coastal energy impact program in Hawaii

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

COASTAL ENERGY IMPACIS IN HAWAII:

Existing and Planned Dnergy Facilities

and

General Impact Assessments

C0,ASTAL ZGI,@,E

INFORMATION CENTER

Dr. Bruce S. Plasch

for the

CCASTAIL, ZONE DU)NAGE1,= PROGRAM

Departnent of Planning and Econaaic Development

State of Hawaii

November 1979

CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. Content and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 2

B. Types of Energy Facilities Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

C. Types of Impacts Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

D. Methodology for the Inventory of Energy Facilities
and Impact Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 5

E. organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

II. THE FEDERAL COASTAL IMPACT P P,0GRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A. Planning Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1. Possible Uses of Planning Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. Energy Facility Inventory and Allotment of
Planning Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 12

B. Formula Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

C. Loans and Guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

D. Environmental Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

III. DUMTrENANCE OF THE INVENTORY OF ENERGY FACILITIES
AND THE IMPACT ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

A. Motivation for the Annual Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

B. Annual Updating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

A. On-Going Energy Impact Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

B. Designation of Energy-Impact Coordinating Office . . . . . . . . 26

C. Unaddressed Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1. Impacts fran Large Sugarcane-Hauling Trucks . . . . . . . . 27
2. Cumulative Energy-Facility Impacts in the Barbers
Point Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Page

D. Recreational and Environmental Losses Caused by the
Kahe Power Plant Outfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

E. Regulation of Energy Developnents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

1. A Possible Gap in the Public Review Process . . . . . . . . 32
2. Consolidated Perfnits and Concurrent Reviews . . . . . . . . 34
3. Other Suggested Inprovarents in the Regulation of
Energy Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

F. Monitoring of Alaskan Outer-Continental-Shelf Oil
Developw-nt and Expansion of Re-f inery Capacity in Hawaii . . . . 35

G. Lobbying for Expansion of the Federal Energy Inpact
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

APPENDIX

A. DESCRIPTION OF THE COASTAL ENERGY IMPACr PROGRAM FROM THE
1975 CATALOG OF FEDERAL DOMESTIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS .. . . . . . .

B. CONTACTS FOR UPDATING THE &\TERGY FACILITY INVENTORY AND
IMPACT ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . B-1.

C. INVENTORY OF ENERGY FACILITIES: EXISTING AND PLANNED . . . . . . . . C-1

D. GENERAL IMPACT ASSES&NENTS FOR ENERGY ASSESSbqENTS . . . . . . . . . . D-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Contents Page

A. Content and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B. Types of Energy Facilities Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

C. Types of ITnpacts Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 4

D. Methodology for the Inventory of Energy Facilities
and Inipact. Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

E. organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Content and Purpose

In an effort to assume sane of the responsibility for the consequences

to local government of energy develop-nent. projects which have been undertaken

to meet national needs, the Federal government initiated the Coastal Energy

Inpact, Progrwn (CEIP). The CEIP provides grants, loans, and loan guarantees

to comminities to:

-Plan for the consequences of coastal energy development;

-Provide front-end financing for public facilities and services

required by coastal energy activity; and

--Prevent, reduce, or ameliorate unavoidable losses to the coastal

zone environmental and recreational resources.

This study, which is funded under a CEnP Planning Grant, encompasses:

-An inventory of existing and planned energy facilities, with an

emphasis on projects that are now or will soon be under construction;

-A general impact assessment f or each type of energy facility along

with measures to avoid, reduce, or ameliorate adverse in-pacts;

--Guidelines on keeping the inventory and impact assessments up to

date;

-A review of Federal programs that are available for coping with

the adverse impacts of energy activities; and

-Recommendations for action and further analysis.

The information contained in this report should be of value in:

(1) coping with adverse energy impacts, (2) taking advantage of the Federal

CEIP, and (3) guiding subsequent work.

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Not included in this study, hcwever, is a long-tenn assessment of Hawaii's

alternative energy potentials. Such an assessment is available in four rela-

tively recent publications:

Department of Planning and Econcnuc Develogw-nt, Energy Resources-

Coordinator 1978 Annual Report, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 1979.

Department of Planning and Econ=c DeveloFnmt, Handbook on Renewable

Alternative Energy Resources in the State of Hawaii, Honolulul-

Hawaii, May 1979.

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Annual

Report 1978, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Hawaii State Senate, Cmmittee cn Econcmic Developw_nt and Energy?

Legislative Energy RD&D Workshop Handbook, Volumes I and II,

Honolulu, Hawaii, November 1979.

B. Types of Energy Facilities Covered

The energy facilities covered in this study are those coastal facilities

that are broadly defined as being directly involved in producing, processing,

storing, or transporting energy resources, or as any facility primarily used

to produce equipoent used in the production, processing, storage, or trans-

portation of energy resources. Coastal facilities include all energy

facilities in the State since the only areas excluded frcin Hawaii's coastal

zone are those that are designated as State Forest Reserve.

Facilities which are not defined as energy facilities are those that

convert or process an energy resource into a non-energy product. For example,

a plant that produces asphalt would not be considered an energy facility.

Not all energy facilities are covered in the study, howe ver. Excluded

are all but a few energy facilities operated by the military. Also, facilities

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for which firm construction plans have yet to be announced are not covered.

For eyairple, submarine electric cables for connecting the islands have not

yet been included in the inventory and impact assessments.

Finally, those energy facilities which are small in scale but large in

number (i.e., the thousands of solar hot-water heaters for homes and

apartments) are not individually inventoried, but are included as a group.

The specific details given for each energy facility in the inventory

(see Appendix C) are those that are desired by the Federal government for

operation of the CEIP, and are details commonly regarded as being of value

for energy planning.

C. Types of Itpacts Covered

The assessment of impacts given for each type of energy facility is a

summary assessment limited to just the significant. impacts. Following

Federal guidelines, the coastal zone is "significantly affected" by the

siting, construction, expansion, or operation of an energy facility if such

activity:

--Causes or is likely to cause population changes in the coastal zone;

-Changes or is likely to change employment patterns in the coastal

zone, including those in fishing and touri,.:un;

Dam-kages or threatens to damage any valuable environmental or

recreational resources in the coastal zone, including air, water,

or noise quality; or

--Increases or threatens to increase risks to public safety and real

property in the coastal zone.

The primary use of the impact assessments will be to design mitigating

measures for adverse impacts, and to plan facilities and services needed to

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accanmodate energy activities. In view of this, the types of inipacts stressed

in the assessment are:

-Advwe impact6, particularly environmental and recreational ones;

and

-ImpacU that witt &equiAe new o& expanded goveAnment 6ac,@@es and

zeAvice.6 (roads, water, sewers, police, fire, health, parks,

schools, etc.).

The beneficial iupacts of new energy facilities and resulting econcimic grawth

and stability are inplied and are not fully docmiented.

The assessments include those inpacts that:

--Are direct, indirect, or cumulative;

-Are short-term or lcng@tenn;

-Pose a significant risk;

-Involve an irrevocable cannitment, loss, or destruction of a

resource;

--Curtail the range of beneficial uses; or

-Conflict with Federal, State, or County policies.

if a study is warranted to resolve uncertainty over a potentially significant

inpact, it is noted in the assessnimt.

The Checklist of Possible Inpacts listed in Table I-1 was used as a guide

in developing the npacts so as to reduce the chances of having inportant

inpacts overlooked.

D. Methodology for the Inventory of Energy Facilities and Impact Assessments

The inventory of coastal energy facilities and assessment of impacts and

mitigating wasures was developed as follows:

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TABLE I-1. CHECKLIST OF POSSIRT IMPACTS

Economic Impacts:

-jobs: nunber, bype, tenporary (construction) or permanent, wage levels,
and location
-Sales and expenditures: direct and indirect
--Taxes: revenues-expenditures and rates

Population Growth and Ccmunity Development Patterns:

-Population change: amount, rate, temporary or permanent, and location
-Housing: amount, location, type, density, and price

Infrastructure and Service Requirements and Loads:

-Infrastructure requirements-congestion and increased risk of over-
loads: roads, water supply, sewers, airports, schools, parks, etc.
--Availability and quality of services: police, fire, education,
health, etc.

Environmental Impacts:

-Pollution: water, air, noise, odors, thermal, litter, visual, etc.

-Erosion and sediment
-Threatened ecosystems: streams, estuaries, coastal waters, etc.
-Threatened or endangered species: animal, plant, fish, etc.
-Increased risk of fresh-water short4ges
-Increased vulnerability to floods, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, etc.
-Potential health problems

Social Impacts:

-Disrupted lifestyles and communities
Forced out-migration

-
High in-migration of people having strongly differing values and
lifestyles
Threatened historic, cultural, and archaeological sites and access
-Recreation activities threatened by excessive demand or loss of
access: camping, swimiung, surfing, snorkeling, fishing, hiking,
biking, boating, hunting, etc.

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(1) A preliminary inventory of energy activities was assembled based on

published yearly reports and discussicns with representatives of those

agencies responsible with coordinated energy activities in Hawaii. These

coordinating agencies included in particular:

-The State Energy Office of the Departnent of Planning and Economic

Development (DPED) ;

-The Center for Science Policy and Technology Assessment of the

DPED; and

--The Hawaii Natural Energy Institute of the University of Hawaii.

(2) For each type of energy activity, preliminary summary assessments

of impacts and mitigating measures were prepared based on one or more

representative environmental impact statements and sources which discuss

impacts.

(3) For each facility, the project manager or representative was then

contacted for his review and campletion of the inventory details and general

impact assessment.

(4) In addition to the facility project managers and representatives,

reviewers of the material included various coordinating agencies and private

organizations concerned with energy development and environmental quality.

These included:

--The State Energy Office;

--The Center for Science Policy and Technology Assessment;

-The Hawaii Natural Energy Institute;

-The Department of Health;

--The Office of Environmental Quality Control;

--Each of the four County energy coordinators; and

--Life of the Land.

(5) The inventory of energy facilities and irrpact assess*aent was then

revised based on the cmuents of the various reviewers.

E. organization

The following chapter provides a discussion of the Federal Coastal Energy

Inpact Program (CEIP), and the various grants, loans, and loan guarantees that

are available. Additional information on the CEIP is given in Appendix A.

Chapter III gives procedures for annually updating the inventory of

energy facilities and the impact assessments. The contacts needed for perfor=-g

the update are gi ven in Appendix B.

The actual inventory of energy facilities and the general inpact assess-

nLents are given in Appendices C and D respectively.

The recmuendations for action and further analysis are in Chapter IV.

CHAPTER II

THE k DERAL COASTAL IMPACT PROGRAM

Contents Page
A. Planning Grants ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1. Possible Uses of Planning Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Energy Facility Inventory and Allotuent of
Planning Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

B. Formula Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

C. Loans and Guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

D. Enviromental Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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CHAPTER II

THE FEDERAL COASTAL ENERGY IMPACT PROGRAM

The Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP) was created by the 1976 anLend-

ments (P.L. 94-370; 16 U.S.C. 1451, et seq.) to the Coastal Zone Management

Act of 1972.1 The purpose of the CEIP is to provide coastal states and

cammnities with financial assistance for mitigating the adverse impacts

associated with coastal energy develoFment activity. Under provisions of

Section 308, the CEIP provides grants, loans, and loan guarantees to

cammunities to: plan for the consequences of coastal energy development;

provide front-end financing for public facilities and services required by

coastal energy activity; and prevent, reduce, and aTwliorate unavoidable

losses to the coastal. zone environmental and recreational resources. The

financial-assistance is.restricted to coping with the impacts of energy

facilities that are new or expanded after July 26, 1976--the date when the

CEIP was signed into law.

The CEIP has four basic categories:

(1) Planning Grants (Section 308(c));

(2) Formla grants (Section 308(b));

(3) Loans and guarantees (Sections 308(d)(1) and (2)); and

(4) Environmental grants (Section 308(d)(4)).

These four prograrm are discussed below, while their description as given in

the 1979 Catalog of Federal Dcmestic Assistance is reproduced in Appendix A.

Of interest to Hawaii is that Senator Daniel Inouye is a member of the

Senate Apprcpriations Cannittee, which helps determine appropriations for the

CEIP.

'Federal Register, Vol. 44, No. 54--Monday, March 19, 1979.

A. Planning Grants

1. Possible Uses of Planning Grants

CEIP Planning Grants are available for the study of and planning for the

consequences of energy facilities. These may be econa-aic, social, or

environmental consequences which have occurred, are occurring, or are likely

to occur as the result of the siting, construction, expansion, or operation

of new or expanded energy facilities. CEIP Planning Grants my pay up to

80 percent of the costs of eligible planning activities.

Allowable uses of these Planning Grants cover:

(1) Planning for the consequences of general energy activities,

including:

--Analysis of government or private policies affecting the location,

type, and operation of energy facilities;

--Devising strategies for the public purchase of land or the establish-

ment of land-use controls for lands upon or near which energy

development is to take place;

--Devising methods of protecting environmental or re creational

resources threatened by energy facility develoFiment; and

--Conducting risk management studies, hazard analysis, emergency

contingency planning, and asses--mmt of,mitigating neasures to

protect public safety.

(2) Planning for the consequences of specific energy facilities,

including:

--Studies of direct and indirect changes in population, employment

patterns, demand for housing, needs for public facilities and

services, government revenues, tourism, environmental quality, use

of recreational resources, public safety, etc.;

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--Carparative cost/benefit and other analyses of the consequences of

alternative energy facility sites or types;

-Analysis of required governmental decisions on zoning, licensing,

leases, regulations, etc.;

-Devising strategies for recovering caq:)ensation from appropriate

parties for any adverse effects caused by energy facilities; and

-Planning for public facilities which may be required because of

the energy facility.

(3) Carrying out activities necessary to administer the CEIP, includ:L-ig:

-Maintaining an inventory of energy activities;

--Data collection and analysis; and

-Designing and carrying out a process of allocating CEIP assistance

among the counties.

An exanple illustrating the possible use of CETP Planning Grants would

be the problem of identifying a suitable location of a major energy facility.

A commmity may have to conduct a natural resource inventory, gathering

important data on local physical conditions; it my have to plan for inproved

means of transportation to and frcm the facility; ccurnunity development planning

may be required to locate new homes and businesses to support new residents;

and plans may have to be made for the location and scheduling of required new

public facilities.

2. Energy Facility -Inventory and Allotment of Planning Grants

The allocating of Planning Grants to smaller states such as Hawaii will

be an annually determined minimu-1 share plus a formula share based on planning

need. This planning need is based primarily on the sun of estimated peak

construction euployment and peak operating employmnt for all energy facilities

included in a "CEIP Energy Facility Inventory for Section 308(c) Planning Grants."

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This inventory includes those energy facilities that:

--Produce, process, store, or transport energy resources (but

excluding those facilities that convert or process an energy

resource into a non-energy resource);

--Produce equiprent used in the production, processing, storage,

or transportation of energy resources;

--Are new or expanded (in terms of siting, construction, or initial

operation) after July 26, 1976;

--Are now being sited, constructed or init-ially operated, or will be

sited, constructed, or initially operated in the near future as

indicated by application or approval of a major Federal or State

permit, or other reasonable evidence;

--Will not become fully operational in the fiscal year for which

the inventory.is being prepared (i.e., a facility that becomes

operational in FY 1979 will not be included in the inventory used

to calculate the FY 1980 allotment);

--Have been on the inventory less than four years in which the State

received Planning Grants, although facilities may be retained on

the inventory for more than four years if it is demonstrated that

planning is needed to prevent damage to valuable coastal environ-

mmtal or recreational resources;

-Significantly affect the coastal zone (because of its siting,

construction, expansion, or initial operation) in terms of:

0 Changing or threatening to change population levels or

employn"ent. patterns;

0 Damaging or threatening to damage or degrade environmental

quality or recreational resources;

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0 increasing or threatening to increase risk to public health,

safety, or real property; and

-There is reasonable evidence of a need to plan for or study the

effects of the facilities.

B. Formula Grants

The Formula Grants Program is one of the better funded of the Federal

program available for coping with coastal energy inpacts. If Hawaii should

be able to qualify for participation in this program, then it would be

eligible for the minimum level of funding. For FY 80, this level is $555,000

plus another $100,000 for administration. As long as the expenditure of

funds is designed to cope with iRpacts of eligible energy activities, the

funds can be used for the planning, development, and inplemientation of a

wide variety of new or improved public facilities and services, and for the

aTmlioration of environmntal and recreational losses. Under this grant

category, public facilities and services include police and fire protection

activities and equiFnient, schools, water supply, roads, docks, navigation

aids, waste collection and treatment, hospitals, and health care.

However, eligibility for the formula grants is tied to Outer-Continental-

Shelf (OCS) oil and gas activities, which obviously do not exist in Hawaiian

waters. Therefore, in order to qualify for the formula grants, it must be

shown that Hawaii is in-pacted by the OCS oil and gas developuent in Alaska

or California. Currently, such in7pacts are very speculative and minor, and

include (1) possible increased tourism to Hawaii by Alaskan oil workers

seeking rest and recuperation, and (2) a possible decline in the population

of whales that visit Hawaii in the winter because of having their sum-er

feeding grounds in Alaska adversely affected by OCS oil and gas activities.

There are, however, some inpacts from OCS oil and gas activity that are

likely to eventually occur here in Hawaii. After OCS oil production begins

in Alaska, a portion of it will probably be refined here in expanded facili-

ties, and then shipped on to the mainland for use there. When this occurs,

Hawaii will be eligible for the Formula Grants, and may use thein to help

provide facilities, infrastructure, and services in support of the refinery

and transshipment activities.

C. Loans and Guarantees

Credit assistance is available to help finance new or improved public

facilities and services needed because of coastal energy activities. This

may include financial assistance for facilities and equipment needed for:

education, environmental protection, government administration, health care,

public safety and law enforcement, recreation, and public utilities. Credit

assistance is also available for purchase or protection of environmental

and recreational resources that may be threatened by energy development.

If the public facility primarily serves industrial facilities, then in

order to qualify for the credit assistance, industrial user charges are

required as the primary source of revenues to repay the loan.

The credit assistance is available in three forms: direct loans, bond

guarantees, and repayment assistance.

DiAect Zoans are available frcxn the Coastal Energy Iupact fund, and can

be made for periods of up to 30 years. The interest rate varies according

to project need, and applicant's financial condition, and State statutory

interest-rate ceilings on municipal obligations.

Bond guaAantee-6 for principal and interest are also available from the

Coastal Energy Impact Fund. The interest paid on such an obligation, however,

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is taxable, so the interest rate would be higher than that for Hawaii bonds,

which are tax-free. An interest subsidy sufficient to lower the interest

rate'to that available on direct loans may be paid to the borrower.

Repayment azzistance is a special and unique feature of the CEIP. Under

this provision, a borrower may receive special assistance if revenues that

secure the loan or guaranteed bond prove insufficient to service the debt

because enployn-Nant or population increases expected from the project did not

materialize. The forms of this assistance my include: modification of loan

terms, including interest-rate reduction and principal postponement; refinan-

cing and supplemental loans; and grants to meet the debt service on the loan.

The loan and guarantee program is well-funded and Hawaii can participate.

However, the available interest rates range from a high of the average yield

on U.S. securities (8 percent in 1979) to a low equal to the average yield on

the lowest investment grade of municipal securities (6 percent in 1979). The

rate provided will depend on the financial circmistances of the particular

ccmnunity. Since Hawaii State and County bond rates are near or slightly

below the lowest rate, there is no advantage to Hawaii in participating in

this program.

However, there is an important exception. Environmeantal and recreational

projects, such as beach access and wetlands conservation, are eligible for

Federal loans at 5 percent interest, which is below the interest rate available

on Hawaii bonds.

D. Envirormiental Grants

Envirorffnental grants are awarded to design and implenient programs to

prevent, reduce, or ameliorate unavoidable losses of valuable environmental

and recreational resources (including cultural, historic, and archeological

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resources) which result frcin non-governmental coastal energy activities. This

may involve the protection, restoration, acquisition, or improvement of the

envitormental or recreational resources. If , for example, the siting of an

energy facility in the past resulted in the loss of or damage to a public

beach, a cmmunity could use CEIP grants to purchase access rights to a

similar beach area. Regulations define "unavoidable" losses as those which

cannot be traced to any identifiable party or are otherwise not preventable

because of facility siting needs.

Although this program is of potential value to Hawaii, there is no funding

for FY 80. Ha4ever, funding is anticipated for the years to follow and

priority may be given to the states that are not eligible for the OCS Fonnula

Grants.

CHAPTER III

MAINTENANCE OF THE INVENTORY OF ENERGY FACILITIES
AND THE IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

Contents Page

A. Motivation for the Annual Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

B. Annual Updating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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CHAPTER III

PYLINTENANCE OF THE INVENTORY OF ENERGY FACILITIES
AND THE IMPACT ASSEEESS:=TS

A. Motivation for the Annual Update

The inventory of existing and planned energy facilities and the general

assesscuw-nt of inpacts and mitigating measures should be updated annually.

This information is needed in order to provide in a timely manner the

facilities, services, and mitigating measures needed to properly acconmx)date

energy developTents. Also, the information should be of value in guiding

decision makers regarding the types of energy developmants most ca-,Patible to

Hawaii's environment.

An annually updated inventory of coastal energy facilities is also

needed if Hawaii is to receive the entire allotment-of CEIP Planning Grants

to which the State is entitled. Finally, the energy activity inventory and

asses--m-kent of impacts and mitigating masures should be of value in allocating

these planning grants as well as other resources provided to ccpe with

energy impacts.

B. Annual Updating Procedures

The process for updating the inventory of coastal energy facilities and

the general assessments of inipacts and mitigating measures is given below.

The process covers six steps that involve interaction with the contacts

listed in Appendix B.

(1) Initial Updating of Energy Facilities, Status, and Contacts

The first step in updating the inventory of energy facilities is to

review the annual reports listed in Table B-1. The review should focus on

identifying facilities which should be added to the inventory, and on

_20-

determining the status of energy facility projects. Following this, personnel

contact should be made with the two agencies listed under alternative-,energy

activities in order to identify additional projects not listed in the annual

reports and to update the list of contacts given in Tables B-2 through B-10.

(2) Review Environmental Impact Assessmnts and Update the General
Assessment of Impacts and Mitigating Measures

For those new projects for which Envirorinental Impact Statements (EISs)

have been written, the statements should be reviewed in order to update the

general assessments of krpacts and rAtigating measures.

(3) Updating by Project Managers and Representatives

The third step is to cawmnicate with those designated as contacts for

the various energy facilities; the initial list of such contacts is given.in

Tables B-2 through B-S. Th the extent possible, project managers, rather

than coordinators for numerous projects, should be contacted. This is

because project managers are generally mre familiar with the current status

of projects, and the information request for a single project is far less

burdensome than it is for a group of projects.

For those energy facilities for which they are responsible, the contacts

should be requested to:

--Review and update the details of facilities already included in the

inventory;

--Add additional energy facilities tothe inventory, along with the

relevant details of each (see Appendix C); and

--Review and update the relevant general assessment of impacts and

mitigating measures (see Appendix D).
W Institutional Review of General Assessment of Impacts and Mitigating
Measures

The updated general assessment of impacts and mitigating masures should

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next be reviewed by those having broad responsibilities for reviewing impacts

(Table B-9). The review should be for accuracy and caTpleteness. Suggestions

for significant additions or changes should be checked with the appropriate

contacts,

(5) Institutional Review of Overall Energy Activ ities

The final step in updating the energy facility inventory and general

assessment of impacts and mitigating measures should be a review by those

institutions having broad responsibilities in the field of energy development

(Table B-10). This review allows for a final check for ccopleteness and

accuracy.by those most familiar with energy activities in the State. The

review may also be beneficial to the various energy coordinators in te

of providing them a status report on energy facility developmnts.

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CHAPTER IV

RECOMMENDATIONS

Contents Page

A. On-Going Energy Impact Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

B. Designation of Energy-Irnpact Coordinating Office . . . . . . . . . . 25

C. Unaddressed Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1. Inpacts fran Large Sugarcane-Hauling Trucks . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. Cunulative Energy-Facility Inpacts in the Barbers
Point Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

D. Recreational and Environn@ental Losses Caused by the
Kahe Power Plant Outfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
E. Regulation of Energy Developnients . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1. A Possible Gap in the Public Review Process . . . . . . . . . . 31
2. Consolidated Permits and Concurrent Reviews . . . . . . . . . . 33
3. Other Suggested Improvel-nents in the Regulation
of Energy Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 33

F. Monitoring of Alaskan Outer-Continental-Shelf Oil Developmnt
and Expansion of Refinery Capacity in Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

G. Lobbying for Expansion of the Federal Energy impact Program . . . . . 36

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CHAPTER IV

MCOMMENDATIONS

A. On-Going Energy-Impact Activities

As noted in many sources, Hawaii is unusually dependent on imported

petroleum as its primary energy source. No fossil fuel reserves exist

in the State, no coal is transported by rail, no natural gas enters by pipe-

line, and no regional grid exists to bring in electrical power frcm other

states. Consequently, Hawaii's economy is unusually vulnerable to interrup-

tions in oil supplies and oil price increases.

At the sam time, Hawaii has the greatest potential of any state- in the

nation for achieving electrical energy self-sufficiency based on renewable

natural energy resources. The State is favored with strong, steady trade-

winds; a high rate of insolation; rkpidgrowing conditions for bicEnass; very

high geothermal ten-peratures; and tropical oceans with good tenperat:ure

differentials close to shore. Thus, Hawaii is extremely well-suited for

research and developmnt of energy technologies based on wind, direct solar,

bicmass, geothermal, and ocean thermal energy conversion.

In view of the above, the developmnt of Hawaii's renewable natural

energy resources is one of the highest priority activities of the State

governn-kent and of many private caVanies. The result is a high level of

research and development of alternative energy resources conducted by various

State and.County agencies, the University of Hawaii, the military, and many

private firm. This activity is only partially reflected by the inventory

of Appendix C, since the inventory excludes activities that do not require

facilities. Note that the inventory is probably incomplete, since private ccmr-

panies often do not announce planned facilities until construction is nearly ready

-24-

to begin, or may never announce those facilities that are relatively small or

ccmmn. Furthermore, the inventory does not reflect the likelihood that

certain alternative energy technologies may be on. the threshold of accelerated

development; such may be the case with geothermal power, WECS, and possibly

OTEC.

For many of the alternative energy developnents-such as geothermal

power, wind energy fa rms , and OTEC--there is little or no experience in Hawaii

regarding their impacts and infrastructure requirements.

In view of the high level of energy development ongoing in Hawaii and

the likelihood of an acceleration, and the possibility of significant and

unforeseen impacts, considerable effort is warranted on studying potential

impacts and ways to avoid or minimize the adverse ones. The State and Federal

Environmental TILPact Statement processes and monitoring of air and water

emissions will fulfill a portion of this need. But there is a need for

additional activities. Specifically, thete i-6 a need @ok and 4unding oJ

the 4oMt@ing additionat eneAgy impact activitia

(1) Conduct Special Baseline Studies

Special environmental, social, and econanic baseline studies should

be conducted for areas targeted for major energy facilities if such baseline

studies would otherwise not be conducted, would be inadequate (possibly

because the initial facilities could be relatively small and limited in scope),

or would not be done in a tiffely manner to allow energy develoPment to proceed

when desired.

Thorough baseline studies are needed in order to learn the impacts of

subsequent energy developments and the adequacy of mitigating measures.

(2) Conduct Follow-Up Surveillance of impacts 0

There should be periodic follow-up surveillance of the impacts of

-25-

energy activities, particularly the newer alternative energy approaches such

as geothermal, wind fa=, and OTEC.

The purpose of such a surveillance would be to test the accuracy of the

initial in-pact assessments, the adequacy of mitigating measures, and to

detect environmental or social deterioration and hazardous trends before they

become- costly to correct or irreparable.

(3) Maintain the 'Assessn-ients of Energy Facility Impacts and Appropriate
Mitigating Measures

Environmental Impact Statements of new energy projects should be

reviewed and impacts and mitigating activities monitored in order to keep

up-to-date the assessments in Appendix D.

These assessments should allow efficient development of enviroraental

assessments for new energy facilities because of having the knowledge from

past projects readily available. Furthermore, decision makers will be able

to make more informed judgment of anticipated impacts and appropriate

mitigating measures when making decisions on energy facility development.

(4) Investigate Impacts

Impacts not covered in the EIS process should be investigated.

Two examples of impacts not covered by the EIS process are given

in Section C below. One example concerns the cumulative impacts that result

from a number of energy facilities all located near each other in the Barbers

Point area. These cumulative impacts do not surface in any of the EISs

prepared for the individual projects. The other example concerns a change

in sugar operations that has had adverse impacts, but the change was exempt

frcxn th e EIS process.

(5) Identify and Resolve Issues

Environmental, social, economic, native claims, institutional,

legal, political, and other issues that may be a barrier to desirable energy

-26-

developient should be identified, the nain concerns clarified, alternatives

for resolving these concerns evaluated, and appropriate inplementing measures

developed.

(6) Investigate. Rules and Regulations

Rules and regulations that affect energy activities should be

investigated to determine their adequacy for avoiding or minimizing adverse

impacts without being overly burdensom.

Specific regulatory probleins are discussed in Section E below.

U) Maintain the Inventory of Energy Facilities

The inventory of energy facilities should be maintained so that

Hawaii can take maximLun advantage of the Federal CEIP, and more informed

judgments can be made as to where resources should be allocated for coping

with energy development ixopacts.

Maintaining the inventory will require a significant amunt of effort

every year since there is a high and accelerating level of energy developm-ent

in Hawaii.

(8) Secure and Allocate Energy-Inipact Resources

Sec=e and allocate Federal CEIP funds and other resources available

for determining and coping with impacts of energy activities.

B. Designation of Energy-In-pact Coordinating Office

In order to avoid gaps in coverage and wasteful duplication of effort,

the msponsibitity 6o& conducting and cooAdinating the eneAgy-impact actZvitie,6

discussed in the previous section sho9d be ptaced,tvithin a designated o6@ice.

A possible choice for this'is the Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM)

within the Departn-iant of Planning and Econcmic Develog-tLent. The CZM Office

has broad responsibilities for coping with impacts within the coastal zone

which includes all areas in Hawaii except those designated as State forest

-27-

reserve. Furthermore, the CM Office is the agency now designated for managing

the State's allocation of the Federal CEIP Planning Grants.

A further and major advantage of having a designated energy-iRpact

coordinating office is that it would give visibility and focus to the various

energy-in-pact activities, thereby enhancing their success. Directed to

such an office would be: information needed to maintain the inventory of

energy facilities and impact assessments; information on the need for studies

of impacts and mitigating m-asures, and for projects to cope with energy-

activity impacts; and requests for funding for the studies and projects.

The Office would also aid others involved in energy developmnt by being a

source of information on energy developments, impacts, mitigating measures,

and sources of funding for studies and mitigating projects.

To facilitate the exchange of infomation envisioned, it would be

beneficial to have a representative of the proposed energy-i-Tnpact coordinating

office participate in the various State and County ccnvdttees charged with

energy development.

C. Unaddressed Impacts

In the process of developing the general impact assessments contained

in Appendix D, the various possible impacts appear'to be adequately addressed.

However, two exceptions surfaced, and these are discussed below.

1. Impacts from Large Sugarcane-Hauling Trucks
The sugar companies, which generate' a consid"erable amount of power frcm

bagasse and pther biomass fuels, have purchased over the years progressively

larger and heavier cane-hauling trucks. These more massive trucks have caused

accelerated deterioration and higher maintenance costs for certain State and

County roads that were designed for smaller vehicles.

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This is an impact which has not been dealt with under the normal EIS

process. A small study is in order to see if the accelerated road deteriora-

tion should be corrected by building heavier-duty roads, and if certain

sugar companies should assume a portion of the financial burden for road

maintenance or reconstruction.

2. Cumulative Energy-Facility Impacts in the Barbers Point Area

Considerable energy facility development. is scheduled for the Barbers

Point area. Existing energy facilities in the area include:

--The Chevron Refinery at Campbell Industrial Park;

--The Hawaii Independent Refinery of Pacific Resources, Inc.,

located at Campbell Industrial Park;

--The Kahe Power Plant of Hawaiian Electric Company;

--The synthetic natural gas plant Enerco, Inc., of Pacific Resources,

Inc.;

--The oil. recovery facility of Energy Recovery Systems of Hawaii;

--Fuel storage tanks for the first three facilities;.

--Offshore mooring facilities for the two refineries,

--A portion of the Oahu Energy Corridor; and

--A barge facility which is used for loading petroleum products.

Facilities in the Barbers Point area that are under construction or are

planned include:

--The addition of a hydrocracking unit and expansion of the refinery

for Hawaii Independent Refinery;

--The addition of six electric generators and modification of

existing facilities to reduce air pollution at the Kahe Power

Plant of Hawaiian Electric Company;

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--Sixty-three additional storage tanks for Hawaii Independent Refinery,

Inc., and three tanks for the Kahe Plant of Hawaiian Electric

Ccrnpany;

--A large field of petroleLn storage tanks for the Strategic

Petroleun Project;

---@Additional offshore mooring facilities for the Hawaiian Independent

Refinery, Inc.;

--Coal handling facilities for both Kaiser Cerent. and Gyps= Corp.

and Cyprus Hawaiian Cement Corp.;

--The municipal solid-waste-fueled energy facility HPOEMR, which may

be located at Campbell Industrial Park;

--The large deep-draft Barbers Point Harbor, with one of the four

terminals to be used for handling petroleum products;

--One or more geothermal wells and possibly geothermal generators at

Lualualei; and

--A major OTEC facility proposed for location off Kahe Point.

The above indicates considerable energy developnent in the Barbers Point

area. New jobs @d_ll be provided by the new or expanded energy activities, by

energy-consuming activities that may be attracted or directed to the area,

and by activities that service the other activi-Lies as well as the fan-Lilies

of the new workers. The eT'ployment grrm-rth will be accompanied by considerable

population growth and urbanization of the surrounding area.

The new energy-related growth will likely have substantial environmental,

social, and economic impacts. For exarple, new and expanded energy activi-

ties and related industrial developuent, my degrade the surrounding

environment and adversely affect the large visitor resort planned for West

Beach.

Another likely and significant impact is the urbanization of some of

the nearby sugarcane lands of Oahu Sugar Company. This urbanization--

combined with proposed urbanization of Waiawa Ridge and around Ewa Town,

and diversion of water to domestic use--may eventually threaten -the survival

of the operation because of losing its economies of scale.

A third type of impact which may grow to be of considerable concern is

the social impact along the Waianae Coast. This is an area having high.

unemployment, recognized social problem, and a recent history of violence

directed towards outsiders. Increased energy-related growth in the Barbers

Point area will provide needed jobs, but conflicts may occur between newcomers

and long-time residents.

In most, if not all, cases the direct impacts of energy developments

are adequately addressed in the various EISs. But the cumulative and Sub-

stantial indirect impacts of energy development in the Barber Point area

are not adequatety addressed. Special analysis and planning will likely be

required if the anticipated growth is to be accommodated without causing

major problems, such as threatening the planned visitor resort at West Beach,

the long-term survival of Oahu Sugar Company, and social problem along the

Waianae Coast.

D. Recreational and Environmental Losses Caused by the Kahe
Power Plant Outfall'

The one energy development in Hawaii that is widely recognized as having

caused significant adverse impacts is the Kahe Power Plant of Hawaiian

Electric Company. Under requirements imposed by the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Health (DOH), a new and longer

'Contributions of Douglas Meller of Life of the Land for material presented
in this sect-ion is gratefully acknowledged.

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outfall pipe was completed in December 1976 at considerable expense. Its purpose

was to carry hot wastewater into deep water where it would diffuse without killing

the surrounding coral. This was done because, with the old shorter outfall

pipe, the hot water was causing severe damage to a high-quality reef near

shore, and degrading the fish habitat.

Although the outfall pipe was buried, a large "box" was built on the

shore below the vegetation line to solve the problem of connecting the new

outfall pipe to an existing power plant discharge. However, the "box" and

outfall destroyed a beach and a surfing site, and blocked public acce ss to

and along the shoreline. This recreational loss is widely regarded as being

far greater than the damage to coral that was being caused by the hot-water

discharge from the old, short outfall pipe.

In consideration of the recreational and environmental loss caused by

the Kahe Power Plant outfall, the possibility of using Federal CEIP Environmental

Grants (if available) or special 5-percent Federal Loans should be explored

for developing compensating projects. Possible projects include:

of a new surfing site.

It would be preferable for this to be somewhere along the Waianae Coast,

and could be accomplished by dredging a channel or by constructing artificial

shoals. Artificial shoals have the further advantage of reducing storm wave

damage and beach retreat, and improving recreational fishing by increasing

the number of "niches" available for marine life.

--Acquisition of private shoreline areas with recreational value for

the public.

One possibility would be "Barking Sands," a long, narrow strip of

land makai of Farrington Highway between the City Keaau Beach Park and the

Kaena State Park.

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--Restoration of reefs to improve recreational fishing.

Although rather far from Waianae, it may be justifiable to restore

the reefs and improve recreational fishing either in Keehi Lagoon or Kanoehe

Bay. This could be done by placing small pieces of live coral on the mud-

flats to "seed" the regeneration of reefs, or by dropping rocks or concrete

waste material on top of the mudflats in order to provide a hard bottom for

coral on which it can attach.

E. Regulation of Energy Developments

Parties involved in energy development or regulation where asked to

comment on: how to better manage energy activities so as to avoid or minimize

adverse impacts in the coastal zone while also minimizing delays and problems

in developing our energy resources. Possible problem may include the need

for: new controls because of gaps in the existing system, the elimination of

unnecessary controls because of duplication or other reasons, policies on

where energy facilities should be located, refinements in the process that

would improve public decision-making and speed the process, and State or

County programs to help mitigate adverse impacts.

Since very few environmental or other "mistakes" have been made to date

with energy development--with the exception of the Kahe Power Plant outfall--
most parties believe that energy activities are adequately managed, although

the permit process may take too long and be too costly. The few specific

comments regarding problems with the management of energy activities, which

are presented below, should be analyzed for their merit and appropriate

resolution.

1. A Possible Gap in the Public Review Process

The Kahe Power Plant outfall case suggests that the there may have been

a gap in the public review process for shoreline structures below the

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vegetation tine, paAticu&4ty i6 iocated in iLuAat oAeas. Apparently, the

Waianae residents were not fully informed of the "box" for the outfall and

the subsequent impacts, and they did not have the opportunity to participate

early in the decision making to voice their preferences. If they had, it is

unlikely that the choice would have been to sacrifice a popular beach and surf

site in order to save the coral from thermal pollution.

The agencies involved in giving permits for the outfall system were:

--The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA);

--The State Department of Health (DOH);

--The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps);

--The County Zoning Board of Appeals (ZEA), with the Department of

Land Utilization (DLU) as the staff agency;

--The State Departi-nent of Transportation (DOT); and

-The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR).

The EPA and the DOH were concerned about the thermal pollution effects

on the coral, rather than the recreational invacts caused by the "box" on

shore. Similarly, the Corps was concerned about the structure in the

water, and not the one on shore. The Corps, furthermore, may have I-Lad an

inadequate outreach program for areas such as Waianae where few, if any,

people were on their mailinq list for proposed deVelogrients. The ZBA's concern

was with a shoreline setback variance, which was not required for the "box"

since it was built entirely below the vegetation line.

The DOT and DLNR had responsibilities for developmenl[1- along the shore,

but their public notice system was inadequate to inform and involve the

Waianae residents.

A further problem was that no Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was

required for the project, although Judge King later ruled that the Corps

erred in not requiring one.

34-

If there was a gap in the public review process for the Kahe Power Plant

outfall "box," it may have since been corrected with the new Special Management

Area (SMA) Permits, but possibly not since the SMAs cover areas above the high-

water line.

2. Consolidated Permits and Concurrent Reviews

.Both environmentalists and developers agree, although for different

reasons, that the permit process should be simplified by consolidating similar

permits and holding concurrent reviews. The concern of the environmentalists

is that the current process of obtaining permits consecutively is that the

first agency's approval causes a domino effect whereby subsequant agencies

find it increasingly difficult to have the project altered significantly.

This my have been the case with the Kahe Power Plant outfall; other agencies

may have followed the lead of the initial EPA decision, favoring the outfall.,

The concern with developers over obtaining many permits consecutively-

with some of the Federal, State, and County permits being very similar, or

requiring the same information but in different formats-is that the process

is very time consuming and costly. This is so particularly if the decision

of one agency forces a change in the project sufficient to invalidate the

permits previously obtained.

Examples of permits mentioned as candidates for consolidation are the

similar State and Federal permits for controlling water and air pollution,

and hazardous wastes.

3. Other Suggested Improvements in the Regulation of Energy Activities

Three additional improvements in the regulation of energy activities

were suggested but were not explored. The first arose out of a questioning of the

need for a complete EIS for each exploratory drilling for geothermal power.

Possibly the EIS information refinements and process can be simplified

without increasing environmental and other risks.

-35-

The second suggestion had to do with the concern that the regulations being

developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the Resouce

Conservation and Recovery Act may be excessive and thereby force the State's

only oil recovery facility to close. If such a closing appears likely, then

possibly the EPA can be persuaded to soften their regulations or grant a

"grandfathering" exemption, or maybe State financial assistance is justified.

Finally, there was a suggestion that the permit process be simplified

and streamlined in designated areas suitable for noxious industries --areas

such as Campbell Industrial Park. This would concentrate industry in the

least objectionable areas, facilitate control measures, and signal investors

that the State has a continuing interest in economic developments.

F. Monitoring of Alaskan Outer-Continental-Shelf Oil Development
and Expansion of Refinery Capacity in Hawaii

As discussed in Chapter II, the Formula Grants (Section 308(b)) is one

of the better funded categories of the Federal Coastal Energy Impact Program;

in FY80, the minimum grant to qualifying states was $555,000 plus another

$100,000 for administration. The Formula Grant funds can be used for a wide

variety of purposes to cope with the impacts of eligible energy activities.

Expenditures can be made for planning and development of new or improved

public facilities and services, including police Lid fire protection facili-

ties and equipment, schools, water supply, roads, docks, navigation aids,

waste collection and treatment, health care facilities, etc. The funds can

also be used to ameliorate environmental and recreational losses.

Hawaii is excluded from the Formula Grants, however, since eligibility

is based on Outer-Continental-Shelf (OCS) oil and gas activities--activities

which do not exist in Hawaiian waters. Nevertheless, Hawaii may eventually

qualify for the Formula Grants if oil exploration activities on Alaska's OCS

-36-

should prove successful. After production begins, it i expected1that a ptr-
tion of the Alaskan OCS oil will be refined here in Hawaii in expanded facili-

ties, and a portion of this refined oil then shipped on to the mainland for

use there--thus triggering Formula Grant funding. The reasons for this

expectation are as follows:

--Hawaii has favorable characteristics for refining Alaskan oil,

including (a) reasonable proximity to Alaska and the West Coastf

M favorable air and water currents which greatly reduce

pollution hazards, (c) facilities to unload large tankers,

(d) subtropical air and waters which aid viscosity and thereby

reduce pmVing costs, and (e) political stability.

--Alaskan (north slope) oil is already refined here in Hawaii

(about 20,000 to 30,000 barrels per day),. and approximately the

same amount of refined oil, unidentified as to source, is shipped

to the mainland.

--The military desires added refinery capacity in Hawaii in order

to have an increased supply of jet fuel and gasoline.

--Pacific Resources, Inc. has plans to expand the capacity of their

Hawaii Independent Refinery, Inc. and ship the resulting excess

supply of residual oil on to the mainland,, and expect to use

Alaskan OCS oil as it beccmes available.

The anticipated expansion of refinery capacity will require accompanying

facilities, an adequate infrastructure, and services whose planning should

start early in conjunction with those of the affected oil ccMpanies. Also,

the increased oil shipments will increase the chances for a detrimental oil

spill. Furthermore, Hawaii's increased use of Alaskan oil will likely cause

an extremely difficult hazardous-waste disposal problein. This may occur

-37-

because Alaskan oil found to date has been high in sulfur--which must be removed

during the refining process, and then disposed of. It is estimated that it will

eventually be necessary to handle at least 20 tons of sulfur per day in the

Islands.

In order to qualify for the Federal CEIP Formula Grants at the earliest

possible date, and identify the needed support facilities, infrastructure, and

services, there should be close monitoring of (1) Alaskan OCS oil activities

and (2) plans by Hawaii refiners to expand their capacity for processing this

oil.

G. Lobbying for Expansion of the Federal Energy Impact Program

The Federal CEIP Formula Grants (Section 308(b)), discussed in the

previous section, is a well-funded program with great flexibility for coping

with energy-activity impacts, as long as they relate to OCS oil and gas

activities. Hawaii will not be eligible for these grants until production

and local refining of Alaskan OCS oil begins.

In the meantime, considerable energy development will occur with biomass,

geothermal, WECS, OTEC, and other alternative-energy resources. To cope with

the impacts of these activities, the comparatively small Planning Grants

(Section 308(c)) and possibly Environmental Grants (Section 308(d)(4)) are

available under the Federal CEIP. However, the much larger Formula Grants are

not available. To correct this over-restriction of the Formula Grants to just

OCS oil and gas activities, it may be worthwhile to lobby for either an

expansion in the eligibility for the Formula Grants to include alternative-

energy activities or development of an equivalent grants program.

Such a change in the Formula Grants or introduction of a new grants

program would better support national priorities of developing all domestic

energy resources rather than just OCS oil and gas development. Also, this

-38-

would result in a fairer distribution of grants among the coastal states.

In FY 1979, just two states--Louisiana and Alaska--were eligible for nearly

$15 million in funds, which amounted to over half of the total available.

Other states--particularly some of those in New England--were granted

eligibility based only on their possible exposure to distant and improbable

oil spills, while other coastal states, including Hawaii and the Great Lakes

states, were excluded fr(xn this program..

APPENDIX A

DESCRIPTION OF THE
COASTAL ENERGY IMPACT PROGRAM
FROM THE

1979 CATALOG OF FEDERAL DOMESTIC ASSISTANCE

Programs Page

Planning Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-1

Formula Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Loans and Guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

Environmental Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4

A-1
COASTAL ENERGY IMPACT PROGRAM-
PLANNING GRANTS
FEDERAL AGENCY: NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOS- Deadlines: Applications should be submitted 60 days prior to the
PHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COM-
MERCE proposed work start date.
AUTHORIZATION: Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of Range of ApprovaVDisapproval Time: From 20 to 30 workdays.
1976, Section 308(c), Public Law 94-370 (16 U.S.C. 1451 et seq.). Appeals: No formal procedure.
OBJECrIVES: To assist the states and unit, of local government to Renewals: Not applicable.
study and plan for the social, economic and environmental conse- ASSISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS:
quenccs on the coastal zone of new or expanded energy facilities,- Formula and Matching Requirements: The Federal share of grants for
to encourage rational and timely planning and management of 308(c) are not to exceed 80 percent of the total project costs.
energy facility siting and energy resource development. Local or State funds may be used to meet the non-Federal share
TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Project Grants. of project costs, or in- kind contributions may be used, as de-
scribed in OMB Circular No. A-102.
USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Eligible uses include: Planning Length and Time PhBsing of Assistance: Grants are normally made
projects for housing and land use planning, public safety, and once a year. The allotment of financial assistance among th'c states
public facility plans, provided they are related to the social, eco- is based on formulas related to new or expanded energy facilities
nomic and environmental impacts resulting from new or expanded affecting the coastal zone.
energy activity; development and implementation of an Intra-State POST ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENTS:
Allocation Process; and direct administrative costs for State lead Reports: Financial status reports are required every month, and a
agencies of administering all 308 financial assistance programs. final report within 90 days of the grant ending date.
JOINT FUNDING: This program is considered suitable for joint Audits: The Assistant Administrator, the Secretary of Commerce,
funding with closely related Federal Financial assistance programs and the Comptroller General shall have access for the purpose of
in accordance with the provisions of OMB Circular No. A-111. audit and examination to any records, books, documents and
For programs that are not identified as suitable for joint funding, papers which belong to, or are used or controlled by, any recipi-
the applicant may consult the headquarters or field office of the ent of the assistance or any person who entered into any transac-
appropriate funding agency for further information on statutory or tion relating to such financial assistance under Section 308.
other restrictions involved. Records: All financial records and working papers must be retained
ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: for 3 years after the completion of the project or program for
Applicant Eligibili*,: Any coastal State or territory which has a man- which a grant was made.
agement program which has been approved under Section 306; or FINANCIAL INFORIMATION:
is receiving a grant under Section 305(c) or (d); or is making, in Account Identification: 13-4315-0-3-452.
the judgment of the Associate Administrator, satisfactory progress Obligations: (Grants) FY 78 S3,835,000; FY 79 est S2,730,000; and
toward the development of a management program which is con- FY 80 est $3,500,000.
sistent with the policies set forth in Section 303. Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Dependent upon State's
Beneficiary Eligibility: Only units of general purpose local govern- allotment. In 1978. allotments ranged from S16,COO to $340,000.
ments in the coastal zone, as deimed in 15 CFR 931.22, and State PROGRAAI ACCOMPLISTVIINIENTS: Through fiscal year 1978, 76
agencies are eligible for CEIF assistance. The State Section 308 projects were approved by NOAA, resulting in obligations of
agency is the applicant for the grants; it may then pass through $4,241,000 to 29 states and territories.
awarded assistance to local governments in accordance with the REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: 15 CFR
State's Intra-State Allocation Process. Part 931, FMC's 74-7 and 74-4.
Credentials/Documentation: Letter from the Governor designating INLFOR.MATION CONTACTS:
the applicant. Costs will be deter-mined in accordance with FMC Regional or Local Office: None.
74-4. Headquarters Office: Director, Coastal Energy Impact Program
APPLICATION AND ANVARD PROCESS: Office, Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and
Preapplication Coordination: The standard application forms as fur- Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, 3300
nished by the Federal agency and required by OMB Circular No. Whitehaven St., Washington, DC 20235. Telephone; (202)
A-102 must be used for this program. Applications are subject to 634-4128.
State and areawide clearinghouses review pursuant to procedures RELATED PROGRA_MS: 11.424, Coastal Energy Impact Program-
in Part 1, Attachment A of OMB Circular No. A-95 (revised). No Environmental Grants.
preapplication necessary. An environmental impact assessment is EX@ALMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Not presently available.
required for this program. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not presently available.
Application Procedure: The application for 308(c) planning grants,
NOAA Form 36-21 is to be submitted in three copies. In each
State the Governor designates a 308 Lead agency. The lead
agency submits applications for financial assistance to NOAA.
Projects and proposals for funding from units of local government
and State agencies must be submitted to the 308 lead agency.
Local governments applying to the State for assistance under the
CEIP should contact the 301 lead agency for A-11 procedures as
provided for in 15 CFR 931.37(b).
Award Procedure: Applications are approved by NOAA. Special
Note: Intra-Statc Allocation Process (Section 308(g)(2) - each
coastal State, after being notified of its allotment, must establish a
process to allocate its allotment among State agencies and units of
local government based upon the need for assistance. Notification
of awards must be made to the designated State Central Informa-
tion Reception Agency in accordance with Trmury Circular
1082.

A-2

COASTAL ENERGY VVIPACT PROGRAM-
FORMULA GRANTS
FEDERAL AGENCY: NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOS- ASSISTANCE, CONSIDERATIONS:
PHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COM- Formula and Matching Requirements: 100 percent Federal funding.
MERCE Grants are allotted to a State by means of a prescribed formula
AUTHORIZATION- Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of based on the State's proportional share of nation-wide OCS activi-
1976, Section 308(b), Public Law 94-370 (16 U.S.C. 1451 Seq.); ties of the preceding fiscal year measured by the following
Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of 1978, Section weighted indices: (1) OCS acreage initially leased, 50.0 percent;
308(b), P.L. 95-372. (2) OCS oil and natural gas landed, 25.0 percent; (3) OCS oil and
OBJECTIVES: To provide financial assistance to coastal states to plan natural gas produced, 25.0 percent.
and construct public facilities and services and for the ameliora- Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: Each State is allotted a spe-
tion of environmental and recreational loss attributable to Outer cific amount of each year's appropriation by means of a formula.
Continental Shelf (OCS) energy development activities. The procceds.of grants, which are requisitioned by and disbursed
TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Formula Grants. to a State in any fiscal year but which a-re not expended or com-
USES AND USE RESTRICTIOINS: Formula grants are available only mitted by the State by the end of the fiscal year in which the
to those states which have or have had adjacent OCS o:t and gas grant proceeds were awarded are subject to recovery and subse-
leasing and development activities. Proceeds from these grants quent re-allotment. Grant proceeds not requisitioned remain avail-
may be used for a very broad range of projects subject to certain able for award until the end of fiscal year 1988, at which time pro-
priorities and prerequisites. The pfiority use of these grant funds is
ceeds not awarded will be returned to the United States Treasury.
for the repayment of local and State bonds guaranteed under Sec- POST ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENTS:
tion 309(d)(2) of the Act. The prerequisites of use relate to plan- Reports: Financial Status Reports, SF 269, and performance reports
ning and development of public facilities and services. A prime are required every 6 months (October- Nfarch, April-September)
use of these funds is for the protection and restoration of environ- and final repor-ts within 90 days of the grant ending date.
mental and recreational resources. Project costs must be in line Audfts: The Assistant Administrator, The Secretary of Commerce,
with the value of the resources. JOINT FUNDING: This pro- and the Comptroller General shall have access for purposes of
gram is considered suitable for joint funding with closely related audit and examination to any records, books, documents, and
Federal financial assistance programs in accordance with the pro- papers which belong to, or are used or controlled by, any recipi-
visions of OMB Ci. cular No. A- I If. For programs that are not ent of the assistance or any' person who entered into any transac-
identified as suitable for joint funding, the applicant may consult tion-relating to such financial assistance, which is used in accord-
the headquarters or field office of the appropriate funding agency
ance with Section 308.
for further information on statutory or other restrictions :involved. Records. All financial records and working papers must be retained
ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: for 3 years after the completion of the project Or program for
Applicant Eligibility: Any coastal State which has a management which a. grant was made.
program which has beln approved under Section 306; or is receiv- FINANCIAL INIFORIMATION:
ing a grant under Sections 3,05(c) or (d); or is making, in the judg- Account Identification: 13-1451-0-1-302.
ment of the Assistant Administrator, satisfactory progress toward Obligations: (Grants) FY 78 est S13,075,000; FY 79 est $41,323,DW;
the development of a management program which is consistent and FY 80 est $27,750,000.
with the policies set forth in Section 303. The Governor shall des- Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Dependent upon State's
ignate the State agency or entity that is to be the applicant. allotment. In FY 78, allotments ranged from $7,000 to $14,000,000.
Beneficiary Eligibility: Local and regional government units may PROGRAM ACCOIMPLISHINIENTS: Through fiscal year 1978, 52
apply for assistance under this program from their designated projects were approved and resulted in obligations of
State Section 30S agency.
$13,912,DDO for 6 states.
Credentials/Docu men tation: Letter from the Governor designating REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: 15 CFR
the applicant. Costs will be deter-mined in accordance with FMC Part 931, OMB Circular No. A-102 and FIMC 74-4.
74-4. INFORMATION CONTACTS:
APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS- Regional or Local Office- None.
Preapplication Coordination: Only construction projects require a Headquarters Office: Director, Coastal Energy Impact Program
preapplication and an environmental impact statement. The stand- Office, Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and
ard application forms as fumished by the Federal agency and re- Atmospheric Administration, Depar-tment of Commerce, 3300
quired by OMB Circular No. A-102 must be used for this pro- Whitehaven St., N.W., Washington, DC 20235. Telephone: (202)
gram. Applications are subject to State and areawide clearing- 634-4128.
houses review pursuant to procedures in Part 1, Attachment A of RELATED PROGRAMS: 11.418, Coastal Zone Management Pro-
OMB Circular No. A-95 (revised). gram Development; 11.419, Coastal Zone Management Program
Application Procedure: The requisition for 308(b) formula grants, Administration.
NOAA Form 36-20 is to be submitted in three copies. EXAMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Not applicable.
Award Pocedure:, Requisitions are approved by NOAA, Special
note: Intra-State Allocation process (Section 308(g)(2)): each CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not applicable.
coastal State, after being notified of its allotment, must establish a
process to allocate its allotment among State agencies and units of
local government based upon the need for assistance. Notification
of awards must be made to the designated State Central Informa-
tion Reception Agency in accordance with Treasury Circular
1082.
Deadlines: Requisitions should be submitted 60 days prior to pro-
posed work start date.
Range of Approval/Disapproval Time: From 20 to 30 workdays.
Appeals: No formal procedure.
Renewals: Not applicable.

-3

COASTAL ENERGY IMPACT PROGRAM-
LOA_NS AND GUARANTEES

FEDERAL AGENCY: NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOS- ASSISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS:
PHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COM- Formula and Matching Requirements: Up to 100 percent Federal
MERCE funding.
AUTHORIZATION: Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: After being notified of its al-
1976@ Section 308(d)(1) Loans and 308(d)(2) Bond Guarantees; 16 lotment, a coastal State may submit application for loans and guar-
U.S.C. 1451 et seq; Public Law 94-370. antees from this allotment.
OBJECTIVES: To provide financial assistance for public facilities nec- POST ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENTS:
essary to support increased populations stemming from new or ex- Reports: Quarterly construction and financial status reports are re-
panded coastal energy activity. quired for all construction projects.
TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Direct Loans. Audits: The Assistant AdMiDistrator, the Secretary of Commerce,
USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: The public facilities eligible in- and the Comptroller General shall have access for purposes of
clude but are not limited to highways and secondary roads, park- audit and examination to any records, books and documents, and
ing, mass transit, docks, navigation aids, fire and police protection, papers which belong to, or are used or controlled by any recipient
water supply, waste collection and treatment (including drainage), of the assistance or any person who entered into arly transaction
schools and education, and hospitals and health care. relating to such Financial assistance under Section 308.
ELIGI13H= REQUIREMENTS: Records; Recipients of loans and guarantees should retain financial
Applicant Eligibility- Any coastal State which has a management records until complete repayment of the loan or guarantee for a
program which has beeen approved under Section 306; or is period of at least 3 years.
making in the judgment of the Assistant Administrator, satisfac- FINANCIAL INFORIMATION:
tory progress toward the development of a management program Account Identification: 13-4315-0-3-452.
which is consistent with the policies set forth in Section 3303. Obligations: (Loans) FY 78 S60,897,000; FY 79 est S28,578,000, and
Beneficiary Eligibility: Only units of general purpose local govern- FY 80 est S61,000,000.
ment in the coastal zone, as defined in 15 CFR 931.22, and State Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Dependent upon State's
agencies are eligible for CEIP financial assistance. allotment. In 1978, allotments ranged from $2'00,000 to
Credentials/Documentation: Costs will be deter-mined in accordance S38,000,000.
with FMC 74-4. PROGRA-M ACCONIPLISHMIENTS; Through fiscal year 1978, four
APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: loans totalling S61,OW,000 were awarded to 2 States.
Preapplication Coordination: For construction project, the borrower REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: 15 CFR
must provide a Preliminary Engineering Report which contains a Part 931, FMC 74-7 and 74-4.
preliminary analysis of the engineering aspects of the proposed fa- INFORMATION CONTACTS:
cility costs and financial feasibility of the project. Cost for the Pre- Regionel or Local Office: None.
liminary Engineering Report may also be included in 308(b) Ap- Headquarters Office: Director, Coastal Energy Impact Program
plication,, The standard application forms as furnished by the Fed, Office, Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and
era] agency and required by OMB Circular No. A-102 must be Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, 3300
used for this program. Applications are subject to State and Whitehaven St., N.W., Washington, DC 20235. Telephone: (202)
a.reawide clearinghouses review puisuant to procedures in Part 1, 634-4128.
Attacbmn, A of OMB Circular No, A-15 'revi,edl, An environ- RELATED PROGRAMS: 11,421, Coastal Energy Impact Program-
mental impact assessment should be submitted with the initial con- Formula Grants; 11.424, Coastal Energy Impact Program-En-
struction project application to determine whether an environmen- vironmental Grants.
tal impact statement is required. EXANfPLES OF FUNDED PROJECIS: Not applicable.
Application Procedure: Applications for Section 308(d)(1) and (2) CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not applicable.
NOAA Form 36-23 are to be submitted in three copies. In each
State the Governor designates a 308 lead agency. The lead agency
submits applications for financial assistance to NOAA. Projects
and proposals for funding from units of local governments and
State agencies must be submitted to the 308 lead agency. Local
governments applying for credit assistance should contact the lead
agency for A-95 procedures as provided for in 15 CFR 931.37 (b).
Award Procedure: Applications are approved by NOAA. Special
note; Intra-State Allocation Process (Section 308(g)(2) - each
coastal State, after being notified of its allotment, must establish a
process to allocate its allotment among State agencies and units of
local government based upon the need and level of anticipated
impact (see 15 CFR Subpart J). Notification of awards must be
made to the designated State Central Information Reception
Agency in accordance with Treasury Circular 1082.
Deadlines: Applications should be submitted 60 days prior to the
proposed work start date.
Range of Approval/Disapproval Time: From 20 to 30 workdays.
Appeals: No formal procedure.
Renewals: Not applicable.

A-4

COASTAL ENERGY IMPACT PROGRAIM-
ENVIRONMENTAL GRANTS

FEDERAL AGENCY: NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATIMOS- Award Procedure: Applications are approved by NOAA. Special
PHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COM- Note: Intra-State Allocation Process (Section 308(g)(2) - each
MERCE coastal State, after being notified of its allotment, must establish a
AUTHOPIZATION: Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of process to allocate its allotment among State agencies and units of
1976, Section 308(d)(4), Public Law 94-370 (16 U.S.C. 1451, local government based upon the need for assistance. See 15 CFR
SEQ.). Subpart J. Notification of awards must be made to the designated
OBJECTIVES: To help states and units of local govemmcnts prevent, State Central Information Reception Agency in accordance with
reduce, or ameliorate unavoidable loss of valuable environmental Treasury Circular 1082.
or recreational resources resulting from coastal energy activity, Deadlines: Applications should be submitted 60 days prior to the
while ensuring that the person responsible for these environmental proposed work start date.
or recreational losses pays for their full cost. Range of Approval/Disapproval Time: From 20 to 30 workdays.
TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Project Grants. Appeals: No formal procedure.
USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Assistance may be used to design Renewals: Not applicable.
arid implement projects to prevent and reduce or ameliorate crvi- ASSISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS:
ronmental and recreational losses in the coastal zone resulting Formula and Matching Requirements: 100 percent Federal funding.
from the sitting, construction, exparision, or operation of any Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: Grants are normally allotted
equipment or facility required by coastal energy activity. Assist- once a year. The allotment of financial assistance is based on for-
ance under this Section may also be used for: administrative costs; mulas relating to Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and other coastal
restoration, replacement, or acquisition of environmental or recre- energy activities.
ational resources; and the cost differential between the least cost POST ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENTS:
method of providing a public facility required as a result of coastal Reports: Quarterly construction and financial status reports are re-
energy activity and a higher cost method that reduces the en'.11'. quired for all construction projects. For non-construction projects,
ronmental loss of the least cost method. JOINT FUNDING: This quarterly financial status reports are required.
program is considered suitable for joint funding with closely relat- Audits: The Assistant Administrator, the Secretary of Commerce,
ed Federal Financial assistance prograi,is in accordance with the and the Comptroller General shall have access for purposes of
provisions of OMB Circular No. A- I 11. For programs that are not audit and examination to any records, books, documents and
identified as suitable for joint funding, the applicant may consult papers which belong to, or are used or controlled by any recipient
the headquarters or field offlice of the appropriate funding agency of the assistance or any person who entered into any transaction
for further information on statutory or other restrictions involved. relating to such financial assisunce under Section 308.
ELIGIBILIT`Y REQUIPSMENTS: Records:'All Financial records and working papers must be retained
Applicant Eligibility: Any coastal State which has a management for 3 years after the completion of the project or program for
program which has been approved under Section 306; or is receiv- which the grant was made,
ing a gr?-nt under Sections 305(c) or (d); or is making, in the judg- FINANCIAL INFORMATION;
ment of the Assimnt Administrator, satisfactory progress toward Account Identification: 13-4315-0-3-452.
the development of a management program which is consistent Obligations: (Grants) FY 78 $1,045,000; FY 79 est S1,955,000; and
with the policies set forth in Section 303. In addition, to be eligii- FY 80 est SO.
ble for the grants under Section 308(d)(4), a State's allotment Range and Average of Financial . Assistance: Dependent upon the
under Section 308(b) must be insufficient. State's allotment In '1978, allotments ranged from S3,000 to
Beneficiary Eligibility: Only the designated State lead agency may S515,000.
apply for and receive grants. The grants may then be passed PROGRAA1 ACCOMPLISHMENTS: In fiscal year 1978, NOAA
through to units of general purpose local governments. approved 31 projects totalling $1,045,000 to 11 States.
Credentials/Documentation: Letter from the Governor designating REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: 15 CFR
the applicant. Costs will be determined in accordance with F,.VfC Part 931, FMC's 74-4 and 74-7.
74-4. -'SS: INFORINIATION CONTACTS:
APPLICATION ANTI) AWARD PROCL Regio!3al or Local Office- None.
Preapplication Coordination: Construction projects under Section Headquarters Office: Director, Coastal Energy Impact Program
308(d)(4) require a preapplication and basic environment3J impact Office, Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and
assessment information to deter-mine if an environmental statement Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, 3300
is required. The standard application forms as furnished by the Whitehaven St., N.W., Washington, DC 20235. Telephone: (202)
Federal agency and required by OMB Circular No. A-102 must be 634-4128.
used for this program. Applications are subject to State and RELATED PROGRAMS: 11.421, Coastal Energy Impact Program-
areawide clearinghouses review pursuant to procedures in Part 1, Formula Grants; 11.422, Coastal Energy Impact Program-
Attachment A of OMB Circular No. A-95 (revised). Planning Grants; 11.423, Coastal Energy Impact Program-
Application Procedure: The application for 308(d)(4) Non-Construc- Loans and Guarantees.
tion projects, NOAA Form 36-22 or Construction Projects. EXA, 11 LES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Not presently available.
NOAA Form 36-23 is to be submitted in three copies. In each CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not presently available,
State the Governor designates a 308 lead agency. The lead agency
submits applications for financial assistance to NOAA. Projects
and proposals for funding from units of local government and
State agencies must be submitted to the 308 lead agency for A-95
procedures as provided for in 15 CFR 931.377(b).

APPENDIX B

CONTACTS FOR UPDATING TEE ENERGY FACILITY
INVENTORY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

Table Page

1. --ANNUAL REPORTS COVERING THE STATUS OF ENERGY FACILITY
DEVELOPMENTS AND AGENCY CONTACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

2. --MILITARY ENERGY COORDINATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2

3. --OIL REFINERY CONTACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

4. --ELECTRIC COMPANY CONTACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . B-4

5. --SUGAR COMPANY CONTACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-5

6. --ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FACILITY OPERATORS AND DEVELOPERS:

a.--Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6

b.--Photovoltaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7

c.--Energy Tree Farms . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . B-8

d.--Wind Energy Conversion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9

e.--Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10

f.--Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11

g.--Energy Recovery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-12

h.--Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-13

7. --CEMENT COMPANY CONTACTS FOR COAL HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . B-14

8. --CONTACTS FOR ENERGY TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE . . . . . . . . . B-15

9. --REVIEWERS OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES . . . . . . . . . . B-16

10. --GENERAL REVIEWERS OF ENERGY ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-17

B-1

TAME B-1.--ANNUAL REPORTS COVERING THE STATUS OF ENERGY
FACIIJTY DEVELOPYMS AND AGENCY CONTACTS

Coverage/Annual Reports Agency Con-tact, Address Phone

Electric Utilities--Existing
Facilities:

Annual reports of electric Roy Terada, Chief Engineer 548-2566
Conpanies on file with the Teruo Yoshida, Chief 548-2539
Departnent of Regulatory Statistician
Agencies. Departawnt of Regulatory
Agencies
1010 Richards Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

Electric Utilities--E@isting
and Planned Facilities:

Inventory of Paqer Plants -
in tl)e United States, U.S.
Departnent of Energy,,
Washington, D.C.

Alternative Energy--Existing
and Planned Activities:

Energy Resources Coordinator Dr. Eugene M. Grabbe 948-4195
Annual Report, Deepartra-ant Center for Science Policy and
of Planning and Econoruc Technology Assessment
Development, Honolulu, Department of Planning and
Hawaii. Econcmic Development
250 S. King Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

Hawaii Natural Energy Dr. Paul Yuen 948-7886
Institute Annual Report, Dr. Richard Neill 948-6947
University of Hawaii, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute 948-8890
Honolulu, Hawaii. Hohies Hall, Rom 246
University of Hawaii
2540 Dole Street
Honolulu, HI 96822

Sugar Conpanies--Existing'
Facilities:

Factory Equirxrent, Hawaiian -
Sugar Planters' Association,
Honolulu, Hawaii.

B-2

TABLE B-2.--MILITARY =, GY COORDINATORS

Service Contact Address Phone Areas of Specific Interest

Air Force:

Captain John Heiser 449-2158
15th ABW/DEEV -1361
Hickam AFB, 111 96853 -1662

Arnry:

Colonel William G. Giistafson 438-1766
UQ U.S. Army Western Cam-ond
Attn: APLC,-rfR
Ft. Shafter, HI 96858

Marine Corps:

Mr. Wallace Nakahara 257-3675 wind energy conversion
Public Works Department systems
Marine Corps Air Station
Kaneohe Bay, HI 96863

Navy:

LCDR Clayton Y. K. Ching 471-0384
Navy Public Wbi:@ks Center
Pearl Harbor, HI 96860

B-3

TABLE B-3.--OIL REFINERY CONTACTS

Areas of General Interest:

-rude oil refining and associated transportation and storage of oil products.

Ccnpany Contact Address -Phone Areas of Additional Interest

Chevron:

William Dunn 682-5711
Chevron Refinery ext. 15
P.O. Bax 29789
Honolulu, HI 96820

Pacific Resources, Inc.:

Francis Tanaka 548-4286 alcohol for producing Gasahol
Pacific Resources, Inc.
P.O. Box 3379
Honolulu, HI 96842

B-4

TABLE B-4. --ELECIRIC CWPJ\4Y CONTACTS
(including Dole Co. on Lanai)

Areas of General Interest:

--Steam generators fueled with oil, bicmass, or trash; gas turbine generators;
and internal ccmbustion (diesel) generators.
--Oil storage.
Electrical energy transmission.

Cam. any contact Address Phone Areas of Additional Interest

Hawaiian Electric Co.,
Hawaiian Electric Light Co., and
Maui Electric Co.:

Dr. John M. Cain 548-6880 --wind energy conversion systems
Richard Bell 548-7771 --ocean thermal energy conversion
Chipman Higgings 548-7771 --hydropower
Hawaiian Electric Co.
P.O. Box 2750
Honolulu, 111 96804

Citizens Utilities Co.,
Kauai Electric Division:

Kelvin Kai 335-3131
Citizens Utilities Co.
Kauai Electric Division
P.O. Box 278
Eleele, HI 96'705

Molokai Electric:

Bruce Yamashita 553-3234 --wind energy conversion systems
Molokai Electric Co.
P.O. Box 379
Kuanakakai, HI 96848

Dole Co.:

Tcmo Mitsanaga. 531-4434
650 Iwilei Road
Honolulu, HI 96817

B-5

TABLE B-5.--SUGAR COMPANY CONTACTS

Are-as of General Interest:

Stearn gemerators fueled with bagasse and possibly oil, sugarcane trash, munici-
pal trash, wood chips, energy pellets, and macadarnia. nut shells.

Ccapmly Contact Address Phone Areas of Additional Interest

Alexander and Baldwin:

Sach @Iasuirzto 525-6607 --hydropower
Alexander and Baldwin --ethanol.
822 Bishop Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

Amfac, Inc.:

George St. John 945-8154 --hydropcwer
Arnfac, Inc.
700 Bishop Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

C. Brewer and Co., Ltd.:

Jerry Allen 544-6100 --hydropavver
C. Brewer and Co., Ltd. --energy tree farms
827 Fort Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

Castle and Cooke:

Sudand Tanaka 637-4280
Tyrus Chang 637-4428
Waialua Sugar Co., Inc.
Waialua, HI 96791

Theo H. Davies and Co., Ltd.:

Garvie Hall 531-8531 --hydropower
Theo H. Davies and Co., Ltd. --bagasse energy pellets
841 Bishop Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

B-6

TABLE B-6a.-ALTERNATIVE, ENERGY FACILITY OPERATORS
AND DEVELOPERS: HYDROPOWER

Company/Agency Contact Address Phone

Sugar Companie s: See Table B-5. See Table B-5.

Alexander and Baldwin
Amfac, Inc.
C. Brewer & Co., Ltd.
Theo H. Davies & Co., Ltd.

Hawaii Electric Light Co. See Table B-4. See Table B-4.

Department of Land and Natural Robert Chuck 548-7533
Resources Department of Land and
Natural Resources
1151 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

B-7

TABLE B-6b.--ALTERNATIVE =RGY FACILITY OPERATORS
AND DEVELOPERS: PHOTOVOLTAIC

Project Contact Address Phone

Kauai Wilcox Hospital Kenneth Ono 245-4811
Photovoltaic Project PX 3420 Kuhio Highway
Lihue, HI 96766

B-8

TABLE B-6C. ---ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FACILITY OPERATORS
AND DEVELOPERS: ENERGY TREE FARM

Company/Agency Contact Address Phone

C. Brewer & Co., Ltd. See Table B-5. See Table B-5.

Department of Land and Natural Libert K. Landgraf 548-2861
Resources Department of Land and
Natural Resources
1151 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

B-9

TABLE B-6d.--ALTERNATIVE, ENERGY FACILITY OPERATORS AND DEVELOPERS:
AND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

Company/Agency Contact Address Phone

Hawaiian Electric Co. See Table B-4. See Table B-4.

Marine Corps See Table B-2. See Table B-2.

Davis Farm Bucky Davis
Davis Farm
Hoolehua, Molokai, HI 96729

Kahua Ranch Monte Rid-lards 889-6464
Kahua Ranch
P.O. Box 837
Kamuela, HI 96743

Kahuku Fish Farm Tap Pryor 524-6165
Systems Culture Corporation
828 Fort Street Mall
Honolulu, HI 96813

B-10

TABLE B-6e.-ALTERNATIVE DERGY FACILITY OPERATORS
AND DEVEWPERS: GEO7LMPJvM

Project/Activity Contact Address Phone

Hawaii Geothermal Research Louis Lopez 948-6920
Station HGP-A Well Head Generator
Feasibility Study
Varsity Building, Rocm 411
1110 University Avenue
Honolulu, HI 96826

Pahoa Geothermal Industrial Lloyd Jones 735-3211
Park Hawaiian Dredging and
Construction Conpany
614 Kapc-diulu
Honolulu, HI 96815

Geothermal Drilling Dr. Charles Helsley 948-8760
Hawaii Institute of
Geophysics
University of Hawaii
2525 Correa Road
Honolulu, HI 96822

TABLE, B-6f.-AL'IERNATWE ENERGY FACILII"Y OPERATORS AND DEVELOPERS:
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGYcaNVERSION

Project/Activity Contact Address Phone

Seacoast Test Facility Dr. Larry Hallanger 948-6947
Seacoast Test Facility
College of Engineering
University of Hawaii
2450 Dole Street
Honolulu, HI 96822

Mini OTEC Hank Thite 329-9357
Jeff Moore
N.E.L.H.
74-5563 Q Kaiwi
Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

OTE)C-l Robert Dickieson 523-3001
Global Marine, Suite 211 239-7339
126 Qmen Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

George W. Phillips, Jr. (714) 752-5050
Nick Haze1nood

OTEC' Related Dr. John Craven 548-6262
Aquaculture Development Marine Affairs Coordinator
1164 Bishop
Honolulu, 111 96813

B-12

TABLE B-6g.--ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FACILITY OPERATORS AND DEVELOPERS:
ENERGY RECOVERY PROJECTS1

Project Contact Address Phone

H-POWER Thomas Vendetta 523-4774
Department of Public Works
City and County of Honolulu
650 South King Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

Recycled Oil Warren Roslusney 531-0182
Energy Recovery Systems
228 Mohonua Place
Honolulu, HI 96819

1 Excludes sugar operations, some of which burn municipal trash.

B-13

TABLE B-6h.-ALTERNATIVE, ENERGY FACILITY OPERATORS
AND DEVELOPERS: ETHANOL

Company Contact Address Phone

Alexander and Baldwin, Inc. See Table B-5. See Table B-5.

Del Monte Corporation Mr. Johnson 537-5321
500 Sumner Street
Honolulu, HI 96817

B-14

TABLE, B-7.--CEMENT C0MPANY CONTRACTS FOR COAL HANDLING

Company Contact Address Phone

Cyprus Hawaiian Cement Corp. Fred B. Smates 524-6926
700 Bishop Street,
Suite 610
Honolulu, HI 96813

Kaiser Cement & Gypsum R. H. Berby (415) 271-2123
Kaiser Cement Corp.
Kaiser Building, Rm 2554
300 Lakeside Drive
Oakland, CA 94612

B-15

TABLE B-8.--CONTACTS FOR ENERGY TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

Company/Agency/Activity Contact Address Phone

Oil Refineries See Table B-3. See Table B-3.

State Department of
Transportation:

Harbors Kelvin Tsuda or Joe Amaki 548-2559

Oahu Energy Corridor Tom Fujikawa 548-2505

Department of
Transportation
869 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

State Energy Office:

Strategic Petroleum Alfred S. Harris 548-4150
Storage State Energy Office
Department of Planning and
Economic Development
250 South King Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

B-16

TABLE B-9.--REVIEWERS OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES

Institution Contact Address Phone

Office of Environmental Richard O'Connell 548-6915
Quality Control office of Environmental
Quality Control
550 Halekauwila
Honolulu, HI 96813

Department of Health Dr. James S. Kumagai 548-4139
Environmental Protection Department of Health
and Health Services 1250 Punchbowl Street
Division Honolulu, HI 96813

Life of the Land Doug Meller 521-1300
Life of the Land
Room 209
404 Piikoi
Honolulu, HI 96814

B-17

TABLE B-10.--GENERAL PEVIEWERS OF EN= ACTIVITIES

Institution Contact Address Phone Areas of General Interest

DepartTient of Planning and
Economic Development:

State Energy Office:

See Table B-7. See Table B-7. --energy allocation and
conservation
--strategic petroleum
storage

Center for Science Policy and
Technology Assessment:

See Table B-1. See Table B-1. ---alternative energy
(Dr. Eugene M. Grabbe) development
--energy conservation

University of Hawaii:

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute:

See Table B-1. See Table B-1. --alternative energy
(Dr. Paul Yuen) develop-Tent
--energy conservation

College of Engineering:

Dean John W. Shupe 948-7727 --alternative energy
College of Engineering development
Hoh-es Hall, Rm 240 --energy conservation
University of Hawaii
2540 Dole Street
Honolulu, HI 96822

County Goverrments:

Hawaii.

John P. Keppler 961-8211 --alternative energy
County of Hawaii .develoFment
25 Aupuni Street --energy conservation
Hilo, HI 96720

B-18

TABLE B-10 (continued)

Institution Contact Address Phone Areas of General Interest

County Governments (continued):

Honolulu:

Chew Lun Lau 523-4150 --alternative energy
City and County of development
Honolulu --energy conservation
Department of Public
Works
650 South King Street
Honolulu, HI 96813

Kauai:

See Table B-4. See Table B-4. --alternative energy
(Kelvin Kai) development
--energy conservation

Maui:

Ralph Masuda 244-7723 --alternative -energy
County Planning development
Department --energy conservation
County Office Building
200 South High Street
Wailuku, HI 96793

APPENDIX C

INVENTORY OF ENERGY FACILITIES: EXISTING AND PLANNED

Table Page

l.--OIL REFINERY AM SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . C-1

2.--ELECTRIC C0MPANY OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS
(including Dole Co. on Lanai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

3.--SUGAR COMPANY BIOMASS AND OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS C-11

4.--HYDROELECTRic PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-17

5.--DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-21

6.--ENERGY TREE FARm-s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-25

7.--WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (wECS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-29

8.--GEOTHERMAL FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-32

9.--ENERGY RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE NATURAL ENERGY LABORATORY
OF HAWAII, KE-AHOLE, POINT, HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-35

10---OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS (OTEC) FACILITIES . . . . . . . . C-36

ll.--ETHANOL PRODUCTION FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-38

12.--MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE-FUELED ENERGY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . C-40
13.--OIL RECOVERY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... C-41

14.--PETROLEUM AND ALCOHOL STORAGE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-42

15.--OAHu ENERGY CORRIDOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . C-47

16.--COAL HANDLING FACILITIES OF CEMENT COMPANIES . . . . . . . . . . . C-48

17.--OFFSHORE MOORING AND PIPELINE FACILIT=S FOR
TRANSFERRING OIL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-49

18.--BARBERS POINT HARBOR FACILITIES FOR HANDLING
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-50

19.--PIERS WITH FACILITIES FOR HANDLING OIL . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . C-51

APPENDIX C

INVENTORY OF ENERGY FACILITIES: EXISTING AND PLANNED.

Table Page

1.-OIL REFINERY AND SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . C-1

2.--ELECTRIC COMPANY OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS
(including Dole Co. on Lanai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

3.--SUGAR COMPANY BI0MASS AND OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS . . . C-11

4. --HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-17

5.--DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-21

6.--ENERGY TREE FARMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-25

7. --WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-29

8--GEOTHERMAL FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES . , C-32

9.--ENERGY RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE NATURAL ENERGY LABORATORY
OF HAWAII, KE-AHOLE POINT, . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . C-35

10.--OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS (OTEC) FACILITIES . . . . . . . . C-36

1l,--ETHANOL PRODUCTION FACILITIES C-38

12.--MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE-FUELED ENERGY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . C-40
13.--OIL RECOVERY FACILITIES . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-41

14.--PETROLEUM AND ALCOHOL STORAGE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-42

15. --OAHU ENERGY CORRIDOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-47

16,--COAL HANDLING FACILITIES OF CEMENT COMPANIES C-48

17.--OFFSHORE MOORING AND PIPELINE FACILITIES FOR
TRANSFERRING OIL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-49

18.--BARBERS POINT HARBOR FACILITIES FOR HANDLING
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-50

19.--PIERS WITH FACILITIES FOR HANDLING OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-51

C-1

TABLE C-1. --OIL REFINERY AND SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS PLANTS

County: Honolulu Location: Campbell Industrial Park

Peak
Employment
Plants Capacity Status and Comments
Operating Construc-
tion

Chevron Refinery:.

Existing plant ........... 44,000
barrels
per day

Plants of Pacific
Resources, Inc.:

Hawaii Independent
Refinery, Inc.:
Existing plant ......... 60,000
barrels
per day

Committed for
construction:
Hydrocracking unit ... 13,000 2 600 Construction period;
barrels 6/1980 to 1982
per day EIS:. Not required.
Federal permit: Application
made for EPA air quality
permit.
State permit: No application
has yet been made for DCH
authority to construct.
Expansion ............ 72,000 1 400 Construction period:
barrels 1980 to 1982
per day EIS: Final draft completed.
Federal permit: Approved EPA
air quality permit.
State permit: No application
has yet been made for DCH
authority to construct.

Enerco, Inc.:

Existing plant ........... 9 MMCF Comment: Synthetic natural
per day gas plant.

C-2

TABLE C-2a.--ELECTRIC COMPANY OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS

Company: Hawaiian Electric Co. (HECO)
County: Honolulu
Number Peak
Employment
Power Plants, of Capacity Status mid Comments
and Generators Type of Operating Construc-
Generator tion

Honolulu Plant:

Existing
generators ....... 4 steam 180 182
turbines

Waiau Plant:
Exi sting
generators ....... 8 steam 532.4 223
turbines
2 gas
turbines

Kahe.Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 5 steam 497 193
turbines

Under
construction:
Generator #6 ... 1 steam 141 220 Col istruction period:
turbine 1979 to 1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal permits: Approved EPA
air quality pe
State permit: Approved DOH
authority to construct.
Modification to
reduce air
pollution ...... 41 Comment: The mcdification
includes a higher exhaust
stack and conversion of the
plant to allow use of low-
sulfur fuel.
Construction period:
1979 to 1980
Federal permit: Approved EPA
air quality permit.
State permit: Approved DOH
authority to construct.

C-3

TABLE, C-2a. (continued)

Company: HECO
County: Honolulu

Peak
Power Plants of Capacity Employment Status and Comments
and Generators Type of (MW) Operating Construc-
Generator- tion

Kahe Plant
(continued)
Planned: For these generators, no EIS
has been written, and no
applications made for major
Federal or State permits.
Generator #C-l.. 1 gas 70 81 Completion Date: 1986
turbine
Generator #C-2.. 1 gas 69 ? ? Completion Date: 1989
turbine
Generator #C-3.. 1 gas 70 ? ? Completion Date: 1991
turbine
Generator #7 ... 1 steam. 170 ? ? Completian Date: 1998
turbine
Generator #C-.4. 1 gas
turbine

c-4

TABLE C-2b. --ELECTRIC COMPANY OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS

Company: Hawaii Electric Light Co. (HELCO)
County: Hawaii
Number Peak
Power Plants of Capacity Employment Status and comments
and Generators Type of (MW) Operating Construc-
Generator tion

Puueo Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 3 3 0
internal
combus-
Waiau Plant: tion
Existing
generators ....... - - - No oil-fueled generators.

Waimea Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 6 11.25 1
internal
combus-
tion
Shipman Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 4 steam 23.9 35
turbines

W. H. Hill Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 2 steam 37.8 33
turbines

Kanoehua Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 4 20.85 11
internal
combus-
tion
1 gas
turbine

c-5

TABLE C-2b. (continued)

Ccmpany: HELCO
County: Hawaii
Nurit>--r Peak
Pa.qer Plants of Capacity Ernploymm-t
and Generators T@7pe of OL17) Opcrat.:i-ng Construc- Status and C=D@-Mts
Gene,rator

Keahole Plant:

Existing
generators ....... 2 5.5 0
internal
ccmbus-
tion
Planned: For these generators, no EIS
has been written, and no
applications made for major
Federal or State peennits.
Generator #XA 2.75 8 Coapletion Date: 1984
internal
ccmbus-
tion
Generator #FA 1 13.75 ? ? Completion Date: 1985
internal
combus-
tion
Generator #EB 1 13.75 ? ? Campletion Date: 1989
internal
ccmbus-
tion
Generator #EC 1 13.75 ? ? Ca-Tpletion Date: 1992
internal
ccnbus-
tion
Generator #ED 1 13.75 ? ? Completion Date: 1995
internal
combus-
tion
Generator #EE 1 13.75 ? Ccopletion. Date: 1997
internal
cambus-
tion

c-6

TABLE C-2c. -ELECTRIC COtIPANY Ollr-FUELF GENIMTING PLANTS

Company: Kauai Electric Co. of Citizens Utility Co.
County: Kauai
Number Peak
Pcr,s:or Plants of Capacity E!Tplo@mi@@,nt Stat us and Caymcnts
and Generators Type of (H17) Operating Caistruc-
Generator

Port Allan Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 1 steam 70.58 90 Ccyamm-it: An aOditional 12 MJ
turbine of power will be provided by
5 (62.08 a stem generator nav under
internal usable) construction at the Lihue
ccubus- Plantation Co.
tion
2 gas
turbines
1 heat
reCo@,7ery
system

C-7

TABLE C-2d.--ELE=.C MIPANY OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS

Conpany: Maui Electric Co. (MECO)
County: Mdui

Pmjer Plants of Capacity Status and Caiu@2nts
and Gcnerators Typc--2 of (n 17) Cperat-i2ig Coist2.-uc-
Generator

Kahului Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 4 steam 40 39
tu--I)ine-s

Maalaea Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 9 29.9 25
internal
ccm-bus-
tion

Under
construction:
Generator.#10 1 13.75 8 25 Construction period.:
internal 1979 to 12/1979
ccMbus- EIS: Not required..
tion Federal p--=,*t: Approved EPA
ai r quality permit.
State permit: Approved DOH
authority to construct.
Ccnmitted for
construction:
Generator #11 1 13.75 1 25 Construction period:
internal 1980 to 12/1980
ccmbus- EIS: Not required.
tion Permits: Same as for
Generator *10.
Planned: For these generators, no EIS
has been written, and no
applications made for major
Federal or State pennits.
Generator #12 1 13.75 25 Completion Date: 1982
internal
ccn-bus-
tion
Generator R3 1 13.75 25 Ccopletion Date: 1983
internal
cciTbus-
tio'n

C-8

TABLE C-2d. (continued)

Ccnpany: MECO
County: Ylaui

Peak
Pcr.-jer Plants of Capacity Status mid Cairnants
and Generators Typ@@ of ap@ar,- tLng Co,,istruc-
Generator

Unspecified
Location:

Planned: For these generators, no EIS
has been written, and. no
applications made for major
Federal or State perriLits.
Generator '#E ... 1 about 13 ? ? Canpletion Date: 1984
internal
co-bus-
tion
Generator -41F ** ? ? Ccmpletion Date -. 1987
Generator #G ... ? ? Completion Date: 1987
Generator #H ... ? ?. Completion Date: 1937
Generator #I ... ? ? Copt-pletion Date: 1988
Generator #J ... ? ? CcrTpletion Date: 1989
Generator #K ... 11 it ? ? 'Ccrpletion Date: 1990
Generator #L ... If ? ? Completion Date: 1991
Generator #M ... CaTpletion Date: 1991
Generator #N ... ? ? Ccnpletion Date: 1992
Generator #0 ... ? ? Completion Date: 1993
Generator #P ? ? Ccrpletion Date: 1993
Generator #Q If ? ? Ccnpletion Date: 1994
Generator 'AIR ... If ? ? Conpletion. Date: 1995
Generator #S ... it ? ? Ccppletion Date: 1995
Generator #T ... ? ? Cwpletion Date: 1996
Generator #U ... ? ? Carqpletion Date: 1996
Generator #V ... ? ? Carpletion Date: 1997
Generator #.W ... ? ? Ccrpletion Date: 1997
Generator #X ... ? ? Completion Date: 1997
Generator #Y ... ? ? Ccrnpletion Date: 1998
Generator #Z ... ? ? Completion Date: 1998

C-9

TABLE, C-2e.--ELECTRIC COMPANY OIL-FUEI-,ED MTE-2A.TlNG PL?%NTS

Company: Molokai Electric Co.
-Coun@y: Maui
Ntunber Peak
Power Plants of Capacity F-)Tployinant Status C-Aid Camm---nts
and Gencrators 'I@-Pe of (NH) QDaralting Ccnstruc-
Generator tion

Kaunakakai Plant:.

Existing
generators ....... 10 8.6 3D
internal
ccn-Lbus-
tion

Palaau Plant:

Relocation of
plant ............ 30 Ccrroent-. A mLving of the plant
from Kaunakak-ai to Palaau is
planned.
Period: 6/1980 to 12/1985
State permit: Application has
been made to the Public
Utilities CcanuLs-sion for
permission to mve.
Committed for
construction:
Gas/biomass
generators ..... 1 gas 3 5 30 Commit: Biomass as well as
turbine oil will be used to fuel the
1 steam steam generator.
turbine Construction period.-
1 heat 10/1980 to 1982
recovery EIS: Not required.
system Permits: Federal EPA and
State DOH air quality per-
mits may be required.

C-10

TABLE C-2f.--OIlr-FUELED ELECTRTC CMLERATTNG PLAMS SUPPLY.EiG
POTMR '10 AN ELECTRTC COL'4PANTY

Corrpany: Dole Co. of Castle and Cooke
County: Maui

NumIxar
Pa..,:er Plants of Capacity Status an.d CcPuyzmts
and Generators T@rpe of Qperating Co"Istruc-
Gcnerator tim

Lanai Diesel Plant:
Existing
generators ....... 4 diesel 3.8 About tvTo-thirds of the electric
genera- power generated is sold to
tors Maui Electric Co.

C-11

TA= C-3a. --SUGAR COMPANLY BIOMASS AND OIL-FUELED
GENERATING PLANTS ON OAHU

County: City and County of Honolulu
Nutt@er Peak
Factory/Mlill of k-apacity Status @md Caments
Type of NV71)
Gencrato.- Ope-rat-Ji-ng Cms'=c-
tim

Amfac, Inc:
Oahu Sugar Co.,
Ltd.:

Existing
generators ..... 2 steam 17.5

Castle and Cooke:

Waialua Sugar
Co., Ltd.:
Existing
generators ..... 2 stem 12 In addition. to bagasse,
fibrous trash is also used
to fuel the boiler.

C-12

TABLE C-3b. --SUGAR MPANY BIMASS AND OIL-FIDELED
=RATING PLANTS ON HAWAII
County: Hawaii County
Number Peak,
FactorYA4ill of Capacity )_'_T@J_0ym.-Mt Status and Canyrents
TYPO of (nll) Oparating Construc-
Gcnerator ticn

Amfac, Inc.:

Puna Sugar Co.:
Existing
generators ..... 5 steam 15 In addition to bagasse, fibrous
trash is also used to fuel
the boiler.
A major portion of the
electrical power generated
is sold to Hawaii Electric
Light Co.

C, Brewer and
Co.,.Ltd.:

Hilo Coast
Processing Co.:
Existing
generators ..... 3 steam 24 In addition to bagasse, boiler
fuel includes fuel oil, wood
chips, and nut shells.
A mjor portion of the
electrical power generated
is sold to Hawaii Electric
Light Co.

Kau Sugar Co.,
Ltd.:
Existing
generators ..... 1 steam 3
1 diesel 0.65

C-13

TABLE C-3b. (continued)

County - Hawaii County
Number Peak
of DqDlo@,I"Yant
Facton,//Plill Type Capacity - Status and Cam-rcilts
I - of Operating Construc-
Generator

Theo H. Davies
and Co., Ltd:

Davies Hamakua
Sugar Co.:
Existing
generators ..... 3 steam, 12.5 1,21,7 -

Under
construction' 2 steam 11.5 FN 10 25 Construction period:
1979 to 1981
EIS: Nlot required.
Federal permits: None required.
State perrats: Approval of.
DOH authority to canstruct
(air quality) .
Cam-Litted for
construction:

Woodex
plant2 ....... 15,000 3 16 Comment: Bagasse energy
tons pellets will be produced for
of fueling tJie boilers for the
pellets steam generators.
per year Construction period:
1/1980 to 7/1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal permits: None rem, Ared.
State permits: None required.

'one 4 NEI generator will be at the Ookala Factory at 1,aupahoehoe, and one 7 DVI generator
will be at the Hina. Factory at IT onokaa.
1
2The 1,,Tbodex Plant will be located at the. Hina Factory at Honok-aa.

C-14

TABLE C-3c.--SUGAR Cav2ANY BIOMASS ANID OIL-FUELED
GENERATING PIANTiS ONT FaUAI
County: Kauai County
NixiLyer Peak,
of Foployinant
-us and Ca@ni@!nts
Factory/Mill Type of Capacity Stat
Gomerator C@-,@aratj_ng Construc-
tian

Alexander and
Baldwin:

McB-r-yde Sugar
Co., Ltd.:
Existing
generators ..... 2 steam 15.5 MW A major portion of the elec-
(7.7/5 trical power generated is
usable) sold to Kauai Electric Co.

Ca =-'tted for
construction:

Trash dzyer 1-6 tons 20 Construction period:
per hour 8/1-980 to 1/1981
EIS: Not required.'
Federal permits: None required.
State peraits: None required.

Amfac, Inc.:

The Lihue
[email protected] Co.
Existing
generators ..... 3 steam 10 YZAJ A major portion of the elec-
trical pa-wer generated is
sold to Kauai Electric Co.

Under
construction ... 1 steam 21.75 M 15 0 This ne-v%7 generator will be
fueled with bagasse, sugar-
cane trash, wood chips, and
municipal trash. A major
portion of the power gener-
ated will be sold to Kauai..
Electric Co.
Construction period:
1/1979 to 8/1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal permit: Approval of
EPA air quality permit.
State permit: Approval of WH
authority to construct (air
quality).

C-15

TABLE C-3c. (continued)

County: Kauai County

Peza
Nutityar
Factory/14ill of Capacity Status and CcyPiy_,i-its
'J@7PP of Operatbig Const-ruc-
Generator ti on

Amfac, Inc.
(continued):
Ke-l,-,aha Sugar
Co., Ltd.
Existing
generators ..... 3 ste&rq, 6.5 MIN A major portion of the elec-
trical power generated is
C. Brew-or and sold to Kauai Electric Co.
Co., Ltd.:
Olokele Sugar
Co., Ltd.
Existing
generators ..... 2 steam 2.75 Dial
(2 usable)
1 diesel 0. 9 rv-7

C-16

TABLE C-3d.--SUGAR MUIANY BIOB-ASS AND OIL-FUr=
GENERATING PL2NNTS ON MAUI

County: Maui County
Numbor Peak
O-P E.,Tplo@,ment
FactoryAlill Capacity Status and Ccripants
Type o f Oparat-ing Construc-
Generator

Alexander and
Bald@vjin:

Ha-waiiaan Ccmr--rcial
and Sugar Co.;
Existing
generators ..... 5 34 MW In ad'dition to bagasse, wood
chips are also used to fuel
the boiler.

Committed f or
constj-uction:

.-.)team
generator' ... 1 12. 5 PW 20 Construction period:
12/1979 to 2/1982-
EIS: Not required.
Federal permits: None -required.
State pe=ts: None required.
Bagasse
2
dryer ....... 50.tons 20 Construction period:
per hour 5/1980 to 12 /1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal perillits: None required.
State peimats: None required.

Amfac, Inc.
Pioneer Mill
Co., Ltd.:
Existing
generators ..... 3 13.5 W-7

'Located at the Puune Factory.
2Located at Paia Factory.

C-17

TABLE C-4a.--HYDMEIF.CTRIC PCMER ON 1-nVMI

gci4nty: ljawaii. Courity

Ca,pany and Hydropower Stream Capacity
Generators or (NVI) Status and CanTeiits
Location

Theo H. Davies and Co., Ltd.:
Davies Hamalaia. Sugar Co.:
Hira Factory,
existing hydrogenerators-
#1 .............................. Lower 0.8
Hamakua
Ditch

Hawaii Electric Light Co.:
Existing hydrogenerators:
#1 Puueo ....................... wailuku 1.5
Stream
#2 Puueo ............... ........... Wailuku 0.75
Stream
#1 Waiau ......................... wailu]-cu 0.75
Stream
#2 Waiau. ......................... Wailuku 0.35
Stream,

C-18

TABLE C-4b.--F-YDROELECTRIC POWER ON KAUAI

County: Kauai County

Company and Hydrolpage-r Stream Capacity
Generators or (111) Status and Ccn-mtents
Location

Alexander and Bala@7in:
@L-,Plride Sugar Co., Ltd.:
Existing hydrogenerators:
#A .............................. Wainiha 1.8
Stream

#B .............................. Wainiha 1.8
Stream

#1 Kalalieo .................... . Alexander 1.0
Reservoir
Malumalu Hydrogenerator ......... Tlaiha- 0.26
hana
Stream

Amfac, Inc.:
Kekaha Sugar Co., Ltd.:
Existing hydrogenerators:
#3 .............................. Waimea 1.0
Stream (0.75
usable)
#4 ............................... 11aizea 0.5
Stream (0.35
usable)
Lihue Plantation Co.:
Existing hydrogenerators:
#1 Upper Waiahi ................ North 0.5
Wailua
and
Iliiliula
Ditches
#2 iaqer waiahi ................ North 0.8
11ailua
and
I11liula
Ditches

C-19

VME C-4b. (continued)

- 11Pty: Kauai County_.

Ca-pany and Hydropower Stream Capacity
Generators or (KIw) Status and Ccrutents
Location

Brewer and Co., Ltd.:

Olokele Sugav- Co.:
#1 Nonopahu Hydrogenerator:
Existing ...................... Makaweli 0.5
Stream
Planned Expansian ............. Makaweli 1.0 The e@Tansion frcxn 0.5 Mw to
Stream 1.5 Y51 is planned for 1981
calplet-ion.

C-20

TABLE C-4c.--HYDRC)ETECIIRIC PLANTS ON MAUI AND MLOKAI

County: Maixi County

Peak
Campany or Agency Stream Capacity L@Tvlo@-,."ent
and or Status and CcniTen-ts
Hydrogenerators Location Opcrating Construc.-
t-i or 1

Alexander and
Baldwin:

Hawaiic-u-i
Ccmntercial and
Sugar Co.:

Existing
hydrocrenerators:
#1 Paia. ....... Wailea 0.8
Ditch

#1 Y\eheka ..... Wailea. 1.33
Ditch

2 Kelheka Wailea. 1.33
Ditch

#3 Keheka. 1,7ailea 1.33
Ditch

C=, itted for
construction:

Hamakua
Hydroplant .... Makawao 0.5 20 Construction period:
1/1980 to 1981
EIS: Draft prepared.
Federal pemits: Application-
to be irade to the Federal
Energy Regulation Ca-nassion.
State perrut: Applicati-on -to
be -mde to the DL'Lir..
DepartTent of Land
and Natural
resources:

Proposed Kualapuu
Generator ........ Kualapuu 1.5 Proposed systEm consisting of
Resen7oir a hydrogenerator, a second
pond belav Kualapuu Pond,
and a windmill to punp water
from the lower pond back to
Kualapuu Pond.

C-21.

TABLE C-5a. --DIRFCT SOL27)R EINERGY FACILITIES 0.14 OAHU

County: City and County of 11snolulu

Peal-,
Enplo@nent
Activity Ojx@rating Const:ruc- Status and Cmircnts

Under construction:

Solar hot-water heaters 111
hcmes and aparb-rients ............... 485 Construction period: Ongoing
EIS: Not required.
Federal parmts: None required.
State perndts: None required.

C-22

TABLE C-5b.--DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY FACILITIES ON HAVa-II

County: Hawaii County

Peak
nn"DI07
Activity/Project Capacity Op2rating Construc- Status and Cameiits
tion

Under construc-1-ion:

Solar hot.-water heaters
in ficries and apartments 89 Construction period: Ongoing
EIS: Not required.
Federal pe =its: None required.
State permits: None required.

Proposed:
Focusing solar collect-or
for Hilo Coast
Processing Co. of
C.. Brewer and Co . ........ 3 acres 1 6 Proposed focusing solar
collectors for producing
stecim, with 1980 co-riTpletion.

C-23

TABLE C-5c.--DI1= SOLAR ED4EIRGY FACILITIES ON KAUAI

County: Kauai County

Peak
1-@-rployment
Activity/Project Capacity Status and ComTents
Cperat:ing Cons-b--uc-
ti-on

Under construction:

Solar hot-water heaters
in homes and apartments 32 Construction period: Ongoing
EIS: Not required.
Federal per-tits: None requixed.
Kauai Wilcox Hospital State pelmdts: None required.
photovoltaic systati ...... 85 kw 2 9 Constimction period:
1/1980 to 12/1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal peri-,.ilts: None required.
State pe=-'ts: Application
made for Health Certificate
of Need.

C-24

TABLE C-5d.--DIRECT SOLAR FACILITIES ON MAUI

County: Ma ui County

Peak
Activity Operating Construc- Status and Com.,Tents
tion

Under construction:

Solar hot-water heaters in
hcms and apartrients ............... 73 Construction period: Ongoing
EIS: Not required.
Federal perinits: None required.
State pe= ts: None required.

0-25

TABLE C-6a.--ENERGY TREE FARD4S ON MITU

County: City and County of Honolulu

Peak
Agency Nearest Acreage Statu.,--, and CamY2,nts
TCFA7n qx-@rating Construc-
tion

Departnent of Land
and Natural
Resources,
Forestry Division:

Farm under
devaloppant ...... Waialua 500 5 Planting period: 1977 to 1987
EIS: Not required.
Federal permits: None requred.
State peimtilts: AV:)ro'val of
Agricultural Districting by
the LUC or Conservation Use
Pe =j't by the DU\M.

C-26

TABLE C-6b.-EIZ@'UVGY TR=- FARMS ON HAWMI

Hawaii

Peak
Agency or Corrpany Nearest Acreage Status and Came-lits
ToATI OpcratLng Co-nstruc-
tion

Department of
Land and Natural
Resources, Forestry
Division:

F&u--,-i under
develcFrient. . ...... Honokaa 7,270 12 Planting period: 1977 to 1987
and EIS: Not required.
Hilo Federal peroftits: None required.
State pernits: Alproval of
Agricultural Districting by
-Une LT-TC or Conservation Use
Peim'Lit. by the DLZTR.

Bioc- nergy
Develc,cR7mt Corp.
of C. Brewer and
Co. , Ltd:

Farm under
devolopmnnt ..... Hilo 850 14 Cooperating in-t-his project are
and the U.S. Forestry Services
R,au Listi-tute, of the Pacif'ic
Islands Forestry and Hilo
Coast Processing Co.
Planting period: 1979 to 1984
EIS: Final draft ccurleted.
Federal permLits: None required.
State peerim-ts: Approval of
Agricultural Districting by
the LUC.
Planned s-torage
facility for
wood chips .; ..... Hilo 2 8 Construction pexiod: 1980

&-27

TABLE C--6c.--EI\TERGY TREE FARMS W KAUAI

County: Kauai County

Peak
Nearest En-ploymemt
Agency Acreage Status and Ca=, t@--nts
TCFVZ-l QD,--rating Construc-
tion.

Department of Land
and Natural
Resources, Forestry
Division:

Farm, under
development ...... Waialua 2,000 10 Planting period: 1977 to 1987
and EIS: Not required.
Mana Federal perTrdts: None required.
State 1--@e =its: Appro%ral of
Agricultural Districting h)y
ti-ie LUC or Conservation Use
Pej-n-Lit by the DLL--R.

C-28

TABLE C-6d.--II\MRGY TP=, AND HAY FARMS ON MAUI AND MOLOKAI

County:-Maui County

Peak.
Agency Nearest Capacity Emploympant Status and Ca-nyz@nts
Taqn Operating Construc-
tion

Depart-nent of Land
and Natural
Resources, Forestry
Division:

Farm under
developm-ant ...... Lahaina, 790 13 Planting period: 1977 to 1987
Makawao, acres EIS: Not required.
and Federal peinits: None required.
v
Kalae [email protected] permits: Approval of
Agricultural Districtinq by
the LUC or Conservation Use
Permit by tiie DIANR.

Molokai Ranch:

Proposed growing
of hay for
energy ...... *.... 18,000 Proposed for use by Molokai
tons Electric Co.
of hay
per day

C-29

TABLE C-7a.--11IND COWERSION SYSIE-NIS ON OAHU

County: City and County of Honolulu.

Peak
Caupany or Ac3ency Location Capacity Enployment. Status and Ccpiw-,nts
and Project Oj>arating Construc-
tion

Marine Corps:
Existing VECS ... Kanoche 2 0 I@W Installed @ECS to perfect
maril-le operation and reliability.
Base

Kahuku Fish Farm:
Existing VECS Kahuku 2 K@@7 Installed VF-CS for studying
problerms associated with
syncl-Lronizing a VFECS to an
electrical grid.

Hawaiian
Electric Co.:

Cairmatted for
construction:

Kahuku Turbine
MOD OA ........ Kahuku 200 KW 12 Facility type: Wind turbine
generator to be connected to
the electrical grid,
Construction period:
10/1979 to 12/1979
ETS: Not required,
Federal pe=ts: None required.
Proposed: State permits: None required,
Large VECS .... Kahuku 2.5 141V Proposed for 1982 installation,
subject to Federal- funding.
Wind farm ..... Kahd<,u 80 IV The proposal involves T,-7-indf arms,
or Ltd., a division of Boeing
Molokai Aircraft Co., who would sell
electrical power to 13ECO.
The wind farm would consist
of 32 1,ECS of 2.5 YRI each.

'Excludes the very smull VVECS generally used on fa=s for pimping water.

C-30

TABLE C-7b.--VTMID ENERGY COWERSION SYSTEINS 0--,\' FINMAII'

Countv: Hawaii Coun-

Peak
Conpany or Agency Locat-Lon Capacity EmPlo@n'mt
Operating Construc- Status and Cam,-u--Its
tia-i

Y,,--Il-lua Panch:

VMCS ccnrnitted
for
construction .... Kamuela 40 VECS for generating elect:rical
pawer for ranch use, and
tied into the electrical
grid.
Construction period:
Ha@vvaii Housing 10/1979 to 12/1979
Authority:
Planned wECs .... Honokaa 6 to 8 I@TECS for senior citIzens'
hcmes scheduled for 1980
installation.

'Excludes the.very small WECS generally used on farms for pumping water.

C-31

TABLE C-7c.-WINID EMRGY CO-WERSIM SYSTar,11, ON DIOLOKU'

County: Maui C

Peak
Et@ploymcnt
Company Location Capacity Status and Caim--nLs
Operating Construc-
tiall

Davis Farm:

IVN,CS can@itted
for
construction .... Hoolehua, 10 KW I@TCS for generating elec-Lrical
Moloka-i p(yxer for farm use, and tied
into the electrical grid.
Construction period:
10/1979 to 11/1979

Molokai Electric
Co.:

Proposed wind
farm ............ 0.7 YbV Proposed wind farni of 6 WECS
of 112 each.

Hawaiian Electric
Co.:

Proposed wind
farm ............ See Table for Oahu.

lExcludes the very small VMCS generally used on fari-ns for pumping water.

C-32

TAB=, C-8a.-GEOTHEMM, FACILIT=,S AND AC=TIES ON IIAIAII

County: Hawaii County

Peak
EII-Vloymmt
Project Cw Status and Ccmnents
pacity
Operating ConsLruc-
tion

Under construction:

HcA,7aii Geothermal
Research Station ......... 3 YN 10 40 Facility type: Turbo-generator
driven by geothermal streani.
Location: Puna District
Construction period:
7/1979 to 1.980
EISz Final draft con-pleted.
Federal permits: None required.
State porm-Lts: Approval of
Conservation Use Peimiit by
the Du@-R.

Proposed:

Geothe3-mal Indi,,@-trial
Park ................ ... 800 Facility type: Proposed
acres industrial park dependent
on direcL heat frma the
Kapobo Geothea-mal Field.
Location: Pahoa.
Status: Under study for
engineering and econcnac
feasibilitv.

Geothermal well
drilling ................ 45 per Drilling is expected to start
rig in 1980 or 1981.

C-33

TAB=, C-8b.--GEIOU-=U ACTIVITIES ON ONuRJ

County: City and County of 11onolulu

Peak
Employment -id Ccr -its
Project Operating Construc- Status ai mei
tion

Proposed:
Geothermal well drilling ........... 45 per Drilling is expected to start
rig in Lualuale-i in the early
1980S.

C-34

TABLE C-8c.-G-EUITIERMAL ACTIVITIES ON MAUI

County: Maui

Peak
Ehploynient
Project Status and Cc.@-mmts
Operating Consti-aac-

Proposed:
Geothermal well d-rilling ........... 45 pi@@r Drilling is expected to sta-r-IL-.
rig in U-ie early 1980s.

C-35

TABLE C-9. --ENE, ICY RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE NAYORAL rINTERGY
LABORATORY OF HMWI, KE-AHOLE PO-U4T, HAW=

Cotuity: Hawaii C

Peak
11riTployment
Facilities Status and Cmmmts
Cperating Curistruc-

Under constL-action:
Seacoast Test Facilities ........... 90 180 Activity: On-shore OTEC
research laboratoa-.y.
Construction period:
1979 to 1981
EIS: Final draft caupleted
for shore facilities.
Draft prepared for offshore
facilities.
Federal pemits: N[one required.
State per-Tm-ts: Approval or
Conserva-laon Use Permit by
the Board of Land and
Natural Resources

C-36

TABLE, C--10a.--OCEIU\l i1JEMN'AL, ENTHRGY CONVERSION FACILITIES OFF HAT-ITAII

County: flawai i County

Peak-
Drplo@-L-e-nt
Facility Capacity Status and Ca=ments
Operating Construc-
tion

Existing:
Mini-CFIEC ................ 5 0 Kw Acti-vity: Research of OTEC.
Location: Anchored off
Ke-ahole Pomt
Status: Operational.

Under construction:
OTEC-1 ................... 1 MN 12 32 A-ctivity: Research of CTEC.
heat location. Anchored off
exciianger Ke-ahole Point
Construction period:
1979 to 1980
EIS.- Final draft ca-qpleted.
Federal p2mits: None required.
State permits: Approval by
DIANR.

C-37

TABLE C-10b.---OCEAI\T UTEMNILU ENERGY CONAMRSIONT FACILITIES OFF UNHU

ounty: City and County of Honolulu

Peak
F,Ynplc@jT@_nt
Facility Capacity - Status and Canments
Operat-ing Construc-
ticin

Proposcd -
OTEC 10-@O ............... 10 to Prqposed Federally-funded
4 0 MA7 OTTEC plant to be anchored
off Kahe Point by the
mid-1980s, and tied into
the electxical grid. The
proposal is bjr a tecurn that
includes:
--Haviaiian Electric Co.;
--West-b-ighouse Electric
Corp.;
--Dillingham Corp.;
--Gibbs & Hill, Inc.; and
--Bra,,m and Root.'

C--38

TABLE C-Ila.--E'ITIANOL PRODUCTION FACILITIES ON OAHU

County: City and C nty of Honolulu

Peak

COM,'Danzy Location Capacity Status and Commints
QDerating Constrac-

Del Dbnte
Co)-I)oration:
Existing
facility ........ Honolulu 250 Under study is a modification
gallons to increase capacitv to 300
per hopar gallons per hour of '1100
of 190 proof alcohol, and reduce
proof idle time- in order to noke
alcohol alcohol for producing
gasahol. Presently, the
alcohol is distilled from
pineapple juice and
molasses, and is used mostly
for m-king vinegar.
u
ILO

C-39

TABLE C-11b.-EUIAML PRODUCTION rACILITIES ON NAUI

Coui-ity: Maui County

PeEa
Errplo@@Cnt
CoNpany Location Capacity I Status and Canmc-i-its
Operating Consti"Ic-
tion

Alexander and
Baldwin, Inc.

and
Maui Distillers,
Inc.:
Rcopening of
existing
faCili-L-@7 ........ Puunene 50,000 21 The reopeiiing is planned for
gallons mid-1980, arid an eventual
per doubling of capacity is
month of planned. The etbanol will
190 be prcJucc-d fro-m molasses,
proof and about 10 to 2000- of the
alcohol prodLict will be used to
produce gasal-iol.

Peak operating emplqymnt is 12 jobs, with 2 jobs allocated to production of ethanol
for use i-n producing gasahol.

c-40

TABLE C-12.--MUNI CIPAL SOLID -T'MSTE-FUELED ENERGY FACILITIES ON 0A1RJ

County- City and County of Honolulu
7
Peak
Project Capacity Operating Construc- Status and Ccvnents
tion.

Ccctmdtted for construction:
ITCY/EER ................... 1,800 130 350 Facility type- Facility to
tons of burn and process municipal
waste and other Wastes to produce
per day steam, electrical pcwer,
possibly fuel gas, and
possibly to recover
resources.
Location- WaipEALu or Carpb-;E@11
Industrial Park
Construction period:
1980 to 1983
EIS: Draft prepared.
Federal per-nits: None required.
State permits: Nore required.

C-41

TABLE C-13.---OIL RECOVERY FACILIT=S O'N ONTI

County: City and County of Honolulu

Peak
Employment-
Conpany location Caoacity Status mid C=ren'Es
CVcratixig Constj---uc-
tion

Energy Recovery
Systems
Hawaii: of

L-,dsti-r,g
facility ....... Campbell 1 3 Ddsting facility for recycling
Indus- Million waste oil into light fuel
trial gallons oil.
Park per year

C-42

TAKE C-14a.--PETROLELTM AND ALCOHOL STORACE TZWKS,
HONOLULU HLRBOR

County: City and County of 11onolulu

Pea]"'.
NLmber Capacity Effployll"Cl-lt -us and Ccmments
Company of (barrels.) Stat
Tanks Operating Construc-
ti on

Existing tanks:

Armour Oil
Hawaii, Ltd . ..... 8 8,000
Hawaiic-,u-i Electric
C
0., Inc . ........ 4 158,420
Isle Gas,
Division of
Honolulu Gas
Co., Ltd . ........ 5 3,570 Storage for liquified
petroleum gas.
Phillips
Petroleum Co. 9 2451000
Shell Oil Co . .... 22 699,000

Standard Oil Co.
of California,
Nestern
Operations,
Inc . ............. 76 1,168,000
Texaco, Inc, 4 217,000
Union Oil Co.
of Calif orn ia .... 15 437,500

Hawaiian
Independent
Refinery, Inc. 2 30,000

Cornmitted for
Construction:

Pacific Resources,
Inc . ............. 1 40 Storage for alcohol.
Construction period: 1980
EIS: Not required.
.Federal pern-Lits: Application
has been made to DOE for
cost throughput.
State permits: None required.

'Unless otherwise noted, storage for petroleum fuels, and excludes asphalt and amiionia
storage tanks.

C-43

TABLE C-1-4b.--Ph=-,OLEULM1 STORAGE TANKS, CAMPBETL
INDUS'ERTAL PAA<, KA-HE, JAN-j) WAL7@U

County: City and C of Honolulu

Peak

Nmib ar
Company or Project of Capacity Status and Carmomts
TankS (barrels) Operating Construc-
ti On

E-xisting tanks:
Chevron
Ref inery ......... 91 3,960,000 This includes 5 spharical and
sausage tanks for liquified
petroleum gas.
Hawaii
Indc-pende'l It
Re-finery, Inc.
(of Pacific
Resources, Inc.).. 3,500,000
Hawaiian Llectric
Co.:

Kalie ........... 7 529,190 ihis includes 2 diesel tanks of
45,190 barrels.
Waiau ........... 5 266,221-

Co,rTcLtted for
DTOnsion:
Hawaii Independent
Refinery, Inc. 63 3,330,000 See See Commit: Status given in
Ccmuent Caivn-nt Table C-1 as part of refinery
e@ansion.
Hawaiian Electric
CO . .............. 3 942,000 3 3-00 Construction period:
1980 to 12/1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal permits: None required.
State permits: None required.

Planned:

Strategic
PetroleuTi ........ 8 to 2,700,000 5 0 0 Storage for cnide oil and -jet
29 to fuel for use during supply
9',700,000 interruptions. Development
is subject to Federal
funding.

C-44

TABj'-E C-l4c.--PETJ.'R0J'TU%1 STORAGE TANKS, I-PRAII C'OUNYZ

Covi-ity: Hawaii

Capacity
Harbor/Cmpany Number (barrels)

Hi lo Harbor:
Isle Gas, Di-vision of Honolulu Gas. Co., 16' 11,014'
Ltd.
Phillips Petrolew. Co. 4 18,500
Shell Oil. Co. 7 42,909
Standard Oil of California, Vestem 20 163,944
Operations, Inc.
Texaco, Inc. 5 21,284
Union Oil Co. of California 8 61,300

Kawaihae Ha-zbor:

Standard Oil Co. of California, Westmm .7 46,279
Opera-Lions, Inc.
Lhion Oil Co. of California 7 53,714

istorage for liquified petrolem gas.

c--45

TABLE C-14d.-PETROU,M STORAGE TANKS, KAUAI COTYNTTY

County: Kauai

Capacity
Loca-'Lion/Coipany Number (barrels)

Namliliwili Harbor:

Union Oil Co. of California 7 21,500
Shell Oil Co. 7 23,452
Isle Gas, Division of Honolulu Gas 41 4,285'
Co., Ltd.

Port Allen:

Standard Oil Co. of Califon-da, Westem-i 7 81,775
Operations, Inc.

Ahukini:

Standard Oil Co. of California, TA',Iestern 5 16,778
Operations, Inc.

istorage- for liquified petroleum gas.

C-46

TABLE C-14e. ---1)EIRGLEUh1 STOWiGEE TPM@S, MAUI COTUNiY

County - Maui

Capacity
Harbor/Ccmpaiyy NuTber (barrels)

Kahului Harbor, Maui:
Isle Gas, Division of Honolulu Gas 61 1,430'
Co., Ltd.
Shell Oil Co. 9 96,650
Standard Oil Co. of Califoamia, Me-stern 6 159,674
Operations, Inc.
Texaco, Inc. 6 10,413
Union Oil Co. o-F- Calif o,--f ii a 6 80,000

Kamakakai Harbor, Molokai:

Shell Oil Co. ? ?

Standard Oil Co. of California ? 13,943

Kaim-alapau Harbor, Lanai.
Standard Oil Co. of California 21,029

'Storage for liquified petrolem gas.

C-47

TABLE C-15. --OAHU ENUTZGY CORRIDOR

County: City and County of Honolulu

Agency/Project Location Capacity Status and Ccvvrents
Operat_h'ig Construc-
tion

State Depart-ment.
of Transportation:
Oal-iu Enerc
,jy
Corridor:
Existing ..... Canpb--11. 5 Corridor for transporting oil,
Indus- pipelines gas, and electrical paaer.
trial
Park to
Honolulu
Harbor

C-48

TABLE, C-16. --COAL J-nNDLING MY CILITIES OF CUUNT
COMPANIES ON a%IIU

County: City and County of Honolulu

Peak
Company Loca-b.on Capacity - Dq')1o @,, P.-- i i t Status and Canw:@nts
Cperating Construc-
tion

C@q:)nis Havvaiian
Com-m-t Corp.:
Coal handling
facilities
co,,miitted for
construction ... Campball Announced for construction
Indus- during 1980.
trial
Park

Kaiser Cement &
GypsLrii:
Coal handling
facilities
canuitted for
construction ... Campbell 60,000 26 75 Facilities for receiving the
Indus- to coal at Honolulu Harbor,
trial 80,000 transport-b-ig it to Cairqpheell
Park tons of Industrial Park, storing
coal it, and grinding it.
per year Construction period:
11/1979 to.5/1980
EIS: Not required.
Federal peimuts: None required.
State permits: Application
made to the DO.H for Authority
to Construct Permit (air
quality)

C-49

TABLE C-17. --OFF SHORE MOOR-TNG AND PIPEL11\M FACILITIF,,S FOR
TRMS17MRING OIL PRODUCTS, BARBERS POINT, OVUITJ

Comty: City and County of Honolulu

Ccapany Existinq Suhmrine Pipelines

Chevron, Inc. 30" marine pipeline for unloading crude
oil from tankers.
20" marine black oil pipeline for loading
fuel oil into small tankers and barges.

Hawaiian Irdependent Refinery, 30" marine pipeline for unloadj-rg crude
Inc., of Pacific Resources, oil. frm tan]-,.ers.
Inc. i
20" marine pipeline for loading refined
ruels onto small tankers and barges.
16" nar-ire pipeline for lighter oils.

C-50

TABLE C-18.--BARBEYS POINT HARBOR FACIUIT=S FOR HANDLING
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

County: City arid Count.,y of Honolulu

Peak
Emplqj7mccilt
Facility or Activity Capacity Status and Coman-ICS
Operat--i_ng Construc-
tion

Existing barge harbor ...... Currant Use: Beerth used by
Gas Co. for loading lic *
uif ied
petroleum gas, and by Texaco
for loadi,I-Ig petroleumn
p-roducts.

Planiied dredging for large
deep-dra-ft hwJbor .......... 330 acres 95' Four terminals are planned, one
(246 of which aill h)-e for handling
acres in pletroleuii products. The
Phase I), dredging will involve alDout
7
with an 10.6 raillion cubic %a-rds.
in-horr@@ Dredo
,i-ng period: 2/1980 to 1934
basin of EIS: Firal draft prep.-,red.
46 acres Federal permits. - None req2_iir&f .
and a StaLe perirCLts: Urban distric-
depth of ting has been approved by the
38 feet Imd Use Commission.

peak construction emloyment of 95 jobs reflects the allocation to the petroleum
teiminal, and is one-fourth, of the estimted total.

-7

C-51

TABLE C-19a..--PIERS WITTI FACILITIES MR HANDLING OIL AT
J1ON10LLJLU HN!U3OR

County: Cit-
y and County of Honol ulu

Pipelines
Piers Uses thmber Size Product Type .
(inches)

Piers 1 and 22 ....... Receipt- of petroleum 1 14 Fuel oil
products plus other 1 10 Fucl oil
uscs

Piers 28, 29A, and
29 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Receipt- and shipment110 to 8 Fuel oil
of petrolem pro- 1 10 Aviation gasoline
ducts plus other
uses 2 10 Fuc-.,l oil

2 8 Fuel oil

1 6 Solvent
1 6 Lubricating oil

Piers 30, 31A, 31,
3
32, and 33 ........ Receipt and shipment 2 8 Fuel oil
of petrolem, pr&. 1 8 Diesel
ducts plus other
uses 2 6 Gasoljji-e

1 6 Kerosene

1 6 Diesel

Pier 34 .............. Receipt of petrolem 1 14 Fuel oil
products plus other 4 10
uses
1 8 Diesel oil

4 6

4 ............. Liquified petroleun gas
Pier 38 Shipatent by barge 2 4

Pier 51A5 ............ Receipt of petrolem 2 12
products plus other
uses

J
1Unless otheii,7ise noted, t1he piers are avned and operated by the State of Hawaii, Departnent
of Transportation, Harbors Division.
24?cnrated by Matson Terminals, Inc.
3Pier 30 ownod and ol.-_)erated by Standard Oil Co. of California.
Ij Operated by Isle Gas, Division of lJonolubt-i Cas Co. , Ltd.
5Oj:)crated by Texaco, Tnc., S11-1oll Oil Co., mitl U.S, Lines.

C-52

TABLE C-191).--PIER-S VIM FACILITIES FOR HANDLINTG
OIL ON IM1,M I

County: Hawaii

Pipelines
Harbor and Piers' Uses Nimber size Pro--1uC,--.t
(inches)

Hilo Harbor:
Pier 1 ............. Receip-L. of petroleum, 1. 10
produclLs plus other
uses

Pier 3 ............. Receipt of petrolom 1 10
products and liqu-i- 5 8
fied petrolem gas,
plus other uses 1 8 Liquified petroleum gas

5 6

1 4

Ka7wail@ae Harbor:

Overseas Teiminal
Wnarf2 .............. Receipt of petroleum 4 8
products plus other 3 6
uses

Unless othe-nvise noted, the piers are owmed and operated by the- State of Hawaii, Depa.L-Ment
of Trmsportation, Harbors Division.
2Operated hy Kawaihae Teminals, Inc.

C-53 -NIG
TABLE C-19c.-PIEF.13 WY@Tl FACILIT= FOR 117ML1
County: Kauai OIL ON KAU-AI
Pipelines
Harbor and Piers' Uses N =L- r size Product Typee
(inches)

Nawil--k..,ili Harbor:
Piers 1 and 2 .... Receipt of petroleum 1 8 Liquifie-d petrolemi gas
product-s and liqui-- 2 6
fied p-c-troleu-n gas,
plus oU-.er uses 4 4

Port Allan Harbor:
Port YUlen Pier .... Receip-.'- of petroleam 2 10
products 3 8

'Piers are owned and operated hy the State of Ha7waii, Departnent of Transportation, Harbors
Division.

C-54

TABLE C-19d.-PIERS WITH FACILITIES FOR IL@INDLING
OIL ON MAU1, MOLOKAI, AND LMAI

__qq@p:@y: Maui
Pipelines
Harbor and Piers' Uses size
NuTber Product* Type
(inc:@hes)

Kahului Harbor,
Maui:

Pier 1 ............. Receipt of petroleurt 1 10
prod:jcts plus other 4 6
usec

Pier 2 ............. Receipt of petroleum 1 8 Liquified petrolem, gas
products and licRii- 2 6
fied petroleum gas,
plus other uses 1 6 Fuel oil for fishing vessels

K;[email protected] Harbor,
Molokai .............. Receipt of petroleum
product,- by barge,
plus otl`ier uses

Kaunialapau Harbor,
Lanai2 ............... Receipt of petrolei-rn
products by barge,
plus other uses

Unless othen-iise noted, piers are o-va-ied and operated by the State of Hawaii, Department of
2TrEinsportation, Harbors Division.
Owned and operated by Dole Pineapple Co.

APPENDIX D

GENERAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS FOR ENERGY FACILITIES

Table Page

l.--OIL REFINERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

2.--ELECTRIC COMPANY OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . D-5

3. --SUGAR CCMPANY BICHASS AND OIL-FUELED GKqMTrlNG PLANTS . . . . . . D-10

4.--HYDRoELEcTRic PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-14

5.--SOIAR HOT-WATER HEATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-16

6.--PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-18

7.--ENEPGy TREE FAim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-20

8. --WIND ETE= CONVERSION SYSTEMS (TAiECS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-24

9. --GEOTEERMAL POWER PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-27

10, --ENERGY RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE NATURAL ENlUM
LABORATORY OF EgAII AT KE-AHOIE POINT, HANUI . . . . . . . . . . D-31

ll.--OCEAN THERMAL ENEFZY CONVERSION (OTEC) PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . D-36

12. --ETHANOL PRODUCTTON FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-40

13.--!=CIPAL SOLID-WASTE-FUELED ENERGY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . D-42

14. --OIL RECOVERY FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-46

15.--FUEL STORAGE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-48

16.--OAHU EMM CORRIDOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-52

17.--CQAL HANDLING FACILITIES CF CEMENT CCNPANIES . . . . . . . . . . . D-54

11. ---OFFSHORE MOORING FACILITIES FOR TR&NSFERRING,
OIL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-56

19.--HARBOR. FACILITIES FOR OIL HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-58

D-1

TABLE D-la.-CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL REFINERIES

Type of Energy Facility: Refinery for processing crude oil into fuels

Associated Developments:
--Permanently anchored mooring buoys for large tankers and barges
--A field of large storage tanks
--Large submarine pipelines for unloading crude oil from large tankers and
loading refined fuels into barges and small tankers
Surface pipelines to transfer fuels among the refinery, storage tanks,
the tie-in to the submarine pipeline, and Honolulu Harbor
--Waste treatment facility and injection well or ocean diffuser for
disposal of treated effluents
--Flare for burning exhaust gases
--Truck loading facilities
--Administrative, maintenance and service facilities
General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heavy fuel oil,
propane, butane, ships bunker, LPG and SNG

Energy Source: Crude Oil

Capacity Range: 44,000 to 125,000 barrels per day

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: 200 to 300 acres

Site and Location Requirements: An industrial area suitable for noxious
industries (downwind and remote from residential and commercial areas);
deep offshore waters suitable for large, deep-draft tankers, ocean currents
and winds that woutd carry oil spills out to sea; availabitity of utitities;
land that is inexpensive, relatively flat, capable of supporting heavy
loads; and safe from hazards (earthquakes, tsunamis, lava flows, storm
winds and waves, blasts, etc.)

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Two refineries are located
at Campbell Industrial Park (CIP) and two more were proposed in the early
1970s--one at CIP and one on Hawaii Island.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-2

TABLE D-lb.--SIGNIFICANT 11-TACTS AND MITIGA= rG MEASURES
FOR OIL REFINERIES

Impacts

1. Noise and dust during construction; turbidity and sedimentation during
dredging for submarine pipelines; and fish kill during blasting for buoy
anchors.

Mitigating Measures:
Minimize noise and dust by using special equignent and watering
ccnstruction area.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost of construction paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced dust levels and reduced noise to meet OSHA standards.

2. Lost vegetation and habitat for animals and birds; lost coral habitat
along the submarine pipeline.

Mitigating Measures:
Location of refinery facilities and pipelines so as to avoid
or minimize adverse impacts on envircmentally sensitive areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the develcper of the refinery.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced loss of vegetaticn, animal and bird habitats. Shoreline
ecosystems, coral and fish habitats enhanced by providing
sheltered areas.

3. Adverse visual appearance of the refinery and storage tanks.

Mitigating Measures:
Landscaping around site boundaries and painting tanks pastel
colors.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the develcper of the refinery..

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Slight iirprovemnt in appearance.

D-3

TABLE D-lb. (continued)

Impacts

4. Exclusion of fishing and recreational boating frcri the anchorage areas.

Mitigating Measures:
Limit boating only when a tanker is moored.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

None

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimum exclusion of boating activities.

5. Sulfur dioxide air pollution.

Mitigating Measures:
Location of the refinery where emissions will be blown out to
sea, use of low-sulfur fuels and sulfur-free fuel gas, and
scrubbing sulfur frcm low-grade process gas.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the developer of the refinery.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal air pollution.

6. Possible oil spill fran tankers and loss of marine and bird life, par-
ticularly along the sboreline if the oil should be blown on-shore.

Mitigating Measures:
No loading or unloading of oil and fuels during on-shore winds,
cobbined with nonnal operations to detect spills, contain and
clean them up, and restore the environment insofar as is
practical.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost to be paid by the operator of the facility.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Little reduction in risk to sea birds. Reduced risk to marine
biota in the intertidal zone and nearshore waters.

D-4

TABLE D-1b. (continued)

Impacts

7. Possible on-site oil spills and seepage into the ground water.

Mitigating Measures:
Areas subject to spills should be paved and drained to the
wastewater treatment facilities.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost to be paid by the developer of the facility.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Ne-asures:
Mininkal risk of contamination of ground waters.

8. Possible but unlikely rupture of a crude-oil storage tank.

Mitigating Measures:
Dikes surrounding the storage tanks to contain major oil
spills and sump pumps to recover the oil.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost to be paid by the developer of the refinery.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Miniml risk of damage frcri ruptured oil-storage tanks.

9. Small risk of fire.

Mitigating Measures:
Physical separation fran other activities and facilities,
and standard safety precautions.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost to be paid by the develcper of the facility.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating measures:
Reduction in danger of fire or explosion, and reduction in
exposure for other activities and facilities.

D-5

TABLE D-lb. (continued)

aripacts

10. Small increase in infrastructure and service needs (roads, water, police,
fire, schools, parks, etc.) to accamx)date the refinery and the fm'Lilies
of new employees (both direct and indirect) attracted to the area.

Mitigating Measures:
The State and County should provide infrastructure and services
as needed.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Infrastructure and service needs to be paid by State and
County goverrmmts, with possible assistance from the Federal
government for qualifying projects.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Adequate provision of government facilities and services.

D-6

TABLE D-2a. --CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC COMPANY
OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS

Type of Energy Facility: Oil-fueled electric generating power plants (steam
turbines, gas turbines, and internal combustion diesel generators)

Associated Developments:
--High-voltage power lines
--Access road
--For steam turbines, large diameter pipelines extending into the ocean for
collecting and discharging cooling waters
--Fuel storage tanks

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Electrical power

Energy Source: Fuel oil, including diesel fuel, and possibly supplemental
biomass fuels

Capacity Range: Over 500 megawatts for the largest generating plant in Hawaii

BY- and Waste Products: Fuel exhaust and, for steam turbines, heated
cooling water

Area Requirements:

Site and Location Requirements: Preferably on a leeward, rocky shore
removed from populated areas. Thus, ocean water is available for cooling,
there is no loss of a beach, and air pollution is blown offshore by
tradewinds.

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developed technology used
on all,islands

other Distinguishing Features:

D-7

TABLE D-2b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR ELECTRIC CCMPANY OIL-FUELED @ATORS

Impacts

1. Noise and dust during construction.

Mitigating Measures:
Minimize noise and dust by using special equipment and watering
construction area.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Provided by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced air pollution.

2. Adverse visual appearance of the power plant and associated developments.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of the power plant in an area of minimal visibility
and landscaping to improve the appearance.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the electric campany and passed on to
the ratepayers.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced visibility of the power plant.

3. Air pollution fran bun-Ling fuels.

Mitigating Measures;
Use of "clean" fuels, devices to clean the exhaust, and high
stacks.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the electric company and passed on to
the ratepayers.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced air pollution.

D-8

TABLE D-2b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Possible fuel spills during sea transport, off-loading, and land transport.

Mitigating Measures:
No unloading of fuels during high-risk situations, canbined with
normal operations to detect spills, contain and clean them up,
and restore the enviroment insofar as is practical.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the electric caTany and passed on to
the ratepayers.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal risk of damage fram oil spills.

5. For power plants having steam turbine generators which require ocean
waters for cooling:

(a) Damage to coral caused by dreding for the pipelines.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

(b) Thermal pollution of the adjacent waters, and resulting coral kill
and loss of fish habitat.

Mitigating Measures:
Longer pipelines that discharge the hot water in deeper water.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the electric campany and passed on to
the ratepayers.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced thermal pollution, but increased damage to coral
(see 11all).

D-9

TABLE D-2b. (ccntinued)

Impacts

5. (c) Loss of recreational use of the affected shoreline, and blocked
access to and along the shoreline.

Mitigating Measures:
Location of the power plant and pipeline along the shorelines
of low recreational use, or campensating purchase of other
recreational areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the electric cmpany, and possible
purchase of recreational areas using a CEIP envirorr.,ental
grant.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Partial to camplete replacement of recreational loss.

6. Small risk of fire or explosion associated with fuel storage tanks.

Mitigating Measures:
Physical separation fran other activities and facilities,
and standard safety precautions.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the electric ccuipany.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduction in danger of fire or explosion, and reduction in
exposure for other activities and facilities.

D-10

TABLE D-3a.-CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGAR COMPANY BIOMASS AND
OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS

Type of Energy Facility Sugar mill generators (mostly steam generators, but
a few diesel generators)

Associated Developments:
--Sugarcane fields
--Sugar mill
--Electrical power lines to tie into the electrical power grid
--Sugarcane hauling roads

General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Electrical power and steam

Energy Source: For steam generators, bagasse and possibly bagasse pellets,
sugarcane trash, wood chips, municipal trash, macadamia nut shells, and
fuel oil. For diesel generators, diesel fuel.
Capacity Range: 1 to 25 megawatts

By- and Waste Products: Sugarcane trash and soils washed from the cane
at the mill

Area Requirements: Minimal for the generator

Site and Location Requirements: Within a sugar mill

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: A proven technology used
by sugar companies throughout the State. Biomass fuel provides about 14%
of the electrical power generated in the State.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-11

TABLE D-3b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES FOR SUGAR COMPANY
BIOMASS AND OIL-FUELED GENERATING PLANTS

Inpacts

1. Dust Associated with acreage expansion.

Mitigating Measures:
Watering of newly@cleared land.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the sugar operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced dust.

2. Water pollution caused by field runoff of soils, fertilizers, pesticides,
and herbicides.

Mitigating Measures:
"Best Managment Practices" to control runoff as approved by
by Soil and Water Conservation District.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the sugar operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced water pollution.

3. Air pollution fran sugarcane field burning.

Mitigating Measures:
No field burning whenever carbon monoxide and haze levels are
high. For Oahu, this mans no burning during Kona winds.
For the neighbor islands, this means no burning during the
sinmltaneous events of a Big Island volcanic eruption and
Kona winds.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

None

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced air pollution problem..

D-12

TABLE D-3b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Minimal air pollution frm the sugar mill stack erussions.

Mitigating Measures:
Devices to reduce emissions.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the sugar operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal stack emissions.

5. Water pollution fran mill wastewater disposal.

Mitigating Measures:
Settling ponds and other means to clean waters.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the sugar operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced water pollution.

6. Negative visual impact of the sugar mill.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.
Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

7. Noise fran trucks and mills.

Mitigating Measures:
Use of special equipaLent and devices to reduce noise.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the sugar operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced noise.

D-13

Impact

TABLE D-3b. (continued)

Impacts

8. Road deterioration fran hauling cane and increased cane trash for fuel
on roads not built to handle the large sugarcane trucks.

Mitigating Measures:
Frequent road maintenance and resurfacing.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the State or County for public roads,
and by the sugar operator for private roads.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced road hazards.

D-14

TABLE D-4a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS

Type of Energy Facility: Small run-of-the-river hydroelectric plants

Associated Developments:
--Dam or stream diversion system with limited pondage
--Electric power lines
--Access toad

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Electrical power

Energy Source: Flowing or falling water

ty Range: Up to 2 M.W. jot hydroelectric plants in Hawaii

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: N.A.

Site and Location Requirements: Along a large stream

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Proven technology

Other Distinguishing Features: Most hydroelectric plants in Hawaii are
owned by sugar companies.

D-15

TABLE D-4b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITTGATING MEASURES
FOR HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS

Inpacts

1. Harm or destruction to the environment at dam, site.

Mitigating Measures:
Careful selection of the dam site so as to avoid environmentally
sensitive areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced impact to environmentally sensitive areas.

2. Adverse iupacts on downstream environments, including sensitive and
valuable habitats, if stream flows should be interrupted.

Mitigating Measures:
MaintpTiance of mi@ stream flows.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal inpact on downstream environments.

D-16

TABLE D-5a. ---CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR HOT WATER HEATERS

Type of Energy Facility: Small solar hot water heaters for homes and apartments

Associated Developments

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Hot water

Energy Source: Solar heat

Capacity Range:

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: Negligible

Site and Location Requirements: Roof of home or apartment

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: In 1979, an estimated
12,000 homes had solar hot water heaters here in Hawaii, and new systems
were being installed at a rate in excess of 3,000 per year.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-17

TABLE D-5b.--SIGNIFICANT UIPACTS AND MITTGATING MEASURES
FOR SOLAR HOT WATER HEATERS

Impacts

1. Minor visual in-pact.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

D-18

TABLE D-6a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Type of Energy Facility: Photovoltaic system

Associated Developments:

General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Electrical power and hot water

Energy Source: Solar

Capacity Range:

By- and Waste Products:

Area Requirements:

Site and Location Requirements:

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developing technology

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-19

TABLE D-6b.-SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATDZ MEASURES
FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

lurpacts

1. Slight visual impact.

mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

D-20

TABLE D-7a. --CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY TREE FARMS

Type of Energy Facility: Cultivation 0f trees to be used for fueling a
(sugar mill) boiler

Associated Developments:
--Service roads for use in cultivating and harvesting trees

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Wood chips for fueling a boiler

Energy Source: Solar, along with soil, fertilizer water, labor, etc.

capacity Range: Equivalent of 20 to 25 barrels of oil per acre per year

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: 1000 to 3000 acres near a sugar mill boiler having a
generation capacity of 1.5 to 5 megawatts

Site and Location Requirements: On land that:
--is marginal agricultural or disturbed forest land with suitable soil,
--has adequate rainrall or supplementary irrigation, and
--is reasonably close (within 25 miles) to the boiler to be fueled.

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developed technology

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-21

TABLE D-7b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATTNG DEASURES
FOR ENERGY FARMS

Impacts

1. Disruption of wildlife and wildlife habitats during site preparation
and harvesting.

Mitigating Measures:
Location of the tree fam so as to avoid envircnmentally
sensitive areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by forest operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures;
Reduced loss of wildlife and wildlife habitats.

2. Dust during site preparation and harvesting.

Mitigating Measures:
Water sprinkling of unpaved roads and other areas highly
prone to having dust problems.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by forest operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Decreased problems fran dust.

3. Erosion of the planted areas, particularly during site preparation and
harvesting, and continual erosion of the roads.

Mitigating Measures:
Application of "Best Management Practices" (BNPs) for farm
cperaticns as approved by the appropriate Soil and Water
Conservation District.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
BMPs to control field runoff fran private lands should be paid
using private financing plus Federal assistance fran the U.S.
Department of Agriculture.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced erosion and water-quality problem.

D-22

TABLE D- jrb. (ccntinued)

L-npacts

4. Runoff of soils, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides which cause such
problems as:
--sedimentation which smothers coral;
--turbidity which is an aesthetic and safety problem;
-excessive phytoplankton growth and disruption of the ecosystem
balance because of the fertilizers; and
--toxic substances fran the herbicides and pesticides which
adversely affect the ecosystem.

Mitigating Measures:
Application of "Best Management Practices" (BMPs) for farm
operations as approved by the appropriate Soil and Water
Conservation District.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
BMPs to omtrol field runoff from private lands should be
paid using private financing plus Federal assistance from
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

Reduced runoff.

5. Possible introduction of exotic species or diseases during production
or harvesting.

Mitigating Measures:
Cleaning of equiFa-ent prior to entering forest areas. Exercise
of pest control or reawal.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by forest cperator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced problem fram exotic species and diseases.

6. Noise frcin chipping wood and fran hauling trucks.

Mitigating measures:
Location of cperations away frcxn populated areas, and use of
equipment to reduce noise.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by forest cperator.

D-23

TABLE D-7b. (continued)

Irrigacts

6. (continued)

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced noise problem.

7. Visual disturbance to areas being planted and harvested, and by the
service roads.

Mitigating Measures:
Locate the energy fazm away frcm areas of high visibility
insofar as practical.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by forest operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced visual disturbance.

D-24

TABLE D-8a.-CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

Type of Energy Facility: Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)

Associated Developments:
--Power lines and transformers to connect the WECS to the electric power
grid
--Fences surrounding the site
--Access road

General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Electrical power or possible mechanical energy
to pump water

Energy Source: Wind

Capacity Range: Up to 2. 5 M. W. per WECS

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: Wind farms of up to 2,060 acres involving 32 WECS
have been proposed for Hawaii.

Site and Location Requirements: Large WECS and wind farms should be
located in areas having strong, steady winds (mountain gaps and the
corners of islands) and where visual intrusion, interference with television
and radio reception, and interference with aircraft and migrating birds
ate minimized.

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: WECS that ate tied into
an electric power grid are now being tested.

Other Distinguishing Features: A large 2.5 M.W. WECS under development by
Boeing Engineering and Construction (MOD-2 Wind Turbine System) has a
rotor diameter of 300 feet and a tower of about 200 feet.

D-25

TABTE D-8b.--SIGNIFICANr IMPACTS AND MITTGATTNG MEASURES
FOR WIM EZE= CCNVERSION SYSTEMS

Impacts

1. Visual intrusion which may be viewed as adverse to some.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of WECS and fences to minimize visual intrusion.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimum visibility.

2. Interference with television and radio reception near the windmills.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of WECS to minimize reception problems, and use of
cable TV.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minim= interference with TV and radio reception.

3. Possible noise problems for a large collection of WECS.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of WECS to minimize noise problems.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced or ndnimal noise problems.

4. Minor ecosystem damage caused by site preparation and installation.

Mitigating Measures:
Avoidance of environuentally sensitive areas.

D-26

TABLE D-8b. (continued)

Impacts

4. (continued)

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal loss of environmentally sensitive areas.

5. Potential safety hazard if towers should collapse or blades separate
during a severe stonn.

Mitigating 1-1easures:
Design standards requiring the WECS to withstand severe storm,
and a safety area surrounding each system.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal safety hazards.

6. Possible interference with aircraft.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of WECS away fran airports and airplane routes.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal interference with aircraft.

7. Possible interference with migrating birds.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of WECS away fran the path of migrating birds.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased costs paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal interference with migrating birds.

D-27

TABLE D-9a. ---CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

Type of Energy Facility: Geothermal wells with steam-driven turbo-generators,
and facilities for direct use of the steam and hot water

Associated Developments:
--Access roads
--Electric power lines
--Injection wells or surface ponds to dispose of waste water

General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Steam and electric power

Energy source: Steam from a geothermal well

Capacity Range:

By- and Waste Products:
--Large quantities of hot mineral-rich water formed when the geothermal
steam condenses
--Sulfur sludge if scrubbers used to control smells
Area Requirements:

Site and Location Requirements:
--Above geothermal reservoirs, which are believed to exist on the Islands
of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai
--Removed from population centers in order to avoid problems of noise,
sulfur smells, and visual intrusions

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: A new research geothermal
well is located near Pahoa on the Island of Hawaii. Additional areas
having geothermal potential have been identified throughout the State, and
extensive geothermal development is expected over the next decade.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-28

TABLE D-9b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND VaTIGATING MEASURES
FOR GEOTHERMAL POWER. PLANTS

Impacts

1. Drilling noise.

Mitigating Measures:
Use of control technology to reduce noise.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating measures:
Reduced noise.

2. Risk of blowout during drilling, causing risk of bodily injury, noise,
air pollution, and pollution of surface and groundwaters.

Mitigating Measures:
MininLize risk through use of improved drilling techniques and
blowout preventers.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minim.1 risk of blowouts.

3. Contamination of groundwater if present and if the well casing should
leak.

Mitigating Measures:
Proper cementing of well casing to about 1000 feet below the
fresh water lens.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal risk of groundwater contamination.

D-29

M= D-9b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Visual intrusion.

Mitigating Measures:
Facilities set back fran road and surrounding with landscaping.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced visual intrusion.

5. Sulfur smells.

Mitigating Measures:
Injection wells or scrubbers to control Smells.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

Reduced sulfur smells.

6. Noise, including venting of steam during plant shutdown.

Mitigating Measures:
Installation of silencers and possibly muffling the sound by
discharging the steam through a vent submerged in water.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced noises.

D-30

TABLE D-9b. (continued)

Impacts

7. Surface disposal of wastewater will percolate down and may possibly
pollute the groundwater supply.

Mitigating Measures:
Allow settling basins if the geothexmal wells are over
groundwater, but study impacts. If there is a risk of
polluting the groundwater supple, then inject the waste-
water into the geothermal reservoir.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal risk of groundwater contamination.

8. Possible but unlikely land surface subsidence and induced seismisity.

Mitigating Measures:
Monitor for subsidence and increased seismisity.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Government financing.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Detection of subsidence and increased seismisity.

9. Possible significant secondary impacts if a field of geothermal wells
should generate an excess supply of power that attracts a large amount
of economic growth. This could require such infrastructure facilities
and services as roads, water, sewage waste disposal, schools, libraries,
parks, police, fire, and health.

Mitigating Measures:
Th be determined as part of specific proposals.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Th be determined.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures-
Th be determined.

D-31

TABLE D-10a.--CHARACTERISTTCS OF ENERGY RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE
NATURAL ENERGY LABORATORY OF HAWAII, KE-AHOLE POINT,
HAWAII

Type of Energy Facility: Shore-based facilities for research into OTEC,
direct solar, biomass, etc.

Associated Developments:
--For OTEC, large diameter pipelines for transporting cold deep seawater and warm
surface water to shore, and transporting water back out to sea
--Two-mile, two-lane access road, with possible expansion to four lanes
--Utility corridor for water, sewage, electricity, and telecommunications
--Electrical building
--300,000-gallon water storage tank
--Sewage pump station
--Possibly a neighboring 12-acre Phase I aquaculture development to use the
nutrient-rich deep sea water used in the OTEC research
General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Not appticable--the facilities will be used for
research with little or no permanent generation of power.
Energy Source:
--For OTEC, warm surface water and cold sea water from a depth of about 2,000 feet
--Direct solar
Capacity Range: N.A.

By- and Waste Products:
--Cold, nutrient-rich sea water from lower depths
--Possibly fresh water from an open-cycle OTEC system

Area Requirements: 240 acres

Site and Location Requirements: Ke-ahole Point, Hawaii. This is a very
sunny coastal area where the nearby ocean floor drops off rapidly to a
depth of over 2,000 feet.

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Undergoing development,
Buildings, the road, and utilities have been completed. A pilot OTEC
facility is now under design and should be operating in 1980.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-32

TABLE D-10b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR EZEMY RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE
NATURAL ENERGY LABORATORY OF HAKNII,
IKE-AHCLE POINT, HAWAII

Impacts

1. Loss of sparse natural vegetation and wildlife habitat.

Mitigating Measures:
Choosing of sites that avoid environmentally sensitive areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
increased cost paid by the governmeent.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal loss of environmentally sensitive areas.

2. Increased access to and recreational use of the area, resulting in
increased litter and possible degradation of environmentally sensitive
areas (e.g., beach zone, small brackish water ponds, and several minor
and possibly two significant archaeological sites).

Mitigating Measures:
Choosing of sites and access routes that avoid environment-ally
sensitive areas, and litter control programs.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the government.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced problem of litter and environmental degradation.

3. Increased noise and dust during construction.

Mitigating Measures:
Watering of areas to ccntrol dust.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the government.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced problem frcxn dust.

D-33

TABLE D-10b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Adverse visual impact canpared to the natural untouched land.

Mitigating Measures:
Limited scale of buildings, high design standards, landscaping,
and underground utilities.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the government.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced visual impact.

5. For OTEC, the large diameter intake and discharge pipelines and the
trenching for them through the surf zone will have an adverse effect
on the physical envirormLent of the shoreline and offshore reef areas,
particularly during construction.

Mitigating Measures:
The pipeline routine should avoid environmentally sensitive
areas to the extent possible.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the government.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced damage to the environment.

6. For 0 TEC , the discharge of large volumes of cold nutrient-rich water
into shallow water will have a localized impact on temperatures and
benthic organisms, particularly corals. For an opencycle system, the
discharged seawater will also have increased salinity due to fresh
water removal.

Mitigating measures:
Offshore discharge into water 180 feet deep, and onshore
discharge into an injection well. This removes impact from
the immediate nearshore area.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the government.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced damage to the envirormLent.

D-35

TABLE D-10b. (continued)

Impacts

7. The large volume of plankton passing through the OTEC systEm may be
killed by the teqperature changes. This possibly could adversely
affect the biotic chain.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

8. Possible significant secondary inpacts because of plans to attract
extensive research activities to the area. In the long-term, the
developTent of an abundant supply of inexpensive power and the possible
availability of nutrient-rich water could attract a large aTmunt of
economic development to the surrounding area.

Mitigating Measures:
To be determined as part of specific proposals.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
To be determined.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
To be deteimiined.

D-36

TABLE D-11a. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN THERMAL
ENERGY CONVERSION PLANTS

Type of Energy Faciliy: Floating closed-cycle or open-cycle OTEC with a closed-
Cycle system; a fluid (ammonia, propane, or freon) is vaporized and used to drive
a turbine. With an open-cycle system, surface water is vaporized under low
pressure, and this steam drives the turbine.
Associated Developments
--A floating platform
--Mooring lines
A large cold water pipe with a diameter of up to 60 feet
Underwater cables for transmitting electrical power to shore

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Electrical power

Energy Source: Warm surface waters and cold water from a depth of
2,000 to 3,000 feet

capacity Range: Research OTEC: 50 K.W. to 200 M.W.
First generation OTEC: 100 to 400 M.W.
By- and Waste Products:
--Cold nutrient-rich water from lower depths, possibly containing very low
residual chlorine (0.05 ppm)
--For open-cycle OTECs, fresh water
Area Requirements: Roughly 1 acre for platform, with a 2 to 5 mile
watch circle

Site and Location Requirements:
In water:
--having a depth of approximately 3,000 feet,
--having a good bottom for mooring the OTEC platform,
--free from extreme winds and waves,
--near an area having a need for the electrical power output,
--near a port suitable for shore-based support operations, and
--situated so that the OTEC platform can be connected to shore with an underwater
electrical cable.
The most likely location for a major OTEC plant is off the Waianae coast near
HEC0's Kahe Power Plant.
Status of Technology and Extent of Development:
--OTEC is now undergoing research with some small plants.
--A pitot plant should go into preliminary design in 1981 under U.S. DOE funding.
--The first full-scale demonstration ptant is planned for initial operation in
the tate 1980s.
Other Distinguishing Features:

D-37

TABIZ D-11b. ---SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR OCEAN THEENAL ENERGY CONVERSION PLANTS

Impacts

1. A slight cooling of the surrounding waters with undetermined secondary
impacts caused by discharging the cold deep waters.

Mitigating Measures:
The thermal impact can be minintized by returning maxed
discharges to a depth where the impact is negligible.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Goverrment and private funds to research secondary impacts
and appropriate mitigating measures.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
To be determined.

2. Biostinulation in the nearby waters as a result of discharging the
nutrient-rich deep waters.

Mitigating Measures:
Probably ncne, since the impact may be beneficial.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Government and private funds to research impacts and appro-
priate mitigating measures.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Th be detern-Lined.

3. Slight to negligible impacts from discharging very low concentrations
(0.05 ppm) of the chlorine used to control biofouling.

Mitigating Measures:
Probably none, since the-concentrations are below those for
sewage plant discharges. But environmental monitoring is
appropriate.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Monitoring cost paid by the operator and/or government.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Detection of chlorine concentrations and environmental d&mge.

D-38

TABLE D-11b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Probable kill (but possible stimulation) of plankton and organisms in
larval stages that pass through the OTEC system.

Mitigating Measures:

Tb be researched.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Gove=ment and private funds to research impacts and appropriate
mitigating measures.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
To be detennined.

5. Small risk of accidental discharge of the working fluid (amw)nia,
propane, or freon) for a closed-cycle system, and of the biofouling
agent (chlorine), resulting in harmful effects to mrine life.

Mitigating Measures:
Proper design and maintenance to maintain structureal
integrity of the pressure system and piping, along with a
leak detection system.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the develcper and operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Mixuml risk of leakage of the working fluid.

6. Aggregation of fish.

Mitigating Measures:
None, since the impact is beneficial.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

None

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

D-39

M@BIE D-11b. (continued)

impacts

7. A physical obstacle to ships and boats.

Mitigating Measures:
Proper lighting and notice to mariners.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the OTEC developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced obstacle to navigators.

8. Slight visual intrusion.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

None

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

9. Possible significant secondary effects if the OTEC facility should
generate an excess supply of power that attracts a large amount of
economic and population growth. This could require such infrastructure
facilities and services as roads, water, sewage waste disposal, schools,
libraries, parks, police, fire, and health.

Mitigating Measures:
Th be determined. The size of an OTEC plant will probably
be a State decision, and the secondary impacts will be
largely controlled by Federal, State, and County agencies.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

None at this time.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Th be determined.

D-40

TABLE D-12a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION FACILITIES

Type of Engery Facility: Distillery for producing ethanol

Associated Developments:

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which can be mixed
with gasoline to produce gasahol

Energy Souce: Molasses, sugar, pineapple juice, agricultural waste, or
even garbage

Capacity Range:

By- and Waste Products: Stillage, which can possibly be processed into
animal feed or fertilizer

Area Requirements:

Site and Location Requirements: Removed from populated areas

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developed technology, but
subsidies are required to make gasahol competitive with gasoline.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-41

TABLE D-12b. -SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION FACILITTES

Iripacts

1. Malodors; from distillation process and waste products.

Mitigating Measures:
Confinement of odors.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced odor problems.

2. Vector problem.

Mitigating Measures:
Appropriate vector control measures.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced vector problems.

3. Small risk of fire or explosion.

Mitigating Measures:
Normal procedures to minimize risk.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minink-il risk of fire or explosion.

D-42

TABLE D-13a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE-FUELED
ENERGY FACILITIES

Type of Energy Facility: Municipal facility to process solid wastes to produce
usable energy

Associated Developments:

--Access road to handle numerous trucks

--Electrical power lines

--Landfill for disposing of bottom ash

General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Steam, electrical power, and possibly fuel gas

Energy Source: Household, commercial, and industrial wastes

Capacity Range: Up to 1,800 tons of wastes per day

By- and Waste Products: Possible recovery of ferrous metals, aluminum,
newspapers and glass

Area Requirements 15 to 30 acres

Site and Location Requirements: An area suitable for noxious industries
(downwind and remote from residential and commercial areas)

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: A major power plant
fueled with municipal trash and bagasse will be built in Oahu in 1980.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-43

TAUE D-13b.-SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING IMPACTS
FOR MUNICIPAL SOLM-T?WTE-FUELED ENERGY
FACILITIES

LTpacts

1. Noise and dust during construction.

Mitigating Measures:
Minimize noise and dust by using special equipnent and
watering ccnstruction area.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced noise and dust levels.

2. Air pollution fran stack emissions.

Mitigating Measures:
A facility with a high degree of combustion, electrostatic
precipitators for removing particulates, and possibly
scrubbers for control of gaseous emissions.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced air pollution.

3. Dust and odor.

Mitigating measures:
Drawing of air into the combustion unit in order to contain
the dust and odor, burning at high teniperatures to eliminate
the odor, and use of baghouses to control dust.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

Reduced dust and odor.

D-44

TABLE D-13b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Noise fran trucks and plant operation.

Mitigating Measures:
Siting and access design to minimize community exposure,
restricted hours for trucks, and use of devices to control
noise (acoustic treatuent, wall and earth barriers, muffling
equipment, etc.).

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced exposure to noise.

5. Water pollution fran washdowns, cleanings, surface runoff, and leachates.

Mitigating Measures:
Pretreatment of effluents prior to discharge into the sewer.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced water pollution.

6. Negative visual impact of the plant and trucks.

Mitigating Measures:
Siting and access design to minimize community exposure,
landscaping, and maximun enclosure of work areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced exposure to the plant.

D-45

VOLE D-31b. (continued)

Impacts

7. Litter along the access road.

Mitigating Measures:
Frequent clean-up of litter.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Provided by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced 1 J tter.

D-46

TABLE D-14a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL RECOVERY FACILITIES

Type of Energy Facility: Recycling of waste oil into light fuel oil

Associated Developments:

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Light fuel oil

Energy Souce: Waste oil

Capacity Range: 1 million gallons per year for the existing facility on Oahu

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: About 2 acres

Site and Location Requirements: An industrial area on an island with an
adequate supply of waste oil. Hawaii's only oil recovery facility is
located at Campbell Industrial Park on Oahu.

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developed technology

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-47

TABLE D-14b.--SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR OIL RECOVERY FACILITIES

Impacts

1. Adverse visual appearance.

Mitigating Measures:

Placement of the facility in an area of minimum visibility.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

Reduced visibility.

D-48

TABLE D-15a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL STORAGE TANKS

Type of Energy Facility: Large storage tanks for crude oil, jet fuel, gasoline,
etc.

Associated Developments:

--Pipelines to supply the storage tanks and to deliver the oil or fuel to
where needed. In most cases, there will be facilities for transferring
the oil or fuel to or from ships and barges.
--A heating system
--Transfer pumps
--A rain impoundment and disposal system

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced:

Energy Source:

Capacity Range: Up to 10 million barrels for a large field of storage tanks

By- and Waste Products:

Area Requirements: Up to 120 acres

Site and Location Requirements: An industrial area suitable for noxious
industries (downwind and remote from residentail and commercial area); near
facilities for off-loading large, deep-draft tankers; near processing and
commercial center; availability of water and other utilities; land that is
inexpensive, relatively flat, high enough so that excavations avoid encoun-
tering water tables, capable of supporting heavy loads; of low permeability
so as to limit subsurface runoff from spills and flooding; and safe from hazards
(earthquakes, tsunamis, lava flows, storm winds and waves, blasts, etc.)
Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Large storage tanks are
located throughout the Islands, and more have been proposed.

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-49

TABLE D-15b. ---SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATIWG MEASURES
FOR FUEL STORAGE TANKS

Impacts

1. Dust and noise during construction.

Mitigating Measures:
Minimize noise and dust by using special equigrent and
watering construction area.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost of construction paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced dust and noise levels.

2. Lost vegetation and habitat for animals and birds.

Mitigating Measures:
Location of storage tanks and pipelines so as to avoid or
minimize adverse in-pacts on environmentally sensitive areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced loss of vegetation, animal and bird habitats.

3. Hydrocarbon emissions during filling of storage tanks.

Mitigating Measures:
Hydrocarbon Emissions minimized by using tanks with floatable
roofs, and locating tanks so that the Emissions are blown out
to sea.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost of ccnstruction paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced emissions, resulting in a minor impact on air
qual i ty.

D-50

TABLE D-15b. (continued)

impacts

4. Adverse visual appearance of the storage tanks.

Mitigating Measures:
Landscaping and painting tanks pastel colors.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Slight improvement in appearance.

5. Risk of a tanker oil spill that would be a threat to sea birds. If an
oil spill should occur during on-shore winds, then there would also be
a threat to marine biota in the intertidal zone and nearshore waters.

Mitigating Measures:
No unloading of oil during on-shore winds, combined with
nonnal operations to detect spills, contain and clean them
up, and restore the envirormLent insofar as possible.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost of construction paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Little reduction in risk to sea birds. Reduced risk to
marine biota in the intertidal zone and nearshore waters.

6. Possible on-site oil spills and seepage into the groundwater.

Mitigating Measures:
Areas subject to spills should be paved and drained to a
waste treatment facility.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal risk of contamination of groundwaters.

D-51

rfA= D-15b. (continued)

Impacts

7. Possible but unlikely rupture of a storage tank.

Mitigating Mea ures:
Dikes surrounding the storage tanks to contain spills and
suTp pumps to recover the fuel.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal risk of damage from ruptured storage tanks.

8. Small risk of fire or explosion.

Mitigating Measures:
Physical separation from other activities and facilities,
and standard safety precautions.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost of construction paid by the developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating measures:
Reduction in danger of fire or explosion, and reduction
in exposure for other activities and facilities.

D-52

TABLE D-16a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OAHU ENERGY CORRIDOR

Type of Energy Facility: Energy corridor connecting manufacturing and storage
area to distribution areas

Associated Developments:

--Harbor facilities

--Storage tanks

--Refineries

--Electrical generating plants

General Description and Characteristics:

Forms of Energy Produced: Transported: oil, gas, and electrical power

Energy Source: Oil, gas, and electrical power

Capacity Range: 5 buried pipelines

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: 3.6 acres for easement

Site and Location Requirements: 20-mile route between Honolulu Harbor and
Campbell Industrial Park

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Existing

Other Distinguishing Features: The corridor has as easement of width
30 feet along the land and 100 feet along the water.

D-53

TABLE D-16b. --SIGUFICANTL IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR THE OAHU EM@GY CORRIDOR

Impacts

1. Possible leakages of fuels, resulting in odors, fire and safety risks,
and environmental damage.

Mitigating Measures:
Restrictions barring development along the corridor; burying
of the pipes; use of anti-corrosion measures; inspections and
devices to detect leakages; measures to shut off flows during
leakages; and containment, clean-up, and repair of leaks.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by users.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal risk fran leakage of fuel.

2. Slight odors and pumping noises at tenninals.

Mitigating Measures:
Placement of terminals in industrial areas, and installation
of devices to control noises and odors.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by users.

Anticipated effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Minimal problems fran noises and odors.

D-54

TABLE D-17a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL HANDLING FACILITIES

Type of Energy Facility: Facilities for receiving coal at Honolulu Harbor,
trucking it to Campbell Industrial Park, storing it, and grinding it.

Associated Developments:

--Cement plants

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Energy Produced: Coal dust for burning

Energy Source: Low-sulfur coal

Capacity Range: 60,000 to 80,000 tons of coals per year (4 to 6 shiploads)

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements:

Site and Location Requirements:

--Harbor for receiving coal
-- A heavy industrial area (i.e., Campbell Ibustrial Park) for the
cement plant

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developed technology
Both of Hawaii's two cement companies are now being converted to burn
coal rather than oil.

Other Distinguishing Features: When a shipload of coal arrives for the
larger of the two cement companies, about 13 trucks will be used around
the clock for 5 days to transport the coal from Honolulu Harbor to
Campbell Industrial Park.

D-55

TABLE D-17b.--SIGNIFICANT EVIPACTS AND MITIGATING Y]EASURES
FOR COAL HANDLING FACILITIES

Impacts

1. Reduced stack emissions of gases and particles because of coal ash being
absorbed by the cement.

Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

2. Ncminal amounts of coal dust during unloading of ships, loading of
trucks, and unloading of the trucks.

Mitigating Measures:
Dust suppressants and collectors.

Financing of Mitigation measures:
Minor cost paid by operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced dust.

D-56

TABLE D-18a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFSHORE MOORING FACILITIES
FOR TRANSFERRING OIL PRODUCTS

Type of Energy Facility: Permanetly anchored mooring buoys for large oil
tankser and barges

Associated Developments:

--Large submarine pipelines for unloading crude oil from large tankers and
loading refined fuels into barges and small tankers
--A field of large storage tanks

General Description and Characteristisc:

Form of Energy Produced: Transferred: Crude and refined oil

Energy Source: Crude and refined oil

Capacity Range:

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements:

Site and Location Requirements:

Waters that:
-- are offshore from the industrial area to and from which the oil will
be transferred
--are sufficiently deep for large, deep draft tankers
--have ocean currents and tradewinds that would carry oil spills out
to sea

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: Developed technology

Other Distinguishing Features:

D-57

TABLE D-18b. -SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR OFFSHORE MOORING FACILITIES FOR
TRANSFERRING OIL PRODUCTS

Impacts

1. Turbidity and sedimentation during dredging for submarine pipelines, and
fish kill during blasting for buoy anchors.

Mitigating Measures:
Location of mooring buoys so as to avoid envirorrLentally
sensitive areas.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by developer.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced damage to sensitive environmental areas.

2. Exclusion of fishing and recreational boating frar the anchorage areas.

Mitigating Measures:
Limit boating activities only when a tanker is moored.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

None

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
minirmn exclusion of boating activities.

3. Possible oil spill from tankers and loss of marine and bird life,
particularly along the shoreline if the oil should be blown on-shore.

Mitigating Measures:
No loading or unloading of oil and fuels during on-shore winds,
combined with normal operations to detect spills, contain and
clean them up, and restore the environment insofar as is
practical.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Little reduction in risk to sea birds. Reduced risk to
marine biota. in the intertidal zone and nearshore waters.

D-58

TABLE D-19a.--CHARACTERISTICS OF HARBOR FACILITIES
FOR OIL HANDLING

Type of Energy Facility: Harbor, piers, and pipelines for handling oil products

Associated Developments:

--Storage tanks
--Support facilities for ships and harbor operations

General Description and Characteristics:

Form of Engery Produced: N.A.

Energy Source: Crude or refined oil

Capacity Range: N.A.

By- and Waste Products: None

Area Requirements: 330 acres for the new Barbers Point Harbor

Site and Location Requirements: Areas suitable for handling large ships

Status of Technology and Extent of Development: These are harbors
throughout the State, and a new one is planned for Barbers Point.

Other Distinguishing Features: Most harbors throughout the State have
been in existence for a number of decades, and adjustments to them have
stabilized. The major exception is the new Barbers Point Harbor that
is planned for dredging during the early 1980s.

D-59

TABLE D-19b. SIGNIFICANT DIPACTS AND MITIGATING D1EASURES
FOR HARBOR FACILITIES FOR OIL HANDLING

Impacts

1. Destruction of existing marine ccmm3nity during dredging.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating measures:

N.A.

2. Destruction of cultural sites during development.

Mitigating Measures:
Excavation and salvage of archaeological sites and paleonto-
logical resource recovery prior to construction, and preser-
vation of valuable sites.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the Federal and State governrents.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced loss of cultural sites.

3. Possible loss of endangered plants.

Mitigating Measures:
Propagation of endangered plants in locations suitable for
their preservation.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the Federal and State governments.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Preservation of endangered plants.

D-60

TABLE D-19b. (continued)

Impacts

4. Loss of marginal sugarcane lands and habitats for caawn shorebirds.

Mitigating Measures:

None

Financing of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:

N.A.

5. Siltation during dredging and stockpiling.

Mitigating Measures:
Channel dredging suspended during heavy seas. Possible use
of silt barriers or containment facilities for the nearshore
portion of the channel. Closure at the basin entrance during
basin dredging. Sediment basins for settling out suspended
material fran dredge liquid during stockpiling.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the Federal and State gove=rients.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Reduced siltation.

6. Visual inpact of stockpiled dredgings and harbor develogrent.

Mitigating Measures:
Landscaping to =prove appearance and to control dust.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Increased cost paid by the Federal and State governments.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Slight improvement in appearance.

D-61

TABLE D-19b. (continued)

Impacts

7. Noise and air pollution during construction.

Mitigating Measures:
Conformance to applicable government regulations.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the Federal and State governments.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating measures:
Reduced noise and air pollution.

8. Traffic congestion.

Mitigating measures:
Flagmen to coordinate traffic flow during construction.
Widening of roads to handle increased traffic.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Increased cost paid by the Federal and State governments.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Improve traffic flow.

9. Possible oil spills:

Mitigating Measures:
Normal cperations to avoid spills, to detect thein, contain
and clean them up, and restore the environment insofar as
practical.

Financing of Mitigating Measures:
Cost paid by ship or pipeline operator.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating measures:
Reduced risk of oil spills and resulting damage.

D-62

TABLE D-19b. (continued)

Thpacts

10. Major secondary in-pact of accelerated urbanization of the area surrounding
a large new harbor.

Mitigating Measures:
State and County urbanization controls.

Financing of Mitigating measures:
Th be determined.

Anticipated Effectiveness of Mitigating Measures:
Th be determined.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Subjects Page

Hawaii Coastal Zone ManagEnvent. Progran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Coastal Energy Impect Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

General Energy Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Refineries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Electric Canpanies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Sugar Campanies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

General Bicmass and Trash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Energy Tree Fanns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Fuel Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Oahu Energy Corridor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Harbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

General Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

BIBILCGRA2HY

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program:

Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Department of Commerce, and Hawaii Department of
Planning and Economic Development, Final Environmental Impact
Statement and Proposed Coastal Zone Management Program for the
State of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1978.

Coastal Energy Inpact Program:

1979 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Service, "Coastal
Zone Management Act Amendments of 1976." Facts on Rural
Development Resources, Washington, D.C., n.d.

U.S. Department of Comerce, Natimal Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, "Coastal Energy Inpact Program," Federal Register,
Par-t III, Vol. 44, No. 99, Washington, D.C., May 21, 1979.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, "Coastal Energy Impact Program, Proposed
Administrative Procedures for Implementation," Federal Register,
Part V, Vol. 44, No. 54, Washington, D.C., March 19, 1979.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
AAministration, "Implementation of the Coastal Energy Impact
Program, Proposed Administrative Procedures Regarding Grants
and Credit Assistance," Federal Register, Part IV, Vol. 44,
No. 10, Washington, D.C., January 15, 1979.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Coastal Energy Impact Program, General Criteria
for the Use of Special Circumstance Lower Interest Loans,
Washington, D.C., August 25, 1978.

U.S. Department of Camnerice, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Office of Coastal Zone Management, The Coastal
Energy Impact Program and Your Ccan=lty, Washington, D.C.,
January 1979.

U.S. Department of Carmerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Office of Coastal Zone Management, Coastal Energy
Lrpact Program, Directory of @pproved Projects from June 1, 1977
through January 1, 1979, Washington, D.C., January 5, 1979.

General Energy Activities:

Department of Planning and Econcauc Development, Energy Use in Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, November 1977.

-2-

Department of Planning and Econanic Development, State Energy Plan,
Preliminary Draft #3, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1979.

Alternative Energy:

Ccmmittee on Alternative Energy Sources for Hawaii of the State Advisory
Task Force on Energy Policy, Alternative Energy Sources for Hawaii,
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute --rty of Hawaii and the
, Universi
Department of Planning and Econcmic Development, State of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, February 1975.

Department of Planning and EconcMic Development, The Hawaii Integrated
Energy Assessment Project, Handbook on Renewable Alternative Energy
Resources in the State of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 19791.

Department of Planning and Economic Development, The Hawaii Integrated
Energy Assessment Project, Rules, Regulations, Permits, and
Policies Aff2SL@ng the Deve of Alternative Energy Sources
in Hawaii, HOnolulu, Hawaii, March 1979.

Department of Planning and Economic Development, State Energy Resources
Coordinator 1978 Annual Report, Honolulu, Haw=ii,@January 1979.

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Annual
Report 1978, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1978.

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, Natural Energy Resources Development,
Project Summaries, Hcnolulu,_Ra@i, July 1979.

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii, and the Department
of Planning and Econcruc Development, State of Hawaii, Alternative
Energy Sources for Hawaii, Hcnolulu, Hawaii, February 1975.

Hawaii State Senate, Ccmuittee on Econcmic Development and Energy,
Legislative Ene@jgy RD&D Workshop Hanc3book, Volumes I and II,
Honolulu, Hawaii, November 1979.

Masuda, Ralph, Arthur Seki, Patrick K. Takahashi, and Paul C. Yuen,
Energy Self-Sufficiency for the County of Maui, Volumes I, II, and
III, the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii,
June 1978.

Sena-@e Ehergy/Natural Resources Ccmmittee, A Ccuprehensive Energy Program
for Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, November 1977.

SRI International, Energy Self-Sufficiency for the Big Island, Five
Energy Development Paths and Their Implications, June 1979.

Refineries:

Conoco-Dillingham Oil Company, Conoco-Dillingharn Refinery, Barbers Point,
Oahu, Hawaii, Summary Environmental Report, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1972.

-3-

Final Environmental Inpact Statement for the Proposed Expansion of
Foreign-TIrade Subzme 9A (HIRI Oil Refinery), Foreign-Trade Zones
Board, U.S. Department of Camierce, Washington, D.C., May 1974.

Electric Ccmpanies:

Environmental Report for Kahe Power Plant, in support of Hawaiian Electric
Caripany's Application to the Department of Health for a Zone of Mixing
Designation, Honolulu, Hawaii, February 1972.

Hawaii Electric Light C=pany, Annual Report of Hawaii Electric Light Co.,
Inc. to the Federal Energy Regulatory Ccnmssion for the Year Ended
December 31, 1978, Hawaii, December 31, 1978.

Hawaiian Electric Caq:)any, Annual Report of Hawaiian Electric Co., Inc.
to the Federal Energy Regulatory Ccamssion for the Year Ended
December 31, 1978, Honolulu, Hawaii, Decen-ber 31, 1978.

Kauai Electric Division of Citizens Utility Ccapany, Annual Report of
Kauai Electric Division of Citizens _V Utility Ccmpany to the Public
Utilities Ccmnissicn, Eleele, Hawaii, December 31, 1978.

Maui Electric Campany, Annual of Maui Electric Co., Ltd. to the
Federal En?@gy Regulatory Cartnission for the Year Ended December 31,
1978, Hawaii, December 31, 1978.

Molokai Electric Campany, Annual @@rt of Molokai Electric Co., Ltd.
to the Public Utilities Cammission, Kaunakakai. Hawaii, December 31,
1978.

Pacific Analysis Corporation, An :@jventoxy and Analysis of the Electrical
Energy Industry in the State of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 29,
1977.

Shanks, Kenneth J., Inventory of Power Plants in the United States-
April 1979, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., May 25,
1979.

Sugar Canpanies:'

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,.1978 Factory Equipment, Honolulu,
HmA7aii, April 1979.

Murata, Donald, and Warren Gibson, "Energy Inventory for Hawaiian Sugar
Factories-1975," Hawaiian Planters' Record, Vol. 59, No. 5,
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1977.

'Also see the seventh entry under Electric Caripanies.

-4-

General Biarass and Trash:

Department of Health and City and County of Hcnolulu, 208 Water Quality
Management Plan for the City and County of Honolulu, Volume I,
Honolulu, Hawaii, October 1978.

Hawaii Bicmass Energy Study Team of Stanford University and the University
of Hawaii, Bicmass Energy for Hawaii, Volume I--Summa7 and
, Volume II-Suga@ Operation, Volume III--Mixed Municipal
Refuse, Volume IV-Terrestrial and Marine Plantations, Institute
for Energy Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
February 1977.

Energy Tree Farms:

Department of Land and Natural Resources, Hawaii Division of Forestry,
Energy Tree Farm Program, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1979.

Alcohol:

Murata, Donald, "Alcohol Production," Technical Report No. 5, Fuels frcn
Bicmass, The Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii,
T@pr=11978.

Solar:

Department of Planning and Econcnuc Development, An Index of Solar
es in the State of Hawaii, (7/78 to 7/79), Honolulu, Hawaii,
1979.

Department of Planning and Econcmic Development, Solar 24m: Hawaii
and the U.S. Islands of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 1978.

Geothermal:

Department of Land and Natural Resources, Regulations on Leasing of
Geothermal Resources and Drilling for Geothermal Resources in
Hawaii, RegulTtic-n 8, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 1978.

Kamins, Robert M., Revised Envirormmtal Impact Statement for the Hawaii
Geothermal Research Station UE=z__3r_n_g the HGP-A Well at Puna, Island
of Hawaii, DepartTLent of Planning and Econarac Developmnt, Honolulu,
lEw-ali, March 1978.

Ocean Thermal Energy Ccnversion:

R. M. Towill Corporation, Envirormmtal Impact Statement for the Natural
Energy Laboratory of !Twa3.i at Ke-ahole Point, Hawaii (TRa-se -I),
The Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu,
Hawaii, December 1976.

-5-

Fuel Storage Tanks:

Department of Planning and Econanic DevelogrLent, State of Hawaii,
Feasibility Study of Local Cp for Strategic Petroleum Storage
Ui -Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, August 1978.

Oahu Energy Corridor:

Department of Transportation, Modified Environmental L-npact Statement,
Establishment of Energy Corridor on Oahu, Honolulu, Hawaii,
November 15, 1971.

Hawaii Architects and Engineers, Inc., Negative Declaration and
Environmental impact Assessmeent for the Prcposed Route Modification
of the Energy Corridor, Honolulu, Hawaii, December

Harbors:

Department of the Army, U.S. Army Engineer District Honolulu, Hawaii,
Barbers Point Harbor Final Environmental Impact Statement, and
T@p @d3.x A-Benefit Analysis, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976.

Department of the Army, U.S. Anny Engineer District Honolulu, Hawaii,
Barbers Point Harbor, Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact
Statement, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 1977.

Department of the Army, U.S. Anny Engineer District Honolulu, Hawaii,
Draft Formulation Design Meim for Barbers Point Harbor, Honolulu,
Hawaii, 7;Fr-il1976.

M&E Pacific, Inc., Revised Envircnrrkental- Impact Statement for the Barbers
Point Deep--Draft Harbor on Oahu, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 1978.

General Regulations:'

Department of Planning and Econcmic Development, Hawaii Coastal Zone
Management Program, A Register of Govenmient Permits Required for
Development, Honolulu, Hawaii, December 1977.

Mandelker, Daniel R., Legal Aspe of Hawaii's Coastal Zone Management
Program, Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, Document 6,
Department of Planning and Econanic Develognant, Honolulu, Hawaii,
August 1975.

'Also see the third entry under Alternative Energy.

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