Upland mineral resources and the coast a staff working paper

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

m aii-IER
INFOR

Let@ protect ourearth

NEW JERSEY

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

-OF:;-FIGE'--OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

HD
9506
U63
H47
1977

COASTAL ZONE

INFORMATION CENTER

Upland Mineral Resources and the Coast:

A Staff Working Paper

Kenneth J. Hess

U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413

January 1977

Property of CSC Library

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Marine Services
office of Coastal Zone Management
P.O. Box 1889
Trenton, New Jersey 08625

Note: This staff working paper is one of a series of

Issue and:Policy Alternative Papers presenting facts,

analyses,.4nd conceptual policy alternatives on coastal

resources and coastal land and water uses. The purpose of

this draft document is to stimulate discussion and-comments

that will assist preparation of the management program for

the New Jersey coastal zone. This report was prepared in

part with financial assistance under the federal Coastal

Zone Management Act, P.L. 92-583.

Comments, criticism, additions, and suggestions are welcome

and should be addressed to the New Jersey Office of Coastal

Zone Management.

Contents

Page

Introduction .......................... 1.

I. issue ................................. 3.

II. Policy Alternatives ................... 4.

III. Mineral Characteristics ................ 7.

IV. Analysis ............................... 13.

Appendices

A. Tables ...................... 19.

B. Sources ......... ........... 25.

,Introduction

Mining operations have the,potential for environmental

degradation. The two major impacts of mining -are landscape

devastation and surface waterpollution. Such impacts on

the environment have been common in those areas lacking

local ordinances to control the operations. An understanding

of these impacts has lead to the.prohibition, through

zoning, of mineral extraction in many areas of the state.

As a result, the minerals which ate suitable for mining

become economically valueless if they cannot be used. The

source of supply for the various minerals also becomes

somewhat restricted, not only by prohibiting regulations and

ordinances, but also by development which has covered over

mineral deposits.

This paper is intended to discuss the issues related to

upland mineral resources and present alternatives for

alleviating the problems. The-first section of the paper

clarifies the issues as they exist in New Jersey's coastal

plain. The second section presents the policy alternatives.

Section III describes the types of upland mineral

resources which exist, their uses, and their significance to

the state's economy.

Section IV analyzes the causes and effects of the

issues mentioned in Section I.

The text is followed by two appendices. Appendix A

consists of a number of tables which help to support the

text. Appendix B is a bibliography of all references used

in the formulation of this paper.

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Issue

The basis of the upland mineral resources problem is

the potential that mining operations have for degrading the-

environment. Impacts.on the environment have-been common in

those areas lacking local ordinances to control the operations.

The two major impacts of mining are the destruction of the

visual and ecological landscape and the pollution of surface

waters.

The large acreage requirement for most mining operations

..is the primary factor influencing landscape devastation. In

order to extract the materials from the earth most efficiently,

it is generally necessary to raze all surface obstacles such

as trees and shrubs. Such elimination of cover material

over a large area not only impacts on thevisual landscape,

but on the ecological interactions of the area as well.

The.second environmental impact of mining operations is

the pollution of surface waters. Rivers and streams running

through or adjacent to devegetated mining areas are susceptible

to receiving eroded sediments from the operation site.

Increased sediment loads in surface waters affect the turbidity

of the waters and may affect the normal functions of fish

and other aquatic species.

Because these environmentalproblems caused by mining

exist, another type of problem associatedwith upland mineral

resources is introduced. A fear of similar occurences of

..environmental degradation often prevents mining operations
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from-taking place in some areas where it would otherwise be
economically feasible to* do so. In a sense then, there is a

decline in potential mineral supplies and a loss of economic

opportunity within the state since these areas cannot, be

developed to their fullest extent.

The source of supply for the various minerals also

becomes somewhat restricted by development which has covered

over some of the mineral-rich areas. Obviously, the expense

that would be involved in utilizing these areas for mining

purposes is enormous, thereby maki ng operations highly

impractical. The minerals underlying the development then,

become non-usable. The impact of such occurrences becomes

particularly significant when minerals that are somewhat'

limited in geographic scope are involved. In the case of

the New Jersey coastal plain, ilmenite is the primary

mineral restricted by development.

Policy Alternatives

The mining of upland mineral resources could be included

in a comprehensive coastal zone management strategy. The

objective would be to promote the mining industry to the

greatest extent possible while retaining harmony with the

existing environment. There are several policy alternatives

which could be implemented toward this end.

1. Mining could be encouraged in those regions which are

presently being mined. Generally, mining operations locate

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in accordance with areas of economic.suitability. It is

plausible that other sites within the mining region would

also offer high levels of mineral potential. The encouragement

of additional mining development in,these existing regions

would allow the use of the*s,tate's mineral reserves for

economic purposes without transforming the overall quality

of the environment..

2. Mining could be encouraged in those regions which

exhibit economic suitability and potential for future urban

development. Those regions which contain high levels of a

particular mineral resource but are presently not being

mined would be encouraged for mining if urban and residential

development seems likely in the future. Such a policy would

allow for the extraction of the minerals before development

makes such mining economically infeasible. Upon termination
of the operation, the land would be adapted for residential

or other use.

3. Mining could be discouraged in those regions which

would be detrimentally affected in other aspects. Such

region*s would include those which are tourist-oriented,

environmentally sensitive, historically valuable, or contain

rare or endangered species of plants and animals.

4. Buffer zones could be required in those areas which are

adjacent to roadways. Such zones of natural vegetation

would prevent visual blight from roadways during the actual

operation phase of the mines.

5. Buffer zones could be required in those areas which are

adjacent to surface water bodies. Such*zones of natural

vegetation would aid in the prevention of sediment pollution

of surface waters since they would tend to collecteroded-

sediments from the mining site before they enter-the waters-

6. The total land area which is cleared for mining at any

one time could be restricted. Such a policy would reduce

the amount of unnecessary visual and ecological destruction

that could occur at a mining.site at a time.

7. Reclamation or written agreements that the exposed

mining areas will be put to useful purpose upon land con-

veyance could be required before any other areas may be

cleared.'This requirement would hold for a designated

percentage of the exposed area.rather than the entire area

in order to allow working space. Efforts at reclamation

would include contouring, seeding, sodding, tree planting or

transfer, pond development in the case of dredging operations,

or other suitable methods.

8. Reclamation or written agreements that the exposed

mining areas will be put to useful purpose upon land con-

veyance could be required before the operation may be officially

terminated. Failure to do so would result in fines or

similar punishment. Efforts at reclamation would include

contouring, seeding, sodding, tree planting or transfer,

pond development,in the case of dredging operations, or

other suitable methoas.

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9. A tax break could be provided to mining corporations

fo r the portion of the property which is not presently

exposed. Since active mining can only effectively be done

in those areas stripped of topsoil and ground cover, the

mandatory vegetated or reclaimed areas would be taxed at a

lower rate if that land is not presently being put to some

economic use.

Mineral Characteristics

New Jersey is fairly limited in its variety of upland

mineral resources in comparison to many other states. This

fact becomes even.more evident in'the state's coastal plain

where commercial mining operations are essentially limited

to the extraction and production of sand and gravel, clays,

ilmenite, and glauconite. Sand and gravel has,the greatest

,demand of all the coastal minerals since the construction

industry is highly dependent on these materials. The demand

for clays, ilmenite and glauconite, however,*are not as

extensive since the uses of these minerals are much more

limited. Nevertheless,all four mineral resource types

contribute to New Jersey's overall economy.

Sand and gravel production in New Jersey totalled

17,924,000 short tons* in 1974, ranking the state 17th among

all the states in total quantity. The $47,292,000 value of

*Short tons, as opposed to long tons, are equal to

standard tons of 2000 pounds each.

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production, on the other hand, gives the state a 7th ranking

in terms of total value. The availability of-sand and

gravel in the coastal plain is widespread since-it is

composed almost entirely of unconsolidated sediments deposited

..@during the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary periods of

'geological time. In fact, a major portion of all sand and

gravel mined in the state is taken from the coastal plain.

As of September 1976, 57 of the state's 87 sand and gravel

operations are located in the counties of the coastal plain.

Sand and gravel can basically be used for either of two

purposes: construction or,industry. By far, the largest

percentage of all sand and gravel produced in the state is

used for construction purposes. The sands in this category

may be of various sizes and often contain hydrous iron or

other minerals which act as impurities. Most of these sands

and gravels are processed and used for making concrete

products such as cement blocks, bricks, and pipes, or used

in-non-residential and residential construction, bituminous

paving,. and highway and bridge construction. Other processed

aggregate uses include roadbase and subbase materials,

construction of dams, waterworks, airports, and other

miscellaneous items, and fill. As unprocessed,aggregate,

the major uses are as fill and roadbase and subbase materials.

Industrial sands are often fine in size and lack the

impurities of construction sands. These sands are used in

the making of glass, molding, and pottery, for blasting,

grinding, polishing, and filtering, and various other uses.

-8-

Glass sands, which are principally found in Cumberland-

County, are fairly pure and white and contain mostly quartz.

These sands are ground up, heated, and melted into glass.

The color and type of glass produced depends on the degree

of sand purity: optical glass is produced from the highest

quality sands, followed by flintgjass, sheetglass, green

glass, and amber glass, respectively, Approximately 18

percent of the work force in Cumberland County is employed

by the glass manufacturing industry, thus indicating the

importance of clean sands to the area.

Clay production in New Jersey's coastal area is much

less significant than.sand and gravel production, although

still important. In 1974, a total of 103,676 short tons

with a value of $524,210 was produced. The state ranked in

the bottom half.of both categories in comparison to the

other states.

The two types of clay which are mined in New Jersey ar .e

common clay and fire clay. About 65 percent of the, clay

total is comprised of the common clay variety. This clay is

used exclusively in the production of building brick and is

defined as.a clay which is "sufficiently plastic to permit

ready mold and vitrification below 11000C." Also included

with common clay in the making of brick is shale which is a

"consolidated sedimentary rock composed chiefly of clay

minerals laminated and indurated while buried under other

sediments."

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Fire clay, on the other hand is defined as a "detrital

material, either plastic or rocklike, containinglow percentages

of iron oxide, lime, magnesia, and alkalies to enable material

to withstand temperatures of 1500*C or higher.." Because of

its physical properties, fire c lay in New Jersey is used for

fire brick and block, refractory mortar, and sealing.

The third major mineral which is mined in New Jersey's

coastal plain is ilmenite. This mineral is an ore which
contains principally titanium dioxide (TiO 2 The importance
of TiO2 is in its use as paint pigment, although it is also
used in the making of paper, rubber, and leather. Although
actual TiO 2 is a white powdery substance, the ilmenite ore
from which it must be extracted is a black or grayish color.

The major ilmenite ore bodies having economic potential

are situated in the vicinity of Lakehurst in Manchester and

Jackson Townships, Ocean County. The total potentially

economic reserves in this area are estimated to be greater

than 15,000 acres, although much of this area will probably

never be-mined. The average heavy mineral concentration of

these sands is in excess of 3 percent for depths down to

about 25 feet, although the ore may exceed 80 feet in some

locations.

Throughout the ilmenite province, the ore tends to form

a discontinuous irregular pattern which varies in ore content

from place to place, but viewed as a whole, the region

averages out to greater than 3 percent. The discontinuous

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pattern of the ore, however, requires extensive drilling

operations in order to locate the best sites. There are

presently two large companies extracting ilmenite on a large

scale in this area, but a third company also owns land and

has completed its preliminary drilling tests to determine

the feasibility of beginning operations.

Smaller areas of ilmenite ore are located near Browns

Mills and Medford Lakes, both in Burlington County. The

Medford-Lakes deposit contains even less continuous heavy

mineral concentrations than exists near Lakehurst. No

mining has yet occurred in either of these two regions.

The last mineral type in New Jersey's coastal plain

which is of any commercial significance is glaudonite. This

mineral is green to dark green in color, consisting of a

hydrous iron potassium silicate with varying amounts of

other elements. It is contained in a sediment commonly

known as greensand. other materials such as quartz, mica,

pyrite, some heavy minerals, and calcium carbonateImay also

comprise greensand. The glauconite is separated from these

other materials, washed, and treated so that it may be sold.

The demand for greensand, at present, is very limited.

It had traditionally been used as a fertilizer and soil

conditioner due to its potash content, but the introduction

of artificial fertilizers with adjustable nutrient ratios

and the high extraction costs of greensand led to a decline

of this material for agricultural purposes. Greensand is

still recommended, however, as a mulch or soil additive for

home and garden use.

The major.use of greensand today is as a water softening

agent. Due to the high ion exchange capacity of glauconite,,

magnesium, calcium, and other ions present in water may be

removed. Sodium ions are released in their place. Despite

this use of greensand, the overall demand is low.

New Jersey has the distinction of being the only state

which currently mines greensand on a commercial basis.

Although greensand formations extend across New Jersey from

the Raritan Bay area to Delaware Bay near Salem, only one

operation is currently mining the material. This operation,

located near Sewell in Gloucester County, essentially

supplies many areas of the country with greensand where its

use is applicable.

one final mineral type which exists in the coastal

planning area but not in the coastal plain is stone. The

major type of stone produced is crushed stone, as opposed

to dimension stone. This stone is blasted in a quarry and

cut into various sizes. Most of the output is used as

aggregate for highway and building construction, but.some is

also used for jetties and other uses.

The variety of stone mined in the Northeast Region and

Mercer County is traprock. Large ridges of traprock are

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scattered throughout the Piedmont Plain. The traprock

consists of basalt and diabase. Both of these rocks are

igneous in nature,,but the former was surface-cooled and the

latter was cooled underground. These rocks are quarried and

.-crushed for use. In 1973, the quantity of crushed traprock

stone produced in New Jersey totalled 12,191,000 short tons.

The total value was $34,688,000.

Analysis

The two major types of upland mining operations in the

coastal plain are dry pit and wet pit. Dry pit operations

are essentially those which take place above the water

table. Sediments are generally removed from the surface of

such pits by using, power shovels, scraper wagons, or front-

end loaders. Wet pit operations, on the other hand, are

those which take place below the water table. These operations

require the use of dredges or draglines to extract the

sediments from the groundwater ponds. After the sediments

have been removed from the soil surface, regardless of

whether the surface is above or below the water table, they

are cleaned and sorted at the adjacent plant.

Both methods require total removal of surface vegetation

and topsoil in order to expose the sediments for easy extraction.

At this point, the area becomes an eyesore as it is transformed

into a desert of sand. Dry pits have the potential for an

even greater degree of visual blight as operations continue.

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The sediments are extracted from increasing depths as upper

layers are eliminated. As a result, the surface becomes

depressed and irregular in shape.

The large acreages which generally characterize surface

mining operations augment the problem even more. Many

operations may have as much as several hundred or in excess

of 1000 acres stripped at any one time. In those areas

lacking local public controls over mining facilities, the

land is often left permanently scarred even after the

operations have been abandonned. Often, the stripped sites

are used for landfilling when the mining has been completed.

Fortunatelyj many municipalities now require that the

visual damage initiated by a mining operation be ameliorated

upon termination. The two existing ilmenite operations, for

instance, are in the process of returning topsoil and contouring

many acres in which mining has been completed. They are

experimenting with various species of vegetation which will

adapt to the soils. Even so, the time required before a

truly attractive area develops is great and the return to a

total climax situation will be difficult.

Vegetation removal not only impacts on the visual

landscape, but on,the ecological landscape as well. Death

or migration of animals from cleared areas to surrounding

vegetated areas normally accompany land clearing. Such an

impact would be particularly significant if the dead or

displaced animals are considered to be rare or endangered.

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Similarly, the,plants themselves, which must be removed may

contain certain valuable species. The existence of such

plants andanimals should therefore, be determined before.,

beginning a mining operation.

The second major environmental impact of upland resources

mining is the degradation of water quality. Pollution is

mainly in the form of sedimentation caused by erosion of

unvegetated mining sites. The mills and gullies. which exist

at many of these sites are evidence of such erosion. The

s'ediments are carried by runo-ff into the nearby surface

waters.

Although surface water sediment loads in the coastal,

plain are among the lowest in the state, they can cause

severe problems in localized.areas. A direct impact of

sedimentation is the'increase in water turbidity. Food

perception of fish may thus be impaired, and feeding and

breeding grounds may be ecologically altered.

No data which specifically relates erosion at mining

sites to increased sediment loads in surface waters of New

Jersey's coastal zone are presently available. The overall

significance or insignificance of surface mining operations

on sedimentation is therefore difficult to determine.

However, the characteristics of the mining industry do seem

to indicate its potential as a polluter.

An understanding of these environmental impacts of

surface mining creates, in turn, a problem of a different

type. Because of the damage to the environment which

@surface mining operations are capable of doing, municipalities

often zone out mining even in areas where economic potential

is high. Such an occurrence is particularly associated with

the proposed operations of construction minerals (i.e. sand

and gravel and clay). As a result, many sources of valuable

minerals are, in a sense, wasted.

Municipal ordinances that prevent the development of

mineral reserves can be particularly significant when the

potential sites contain high.quantities of gravel. Since

gravel is scarce throughout the state, it is necessary to

develop all economically and environmentally suitable supply

sources. For example, the demand for gravel may increase in

the Atlantic City area since the recently-passed casino

gamblinq referendum is expected to promote new construction.

If additional gravel sites are not opened in the near

future, alternative sources outside the state may be required.

obviously, the costs associated with such outside supplies

would be phenomenal. The large availability of sand, on the

other hand, presents no immediate problems to the construction

industry in New Jersey.

Another cause of diminishing mineral supplies is the

development which has occurred in mineral-rich regions.

Once again, a problem is created when the extent of the

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mineral supply is limited initially. Development in an area

increases the value of land in that area, thereby pricing

the land outside the range which most mining companies would

be willing to pay. Generally, residential and.other types

of development are undertaken.with little regard for the

existence of mineral reserves or in total ignorance of such

existence.

Ilmenite is one mineral type in New Jersey that has had

its supply restricted by development. Although substantial

areas of high ilmenite concentration still do exist, areas

west of Laurelton and east of Lakewood in Ocean County have

been rendered economically infeasible because of residential

development. It is doubtful, however, that this restriction

on the ilmenite supply will significantly.affect future

production of the mineral.

Basically, an analysis of the mining industry from a

state or regional perspective rather than a local perspective

is needed. Too often, decisions concerning mining operations

which are made entirelyat the local level tend to neglect

the large r good which they might serve. If the development

of a mineral source will benefit the coastal area or state

in general, the source probably should be developed as long

as irreparable damage to the environment can be prevented.

State intervention and planning of mineral resources would

provide for a more efficient and less environmentally-

damaging mining industry.

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The promotion of-mining in New Jersey may also be

reviewed in terms of employment generated. Though direct,

employment in mining is very low in the state, representing

less than one percent of all covered employment, other

industries which depend on the minerals extracted do generate

many jobs. These industries include building construction

and glass making.

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Appendix A

Tables

-19-

Table 1

Value of Mineral Production for 1972

in New Jers@@X Coastal Counties

Value in
Thousand Minerals Produced
Region County Dollars in order of Value

Northeast Bergen 1,267 Sand and gravel
Essex W Stone
Hudson 1,678 Stone
Passaic 7,599 Stone; Sand and Gravel
Union W Stone
North Shore Middlesex 2,023 Sand and gravel;clays
Monmouth 1,273 Sand and gravel
Central Shore Ocean 7,208 Sand and gravel;Ilmenite
South Shore Atlantic 37,3 Sand and gravel
Cape May W Magnesium (plant-
produced); Sand and gravel.
Delaware Bay Cumberland 15,051 Sand and gravel; clays
Salem -
Delaware Gloucester 546 Sand and gravel;
River Greensand
Camden 1,605 Sand and gravel;clays
Burlington W Sand and gravel;clays
Mercer W Stone

Total for Known 38.623
Operations
Estimated Total
for Concealed
Operations 10,386

Total Value 49,009

W: Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company
confidential data.

No production was reported in Salem County. Estimated
total for concealed operations includes all W values
existing for the coastal counties and all gen stone values
for the entire state. From available information, it was
impossible to separate the value of gem stones from W
values.

Source: Wininger, 1973

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Table 2

Number of Mining 02erations

in New Jersey Coastal Counties in 1976

Sand &
County Gravel Clay Ilmenite Glauconite Stone

Northeast Bergen 2
Essex 2
Hudson 1
Passaic 6 6
Union 1
'North
Shore Middlesex 5 2
Monmouth 4
.Central
Shore Ocean 10 2
South
Shore Atlantic 4
Cape May 5
Delaware
Bay Cumberland 12 1
Salem
Delaware
River Gloucester 7
Camden 6
Burlington
Mercer 2

Source: United States Department of the Interior, September 13, 1976.

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Table 3

Uses of Sand and Gravel Mined in

New Jersey in 1974

Quantity in Value in
Project Funding Thousand- Thousand
Sand and Gravel Use Source --Sh.ort Tons Dollars

A. Construction

1. Nonresidential and Commercial 3,773 7,564
Residential Construction Public W W

2. Highway and Bridge Commercial 908 .2,026
Construction Public 345@ 698

3. Other Construction(Dams, Commercial 392 881
Waterworks, Airports,
etc.) Public W W

4. Concrete Products(Cement Commercial 4,137 10,881
Blocks, Bricks, Pipe,etc)Public , 51 127

5. Bituminous Paving Commercial 1,183 2,626
(Asphalt and Tar Paving) Public 540 988

6. Roadbase and Subbase Commercial 521 1,281
Public 229 470

7. Fill Commercial 217 328
Public 0 0

8. other Commercial 45 101
Public 42 69

9. Unprocessed Sand and Commercial 1,938 1,522
Gravel (Fill) Public 0 0

10. Unprocessed Sand and
Gravel (Roadbase and Commercial 308 321
Subbase) Public 0 0

B. Industrial 3,247 17,272

C. Total for Known Operations 17,876 47,155

W: Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company
confidential data.

Source: Pajalich, 1974.

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Table 4

Sources of Sand and Gravel Mined in

New Jersey in 1974

Quantity in Value in
Thousand Thousand Number of
Source Short Tons Dollars Operations

Dry Pit on Land 9,6.20 24,681 48

Wet Pit on Land 5,857 17,543 .18

Non-Navigable Riverbed 0 0 0

Navigable Riverbed W W 1

Lake W W 1

Total for Known Operations 15,477 42,224 68

W: Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential
data.

Based only on the 68 operations which completed the
1974 supplemental form distributed by Bureau of mines.

Source: Pajalich, 1974.

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Table 5

Methods of Mining Sand and Gravel in

.New Jersey in 1974

Quantity in Value in
Thousand Thousand Number of
.Mining,Method Short Tons go-11ars Oper5l'ions

Dredge 5,543 20,436 24

Dragline 4,566 11,471 7

Shovel 908 2,131 6

Front-end Loader 4,292 7,604 29

Other W 1,088 2

Total for Known 15,309 42,730 68
operations

W: Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company
confidential data.

Based only on the 68 operations which completed
the 1974 supplemental form distributed by Bureau of Mines.

Source: Pajalich, 1974.

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Appendix B

Sources

-25-

References

American Smelting and Refining Company, "Asarco:.Manchester,"

pamphlet.

Bospian, Walter, Glidden-Durkee Division of SCM Corporation.

Jackson, New Jersey. Interview, October 8, 1976.

Flawn, Peter T., Mineral Resources, Chicago: Rand McNally

Company, 1966.

Kebblish, William. United States Department of the Interior,

Bureau of Mines. Letter to David N. Kinsey, Office of

Coastal Zone Management, New Jersey Department of Environmental

Protection. October 8, 1976.

Drake, Harold J. "Preprint from the 1973 Bureau of Mines Minerals

Yearbook: Stone," United States Department of the Interior

Bureau of Mines.

Kummel, Henry B. Bulletin 50: The Geology of New Jersey.

Trenton: New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development,

1940.

Lord, John. American Smelting and Refining Company, Manchester,

New Jersey. Interview, October 8, 1976.

Markewicz, Frank J., "Ilmenite Deposits of the New Jersey

Coastal Plain" in Seymour Subitzky, ed., Geology of Selected

Areas in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania, New Brunswick:

Rutgers University Press, 1969.

Markewicz, Frank J., office of Special Services, New Jersey

Department of Environmental Protection. Interviews.

October, 1976.

Markewicz, Frank J. and William Lodding, "Glauconite", in

Stanley J. Lefond, ed., Industrial Minerals and Rocks, American

Institute of Mining, 1975.

-26-

Murray, Dr. Raymond. Rutgers University Geology Department,

New Brunswick, New Jersey. Interview, October 1976.

New Jersey Department,of Environmental Protection, Opinion No. 16,

Decision by the Commissioner. Conditionally Approving

CAFRA Permit Application CA 74-11-070, Pennsylvania

Glass Sand Corporation, April 15, 1975.

Pajalich, Walter, "Preprint from the 1974 Bureau Of Mines

Minerals Yearbook: Sand and Gravel," United States

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

Southard, Les. Brick-Wall Corporation, Lakehurst, New Jersey.

Interview,,October 8, 1976.

United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

Compilation of Industries Establishments in New Jersey,

September 13, 1976.

United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

"Mineral Industry Surveys: Clays in 1974,"

December,12,1975.

Wessel, F.W., "Preprint from the 1974 Bureau of mines

Minerals Yearbook: Titanium," United States Department

of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

Wilkenson, A.S. and J.E. Comeforo. Some New Jersey Glass

Sands, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1948.

Wininger, Donald C., "Preprint from the 1973 Bureau of Mines

Minerals Yearbook: The Mineral Industry of.New Jersey,"

United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,

1975.

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COASTAL ZONE ENTER
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