           reclaimed     under    State     surface-mining
               work plan. Smaller local governments may               regulations provide an important opportunity
               need assistance to realize this potential.             for private sector involvement.

               Agriculture                                                A representative of Genstar Stone
                                                                      Products, a company currently working with
                   The Committee on Water           Resources,        DNR to create the Days Cove section of
               Fish, Wildlife, Conservation and Agriculture           Gunpowder Falls State Park, presented its
               explored the issues surrounding greenways              reclamation plan to the Commission.
               and greenway buffers on agricultural lands.            Benefits to the State include expedited, low-
               While there is general consensus that                  cost park development.       Genstar, on the
               agricultural areas are among the State's most          other hand, is proceeding with extraction in
               important, if "unofficial," open spaces,               a timely fashion, while improving its public
               preservation of agriculture as a viable part of        image, even gaining national recognition.
               the economy, and of agricultural lands as
               components of the greenways network,                       This success story should be a model for
               remains problematic. Issues of public access,          other    resource    extraction     companies,
               interference with farm operations, possible            particularly the sand-and-gravel industry,
               environmental damage, and liability were               which in Maryland operates largely in
               identified as problem areas during the                 floodplains, where the resource is found.
               Committee's initial       review.        Better        The companies are often left with ponds,
               integration of farmland preservation efforts           lakes, wetlands, and floodplain, which are
               with greenways interests is an area requiring          generally    unsuitable     for    commercial,
               additional exploration.                                industrial or residential redevelopment. Park
                                                                      use of the mined-out river corridors has great
               Sand and Gravel Reclamation                            potential for linking with river greenways.

                   Reclamation of lands that   have been



                  ï¿½   As incentives to private groups to open their lands to recreational or wildlife management
                      uses, government should consider providing liability, security, and public safety coverage
                      and technical expertise in trail-building, maintenance, and wildlife management.


                  ï¿½   The Commission should explore incentives to encourage wildlife enhancement on
                      agricultural lands.


                  ï¿½   The State should provide recognition to those community groups or private landowners
                      who dedicate their land to enhance the greenways network.

                  ï¿½   Alliances with private corporations should be set up to protect greenway corridors through
                      land reclamation on mining sites.

                  ï¿½   Business and industry should he encouraged to dedicate lands for greenways.





                                                                 39










                                                               Utilities

                Land and water corridors, such as stream valleys and ridgelines, are the skeletal frame of the
           greenways system. Often overlooked are linear rights-of-way for oil, gas, electric, and water
           transmission.


                It is no accident that utility corridors                placed. Limited easements may pose legal
           criss-cross population centers and serve those               and operational restrictions to greenway use
           areas where people spend most of their time.                 of the land. Even with fee-simple ownership,
           Relief from street traffic makes trails on                   restrictions on surface use may remain.
           utility corridors immensely popular, and                     Regardless      of    ownership,       regulatory
           many localities have already worked out use                  requirements may restrict whether utilities
           agreements with utilities to allow access for                can provide additional services to the public.
           recreation, trail use, and gardening. Trail                  Disincentives may also come in the form of
           maintenance agreements are varied, and                       opposition from adjacent landowners, who
           tailored to suit individual circumstances.                   may have problems with recreational trail
           Negotiations with utilities identify parties                 use.
           responsible for signs, maintenance, and
           security. The agreements also specify the                        On the positive side, public support for
           utility's needs for line maintenance           ' and         greenway connections may help utilities
           repair, permitted herbicide use, and even                    secure    new     rights-of-way      and      local
           closure of the trail if necessary to fulfill the             transmission centers, making an attractive
           utility's obligation to its customers.                       partnership for both sides. Also, while most
                                                                        utility lands are narrow corridors of specified
                Utilities are already a major provider of               width, some companies own large tracts
           wildlife greenways. Through routine utility                  throughout the State that have greenways;
           maintenance, a great deal of habitat is                      values of their own.
           provided at no cost to the State.            Utility
           rights-of-way, particularly in wooded areas,                 Security
           create corridors of vegetation--short, scrubby
           babitat rich in wildlife food, cover, and                        One of the barriers preventing utilities
           habitat diversity valuable for promoting many                from welcoming the public onto their'
           types of wildlife. Even in agricultural areas,               corridors is undesirable activity invited by
           shrubby vegetation at the base of powerline                  open gates--garbage dumping, vandalism, and
           poles and towers provides an island effect                   trail-biking.    State and local policing of
           which attracts wildlife. In the East, it is very             opened trails on utility land would make the
           common for white-tail deer, cottontail                       prospective greenway links more attractive to
           rabbits, ruffed grouse and song bird                         utility cooperators. In areas where policing
           populations to be attracted to utility rights-of-            is not feasible, greenway corridors could
           way.                                                         remain managed for wildlife habitat without
                                                                        public access.          Formal and official
                There are several issues important to the               designation as greenways could also deter
           utility industry, which must be explored and                 vandalism and promote respectful use of the
           addressed if we are to understand and attract                rights-of-way.
           utility partners in the greenways system.
                                                                        Liability
           Ownership                                                        Liability concerns are perhaps the major
                First, utilities may or may not own the                 barrier to public access on utility land.
           land upon which their lines and facilities are               Liability relief provided by the State or local


                                                                  40






                                 Greenways as Good Business:
                                                       Sandy Oaks

                            Mandarin Construction Company, a homebuilder in northern Anne Arundel County,
                    had cleared its zoning and permit hurdles for the Sandy Oaks Subdivision when one of its
                    wetland delineation consultants made a highly unusual discovery. Hidden within the wet
                    stream corridor, which bisected the project, was a large population of one of the rarest
                    flowers in the world. Growing up to three feet tall during its short blooming period, the
                    swamp pink lily, with its oval cluster of pink flowers and blue anthers, looked like The Flower
                    from Outer Space, and there was no mistaking its identity. Swamp pink had declined to a few
                    widely dispersed populations on the East Coast and was listed as endangered in Maryland and
                    threatened on the Federal list.

                            Project managers sat down with county planners and biologists from the Maryland
                    Natural Heritage Program, the State's endangered species team, to work out a solution to the
                    dilemma. Since the project was already approved under the subdivision process, and since
                    State and Federal laws protecting plants were less than stringent on this kind of project, the
                    various parties decided to innovate.

                            By concentrating the subdivision's open space around the stream corridor, additional
                    buffer was afforded the swamp pink. Open space design was arranged so that passive-use
                    areas were close to the streambed and active-use areas were placed outside, but adjacent to,
                    the passive buffer. The unique character of the wetlands along the stream corridor was due
                    in large part to the unusual hydrology of the area. A sandy ridge borders the stream and acts
                    as a small aquifer, catching and storirg rainfall. This rainwater is slowly discharged into the
                    stream corridor, forming a seepage wetland. To preserve the existing hydrology, the
                    developer radically altered his stormwater control plLn, replacing two planned ponds with a
                    dozen stormwater recharge units. The recharge units clean runoff from developed areas and
                    reinject it into the ground so that it can continue to the seeps.

                            With buffers established and hydrology protected, the planning team set about the
                    problem of public access. Building a huge fence around the area might keep most people out,
                    but sooner or later holes would develop. On the other hand, uncontrolled access could lead
                    to the trampling and picking of swamp pink. Neither of these options would have provided
                    any educational benefit to the community. So it was decided that access to the stream valley
                    would be encouraged and controlled by the establishment of a formal nature trail, complete
                    with boardwalks, bridges, and interpretive signs. The trail winds through most of the stream
                    area, although it bypasses an isolated swamp pink population that will remain undisclosed to
                    the public. The developer gave up a building lot where the trail begins, to allow for parking
                    and a kiosk. The nature trail will be managed by the homeowner's association and much of
                    the success of this project will depend upon a few dedicated homeowners taking care of the
                    site.


                            Sandy Oaks is an ongoing project, and only time will tell whether it succeeds. With
                    luck, the people who buy homes there will recognize the natural, recreational, and quality-of-
                    life values of their greenway and Nivrill nurture and protect it and its unusual resident flower.
                    They will all certainly be aware of it, from the first time they see the picture of swamp pink
                    on the entrance sign. And whether they live on Pink Lily Lane or Nature Trail Drive, they
                    will always own their own piece of nature close to their back yard.









                 governments would be a major incentive to                    potential through cooperation with this
                 opening corridors to the public.                             segment of the private sector.

                     Maryland, like many other         states, does
                 have a recreation liability statute that                             The Commission should work with
                 provides coverage for private landowners                             utility   representatives and other
                 offering their land for public use. At least                         @quasi-public agencies to formalize an
                 one utility company in Maryland considers                            arrangement for                planning,
                 this coverage adequate for public use of its
                 land.                                                                evaluating and developing rights-of-
                                                                                      way for additional greenway
                 Trails                                                               connectors. The Public Service
                                                                                      Commission should be included
                     Potential for trail development on utility                       when reviewing projects that could
                 lands lies largely untapped. Utility corridors                       enhance the greenways network.
                 provide an opportunity for counties and the
                 state to expand recreation and wildlife habitat




                                                               Public Outreach

                                  Greenways cannot be successful without the,public's understanding and.
                                  participation.

                     During numero     us meetings in the spring of 1990 with groups and individuals, members of the
                 Greenways Commission and staff found wide interest and support for establishing a greenways
                 network. It also found widespread recognition of the need for involvement and cooperation from
                 all levels of government and various private interests in order to create a comprehensive system.


                     The uniqueness that each county brings to                recreation, as described in this report, need
                 the proposed greenways network must be                       wide dissemination.            Gaining financial
                 acknowledged and used to make the system                     support for greenways that serve wildlife or
                 better.                                                      water quality goals but are closed to human
                                                                              access, will require particular outreach
                     Improved communication will be a major                   efforts.    Implementing greenways may be
                 requirement to implement a program. Such                     possible at the price of changing common
                 communication is two-way, including both                     behaviors, rather than by expending dollars;
                 letting the general public and other actors                  'this,  too,    requires understanding           and
                 know what is being done and what is needed                   cooperation from many interests and
                 from them and hearing from affected publics                  individuals.
                 as to their wants and needs. Maintaining
                 necessary support for greenways will depend                      Outreach efforts have already begun.          A
                 on the success of continuing communications.                 slide show (and a video tape version of           it)
                                                                              has been developed and shown and is
                     Concepts such as the importance and                      available for distribution. , Surveys were
                 value of greenways and how they serve both                   prepared and distributed, and their results
                 resource      conservation        and      outdoor           have been used for this report., Presentations


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             were given to interested groups, and dialogue           ipate effectively in the program.
             has opened between both current and
             potential actors from the private sector, such             While efforts directed toward identified
             as the Association of Home Builders and a               interests have begun, little has been done to
             number of the State's utilities.                        reach less organized and local interests
                                                                     through the mass media. Displays and hand-
                 One tool that could be used to enhance              out materials can be prepared for major
             support for the program is the creation of a            events, such as fairs and festivals. Reaching
             coalition of supportive' organizations and              broader publics can also be accomplished
             businesses. Workshops could be held each                through    information     packets    sent    to
             year focusing on particular greenways                   community organizations for inclusion in their
             benefits, and awards given to organizations or          own materials. A copy of the video taped
             individuals doing the most to help create,              slide show can be distributed to local groups
             greenways. Other ways to recognize support              as a supplement to meetings. Grassroots
             for and contributions to the greenways                  operations, such as Adopt-a-Stream, can be
             network could include:                plaques;          encouraged to emphasize completion of
             proclamations; patches saying, "I walked the-           important greenways components.
             --greenway"; a discount card for use in
             greenways throughout the State; tree planting               Providing     technical    assistance     to
             ceremonies; and leadership awards given by              community groups and organizations like Boy
             service organizations.                                  Scouts and school PTAs is another means of
                                                                     public outreach that is already part of some
                 Roundtables for special interest groups             agency programs.       If expanded in those
             offer a means for regular information                   agencies, and initiated in others, this activity
             exchanges. Displays and workshop sessions               would support greenways development.
             at professional conferences and association             Establishment of a clearinghouse to match
             meetings     offer    other     opportunities.          potential pfojects with funding sources, as
             Additional private interest surveys, such as            well as technical and volunteer support, is
             one being developed for the agricultural                another vital component of overall program
             community, can help provide input on issues             development.
             affecting particular groups' ability to partic-


                                                           Summary

                 The preceding pages indicate the broad spectrum of programs, tools, and actors that could
             implement greenways. A mechanism for integrating these programs and players and insuring that
             they are coordinated is missing. A comment heard on several occasions during the Commission's
             meetings with interest groups was that one planning/implementing agency does not know what
             another is doing--local governments are ignorant of State plans and both are ignorant of Federal
             plans and activities. Even within each level of government, agency personnel are often ignorant
             of related activities being carried out in sister agencies. All actors could participate more
             effectively, our respondents felt, if better communication were available, leading to better
             coordination.

                 Existing regional bodies, like the                  development - of a state greenways plan,
             Baltimore Regional Council of Governments,              incorporating local greenways plans. Such
             could provide forums for coordinating the               plans might be made conditions for
             multiple efforts related to greenways in their          participation in Program Open Space.
             areas.     Another mechanism would be



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                   Where plans are required as elements of             variations in map scale and resolution.
               other State programs, such as flood                     Automated mapping procedures, which could
               management grants, greenways considerations             help agencies share mapped information, are
               could be required.      Simply designating a            lacking.    Where geographic information
               greenways coordinator within each agency of             systems are in place, they may not be
               state government that has greenway-related              compatible with one another.
               responsibilities, and similar coordinators in
               each county, would go a considerable way                   While overcoming the mapping problem
               toward achieving improved cooperation.                  will be expensive and time-consuming,
                                                                       surmounting other obstacles may be less
                   Probably the most significant impediment            costly. Areas needing attention include the
               to development of a unified State greenways             lack of any kind of greenways mission
               program is the lack of standard or even                 stateme 'nt in authorizing legislation and
               compatible mapping procedures and products              constraints on personnel time and availability.
               from agency to agency. The Commission.                  Clear designation of leadership responsibility
               found it is not possible to consolidate mapped          will help coordination.
               information in a timely fashion because of


                      A geographic information system compatible with existing Federal, State and local systems
                      should be instituted to map the existing and proposed greenways network and to make
                      maps and data accessible to local planning and parks agencies.


                      The Department of Natural Resources should act as, a clearinghouse for informational
                      materials and case studies on greenways.






























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                                                                                           ACTION AGENDA



                               The Commission finds that a complex demonstration project that will
                               incorporate as many opportunities and raise as many issues as possible.
                               is a necessary next step in implementing a statewide Greenways
                               Program. The Patapsco Greenway embodies the full range of issues and
                               opportunities likely to arise in such a program.

                   The next   phase of work on greenways will be multi-faceted. Several major efforts should
               proceed concurrently: continuation of statewide outreach; creation of a long-range workplan that
               will include a more defined study of administrative and legislative strategies for greenways
               implementation; development of a State model project (Patapsco); and development of a national
               model project (Potomac).

                   Statewide outreach will entail a public              almost    every     imaginable      issue    and
               dialogue aimed at keeping alive the                      opportunity that could occur in a greenway.
               enthusiastic support that the greenways                  It can even include a greenways connector
               concept has received to date. Implementing               that would join the Patapsco to the Patuxent
               many of the approaches outlined in the                   River. The project is centrally located in the
               "Public Outreach" section of this document               State and provides a large population the
               must be considered a priority. The Governor              chance to realize the close-to-home benefits
               could add to the visibility of the project by            of a greenway. The land involved is largely
               highlighting various local greenways projects            in public ownership, yet has potential for
               on his tours throughout Maryland andgiving               public-private partnerships as well as
               awards to individuals, businesses, and other             interjurisdictional cooperation among four
               organizations for contributing in some way to            counties    and    Baltimore     City.       The
               a greenway.                                              Commission feels that implementation of the
                                                                        Patapsco Greenway can have visible and
                   The long-range work plan for the                     dramatic impacts. The first step will be to
               completion of the greenways network in                   refine the existing plans for Patapsco and
               Maryland should involve an immediate effort              develop strategies that may show some on-
               to integrate various local and State mapping             the-ground results by the end of the year.
               systems into a central database. Maps should             The Patapsco model is significant for the
               show existing open space, whether public or              entire State because it will demonstrate the
               private,    agricultural   easements,      scenic        processes of greenway-creation. The great
               easements, abandoned rail corridors, and                 variety of skilled and dedicated professionals
               utility rights-of-way.    Mapped information             involved will provide a needed case history
               should be shared with all jurisdictions. A               for future greenway activities.
               phasing proposal should, be designed that will
               help organize what must be accomplished and                  The Commission will also take the lead in
               estimate the time needed to complete each                identifying and developing a national model
               element. It will be very important to study              for greenways. The Potomac River has long
               administrative and legislative methods to                been recognized as the nation's river. The
               improve greenways implementation on a                    C&O Canal already runs along the river from
               coordinated, statewide basis.                            the nation's capital to Cumberland. The
                                                                        river itself, along our border with Virginia
                   The Commission will work on a State                  and West Virginia, lies totally within our
               model greenway,-the Patapsco. This choice                state.  Points of interest in three separate
               was made for many reasons. The Patapsco is               states, as well as Washington, D. C., are
               very complex, containing an example of.                  many and varied, including historic sites,


                                                                  45










                recreation areas, and natural areas. In The           diversity of government entities and interest
                Report of the President's Commission on               groups within three States and the District of
                Americans Outdoors, "A Hiker's Greenway               Columbia, all working toward a national
                Odyssey" exists mainly within this corridor.          model, will create an exceptional project.

                   The designation of the Potomac River'                 The Commission feels strongly that this
                corridor as a national greenway is a prime            upcoming phase of work will be extremely
                example of how the network can radiate into           important and time-intensive. The multi-
                adjacent States. All three States participate,        pronged approach outlined above will speed
                as do County and local governments,                   our progress toward the long term goal of
                nonprofit groups,       and the Federal               completing the Greenways Network for
                government (NPS, FWS, U.S. Army Corps of              Maryland.
                Engineers, Department of Defense). This








































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                                                                                                   APPENDIX




                                                  The Commission's Work

                  Governor William Donald Schaefer announced the appointment of a Maryland Greenways
               Commission on March 5, 1990, at the Arlington Echo Outdoor Education Center in Anne Arundel
               County. The announcement was the culmination of months of work within the Maryland.
               Department of Natural Resources (DNR) focused on the potential for a greenways network in the
               State, including a six-month contract, funded by a NOAA grant, with The Conservation Fund to
               assist in assessing Maryland's greenway options. As part of this study, a series of workshops was
               held with a number of interest groups, both private and public, to help develop ideas and strategies
               for greenways. The formation of the Commission was the outgrowth of these early efforts.

                  The Governor appointed The Honorable 0. James Lighthizer, County Executive for Anne
               Arundel County, Chairman of the Commission, with Mr. William C. Baker, President of the
               Chesapeake Bay Foundation, as Vice-Chairman. The Commission has 21 members representing
               the business and agriculture communities,        conservation groups, recreation interests, and
               government.

                  To meet a tight schedule, for reporting its findings and recommendations, the Governor
               advised the Commissioners that it would be necessary to invest a great deal of their time, energy,
               and professional skills. The Commission was organized into four working committees: Water
               Resources, Fish, Wildlife, Conservation, and Agriculture - chaired by James Gracie; Recreation,
               Parks, Cultural Resources, Grassroots, and Environmental Education -        "chaired by Joseph J.
               McCann; Private Sector - chaired by Hans F. Mayer; and Government and Quasi-Public Agencies
                chaired by Torrey C. Brown. .

                  Each committee gathered information through meetings, research, questionnaires,phone calls,
               and presentations to the full Commission. Some of the groups that contributed were the Baltimore
               Association of Landscape Architects, major utility companies, Baltimore Region Planning and
               Zoning and Recreation and Parks representatives, Urban Land Institute, Hudson Valley Greenway
               Council, and National Association of Homebuilders.

                  The full Commission met bi-weekly from March 5 through May, while the Committees met
               frequently in the intervals. Greenways staff also made presentations and showed the video/slide
               show to a number of organizations, including: Department of Economic and Employment
               Development's Marketing Roundtable, Baltimore Regional Council of Governments' Open Space
               Committee, State Planning Commission, National Rails-to-Trails Workshop, American Society of
               Civil. Engineers Symposium, Maryland Recreation and Parks Association Annual Conference, and
               National Geographic Board of Trustees.









                                                               47










                              Meetings of Greenways Commission and its Committees
                                    (*Indicates Minutes are on file at Commission office.)


               Commission Meetings

                   March 5*
                   March 19*
                   April 2*
                   April 16*
                   April 30*
                   May 4
                   May 16

               Committee on Water Resources, Fish, Wildlife, Conservation and Agriculture

                   March 19*
                   April 2*
                   April 16*

               Committee on Recreation, Parks, Cultural Resources, Grassroots and Environmental Education

                   March 15*
                   March 30*
                   April 5*

               Committee on the Private Sector


                   March 16*
                   April 5 - with Baltimore Association of Landscape Architects
                   April 11* - with Urban Land Institute
                   April 19 - with National Association of Home Builders

               Committee on Government and Quasi-Public Agencies

                   March 15*
                   April 4* - with Utility representatives
                   April 5* - with Baltimore area local government representatives
                   April 17*















                                                              48





                                    Commission File Material Used In Report


                 Responses to and Summary of Survey conducted by Committee for Recreation, Parks, Cultural
             Resources, Grassroots and Environmental Education.

                 Responses to and Summary of Survey conducted by Committee for Water Resources, Fish,
             Wildlife, Conservation and Agriculture.

                 Responses to Staff Floodplain Management Questionnaire.

                 Proposals from members of Baltimore Association of Landscape Architects.



                 The following is a list of the many individuals who helped the Commission to complete its
             work:


             Cindy Abbott 0 Ronald Adkins 0 Robert Agee 0 Jeanette Anders 0 Jack Anderson 0  Robert
             Arciprete 0 Bill Ashe 0 Jay Baldwin 0  Norm Bartlett 0 Debra Bassert 0 Mrs. Bauer 0 Eric
             Bauman 0 Bette Baureis 0 Susan Beck-Brown 0 Peter Becker 0 Robert Beckett 0 Norman
             Berg 0 Yvon Bergevin 0 Thomas Beyard 0 Frank Biba 0 Thomas Black 0 Ruth Blackburn
             0 James Bleecker 0 Dan'l Boone 0 David Bourdon 0 Andres Bowden 0 Joan Bowling 0 Earl
             Bradley 0 Chris Brown 0 Steve Bunker 0 Steven Burkett 0 David Burwell 0 Sally Cairns 0
             Elizabeth Calia 0 Paul Campbell 0 Philip Caroom 0 Charlotte Cathell 0 Robert Chance 0
             Joseph Cheung 0 Bob Christopher 0 Andy Clarke 0 Willard Cleavenger 0 Thomas Clime 0
             Shawn Clotworthy 0 Marlene Conoway 0 Mary Corderman 0 John Crim 0 Alan Cruikshank
             0 Ned Cueman 0 Terry Cully 0 Lynn Davidson 0 Gary Davis 0 Flannery Davis 0 Robert
             Davis 0 Deanna Dawson 0 Grant DeHart 0 Steven Dodd 0 Mary Dolan 0 Teresa Dowd 0
             Carol Dubel 0 Bob Dulli 0 Ajax Eastman 0 Mark Edwards 0 Joseph Elbrich 0 Ted Erickson
             0 Michael Erwin 0 Ilia Fehrer 0 Dwight Fielder 0 Gail Fields 0 Karen Firehock 0 Thomas
             Fisher 0 A.J. Fletcher 0 Daniel Folk 0 George Forlifer 0 Sisi Foster 0 Tom Franklin 0 Scott
             Franzak 0 Jim Fremont 0 Gorman Fry 0 Larry Fykes 0 Wilbur Garrett 0 Don Gartman 0
             John Gates 0 Bill Gates 0 Deborah Geisenkotter 0 Frank Gerred 0 Dixon Gibbs 0 John Gill
             0 Catherine Gilliam 0 Nancy Gillio 0 Carleton Gooden 0 Amelia Grady 0 August Grat 0
             Ernest Gregg Jr. 0 John Griffin 0 Gary Griffith 0 Bernie Grove 0 Noel Grove 0 Guy Hager
             0 Donald Halligan 0 Bruce Hancock 0 Robert Harrington 0 Kenneth Hart 0 Harold Hartman
             0 James Haught 0 Keith Hay 0 Johnston Hegeman 0 Robert Fletcher 0 Russell Heyde 0 Al
             Hickman 0 Sandy Hillyer 0 David Holden 0 Andrea Holdredge 0 Jan Hollmann 0 Bruce
             Holmgren 0 Clark Holscher 0 Jeff Horan 0 Margaret Hornbaker 0 Douglas Horne 0 Jackie
             Horney 0 Benedict Hren 0 Aileen Hughes 0 Bill Hughey 0 Michael Humphries 0 Anne Hurn
             0 William Hunter 0 Becky Hutchinson 0 Charles Iliff 0 Nancy Ingram 0 Julia Irons 0 Frank
             Jaklitsch 0 William James 0 Mark Jeweler 0 Paula Johnson 0 Judy Johnson 0 Ray Johnson
             0 Offutt Johnson 0 Eric Johnston 0 Greene Jones 0 Thomas Jordan 0 John Joyce 0 Jack
             Keene 0 K.C. Keith 0 William Kelly 0 Bill Kennedy 0 Glen Kinser 0 Stefan Klosowski 0
             Jayson Knott 0 Stefan Koczerzuk 0 John Kowalski 0 Stan Kozenewski 0 Elizabeth Krempasky
             0 Edward Kroeger 0 Rob Kyle 0 Len Larese-Casanova 0 Edwin Lawless 0 Bob Lee 0
             Rochelle Levitt 0 Tom Lewis 0 Jake Lima 0 Ethel Locks 0 Brad Lushbaugh 0 Bunny Lynn
             Q Jacquelyn Magness 0 John Maple 0 Nick Maravell 0 Lisa Marquart 0 Ed Mason 0 Paul
             Massicott 0 George Maurer 0 Kevin McBride 0 Patrick McDougall 0 James McFadden 0
             Barnabas McHenry 0 Dick McIntyre 0 Marsha McLaughlin 0 Barbara McLeod 0 Dan McLeod
             0 Helen McMahon 0 George McManus 0 Patrick Meckley 0 Paul Meyer 0 Mark Middleton
             0 Howard Miller 0 Joseph Molinaro 0 Stuart Morris 0 Ernie Moseby 0 Doreen Mullen 0


                                                          49




              Gene Neff 0 Suzanne Neimeyer 0 John Nelson 0 Michael Nelson 0 Vivian Newman 0 Rob
              Northrop 0 Crystal Omokaro 0 Jeffrey Opel 0 Gail Owings 0 Jim Paddock 0 Richard Pais
              0 David Pardoe 0 Michelle Park 0 James Parsons 0 Michael Pawlukiewicz 0 Elaine Peiffer
              0 Geneva Perry 0 Paul Phelps 0 Allen Pitts 0 Irene Poulson 0 Robert Prenger 0 Paul
              Prodonovitch 0 David Pyles 0 Jennings Quillin 0 Alan Quimby 0 Mark Raals 0 Diane
              Ramsey 0 Denise Rankin 0 Susan Reinhart 0 James Richardson 0 Derek Richerson 0 Deidra
              Richie 0 Chandler Robbins 0 Lynda Rogers 0 Debbie Romero 0 Eric Ruby 0 Quentin
              Rudolph 0 Robert Ryan 0 David Sampson 0 Ted Sanderson 0 Benjamin Sansom 0 Darlene
              Schepling 0 Nancy Schmidt 0 Tanya Schmieler 0 James Schumacher 0 Rai Sharma 0 Michael
              Shibley 0 Bill Silverman 0 Barbara Snider 0 Daniel Snyder 0 F. Spellman 0 Darnell Spence
              0 Mark Spencer 0 Frank Spink 0 Charles Spooner 0 Lynn Sprague 0 Randy Stadler 0 David
              Stahl 0 Wayne Stallings 0 Rodney Stark 0 Jean Stewart 0 Jerry Stokes 0 David Stotler 0 Ed
              Stuebing 0 Marti Sullivan 0 Lee Summerville 0 Ann Swanson 0 Diane Szeckley 0 Barbara
              Taylor 0 Gary Taylor 0 Sarah Taylor 0 Helene Tenner 0 Tamara Thiel 0 Joanie Thomasson
              0 Ed Thompson 0 Edith Thompson 0 George Thompson 0 Michael Thompson 0 Josephine
              Thoms 0 Greydon Tolson 0 Chari Towne 0 Guy Turenne 0 Mrs. Hal Tray 0 Maggie
              Vinciguerra 0 Thomas Vint 0 A.L. Waldron 0 Donald Walker 0 Ben Wallace 0 Ginny Walsh
              0 Joan Ward 0 Charles Ware 0 Morris Warren 0 Michael Watson 0 John Watson 0 Mark
              Weber 0 Henry Wells 0 Bernard Wentker 0 Charles Wheeler 0 Juanita White 0 Ed Wibner
              0 Malcolm Wilkerson 0 John Wilson 0 John Wolf 0 Wendy Wydra 0 James Young 0 Robert
              Ziehm 0 Scott Zimmerman 0 Craig Zinter 0



              Our thanks are also expressed to those who may have inadvertently been omitted.




























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