Preliminary study of the installation of manufactured homes and installation monitoring by states and local governments

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE INSTALLATION OF
MANUFACTURED HOMES
AND INSTALLATION MONITORING BY STATES
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

JANUARY 1989

01@
Prepared for:

The Department of Housing and Urban Development
Manufactured Housing and Construction Standards Division
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington D.C. 20410

Prepared by:

National Conference of States
on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.
481 Carlisle Drive
Herndon, VA 22070

HD COASTAL ZO NLF :
7289.62
.U55
INFORMATION CENITEP,
1989

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
Property Of CSC Library COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON ,SC 29405-2413

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE INSTALLATION OF
MANUFACTURED HOMES
AND INSTALLATION MONITORING BY STATES
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

PREFACE

Purpose

This report is intended to assist HUD, states, and industry in finding ways to
improve installation of homes which will achieve the following:

0 Improve durability and quality of homes.
a Reduce property damage and number of personal injuries and deaths
resulting from manufactured home accidents.
0 Improve consumer satisfaction and confidence.

Scope

The study included on-site inspections of new manufactured homes review of
state regulations and city or county inspection programs; and review of
consumer complaint data, installation manuals, and installation hardware
technical data. The study did not include homes on permanent foundations,
such as homes on basement walls or perimeter foundation walls.

Intended Audience

This report is intended to be used by the following:

Federal, state, and local governments
Manufacturers, retailers, and installers of manufactured (mobile) homes
Manufacturers of pier and anchor components
Manufactured home associations

The term "manufactured homes" or "manufactured housing" used in this study
refers only to "mobile" homes, not modular homes.

Background

It should be noted that responsibility of regulating installation of
manufactured (mobile) homes falls upon the state and local government. The
Federal manufactured home program managed by HUD regulates only the design and
production of homes at the factories. Once a HUD I abel ed home (i . e. , a home
produced under the Federal manufactured home program) leaves the factory it is
sold by dealers. The home is then transported and installed either by the
dealer or subcontractors hired by the home owners. All such activities (sale
by dealer, transportation, zoning, site preparation, and installation) are
regulated by the state and local government, and are not covered by the
Federal Program.

NOTICE

The material contained in this report represents a preliminary study of
various aspects affecting installation of manufactured homes with
emphasis on homes installed in hurricane and highwind prone areas (for
further explanation about this study's scope, see Chapter 4). Additional
investigation, research, and study is recommended (see page 3.7).

HUD directed NCSBCS to prepare this report considering its responsibility
to Congress under the public law 93-383, Title VI, Sections .608(a),
.623(b), and .626(c).

Acknowledgment

NCSBCS wants to thank the individuals listed below for their assistance and
guidance in the collection of information and development of the report:

G. Robert Fuller - Compliance Branch - HUD
Hyder Jinnah Compliance Branch - HUD

Gene Admire State of Louisiana Michael Hinckley - State of Texas
Roy Beal - State of New Jersey Melvin Hinsen - State of Florida
Tom Berrey, Jr. - State of Alabama Bob Hunt State of Rhode Island
Bill Brewer - State of Florida Gil Jones State of North Carolina
Orville Cummings - State of Florida Richard Lynch State of Maryland
Bruce D'Admore State of New Jersey Sergio Salinas State of Texas
Lamar Dickerson State of Georgia Joe Teague - State of Alabama
Linda Hart - State of Florida Owen Tharrington - State of North
Harold Hendricks - State of Alabama Carolina
Roger Williams - State of Delaware

NCSBCS also wants to thank the SAA administrators of all the 35 states;
several county and city officials; and several industry associations,
including Manufactured Housing Institute (MHI) who have provided NCSBCS with
information and valuable guidance.

NCSBCS Project Staff

Ashok Goswami - Director
Shyam Choudhary - Chief Engineer
Mike Werner - Project Manager
Pat Katon - Project Engineer
Maureen Maze - Survey and Statistics
Carolyn Wallace - Editor

Other NCSBCS staff members have provided significant contribution in compiling
and reviewing the information.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

I. INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES BACKGROUND 1.1
A. Current Trends . . . . * * * * ' : : : * 1.1
B. Federal vs State and Local Responsibility 1.2

II. FACTORS STUDIED BY NCSBCS . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3

2 OVERALL SCOPE AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION . . . . . . . 2.1

3 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . 3.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

II. MAIN ISSUES- QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS/RECOMMENDATIONS . . . ... . . . . . 3.2

A. Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
B. Recommendations/Steps to
Improve Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7

4 OBSERVATIONS FROM ON-SITE INSPECTION OF
INSTALLATION OF HOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1

A. Installation Inspection Process . . . . . . . 4.1
B. Purpose and Scope of Installation .. . . . . 4.4
C. Analysis from Inspections . . . . . . . . . 4.4

II. DEFICIENCIES DISCOVERED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .4

A. List of Main Deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
B. Technical Criteria to Determine Deficiencies . . 4.5

III. SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6

A. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6
B. Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9

IV. DRAFT OF MANUFACTURED HOME INSTALLATION INSPECTION
GUIDEBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

5 STATE REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES 5.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1

A. State Installation Regulation
Evaluation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
B. Purpose and Scope of Evaluating
State Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
C. Analysis from State Regulations . . . . . . . . . 5.4

II. FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4

A. List of Main Aspects of the State,
Regulatory Programs Reviewed . * * ' * * * * * * * 5.4
B. Answers for the Three Questions . . . . . . . . . 5.5

III. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12

6 CITY AND COUNTY SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

A. City and County Survey Process . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
B. Purpose and Scope of the Survey . . . . . . . . . 6.2
C. Analysis from the Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2

II. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 6.2

A. Compilation of Answers to Survey . . . . . . . . 6.2
B. Overall Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6

7 REVIEW OF CONSUMER COMPLAINT DATA AVAILABLE WITH
STATES (SAAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

A. Consumer Complaint Data Collection Process . . . . 7.1
B. Scope and Method of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 7.2

II. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

8 REVIEW OF INSTALLATION (SET-UP) MANUALS . . . . . . . . . . 8.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1

A. Installation Manual Review Process . . . . . . . . 8.1
B. Purpose of the Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1

II. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 8.2

9 REVIEW OF COMPONENTS USED IN MANUFACTURED
HOME INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1

A. Component Review Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
B. Analysis from Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2
ii- CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3

LIST OF TABLEVSKETCHES

2 OVERALL SCOPE AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION . . . . . . . . 2.1

TABLE 2-1 Conducted Field (On-Site) Inspections . . . . 2.2
TABLE 2-2 Reviewed State Statutes and Regulations . . . 2.3
TABLE 2-3 Review of Local (County) Government
Installation Inspection Procedures . . . . . 2.4
TABLE 2-4 Review of Consumer Complaint Data
Received From SAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5
TABLE 2-5 Review of Installation (Set-Up) Manuals . . . 2.6
TABLE 2-6 Review of Components for Technical
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7

3 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

TABLE 3-1 Summary Questions about Main Issues
and Brief Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
TABLE 3-2 Suggested List to Follow to Help
Improve Installation of
Manufactured Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7

4 OBSERVATIONS FROM ON-SITE INSPECTION OF
INSTALLATION OF HOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1

TABLE 4-1 Summary List of On-Site Inspections . . . . . 4.2
TABLE 4-2 List of Main Deficiencies Observed
by NCSBCS Inspectors during Site
Inspection of Home Installation . . . . . . 4.16

SKETCH 4-1 Correct Method of Installation . . . . . . . 4.25
SKETCH 4-1A Current Practice of Ground Anchor
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.26
SKETCH 4-2 Incorrect Method of Installation . . . . . . 4.27
SKETCH 4-3 Wedging Between Steel Beam and
Masonry Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.28
SKETCH 4-4 Set-Up of Double Section of Homes . . . . . . 4.29
SKETCH 4-5 Connection of Floor Joist at
Marriage Wall in Double Section Homes . . . . 4.30
SKETCH 4-6 Connection of Roof Ridge Beam
at Marriage Wall in Double Section Homes 4.31

5 STATE REGIJLATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES 5.1

TABLE 5-1 Major Aspects of State Regulations For
Installation of Manufactured Homes . . . . . 5.6
TABLE 5-2 National Profile of State Regulations
Regarding Installation of
Manufactured Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9
TABLE 5-3 National Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15

vii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Selected Photographs from On-Site Inspections Indicating
Main Deficiencies Observed

APPENDIX B List of State Laws, Regulations, and Standards Information
Collected by NCSBCS

APPENDIX C Sample of Letters Sent to States, Requesting Information

APPENDIX D List of Counties, Copy of Letter with Survey Questionnaire,
and Summary Analysis of the Questionnaire

APPENDIX E List of Component Manufacturers, Sample of Letter Sent,
and Sample of Technical Information Obtained

APPENDIX F Excerpts from Federal Standards Pertaining to Wind
Storm Protection Requirements and Resolution Pertaining
to Installation of Manufactured Homes

APPENDIX G Correspondence

APPENDIX H Excerpts from Reports Used for the Installation Study

APPENDIX I NCSBCS A225.1

viii

Chapter 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I. INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES BACKGROUND

At present no compilation of data at the national level exists regarding the
current industry, practices for the installation of homes and how the
installation affects durability, quality, and safety characteristics of the
manufactured homes. There is a general perception among the State
Administrative Agencies (SAAs) who handle consumer complaints that improper
installation affects the durability and quality of manufactured homes. The
above views are shared by a majority of the industry representatives. The
adverse affects of improper installation of homes also include the following:

0 Reduced consumer confidence

* Reduced public officials confidence (affecting zoning and housing
policy)

0 Reduced resale value of the home

9 Increased life-cycle costs of the home

A. Current.Trends

Current trends indicate that a larger percentage of homes
produced are multi-section homes. The following is the ratio of
single versus multi-section homes over the last three years.

1986 1987 1988
Single-section 63% 60% 57%
Multi-section 37% 40% 43%

Multi-section homes require more attention to certain details
during installation than single-section homes, such as the
following: connection of two or more sections, and placement of
support at the mating (marriage) line. There i s a general
concern among state officials that adequate attention is not
being placed on such details.

Larger single-section homes are becoming more popular:

Width Length
Past demand 10 - 12 feet 40 - 60 feet
Current trend 14 - 18 feet 60 - 80 feet

The current trend is also toward heavier homes as more gypsum
wall paneling and gypsum ceilings are being used instead of luan
plywood paneling and ceiling board.

Installation practices have not improved in line with the
production of multi-section homes, larger single-section homes,
and heavier homes.

B. Federal vs State and Local Responsibility

The Federal Regulations, 24 CFR 3282, and 3283 require that the
manufacturer and dealer must provide the homeowner with a
"homeowner manual" which should include (per Sec. 3283-104) an
explanation of the procedures recommended to be followed in
setting up the manufactured home. The explanation should
include the following:

1) Site preparation procedures
2) Types of foundations for which the home was designed
3) Procedure for leveling the home
4) Procedures for connecting utilities
5) Suggested anchoring procedures for wind uplift and
overturning

- 1.2

If practical, the manual should include a list of sources the consumer may
contact to obtain anchoring 'and set-up services. The manual should advise
the consumer on differing requirements for manufactured homes located in
"hurricane" and "non-hurricane" wind zones. The manual should also
include a recommendation that the home be professionally inspected after
it is set up to assure that it has not been damaged in transit or during
set up, and that the set up is appropriate to the site.

The Federal Standards 3280.306 also have minimum requirements for the
design and, construction of homes to resist wind storms, including
N connections of the home with the support and anchoring system. The
Federal Standards and Regulations do not have minimum requirements for the
support and anchoring components or the systems.

Set-up manuals contain a recommended method 'of installation as required by
Federal- Regulations. The manufacturer's recommended method of
installation is the "Preferred" method; and, for warranty purposes, the
manufacturer may require that method be followed. The manufacturer's
set-up manual may not contain sufficient details for all site conditions
and types of installations. Examples of such conditions could be the
following: home installed on very high piers or on basement perimeter
foundation. In such cases, the state or local government official must
determine if additional details prepared by a registered engineer or
architect are required.

It is the state and local government's responsibility to inspect the
installation of homes to assure that the installation is done in
accordance with the following:

1) Manufacturer's installation instructions (set-up manual).

2) Any additional installation details certified by professional
engineers, and architects.

3) Local, municipal, or state building codes.

1.3

At this time, the Federal Government does not have any standards and
regulations affecting support and anchoring components. Therefore, it is
the state and local government's responsibility to develop and implement
the standards.

II. FACTORS STUDIED BY NCSBCS

NCSBCS study included the following effort:

1. On-site inspection of installation with local and state inspectors located
in ten states in hurricane zone (see Chapter 4).
2. Review of all available state statutes and regulations (see Chapter 5).
3. Review of local (county) government installation inspection procedures and
practices (see Chapter 6).
4. Review of consumer complaint data received by HUD from SAAs (see Chapter
7).
5. Review of installation manuals (see Chapter 8).
6. Review of components used in manufactured home installation (see Chapter
9).

This study includes two chapters (chapters 2 and 3) that give a summary of the
main areas that this installation study covers. Chapter 2 depicts the overall
scope of data collection and evaluation in table/chart form. Chapter 3 lists
the main questions brought up from this study and gives brief answers to these
main installation issues. Chapter 3 also contains a section on recommended
steps that can be taken to improve the overall quality of manufactured home
installation.

Several Appendices have been included to give necessary background and backup
information. Appendix A may be of particular interest to the readers of this
study. It contains photographs taken during the on-site inspections showing
main deficiencies observed.

1.4

Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2

OVERALL SCOPE AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Introduction

The tables on the following pages summarize NCSBCS' effort in collecting data
relevant to installation of manufactured homes. The tables also identify how
the data was analyzed or evaluated.

Further details for the installation study process can be located in the
chapters referenced after each evaluation/analysis section.

The summary conclusions and recommendations given in Chapter 3 were arrived at
based on the effort summarized in this chapter.

2.1

TABLE 2-1
1. Conducted Field (On-site) Inspections

STEP ACTION

I Inspected (accompanied by state and local officials) over 60
new homes in 10 high-wind prone states for installation procedures
during or right after installation.

2 Took photographs and field notes.

3 Reviewed photographs and discussed observations with HUD and NCSBCS
engineers.

Evaluation/Analysis from Results of Inspgction

0 Identified list of main deficiencies observed.

0 Evaluated technical criteria for the deficiencies.

0 Summarized general observations regarding the performances
and knowledge of state/local inspectors and installers.

0 Selected photographs showing examples of the deficiencies
observed.

See Chapter 4 for further explanation of the on-site inspection.

2.2

TABLE 2-2
2. Reviewed State Statutes and Regulations

STEP ACTION

Collected state statutes, regulations, and standards from all
states.

2 Categorized the information received from the states.

3 Reviewed the information for installation related rules.

Evaluation/Analysis from Results of Review

Prepared a list of state laws, regulations, and standards.

Identified key characteristics of state and local
monitoring.

Prepared a chart summarizing the key characteristics of
state regulations of all 50 states.

Summarized analysis of national profile regarding state
regulation of installations.

Evaluated potential effectiveness of current state and
local monitoring programs.

See Chapter 5 for further explanation of the state statutes and regulations.

2.3

TABLE 2-3
3. Review of Local (County) Government
Installation Inspection Procedures

STEP ACTION

1 Prepared survey questionnaires containing both procedural and
technical information.

2 Selected counties in consultation with states.

3 Sent survey questionnaire to about 275 counties in 10 states
receiving a substantial number of homes.

4 Reviewed the 126 responses.

Evaluation/Analysis from Results of Revie

� Analyzed the responses of the county officials for general
conclusions regarding both procedures and technical aspects.

� Compared the answers and general conclusions with field
inspections and other data collected by limited telephone
contacts with state officials.

See Chapter 6 for further explanation of the city and county survey results.

2.4

TABLE 2-4
4. Review of Consumer complaint Data Received From SAA

STEP ACTION

1 Reviewed the consumer complaint data sent by SAAs (data for 12
month period).

2 Reviewed the method of data collection and its impact on the
analysis.

Evaluation/Analysis from Results of Review

0 Drew general conclusions about relationship between consumer
complaints and improper installation.

0 Identified the main areas of concern from consumer complaints.

See Chapter 7 for further explanation of consumer complaint information.

2.5

.TABLE 2-5
5. Review of Installation (Set-up) Manuals

STEP ACTION

1 Reviewed nine set-up manuals from the NCSBCS library of all
manufactured home designs.

2 Reviewed for 31 aspects (checklists) related with Federal
Standards.

Evaluation/Analysis from Results of Revie

Identified potential nonconformances in the set-up manuals
and contacted DAPIAs who approved the set-up manuals for
their responses (all responses have not been received or
reviewed at the time of writing this report).

Analyzed the citations for patterns among all DAPIAs.

See Chapter 8 for further explanation of the installation manual review
process.

2.6

TABLE 2-6
6. Review of Components for
Technical Information

STEP ACTION

1 Collected a list and the addresses of pier and anchor
manufacturers.

2 Wrote letters to these manufacturers to obtain their installation
instructions and test data.

3 Reviewed manufacturers' responses.

4 Reviewed other technical publications available.

Evaluation/Analysis from Results of Revie

0 Summarized key concerns.

0 Summarized technical data related with the key concerns.

See Chapter 9 for further explanation of pier and anchor components review
process.

2.7

Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a chart which summarizes the main issues discovered
during the installation study process. As stated in the preface, these
conclusions are preliminary and require further investigation. (See
pages 3.7 - 3.8 for suggested list of additional investigations.)

The chart lists 19 questions and answers. The answers have been made as
brief as possible to make it presentable. The detailed explanations of
the answers can be found in the various chapters referenced for each

answer.

The conclusions (answers) are based on on-site inspections in ten eastern
states and a review of all state programs (laws, regulations,
installation standards).

This chapter also includes a suggested list of steps to follow (for HUD;
states; manufacturers of manufactured housing and components;
manufacturer associations; insurance companies; and state associations of
manufactured home dealers and manufacturers) to help improve the
installation of manufactured housing. These suggested steps are based on
the information discovered during the installation study process.

3.1

II. MAIN ISSUES' QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Questions and Answers

The table below lists the main questions involved in the installation
process, and answers to these questions. So that the reader wi 11 be
able to quickly identify specific questions of interest certain key
words have been capitalized, and related areas have been put
together. The answers (comments) to these questions are preliminary
and good for discussion purposes; additional study is recommended
(see page 3-7).

TABLE 3-1
SUMMARY QUESTIONS ABO(JT MAIN ISSUES AND BRIEF ANSWERS

REFERENCES TO
CHAPTERS OR
NUMBER QUESTIONS (ISSUE) ANSWER (COMMENT) OTHER SOURCES

1) Are HOMES currently
being INSTALLED CORRECTLY? Generally, no #4
on-site
inspections

� Per homeowner SET-UP
MANUAL? Generally, no

� Per PIER/ANCHOR mfg's
installation instructions Generally, no

2) Are there significant Yes, several problems #4
PROBLEMS IN INSTALLATIONs? (i.e., anchors, piers on-site
straps and buckles, inspections
footings, connection
of the two halves, etc.)

Do they affect Yes
DURABILITY, SAFETY and
MAINTENANCE COST?

3.2

SUMMARY WESTIONS AB(XJT MAIN ISSUES AND BRIEF ANSWERS

REFERENCES TO
CHAPTERS OR
NUMBER QUESTIONS (ISSUE) ANSWER (COMMENT) OTHER SOURCES

3) Will CORRECT INSTALLATION For most items, not Additional
require substantial much. A few items will investigations
ADDITIONAL COST? require more labor cost. are needed

4) Are increased COSTS Yes, however; a
JUSTIFIED? cost/benefit analysis
has not been made.

Who BENEFITS? Homeowner and home
manufacturer.

5) Does the CONSUMER COMPLAINT Yes, over 50% of the #7
DATA show installations to complaints seem to consumer
be a major problem? come from installations complaint
(based on limited data). data

6) Do the home MANUFACTURERS Not to full extent, Discussion
KNOW of these installation particularly they with
problems? If not, reasons? may lack knowledge of manufacturers
technical issues.
Larger manufacturers
may have much better
technical knowledge.

Service crew/managers are
not always technically
qualified.

Why has no ACTION been Lack of technical
taken SO FAR? knowledge, dependence
on retailers/dealers
for business, competition
among the manufacturers.
Note: The manufacturers
are now increasingly
taking steps to work
closely with retailers to
assure that the set-up
instructions are followed.

3.3

SUMMARY QUESTIONS AB()UT MAIN ISSUES AND BRIEF ANSWERS

REFERENCES TO
CHAPTERS OR
NUMBER OkJESTIONS (ISSUE) ANSWER (COMMENT) OTHER SOURCES

7) Do INSTALLERS/DEALERS know Generally, no On-site
the CORRECT METHODS, set-up inspections
manual requirements, or
pier-anchoring requirements?

If not, why? Installers:

- Work based,on their
past experience.
- Follow old industry-wide practice.
- Do not read set-up manuals.
- Find that manuals are complicated
to interpret
- Find that set-up manuals not available.
- Are not generally regulated
by government.

8) What PROGRAMS help Installers are #5
REGULATE installers bonded, licensed with State
and improve their testing requirements. programs
performance? Installers receive
training by manufacturers
and state.

9) Does LICENSING and Yes, licensing the
BONDING of installers installers helps to
help to regulate and establish qualification
improve installation? criteria, and bonding
helps to assure their
performance.

10) Do STATE/LOCAL GOVERNMENT Not completely. #4
KNOW of the installation on-site
problems? inspections

If not, reason? - Lack of technical
knowledge.
- Not much
emphasis from state
or federal government
in the past.

If so, why no resolution? - Lack of statutory
recourse.
- Funding.

- 3.4

SUMMARY QUESTIONS ABO(JT MAIN ISSUES AND BRIEF ANSWERS

REFERENCES TO
CHAPTERS OR
NUMBER QUESTIONS (ISSUE) ANSWER (COMMENT) OTHER SOURCES

11) Do STATES have good No (except a few states) #5
installation related LAWS, State
REGULATIONS and STANDARDS? programs

What is the NATIONAL PROFILE? National of % of homes
Profile States affected
States with 22 27%
no laws, etc.

States with. 11 16%
some laws, etc.

States with 9 36%
significant
laws, etc. but
very little
enforcement

States with 8 18%
significant
laws, etc. and
enforcement

12) Do LOCAL (CITY/COUNTY) Generally, no #4
INSPECTORS perform effective On-site
inspectiohs?

If not, reason? Lack of knowledge of correct
installation procedures.

13) Is there a problem with Yes 44
the listing and quality On-site
of GROUND ANCHORS? inspections

14) Do the DEALERS/RETAILERS Generally not.
FAVOR increased regulations?
If not, any reason? Dealers are not Discussion
technically knowledgeable, with SAAs
therefore, are not aware
of the need for increased
regulations. Besides
increased regulations
create more restriction
and paperwork.

3.5

SUMMARY QUESTIONS ABOUT MAIN ISSUES AND BRIEF ANSWERS

REFERENCES TO
CHAPTERS OR
NUMBER QUESTIONS (ISSUE) ANSWER (COMMENT) OTHER SOURCES

15) Is Manufactured Housing Yes Discussion
Institute (MHI) in favor with MHI
of increased installation
regulation?

Do they favor increased Yes
training?

16) Is the National Manufactured Federation is reviewing
Housing Federation of this aspect at
dealers in favor of present.
increased installation
regulation?

17) Is the National Federation Yes Letter
of Homeowners Association See Appendix G
in favor of increased
installation regulations?

18) Is the State Task Force in Yes 1987 State
favor of increased Task Force
installation regulation? Report and
resolution
passed by
states in
Sept. 1988
See Appendix H

19) What are the MAIN ISSUES * What programs Letter
where agreement is hard to select?
to reach IN STATES who are See other
actively debating new 9 Should the installers discussions
installation laws and be licensed, bonded?
programs?
* What should the requirements
be for licensing?

What method of monitoring
the installer's performance
should be used?

What steps
should be taken by state if
county or city does not comply
with state laws?

3.6

B. Recommendations/Steps to Improve Installation of Manufactured Homes

The chart below lists recommended steps that HUD, the states,
home manufacturers, manufacturer associations, ground anchor or
other component manufacturers, insurance companies, and state
associations of manufactured home dealers and manufacturers can
or should take to improve installation of manufactured homes.

TABLE 3-2
SUGGESTED LIST TO FOLLOW TO HELP IMPROVE INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

HUD

� Develop training manuals, video training modules for
installation of homes.

� Collect existing technical data about components used in
installation; provide a central source to all state and
local offices.

� Hold series of workshops with SAA, manufacturer's
associations, dealer's associations, local". county
officials, HUD area offices on installation.

� Place e@phasis on the optional responsibilities of the
SAAs, such as dealer lot and installation inspection by
making them mandatory.

0 Develop brochures and small handbook for homeowners
which contain information about key installation issues
and coordinate distribution of such material through
manufacturers, dealers, and homeowner associations.

� Consider developing Federal standards on installation
hardware, such as ground anchors, buckles, piers, etc.;
or work with building codes or standards' organizations
such as ANSI and ASTM to develop such standards.

3.7

TABLE 3-2 (Continued)
SUGGESTED LIST TO FOLLOW TO HELP IMPROVE INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

HUD (continued)

� Notify lenders of problems (Title I program).

� Enhance review of DAPIA approved set-up manuals.

� Require additional data collection and evaluations on
the following:

- On-site investigations in the remaining 40 states not
covered by the study.

- On-site investigations in all 50 states of
manufactured homes on permanent foundations.

- State programs including detailed comparison of
current state standards and regulations.

- County and city programs.

- Listing programs of installation hardware and
verification of their performance by testing.

- Homeowner manuals in compliance with CFR 3283.

- Cost/benefit evaluation of improved installation
procedures.

- Cost/benefit evaluation of state/loca.1 regulation of
installations.

- Reduced durability and consumer satisfaction by
improper installation (relationship of consumer
complaints with improper installation).

3.8

TABLE 3-2 (Continued)
SUGGESTED LIST TO FOLLOW TO HELP IMPROVE INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

STATES

0 State task force should work in development of MODEL
PROGRAM for states (including laws, regulations, and
standards).

0 Work toward developing uniform installation laws and
effective inspection programs.

0 Team up and develop training programs for state and
county inspectors.

0 Establish standards for components used in installation.

0 If states do not have necessary laws, coordinate meeting
with the state manufactured housing associations and HUD
to develop support for laws.

Place more emphasis on the "optional SAA
responsibilities," such as dealer lot monitoring and
installation inspections.

HOME MANUFACTURERS

Improve the set-up manual and homeowner manual (the
design and clarity of details).

Provide technical training to the service personnel
either independently or in coordination with other
manufacturers.

Coordinate the training of dealers and installers with
other manufacturers.

If HUD or states offer training programs, participate in
those programs.

Identify on each home by "flag" or other means wh,ere
piers and anchors are required.

Promote consumer awareness.

3.9

TABLE 3-2 (Continued)
SUGGESTED LIST TO FOLLOW TO HELP IMPROVE INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

MANUFACTUR ER ASSOCIATIONS

� Coordinate the suggestions to HUD, the states, and home
manufacturers.

GRO1UND ANCHOR or OTHER COMPONENT MANUFACTURERS

� Include installation instructions with their hardware.

� Provide training to installers.

� Conduct more testing and research.

INSURANCE COMPANIES

� Offer better rates for homes that are installed properly
and are certified for proper installation by reputable
inspection agencies.

STATE ASSOCIATIONS of MANUFACTURED HOMES

� Coordinate with states the bondi'ng, licensing, and
training programs for dealers and installers.

3.10

Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4

OBSERVATIONS FROM ON-SITE INSPECTION OF INSTALLATION OF HOMES

I. INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses NCSBCS' observations and conclusions made from on-site
inspection of the installations of manufactured homes. It includes a summary
list of the number of parks and homes inspected and the inspection
participants; a table detailing the main deficiencies observed by NCSBCS
inspectors (engineers) during these site inspections of installation; and a
draft (example outline) of a manufactured home installation inspection
guidebook.

A. Installation Inspection Process

NCSBCS, accompanied by state and local inspectors, Inspected over 60 homes
in 10 states during April through June of 1988. HUD engineers also
participated in many of these inspections. Since HUD allocated limited
resources to this preliminary study, highwind and hurricane prone states
were selected (per HUD's direction) because improperly installed homes
located in these states pose higher risk to personal injury or death.
(See Appendix F for excerpts from the Federal Standards pertaining to
windstorm protection requirements.) The state and local (county)
inspectors were asked to take NCSBCS inspectors to "better installed
homes" to evaluate the practices that are considered to be.sound by the
installers and government inspectors. (For a list of the specific
inspections performed in the ten states; NCSBCS and HUD staff inspectors
for each inspection; and the state and local inspectors who participated
see Table 4-1, "Summary List of On-Site Inspections".)

NCSBCS took photographs on site and these photographs were later reviewed
by a NCSBCS panel of engineers and HUD staff. This panel discussed
deficiencies observed during the inspections.

4.1

TABLE 4-1

SUMMARY LIST OF ON-SITE INSPECTIONS

OF PARKS
STATES WHERE INSPECTED
ON-SITE INSPECTIONS CONDUCTED PARTICIPATION BY (# OF HOMES
INSPECTIONS BY NCSBCS ENGINEERS STATE AND LOCAL INSPECTED
WERE PERFORMED (AND HUD ENGINEERS) INSPECTORS & DOCUMENTED)

1) Alabama Pat Katon State Officials 5 Parks
Harold Hendricks 6 homes
Joe Teague
Tom Berrey, Jr.

2) Delaware Pat Katon Kent County 5Parks
Officials 2 homes
Mike Thompson
Roger Wi 11 i ams

3) Florida Pat Katon State Officials 3Parks
Orville Cummings 4 homes
Bill Brewer
Melvin Hinsen
Linda Hart

County of
Hillsborough Officials
David H. Jones
A. E. Tracy
Floyd Keyes

4) Georgia Michael Werner State Official 4 Parks
Hyder Jinnah/HUD Lamar Dickerson 12 homes

5) Louisiana Pat Katon State Official 3Parks
Gene Admire 2 homes

Parrish of Baton
Rouge Official
O.M. Causey

6) Maryland Michael Werner State Officials 4 Parks
Richard Lynch 9 homes
Ocean City Insgector
Mike Richardson

7) North Carolina Michael Werner State Officials 3Parks
Hyder Jinnah/HUD Owen Tharrington 8 homes
Gil Jones

8) New Jersey Michael Werner State Officials 2Parks
Pat Katon Bruce D'Admore 5 homes
Roy Beal

- 4.2

SUMMARY LIST OF ON-SITE INSPECTIONS

9) Rhode Island Michael Werner State Official 2 Parks
Dick St. Onge Bob Hunt 8 homes
Hyder Jinnah/HUD

10) Texas Pat Katon State Officials 8 Parks
Sergio Salinas 10 homes
Michael Hinckley

City of Pasadena
Official
Jack Moore

NOTE: NCSBCS has a summary of inspection reports for 66 homes.

4.3

B. Purpose and Scope of the Inspections

The purpose of these installation inspections was to learn not only the
typical methods of installation of homes, but also to understand the
interaction between homeowner, dealer, installer, home manufacturer, and
local inspectors. The study includes inspections conducted in
manufactured housing parks, planned subdivisional development of
communities, and individual homeowner sites.

C. Analysis from Inspections

The NCSBCS inspectors identified specific deficiencies observed during
on-site inspections, had discussions with the installers and local
inspectors in the field, contacted SAA administrators, reviewed set-up
manuals and ground anchor tests data, etc. Technical information obtained
through these other sources were used to evaluate the conditions observed
in the field and to determine their acceptability. A list of the main
deficiencies that NCSBCS inspectors discovered is-provided in the next
section. This list of main deficiencies may be used for training purposes.

II. DEFICIENCIES DISCOVERED

NCSBCS discovered several deficiencies in the installation process (see Table
4-2). Photographs in Appendix A best demonstrate the observed deficiencies
which were selected. Sketches are also included (at the end of this chapter)
to further explain the installation process and deficiencies discovered.

- 4.4

A. List of Main Deficiencies

The following list contains main installation deficiencies summarized into
seven categories (for details see Table 4-2).

1. Site preparation (drainage, spacing, or placement of footings, and
vapor barrier).
2. Foundation (footings, piers and shims)
3. Tie-downs against sliding, uplift, and overturning moment caused by
wind (ground anchors, straps and buckles).
4. Marriage wall connections (roof, floor, insulation, caulking and
alignment between the two halves).
5. Mechanical work (ducts, repair of bottom board and insulation,
venting, gas connection and plumbing).
6. Electrical work (field installation of fixtures and repairs).
7. Special site conditions (installation in flood areas, skirting and
on-site additions).

B. Technical Criteria to Determine Deficiencies

The following list contains the criteria used in identifying the
deficiencies:

0 Manufacturers set-up manual.
0 Current NCSBCS A225.1 Standards or other installation standards (see
Appendix I for a brief description of the NCSBCS A225.1 Standards).
a Acceptable engineering practice.*

*NOTE: "Acceptable Engineering Practice" refers to engineering practices
followed by professional engineers in all building construction trades
that will assure durability and performance of homes under the typical
conditions such as soil characteristics, gravity, wind, snow, moisture
movement, etc. Durability means the capability of a building, one of its
subassemblies, or other components to perform the functions for which it
was designed and constructed (based on an assumed level of owner
maintenance) over a specified time.

4.5 -

� Test data and installation instructions of the products (hardware)
used in the installations.
� Durability, health, and safety requirements as identified in the
Federal HUD Standards.

III. SUMMARY/ CONCLUS, IONS

This section lists the main conclusions NCSBCS made from the installation
inspections and a summary relating to costs.

A. Conclusions

1. Defi ci enci es

None of the homes inspected were installed completely correctly. Each
home inspected had many deficiencies related with the installation.

Major problem discovered in ground anghor5

One of the significant and prevalent deficiencies discovered was
incorrect installation of ground anchors. Examples follow:

� Angle of ground anchor is not according to the ground anchor
manufacturer's instructions or test data

� Excessive projection of ground anchor above ground

� Predrilling the hole in the ground

� Absence of poured concrete collar

4.6

NCSBCS has identified the following reasons that may have caused this
deficiency to be so prevalent:

a Installation instructions for the ground anchors are not available on
site since the instructions are rarely provided with the hardware.

0 Manufacturer's set-up or homeowner's manual does not provide
installation instructions for the ground anchors, but references a
requirement to install hardware in accordance with manufacturer's
instructions.

0 Installation procedures of various ground anchor brands available on
the market vary widely. Each brand requires slightly different
procedures and the procedures are also affected by the type of soil.

9 Installers, dealers and local/state inspectors were not aware of the
correct procedures of installing ground anchors. For instance, the
installers, dealers and local/state inspectors did not know that the
anchors need to be installed parallel to the strap rather than
perpendicular or that a concrete collar is required by some anchor
manufacturers, if predrilling for anchor placement is required.

2. Frequency of deficiencies

Since NCSBCS inspected a limited number of homes in only ten states,
no statistical evaluation can be made about the frequency of
occurrence of each deficiency listed in this chapter. However, the
discussion with SAAs from the ten states and the remaining states
indicated that the deficiencies discovered are commonly occurring in
other states as well.

4.7

3. Effectiveness of state installation regulation

In nine out of the ten states where on-site inspections were
conducted, the state programs to regulate the installations were not
comprehensive. The following provides additional detail by
cross-referencing Chapter 5, "State Regulation of Installation of
Manufactured Homes."

1) Little or no laws related to installation of homes exist in three
states and these states do not have an enforcement program.

2) Some laws related to installation of homes exist in three states
but these states do not have an enforcement program.

3) Significant laws related to installation of homes exist in three
states but these states do not have an effective enforcement program.

4) Significant laws exist in one state with reasonably effective
enforcement program.

Note: As indicated in Chapter 5. only eight states out of the fifty
states fall in Category 4. These eight states account for only 16
percent of all the homes installed.

4. State and local inspectors' awareness of installation deficiencies

The local inspectors and state inspectors participating were generally
not aware of deficiencies observed. The inspectors did not appear to
have technical knowledge regarding many of the deficiencies listed
here. It appears that because of the lack of technical knowledge, the
installation of homes is not significantly better, even in those local
counties where installation inspections are being done today.

4.8

5. Set-up manuals

The set-up manuals were, in most cases available but the installers
were not using them. Some state or local inspectors referred to
office or personal copies of instructions that may or may not
incorporate individual model modifications. Generally, the homeowner
or the park owner had to search for the set-up manual when NCSBCS
inspectors asked for it. The park developers or homeowners were not
fully aware of the importance of following instructions in the
manufacturer's set-up manual.

B. Costs

The cost of installation of ground anchors is a substantial portion of the
installation. NCSBCS was informed by the manufacturer's association that
if the ground anchors were to be correctly installed, per tests and ground
anchor manufacturer's instructions, it would substantially increase the
cost of installation.

NCSBCS has not made an analysis to determine an increase in the cost of
installation of the homes if correct installation procedures were to be
followed. There are several items which are of workmanship type and the
correct installation will not result in significantly increased labor or
material cost. Some items, however, will result in significantly
increased labor and material cost, such as foundations placed below frost
depth, and correct ground anchor installation.

4.9 -

IV. DRAFT OF MANUFACTURED HOME INSTALLATION INSPECTION GUIDEBOOK

Reference Material Needed For Inspection

1. Home manufacturer's set-up manual, or set-up design that has been
prepared by professional engineer.

2. Installation instructions of the ground anchor and strap and
buckle manufacturer. (If they are not available, follow generic
guidelines described.)

3. State or local installation standards.

If the above are not available, use NCSBCS A225.1 (see Appendix I for
description of these standards).

When to Inspect

For most effectiveness, inspection during the installation is desirable.
After the installation is complete, many structural connections and
procedures followed by the installer can not be inspected.

If the inspection is done after the installation is complete, the
inspector has to use "tell-tale" signs and some more imaginative methods
to determine how the installation was done, particularly in multi-section
homes.

If skirting has been installed, it may restrict the access to the
foundations, unless one is willing to crawl through limited access doors
or small vent openings.

Equipment Needed For Inspection

Flash light
Measuring tape
Ladder
Level (small and 4)
Angle or protractor

CATEGORY 1 - SITE PREPARATION

1.1. Drainage of Site

0 Crown in the middle under the house (drainage of water from center
to outside).

0 Trench or slope or other methods to drain the rain water away from
the home and around the home.

a Placement of vapor barrier under the home (in humid locations).

- 4.10

1.2. Bearing on good soil and location (for location see next item) under
Category 2

� Undisturbed soil (footings should not be placed on top soil
containing organic material- - undisturbed soil may be found 6" - 12"
or more below existing grade).

� Compacted fill of the existing grades has been raised. Soil in
footing area should be level.

1.3. Bearing Soil Below Frost Penetration

Check footing depth for frost penetration, particularly if perimeter
blocking is provided.

1.4. Utilities Installed at the Right Location

0 Coordinate with the Utility Connection Location of the House.

1.5. Local Zoning Laws Regarding Front or Side Off-sets From Lot

Check off-sets from street or lot boundary.

CATEGORY 2 - FOUNDATIONS (FOOTINGS, PIERS, CAPS AND SHIMS)

2.1. Footings

Determine size and location from set-up manual, locally adopted
standards, or professional engineer's drawings.

Under I-beams
Under perimeter wall
Under marriage wall ridgebeam post
Under tip outs or extension
Under fireplaces

etermine type of footing

Precast concrete pad - for proper mark and orientation (the surface with
the manufacturer's identification mark should be visible and in contact
with the metal stand).

Treated plywood

- Check manufacturer's mark for listing
Check listing for soil conditions
- Check treatment of edges

Solid 2" X 8" X 16" concrete masonry blocks

- Orientation (parallel to I-beams)
- Number of blocks (at least 2)

4.11

2.2. Piers

Determine capacity of metal stand if applicable
Check maximum height permitted by set-up manual adopted standards, or
or engineered drawing.
* 8 X 8" X 16" masonry piers

- Check orientation
- Check direction of the cell (should be vertical)
Size of pier (depending on the height and set-up manual)
- Cracked masonry

* For metal stand

- Check the extension height needed
- Check for listing
Check for installation instructions of metal stand, if there are
2.3. Caps any

Size of cap (2" minimum thickness wood concrete or equivalent)
Cracks and splits in lumber or in concrete cap.

2.4. Shims-

Type of material (wood without split and metal, plywood)
Double shimming (flat bearing at I-beam and at pier)
Minimum size (4" width - 6" length)
Maximum height (V-)
Level of home

CATEGORY 3 -TIEDOWNS

3. Tiedowns

3.1. Ground Anchor (per ground anchor's installation instructions)

Listing of the ground anchor and its acceptance by the state.
Direction of ground anchor (should be parallel to diagonal strap, in case
of a combination of vertical and diagonal ties, it should be parallel to
the combined resultant.)

Location and spacing (per wind zone and set-up manual. The location
should be as close to piers as possible.

Proper installation

limited predrilling
proper backfill with compacted soil

Listing of the ground anchor and its acceptance by state

4.12

Poured in place concrete collar (if required)
thickness and size

Location with respect to I-beam

for proper slope of strap, and

for connection with vertical strap (if applicable)
3.2. :trags and Buckles I

Strap thickness and width
Strap tension
Straps proper laps through the buckle and ground anchor against slip.
Buckle location (behind the I-beam and at the top of I-beam
0 Proper tension of over the,roof or hanging straps from sidewall (per
set-up manual)
a Field installation of strap (fastened with the house with correct
numbers, size of fasteners and location per set-up manual)

Note: For double wide homes, leveling and connection of the two halves
should take place before putting tension in the straps. For
single wide homes, leveling and placement of all footings should
be completed before putting tensions in the straps. The level of
the home should be again checked.

CATEGORY 4 - MARRIAGE WALL CONNECTION

4. Marriage Wall onnection (Per set-up Manual)

4.1. Connection at Floor

� Fastener size, spacing and angle of toe-nailing (or bolting of the
clips)
� Damage to the bottom board
a For rigid connection without gap

4.2. Connection at Roof

Fastener size, spacing, location and angle of toe screwing
Damage to the roof sheeting
Placement of ridge shingles or metal plates
For rigid connection without gap

4.3. Connection at Sidewall

Plates and fasteners
Installation of siding, (removal of plastic paper or other temporary
covering for ventilated wall cavities, if so required by set-up
manual)

4.13 -

4.4. Insulation and Gasketing

Insulation at floor, end walls, roof at all joints may be recommended
or required per manufacturer's installation instructions. (Note:
for homes having cathedral ceiling, the insulation should be at
cathedral ceiling.
Caulking as needed for stopping air infiltration
Fire stopping as required between roof and wall cavities

4.5. Connection of all trims, etc. at doors. openings, and endwall

Door operation
Proper installation of trim, etc, so that it would not fall off.

CATEGORY 5 MECHANICAL

5.1. Crossover Duct

Listing
Size
Hanger
Duct not touching the ground
Ch-eck operation of heating system for proper air flow
5.2. Repair of Rips in Bottom Board and Insulation

Proper tape
Proper packing of insulation

5.3. Ventilation of Dryer Vent

Outside rather than under the home
Proper support

5.4. Drain Pipe Installation

Proper connection of field installation: size, slope, direction of
fittings
Cleanouts not obstructed by structural elements such as piers, etc.
Proper testing of drain pipes per set-up manual
Proper testing of the water supply
Testing of operation of all plumbing fixtures

5.5. Ggs Connections

Gas pipe size
Retest the gas pipe if the inlet gas pipe is changed
Grounding of gas pipe if changed
Operation of all gas fired appliances

4.14

6. Electrical Work CATEGORY 6 - ELECTRICAL WORK

6.1. Main Connection

Proper feeder size
Rating of feeder wire
Connection 'to the main panel
Maximum length

6.2. Field Installation of Fixtures

Flash ring size and requirement (at exterior porch light for wood
siding, flash ring is required).

Installation of ceiling fan with proper structural connections.
Operation and polarity

6.3. Operation of Appliances and Outlets

6.4. Repairs Loose Fixtures or Outlets

CATEGORY 7 - SPECIAL SITE CONDITIONS

7. Sgecial Site Conditions

7.1. Operation of Exit Doors and Windows

7.2. Ventilation of Skirting

Minimum 4 per home
Minimum size for access
Location

7.3. Special Foundation Design For Flood Plain or Raised Homes

Per designs approved by professional engineer

4.15

TABLE 4-2
LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 1 - Site Preparation (drainage and placement of footings)

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No.@ Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

1.1 Poorly prepared site, improper Set-up Manual. 1, 2, 3, 6, 34
drainage and inadequate preparation
for footings.

1.2 Organic material under footings Set-up Manual and 1, 2, 3, 6, 34
(footings should be placed on acceptable engineering (Sketch 4-1)
undisturbed soil found 6"-- 12" or practice.
more below grade or on compacted
fill rather than on top soil having
organic material).

1.3 Inadequate protection of bearing Acceptable engineering 1, 2
soil against erosion by rain or practice.
wind.

1.4 Footings not placed below frost Acceptable engineering 10, 13
penetration (particularly the practice.
perimeter blocking).

1.5 Not placing vapor barrier Acceptable engineering All photographs
practice.

POTENTIAL IMPACT * Moisture problem leading to reduced durability of siding, bottom
OF IMPROPER board, etc. Condensation in walls, ceilings, water damage in
SITE PREPARATION wall panelings and ceilings, wet insulation, etc.
* Foundation problems leading to differential settlements, affecting
level of the home, reduced overall durability, buckling of walls,
floors, etc., of operation of doors and windows, and loosening of
tie-downs.

4J6

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 2 - Foundations, Footings, Piers and Shims

Description Reference to
0f Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

2.1 Footings placed above frost line Acceptable engineering 10, 13
practice.

2.2 Undersized footings. Set-up manual. 6, 28

2.3 Orientation of seam of dual Acceptable engineering 5, 10
masonry block footings not practice, NCSBCS-A225.1,
parallel to the I-beam. etc.

2.4 Untreated edges of treated plywood Acceptable engineering 4
footing. practice and tests.

2.5 Improper placement of precast Footing pad manufacturer 3
concrete footing pad is a frequent instructions and tests
error (the block face with manufac- for lateral loads.
turer I.D. should be contacting the
stand base--as shown--to assure
proper performance).

2.6 Over-extended metal stand adjust- Metal stand manufacturer 3, 9
ing stud may not extend more than instructions and tests (Sketch 4-2)
2" per some test data). to carry lateral load.

2.7 Masonry blocks (hollow masonry) on Adopted state standard. 7, 8
ends (the cells or cavities were Acceptable engineering
horizontal instead of vertical). practice, and NCSBCS
A225.1, etc.

2.8 Missing wood or solid masonry cap Set-up manuals, 1, 5, 7, 8,
above hollow masonry block piers. acceptable engineering 11, 25
practice, and NCSBCS
A225.1.

4.17

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 2 Foundations, Footings, Piers and Shims

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

2.9 Improper shim between piers and Set-up manuals, 1, 5, 8, 12,
I-beams: acceptable engineering 20, 21, 23
� Lack of double shimming to practice (bearing stress
assure proper bearing. of wood) and NCSBCS (Sketch 4-3)
� Improper width (less than 4") A225.1
of the wooden shim.
� Overshimming (more than I"
thickness of shims).
� Improper length (less than 6")

2.10 Absence of piers at marriage wall Set-up manual and Sketch 4-4
posts (supporting ridgebeams) in acceptable engineering
multiwide. (A similar problem practice.
would be not placing the piers at
sliding glass door openings and for
tip-out rooms.)

2.11 Conflicting location of pier at Set-up manual and 28
marriage wall post with the acceptable engineering
uplift strap at that post. practice.

POTENTIAL IMPACT * Foundation problems leading to improper leveling of homes,
OF IMPROPER reduced overall durability, adversely affecting operation of
FOUNDATIONS doors and windows, buckling of sidewall panels, uneven roof
line, and roof leaks.

a Lack of stability in wind and snowstorms.

4.18

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 3 - Tie-downs Against Wind (Ground Anchors, Straps and Buckles)

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

3.1 Concrete or ground anchors installed Not per ground anchor 2, 5, 14, 15,
at a wrong angle (the ground anchor manufacturers and tests 16, 18, 23,
should be parallel to the tie-down against pullout. 24, 25
strap).

3.2 Excessive projection of ground Not per ground anchor 16
anchor above ground (it is more manufacturers and tests
critical if the ground anchor is against pullout.
not parallel to the strap.)

3.3 Predrilling the hole to the full Not per ground anchor 17
length of the ground anchor. @manufacturers and tests
against pullout.

3.4 Absence of poured concrete collar Not per ground anchor 18
around ground anchor at the manufacturers and tests
ground level (this is required by against pullout.
some anchor manufacturers,
particularly when the ground
anchors are placed in holes
predrilled to half of depth).

3.5 Excessive diagonal strap angle with Set-up manual. 25
the ground. (This occurs if the
piers are too low or too high, the
average being 36").

3.6 Not placing tie-downs close to the Set-up manual. 24, 25
piers (if the tie-downs are close
to the piers, they will be able to
resist the tension much better
without pulling the I-beam down).

4.19

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 3 - Tie-downs Against Wind (Ground Anchors, Straps and Buckles)

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria - and Sketches

3.7 Improper strap buckle installation. Strap and buckle 5, 6, 12, 20, 21
� The buckle not behind the I-beam manufacturers and tests
and not at top of I-beam. (Sketch 4-1 and
� The strap not looped twice sketch 4-2)
through the buckle to avoid
slippage of strap in the buckle.
The strap not tightly wrapped
around I-beam.

3.8 Improper modification to the Engineering acceptable 22
location of the strap hanging from practice.
house (the added screws to the new
location of the strap are not
adequate).

3.9 Improper field installation of the Set-up manual and 27
strap at the ridgebeam post (the engineering acceptable
strap should have been tightly practice.
placed against the post. Some set-
up manuals require field
installation of straps).

POTENTIAL IMPACT Lack of stability in wind storm leading to shaking at low wind
OF IMPROPER speeds and sliding of the home from piers at high wind speeds.
TIE-DOWNS AGAINST (This may lead to reduced overall durability of the home and
WIND increased risk of loss of property (home and its contents] and
injury.)

4.20

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 4 - Marriage Wall Connection (roof, floor, insulation
caulking, and alignment between the two halves)

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

4.1 Improper connection of the two Set-up manual, Federal 28, 29, 30, 31
sections of the home: Standards, and
0 at floor fasteners not placed acceptable engineering (Sketch 4-4
between the two edge joists to practices. sketch 4'@' and
close the gap. sketch 4-6)
a at roof fasteners not placed
between the two ridgebeams or
trusses to close the gap.
0 Inadequate packing of insulation
and caulking between the two
sections to limit infiltration.

POTENTIAL IMPACT 9 Relative movement between the sections leading to reduced overall
OF IMPROPER durability, roof leaks, air infiltration (loss of comfort and
MARRIAGEWALL increased energy bills).
CONNECTION
a Sliding of the home from the piers leading to increased risk of
property loss and injury.

4.21 -

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 5 - Mechanical (repair of bottom board and insulation ducts,
venting, gas connection, plumbing, etc.)

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

5.1 Cross-over duct between the two Set-up manual and 33
sections in contact with ground. listing conditions
(The duct should be installed on of the cross-over duct.
hangers so that the duct is not
touching the ground).

5.2 Lack of repair of rips and cuts in Set-up manual 32
bottom board, and damage to floor
insulation.

5.3 Improper ventilation of dryer duct Set-up manual 26, 34
under the house (this will cause
condensation under the house).

5.4 Blocked clean-out of the drain Acceptable engineering 38
pipe. practice.

5.5 Changed gas pipes at the inlet Acceptable engineering 39
(without gas pipe test). practice.

POTENTIAL IMPACT e Improper heating/cooling of the double section homes due to
OF IMPROPER deterioration of cross-over duct.
MECHANICAL WOR 0 Improper heating and increased fuel cost due to rips in bottom
board and insulation, entry of rodent and damage to floor decking
due to exposure to moisture.

4.22

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION .

Category 6 - Electrical Work (field installation of fixtures and repairs)

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiencv Criteria and Sketches

6.1 Improper repair of popped out Acceptable engineering 36
electrical outlet due to buckled practice
wall paneling.

6.2 Improper installation of ceiling Acceptable engineering 37
fan (the fan is not properly hung practice
or supported). (A similar situation
will be improper connection of
exterior porch lights.

6.3 Under size pan for wiring load Acceptable engineering 30
practice

POTENTIAL IMPACT * Increased risk of injury and fire damage..
OF INCORRECT
ELECTRICAL WORK 0 Inoperable electrical outlets or fixtures.

4.23

LIST OF MAIN DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED BY NCSBCS INSPECTORS DURING
SITE INSPECTION OF HOME INSTALLATION

Category 7 - Special Site Conditions

Description Reference to
of Photographs
No. Deficiency Criteria and Sketches

7.1 Inadequate foundation design in Acceptable engineering No Photo
flood areas to resist sliding in practice
wind storms. (This results from
lack of engineered design for
special site conditions.)

7.2 Inadequate ventilation in the Set-up manual, 35
skirting. (This will not allow acceptable engineering
escape of ground moisture from practice
under the house).

7.3 Addition of porches, garages, Set-up manual No Photo
awnings connected with home without
engineered designs (a similar
situation occurs when additional
plumbing and electrical fixtures
are connected in the basement or
garage without properly engineered
designs.

7.4 Inoperable exit windows and doors. Acceptable engineering No Photo
practice.

POTENTIAL IMPACT 0 Increased risk of damage and injury in flood and wind storms.
OF IMPROPER DESIGN
FOR SPECIAL SITE 0 Reduced overall durability.

4.24

SKETCH 4-1
CORRECT METHOD OF INSTALLATION

Manufactured Home

Strap spacing and angle per
Approved set-up manual. Strap
Buckle located close to pier
Steel Beam L Nithin 6" - 12" of pier).

Approved Approved Tension Head
Metal Stand

Jill Angle of Anchos
to be v,ithin 5
of stra@p anchor

Depth

-Approved footing manu--
factured specifically
for use with metal
stand
-Footing of sufficient
size
-Placed on conpacted
soil, or on undisturbed
soil vitbout orpnic Ground anchor approved
mterial, for the soil type Vith
-Footing below frost sufficient depth
penetration (Also see sketch 4-IA
Home with diagonal ties only on next page)

Note: If over the roof straps are Note: Some ground anchor manu-
provided in addition to diagonal facturers recommend that the
straps, the ground anchor should anchors can be driven vertically
be parallel to combined forces for diagonal straps as long as
of the two straps and should have poured-in concrete collar is
twice as much capacity. Over the provided around ground anchor.
roof straps without the diagonal It is difficult to install
straps are not capable of resisting anchors parallel to strap as
sliding of home. In most set-up shown above, as the anchors have
manuals, over the roof straps are to be installed before t'he home
N gle
A
,,__-@@Zuf@actur@edHo@me@@..J

p oved
Met 1 Stand
,,,<to be
of s t@

optional and only diagonal straps is put on site. Currently, the
are required. anchors are installed after the
home is placed on piers on site.

4.25

SKETCH 4 1A

Current Practice of Ground Anchor Installation

4%
Diagonal tie-down Some installers provide
strap vertical over-the-roof tie
in addition to diagonal
tie-down strap

L __J
fin
Some installers provide -d Ground anchor
concrete collar

Tested Configuration of Ground Anchors

Direction of pull

-9- Ground anc.hor
,ide/

4.:?6

SKETCH 4-2

INCORRECT KETHOD OF !NSTALLATION

Manufactured Home

Steel Strap not placed around beam,
Beam per manufacturer's instructions.

Over Extension
of metal stand

am I PRI

-
Footing of insufficient Ground anchors not
size suitable for the soil
-placed type, with insufficient
on soil containing depth
organic material or w Ground anchor not
disturbed uncompacted parallel to strap.
soil
-Footings above
L frost penetration
,@@@nuf @actur @edHo@me@@@

4.27

SKFTCH 4-3

WFDGING BETWEEN STFEL BFAM AND MASONRY PIER

Manufactured
Home

Note: Strap not shown

411 wide double wedge of
good quality treated wood

2" x 8" top plate of good
A A A quality treated wood or
.2 it concrete block

Masonry pier

CORRECT 14ETHOD

Manufactured
Home

Note: Strap not shown
I I

2" wide single wedge of
I
poor quality untreated
wood

Missing top plate

Masonry pier

INCORRECT METHOD

4.28

SKETCH 4-4

SET-UP OF' DOUBLE SECTION OF HOMES

SET HEAVY HALF. FIRST

JACK

Piers at large door
openings, foldout rooms, Piers at marriage wall
etc., per set-up manual. Per set-up manual. Some
set-up manuals also require
a special strap near piers
Some set-up manuals of marriage walls.
require Perimeter blocking.

STEPS:

1. Alignment of Floor
2. Fasten at Floor
3. Fasten at Roof
?
Pi
0
et

4.29

SKETCH 4-5
CONNECTION OF FLOOR JOIST AT MARRIAGE WALL

IN DOUBLE SECTION HOMES

FLOOR DECKING ---- *'\

RIM JOIST No gap between the
0 CENTERLINE two halves

32' 32" -1-8"

LAG SCREWS
EACH SIDE
STAGGERED

See manufacturer's
installation
instructions
for size and spacing

32' 32 24-

4.30 PLAN VIEW

SKETCH 4-6
CONNECTION OF ROOF RIDGE BFAM AT MARRIAGE W ALL
IN DOUBLE SECTION HOMES

Size X LENGTH LAG SCREW
(MINIMUM 1 1/2- THREAD
PENETRATION INTO
OPPOSITE HALF OF
RIDGE BEAM).

No gap between the two
halves

d/4

d d d d

(TYP-) LAG BOLT
LO CATIONS

d d d 3d/4
d
DESIGN LA - I - . I @- - 1 -0 @
LIVE LOAD 28WDE 32YADE I I I I
MAX MAX FRONT OF HOME
20 PSF
_30 PSF

TOP MEW OF ROOF
@`See manufacturer's
installation instructions
for size and spacing. - 4.31

Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5

STATE REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

I. INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses NCSBCS' process of reviewing the state regulations of
installation for manufactured homes, an-d NCSBCS' findings from the review.

A. State Installation Regulation Evaluation Process

NCSBCS collected state statutes, regulations, and standards relating to
the installation of homes from all 50 states. To collect the needed data,
NCSBCS wrote to each state requesting details of such statutes and
regulations. To assure that information is collected from each state,
NCSBCS contacted those states by telephone if the states did not provide
written information.

See Appendix C for samples of the letter written to various states for
requesting the information. NCSBCS,used the data contained in the 1987
"State Task Force Report" (see Appendix H). That report identified the 19
states that had installation regulatory programs. NCSBCS wrote and
requested the 19 states to provide NCSBCS with the following information:

1. A copy of applicable statute and installation inspection procedures.

2. Inspection forms.

5.1

3. Alternate enforcement options, such as municipal or county inspection
contracts.

4. Results of any studies made to evaluate the impact of the installation
on consumer complaints.

5. A list of typical problems found by state inspectors in their area.

6. A list of concerns about installation manuals, manufacturer/dealer/
installer relationships. '

7. A copy of training aids developed by the state regarding installation
of homes.

The remaining 31 states were divided into two categories.

1. SAA states, i.e., states that are currently acting as State
Administrative Agencies authorized by HUD.

2. Non-SAA states, i.e., states that are not currently acting as State
Administrative Agencies.

NOTE: SAAs assume responsibilities under Federal law to assure that the
manufacturer provides consumer protection against manufacturing
defects. SAAs also have optional responsibilities of dealer lot
inspection, installation inspection, sale of used homes, etc.

SAA states were asked to provide the same information as described above.
Non-SA A states were asked to provide NCSBCS with the following information:

1. Has the nature of state's participation in the Federal Manufactured
Housing Program been altered within the last 18 months?

2. If so, how?

5.2

3. Does the.state have proposed legislation regarding manufactured
housing installation that will convey enforcement authority to state
or local jurisdictions?

4. If so, please tell about it.

5. Many consumer complaints seem to have arisen from the apparent
improper installation of manufactured homes. Does the state currently
have a recourse process for consumers with manufactured housing -
problems?

6. If so, please describe.

7. As part of a consumer complaint inspecti-on, is the installation
inspected?

8. If so, what aspects are inspected?

9. What comments or recommendations would the sta te like to make
regarding HUD's concerns about the installation aspect of manufactured
housing?

A list of the collected information from various states has been provided
in Appendix B. Because of the large volume, NCSBCS has not provided a
complete copy of the state laws and regulations in this report; however, a
complete file containing information from each state is available at
NCSBCS.

5.3

B. Purpose and Scope of Evaluating State Installation Regulations

The purpose of studying the state regulations pertaining to installation
of manufactured housing was not only to learn the specific regulations
that each state has but to correlate between the state regulations and
arrive at a decision on effectiveness of these regulations.

C. Analysis from State Regulations

The NCSBCS inspectors learned the major aspects of the regulatory program
of each state involved and drew conclusions based on these different state
regulations. The next section discusses the main information obtained
from this review of state regulations.

II. FINDINGS

The collected information was reviewed to evaluate the state regulatory

programs.

A. List of Main Aspects of the State Regulatory Programs Reviewed

The following three questions convey a synopsis of the review of the state
regulations involving the installation of manufactured housing:

1. What are the major aspects of the regulatory program in each state?
2. Can the states be categorized based on the effectiveness of their
regulatory programs for installation and what percentage of homes are
located in such groups of states?,
3. What kind of regulations are needed to make the state programs
effective?

5.4

B. Answers for the Three Questions

NCSBCS' findings regarding the three main questions that evolved from the
analysis of the state regulatory programs are discussed below. Findings
for questions I and 2 are presented in a table after each question is
broken down into subsidiary questions. The answer to question 3 is
provided in the list.

1. What are the major aspects of the regulatory program in each state?

0 Who is regulated?

0 How are they regulated?

0 -Who enforces the regulationO

0 Are there any installation standards?

0 How does the state come to know about installation?

a What recourse or penalties can be applied if problems are
discovered?

0 Does the state charge installation registration or inspection
fees?

The above aspects are briefly discussed in Table'5-1. That table provides
a general description about the various aspects of state regulation
requirements for installation.

5.5

TABLE 5-1

Major Aspects of State Regulations For Installation of Manufactured Homes

Major Aspects of Regulations State Laws May Include the Following

Who is regulated? a Installers
0 Dealers (retailers)
0 Salespersons
0 Homeowners
0 Park owners

How are they regulated? 0 Licensing of dealers, installers,
salespersons
0 Bonding of dealers, installers
0 Payment to recovery fund by
dealers or installers.

Who enforce.s the regulations? * State government to conduct
inspections and enforce the laws.
0 Local governments to conduct
inspections and enforce the laws.

Are there any installation standards? e A reference to compliance with
manufacturers installation
instructions.
0 Blocking (foundation) standards.
a Tie-down (anchoring standards).
* A requirement of installation
designs certified by licensed
engineers.

How does the state come to know State Registration and/or
about installation? installation stickers.
State permit

What recourse or penalties can be Withholding of occupancy permit
applied if problems are discovered? or utility connection.
Fines against dealer, installer,
or against homeowner.
Cancellation of licenses of
dealers, installers, and
salespersons.

Does the state charge installation Fees paid by installer or home-
registration or inspection fees? owner.

5.6

2. Can the states be categorized based on the effectiveness of their
regulatory programs for installation and what percentage of homes are
located in such groups of states?

Table 5-2 contains a list of the states whose state programs meet the
following criteria.

1) Scope of regulation and effectiveness of enforcement programs. (The
50 states can be divided into four categories.) 1

a. States having little or no installation standards and laws and no
enforcement programs.

b. States having some installation standards and laws and no
enforcement programs.

c. States having significant installation standards and laws but
without effective enforcement program.

d. States having significant installation standards and laws and
effective enforcement programs.

2) Dependence upon the local governments to conduct installation
inspections. Fifteen states depend on local governments for enforcing
state standards and laws. These 15 states can be divided into two
categories.

a. States that do not monitor performance of local governments.

b. States that do monitor performance of local governments and
provide training as required.

These categories are defined at the end of Table 5-2.

5.7 -

3) Bonding of dealers and installers.

a. States require bonding of dealers

b. States require bonding of installers

4) States that require licensing of installers.

5) Installation Standards

a. States that require compliance with home manufacturers
installation instructions.

b. States that have blocking and tie-down standards.

6) States that require systems component manufacturers to seek approval
from the state.

7) States that have state inspe@ction or permit fees.

5.8

TABLE 5-2

NATIONAL PROFILE OF STATE REGULATIONS
REGARDING INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

State Program Criteria States (percentage of homes
potentially affected)

1. S@ope of regulation and effectiveness
of enforcement programs.1

a. States having little or no in- (21 States) AK, CO, DE, GA, (43%)
stallation regulations and no ID, IL, LA, MT, NE, NH, ND,
enforcement programs. OH, OK, PA, SC, SD, UT, VT,
WV, W1, WY

b. States having some installation (11 States) CT, IN, KA, KY, (22%)
regulations and no enforcement MD, ME, MO, NJ, NY, RI, VA
programs.

c. States having significant instal- (9 states) AL, AR, FL, MA, (18%)
lation-regulations but ineffective MI, MN, NC, OR, WA
enforcement programs.

d. States have significant instal- (8 states) AZ, CA, IA, MS, (16%)
lation regulations and also NV, NM, TN, TX
effective enforcement programs.

2. Monitoring by state of the local
government for compliance with state
laws.

a. States that monitor performance of (4 states) AZ, CA, IA, OR 8%)
local inspection agencies and
provide training to local inspectors.

b. States that do not monitor perform- (11 states) AL, AR, FL, MA, (22%)
ance of local governments. MN, MO, NC, OR, RI, VA, WA

3. Bonding of dealers and installers.
a. States that require bonding of (7 states) FL, MS, NC, NM, (14%)
dealers. TN, TX, WA

b. States that require bonding of (5 states) NM, NC, TN, TX, (10%)
installers separate from dealers. WA
4. States that require licensing of (13 states) AZ, CA, MS, MI, (27%)
installers. ME, MN, NV, NM, NC, RI, TN,
TX, WA

5.9 -

NATIONAL PROFILE OF STATE REGULATIONS
REGARDING INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

State Program Criteria States (percentage of homes
potentially affected)

5. Installatfon Standards

a. States that require compliance with (24 states) AL, AZ, AR, CA, (49%)
home manufacturers installation FL, IA, IN, KY, MD, MA, MI,
instructions. MN, MO, NV, ME, MS, NC, NY,
OR, TN, RI, TX, VA, WA

b. States having blocking and tie- (22 states) AL. *AZ, AR, CA, (45%)
down standards FL, IA, IN, KY, KS, MI, MN,
NV, NJ, NM, NC, OR, MO, RI,
TN, TX, VA, WA
(* No tie-down standards)

6. States that require systems component (17 states) AL, AZ, AR, CA, (35%)
manufacturers to seek approval from FL, IA, KS, MI, MA, MN, MS,
the state MO, NV, NM, OR, TN, TX

7. States that have state inspection or (6 stat es) CA, IA, NM, OR, (12%)
permit fees. (This does not include TN, TX
any requirement of additional fees
established by the local government.)

1 DEFINITIONS OF SCOPE OF REGULATION AND EFFECTIVENESS

OF ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM

a. The states may not have any state-wide laws or programs such as the
following: state licensing or bonding of installers; blocking and
tie-down standards; routine state inspection of installation of homes;
reporting mechanism for installation; components listings. The local
government in these states may or may not have related laws.

- 5.10

DEFINITIONS OF SCOPE OF REGULATION AND EFFECTIVENESS

OF ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM (cont.)

b. The states have some installation laws such as blocking or tie-down
standards, but no programs to enforce the standards. These states do not
generally have licensing or bonding of installers, routine state
inspection of installation, reporting mechanisms about installation,
component standards or listings.

c. The states have installation laws but limited enforcement programs. The
state laws generally include blocking and/or tie-down standards, a
requirement that local or county governments conduct inspections, and
components standards and/or listings.

However, the state may not have any enforcement programs to monitor
performance of county or city inspection programs. Further, the state may
not have any programs to take action against counties/cities that do not
comply with state laws or against dealers and installers who do not comply
with state laws.

d. The states generally have comprehensive installation laws and enforcement
programs. The enforcement programs include state inspection of
installation of homes; state monitoring of county and city installation
inspection performance; training; licensing and bonding of installers; a
reporting mechanism of installations; provisions for penalties; fees to
cover the expenses; and/or standards and regulations for installation
components.

5.11

3. What kind of regulations are needed to make the state programs
effective?

Licensing and bonding of dealers and installers.
Installation standards, including reference to manufacturer's
installation instructions.
Inspection programs of the installation of homes. If the local
governments are entirely"or partially given this responsibility, then
a properly funded state program should be there to monitor and
coordinate their activities and to provide training to local
inspectors as required.
Provisions for penalties.
Fees to cover the expenses.
Standards and regulations for installation components.

NOTE: All of the above aspects need to be regulated to achieve
comprehensive installation regulations. This conclusion has been
arrived at through discussions with the states that have tried to
develop comprehensive enforcement programs.

In addition to the above, the state should have a technical
training program for the installers, dealers so that the
regulations and Standards can be properly followed.

III. CONCLUSIONS

This section lists the major conclusions from NCSBCS' findings from the review
of state regulatory programs. Table 5-3 at the end of this chapter shows a
national profile on various regulatory issues.

1) Many states need to improve their current laws, regulations, and
standards. Those that have the standards or laws but do not have

5.12

enforcement programs need to develop such programs. The enforcement
programs must include the following:

a Inspection by state of the installations. (If the state wants to
depend on local government for inspections, the state needs to
monitor the performance of the local government.)

0 Bonding of dealers and installers.

0 Training programs for dealers, installers, and local government
inspectors.

2) A large percentage of homes are being sited in states having
inadequate laws and enforcement programs. Therefore, the laws need to
be improved.

3) Adoption of a national installation standard (such as NCSBCS A225.1)
by the states would benefit uniformity of enforcement, and compliance
by the manufacturers. The states need to evaluate if the NCSBCS
A225.1 Standard can serve this need in the current form or with
certain modifications. The states should coordinate their concerns to
identify what modifications, if any are required, to the NCSBCS A225.1
Standards to facilitate its adoption by various states. (See Appendix
I for additional information on NCSBCS A225.1.)

4. Many state laws require compliance with the manufacturer's
installation instructions; however, the state laws permit compliance
with only state standards when manufacturer's installation
instructions are not available. In NCSBCS' opinion, the state laws
should require compliance with the following:

Manufacturer's installation and state standards (whichever are
more restrictive must be followed).

5.13 -

If manufacturer's installations are not complete or are not
applicable for a given site and foundation, installation drawings
approved by the licensed engineer or architect must be required
and followed.

The above recommendations are being made because some state standards
are not comprehensive. Also, unless the manufacturer's installation
instructions are followed, the home warranty may be voided.

5.14

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D A R D S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National --Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Alabama Homeowner Local Yes Yes Yes Permit a Misdemeanor Set by local
11249 is Building See note #3 See note #1 See note #2 Application a Court granted government
5% Responsible Inspectors additional
relief

Alaska None
6
-1% or less
Ln

Arizona a Retailer 9 Examination e State Inspec- Yes Yes Locally Permit * Close permit $90.00
5871 * Installer a Registration tors Adopted Application issued
2.6% 9 Broker Fees 9Local Building Ordinance 9 Administra-
9 Salesperson * Recovery Inspectors See notes tive hearing
Fund 9County #2, & #4. a Revocation of
Collects Fees license
& Inspects up
to 2 inspec-
tions per
permit fee
See notes 5 & 6

Arkansas Dealers License Local Building Yes Yes Yes Permit * Administra- Set by local
4363 inspectors See note #3 application tive hearing government
1.9% Consumer 9 Penalty
complaint assessment
I. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 Who S T A N Q A R D S ? What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

California a Dealers e Examination * State 60% Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- a Revocation of $80.00 permit
9651 9 installers * Licensing @ Local Building See note #2 cation license $60.00 rein-
3% inspector 40% * Fines spection fee
See note #5

Colorado None
918
-1% or less

Connecticut Only Parks
293
-1% or less

Delaware None
1930
-1% or less

,Florida Dealers Bond Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- Civil penalty Set by local
25865 License inspectors See note #3 See note #1 See notes cation License revo- government
11% #2. and #4 cation
Bond attach-
ment

1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of'local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D A R D S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Georgia Dealers e Licensed by Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- e License revo- Set by local
14797 Installers local govt. inspectors cation cation government
6.6% 9 Local code inspectors * Fine
enforcement

Lq
Idaho Dealers License No specific Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- License revo- Not known
605 enforcement cation cation
-1% or less program

Illinois None
3571
1.6%

Indiana None State inspects Yes Yes
6425 with consumer See note #1
2.9% complaint

1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 Who S T A N D A R D S ? What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Iowa *Installer Listed by 9 Local building Yes Yes Yes a Certificate Denial or * Seal fee
868 *Purchaser Is commissioner inspectors See note #3 See note #2 sent to state repossession $12.50
-1% or less responsible with proof of 9 Approved 9 Consumer of installa- * Verification
competence installers request tion seals inspection
o Each complete fee $30.00/
installation hr.
certification
and affix seal
@n See note #5

CO
Kansas None/Any home Yes Yes Class C
1463 occupied See note #1 See note #2 misdemeanor
-1% or less shall be
secured

Kentucky "Installing 9 License State inspectors Yes Yes None a Consumer None No fees
5346 dealers" * Liability perform random See note #3 complaint
2.3% insurance inspections e Random selec-
tion by state
based on
sales report

Louisiana None Yes, if in
2337 flood plain
1% by FEMA
1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D A R 0 S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Maine 9 Dealers Regi stration Local building Yes Permit appli- Set by local
2738 e Installers inspector cation government
1%

Maryland None Local building Yes No Yes Permit appli- Referral to
1313 inspectors cation state attorney
-1% or less

Massachusetts a Dealer a Examination Local building Yes No No Permit appli- License revo- $500 to $1,000
826 e Installer 9 License inspector See note #3 See note #2 cation cation based on home
-1% or less evaluation

Michigan * Dealer Filing fee Local building Yes Yes Yes, if Permit appli- Administrative Set by local
9915 * Broker inspectors flood plain cation hearing government
4.3% e Installer by FEMA
See notes
#2, & #4
1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Install on 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 11987 Who S T A N Q A R D S ? What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Minnesota 9 Dealer Installer a Municipal Yes Yes No aState sea] eCivil penalty a $25.00 for
1685 9 Installer registrations building offi- See note #1 See note #2 affixed eMisdemeanor construction
-1% or less record cials 9Occupancy seal
keeping func- * State inspec- certificate aInstallation
tion only tors during given to own- fee
consumer com- er and copied 9Anchoring
plaint inspec- to state fee
Ln tion 0Construction
compliance
certificate

Mississippi Dealer/ License * Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- * License None
5070 installer official See note #2 cation revocation
2.2% e State does *Dealer asso-
spot check ciation

Missouri Dealer Dealer is State does spot Yes Yes Yes Report of No recourse None
4621 licensed to checks See note #1 See note #2 sales
2% do business

Montana None
514
-1% or less

1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N Q A R D S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? rees?

Nebraska Dealers License Local building
477 inspectors
-1% or less

Nevada e Retailer * Examination * State inspec- Yes Yes Yes e Installer @ Disciplinary $65.00 permit
2006 a Installer e Registration tors See note #3 See note #1 See note #2 via permit hearing fee
-1% or less e Sales person fees aLocal inspec- o24 hour no- @Suspension or $40.00/hr.
@ Serviceman * Recovery tors contract- tice required revocation of reinspection
e Rebuilders fund ed with state license fee
See note #6

New Hampshire None
1389
-1% or less

New Jersey None Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- Withhold e Certificate
900 inspectors cation certificate $35.00
-1% or less of occupancy * Sea] $35.00
@ Plumbing
permit $20
* Electrical
permit $20
@ Construction
permit/
dollar value
1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D A R 0 S I
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

New Mexico 9 Dealers @ Bond State Yes Yes Optional State permit a License 9 $35.00 per-
3097 9 Installers * Examination "May be" "may be" revocation mit fee
1.3% a Brokers 9 License See note #2 * Suspension * $35.00 rein-
s Salesperson e Bond attach- spection fee
* Repairman ment

New York None Yes
(-n 7930
3.5%

North Carolina 9 Dealer * Bond Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- e Administrative Set by local
22699 9 Installer * License inspector cation hearing government
10% 9 Salesperson See note #6 See note #1 * Suspension
9 Revocation
a Denial
a Civil Penalty
e Bond attach-
ment

North Dakota None
231
-1% or less

1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 50) Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D A R D S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Ohio None
6749
2.9%

Oklahoma None
U1 1105
-1% or less

Oregon None Local building Yes Yes Yes, in Permit appli- Hearing * $35.00
2910 inspectors See note #3 specific cation single wide
1.3% See note #5 counties * $15.00 each
See note #2 additional
section
* 4% of fees
collected
forwarded
to state

Pennsylvania None
7096
3.1%

I. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D A R Q S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Rhode Island a Dealer License Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- Certificate of Set by local
179 * Installer inspector cation occupancy with- government
-1% or less held

S. Carolina None
11811
5.2%

4@b
S. Dakota None
581
-1% or less

Tennessee * Dealer 9 Bond State electri- Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- a Misdemeanor 0 $12.00
9342 e Installer * Fee cal inspector See note #3- See notes cation by o Injunctive installation
4.1% #2 and #4 installer relief * $8.00 Elec-
trical

Texas 9 Retailer 9 Bond * State inspec- Yes Yes Yes o Installer 9 Revocation of $20-00
8507 * Installer s Registration tors See note #3 See note #2 after set-up license
3.7% e Broker fee e Local *Retailer 9 Bond attach-
e Salesperson contracted after sale ment
* Rebuilder inspector e Civil penal-
See note #6 ties

1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware S. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 S T A N D R D S ?
Who What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or Installation Blocking Tie-down Installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? Inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

Utah None
356
-1% or less

Vermont None
852
(n -1% or less
@3 -
Ln
Virginia Dealers Business *Local building Yes Yes Yes Permit appli- e Misdemeanor Set by local
5861 license inspectors cation 9 Referred to government
2.6% eState over- DMV
sight
9State may in-
spect at re-
quest of
dealer, mfr.,
consumer

Washington * Dealers * Bond Local building Yes Yes Per local Permit appli- Violation of Permit fee
3873 9 Installers * License inspectors jurisdiction cation Consumer Pro- set by local
1.7% tection Act government
1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

TABLE 5-3

State

Homes shipped
to the state A R E T H E R E A N Y
in 1987 Who S T A N D A R D S ? What Are
Percentage of Who is How Are Enforces Manufacturer's State State How is the What Recourse Inspection
National Regulated They or installation Blocking Tie-down installation or Penalties or Permit
Production By State? Regulated? inspects? Instructions Standards Requirement Reported? Available? Fees?

West Virginia None
3085
1.3%

Wisconsin None
2198
-1% or less

Wyoming None
125
-1% or less

1. The state laws refer to ANSI A-119 or NFPA 501 Installation 4. The state requires that installation instructions for the installation hardware
Standards. (components) must be provided with hardware.
2. The state requires that only state approved installation hardware 5. The state monitors performance of local inspectors responsible for installation
(components) must be used. inspections.
3. The state requires that set-up manual of each manufacturer 6. The state has programs to provide training to local inspectors responsible for
of homes needs to provide a copy to the state for its files. installation inspectors.

Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6

CITY AND COUNTY SURVEY

I. INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses NCSBCS' findings regarding city/county procedures of
installation inspection and its effectiveness.

A. City and County Survey Process

NCSBCS sent approximately 275 survey questionnaires to various selected
cities and counties in those 10 states that received home shipments of
8000 or more units in 1987. (See Appendix D for a list of states, cities,
and counties.) The survey questionnaire was also sent to some of the
cities/counties where NCSBCS conducted on-site investigations. NCSBCS
received replies from approximately 50% of the cities and counties (126).

During the review of the state programs and on-site inspections by NCSBCS,
it became apparent that regardless of what kind of state regulations
exist, the city and county officials are generally responsible for
installation inspections of the manufactured home. Therefore, information
about city and county installation inspection programs was collected
through a survey questionnaire.

The responses to the survey questionnaire were compared to observations
made by NCSBCS engineers from the on-site inspections and general
information provided by state and local inspectors, installers, and
dealers. this revealed some contradictions between published and actual
procedures of the cities and counties.

6.1

The responses to the survey questionnaire were tabulated and an analysis
was made to reach general conclusions.

B. Purpose and Scope of the Survey

The purpose of the survey questionnaire was to collect information about
administrative as well as technical aspects of the installation inspection
programs. The questionnaire was divided into two sections. (See Appendix
D for a sample questionnaire.) In Section A, questions 1-20 are related
to the administration of local procedures. Section B, questions 1-10 are
related to technical aspects of an installation inspection. For each
question there were multiple answers.

The survey questionnaire was analyzed to help identify specific areas
concerning the installation of manufactured housing, particularly the
state and local process of installation. The survey included questions
designed specifically for those states with regulations or those without
regulations.

C. Analysis from the Surveys

The survey questionnaire was analyzed to get a general idea about the
following:

Relationship between state and local governments
Local government ordinances and inspection procedures
Inspection of various components during installation

II. CONCLUSIONS

A. Compilation of Answers to Survey

The list below provides a brief compilation of certain answers to the
survey questionnaire. For a complete compilation, see Appendix D. The
issues listed below have been rephrased from the questionnaire to focus

- 6.2

attention to the main answer, and a reference is given to the
questionnaire's number. The percentage has been rounded to give a general
conclusion.

1. Do the cities/counties have installation related ordinances of their
own, over and above the state laws and regulations? (Question #3)

- 46% answered: YES.

2. Do these ordinances have specific requirements for piers and tie
downs? (Question #4)

47% answered: YES.

3. Does the city/county register or license manufactured home
installers? (Question #5)

71% answered: NO.

4. Who performs the installation inspection? (Question #6)

85% answered: by county and city inspectors.

5. If city/county inspectors are performing the inspections, are such
inspections being done under contract with states? (Question #7)

84% answered: NO.

6. How many inspectors are involved in installation inspections in the
city/county? (Question #8)

- 71% answered: 5 or less inspectors
- 56% answered: 3 or less inspectors
- 19% answered: 1 inspector

6.3

7. How many manufactured home installation inspections are performed each
month? (Question #9)

- 78% answered: 50 or les.s homes per month
- 63% answered: 25 or less homes per month
- 33% answered: 10 or less homes per month

8. Does city/county feel there is a need to train inspectors for
installation of homes? (Question #11)

55% answ6red: NO.

9. How does city/county become aware of installation of manufactured
homes? (Question #13)

60% answered: by permit application or request by owner.

10. After the inspection is completed, what certification is provided to
the homeowner? (Question #15)

49% answered: Certificate of Occupancy
25% answered: a label or decal

11. If the home installation is not acceptable, t hen what action can
city/county take? (Question #18)

- 98% answered, either the certificate of occupancy is withheld or
utility services are stopped

Note: 47% give 30-60 days for repair and reinspection
37% give indefinite period for repair and reinspection

6.4

12. Does the city/county inspect the installation of homes a gainst the
manufacturer's set-up manual or other drawings approved by an
engineer? (Question #20)

68% answered: YES

(Others use state standards or city or county ordinances for making
inspections).

13. Does city/county inspect for the following technical categories?
(Questions in Section B - 1 through 10)

Piers 54% responded to all aspects
Pier spacing 53% responded to all aspects
0 Ground anchors 8.8% responded to all aspects
a Anchor spacing 79% responded to all aspects
Multi-wide fastening 70% responded to all aspects
Finishing at joints of multi-wide homes
(roof and siding) 64% responded to all aspects
Utility crossover in Multi-wide 79% responded to all aspects
Site 86% responded to all aspects
Construction zones of the house
(wind zone, thermal zone and roof
load zone from data plate) 60% responded to all aspects

Note: Many cities/counties did not complete the answers to all questions.
It is assumed that cities/counties are not inspecting that aspect. Refer
to Appendix D for complete compilation of responses.

6.5

B. Overall Conclusions

1. The city/county governments are generally not regulating (such as
licensing and bonding) the dealers or installers. If an installation
is found to be unacceptable, the homeowner is notified and an
occupancy permit is withheld.

2. There are many cities/counties which do not have installation
inspection programs. The percentage of such cities and counties could
be 25% - 40%.

3. The city/county inspectors are not looking at all the key aspects of
installation; therefore, the procedure (or checklist) needs to be
improved.

4. The on-site inspections conducted by NCSBCS indicated that the city
and county inspectors are often not able to recognize deficiencies
even if they had procedures to follow (in those aspects where their
procedures required inspection). Therefore, these inspectors need to
be trained.

There may 'be as many as 2,000 - 4,000 inspectors involved with
installations in all the 50 states. Therefore, training all
inspectors involved in installation would require substantial
resources and coordination with local governments.

5. There is a great diversity in the local ordinances and regulations of
installation of homes. The diversity may be one of the factors
causing confusion and lack of compliance because installers generally
work in more than one county or city.

6.6

6. There are some contradictions between the responses received through
the survey questionnaire and the observations made by the NCSBCS
engineers during the on-site inspection. The following are the main
contradictions.

a. Over 50 percent cities and counties responded that they inspect
for ground anchors, tie-downs, piers, etc. However, the on-site
inspections indicated that the city and county inspectors do not
inspect many technical details. During each of the NCSBCS on-site
inspections, the city/county inspectors failed to identify many
obvious deficiencies in the installation of ground anchors and
piers. This indicates that either the inspectors do not have
adequate technical training or they are not putting adequate
attention on inspection of ground anchors and piers during the
inspections.

b. Fifty-five percent of the cities or counties did not identify a
need for additional training, however, NCSBCS observations during
the on-site inspections indicated that a majority of the local
inspectors would benefit from training programs.

c. Sixty-eight percent of the cities and counties responded that the
installation inspections are made using manufacturers installation
instructions. However, none of the local inspectors used set-up
manuals for making inspections in the NCSBCS on-site inspections.

The above contradictions were discussed with state agencies that monitor
performance of local inspectors as part of their state programs. In their
opinion, the local inspectors' work is not monitored and local inspectors
are not provided with adequate training; therefore, local inspectors are
not able to conduct effective inspections.

6.7

Chapter 7

CHAPTER 7

REVIEW OF CONSUMER COMPLAINT DATA AVAILABLE WITH STATES (SAAS)

I. INTRODUCTION

NCSBCS reviewed consumer complaint data available in its files sent by the 35
State Administrative Agencies (SAAs) to determine if consumer complaints are
arising from improper installation of manufactured homes.

A. Consumer Complaint Data Collection Process

NCSBCS receives (through HUD) a list of consumer complaints received by
the states. Currently only 24 states out of 35 are providing this
information to HUD. For each home owner (consumer) complaining to the
state about a HUD labelled manufactur'ed home, the complaints are
categorized in one or more of sixty categories listed in the complaint
chart. For a sample of the chart, see page 7.5. The following 4 of the
60 categories contained in the compl Mnt chart are directly related with
installations:

Set-up and leveling
Connection to utilities
Joining sections of multi-wide units
Other installation

In addition to the four categories above, which are directly related to
installation, there are many more which have an indirect relationship to
installation. The indirect relationship between reported consumer
complaints and installation is expressed in the chart on the following

page.

7.1

CATEGORIES OF CONSUMER COMPLAINTS INDIRECTLY RELATED TO INSTALLATION

Categories of Consumer Complaint Indirect Relationship to Installation

� Bottom board Not repaired at the time of installation

� Defective doors Home not level or door frame out of
square, affecting the operation of the
door

� Floor buckled or warped Home not level or properly supported

� Floor (other - such as hump Perimeter blocking not provided as
in floor) reQuired.

� Leaks roof Improper connection of the two halves in
multi-section homes, absence of support
at ridgebeam post in the marriage wall

� Window inoperative Window frame out of square, home out of
level

� Roof problems (such as hump Absence of support at ridgebeam post on
in roof) marriage wall in multi-section homes

NOTE: The above list is of only structural issues. Improper installation could
affect plumbing, electrical, and heating and cooling of the house.

It should be further noted that the consumer complaint data sent by SAA
represents only a fraction of all the consumer complaints (5-7% of
complaints) received by dealers and manufacturers. This is because a
majority of the complaints are either resolved by the dealer/manufacturer,
or the unsatisfied consumer does not contact state agencies.

B. Scope and Method of Analysi s

NCSBCS reviewed consumer complaint data of about 12 months submitted by 24
states (representing 72 percent of all homes in the country).

The consumer complaint categories were reviewed to determine what percentage
of consumer complaints were directly related to the installation and those
that were indirectly related to installation.

7.2

Since a statistically representative small sample of the consumer complaints
were not inspected by NCSBCS or by SAA on site, an accurate and reliable
analysis can not be made. However, the data and its general analysis is
useful for arriving at general conclusions.

Thirty-five SAAs were contacted via telephone, and during field visits and
asked if in their opinion a substantial number of consumer complaints arise
from improper installations.

II. CONCLUSIONS

This section lists the correlation NCSBCS found between consumer complaints and
installation of manufactured homes.

1. A review of the consumer complaint data (the four categories directly related
to installation) indicates that about 25 to 30 percent of the complaints
result from incorrect installation.

2. The review of the consumer complaint data of the remaining 56 categories and
their indirect relationship to installation indicates that 50 to 60 percent of
all consumer complaints result from incorrect installation.

7.3

3. Summary in various categories:
Percent of all
Category Consumer Complaints

Directly Related With Installation:
Set-up and leveling USU) 18.5
Connection to utilities (IUC) .5
Joining sections of multi-wides (IMP) 4.8

Indirectly Related With Installation: (some examples)
Bottom board (SBB) 7.3
Floor buckled or warped (SFB) 15.0
Defective doors (SDD) 25.5
Inoperable windows (SWI) 12.5
Leaks - roof (SLR) 16.5
Drain and waste systems (PDW) 4.0

NOTE: It should be noted that one complaint generally has more than one
category of complaint.

4. While the above conclusions indicate that a majority of the complaints may be
directly and/or indirectly related with installation, this data does not show
the impact of incorrect installation on overall durability and safety of the
occupants. Additional study is required to make such an. evaluation.

7.4

COMPLAINT CHART

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7.5

0
Chao. r 8

CHAPTER 8

REVIEW OF INSTALLATION (SET-UP) MANUALS

I. INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses NCSBCS' findings from the review of the set-up manuals.

The Federal Standards and Regulations (CFR 3280 and 3282) require that the
home manufacturer must provide each home with a set-up manual which will have
at least one 'Method of installing the home.

A. Installation Manual Review Process

NCSBCS conducted a review of 9 out of approximately 130 set-up manuals for
their compliance with the Federal Standards and Regulations. This
selection was made to represent all the DAPIAs.

The 9 set-up manuals were reviewed against a checklist of 31 items to
assure their compliance with the Federal Standard CFR 3280 and acceptable
engineering practices. For a copy of the checklist see page 8.3.

The potential deficiencies were identified and such findings were sent to
the DAPIA and manufacturers for their response and resolution. NCSBCS has
not yet received all responses from the DAPIAs.

B. Purpose of the Review

The purpose of reviewing the set-up manuals was to determine the nature of
potential errors and any lack of clarity which might lead toward improper
installation if the set-up manual was to be used by the installers. To
analyze a pattern in the citations, a matrix (chart) was prepared for all
nine manuals reviewed, using the checklist of 31 items. See page 8.5.

8.1 -

II. CONCLUSION

A review of the 65 citations issued indicated the following main deficiencies:

1) Impracticable control of diagonal frame tie inclination
2) Incomplete multi-wide connection details
3) Incomplete bearing-shim/pier cap details
4) Inadequate notice of soil bearing requirements

The chart on the next page summarizes the potential errors/omissions
discovered.

8.2

CHECKLIST FOR THE REVIEW OF MANUFACTURER'S INSTALLATION'INSTRUCTIONS

ITEM

NUMBER ISSUE

1. Blocking instructions for main rail I-beams.

2. Blocking instructions for sidewall and marriage wall openings
greater than 48" o.c.

3. Perimeter blocking instructions, if required.

4. Tie-down instructions and specifications.

5. Supporting calculations of the tie-down system per the details in
the manual.

6. Details in the set-up manual regarding field installation of DWV
pipes, particularly if the field installation includes several
joints and directional fittings.

7. Instructions for bottom board patching.

B. Instructions that the mobile home has been designed for an inlet
water pressure of 80 psi including a statement that when the
mobile home is to be installed in an area where the water pressure
exceeds 80 psi a pressure reducing valve should be installed.

9. Installation instructions indicating that a cold water shut off
valve is to be installed at the water supply inle t.

10. Installation instructions indicating the pressure range for safe
and effective operation of the gas piping system.

11. Instructions as to the proper electric feeder conductor sizes for
an approved masthead and/or raceway provided and the size of the
junction box to used.

12. Instructions for methods to be used to protect water pipes and
fixtures from freezing.

13. A statement that if heat tape is used to protect against pipes
freezing it shall be listed for use with mobile homes.

14. Instructions for connection and support of cross-over heating duct.

15. Specification of ties: tie installed in accordance with
certification. (Combined load?)

16. Spacing of ties.

8.3 -

ITEM CHECKLIST FOR THE REVIEW OF MANUFACTURER'S INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
NUMBER ISSUE

17. Control of incline of diagonal

18. Footing specification

19. Main footing and pier spacing

20. Footing and pier spacing at the marriage line

21. Details for securement to footings

22. Details for installation of anchors

23. Over-the-roof strap requirements

24. Instructions for leveling/releveling and adjusting
tension of the straps connecting ground anchors

25. P.E. certification

26. Reference to soil type for a given design of footings

27. Placement of footings at a minimum depth below frost line

28. Removal of organic soil below the footings

29. Assembly of double.-wide, (caulking, connections)

30. Supporting calculations for connection of floor joist
(double-wide) per approved detail

31. Angular measurement of the strap

8.4

SUMMARY OF INSTALLATION INSTRUCTION NONCOMPLIANCES CITED PER CHECKLIST
[(X) Indicates that a Potential Deficiency was Discovered Under the Checklist Item #1
Checklist Item 1 2 3 4 5 61 71 S 9 11 11 12 13 14 Is 116 17 18 1191 20 21 22 123 24 12S 126 27 128 29 30 31

Design Package #1 x x x x x x

Design Package #2 x x x x

Design Package #3 x x x X X x x

Design Package #4 x x x x x x

Design Package #5 x x x x x

Design Package #6 x x x x x
Design Package #7 IX I x x x Ix
Design Package #8 1 x x I Ix x
Design Package #9 x x x X LX ux
@3

Ll I I L I I

Chapter 9

REVIEW OF COMPONENTS USED IN MANUFACTURED HOME

INSTALLATIONS
(Emphasis on Ground Anchors)

I. INTRODUCTION

A number of components are used in the installation of manufactured homes.
Some examples of these components follow: wood shims, metal stands, concrete
masonry, blocks, straps and buckles, ground anchors, over the roof straps, etc.

For a proper installation, it is important that the following occurs:

0 The components meet certain standards and are listed to assure
durability and performance.

a The components are used according to the manufacturer's instructions
and listing conditions.

A. Component Review Process

NCSBCS obtained from the various states the li st of names and addresses
of the manufacturers of ground anchors and straps and buckles. NCSBCS
wrote letters to 21 manufacturers of components used in installation and
requested that they provide NCSBCS with the following:

0 Descriptive literature
0 Installation instructions

0 Test data

9.1

Appendix E contains the list of the manufacturers contacted by NCSBCS-

A majority of the manufacturers did not respond to the NCSBCS request.
Those few who responded did not provide complete information. NCSBCS'
engineers reviewed this data.

NCSBCS also reviewed a study by the National Bureau of Standards
entitled, "Soil and Rock Anchors for Mobile Homes - A State-of-the-Art
Report." That report contained some conclusions and recommendations
about ground anchors. Excerpts from the study are provided in Appendix H.

NCSBCS also contacted states that regulate installation components to
provide us with a list of the components acceptable to their states. A
,sample of the list from the State of Florida is,provided in Appendix E.

B. Analysis from Review

To evaluate current practices, NCSBCS tried to collect technical
information test data listing information from the manufacturers of the
components. Discussions with SAAs and on-site inspections by NCSBCS
indicated that emphasis needs to be placed on ground anchors and straps
and buckles since a number of deficiencies were observed relating to
these two components.

NCSBCS' concern was heightened as NCSBCS on-site inspections indicated
that installation instructions for ground anchors and straps and buckles
are not shipped with or provided at the point of sale of the hardware.

9.2

CONCLUSIONS

The following are the main conclusions about ground anchors.

a. An examination of the test data provided by the few manufacturers and
discussions with the states who regulate the components indicate that
ground anchors are generally tested for pull-out using a force
applied along the axis of the ground anchor.

Therefore, applications of the ground anchors which allow diagonal
straps to be aligned in directions other than along the axis of the
ground anchors will not carry the load. Some ground anchor
manufacturers recommend placing a poured in-place concrete collar
around the anchor, if the anchor is not aligned with the axis of the
strap. However, test data are not available to verify the
performance of the anchors in such conditions. (No concrete collars
were observed in the NCSBCS site inspections.)

b. If a ground anchor is installed by drilling a hole in the ground and
then backfilling the hole after installation of the ground anchor
with compacted soil, this may provide significantly less capacity
than desired. The tests have been generally done on ground anchors
which were installed in soil by twisting rather than by excavating
the soil.

c. Since different types of ground anchors are required for different
types of soil and their depth requirement may also depend upon the
quality of the soil to develop the desired capacity, a uniform
industry wide classification method to classify soils is needed.
Along with this soil classification, charts need to be developed for
the capacities for various depth and angle of the anchor in the
ground. Using simple charts, the state or county/city inspector
could assure conforming installation.

9.3

d. Test data are not available for studying the performance of ground
anchors under cyclic load caused by wind gusts. Such testing should
become a part of the ground anchor listing process.

e. If over the roof ties and diagonal frame ties share common ground
anchor, the anchor capacity should be designed to resist the combined
load. Generally, this aspect is not clearly identified in the home
manufacturer's set-up manual and is overlooked by the installers.

2. The following are main conclusions about straps and buckles:

a. Different manufacturers recommend slightly different ways for the
installation of straps. The variation generally relates to the
placement of th e buckle and its connections with the ground anchor.
Unless these instructions are followed, the strap may not provide the
desired capacity.

9.4

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Selected Photographs from On-Site Inspections Indicating
Main Deficiencies Observed

APPENDIX B List of State Laws, Regulations, and Standards Information
Collected by NCSBCS

APPENDIX C Sample of Letters Sent to States, Requesting Information

APPENDIX D List of Counties, Copy of Letter with Survey Questionnaire,
and Summary Analysis of the Questionnaire

APPENDIX E List of Component Manufacturers, Sample of Letter Sent,
and Sample of Technical Information Obtained

APPENDIX F Excerpts from Federal Standards Pertaining to Wind
Storm Protection Requirements and Resolution Pertaining
to Installation of Manufactured Homes

APPENDIX G Correspondence

APPENDIX H Excerpts from Reports Used for the Installation Study

APPENDIX I NCSBCS A225.1

Appendlx A

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
atm
I Appendix A
I Selected Photographs
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Improper Drainage

No Vapor Barrier

.06

Photograph 1

Jd
� Noncompacted Soil
Underfooting

� Inadequate Protection
Of Bearing Soil
A@'

-worm,,

9 @Qaffiwm
Photograph 2

Organic Material
Under Footing

Deteriorating Metal
Stand

*A,k
Photograph 3

Untreated Plywood
Edges

&A
-:Nf

Photograph 4

4" x 8" x 16" Footing
Blocks Mis-Oriented
To Frame

Improper Cap

4i
A.

Photograph 5

� Noncompacted Topsoil
Underfooting

� Damaged & Undersized
Footing

Photograph 6

Improper Cell
Alignment Vona

No Footing Under
Pier

Photograph 7

Improper Cell
Alignment

Absence Of Pier
Cap

Photograph 8

� Over Extended
Adjusting Stud

� Flaking Protective
Paint

Photograph 9

Missing Solid
Masonry Cap

Mis-Oriented
Footing Blocks

@77

Photograph 10

Missing Pier
Cap

Photograph 11

Improper Shimming
(without a pair)

Improper Frame
Tie Buckle

Photograph 12

Perimeter Footings
Not Below
Frost Line

improper Location
Of Piers

Photograph 13

Wrong Angle Of
Anchor For Tie

V,-

Photograph 14

Wrong Angle Of
Anchor For Tie

T,2-

Photograph 15

� Excessive Anchor
Projection

� No Vapor Barrier

Photograph 16

� Predrilled Hole With
Poor Soil Preparation

� Predrilled Hole Without
Poured Concrete Collar

� No Vapor Barrier

@@3"'@'f-"',-- @70@-
m0
- Ka;'

Photograph 17

24'
M

Predrilled Hole Without
Poured Concrete Collar

No Vapor Barrier
. wl-

Photograph 18

Non-Compacted Backfill
For Ground Anchor

Buried Anchor Tie

Photograph 19

Improper Buckle
Fastening

Shimming Without
A Pair
!_L7

Photograph 20

Improper Buckle
Fastening

I-Beam Not Bearing
On Pier

@W7
vi%

0,
Photograph 21

Improper Over-Top
Tie

Insufficient Number
Of Screws

Photograph 22

Unacceptable Wrapping
Of Frame Tie

Poor Site Preparation

Photograph 23
Mv.

Tie Downs Incorrectly
Located Between
Piers

4, Ar

Photograph 24

Excessive Strap
Angle

Photograph 25

Improper Pier
Alignment To
Marriage Wall

Dryer Vented
Beneath Home

Photograph 26

Too Few Screws At
Ridge Beam

Photograph 27

Pier Not Under
Colunm Support

Photograph 28

Halves Not Connected
At Ridge Beam

Photograph 29

Halves Not Connected
At Ridge Beam
/ A

Photograph 30

� Halves Not Connected
At Floor

� Incorrect Wood Cap

Photograph 31

Uninsulated Floor Heat
Duct

Damaged Bottom Board

A
Photograph 32 FPO

* Unsupported Duct

* Loose Gas Ground

R
Photograph 33

Dryer Vented Under
Home

no N."
VNI

Photograph 34

No Ventilation
In Skirting

Abic

Photograph 35

Popped Interior
Paneling
j@'4 @4

Photograph 36

� improper Installation

� Nonapproved Pan Cover

'00P

Photograph 37

Blocked Drain
Clean Out

Photograph 38

won,

Upsized Gas Line

Photograph 39

Appendlx B

APPENDIX B

LIST OF STATE LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS, ETC.
COLLECTED BY NCSBCS REGARDING MANUFACTURED HOUSING

This list identifies what information was collected, the department having
jurisdiction and the contact person.

Notes:

1. The actual information (copies of state statues and regulations) is being
kept at NCSBCS headquarters because of the enormous volume of the
information.

2. The information was sent by the states at NCSBCS' request in May 1988. It
generally includes the legislation, regulations, and standards affecting
all aspects of the manufactured housing industry in that state.
Installation related information is part of the information collected.

3. Twenty-one states do not appear to have any regulations (based on the
letters or phone conversations).

4. Seven states did not provide any written information. For these states
some key information was collected by telephone contact.

5. The list also contains sta*te's letters to NCSBCS regarding their main
problems, general concerns regarding installation of homes. It also
contains some other relevant data received from few counties within that

state.

B.1

INFOR14ATION COLLECTED

State. DepartMent Haim] Jurisdiction List of lpformatign

1. Alabama 1. Statute (Act #1144 S.219 1975) "Uniform
Department of Insurance Code for the'Anchoring of Mobile Homes
Fire Marshall Div. Act."
Mr. Harold Hendricks 2. Rules and Regulations
3. Consumer Complaint Form
4. 1988 Draft of Proposed Legislation

2. Alaska 1. Statute (Mobile Home Warranty Act,
Office of the Attorney General Chapter 30, Section 45.30-011)
Mr. Robert E. Mintz Mobile Homes and Mobile Home Parks

3. Arizona 1. Statute (Arizona Revised Statutes)
Dept. of Building and Fire Safety Title 41 Chapter 16, Articles, 1,2,3,4)
Mr. George Kiefer 2. Chapter 34 Board of Manufactured Housing
3. Suggested methods of complying with
Mobile Manufactured Installation
Standards
4. Inspection Time Sheet
5. Inspection Record
6. Installation Insignia Report
7. Form Letters
8. Installation Investigation Letter
9. Report of Installation Investigation
10. Installation Permit Application

4. Arkansas
Arkansas Manufactured Home Commission 1. Arkansas Installation and Anchoring
Ms. Mary Beth Bowman 2. 2-15-88 Letter to NCSBCS from Ms. Bowman

5. California
Department of Housing and Community 1. Statute (California Health and Safety
Development Division of Codes & Division 13, Part 2.1, Mobile Home Parks
Standards Act.
Mr. Jim McGowan 2. California Code of Regulations, Title 25
Chapter 2.
3. Mobile Home Installations Guide
4. Installation Acceptance Forms
HCD 513A - issued by Dept.
HCD 513B - issued by local jurisdiction
HCD 513C - Foundation System Acceptance
5. Inspection Forms
6. 6-28-88 Letter From Jim McGowan

B.2

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State. Department Having Jurisdiction LiSt of Information

6. Colorado 1. Colorado does not appear to have state-
Division of Housing wide regulations pertaining to
Les Tingle installation of manufactured housing.
2. Information was gathered from telephone
contact.

7. Connecticut 1. Statute (Title 21, Ch. 412) Mobile
Office of the Attorney General Manufactured Homes and Mobile
Professional Licensing Division Manufactured Home Parks, Park Owners
Mr. Robert Hurley and Residents.
2. 8-8-88 letter from John Charters.

8. Delaware 1. Delaware does not appear to have state-
Office of the Attorney General wide regulations pertaining to
Ms. Marjorie Homiller installation of manufactured housing.
2. Information was gathered from telephone
Kent County, contact.
Mr. Mike Thompson 3. Kent County Delaware Housing Code
4. Anchoring & skirting requirements
5. Mobile Home Checklist
6. 1-7-87 letter from John Wilson to
Robert O-Brien

9. Florida
Department of Highway Safety and 1. Statute U.S. 1985, Ch. 320, Ch. 205)
Motor Vehicles 2. Rules of DHSMV, DMV, Chapter 15C-1.10
Mr. Buck Jones 3. List of approved component manufacturers
Mr. Orville Cummings 4. Information booklet pertaining to mobile
homes and recreation vehicles.
Hillsborough County 5. Hillsborough County Building Code
Mr. David H. Jones ordinance No 86-6.
6. Hillsborough County Notice of Violation
Taylor County 7. 4-15-88 letter to NCSBCS from
Mr. Luther Gunter Orville H. Cummings, Deputy Chief
8. 4-12-88 letter to NCSBCS from Luther
Gunter Jr., Building Official.
9. 4-12-88 letter to Buck Jones, Chief

10. Georgia 1. Georgia does not appear to have state- -
Office of Comptroller General wide legislation pertaining to the
Tom Eberhart installation of manufactured housing.
2. Information was gathered by telephone
contact.
3. 11-30-88 letter to NCSBCS from
B.3 - Earl A. Ferguson.

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State. Department Havina Jurisdiction List of Information

11. Idaho 1. Idaho does not appear to have state-
Tom Fica wide regulation pertaining to the
installation of manufactured housing.
2. Idaho does have legislation which will
be implemented l/l/89 (copy not avail-
able)
Information was gathered by telephone
contact.

12. Illinois 1. Illinois does not appear to have state-
wide regulation pertaining to the
installation of manufactured housing.
2. Information was gathered by telephone
contact.

;33.-Indiana 1. Statute (675 1AC 14-3)
Indiana Department of Fire and 2. Findings of inspection investigation for
Building Services consumer complaint
Al Haboush 3. 7-13-88 letter to NCSBCS from Al Haboush

14. Iowa 1. Statute UA 103A-1, "State Building
Iowa Department of Public Safety Code Act."
C.E. Peter Green 2. Rules & Regulations 680-16.621
3. Iowa Manufactured Home Installation
Certificate.
4. 4-7-88 letter to NCSBCS from Mr. Green

15. Kansas 1. Statute (Kansas Consumer Protection Act)
Office of the Attorney General 2. Rules and Regulations 75-1211 Mobile
Teresa Nelson Home and Recreational Vehicle Code

16. Kentucky 1. Copies of regulations were provided.
SAA Administrator 2. Information was gathered by telephone
Les Westerfield contact.

B.4 -

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State, Department ftying-jurisdiction List of Information

17. Louisiana 1. Louisiana does not have state-wide
Department of Public Works regulation pertaining to the
State Statute Not Provided installation of manufactured housing.
Parrish of East Baton Rouge 2. City of Baton Rouge
James Kidd P.E. a. Elevation requirements for permits
Building Official in flood prone area.
Gene Admire b. Mobile home tie down requirements
c. Relocation of m/h single family
residence
d. Plot plan form
e. Anchoring to resist flotation
collapse or lateral movement
f. City inspection form
g. Application for certificate of
occupancy
h. Application for building permit

18. Maine 1. Copies of regulations pertaining to the
Manufactured Housing and Department installation of manufactured housing
of Professional and Financial were not provided.
Regulation 2. Information was gathered by telephone
Mr. David Preble contact.

19. Maryland 1. Stability (Title 05 Dept. of Housing
Department of Housing and Community and Community Development Subtitle 02,
Development Chapter 04 Industrialized Building and
Mr. Kanti Patel Mobile Homes)
2. 7-8-88 letter to NCSBCS from Kanti Patel

20. Massachusetts 1. Copies of regulations.pertaining to
Charles Dinezio the installation of manufactured housing
John McCarthy were not provided.
2. Information was gathered by telephone
contact.

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State, Department Havina Jurisdiction List of Information

21. Michigan 1. Statute (P.A. 96 of 1987, as amended)
Steve Zamiara "Mobile Home Commission Act."
2. Michigan Mobile Home Commission Rules
3. "The Mobile Home Installer and Repairer
in Michigan."
4. Instructions Installer/Repairer License
5. "The Mobile Home Installer and Repairer
in Michigan."
6. "The Mobile Home Buyers & Residents
Handbook."
7. Application for mobile home
dealer-broker-installer
8. 7-25-88 letter to NCSBCS

22. Minnesota 1. Statute (Minnesota Statutes 1982)
Department ofAdministration "Manufactured Home Building Code"
Richard I. Hauck 2. Building Officials Manufactured Home
Installation Information
3. Department of Administration State
Building Code, Manufactured Homes,
Chapter 1350
4. State of Minnesota Support System Seal
5. State of Minnesota Anchoring System Seal
6. Minnesota Mobile Home Installation
Inspection and Correction Notice
7. Minnesota Repair Notice (Red Tag)
8. Minnesota Reinspection Notice
9. 4-6-88 letter to NCSBCS from
Richard I. Hauck

23. Mississippi 1. Statute (17 Miss. Supp. Law, 1979, Ch.
Office of Fire Marshall 3125, 75-49-7)
Mr. Jerry Black 2. Rules and Regulations for the Mobile
Home Division of the State Fire
Marshal's Office for Factory

24. Missouri 1. Copies of the statute not provided.
SAA Administrator 2. "Mobile Homes Challenges for Today
Mr. Ed. Klein and Tomorrow." This contains
references to the statutes.

- B.6

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State, Department H&yinqjurisdiction List of Informat,iQn

25. Montana 1. Montana does not appear to have state-
Montana Building Codes Advisory wide regulations pertaining to the
Council installation of manufactured housing.
Mr. Delmont Thurber 2. Information was gathered by personal
contact.

26. Nebraska 1. Statute (Article 46 Manufactured Homes
Office of Housing and Environmental Recreational Vehicles, and Mobile Home
Health Parks
Mr. Mark Luttich

27. Nevada 1. Statute (Chapter 489, Mobile Homes
Nevada Department of Commerce and similar vehicles)
Manufactured Housing Division 2. Statute (Chapter 461, Manufactured
Ms. Joan Clements Buildings)
3. Statute (Chapter 461A, Mobile Homes and
Parks)
4. Statute (Chapter 118B Landlord and
Tenant Mobile Home Parks)
5. 8-3-88 letter to NCSBCS from Joan
Clements

28. New Hampshire 1. Listed Statute (RSA No. 47:22-a) "Powers
Office of the Attorney General of City Councils"
Consumer Protection and Anti- 2. Listed Statute (RSA No. 47:22-b)
trust Bureau "Foundations."
Ms. Gyda DiCosola 3. 10-28-88 letter to NCSBCS from
Gyda DiCosola.

29. New Jersey 1. Copies of statute were not Provided
Department of Community Affairs 2. Notice to general contractors, sub-
Mr. Paul Sachdeva contractors, homeowners regarding
Mr. Butch D'Amore required inspections

30. New Mexico 1. Statute (New Mexico Manufactured Housing
Manufactured Housing Division Act & Regulations
Mr. John Wilson 2. "Homeowners Guide to Manufactured
Housing in New Mexico
3. Installation Inspection Form
4. Correction Notice Form
5. Consumer Complaint Inspection Form
6. Closing File Statement
7. Inspection Permit
8. 4-22-88 letter to NCSBCS from
John Wilson

B.7 -

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State. Department Havina Jurisdiction List Qf IofQrmation

31. New York 1. Copies of statute were hot provided.
Housing & Building Codes Bureau 2. "Developer's Guide Economic
Div. of Housing & Community Renewal Development City of Rochester
Mr. Fred Kissner

.32. North Carolina 1. Statute (General Statutes of
Department of Insurance North Carolina, Chapter 143, Articles
1 to 20)
2. State of North Carolina Regulations for
Mobile Homes & Modular Housing
3. Bulletin No. 87-L-10 Changes in
Manufactured Housing Set-up Regulations
4. 5-5-88 letter to NCSBCS from
John McClancey

33. North Dakota 1. North Dakota does not appear to have
Office of Attorney General state-wide regulations pertaining to
Mr. Terry Adkins installation of manufactured housing .
2. 7-6-88 letter to NCSBCS from
Terry Adkins

34. Ohio 1. Ohio does not appear to have state-wide
Office of Attorney General regulations pertaining to installation
Ms. Vicki Lucas of manufactured housing.
2. Information was gathered by telephone
contact.

35. Oklahoma 1. Oklahoma does not appear to have state-
Office of Attorney General wide regulations pertaining to the
Mr. Jamie Davis installation of manufactured housing.
2. Information was provided by telephone
contact.

36. Oregon 1. Statute (Chapter 814, Division
Building Codes Agency 23, Section 900)
Patrick Lewis 2. "State of Oregon Installation
Requirements"
3. "Manufactured Home Hookups for
Plumbing"
4. "Manufactured Home Hookups for
Electrical

B.8

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State, Department Haying--Jurisdiction List of Information

37. Pennsylvania 1. Statute Not Provided
Division of Manufactured Housing 2. "Inventory and Analysis of
Mr. John Smoke Selected State Guidelines for
Manufactured Housing Installation,
Dealer Licensing, and Enforcement"
3. "Planning for the Mobile Home &
Advisory Document."

38. Rhode Island 1. Copies of statute were not provided.
Office of State Building Commissioner 2. Information was gathered by telephone
Mr. Joe Marciano contact.

39. South Carolina 1. South Carolina does not appear to have
Building Codes and Regulatory state-wide regulations pertaining to the
Services installation of manufactured housing.
Ms. A.R. Youmans 2. Information was provided by telephone
contact.

40. South Dakota 1. South Dakota does not appear to have
Division of Commercial Inspection state-wide regulations pertaining to the
& Regulation installation of manufactured housing.
Mr. Jim Melgaard 2. Information was provided by telephone
contact.

41. Tennessee 1. Statute (Tennessee Code Annotated Title
Department of Commerce and Title 68, Chapter 45, Manufactured Home
Insurance Division of Fire Anchoring)
Prevention 2. Rules of Tennessee Department of;
Mr. David H. Borum Commerce and Insurance Chapter 0780-2-5
Stabilizing of Manufactured Homes
3. Blocking Standards 501-A "Part 4 Mobile
Home Site Facilities
4. 4-21-88 letter to NCSBCS from
David Borum

42. Texas 1. Statute (Article 5221F) Texas
Texas Department of Labor and Manufactured Housing Standards Act
Standards 2. Manufactured Housing Rules, Chapter 69
Mr. Harry Christensen 3. Installation Inspection Reporting Form
4. Monthly Installation Summary Report
City of Pasadena 5. Contract and Agreement for Local
Mr. Jack Moore Inspection of Manufactured Housing
6. Pasadena Code of Ordinances, Chapter 21
7. 4-15-88 Memo to H. Christensen from
B. Peterman

B.9

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State. Department Having Jurisdiction List of Information

43. Utah 1. Utah does not appear to have state-wide
Contractor's Division regulations pertaining to the
Mr. Ed. Short installation of manufactured housing.
2. Information was provided by telephone
contact.

44. Vermont 1. Vermont does not appear to have state-
Office of Attorney General wide regulations pertaining to the
Consumer Assistance Program installation of manufactured housing.
Jay Ashman 2. Information was provided by telephone
contact.

45. Virginia 1. Statute (1981 Virginia Uniform Building
Department of Housing and Code)
Community Development 2. Virginia Industrialized Building Law
Mr. Curtis McIver Information Bulletin 10-74
3. 4-18-88 letter to NCSBCS from Curtis
McIver

46. Washington 1. Statute (Substitute House Bill
Department of Labor and Industries No. 1690
Mr. James Arvan 2. RCW 43.22.340 through RCW 43.22.490
3. Chapter 296-150B WAC Standards for
Mobile Homes, Commercial Coaches, and
Recreational Vehicles
4. Application for requested inspection
5@ "Typical manufactured housing set-up
problems."
6. 5-3-88 letter to NCSBCS from James Arvan

47. West Virginia 1. West Virginia does not appear to have
State Fire Marshall state-wide regulations pertaining to the
Walter Smittle, III installation of manufactured housing .
2. Information was provided by telephone
contact.

48. Wisconsin 1. Statute Not Provided
Department of Industry 2. Consumer Complaint Forms and Follow-up
Labor and Human Relations Form Letters
Mr. Grant Turner

- B-10

INFORMATION COLLECTED

State. Department Having Jurisdiction List of Information

49. Wyoming 1. Statute (House Bill No. 0057, Enrolled
Department of Fire Prevention and Act No. 66)
Electrical Safety 2. 7-12-88 letter to NCSBCS from Gary Bare
Mr. Gary Bare

- B.11 -

Appendlx C

APPENDIX C

Sample of Letters Sent to States for Getting Information

NCSBCS sent requests for information about administration, inspection and
enforcement procedures to the nineteen states that responded with a
positive answer to the 1987 Task Force questionnaire.

1. Arizona 11. Nevada
2. Arkansas 12. New Jersey
3. California 13. New Mexico
4. Colorado 14. North Carolina
5. Florida 15. Rhode Island
6. Iowa 16. Tennessee
7. Kentucky 17. Texas
8. Maine 18. Virginia
9. Minnesota 19. Washington
10. Missouri

NCSBCS also sent a request letter to the states that responded with a
negative answer to the 1987 Task Force questionnaire and to the non-SAA
states.

SAA STATES NON-SAA STATES

1. Alabama 8. Mississippi 1. Alaska 10. North Dakota
2. Georgia 9. Nebraska 2. Connecticut 11. Ohio
3. Idaho 10. New York 3. Delaware 12. Oklahoma
4. Indiana 11. Oregon 4. Hawaii 13. Vermont
5. Louisiana 12. Pennsylvania 5. Illinois 14. West Virginia
6. Maryland 13. South Carolina 6. Kansas 15. Wyoming
7. Michigan 14. South Dakota 7. Massachusetts
15. Utah 8. Montana
16. Wisconsin 9. New Hampshire

C.1

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.
NCS BCS 481 Carlisle Drive, Hemdon, Virginia 22070 (703) 437-0100
Fax: (703) 481-3596

Letters Sent to SAA States That Indicated in the Task Force
Ouestionnaire 1987 that they had an Installation
Program (April 1. 1988)
and Those that Did Not Respond to Task Force
Questionnaire 1987 (May 20, 1988)

April 1, 1988

SAA Administrator
Address

Dear

The Depar tment of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has requested
that NCSBCS collect data with respect to regulation of manufactured
housing installation. NCSBCS has been asked to study the current
state programs, review the installation manuals and conduct limited
site inspections to document the impact of the installation methods
and procedures on the performance and durability of manufactured
housing. The study, when completed, will be shared with the State
Administrative Agencies (SAAs). Hopefully, this will be possible
during the upcoming SAA seminars.

It is my understanding that your state has laws and regulations,
along with inspection systems, affecting the installation of the
manufactured homes within your state boundaries. For the study of
the manufactured housing installation and regulation practices to be
complete and meaningful, we need your assistance and help. I will
appreciate if you can, at your earliest convenience, send us the
following:

l.. A copy of your applicable statute and installation
inspection procedures.

2. Inspection forms.

3. Alternate enforcement options, such as municipal or
county inspection contracts.

4. Results of any studies made to evaluate the impact
of the installation on consumer complaints.

5. A list of typical problems found by your inspectors
in your area.

6. A list of concerns about installation manuals,
manufacturer/dealer/installer relationships.

7. A copy of training aids developed by your state
regarding installation of homes.

C.2

SAA Administrator
April 1, 1988
Page Two

If you do not have all of the above information readily available,
please send us what you can.

I have assigned Pat Katon, who has extensive experience in this
area, as Project Engineer to collect this data. She will be
contacting you or your designee in the next few weeks to get
additional information. She may also arrange for a few on-site
inspections in your area. Please let us know if you have some good
examples of typical problems. Mike Werner, Manager of Design Review
Evaluation Services, at NCSBCS will be the Project Manager and will
be reviewing the installation manuals.

If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Katon at (703)
437-0100. Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Shyam Choudhary, P.E.
Assistant Director, Chief Engineer
SC/PK/mb Manufactured Homes/Codes and Standards

cc: Bob Fuller
Sam Hacopian
Al Brantley
Rick Roberts
Mike Werner

C.3

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.
NCS BCSJ 481 Carlisle Drive, Herridon, Virginia 22070 (703) 437-0100
Fax: (703) 481-3596

Letters Sent to SAA States With Negative
Response to 1987 Task Force Questionnaire

May 20, 1988

SAA Administrator
Address

Dear

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has requested
that NCSBCS collect data with respect to regulation of manufactured
housing installation. NCSBCS has been asked to study the current
state programs, review the installation manuals and conduct limited
site inspections to document the impact of the installation methods
and procedures on the performance and durability of manufactured
housing. The study, when completed, will be shared with the State
Administrative Agencies (SAAs). Hopefully, this will be possible
during the upcoming SAA seminars.

Based on your response to the March 1987 NCSBCS Task Force on
Federal Manufactured Housing Program questionnaire, it is our
understanding that your state does not have laws, regulations, or
inspection systems addressing the installation of the manufactured
homes within your state boundaries.

For the study of manufactured housing installation and regulation
practices to be complete and meaningful, we need your assistance and
help.

The information most helpful to this project is covered by the
following questions:

1. Has the nature of your state's participation in the Federal
Manufactured Housing Program been altered within the last 18
months?

2. If so, how?

3. Does your state have proposed legislation regarding
manufactured housing installation that will convey enforcement
authority to state or local jurisdiction?

4. If so, please tell us about it.

C.4

SAA Administrator
Page Two
May 20, 1988

5. Many consumer complaints seem to have arisen from the apparent
improper installation of manufactured homes. Does your state
currently have a recourse process for consumers with
manufactured housing problems?

6. If so, please describe.

7. As part of a consumer complaint inspection, what aspects of
installation are inspected?

8. If so, what aspects are inspected?

9. What comments or recommendations would you like to make
regarding HUD's concerns about the installation aspect of
manufactured housing?

I would appreciate a brief narrative and a copy of any inspection
and administrative control forms from you addressing the above.

I have assigned Pat Katon, who has extensive experience in this
area, as Project Engineer to collect this data. She may be
contacting you or your designee in the next few weeks to get
additional information. She may also arrange for a few on-site
inspections in your area. Please let us know if you have examples
of typical problems. Michael Werner, Manager of Design Review
Evaluation Services, at NCSBCS is the Project Manager.

If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Katon at (703)
437-0100. Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Shyam Choudhary, P.E.
Assistant Director, Chief Engineer
Manufactured Homes/Codes and Standards

SC/PK/mb

cc: Bob Fuller
Sam Hacopian
Hyder Jinnah

C.5

lalional conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.
NCS BCSJ 481 Carlisle Drive, Hemdon, Virginia 22070 (703) 437-0100
Fax: (703) 481-3596

Letters Sent to SAA States That May Have Installation Standards

May 20, 1988

SAA Administrator
Address

Dear

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has requested
that NCSBCS collect data with respect to regulation of manufactured
housing (mobile homes) installation. NCSBCS has been asked to
document the impact of the installation methods and procedures on
the performance and durability of manufactured housing by doing the
following:

Studying the current state programs
Reviewing the installation manuals
Conducting limited site inspections

The completed study will be shared with the State Administrative
Agencies (SAAs). Hopefully, this will be possible during the
upcoming SAA seminars.

Your state may have laws and regulations, along with inspection
systems, affecting the installation of the manufactured homes within
your state boundaries. For the study of manufactured housing
installation and regulation practices to be complete and meaningful,
we need your assistance.

Please send us the following information:

1. A copy of your applicable statute and installation
inspection procedures

2. Inspection forms

3. Alternate enforcement options, such as municipal or county
inspection contracts

4. Results of any studies made to evaluate the impact of the
installation on consumer complaints

C.6 -

Non SAA State
May 20, 1988
Page Two

5. A list of typical problems found by your inspectors in your
area

6. A list of concerns about installation manuals,
manufacturer/dealer/installer relationships

7. A copy of training aids developed by your state regarding
installation of homes

If you do not have all of the information readily available, please
send us what you can.

If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Katon at (703)
437-0100. Thank you for your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Shyam Choudhary, P.E.
Assistant Director, Chief Engineer
Manufactured Homes/Codes and Standards

SC/PK/mb

cc: Bob Fuller
Sam Hacopian
Hyder Jinnah

-C.7-

Appendlx D

APPENDIX D

List of States. Counties, Cities, Copy of the Typic al Letter With
Survey Questionnaire and Analysis of Questionnaire Received

NCSBCS sent 275 letters with survey questions to selected cities and
counties in ten states where shipments to the state were greater than 8000
homes in 1987.

1. Alabama 6. North Carolina
2. California 7. New York
3. Florida 8. South Carolina
4. Georgia 9. Tennessee
5. Michigan 10. Texas

State offici-als were queried to confirm the counties with a significant
concentration of manufactured housing. NCSBCS also sent 18 letters to
cities/counties in the State of Louisiana as a result of the on-site
visit. These were also selected after consultation with the state
administrator. NCSBCS received responses from about 50 percent of the
counties.

132 cities/counties responded to the survey. However, only 126 were
received in time to be tabulated.

D.1

List of Cities and Counties Surveyed

ALABAMA

---------------------------------
CITY i COUNTY
------------------- i-------------
BIRMINGHAM i JEFFERSON
DECATUR
FLORENCE 1 FLORENCE
FOLEY i BALDWIN
MADISON i
MILLBROOK i MOBILE
MOBILE
MOBILE
MONTGOMERY 1MONTGOMERY
PHOENIX CITY i RUSSELL
TUSCALOOSA i

CALIFORNIA

---------------------------------
CITY 11 COUNTY
------------------- i-------------
HAYWARD i ALAMEDA
MARKLEEVILLE i ALPINE
MARTINEZ !CONTRA COSTA
CRESCENT CITY 1 DEL NORTE
FRESNO FRESNO
WILLOWS GLENN
LOS ANGELES 1LOS ANGELES
MADERA 1 MADERA
MARIPOSA 1 MARIPOSA
BRIDGEPORT i MONO
NAPA A NAPA
SANTA ANA i ORANGE
AUBURN 11 PLACER
HOLLISTER 1SAN BENITO
SAN DIEGO 1 SAN DIEGO
.STOCKTON ISAN JOAQUIN
REDWOOD CITY 1 SAN MATEO
SAN JOSE 1SANTA CLARA
MODESTO STANISLAUS
RED BLUFF TEHAMA
WOODLAND YOLO
KERN 1BAKERSFIELD
DOWNIEVILLE 11 SIERRA
FAIRkELD i SOLANO,
NEVADA CITY I I
I NEVADA
OROVILLE BUTTE
SAN CARLOS
WEAVERVILLE i TRINITY
YUBA CITY i SUTTER
YREKA 1 SISKIYOU
ALTURAS MODOC
-D.2-

CALIFORNIA

CITY COUNTY

------------------- -------------
SAN JOUQUIN
SAN LUIS OBISPO !SAN LUIS OBISPO
SAN BERNARDINO !SAN BERNARDINO
HANFORD i KINGS
BAKERSFIELD i KERN
SUSANVILLE i LASSEN
VENTURA VENTURA
LAKEPORT LAKE
SAN ANDREAS 1 CALAVERAS
SONORA 1 TUOLUMNE
SANTA BARBARA !SANTA BARBARA
WEAVERVILLE i TRINITY
SANTA CRUZ 1SANTA CRUZ
VISALIA i TULARE
QUINCY i PLUMAS
NEVADA CITY i NEVADA
SAN CARLOS/BELMONT
COLUSA i COLUSA
EL CENTRO 1 IMPERIAL
SACRAMENTO 1 SACRAMENTO
SALINAS 1 MONTEREY
MARYSVILLE i YUBA
UKIAH 1 MENDOCINO
SOLANO
JACKSON to AMADOR
YUBA CITY i SUTTER
PLACERVILLE 1 EL DORADO
SANTA ROSA, i SONOMA
LOS ANGELES 11
INYO

FLORIDA

---------------------------------
CITY 11 COUNTY

------------------- -------------
BRADENTON MANATEE
BRISTON LIBERTY
BROOKSVILLE 1 HERNANCO
BUNNELL i FLAGLER
BUSHNELL i SUMTER
CLEARWATER 1 PINELLAS
CRAWFORDVILLE i WAKULLA
CROSS CITY i DESOTO
DEFUNIAK SPRING 1 WALTON
DELAND i VOLUSIA
FERNANDIA BEACH 1 NASSAU
FT. LAUDERDALE i BROWARD
-D.3-

FLORIDA

---------------------------------
CITY i COUNTY
------------------- i-------------
FT. PIERCE 1 ST. LUCIE
FT. WALTON BEACH
GAINESVILLE ALACHUA
JASPER 1 @'HAMILTON
KEY WEST i MONROE
KISSIMMEE i OSCEOLA
LABELLE i HENDRY
LAKE BUENA VISTA
LECANTO i CITRUS
LIVE OAK i SUWANEE
MADISON i MADISON
MARIANNA i JACKSON
MERRITT ISLAND i BREVARD
MIAMI I DADE
MILTON 1SANTA ROSA
MONTICELLO 1 JEFFERSON
MOORE HAVEN GLADES
NAPLES COLLIER
NEW PORT RICHEY I PASCO
OCALA I MARION
ORLANDO i ORANGE
PALATKA It
PANAMA CITY 11 BAY
PENSACOLA I ESCAMBIA
PENSACOLA BEACH 1
PORT CHARLOTTE 1 CHARLOTTE
PORT ST. JOE I GULF
QUINCY i GADSEN
SANFORD 1 SEMINOLE
SANIBEL i
SARASOTA I SARASOTA
SEBRING 1 HIGHLANDS
SHREVEPORT I
ST. AUGUSTINE I ST. JOHNS
ST. PETERSBURG I
STUART 11 MARTIN
TALLAHASSEE Is LEON
TAMPA 1HILLSBOROUGH
TAVARES 11 LAKE
VERO REACH !INDIAN RIVER
WAUCHULA i HARDEE
WEST PALM BEACH I PALM BEACH

-D.4-

GEORGIA

---------------------------------
CITY i COUNTY
------------------- i-------------
ATHENS @ATHENS-CLARKE
AUGUSTA 1 RICHMOND
BRUNSWICK i GLYNN
BUCHANAN 1 HARALSON
CALHOUN i GORDON
CANTON 1 CHEROKEE
CARTERSVILLE i BARTOW
CONYERS 1 ROCKDALE
CORDELE i CRISP
COVINGTON i NEWTON
CUMMINGS 1 FORSYTHE
FATEYYEVILLE i FAYETTE
FOLKSTON 1 CHARLTON
FORT VALLEY PEACH
GAINESVILLE HALL
GRAYSON GORDON
mr; HAMILTON i HARRIS
HARTWELL HART
HINESVILLE LIBERTY
JACKSON BUTTS
JEFFERSON JACKSON
JONESBORO i CLAYTON
KINGSLAND i CAMDEN
LA FAYETTE 11 WALKER
LAGRANGE It TROUP
LAWRENCEVILLE 1 GWINNETT
LEESBURG LEE
MARIETTA COBB
MARTINEZ 1 COLUMBIA
MILLEDGEVILLE i BALDWIN
MONROE WALTON
MCDONOUGH HENRY
NEWNAN It COWETA
PEMBROKE BRYAN
SAVANNAH CHATHAM
SPRINGFIELD I EFFINGHAM
THOMASVILLE I THOMAS
THOMSON 1 MCDUFFIE
TIFTON I TIFT
VALDOSTA I VALDOSTA
WARNER ROBINS 11 HOUSTON
WATKINSVILLE 10 OCONEE

-D.5-

LOUISIANA

---------------------------------
CITY i COUNTY

------------------- -------------

ABBEVILLE
ALEXANDRIA ALEXANDRIA
BATON ROUGE
COVINGTON
GONZALES i
HAHNVILLE
HAMMOND i
HOUMA i
JENNINGS
LAFAYETTE
LAKE CHARLES
LAPLACE
MINDEN
MONROE
NEW ORLEANS
SHREVEPORT
SLIDELL

NEW YORK

---------------------------------
CITY COUNTY

------------------- -------------

ALBANY
BARRINGTON
DELMAR
LOCKPORT
NEW YORK
NORWICH
POUGHKEEPSIE
ROCHESTER
WATERLOO
WHITE PLAINS i
WILLIAMSVILLE i

-D.6-

MICHIGAN

---------------------------------
CITY COUNTY

------------------- -------------
BAD AXE HURON
BIG RAPIDS
COLDWATER i BRANCH
CORUNNA
GAYLORD
GENESEE
GRAND RAPIDS
GRAYLING
HARRISVILLE i ALCONA
HILLSDALE i
HOWELL i
LAPEER LAPEER
LELAND 1 LEELANAU
MILAN
MT. CLEMENS
ST. JOHNS
SWARTZ CREEK
TRAVERSE CITY !GRAND TRAVERSE

NORTH CAROLINA

---------------------------------
CITY i COUNTY
------------------- i -------------
ASHVILLE 1 BUNCOME
BAYBORO I PAMLICO
BEAUFORT 1 CARTERET
BOONE i WATAUGA
CHARLOTTE 11
CURRITUCK 1 CURRITUCK
FAYETTEVILLE 1 CUMBERLAND
GREENSBORO 1 GUILFORD
JACKSONVILLE I
LENOIR 1 CALDWELL
LEXINGTON 1 DAVIDSON
LUMBERTON ROBESON
MORGANTON BURK
NEWLAND AVERY
RAL@IGH WAKE
SANFORD LEE
WILMINGTON 1 NEW HANOVER
WILSON WILSON

-D.7-

SOUTH CAROLINA

-- ------------------------------
CITY i COUNTY
------------------- i-------------
ANDERSON 1 ANDERSON
ANDERSON 1 ANDERSON
BEAUFORT 1 BEAUFORT
CHARLESTON 1CHARLESTON
COLUMBIA 1 RICHLAND
GEORGETOWN 1GEORGETOWN
GREENVILLE 1GREENVILLE
LEXINGTON 1 LEXINGTON
MONCKS CORNER 1 BERKELEY
MURRELLS INLET 1MURRELLS INLET-GARDEN
RIDGELAND i JASPER
ROCKHILL i YORK
SALUDA It SALUDA
SPARTANBURG 1SPARTANBURG
SUMMERVILLE 1DORCHESTER
SUMTER i SUMTER
WALTERBORO 1 COLLETON

TENNESSEE

---------------------------------
CITY 11 COUNTY

------------------- -------------
ALCOA
CHATTANOOGA
COLUMBIA MAURY
COOKEVILLE
DYERSBURG DYER
ELIZABETHTON
FRANKLINE IWILLIAMSON
KNOXVILLE KNOX
KNOXVILLE KNOX
KNOXVILLE 1 KNOX
MEMPHIS
MEMPHIS
MURFREESBORO i
NASHVILLE !NASHVILLE/DAVIDSON

-D.8-

TEXAS

---- - ------

CITY i COUNTY

------------------- -------------

ALNARVADO
BOERNE i
BRYAN i
COLLEGE STATION 1
COMBES i
CORINTH i
DEL RIO i
DONNA i
ELGIN
FT. STOCKTON
HARBER HEIGHTS
KAUFMAN
KINGSVILLE
LA FERIA
LA MARQUE
LIBERTY
LUFKIN
MCALLEN
NACOGDOCHES
NEEDVILLE
NEW BRAUNFELS i
NOVASOTA
PALESTINE
PASADENA
PHARR
PORT ARANSAS
ROSENBERG
SAN BINITO
SAN JUAN
SIMMINOLE
STAFFORD
SUGARLAND
SULPHUR SPRINGS 1
TERRELL
TYLER

-D.9-

Generic Request Letter

June 13, 1988

County Building Officials
Address

Dear

Many consumer complaints about manufactured housing (mobile homes)
seem to involve the improper installation of the home. This concerns all
levels of government. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), in response to this concern, has retained NCSBCS to
provide a study on manufactured housing installation.

The preliminary findings reflect that administrative, inspection and
enforcement procedures of manufactured (mobile) home installation vary
widely. Primary responsibility for assuring proper installation most
often rests with municipal or county enforcement. The significant number
of manufactured homes shipped into your jurisdiction in 1987 makes your
assistance with the installation study invaluable.

Among other issues, we are evaluating whether there is a need to
organize training programs for county inspectors and to develop
guidebooks regarding installation of manufactured (mobile) homes.

Please complete the attached questionnaire and return it to the above
address. We must have receipt no later than July 5, 1988 for your
response to be included in the study.

If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Pat Katon, Project
Engineer, or Michael Werner, Project Manager at (703) 437-0100. Thank
you for your cooperation and guidance.

Sincerely,

Shyam Choudhary, P.E.
Assistant Director, Chief Engineer
Manufactured Homes/Codes and Standards

SC/PK/rs

cc: Robert Fuller
Sam Hacopian
Hyder Jinnah

ouestionnaire
Parts A & B

SURVEY OF ADMINISTRATION, ENFORCEMENT AND INSPECTION
OF MANUFACTURED HOUSING INSTALLATIONS

STATE OF
COUNTY/CITY OF
BY
DATE

A. PLEASE CIRCLE THE APPLICABLE LETTER OR LETTERS WHICH WILL
COMPLETE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS. IF THE ANSWER
TO #2 IS "a, an excluding, 01 NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS
REQUESTED. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ASSISTANCE.

1. Our state a manufactured housing-installation law.

a. has
b. does not have

2. Our county/city has zoning ordinance concerning
manufactured housing.

a. an excluding
b. a restricting
c. no

3. our county/city _ a manufactured housing
installation ordinance of its own.

a. has
b. does not have

4. Our county/city installation ordinance includes
requirements for each home.

a. blocking
b. tie down

5. our county/cit register or license manufactured
home installers.

a. does
b. does not

6. The inspection of the installation of manufactured
housing is done b

a. state inspectors
b. county inspectors
c. city inspectors
d. both state and local government
e. neither state nor local government

7. our county/city a contract with the state to
perform manufactured home installation inspections.

a. has
b. does not have

8. our county/city has inspectors to inspect
manufactured homes in our area.

a. I
b. 2-3
c. 4-5
d. 5-10
e. more than 10

9. our county/city inspects an average of
manufactured homes installations per month.

a. less than 10
b. 11 to 25
c. 26 to 50
d. 51 to 100
e. more than 100

10. our county/city provides training sessions for our
inspectors

a. as needed
b. every six months
c. every year
d. every other year
e. whenever funds are available
f. only as on-the-job training (OJT)

11. our county/city identified a need for additional
training resources.

a. has
b. has not

12. For taxation purposes manufactured homes are
considered

a. real property
b. personal property

-D.12-

13. our county/city is notified that a manufactured home
needs inspection b

a. building-permit application
b. inspection request made by party
C. installer report after set up
d. seal or decal purchase
e. state agency forwarding reports to us
f. other (please describe)

14. Total inspection fees for each home range between

a. $ 0.00 and $10.00
b. $10.01 and $25.00
C. $25.01 and $50.00
d. $50-01 and $100.00
e. over $100.00

15. When the home passes inspection,

a. a pressure sensitive acceptance label or decal is
applied to the home
b. the homeowner is given a certificate of occupancy
c. the homeowner is given completed inspection report
d. no notice is provided
e. other(please describe)

16. If there is a problem with the home's installation,
our county/city_ .

a. notifies the state agency to effect enforcement
b. takes enforcement action ourselves
c. both state and local government take action

17.-If a home's installation does not pass the first
inspection, it must be corrected within

a. 30 days
b. 30-60 days
c. 60-120 days
d. whenever

-D.13-

18. If a home does not pass a final inspection,

a. utility services are stopped
b. a close permit is issued
C. the certificate of occupancy is not issued
do the denial label or decal is applied to home
e. the installer is charged with a misdemeanor and fined
f. the installer is charged with civil penalty and fined
g. the installers license is revoked
h. the issue is referred to DMV
i. the lien holder is notified
j. other

19. In our area, f ines or penalties for each home in
violation range from

a. $ 0.00 to $50.00
b. $50.01 to $100.00
c. $100.01 to $500.00
do $500.01 to $1000.00
e. over $1000.00

20. our county/city inspect from the manufacturer's
approved installation manual for the home or other
engineer approved drawings.

a. does
b. does not

B. PLEASE CIRCLE THE APPLICABLE LETTER OR LETTERS TO SHOW WHICH
OF THE FOLL40WING ITEMS ARE INCLUDED IN YOUR INSTALLATION
INSPECTION PROCEDURES.

1. pier materials

a. are approved
b. height
C. footing
do caps
e. shims

2. pier spacing

a. at steel I beam
b. at marriage wall
c. on perimeter
do at exterior doors
e. under fire place
f. at columns or at sides of wide opening

-Do14-

3. anchoring equipment

a. anchor is approved for use in our area
b. anchor is suitable for soil conditions
C. installed in accordance with anchor manufacturers
approved instructions
d. ties (straps) are continuous

4. spacing of anchoring equipment

a. over the top ties (vertical)
b. frame ties (diagonal)

5. fastening of multi-wide halves

a. at roof (ridge beam)
b. between floors at mate line

6. finishing of exterior of multi-wide home

a. peak of roof
b. siding at ends of home

7. utility crossovers of multi-wide home

a. electrical
b. water supply
c. plumbing (DWV)
d. heating/cooling
e. gas

8. site

a. easement
b. drainage
C. footings below frostline
d. pier height above flood level

9. construction zones

a. wind load
b. roof load
c. thermal
d. seismic load

10. other aspects

a. heat tape listing
b. crawl space access
c. ventilation of skirted subfloor area
d. driveways
e. add on structures

-D.15-

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE
TABULATION OF RESPONSES TO QUESTIONNAIRE
(NATIONAL PROFILE)

A. Administrative Questions Number of Percent of
Responses Responses
(Circled) (Circled)

1. Our state a manufactured housing installation.

a. has 103 82%
b. does not have 20 16%
no response 3 2%

2. Our county/city has ordinance concerning
manufactured housing.

a. an excluding 8 6%
b. a restricting 81 64%
c. no 36 29%
no response 1 0%

3. Our county/city a manufactured housing
installation ordinance of its own.

a. has 58 46%
b. does not have 64 51%
no response 4 2%

4. Our county/city installation ordinance includes
requirements for each home.

a. blocking 67 51%
b. tie down 85 65%
a. and b. 59 47%
no response 33 26%

5. Our county/city - register or license manufactured
home installers.

a. does 33 26%
b. does not 90 71%
no response 3 2%

6. The inspection of the installation of manufactured
housing is done by - -

a. state inspectors 10 8%
b. county inspectors 91 72%
c. city inspectors 17 13%
d. both state and local government 15 14%
e. neither state nor local government 3 1%

D.16

A. Administrative Questions (continued)
Number of Percent of.
Responses Responses
(Circled) (Circled)

7. He a contract with the state to perform
manufactured home installation inspections.

a. have 13 10%
b. do not have 106 84%
no response 7 5%

8. We have _ inspectors to inspect manufactured homes
in our area.

a. 1 24 19%
b. 2-3 46 37%
c. 4-5 19 15%
d. 5-10 13 10%
e. more than 10 16 11%
no response 8 6%

9. We inspect an average of manufactured home
installations per month.

a. Less than 10 41 33%
b. 11 to 25 38 30%
c. 26 to 50 19 15%
d. 51 to 100 12 9%
e. more than 100 7 5%
no response 9 7%

10. we provide training sessions for our inspectors

a. as needed 52 40%
b. for everyone every six months 5 5%
c. for everyone every year 4 4%
d. for everyone every other year I -
e. whenever funds are available 8 8%
f. only as on-the-job training (OJT) 46 36%
no response 10 8%

11. We identified a need for additional training resources.

a. have 48 38%
b. have not 69 55%
no response 9 7%

12. For taxation purposes manufactured homes are considered

a. real property 80 63%
b. personal property 59 47%
no response 9 7%

D.17

Administrative Questions (continued)
Number of Percent of
Responses Responses
(Circled) (Circled)

13. We are notified that a manufactured home needs
inspection by

a. building permit application 57 45%
b. inspection request made by party 19 15%
c. installer report after set up 0 0%
d. seal or decal purchase 2 2%
e. state agency forwards reports to us 2 2%
f. other (please describe) 4 3%

14. Total inspection fees for each home range between

a. $0.00 and $10.00 7 6%
b. $10.01 and $25.00 26 21%
c. $25.01 and $50.00 32 25%
d. $50.01 and $100.00 34 27%
e. over $100.00 22 17%
no response 11 9%

5. When the home passes inspection

a. a pressure sensitive acceptance label or decal is
applied to the home 6 5%
b. the homeowner is given a certificate of occupancy 62 49%
c. the homeowner is given completed inspection report 21 17%
d. no notice is provided 6 5%
e. other (please describe) 30 24%
no response 12 10%

16. If there is a problem with the homes installation, we _.

a. notify the state agency to effect enforcement 4 3%
b. take enforcement action ourselves 99 76%
c. both take action 17 13%
no response 13 10%

17. If a home's installation does not pass the first
inspection, it must be corrected within

a. 30 days 50 40%
b. 30-60 days 9 7%
c. 60-120 days 7 6%
d. whenever 46 37%
no response 14 11%

- D.18

A. Administrative Questions (continued)
Number of Percent of
Responses Responses
(Circled) (Circled)

18. If a home does not pass a final inspection

a. Utility services are stopped 60 48%
b. close permit is issued 1 0%
c. the certificate of occupancy is not issued 63 50%
d. the denial label or decal is applied to home 8 6%
e. the installer is charged with a misdemeanor and fined 6 5%
f. the installer is charged with civil penalty and fined 0 7%
g. the installers license is revoked 1 0%
h. the issue is referred to DMV 0 07.
i. the lien holder is notified 0 0%
j. other 14 11%
no response 19 15%

19. In our area, fines or penalties for each home in
violation range from

a. $0.00 to $50.00 46 37%
b. $50.01 to $100.00 12 10%
c. $100.0l'to $500.00 26 21%
d. $500.01 to $1000.00 3 2%
e. over $1000.00 0 0%
no response 39 31%

20. He inspect to the manufacturers approved
installation manual for the home or other engineer
approved drawings.

a. do 86 68%
b. do not 34 26%
no response 6 5%

D.19

B. Technical Questions Number of Percent of
Responses Responses
(Circled) (Circled)

The applicable letter or letters circled show which of the
following items were included in inspection procedures

1 pier materials

a. are approved 92 73%
b. height 86 68%
c. footing 88 70%
d. caps 68 54%
e. shims 78 62%
a, b, c. d, e 68 54%

2. pier spacing

a. at steel I beam 18 14%
b. at marriage wall 2 1%
c. on perimeter 2 1%
d. at exterior doors 36 29%
e. under fireplace 35 2
f. at columns or at sides of wide opening 46 37%
no response 59 47%

3. anchoring equipment

a. anchor is approved for use in our area 60 48%
b. anchor is suitable for soil conditions 40 32%
c. installed in accordance with anchor manufacturers
approved instructions 55 44%
d. ties (straps) are continuous 58 46%
no response 28 22%

4. spacing of anchoring equipment

a. over the top ties (vertical) 82 65%
b. frame ties (diagonal) 92 73%
no response 27 21%

5. fastening of multi-wide halves

a. at roof (ridge beam) 72 57%
b. between floors at mate line 81 64%
no response 38 30%

6. finishing of exterior of multi-wide home
a. peak of roof 75 60%
b. siding at ends of home 75 60%
no response 45 36%

D.20

B. Technical Questions (continued)
Number of Percent of
Responses Responses
(Circled) (Circled)
7. utility crossovers of multi-wide home

a. electrical 95 61%
b. water supply 83 66%
c. plumbing (DWV) 91 72%
d. heating/cooling 81 64%
e. gas 77 61%
no response 27 21%

8. site

a. easement 68 54%
b. drainage 66 52%
c. footings below frostline 45 36%
d. pier height above flood plain level 96 71%
no response 18 14%

9. construction zones

a. wind load 67 53%
b. roof load 50 40%
c. thermal: 18 14%
d. seismic load 30 24%
no response 50 40%

10. other aspects

a. heat tape listing 13 10%
b. crawl space access 67 53%
c. ventilation of skirted subfloor area 71 56%
d. driveways 39 31%
e. add on structures 60 48%
no response 15 12%

D.21

QUESTIONS FROM PART A QUESTIONS FROM PART B
CO At A2 AS At 0 AD A7 AS A9 AID All A12 A13 A14 At$ A16 A17 AID A19 A20 at 62 63 56 55 66 67 Be 89 610 all

L MOBILE 9 C B 6 a a A A A 5
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AL RUSSELL A c 9 a A a B All F A E A 6
CA sluivou A BE B As 5 AS 9 0 A A 8 AS AS D 5 Be A he AD AD ASCIDE ABCDEf ABED AD AS ABCDE DO ASO BEE
CA HOW A C A AD 8 8 8 A A F A A A D I B I Cl A ASCE ASCE A 5 AD AS ABCE BCD ADD BE
CA SAN LUIS 081$A B 6 6 6 1 0 8 A A A I E B J A A ABCDE ABCDE ABED ASCDf
CA AMADOR A 8 a B 9 1 0 A A A A All I CD 8 ci A $COE ADCOF Be a ASCE ADD ASO OCIE
CA SAM CARLOS A C 8 AS A a I I A A 8 A A I f B A c C A ABCDE ABCDEf C B A A ABCDE ABED AS ABCDE
CA VENTURA A B A 1 5 AS 9 1 A IF A A A ( E B 0 A A A c 8 A AS ABCDE ASCO BCD
CA SONORA A 1 5 B I A I a F A AS All C I B D AC A ASCOf ABCDf C AS A AS ABCDE ABCD ABED ABCDE
CA LAKE A a A 6 1 0 a C I IF a A A f a a 0 AC I A ABCDE ABC CD Ad A ABCDE ASCO Of
CA TULARE A 6 8 All B 0 A E a A A All A E a I C ACE A A ABC ABCDE ABED AS AD AD ADCOE 00 ADD ABCE
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CA IMPERIAL A a 6 1 A 8 6 0 8 A 6 A 9 0 1 a 6 C A A ABE Afff ACO, A AD Ad WIDE ADD ASO SEE
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CA MONTEREY A 6 B 8 9 8 a 0 A A A A A DE c a 0 J A ABCIE AD C AS AS AS ABCDE ADD ABD BETE
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CA SANTA CRUZ I a 1 8 8 a A A F 9 A A 0 E B C A C A ABCE Ad ABC AD AS AS ABCDE ABD ADD BCDE
FL OSCEOLA A A AS A a 6 A 0 F A a c a a A c A A ABCDE co AS AS AS 0 Be $TATIE IRA
FL SEMINOLE A 8 A 8 9 8 6 C A A 9 All A 1 5 6 0 C A ABCDE ACIF ACO A All AS ABCD AS D BEE
FL ST. JOHN$ A 8 A AS a B 1 0 0 F B a B 6 B a A C B A ABCDE A6COEf AC AS AD ABCDE D A SCE
FL PASCO A a a AB A I a D E A A 8 A E C 8 D A A A ABCDE A ASCII) AD A AD A f
III. PUTNAM A A A As 5 a 6 A ABCDE
FL INDIAN RIVER A B A All A 1 5 C 6 F 8 B A C B 5 D C A A ABCDE C AC AD
I'L CHARLOTTE A B A AD A 8 6 f 9 IF 6 a 5 0 9 B 0 Ac A A ABCDE ABCDEF ABCD All AS Ad ABCD ADD AC BCDE
ft N16HLANOS 6 9 8 B 8 B C A F A A B E a c A AC A A ABCDE ABCDEF ABED AS AD ABCD D AS ABCDE
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FL COLUMBIA A a I B 6 B 9 0 f a 8 C C 6 D A A ABCDE A AS
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fl. ESCANSIA A B A AS A a 6 C 0 F 5 All A 0 E a 0 A A 5 A( AC c AS AS A 0 A I
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fl. VOLUSIA A 6 B AD A 9 B E C A A I Age 0 BE B c AC A ASCD1 ABC ACID AS As ID BCDE
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FL A ULLA A 8 A As 8 8 a 9 C F a AD A I E C 0 AC C A ABCDE ABCDEF ADD AD ABCDE ARCO DE
fL :AOSEN A C A 4 9 9 6 9 C AM 6 A A 0 1 0 E 0 A A hSCOE ASEVEf ABED AB a B ARCO ABED A E
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fL FLAGLER A 6 A AD A 8 6 1 A A 6 As A D a 8 A C A A ADCOE ABCDEf ACD AS 8 AD COE DO AD OCE
GA HOUSTON 6 6 A A A a a 8 C IF A 8 A D D 6 A A A 0 ABCDE A
GA BRYAN A 6 A AD A a 6 a 8 E A A AS BCD E 6 A 0 A A ASCOF ABCDEF ABED As AD As ABCDE ABCO ABCD ABCE
GIA HARRIS A 5 A is A 9 6 a C A a AS C t a A AE C a ABCDE ABOEF ARCO Ad AD AS MCDE ARCO 5 OCE
GA GLYNN 6 8 a AS 9 0 a 6 6 CE A A ADD A C 6 A AC a a ARC ABC A AD A I ABCDE ASO A 6CE
GA EFIFINGHAN A a A AS A 6 5 6 C F a 6 A a IT 8 A AC A A ABCOE AEF AC AB AD AD ABCDE ASO AS CIE
GA BALDWIN A C A As 1 9 9 A 9 9 A A A C E 6 A ABCDE 6 A ABCOE AE 0 A AD AS ABCDE ACD A OCE
CIA LIBERTY A 5 5 he A a a C C A a All ARD C E a 0 1 B ABCDE A a As AD E E
GA BARTOW 8 8 A AB 6 6 a a 0 F 8 AS A 0 f 9 D A A 5 ABC A 0 AD AD AD BE
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SA ROCKDALE -A C A 8 5 9 9 5 4 A 9 1 A C a a A C 9 A. C A a 5 AS As A11COE SC AD SCE
GA RICHMOND A I A 6 A 6 6 8 a A A 8 A 8 E IT A A A A ASCIDE AD C AD 6 9 ABCDE ABCD B(
GA THOMAS a C 9 a 1 9 9 C F 6 A A A 0 A a ABED D E
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SA livi 0 t A, 6 9 0. 6 & 6 a 6 4 A a 1 1, h h C 6 htf) hKoif At a At k kSCOE ABED As RICE
GA WALKER a C 6 a f 6 8 AD
6A WALTON a a 8 6 6 6 5 A F a All A 0 C 6 0 A A A A A A 8 As As CD AD BE
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(A) LA LAKIE CHARLES I A
1A LAFAYETTE a 6 A a 9 SIC a 5 0 A 9 A a C C a 0 A a A As C 4 As As Aacl 0 A DE
LA NEW ORLEANS A 1 8 0 a E A E A A a 8 A AC A
LA HOUMA 0 A 5 6 BE B 9 8 F 8 A AS 1 0 8 A C A 6 A AS ACE D
LA HAMMOND A 0 A AS A C a 8 A A A a A C 6 a A A 8 A 6 C C A A A AD 0 A C
th ALEXANDRIA I a A a a C 5 A A F 5 a IF A 0 6 A AE C 9 6 AICOE ADD 0
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"I LIVINGSTON A C 9 9 6 6 8 5 A A A 0 B As A C A A ACDE ACF A AS AS As AC CD AS ABCE
MI GRAND IRAVERSA 6 6 AS 8 ASO 1 5 A A A A ABC C 6 a I C C A AE AS ABED AS B 8 ABCDE CD ABCD SEE
"I AECOSIA A A A I a a 5 a IF h A E a a 0 ol It h Astol It As As As ABED( 0 ASCO ARCO[
"I YORK A I A AB A C a A A 6 A BA C 8 BE A C I A ABCOE ASCEF CD AS As AS ABCDE ABCD ABC BCDE
"I BRANCH A A a 5 5 5 5 A a F 5 A A C 5 5 A C 5 ACE AF 9 B 8 IT ADE so BCE
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Alt SURXE A C 6 A 6 8 6 D F A a A 6 BE SC 0 C A A 60 1 AS AS AC 6 at
NC CARTERET A C a I 1 8 IT C 0 A A A A D 6 A A C A A ABCDE ABCDEF ABCD AS As AD ABCDE ABED ABC SCE
11C CALDWELL A B 6 6 6 5 8 C F A 6 As 0 SEE 6 a AC A ABCDE ABCOF ACD AS AS AD ABCDE CD a f
NC ROBESON A C 6 AS A 1 8 C E A 5 A ABC 0 5 at 0 C A A ABEDE A ED At AS AS ASWE 0 IbIl
NC WATAUGA A C A As 5 8 B 6 a F 6 9 8 C I a 0 C A 8 ABCDE ABCOEF ACD AS AD AS A 0 act
NC BUNCOMBE A BC A AD A 5 a C E A 5 8 A C 1 8 D, i A A ABCDE ABCDEF ABCD AS 8 ABC
NC CUMBERLAND A B 6 AD A C 1 5 6 A 8 6 AC I A a A A A ABCDE A ABED AD ABCD
NC AVERY A C 5 As B at 5 a 8 F 6 IT 5 5 E 5 0 3 A A ABED[ ABCOEF ED As 5 ACE E
NC DAVIDSON A C 9 As a 8 6 8 0 f I A A 6 a 6 A C t A ABCDE A ABED As IT AD ABCOE ABED A BE
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NY CHENANGO A C 5 6 8 a a a C A A A 0 6 8 IT A C A ABC A8CF C AS As BCDE ARCO C ABE
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TI BRAZOS A c I I C A B I C 8 a E 0 B I D C A A AGCOE Aso BCD AD AD E
11 DONNA A B A he A C A A 6 A A A E B A A 5 1 A AC ACF ABCD 6 8 5 Ascot ABCD ABCD ABCDE
Ti HARRIS A C A a 6 C A B A A a A At C ll C 0 ADJ A A Ascot A co AS As AD CE Ago A co
IK BASTROP A I A As I D A A A A B A AE 0 0 C A D c A AKE ASCD(F ACO 5 AS AS ABCOE ABCD ABCD BEDE
11 NAVASOTA A B A AS B D A A A F I A d 8 C B A A C A AUDE A C Ad ABCOE AD A scot
Tx PECOS A a A A$ 8 0 A 5 A A A A A( 9 0 C A AE I A ASCO( A ABCD AS AS AS ABCDE Aso AS SDE
IK TYLER A I a B 6 A B A A F A A a C I I A AD A A 8 a Ascot ASO $COE
Ix SAN BENITO A B B AN B C A A A A B A A a B I A a A A ABCE A C AS As AS ASCOE ASO As SIDE
TI KAUFRAN 9 A 5 B ( 9 A A A A A F 1 8 ABCDE ABD As BEDE
TS CORAL A B A As B 0 A B 6 A B A A[ 6 B C A I COE A Ascot kBCDEF ABCO As AS As
IT UCO44WHES A A A 6 AD 9 C A 6 A B A C 0 C A A c B ASCO 6 As AS ABCD Of

4@h

MIN mimI imI m

Appendix E

APPENDIX E

LIST OF COMPONENT MANUFACTURERS WHO WERE
CONTACTED BY NCSBCS FOR THEIR PRODUCT INFORMATION

AB Chance Company National Anchor Corp.
210 North Allen St. 5690 Powerline Rd.
Centralia, MO 55240 P. 0. Box 976
Deerfield Beach, FL 33441
Anchor-Sur
Route 29 PERMA-JACK, Inc.
North Pekin, IL 61554 Route 6, Box 967
Pensacola, FL 32507
Barker Mfg. Co., Inc.
730 E. Michigan Ave.
Battle Creek, MI 49016 Richey Machine
8516 U.S. Highway 19 North
Big Valley Ind. Port Richey, FL 33568
310 Messenger Road
Keokuk, IA 52632 Sharon Aero Machine Co.
1825 12th St., S.E.
Bold City Largo, FL 33541
911 Granville Road
Jacksonvtlle, FL 32205 Steward Mfg. Co.
325 South Shiloh Rd.
Carefree of Colorado Garland, TX 75042
2760 Industrial Lane
Bloomfield, CO 80020 Sturdy Truck Equipment, Inc.
1839 Carolina Beach Road
Double H Anchoring System Wilmington, NC 28401
102 Lane Avenue, South
Jacksonville, FL 32205 Tanky Disk Products
Ill Old Bee Tree Road
E.F. Domine Co. Swannanaa, NC 28778
P. 0. Box 238
Tracy, MN 56175 Tie Down Engineering
5901 Wheaton Drive
M & H Mfg. Corp. Atlanta, GA 30336
819 Logan St.
Goshen, IN 46526 Tri-City Aluminum Products,
Inc.
MHA Corporation Route 10, Box 387
12662 U. S. Hwy. 20 Ocala, FL 32670
Middlebury, IN 46540
Turnset Ind., Inc.
Minute Man Anchors 2602 Corporate Ave. East
305 W. Walker Street Memphis, TN 38132
East Flat Rock, NC 28726

Mobile Homes Anchorage
and Services
3214 - 89th Lane
Blaine, MN 55434

E.1

June 3, 1988

General Manager

Dear Sir:

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has
requested that NCSBCS collect data regarding manufactured
housing installation. For the study of manufactured
housing installation to be complete and meaningful, we
need your assistance.

It is my understanding that your company manufacturers
and/or distributes installation components such as tiedown
hardware and fabricated piers for manufactured housing.
Copies of descriptive literature, installation
instructions, and certification test reports for all your
manufactured housing equipment will be most helpful and
appreciated.

If you do not have all of the above information readily
available, please send us what you can.

If you have any questions, please contact Michael Werner,
NCSBCS Project Manager at (703) 437-0100. Thank you for
your cooperation.

Sincerely,

Shyam Choudhary, P.E.
Assistant Director, Chief Engineer
Manufactured Homes/Codes and Standards

SC/rs

-E.2

AMERicAN PLYWOOD ASSOCIATION
toeftflical note

P.O. Box 11700, Tacoma, Washington 98411 / Area Code 206-555-6500 TLX 32-7430

NUMBER E450 September 1980

PLYWOOD PIER PADS FOR MOBILE HOMES

Preservative-treated plywood is a strong and efficient American Wood Preservers Bureau's AWPB-FDN
material for mobile'home pier pads. It is light weight, Standard. Alternatively, plywood may be pressure-
durable, and easy to handle. Preservative-treated treated in accordance with AWPA C-9 with salt
plywood is readily available and can be cut to size on preservatives as required for soil contact exposure.
site with minimal effort.
Recommendations: Regulatory Requirements:
Responsibilities of the mobile home manufacturer with
Table 1 presents recommended pad sizes and regard to support systems are defined in the Federal
thicknesses for use under mobile home support piers. Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standard. The
The recommendations are based on an 11-1/2-in.-square manufacturer is required to provide instructions with
metal support pier, or an 8-1n. x 16-in. concrete block each mobile home, specifying the location and required
pier. All recornmendat ions are for soils with a bearing capacity of stabilizing devices for its support and
capacity of 1,000 psf, upon which the maximum pier anchoring system.
load is based.
In addition, the maximum allowable load per pier may
The plywood grade recommended for all pads is APA be dictated by the provisions of the individual state
RATEO SHEATHING Exposure 1, marked PS 1. Plywood regulatory agency or the pier manufacturer. This design
beneath mobile home piers must be preservative load is generally associated with a soil bearing capacity
treated. Pressure-preservative treatment provides of 1,000 psf. Increased design loads for allowable soil
protection against decay, development of mold growth, bearing pressures in excess of 1,000 psf are generally
and common insect infestation. Plywood shall be certi- granted only if a soils investigation of- the site is
fied by the treater as complying with the treating, conducted by a registered civil engineer.
drying, retention and penetration requirements of

TABLE 1. PlyWood Pier Pad Recommendations for Mobile Homes
(APA RATED $HEATHING Exposure 1, marked PS 1, treated in accordance with
American Wood Preservers Bureau's AWPB-FDN Standard or AWPA C4 for soll contact)
Plywood Minimum Plyw pad Thickness On-P for Maximum Pier Load Ob)
Pad 312a (Inj*) Metal Stands Concrete blocks for INC-pat WI
Is x 116 15/320/2 1 1780
16 x 10.2 19/32,5/8 1-1/8 2130
24 x 24 1-1/4 4000

I&) Face grain may be either direction relative 10 pad or Pier dimension.
(b) Plywood thickness is for metal stand with 11-112'.3QUare base, or concrete b1c:k with an 8" X 16* bass.
Thicknesses of V or more may be labricalod from two layers of plywood. stacKed with or without fastening.

E. 3

Plywood Performance: To simulate a pad bearing on earth while supporting a
A test program was conducted to clearly establish mobile home, 16 cubic feet of soil was placed in a
Plywood as an adequate pier pad material. Recommen- wooden container. For test purposes, a soil pressure of
dations were developed for plywood pads of varying 1,000 psf was ascertained by procedures set forth in
size under pier loads which resulted in 1,000-psf soil ASTM D1883, Standard Methods for Establishing e pier
Bearing Ratio of Laboratory Compacted Soils. Th
pressure. h,
system was then loaded on the soil, as shown in t e
figures, with a 60,000-lb-capacity Tinius Olson test
Plywood panels used in this test series were APA machine. At specified load :evels and/or time intervals,
trademarked C-D Interior with exterior glue (now termed plywood deflection was measured relative to the base
APA RATED SHEATHING Exposure 1. marked PS 1), of the metal pier stand or concrete block, also as
preservative treated in accordance with the AWPB-FON shown in the figures.
Standard. All plywood pads were tested irf a wet
condition which reduced panel strength and stiffness, All plywood pads at the recommended thicknesses,
but which is consistent with expected conditions. whether fabricated with one or two layers, were tested
Plywood face grain was placed in the weakest direction for 12 hours at 1.75 times maximum design load,
relative to pad or pier dimension. The base of the metal followed by 3 hours at 2.5 times maximum load without
pier stand measured 11-112 in. x 11-1/2 in. and consisted a failure which would impair its function. In all cases,
of 1-1/2-in.-wide steel, as shown in Figure 1. The base settlement into the 1,000-psf soil of the test setup was
of the two-core concrete block measured 8 in. x 16 in., well under 1/2 in. at design load. Increased loading
as shown in Ficure 2. simply increased settlement.

SUINIS;@1 Ar-44%,

'44f, MY'A0'F.'%

FIGURE 1. Test Setup Using Metal Pier Stand FIGURE 2. Test Setup Using Concrete Block Pier

-E. 4

GEORGE FIRESTONE BILL GUNTER
Seerroarr of Staff State of Florida Trfasumr
1111 Stwiffll
A tiorywr GrF.-ral 908 GRAHAM COYLE CONNER
Commusloner of Agrandium
GERALD-LEWIS
rumptrulApt, RALPH 0. TUALINGTON
commirstowr of umcetton
High w a y-`.'
Do"artment Of S*0 and Motor Vehicles
I&P
Neil Kikmam 49widing R02111i A@ BUTnIRWORTH Tallahouser, M01
Executive Dirmor
DIVISIONS
FLORIDA HIGHWAY PATROL DRIVER LICENSES MOTOR VEHICLES ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

April 1, 1983

TO: ALL BUILDING ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS
AND OTHER INTERESTED PERSONS
FROM: ROBERT A. BUTTERWORTH, EXECUTIVE DIRECTORI@

SUBJECT: UPDATED ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING OF
APPROVED ANCHOR PRODUCTS

Attached herewith is an updated listing of the approved anchor
manufacturer's products that are listed for use in Florida.
Previous anchor and component listings are obsolete and should
be discarded and replaced with this listing immediately. Addi-
tions will be made when necessary on the attached anchor listing*.

It is again requested by this Division that the names and addresses
of the proper authorities involved in the on-site inspection program
for each individual county, city, town, etc., be supplied to us so
that we may have a precise record of areas that definitely have an
on-site inspection program in operation. Also, please keep us abreast
of any personnel changes within the program for your specific region.

Names and addresses of authorities involved in the on-site inspection
program should beaforwarded to this Division to the attention of
Buck Jones, Chief of the Bureau of Mobile Home/Recreational vehicle
Construction, or his assistant, Orville H. Cummings. Federal and
State laws require that all new mobile homes are to be set up accord-
ing to the instructions and certifications furnished by the mobile
home manufacturer.

Your cooperation and response in complying with our request will be
appreciated. If you should have any questions regarding the attached
listing of the approved anchor models, please feel free to contact
either Buck Jones or Orville Cummings by telephone 904/488-7657 or
488-8600.

RAB:CJB/bv

Attachments

E.5

ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING

APPROVED AND UNAPPROVED ANCHOR PRODUCTS

PREPARED BY: DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY & MOTOR VEHICLES
DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
BUREAU OF MOBILE HOME &
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION

-E.6-- 10/11/88

APPROVED

ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)

A. B. CHANCE COMPANY
210 North Allen Street
Centralia, Missouri 65240

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

T430 Auger Anchor 11/16" x 30" rod with 2 - 4" disc
648 Auger Anchor 11/16" x 48" rod single 6" disc
648L Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc
848 Auger Anchor 11/16" x 48" rod single 8" disc
PA Patio Anchor Concrete Slab
RB-2 Roof Bracket
SD Strap Buckle Splice for 1 1/4" x .035" strap
SS Strap Seal Seal for 1 1/4" x .035" strap
ST Tensioner Strap tensioner for all CHANCE MOBILE
HOME anchor models
Strapping 1 1/4" x .035" Hurricane Strapping,
INTERLAKE INC. ONLY

IMPORTANT: A. B. CHANCE MOBILE HOME ANCHORS ARE
APPROVED PROVIDED THEY ARE FITTED WITH
A CLIP (Per anchor manufacturer's
installation instructions)

ANCHOR-SUR PRODUCTS
Division of Poly Foam International, Inc.
P.O. Box 684
Fremont, Ohio 43420

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

1-A-2 Drive Anchor 6" triangle with 48" cable
48SH Turnset Auger 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc
Anchor
22RA Earth Anchor 24" tube shaft / 2-6" plates expanding
to 9 1/2"

BOLD CITY
911 Granville Road
Jacksonville, Florida 32205

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

BC-2 Frame Tie with aluminum, buckle
BC-7 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" single 6" disc

E. 7

APPROVED

ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)
page 2

DOUBLE H ANCHORING SYSTEM, INC.
102 Lane Ave., South
Jacksonville, Florida 32205

MODEL IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

A-10 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod with single 6" disc
A-30 Patio Anchor 4" bolt with expandable shield
A-90 Single Read Adapter Tensioning device to convert single head
anchors into double heads
A-4 Frame Tie 1 1/4" x .035" x 6 1/2" strap with buckle using
Signode, Riblet, or Tie Down Engineering
strap only
A-6 Roof Bracket Aluminum roof bracket for over-roof expose
strapping
A-7 EarthAnchor 5/8" x 48" rod with single 6" disc anchor
with eye to be used with steel cable
A-5 Buckle Double Eye Aluminum Buckle

MHA CORPORATION
12662 U.S. Hwy. 20
Middlebury, IN 46540

MODEL IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

MHA-2 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod with single 6" disc
MHA-4 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod with 2 - 4" disc
MHA-6 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 30" rod with 2 - 4" disc
MHA-8 Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" rod with single 6" disc
MHA-10 Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" rod with 2 - 4" disc
MHA-12 Auger Anchor 3/4" x 30" rod with 2 - 4" disc
MHA-14 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod with single 6" disc
MHA-20 Concrete Anchor 5/8" x 8" rod, "J" bolt
MHA-22 Patio Anchor 5/8" bolt with concrete expansion shield
MHA-24 Slab Anchor 5/8" x 8" threaded rod with 5/8" hex head
nut
MHA-33 Buckle Aluminum buckle
MHA-39 Frame Tie 1 1/4" x .035" x 6' strap with buckle
MHA-46 Double Head Adapter Tensioning- device to convert single head
anchors into double heads

-E.8-

APPROVED

ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)
Page 3

MINUTE MAN ANCHORS
305 West Walker Street
East Flat Rock, N. C. 28726

MODEL
NEW # OLD # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION
MMA8P MMA8P Pier 8" steel pier
MMA10P MMA10P Pier 10" steel pier
MMA12P MMA12P Pier 12" steel pier
MMA14P MMA14P Pier 14" steel pier
MMA16P MMA16P Pier 16" steel pier
MMA18P MMA18P Pier 18" steel pier
MMA20P MMA20P Pier 20" steel pier
MMA22P MMA22P Pier 22" steel pier
MMA2 65ODHS Auger Anchor 19/32" 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc
MMA4 650HDHS Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48 rod single 6" disc
MMA8 48XDHS Drive Anchor 2-3/4" x 48" rod with 1" x 14" gage tubes
MMAl0 36DHS Coral Drive 3/4" x 34" rod double head
Anchor
MMA12 21ODHS Slab Anchor 5/8" X 10" threaded rod 5/8" nut
MMA14 210PDHS Concrete Anchor 5/8" x 10" rod w/3" turn on end
MMA18 THDH Tension Device Double head tension device with bolt hole
in bottom of yoke for use with expansion
bolt, etc.
MMA22 10ODHS Tension Device Double head tension device adapter
MMA Inc. Certified Strapping 1 1/4" x .035" galvanized steel strapping
to ANSI A119.1
MMA Inc. Certified Strapping Unitex tie-down strapping, 3 3/8" wide
to ANSI A119.1 Minute Man anchor's tension device, 3/4"
diameter bolt
MMA29 FC II w/s Frame Hook 7 feet of Minute Man strapping with frame
hook
MMA32 BUC w/s Strap/buckle 7 feet of Minute Man strapping with buckle

ITEMS APPROVED BUT PRESENTLY OUT OF PRODUCTION

MODEL
NEW # OLD # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION
MMA1 650S Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc
MMAl 650ETS Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc
with removable single head
MMA2 650DHETS Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc with
removable double head
MMA3 650HS Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" rod single disc & head
MMA7 48XS Drive Anchor 2 - 3/4" x 48" rods with 1" x 14" gage toot
MMAll 210S Slab Anchor 5/8" x 10" threaded rod w/nut-single head
MMA13 21OPS Concrete Anchor 5/8" x 10" rod w/3" turn on end
MMA15 30ERS Expanding 5/8" x 30" threaded rod w/expanding nut
Bedrock Anchor w/single head
MMA16 30ER DH Expanding 5/8" x 30" threaded rod w/expanding nut
Bedrock Anchor w/double head

E.9

APPROVED

ANCHOR MANUFACTUREER'S LISTING

(Anchors and Components)
Page 4

PERMA-JACK, INC.
Rt. 6 Box 967

Pensacola, Fla. 32507

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

I Concrete Pier 8" with 2" height adjustment
II Concrete Pier 10" with 2" height adjustment
III Concrete Pier 12" with 2" height adjustment
IV Concrete Pier 14" with 2" height adjustment
V Concrete Pier 16" with 2" height adjustment
VI Concrete Pier 18" with 2" height adjustment
VII Concrete Pier 20" with 2" height adjustment
VIII Concrete-Pier 22" with 2" height adjustment

All jacks are to be installed on base pads as required by the
mobile home manufacturer's set-up instructions.

HUGHES MANUFACTURING, INC.
11910 62nd Street North
Largo, Florida 33543

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

S-6 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod/single 6" disc/double head
bolt over bolt
SH-6 Auger Anchor 19/32" or 5/8" x 48" rod single disc
side by side bolts double head
SAM-5 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc single head
SC-6 Slab Anchor- 5/8" x 4" threaded rod w/expansion lead anchor
double head bolt over bolt
SHC 6 Slab Anchor 5/8" x 4" threaded rod w/expansion lead
anchor double head side by side bolts
SA 3 Frame Hook Frame tie - Strap required to encircle the
I-Beam

STURDY TRUCK EQUIPMENT, INC.
1839 Carolina Beach Road
Wilmington, N. C. 28401
MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

H-1A Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc single head
H-3A Auger Anchor 5/8" x 36" rod 2-4" disc single head
H-5A Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" rod single 6" disc single head
H-7A Auger Anchor 3/4" x 36" rod 2-4" disc single head
ML-1 Auger Anchor 3/4" x .083" x 48" tubular shaft 6" disc

E.10

APPROVED

ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)
Page 5

TIE DOWN ENGINEERING
5901 Wheaton Drive
Atlanta, Georgia 30336

MODEL
NEW # OLD IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

MPP10 PP1O Pier 10" steel power pier
MPP12 PP12 Pier 12" steel power pier
MPP14 PP14 Pier 14" steel power pier
MPP16 PP16 Pier 16" steel power pier
MPP18 PP18 Pier 18" steel power pier
MPP20 PP20 Pier 20" steel power pier
MPP22 PP22 Pier 22" steel power pier
M12H - A2H Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" rod single 6" disc w/double
5/8 head
M12H - A2H Auger Anchor 11/16" x 48" rod single 6" disc w/double
11/16 head
M122 - A22 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 33" 2-4" disc w/double head
5/8
M122 - A22 Auger Anchor 11/16" x 33" 2-4" disc w/double head
11/16
ME48 El Auger Anchor 5/8" x 48" single 6" disc w/eye on top
MlT2 T2 Patio Slab 3/4" x 10" threaded rod w/flat washer and
Anchor nut double head
MlJ2 J2 Patio Concrete 5/8" x 10" rod concrete anchor w/double
Anchor head
M1CS2 CS2 Patio Anchor 1/2" x 3" steel expansion bolt with "Redhead
w/bolt Sleve Anchor" Double head
MlAR2 AR2 Double head Double head tension device w/bolt hole
device (only) in bottom of yoke
MlS2 s2 Double head Double head tension device with swivel
Swivel Adapter adapter
Tie Down Engineer- Strapping 1 1/4" x .035" galvanized steel strapping
ing Certified to
ANSI A119.1 Fed.
Spec. QQS781-H

MHT6 HT6 Frame hook w/ 6" x 1 1/4" x .035" strap with hook
strap
MBU7 BU7 Strap w/buckle 7' x 1 1/4" x .035" strap with buckle
MGRB GRB Roof bracket Galvanized Roof Bracket
MBU BU Strap Buckle Galvanized Strap Buckle

E.11

APPROVED

ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)
Page 6

TRI-CITY ALUMINUM PRODUCTS, INC.
Rt. 10, Box 387
Ocala, Florida 32670

MODEL IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

S-1 Frame Tie W x lh" x .03711 SEMCO Strapping with
S-Buckle

E.12

APPROVED
ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)
Page 7

STURDY TRUCK EQUIPMENT, INC.
1839 Carolina Beach Road
Wilmington, NC 28401

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

S-6 6" Pier Steel Pier
S-8 8" Pier Steel Pier
S-10 10" Pier Steel Pier
S-12 12" Pier Steel Pier
S-14 14" Pier Steel Pier
S-16 16" Pier Steel Pier
S-18 18" Pier Steel Pier
S-20 20" Pier Steel Pier
S-22 22" Pier Steel Pier
S-24 24" Pier Steel Pier

MHA CORPORATION August 30, 1983
12662 U.S. Hwy. 20
Middlebury, Indiana 46540

MODEL IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION
MHA SB 57 Auger Anchor 11/16" x 36" rod w/6" disc Double Head
MHA SB 8 Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" rod w/6" disc Double Head
MHA SB 10 Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" rod with double 4" disc
Double Head
MHA SB 22 Patio Anchor 1/2" x 1 1/2" bolt w/lead concrete expansion
anchor
MHA S 26 Concrete Anchor 5/8" x 8" rod w/3" bend on bottom

CAREFREE OF COLORADO November 3,1983
2760 Industrial Lane
Bloomfield, CO 80020

MODEL # IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

MHA Hex Head Split Bolt 3.130" x .627" cold headed steel

Tested and listed for use with Minute Man Anchors.

E.13

APPROVED
ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Ancho*rs and Components)
Page 8

RICHEY MACHINE
8516 U.S. HIGHWAY 19 NORTH
PORT RICHEY, FLORIDA 34668
MODEL NUMBER IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION SOIL CLASS'

Richey M-4 Auger Anchor 5/8" x 4811 rod/single D
6" disc
Richey BU Buckle 1/81' x 2" x 2 3/8"
(steel)
Richey machine Tie-Down Strap 14" x .035"
QQS781H
Bolt Slotted/Knurled/
Zinc plated

P-6

STURDY TRUCK EQUIPMENT, INC.
1839 CAROLINA BEACH ROAD
WILMINGTONt NORTH CAROLINA 28401 11-9 (9
MODEL NUMBER IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION SOIL CLASA

SB-1 Strap/Buckle One buckle attached to
7h' of 1.25' x .03511
strap with one Stanley
clip with two crimps.
Sturdy Equipment strap

E. 14

APPROVED
ANCHOR MANUFACTURER'S LISTING
(Anchors and Components)
Page 9 APPROVED ANCHOR LISTING
July 19,1985

ANCHOR--SUR
P. 0. BOX 684
FREMONT, OHIO 43420

MODEL NUMBER IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION SOIL CLASS

48DH Auger Anchor 3/4" x 48" double 4" D
disc
DTH & HN5830 Head & Anchor Bolt Head w/5/8"x3 1/2" Phillips
anchor bolt
CDE8 Concrete Anchor with 10 1/2" x 3/4" rod/hook E
swivel head on end
PH-6 Short Frame Hook 2 3/16" x 2" x 1/8" steel
hook w/6'x 1 1/4" x .035
Anchor Sur Strap (seal
w/2 crimps)
FB-6 Long Frame Hook 4 3/4"x2" x 1/8" steel
hook with 6'xl 1/2 x .035
anchor strap (clip w/2
crimps)
SB-6 Frame Tie/Strap 2"x2"x 1/8" buckle w/6' x
w/Buckle 1 1/4" x .035 Anchor Sur
Strap (clip w/2 crimps)
Strap Anchor Sur Strap l 1/4" x .035 galv. strap
SB Hex Shoulder Bolt 2 3/4" x 5/8" slotted
knurled bolt
SB-1 Buckle (Only) 2" x 2" x 1/8" buckle

E. 15

UNAPPROVED FOR USE ON
MOBILE HOMES IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA

RICHEY MACHINE
8516 U. S. HIGHWAY 19 NORTH @p
PORT RICHEYt FLORIDA 34668

MODEL NUMBER IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

DR-30 Auger Anchor 30" rod with 2 4" disc
double head

HUGHES MANUFACTURING, INC.
11910 62nd STREET NORTH
LARGO, FLORIDA 33543

MODEL NUMBER IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION

SH-24 Auger Anchor 2411 rod with 2 - 4" disc
SH-36 Auger Anchor 36" rod with 2 - 4" disc
1-15 Auger Anchor 15" rod eye anchor
1-30 Auger Anchor 3011 rod eye anchor
1-48 Auger Anchor. 48" rod eye anchor

E.16

Appendix F

APPENDIX F

EXCERPTS FROM FEDERAL STANDARDS PERTAINING
TO KIND STORM PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

AND

RESOLUTION 09/21/88-2 PERTAINING TO
INSTALLATION OF MANUFACTURED HOMES

F.1

13280.306 Windstorm protection.
(a) Provtsions for support and an- 24 CFK Ch. XX (4-1-87 Edition)
chortno systenu. Each manufactured
home shall have provisions for support manufactured home with not more
and anchoring systems. which, when than 8 feet open-end spacing on each
properly designed and Installed. will end.
resist overturning and lateral move- (3) When continuous straps are pro-
ment (sliding) of the manufactured vided an vertical ties. such ties shall be
home as Imposed by the respective positioned at rafters and studs. Where
design loads. The design wind loads to a vertical tie and diagonal ties are lo-
be utilized for calculating resistance to cated at the same place, both ties may
overturning and lateral movement be connected to a single ground
shall be the wind loads indicated in anchor. provided that the anchor used
1 3280.305(c)(1) and (2) Increased by a is capable of carrying both loadingL
factor of safety of 1.5. The basic allow- (4) Add-on sections of expandable
able stresses of materials required to manufactured homes shall have provi-
resist overturning and lateral move- sions for vertical ties at the exposed
ment shall not be Increased In the ends.
design and proportioning of these (d) Double-wide manufactured
members. homes require only diagonal ties.
(1) The provisions of this section These shall be placed along the main
shall be followed and the support and
anchoring systems shall be designed frame and below the outer side walls.
by a Registered Professional Engineer
(e) Protection shall be provided at
or Architect. sharp corners where the anchoring
(2) The manufacturer of each manu- system requires the use of extemai
factured home is required to make cables or straps. Protection shall also
provision for the support and anchor. be provided to minimize damage to
Ing systems but is not required to pro- roofing or sliding by the cable or
vide the anchoring equipment or 3tabi- strap.
lizing devices. When the manufactur- M Anchoring equipment shall be car
er's Installation Instructions provide pable of resisting in allowable working
for the main frame structure to be load equal to or exceeding 3,150
used as the points for connection of di- pounds and shaU be capable of with-
agonal ties. no specific connecting de- standing a 50 percent overload (4.725
vices need be provided on the main pounds total) without failure of either
frame structure. the anchoring equipment or the at-
(b) The manufacturer shall provide tachment point on the manufactured
printed instructions with each manu- home.
factured home specifying the location W Anchoring equipment exposed to
and required capacity of stabilizft de- weathering shall have a resistance to
vices on which the design in based. weather deterioration at least equiva-
The manufacturer shall provide draw. lent to that provided by a coating of
Ings and specifications certified by a aim on steel of not less than 0.30
registered professional engineer indi. ounces per square foot of surface
cating at least one acceptable system co&ted.
of anchorage including the det4Lik of (1) Slit or cut edges of zinc-coated
required straps or cables. their end steel strapping do not need to be zinc
connections and all other devices coated.
needed to transfer the wind loads (2) Type 1, Finish B. Grade I steel
from the manufactured home to the strapping. 1% Inches wide " 0.035
ground anchors, Inch thick. conforming with Federal
(c) The provisions made for anchor- Specification QQ-S-781H-1974. with
Ing systems shall be based on the fol- 1977 Amendment 2 and Notice 1.
lowing design criteria for manufac-
tured homes. Strapping. Steel. and SeaK Is Judged
(1) The minimum number of ties re- to conform with the provisions of this
quired per side shall be is required to section and paragraph M of this sec-
resist the design loads stated in tion.
I 3280.305(c) (1) and (2). (See. $25 of the National Manufactured
(2) Ties shall be an evenly spaced as Housing Construction and SafetY Standards
practicable along the length of the Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. 5424)

212

F.2 -

NCS BCS National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.
481 Carlisle Drive, Herndon, Virginia 22070 (703) 437-01W.

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
MARY BETH BOWMAN
DIRECTOR
ARKANSAS MANUFACTURED HOME
COMMISSION
LITTLE ROCK. ARKANSAS RESOLUTION 09/21/88-2

FIRST VICE PRIESMENT
JOHN T. MALDONADO
6mEcroit WHEREAS, as it is the intent of the U.S. Congress
DIVISION OF HOUSING that the consumers of manufactured homes live in homes
DEN.VER,COLORADO that are safe and durable; and
SECOND VICE PRESMMT
RICHARD A. BROOKS WHEREAS, since June 1976 in their effort to carry
DIRECTOR out their duties under the Federal Manufactured Housing
DIVISION OF BUILDING CODES
AND STANDARDS Construction and Safety Standards Program, the states have
ST. PAUL. MINNESOTA continued to receive complaints from unsatisfied consumers
of manufactured homes; and
SECRETARY I TREASURER
DON A. UVMLE WHEREAS, in performing SAA complaint activities, the
DIRECTOR
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING states observe that the proper set up of a manufactured
AND FIRE SAFETY home is a significant factor in determining the overall
PHOENIX. ARIZONA performance of the home; and

P"T PRESWENT
JACX L. DANIEL WHEREAS, the improper set up of a manufactured home
DIRECTOR . greatly decreases the life expectancy and performance of
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL the home and often results in the introduction of serious
HEALTH AND HOUSING defects and safety hazards; and
SURVEILLANCE
LINCO". NEBRASKA WHEREAS, many states have not been able to
DIRECTORS effectively pass and implement legislation and regulations
to regulate the set up of manufactured homes.
JOSEPH A. CUULLO
STATE BUR-DING COMMISSIONER NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the U.S.
PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND Congress and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
WILLIAM M. CONNOLLY Development urge the states to pass and effectively
DEPUTY DIRECTOR implement manufactured home set up laws as a condition of
DIVISION OF HOUSING AND receiving and maintaining SAA approval within three years.
DEVELOPMENT
TRENTON. NEW JERSEY BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that only manufactured homes
RICHARD T. CONRAD. AIA installed under the HUD-approved SAA programs, or in its
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR absence a HUD-Oproved organization enforcing DAPIA-
STATE BUILDING STANDARDS approved installation instructions, be eligible for
COMMISSION
SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA federal mortgage insurance..

DAVID M. HAMMERMA N. PE RESOLVED this-21st day of September, 1988.
DIRECTOR OF CODES ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
ANNAPOLIS. MARYLAND

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
ROBERT C. WIDLE

Fo3

Appendix G

I
I APPENDIX G
I
I CORRESPONDENCE
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I - G.1 -

Indiana Manufactured Housing Association, Inc.

EXECUTIVE OFFICES 3210 RAND ROAD INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46241-5499 (317) 247-6258

Ronald L. Breymier
Executive Vice President August 29, 1988
Bud Lachman
Director of RV Operations
Connie Moore
Director of MH Operations Mr. Shyam Choudhary
Sue Bartee National Conference of States on
Midwest Show & Events Manager Building Codes and Standards, Inc.
Rhonda Wilson 481 Carlisle Drive
Director of Public Relations Herndon, VA 22070
Jenny Knoebed
Office Manager
Pat Smilley Dear Shyam:
Secretary-RV Division
Cathy Pang I am sorry I missed you in South Bend. My
Secretary responsibilities during show hours required more
1988 Board of Governors attention than I expected.
Jerry Pickrell
President
Jim Boyts I was able to attend the joint task force meeting
Vice President Wednesday afternoon, but had to return to the show
RV Manufacturers Division prior to Ashok's presentation. I particularly wanted
Dan Keaflaher
2nd Vice President to hear his comments on installation and the states'
MH Dealers Division involvement in enforcement.
Bill Graham I
Secretry
MD Communities Division At this point, our task force is divided not as to the
Martin Hay need for installation standards, but the method of
Treasurer inspection, enforcement, education, licensing, etc.
South Central Chapter
Art Kneehad
Assistant Treasurer We have a board meeting in a few weeks, at which time
Tippecanoe Chapter the task force would like to give a progress report.
Vernon Salter
Past President Several of the task force members support taking a
Dave Cagley "wait and see" attitude. I, on the other hand, would
Campground Division like to be prepared for any state or federal mandates
Bob Coplon the industry is facing.
RV Dealers Division
Rex Durrett
Central Indiana RV Chapter It will help me to know exactly what NCSBCS has in
Charlie Garrison mind. Do you foresee HUD enforcement of a standard?
Northwestern Chapter Do you anticipate the SAA's acting as the educator and
Kay Gedert
West Central Chapter enforcer of an installation standard? Do you see the
Wayne Grayee proposed standard as federally pre-emptive? I am sure
Finance/Insurance Div. my concerns could have been addressed by Ashok. I
Sharon Hope regret my absence a great deal.
Capitol City MH Chapter
Jamie Lanier
Suppliers Division I will phone you after Labor Day to discuss these
Dale Ludwig issues. Enjoy the holiday and the remaining days of
Service Firm Division
Jameson McGrew summer.
East Central Chapter
Farrell Miller
Northeastern MH Chapter Sincerely,
Skip Miller
MH Manufacturers Division
Harold Platt
Valley Capter Connie Moore
Chad Setzer Director, MH Operations
Southwestern Chapter
Chip Story
Southwestern Chapter

SERVING THE RECREATIONAL VEHICLE 0 MANUFACTURED HOUSING INDUSTRIES
- G.2 -

National Foundation
Manufactured Home Owners
161 FRANCISCAN DRIVE DALY CITY, CALIFORNIA (415) 992-7470

August 22, 1988

James C. Nistler
Deputy Assistant Secretary RECEIVED
for Single Family Housing AUG 26 1984
Department of H. U. D.
451 Seventh Street, S. W. NCSBCS
Washington, D. C. 20410

Re: Invitation of Mr. Ashok Goswami to Our National
Foundation Meeting in Las Vegas

Dear Jim:

This letter is to respectfully request that you authorize Mr. Ashok
Goswami to attend and to participate in our Annual National Foundation
Meeting in Las Vegas on September 29-30 per the attached announcement.

We would ask Mr. Goswami to review the function of the HUD Contract
Agent for the National Manufactured Housing Program, the consumer and
remedial complaint programs - subpart I, the relationship between the
manufacturer/dealer and consumer thru the SAA Program, and other equal
interests to the purchaser/homeowner.

In addition, we would allot the time for showing the slides on the
installation of manufactured housing, to present the newly released
1987 Edition of the Manufactured Housing Installation Standards, ANSI
A-225.1, and to encourage each state to adopt comparable and suitable
standards.

Thank You, Jim. We kindly ask for your approval.

Sincerely

Len Wehrman
Vice President for Gov't
and Industry Relation

Copy to:
DIR., MFG. HOUSING & STDS.
Bob Wible, NCSBCS
MGR., DESIGNS & EVAL SER
FIELD ENGINEERS
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OTHERS

- G.3 -
REMARKS

National Foundation
Manufactured Home Owners
161 FRANCISCAN DRIVE DALY CITY, CALIFORNIA (415) 992-7470

ANNOUNCEMENT OF June 28, 1988
SPECIAL INVITATION

TO MANUFACTURED HOUSING
HOMEOWNER- INDUSTRY-GOVERNMENT FORUM
BY THE NATIONAL FOUNDATION 0F MANUFACTURED HOME OWNERS

To: a) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
b) National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards
c) Manufactured Housing Institute
d) Association for Regulatory Reform
e) National Manufactured Housing Federation
f) Major Manufactured Housing Community Owners-Syndicators
and other Financial Investment Corpororations

Forum: Analyze What Is Happening To Manufactured Housing Within The
Industry And Government Segments And How It Is Affecting Both
Current And Future Homeownership! "Twelve Years and Counting".

Where/ Las Vegas, Nevada. Landmark Hotel. Reser. 1-800-634-6777
When: September 29, 1988 - Thursday - 1 : 00 PM to 5:30 PM
September 30, 1988 - Friday - 8: 00 AM to 5: 00 PM
Please ask for "Len Wehrman" or "John Jensen" upon arrival.

Topics: 1. Have the Gov't and Industry served the public/homeowners?
2. Are rental/lease type communities creating today's problems?
3. Does the free market of supply and demand work for MH?
4. Have the marketing and sitings kept pace with technology?
5. Is the sustained turn-down in production predictable?
6. After 12 years, are the Federal MHCSS Regulations a success?
Are they a form of "protectionism" with serious results?
Should they be de-regulated and removed from HUD?
Do the DAPIA-IPIA-SAA Programs need total revisions?
Is the industry (and gov't) providing "affordable" housing?
7. Legislation at state level - why the confrontation?
8. Should this type of forum be an annual event?

Len Wehrman
Vice President for Gov't
and Industry Relation

PLEASE ACKNOWLEDGE AT EARLIEST DATE!

- G.4 -

Appendix H

APPENDIX H

EXCERPTS FROM REPORTS USED FOR THE INSTALLATION STUDY

This Appendix includes an excerpt from the NBS publication, "Soil and Rock
Anchors for Mobile Homes - A State-of-the-Art Report." The excerpts from this
include the following:

0 Summary and Recommendations
0 Information about Helix and Multi-Helix Anchors

For additional information, refer to the above publication.

This Appendix also includes an NCSBCS State Task Force Report on the Federal
Manufactured Housing Program, "Final Report - Fulfilling the Public's Trust."

Specific excerpts from this report include a recommendation for "uniform
national state-based system" for the installation of manufactured housing.

For additional information see this report.

H.1

NBS BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 107

Soil and Rock Anchors
for Mobile Homes -
A State-of-the-Art Report

William D. Kovacs

Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana 47907

and

Felix Y. Yokel

Center for Building Technology
National Engineering Laboratory
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234

Prepared for

Division of Engineering, Building Technology and Standards
Office of Policy Development and Research
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Washington, D.C. 20410

S01 OF

&0-9EAU 0*

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Luther J. Hodges, Jr., Under Secretary
Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued October 1979

-H.2.-

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. AVAILABLE ANCHORING SYSTEMS

A wide variety of soil and rock anchors, and some other methods to tie
down a mobile home are commercially available. The anchoring may be made
directly in natural or compacted soil, rock, coral, or directly to con-
crete slabs or other foundation elements. Based on the limited pull-out
test data available, it appears that most of the anchor types discussed
in this report can be installed to adequately meet the loading requirements
in present standards.

2. SOIL CLASSIFICATION

An industry-wide nomenclature describing soils and rock is nonexistent.
Different orgdnizations call the same soil type by different names and
assign to it different anchor pull-out capacities. As a result, it is
difficult to interpret and correlate available test data and develop
sound empirical design procedures. However, in areas where local field
experience has been accumulated, satisfactory anchoring of mobile homes
is accomplished by adequate characterization of regional soil conditions.

The present practice of assigning pull-out capacities to various anchor
types on the basis of visual desqriptions of soil types is potentially
misleading and unsafe. SLAch "soil descriptions" seldom take into account
the actual soil properties and conditions that govern the pull-out capac-
ity. It is concluded thai there is a need for an industry-wide consensus
on terminology for describing, and methods of characterizing soils and
rocks.

3. ENGINEERING CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL PROPERTIES AND ANCHOR PULL-OUT

CAPACITY

Hypotheses and equations for predicting anchor pull-out capacity have been
developed and are presented in this report. Correlation between measured

- H.3

and calculated anchor capacity is poor, particularly for granular soil.
The mobile home industry uses the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Soil
Test Probe (STP) or visual soil descriptions to select anchors for given
site conditions. The SPT provides a fairly reliable indication of soil
properties for granular soils but only a very crude approximation when
cohesive soils are investigated. It is questioned if those who use the
SPT for anchor design are aware of these facts. The Soil Test Probe may
provide an indirect measurement of soil shear strength which governs the
pull-out capacity of anchors. However, based on the available data (or
perhaps because of the absence of adequate data), the correlation between
the STP readings and pull-out capacity is not obvious and further
experimental (field) study is required.

Since some soils change strength and therefore anchor holding capacity
seasonally, some method of taking this strength change into account for
design purposes is required. Ava'llable information and present design
procedures do not account for this problem. Similarly, little information
is available on adequate design of mobile home anchors in expansive soils
and soils that undergo seasonal frost heave.

There is an almost complete lack of information on the effects of cyclic
(Dynamic) loading on anchor capacity. Since wind loads are cyclic and
soil strength generally deteriorates with increasing numbers of loading
cycles, dynamic loading effects should be further investigated.

4. TEST STANDARDIZATION

One of the main reasons for our inability to correlate soil and rock
properties with pull-out capacity is the overall lack of adequate data
in the mobile home anchor literature. In order to determine this cor-
relation, test data should convey the following information:

A. Complete load versus uplift displacement data in order to estab-
lish the ultimate loads as well as displacement characteristics

W A

for a given anchor and depth of embedment in a specific soil
condition.

B. Complete description of the anchors used, their depth of
embedment, method of installation, and installation torque
(if applicable).

C. An evaluation of the soil properties and the location of the
ground water table at the site. The soil properties determined
should include the shear strength parameters and the soil weight
per unit volume (density). These properties should be determined
by field and/or laboratory tests other' than the SPT or STP.

D. The results of Standard Penetration Tests, Soil Test Probe
tests, and other in-situ tests that could later be used to
.predict anchor capacity.

All four items should be provided together to develop correlations.
Typically only 2 or at best 3 of the 4 items are available in existing
data.

In Item A above, the need for pull-out load-displacement data is men-
tioned. Presently, there is no standard method for performing pull-out
tests in the mobile home anchoring industry. As a result, the precision,
accuracy, and amount of information typically provided in a pull-out
test report is deficient when compared with a typical ASTM standard test.
Most available load test reports list the soil class as determined
visually without any shear strength indicator.

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

The following is recommended on the basis of this study:

0 To adopt an industry-wide soil classification system including
a standard nomenclature to define soils and rock;

-H.5-

� to prepare a standard method of performing anchor pull-out tests
in the field, including minimum requirements for the character-
ization of soils;

� to conduct a test program in order to establish correlations
between anchor pull-out capacity and several in-situ tests, and
to determine effects of dynamic, cyclic, and sustained loading,
loading which is not in the direction of the anchor shaft, and
anticipated seasonal changes in the moisture content of the soil;

ed 0 to develop a standard performance test by which the adequacy of
anchors can be determined.

-H.6-

4.3.2 Helix and Multi-Helix Anchors

One of the more common (mobile home) anchors is the helix or multi-
helix anchor (see figure 4.2). Anchor sizes range from 3-in (0.08-m)
diameter to 15-inch (0-38-m) diameter (for very high capacity anchors
not used for mobile homes). Anchors are also available in twin 4-in or
twin 6-in helix arrangement. Typical installation is performed by apply-
ing a vertical load to the anchor while it is "turned" into the ground
to the desired depth. This turning or torquing can be done either by
hand or by a power too]. Under these latter conditions it is appropriate
'LES to measure the installation torque in units of ft-lb or in-lb. In accor-
dance with information obtained from anchor manufacturers, the pull-out
capacity in lb is approximately 10 times the installation torque in ft-lb.
This number should be field verified in each location. Minimum recommen-
)ck
dations for anchor rod diameter and depth of embedment for both 6- and
8-inch diameter helix anchors suggested by Harris [46] are shown in
figure 4.3. Klym's [60a] experiences at Ontario Hydro indicate that,
to be fully effective, the helix anchor should have a minimum embedment
of 5 helix diameters and that the top helix should be below the antici-
pated frost line. For multi-helix anchors, the pitch [and spacing] of
the helix are designed to make the top helix follow the same helical
path as the bottom helix to ensure minimum soil disturbance. In some
soils, disturbance will cause a significant reduction in the holding
capacity of the anchor. These considerations are discussed in the
following sections of this report. Multi-helix anchors were found to
be more suitable when installed in medium to stiff clays and medium

-H.7-

a SINGLE HELIX

b MULTI HELIX

PITCH

Figure 4.2 Helix and Afulti-helix Anchors

- H.3

Type A - A screw auger of minimum auger diameter of 6 inches w1th a minimum
5/8 Inch diameter rod Installed with a minimum depth of 4 feet. Also 8 inch
qize Arrowhead anchor.

Type AA - Same as Type A. except ndnip-um auger diameter is 8 Inches. Also
30 inch sizv Arrovhcad anchor.

GROUND SURFACE

MINIMUM DEPTH
MINIMUM ROD 4 FEET
DIAMETER 5/81,

-MINIMUM DIAMETER, TYPE A
-.-MINIMUM DIAMETER, TYPE AA

NOTE: I in = 25-4 mm
I ft = 0.30 m

Figure 4.3 Minimum Dimensions Recommended by Harris for
Helix Anchors [461

- H.9

density sands. According to Robinson [871, their use in very hard and
dense materials or soils containing gravel and cobbles is very limited.

An alternative method for the installation of helix anchors is to par-
tially excavate a hole to some depth, say for example 2 feet (0.6 m).
Next, the helix anchor is installed and turned into the soil from the
depth of 2 feet to the designed depth, typically 4 feet (1.2 m).
Finally, the hole may be backfilled by tamping or compacting the soil,
or perhaps better yet, filled with lean concrete. Filling the hole
with concrete serves several useful functions. These are: added weight
that the anchor must pull against; an increase in side resistance to a
vertical pull-out; and an increased resistance to horizontal loads because
of the increased bearing area of the concrete surrounding the shaft.
The comments about horizontal anchor capacity apply to all of the types
of anc@hors mentioned, since typically the diameter of the anchor shaft
at the ground surface is very small (in the order of an inch (25 mm)
or less) and, therefore, has a very small bearing area to transmit hori-
zontal load to the soil. Proponents of the Helix Anchor will argue,
and perhaps rightly so, if only vertical pull-out is considered, that
[to achieve maximum pull-out capacity] the anchor should be torqued or
twisted into place, never installed in a partially excavated hole and
then backfilled. Further field tests are necessary to establish behavior
under various installation conditions.

H.10

B C S

NCSBCS STATE TASK FORCE
ON THE
FEDERAL MANUFACTURED HOUSING PROGRAM

FINAL REPORT

OFULFILLING THE PUBLIC'S TRUSTO

Mac" 12, 1987

H.11 -

Recommen

A uniform national state-based system must be established that promotes
the adoption and enforcement of manufactured housing Installation standards by
state and local units of government. Such a system must also promote bonding
and licensing of dealers and Installers.

Basis gf Recommendation:
A major source of frustration to manufacturers is the lack of state or
local regulations and enforcement for proper installations of homes. No
matter how well a home Is built. there will be problems if it is improperly
installed. Improper installation can lead to structura I failures to the home.
condensation problems, or damage during storms or high winds. Similarly.
problems with homes can occur due to inadequate blocking of the home while on
display or in storage at the dealer's lot. improper dealer alterations. or
damage incurred during transportation.

While the federal program require s that the manufacturers provide limited
Installation instructions for each home, the federal law does not provide for
the enforcement of these or any other standard for the home's installation.

installation and proper treatment of the units by the dealers are solely
within the jurisdiction of the states or local units of government. Presently.
only about half of the states have an installation standard as law. Many of
these states require that the manufacturers' instructions be used. Many also
require that a more comprehensive standard, such as ANSI A225-l/NFPA 501A
Manufactured Home Installation Standard be used. The task force regretably
notes, however, that oven where the states mandate proper installation of
homes, there is frequently inadequate enforcement of the state requirements by
state and local government.

The states' monitoring and enforcement of public safety regulations on
dealers and installers also varies. Of 44 respondents to the task force's
surveys of the states: 29 states reported that they inspect dealer lots; 29
license dealers; 21 inspect installations; and 17 license installers.*

The task force strongly recommends that uniform installation standards be
adopted and enforced by the states and local units of government. The ANSI
A225.1 Standard is being updated and should be available later this year. The
task force recommends that the states adopt and work with the local units of
government to enforce the updated A225.1 Standard.

The task force recognizes that in some states there is political resis tance
to these types of the statewide programs. Such resistance.may not only be the
unwillingness of local units of government to be preempted by the state
government. but may also be resistance of some dealers and installers. The
difficulty in enacting such measures is exemplified by the State of Wisconsin,
which reports that installation is a big problem, but thus far has been unable
to get an installation bill through the state legislature.

Governors, state legislators, and other elected officials must be made
aware of the durability. health, and life safety problems faced by their
constituents because of inadequate statewide or local installation requirements
and enforcement. To support this effort. the task force recommends that HUD
share appropriate SAA data with the state governors and legislators to promote
their understanding of the need for properly enforced installation standards.

See Appendix 81 - H.13

Furthermore. the task force proposes that HUD encourage the adoption of
i,nstallation standards and licensing, bonding. and enforcement programs
through the requirements of FRA and VA financing. HUD can require that:a
locality or state have such a program in effect in order for a home to qualify
for FHA or VA financing.

States that have adopted and enforced Installation standards have
experienced significant decreases in the number of consumer complaints. The
-State of Arizona. for example, experienced a 40% drop In consumer complaints
within six months of enacting a statewide installation program. The task
force calls upon KCSOCS. MH1. and NMHF to jointly fund and develop model state
and local legislation for adopting and enforcing installation standards.

H.14

OThe States' Activities in the Regulation of Manufactured Homes"

Units
Performs Shipped
Dealer Lot Licenses Installation Inspects Licenses to State
Inspections Dealers Standard Installations Installers - SAA IPIA DAPIA -1976-86
Alabama Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 84,189
Alaska No Yes No No No No No No 3,225
Arizona Yes Yes Yes. Yes Yes Yes Yes No 66,864
Arkansas Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 39.649
California Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 143,074
Colorado Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 27,713
Connecticut No No Yes No Yes No No No 3,417 >
Delaware No No No No NO No No No 16.738 10
Florida Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 271,277
Georgia Yes Yes No No Mc Yes Yes No 131,904
Hawaii No No NP No No No No No 0
Idaho Yes Yes on No No Yes Yes No 19,737 x
Illinois No No No Yes No No No No 38.655 to
Indiana Yes No No No No Yes Yes No 52.598
-Iowa No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 14.475
Kansas Yes Yes Yes No No No No No 26.663
Kentucky Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No 54.750
Louisiana Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 117.395
Maine Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No 13,503
Maryland No No No No No Yes No No 12.251
Massachusetts No No Yes Yes No No No No 6.775
Michigan Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No 67,457
Minnesota Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 23.928
Mississippi No No No No No Yes No No 51,470
Missouri Yes Yes No No No Yes No No 45.495
Montana No No No 16.823

"The States' Activities in the Regulationl6f Manufactured Homes"

Units
Performs Shipped
Dealer Lot Licenses Installation Inspects Licenses to State
Inspections Dealers Stan6ard installations Installers SM IPIA DAPIA -1976-86
Nebraska No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 10,594
Nevada Yes Yes Yes. Yes Yes Yes No No 20,731,
New Hampshire No No No 10,756
New Jersey No No No Yes No Yes No No 7.706
New Mexico Yes Yes Yes Jes Yes Yes No No 41 .14'94
New York No No Yes (responded No No Yes No No 30,275
North Carolina Yes Yes Yes No) Yes Yes Yes No No 176,259
North Dakota Yes Yes No- No No No No 'No 10,181
Ohio Yes No Yes (res.pon .dod% Yes No No No No 62,002
Oklahoma No No No No) No No No No No 68,845
Oregon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 42.842
Pennsylvania No Yes No No No Yes No No 68,930
Rhode Island No No Yes No No Yes No No 1.197
South Carolina Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No 98.869
South Dakota Yes No No 8,290
Tennessee Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 60,179
Texas - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 307,523
Utah Yes Yes No 13.026
Vermont No No No 5.210
Virginia Yes Yes Yes-.- Yes No Yes No No 55,938
Washington Yes Yes No- (Yes)' No Yes Yes Yes No 76.363
Nest Virginia Yes Yes Yes .(responded No Yes No No No 36,429
Wisconsin Yes Yes No No) No No Yes Yes No 25.974
Wyoming No No No 13,555.
To@al 29/15 29/15 22/22 21/22 17/27 2,623,196
This information was collected from the task force's surveys of the states and follow-up phone calls.
Although the state may not perform the above activities. they may be performed by local jurisdictions.
Also. for some of these states, the above activities are performed by different agencies.

Appendix I

APPENDIX I

NCSBCS A225.1 -1987

This Appendix contains information on an edition of NCSBCS' standards for
manufactured home installation. It contains copies of pages that may be of
interest, and information on how to obtain this installation standard.

Manufactured Home
Installations

(Manufactured Home Sites,
Communities, and Set-ups)

NCSBCS A225-1-1987

1987 Edition of NCSBCS A225.1

This edition of NCSBCS Standardfor Manufactured Home Installations (Manufactured Home Sites,
Communities, and Set-ups) was prepared by the National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards,
Inc. (NCSBCS) Committee on Manufactured Home Installations (Manufactured Home Sites, Communities, and
Set-ups). It was approved by the NCSBCS Standards and Evaluation Committee at the September 14, 1987
Annual Meeting of the Conference. Prior to approval, the document had been submitted to public review and
comment within NCSBCS. All public comments were resolved and this document has bcen submitted to ANSI
for its separate approval. However, under the NCSBCS procedures, the NCSBCS Standards and Evaluation
Committee approval of September 14, 1987 is the effective date for this standard as an NCSBCS standard. This
edition supersedes all previous editions.

Contents

Chapter 1 S=d Intent of Standard, Organization of
S and Definitions
1-1 Scope ............................................................................ 1
1-2 intended Usage of Manufactured Homes Covered
Under This Standard .......................................................... . 1
1-3 Definitions and Units ............................................................ 1
1-4 Single and Multiple Manufactured Home Sites - General ................. . 4
1-5 Manufactured Home Installation Instructions .............................. 4
Chapter 2 Siting and Foundation Systems
2-1 Siting and Foundation Systems ............................................... 5
2-2 Acceptable Foundation Systems Information ............................... 5
2-3 Site Considerations ............................................................. 5
2-4 Manufactured Home Installation ............................................. 7
2-5 Foundation Standards ......................................................... 9
2-6 Placement ........................................................................ 11
Chapter 3 m Plumbing
3-1 General Requirements ......................................................... 15
3-2 Water Supply ................................................................... 15
3-3 Wells as the Source of Supply ....................... ....................... 15
3-4 Sewage Systems - General ................................................... 16
3-5 Sewage Piping Installations .................................................. @ 16
3-6 Sewage System and Treatment Facilities .................................... 17
3-7 Septic Tanks .................................................................... 17
Chapter 4 Mechanical Equipment (Heating and Cooling)
4-1 Exterior Mechanical Equipment ............................................ 19
Chapter 5 Fuel Supply ............................................................................. - 19
Chapter 6 Electrical .................................................................................... 119
Chapter 7 Life and Firesafety ................................................................ 19
Chapter 8 Manufactured Home Accessory Buildings and
Structures
8-1 General .......................................................................... 21
8-2 Cabana .......................................................................... 21
8-3 Awnings and Carports ......................................................... 21
8-4 Ramadas ........................................................................ 22
8-5 Porches, Stairways, and Landings .......................................... 22
8-6 Storage Structures ............................................................. 23
8-7 Fences and Windbreaks ....................................................... 23

1.3 -

Appendix A Barrier-Free Design Aspects for the Physically
Handicapped (Exterior Only) ................................................... 24
Appendix B Wind Zone and Roof Load Zone Maps ................................ 26
Appendix C Typical Designs of Piers for Load-Bearing Supports
for Manufactured Homes .......................................................... 27

Appendix D Suggested Manufactured Home Community
Environment and Health Guidance ....................................... 45

Appendix E Use and Preventive Maintenance of Manufactured
Home Instaflations ........................................................................ 46
Appendix F Availability of Utilities .................................................................... 47
Appendix G National Flood Insurance Program ....................................... 47

Appendix R Ground Level Installation of Manufactured Homes
(Floor at Grade) ............................................................................. 47

Appendix I Referenced Publications ............................................................ 48

1.4 -

Chapter 1 (b) Accessory Buildings and Structures. See Section 1-3
fordefinitions. See also Chapter 8 for design considerations for
Scope and Intent of Standard, accessory buildings and structures.
Organization of Standard, and (c) Community Buildings. Every community building shall
Def initions be designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable
provisions of state and local regulations.

1 -1 Scope. This standard covers the installation of manufac- 1-2.2 Applicability. This standard is designed to be adopted
tured homes, wherever located, and minimum construction by authorities having jurisdiction responsible for the safety and
standards for manufactured home communities. Included are health of manufactured home users and for establishing regula-
requirements for manufactured home sites (whether a single tions applicable to manufactured home communities. It is
site or sites located in communities), utility facilities, manufac- intended to apply to all manufactured home set-ups and to new
tured home set-ups, and manufactured home on-site accessory rather than existing manufactured home sitesand communities.
buildings or structures. This standard references fire safety re- While this standard provides useful technical data for improve-
quirements for the installation of manufactured home sites, ments to existing sites and communities falling within its scope
including accessory buildings, structures, and communities. and such use is encouraged, it is not intended to be applied
retroactively to existing sites and communities except where
Note: Wherever,he phrase manufactured homes is used it the authority having jurisdiction considers such application
is intended to include mobile homes. See Section 1-2.1 and essential for the safety and health of the occupants or users of
the definitions in Section 1-3. the sites and communities. This standard shall not be construed
as relieving the installerof a manufactured home of responsibil-
1-2 Intended Usage of Manufactured Homes Covered ity for compliance with the manufacturer's installation instruc-
Under this Standard. The provisions of this standard are tions, state and local ordinances, codes, and regulations estab-
intended to apply to manufactured homes (single section, mul- lishedby the authorities havingjurisdiction. This standard does
tiple section, or expandable types) for use as single-family not relieve owners or operators of manufactured home commu-
dwellings. nities from complying with any other legally enforceable regu-
lations of any responsible authority having jurisdiction, or
Note 1: The Federal Manufactured Home Construction relieve the manufactured home owner or occupant firom. respon-
and Safety Standards (MECSS) cover single family occu- sibilities for the proper use and maintenance of a manufactured
pancies only. This standard makes no provisions for other home.
residential occupancies.
1-2.3 Organization of Standard. This standard is divided
Note 2: This standard does not apply to manufactured into eight chapters with appendix material. The chapters are
homes used for other than dwelling purposes. divided generally by the kinds of work involved to facilitate ad-
aptation by local jurisdictions. Chapter I provides general in-
Note 3: The provisions of this standard shall not apply to formation; Chapter 2 gives information on the site design set-
recreational vehicles as defined in the NFPA 501 C, Stan- up and stabilization of the manufactured home; Chapter 3 is on
dard for Recreational Vehicles, or to Park Trailers as plumbing; Chapter4, on heating andcooling; Chapter 5,on fuel
defined in (he ANSI A119-5, Standardsfor Park Trailers. and supply systems; Chapter 6 contains standards for electrical
work; Chapter 7 references NFPA 501 A on life and fire safety;
1-2.1 Types of Structure Covered. and Chapter 8 treats the subjects of manufactured home acces-
(a) Manufactured Homes. The manufactured homes cov- sory buildings and structures. Appendix material gives addi-
ered under this standard are manufactured homes complying tional guidance as shown in the contents, and the provisions in
with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development the appendix shall not apply unless specifically adopted.
Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards Pro-
gram as set forth in 24 C.F.R., Parts 3280, 3282, and 3283 as 1-3 Definitions and Units.
mandated in the United States of America and manufactured Accessory Building or Structure, Manufactured Home. A
homes built prior to June 15, 1976 to those complying with the budding or structure which is an addition to or supplements the
Standardfor Mobile Homes, NFPA 501BIANSIA] 19.1 edition facilities provided by a manufactured home. Examples are:
in effect at the time of manufacture. awnings, cabanas, garages, ramadas, storage structures, car-
ports, fences, windbreaks, or porches.
Note: The HUD MECSS Program is composed of three
parts, as authorized by 42 U.S.C. 5401 et. seq.: Anchoring Equipment (Ties). Straps, cables, turnbuckles.
:Part 3280 - MHCSS and chains, including tensioning devices, which are used to
*Part3282 - ME Procedural and Enforcement Regulations secure a manufactured home.
*Part 3283 - MH Consumer Manual Requirements

Anchoring System. A method of construction which when or sites may be sold for residential occupancy (as in a subdi-
properly designed and installed will resist overturning and vision).
lateral movement of the manufactured home.
Community Street. A public or r2r' iy which affords
Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. principal means of access to ..,aividual manufactured 0
home sites and com-r,,lnity btauings.
Note: The National Conference of States on Budding Codes
and Standards, Inc. (NCSBCS) and the American National Diagonal Tie. A tie intended to primarily resist horizontal or
Standards Institute (ANSI) do not approve, inspect, or shear forces and which may secondarily resist vertical, uplift,
certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or mate- and overturning forces.
rial, nor do they approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In
determining the acceptability of installations or procedures, Dwelling Unit. One or more habitable rooms which are de-
equipment or materials, the authority having jurisdiction signed to be occupied by one family with facilities for living,
may base acceptance on compliance with NCS BCS or other sleeping, cooking, eating, and sanitation.
appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said
authority may require evidence of proper installation, pro- Frame, Main. That part of the structural system which is
cedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also normally used to transmit accumulative design loads to the
refer to the listing or labeling practices of an organization support system.
concerned with product evaluations which is in a position to
determine compliance with appropriate standards for the Foundation, Manufactured Home. A site-built or site-as-
current production of listed items. sembled system of stabilizing devices which is:
(a) Capable of transferring design dead loads and live loads
Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority havingjuris- required by Federal Regulations (see 1-2) and other design
di7etion"is the organization, office, or individual responsible for loads unique to local home sites due to wind, seismic, and water
approving" equipment, an installation, or a procedure. conditions, that are imposed by or upon the structure into the
underlying soil bedrock without failure, and
Awning. A shade structure supported by posts or columns or (b) In frost susceptible areas, placed at an adequate depth, or
entirely or partially supported by a manufactured home in- otherwise adequately protected, to prevent frost damage.
stalled, erected, or used on a manufactured home site. (c) Constructed of materials acceptable to the authority hav-
ing jurisdiction (see Appendix Cfor examples).
Baling. A method of "wrapping" a cross section (roof, walls,
and floor) and the main frame (chassis) of a manufactured home Garage. A structure located on a manufactured home site de-
with straps. signed for the storage of motor vehicles.

Cabana. A room enclosure erected or constructed adjacent to Gas Supply Connector, Manufactured Home. A listed con-
a manufactured home for residential use by the occupant of the nector designed for connecting the manufactured home to the
manufactured home. gas supply source.

Carport. An awning or shade structure for a vehicle or vehicles Ground Anchor. A device at the manufactured home stand
which maybe freestanding or attached to a manufactured home. designed to transfer manufactured home anchoring loads to the
ground.
Community Building. Any nonresidential building used for
manufactured home community purposes. HabitableRoom. A room or enclosed floor space arranged for
living, eating, food preparation, or sleeping purposes not in-
Community Management. The person or entity who owns a cluding bathrooms, toilet compartments, laundries, pantries,
manufactured home development or has charge, care, orcontrol foyers, hallways, and other accessory spaces.
of a manufactured home community (park, estate, subdivision,
etc.). Hurricane-Resistive Manufactured Home. A manufactured
home which meets the wind design load requirements for Zone
Community, Manufactured Home. A parcel (or contiguous 11 in Subpart D, Section 3280.305(c)(2) of the Federal Standard
parcels) of land which has been so designated and improved that or the applicable hurricane-resistive design requirements of the
it contains two or more manufactured home sites available to Slandardfor Mobile Homes, NFPA 501BIANSIA1 19.1 edition
the general public for the placement of manufactured homes for in effect at the time of manufacture.
occupancy.
Note: The manufactured home sites maybe for rent or lease, Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached

2
- 1.6

a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization Pier. That portion of the support system between the footing
acceptable to the "authority havingjurisdiction" and concerned and the manufactured home, exclusive of caps and shims.
with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of
production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose Porch. An outside walking area having the floor elevated more
labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropri- than 8 in. (203 mm) above grade.
ate standards or performance in a specified manner.
Ramada. Any freestanding roof or shade structure installed or
Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list published by erected above a manufactured home or any portion thereof.
an organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic-
tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains Set-up. The work performed and operations involved in the
periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or mate- placement and securing of a manufactured home on a founda-
rials, and whose listing states either that the equipment or ma- tion system.
terials meets appropriate standard, or has been tested and found
suitable for use in a specified manner. Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement

Note: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised
for each organization concerned with product evaluation,. but not required.
some of which do not recognize equipment as listed unless
it is also labeled. The authority having jurisdiction should Site, Manufactured Home. A designated parcel of land de-
use the system employed by the listing organization to signed for the accommodation of one manufactured home, its
identify a listed product. accessory buildings or structures, and accessory equipment for
Manufactured Home.o A structure, transportable in one or the exclusive use of the occupants.
more sections, which, in the traveling mode, is 8 body ft. (2.4 Skirting. A weather-resistant material used to enclose the
m) or more in width or 40 body ft. (12 in) or more in length, or, space from the bottom of the manufactured home to grade.
when erected on site, is 320 or more sq. ft. (28.8 m2), and which
is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a Stabilizing Devices. All components of the anchoring and
dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when con- support systems such as piers, footings, ties, anchoring equip-
nected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, ment, ground anchors, or any other materials and methods of
heating, air conditioning and electrical systems contained construction which supports and secures the manufactured
therein; except that such term shall include any structure which home to the ground.
meets the size requirements and with respect to which the
manufacturer voluntarily files a certification required by the Stand, Manufactured Home. That area of a manufactured
Secretary of the U.S. Departmentof Housing and Urban Devel- home site which has been reserved for the placement of a manu-
opment and complies with the Federal Manufactured Home factured home.
Construction and Safety Standards.
Structure. That which is built or constructed, an edifice or
Note: This definition should not be interpreted to include building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up
any types of recreational vehicles (including so-called "park or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.
models" or travel trailers) which may equal or exceed the
body length specified herein. Support System. A combination of footings, piers, caps, and
shims that will, when properly installed, support the manufac-
Mobile Home. A factory-assembled structure or structures tured home.
equipped with the necessary service connections and made to
be readily movable as a unit or units on its (their) own running Tie. See anchoring equipment.
gear and designed to be used as a dwelling unit(s) without a
permanent foundation. VerticalTie. A tie intended to resist the uplifting and overtum-
The phrase "without a permanent foundation" indicates that ing forces.
the support system is constructed with the intent that the manu- 1-3.1 Units. Metric units of measurement in this standard are
factured home placed thereon will be moved from time to time in accordance with the metric system known as the Intema-
at the convenience of the owner. tional System of Units (SI). Two units (liter and bar), outside
I of but recognized by SI, are commonly used. These units are
Note: Manufactured homes were formerly referred to as listed in Table 1-3.1 with conversion factors.
mobile homes or trailer coaches. ,

1.7 - 3

1.5 manufactured Home Installation Instructions.
Table 1-3.1 1-5.1. The Federal Manufactured Home Construction and
Unit Name Unit Conversion Safety Standards Prograin (24CFR 3280, 3282, and 3283)
Symbol Factor requires that all manufactured homes be provided with instal-
lation instructions covering foundation, anchoring, utility
liter L 1gal = 3.785L connections, and other items. Where such installation instruc-
cubic decimeter dM3 1gal = 3.785 dM3 tions are provided, they shall be followed to the extent they do
pascal Pa 1psi = 6894.757 Pa not conflict with the state or local requirements.
bar bar 1Psi = 0.0689 bar
bar bar 1bar = 104 Pa 1-5.2 Installer Qualifications. Manufactured home in-
meter M ft = .3048m stallers shall be qualified by training, education, and experience
to set up homes in accordance with the provisions of the
For additional conversions and information seeASTM E380 manufacturer's installation instructions, the provisions of this
Standardfor Metric Practice, Appendix 1. standard, the standards referenced in 1-2.1, and in accordance
with any state or local regulations.
1-3.2. If a value for measurement as given in this standard is
followedby an equivalent value in other units, the first stated is 1-5.2.1. The authority having jurisdiction is responsible for
to be regarded as the requirement. A given equivalent value establishing reasonable qualifications for installers which as-
may be approximate. sure that manufactured home installations comply with 1-2.1
1 -0-3- The conversion procedure for the SI units is to multiply and 1-5.1.
th@ quantity by the conversion factor and then round the result 1-5.3 Manufactured Home Utility Connections. When
to the approximate number of significant digits. a manufactured home consists of two or more sections, all
utility connections from one section to another shall be installed
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
1-4 Single and Multiple Manufactured Home Sites - 1-5.4 Rigid Utility Connections. No rigid utility connec-
General. tions shall be made unless the home is installed on a foundation
constructed in accordance either with the state or local regula-
1-4.1 Location Of Utility Lines, Connections. Utility tions or, in the absence of such regulations, with a recognized
lines and connections shall be located as specified in 3-1.2 for model building code.
plumbing, 6-1 for electrical, and NFPA 501 A for gas to serve
the manufactured home stand. 1-5.5 Approved Materials Required. All manufactured
home utility services shall be connected to the supply sources
Note: For manufactured home communities, see also only with approved materials.
Sections 3-2.2. 1, and 6- 1, and NFPA 501A.

-4.2 Marking of Underground Utility Lines. The loca-
tion of electrical cables, gas piping, water piping, and sewer
lines buried underground along the periphery or within 4 ft. (1.2
in) of the perimeter of the site's largest planned manufactured
home shall be indicated by an above ground sign(s), or by
underground marker tapes, identifying the proximity of the
lines. A plot plan showing the "as built" location of under-
ground utility lines shall be available for installations in rnul-
tiple-site facilities.

Note: This requirement is to preclude possible damages to
such underground services by the use of ground anchors,
installations of skirting (underfloor enclosures), plantings,
foundations for steps at access floors, etc.

Chapter 2 Note: See Appendix H.
Siting and Foundation Systems 2-3.1.3 Protective Slopes of Unpaved Areas Around
Manufactured Home Stands and Accessory Build-
2-1 Siting and Foundation Systems. Ings. Grades shall slope downward from patios and stands,
from all walls, skirting, and foundations, and from water supply
2-1.lGeneral. This chapter prescribes standards for the sit- wells to adequate outfalls or to drainage swales discharging to
ing, design and installation of manufactured home foundation adequate outfalls-
systems. It identifies acceptable foundation systems. This 2-3.2 Home Site Development.
chapter is applicable to all new and relocated manufactured
homes, when and wherever newly installed at a home site. 2-3.2.1 Site Grading and Drainage. The objectives are: (1)
2-1.2 A Manufactured Home Foundation System is one to preserve as many desirable site features as practicable; (2) to
constructed in accordance with the foundation system included provide diversion of surface water away from the manufactured
in the manufacturer's installation instructions, supplemented home, accessory structures, and stands; (3) to prevent standing
by the requirements of this chapter, or the local building code water and soil saturation detrimental to structures and site use;
having jurisdiction or, in the absence of a local code, with a (4) to provide for disposal of surface water except as desired for
recognized model building code. controlled irrigation; (5) to provide finished grades for the safe
and convenient access and use of sites; and (6) to provide
2-1.3. The manufactureror homeowner shall be permitted to protection from erosion.
design for unusual installation not provided for in the
manufacturer's standard installation instructions. 2-3.2.2 Drainage Provisions. Manufactured home stands,
unless subsurface drainage structures are provided, shall have
2-2 Acceptable Foundation Systems Information. a crown or gradient for surface drainage acceptable to the au-
Table 2-2 indexes information for the design of manufactured thority having jurisdiction.
home foundation systems which meet the minimum criteria es-
tablished in this standard. Drainage designs should accommodate storm runoff calcu-
lated on the basis of foreseeable conditions of contributory site
2-3 Site Considerations. and off-site drainage areas.

2-3.1 General. 2-3.2.3 Required Drainage Structures. Where erosion
due to high runoff velocity is not prevented by grading or by
2-3.1.1 Access. Each home shall be located so that access plantings, drainage structures shall be constructed.
and use can be assured without trespass upon adjoining proper-
ties. Each site shall be accessible from abutting streets for an 2-3-2.4 Dry Wells. Where their installation is authorized, dry
essential and emergency uses by vehicular equipment, includ- wells shall be located not less than 10 ft. (3.5 m) from a
ing equipment used by public protective agencies (fire, police, manufactured home stand, at least 20 ft. (6. 10 m) from sewage
ambulance services) during all anticipated weather conditions. disposal fields, and not less than 50 ft. (15.24 m) from water
Access streets shall either be dedicated for public use or, when supply wells.
authorizedby the authority having jurisdiction, shall be private
ways protected by permanent easements. Note: For effectiveness, dry wells should be relied upon only
in areas of well-drained soils with high sand and gravel
2-3.1.2 Evaluation. Each site shall be evaluated by the au- content.
Lhority having jurisdiction to determine: (a) if it is suitable for
its intended use; (b) that such use complies with any applicable 2-3.2.5 Driveways. Driveways shall extend from such access
federal, state, and local laws; (c) if such hazards as flood Streets to a garage, carport, or parking space with the location,
erosion, sediment deposition, noise, or air pollution from alignment, and grades designed to provide for safe and conven-
nearby traffic or industrial activities, vibration from vehicular ient use. Driveways shall have a minimum width of 10 ft. (3.05
traffic or construction or industrial production operations, or m) and shall have a 5-ft. (1.52 in) radius or shall flare to a 14-
unstable landfill conditions exist which might impair the use or ft. (4.27 in) width at street entrance.
utility of the property. When, during preparation of the site,
such unforeseen factors as rock formation, high groundwater 2-3.3 Multiple Site Development.
levels, springs, biologically generated gases, etc., are encoun- 2-3.3.1 General. In addition to the provisions for single and
tered, corrective work shall be takenprior to siting the manufac-
tured home. multiple site development, the following provisions relate to
sites located in manufactured home comm unifies (see Section
7-2).

1.9 5

2-3.3.2 Land Use Requirements-Space Utilization. 2-3-3.9 Drain Inlets. Drain inlets shall be sized, designed,
Site coverage and building separation in a manufactured home and constructed for their intended use.
community for each manufactured home and its accessory
structure(s) shall be in accordance with this section. 2-3.3.10. Emergency surface drainage overflows for drain
inlets or catch basins shal I be provided where necessary to pre-
2-3.3.3 Setbacks. Each manufactured home stand shall be vent flooding of manufactured home stands, damage to acces-
set back at least 5 ft. (1.52 m) from the lot line at any abutting sory structures, and any wells, in the event of failure of any
street within a manufactured home community. underground drainage structures.

2-3.3.4 Access to Community Streets. Each manufac- 2-4 Manufactured Home Installation.
tured home site within a manufactured home community shall
have direct access to a community street. The access shall be 2-4.1 General.
an unobstructed area, not less than 14 ft. (4.27 m) in width for
the movement of a manufactured home on oroff the site (see 2- 2.4.1.1 Manufactured Homes With Manufacturer's In-
3.2-5 for driveways). structions. The manufacturer's instructions shall include a
typical foundation system designedby aregistered professional
2-3.3.5 Community Streets and Common Walk Sys- engineer or architect to support the anticipated loads specified
tems. in the manufacturer's installation instructions for the design
(a) Minimum pavementwidths, excluding widths, shall be 24 zone (including climate) of installation, and shall meet the
ft. (7.32 m) for two-way traffic; 14 ft. (4.27 m) for one-way requirements of this standard. These instructions shall be
traffic; and at least 7 ft. (2.13 in) shall be added for each parking provided with the home following installation as required by 24
lane if provided. C.F.R., Parts 3280, 3282, and 3283 (42 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.).
(b) The street system shall have direct connection to a public
way. 2-4.1.2 Manufactured Homes Without Manufacturer's
(c) Streetgrades should generaBy be notmore than 8 percent. Installation Instructions. Homes not provided with
Short runs with a maxim urn grade of 12 percent may be permit- manufacturer's instructions' shall have a foundation system
ted, provided traffic safety is assured. which meets the requirements of this standard and -is installed
(d) A common walk system should be provided and main- in a manner acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
tained between locations where pedestrian traffic is concen-
trated and is not separated from automobile traffic. Such 2-4.1.3 Manufactured Home Stabilizing Devices. Each
common walks should have a minimum width of 3 1/2 ft. (1.07 manufactured home, upon being instafled on a manufactured
m). See also Appendix A, Section A-2. home stand, shall have stabilizing devices, or shall be installed
(e)When designing manufactured home communities, care on a foundation constructed in accordance with the local
must be taken to provide for maneuvering room for placing building code having jurisdiction or, in the absence of a local
manufactured homes on stands, considering the home sizes code, with a recognized model budding code, except that the
allowed in the community. authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to waive com-
pliance with the provisions for anchoring systems where low
2-3.3.6 Street Lighting. Streets and walkways designed for design wind velocities do not justify such systems. Require-
thegeneral use of the manufactured homecommunity residents ments for stabilizing devices are included in this chapter.
shall be lighted during the hours of darkness in a manner
acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 2-4.1.4. Stabilizing devices not provided with the manufac-
tured home shall be listed or labeled to meet or exceed the
2-3.3.7 Gutters or Swales. Gutters or swales if provided design and capacity requirements of the manufactured home
shall be connected to adequate outfall. with off-site drainage manufacturer and this standard.
ways protected for permanence.
2-3.3.8 Drair. Lines. Drain lines shall be of durable materi- 2-4.2 Soil Considerations.
als, sized and installed to assure positive runoff. Drain lines for 2-4.2.1 Design of Manufactured Home Stand.
surface drainage shall have sealed joints. Drain lines for
subsurface drainage shall be permitted to be perforated, porous, Footing. Where natural soils or controlled-fil.1 (free of grass
or open joint pipe with not less than 9 in. (229 mm) pervious and organic material) are used, it shall support the loads
backfill over pipe. Drain lines shall be connected to an adequate imposed by the support system of the manufactured home
outfall. placed thereon. The required load-bearing capacity shall be
calculated based on the design loads shown in Table 2-4.2. 1.

I.10

Table 2-4.2.1 Note: The following data gives information relative to soil
Manufactured Home Stand Load-Bearing types with blow counts and torque values:
Calculations#

Design Zone South Zone Middle Zone North Zone Table 2-4.4.1
psf kg/M2 psf kg/M2 psf kg/M2
Roof Live Load 20* 98, 30*146. 40* 195.
Roof Dead Load 5 24. 5 24. 5 24, Bloi4 Test
Floor Live Load 40 195. 40 195. 40 195, Count Probe'
Floor Dead Load 10 49. 10 49. 10 49. (ASTM Torque
Design Distri- Types of Soils D1586) Value2
buted load 75 366. 85 414. 95 463.
Sound hard rock ............ NA NA
#For manufactured homes labeled as complying with Very dense and/
the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety or cemented More Than
Standards, refer to the Manufacturer's Installation In- sands, coarse gravel and 550
structions. cobbles, preloaded silts, lbs. in.
clays, and corals ............ 40-up (62 N.m)
*Where greater vertical (snow) loads have been deter- Medium-dense
mined to exist in localized areas by the authority having coarse sands, 350-549
jurisdiction through surveys or experience, such roof live sandy gravels, very stiff lbs. in.
loads shall apply. silts and clays ................ 24-39 (40-62 N.m)
Loose to medium
2-4.3 Loadings. Unless specified by the authority having dense sands, 200-349
jurisdiction, manufactured homes shall be installed on a stand firm to stiff clays and lbs. in.
with stabilizing devices of other foundation system which is silts, aluvian fill .............. 14-231 (23-40 N.M)3
designed and constructed to sustain, within allowable stress and
settlement limitations, all applicable loads specified in Appen- 'The test probe is a device for measuring the
dix B increased by a factor of safety of 1.5. torque of soils to assist in evaluating the holding
capability of the soils in which the anchor is
Note: In areas where snow and wind loads are anticipated to placed. The test probe has a helix on it. The
exceed Appendix B. design loads shall be based on ANSI overall length of the helical section is 10.75 in.
A58.1-1982 or as directed by the authority having jurisdic- (273 mm); the major diameter is 1.25 in. (32 mm); the
tion. minor diameter is 0.81 in. (21 mm); the pitch is 1.75
in. (45 mm). The shaft must be of suitable length for
2.4.4 Anchoring. anchor depth.
2A measure synonymous with moment of a force when
2-4.4.1 Anchor Design and Installation. Each manufac- distributed around the shaft of the test probe.
tured ground anchor shall be listed and installed in accordance 313elow these values, a registered professional
with the terms of its listing and the anchor manufacturer's engineer should be consulted.
instructions and shall include means of attachment of ties
meeting the requirements of 2-5.4.8 Ground anchor 2.4.4.2 Ground Anchors, Concrete Slabs, or Continu-
manufacturer's installation instructions shall include he ous Footings. Ground anchors, including means for attach-
amount of preload required, the methods of adjustment after ing ties, shall be located to effectively match the anchoring
installation, and the load capacity in various types of soil. These system instructions provided by the manufactured home manu-
instructions shall include tensioning adjustments which may be facturer, or, if there are no instructions, in accordance with the
needed to prevent damage to the manufactured home, Particu- requirements of 2-4.1.2 herein, and shall be designed and
larly damage that can be caused by frost heave. installed to transfer the anchoring loads to the ground.
(a) Each ground anchor shall have the manufacturer's identifi-
cation and listed model identification number marked thereon 2.4.4.3 Use of Concrete Slabs or Continuous Foot-
so that the number is visible after installation. Instructions shall Ings. If concrete slabs or continuous footings are used to
accompany each listed ground anchor specifying the types of transfer the anchoring loads to the ground, the following shall
soil for which the anchor is suitable under the requirements of be required:
2-5.4.1. (a) Steel rods cast in concrete shall be capable of resisting
loads as specified in 2-5.4. 1.

(b) Deadman concrete anchors may be used in place of listed tect, shall be approved for the use intended, or piers shall be
anchors if they meet the requirements of 2-5.4. 1. constructed as in table 2-5.2. 1.
(c) Concrete slabs may be used in place of ground anchors,
provided the slab is constructed so that it provides holding 2-5.2.2. Piers less than 36 in. (914 mm) in height shall be
strength equal to the requirements of 2-5.4. 1. constructed of open or closed cell, 8-in. by 8-in. by 16-in. (203-
mm x 203-mm x 406-mm) concrete blocks (with open cells ver-
2-5 Foundation Standards. tically placed upon the footing). Single-stacked block piers
shall be installed with the 16-in. (406-mm) dimension perpen-
2-5.1 Footing. dicular to the main (I-beam) frame. The piers shall be covered
with a 2-in. by 8-in. by 16-in. (51-mm x 203-mm x 406-mm)
2-5.1.1. Footings shall be sized to support the loads shown in wood or concrete cap (see Figure C-10, Appendix C).
the manufacturer's instructions and as specified below.
2-5.2.3. Subject to the limitations of 2-6.1.2, piers between 36
2-5.1.2 Support System Spacing. Unless the entire sup- in. and 80 in. (914 mm and 2032 mm) in height and all comer
port system is designed by a professional engineeror architect, piers over threeblockshigh shall be doubleblocked with blocks
the support system shall be designed in accordance with this interlocked and capped with a4-in. by 16-in. by 16-in. (102-mm
standard. x 406-mm x 406-mm) solid concrete block, or equivalent (see
Figure C-11, Appendix C).
2-5.1.3 Footings. Where no manufacturer's instructions are
available, the required load-bearing capacity of individual 2-5.2.4. Subject to the limitations of 2-6.1.2, piers over 80 in.
load-bearing supports and their footings shall be calculated (2032 min) inheight shall be constructedas per 2-5.2.1 and they
using the values in Table 2-4.2. 1. Footings shall be adequate in shall be laid in concrete mortar and steel reinforcing bars in-
size to withstand the uniform live and dead loads of the manu- serted in block cells with the block cells filled with concrete [see
factured home and any concentrated loads. Figures C-12(a) and C-12(b) in Appendix Q.
(a) Footings shall beat least 144 sq. in. (0.09 m2) of solid
concrete, block, or other materials approved for the intended 2-5.2.5 Steel Piers. Steel piers, when used, shall be in
use by the authority having jurisdiction. See Appendix C for compliance with 2-5.4.16 after fabrication to provide corrosion
minimum thickness. protection (see C-8 in Appendix C).
(b) Footings or pier foundations (unless approved by a regis-
tered professional engineer), when required, shall be placed 2-5.3 Walls. Load beairing and nonloadbearing walls con-
level on firm undisturbed soil or on controlled fill which is free structed on site shall be constructed of concrete, masonry, or
of grass and olrganic materials to minimum load-bearing capac- any other material or system that is recognized by the authority
ity of 1000 psf (4882 kg/m2). Where unusual conditions exist, having Jurisdiction.
the spacing of piers and the load-bearing capacity of the soil
shall be determined specifically for such conditions (see 2- Minimum thickness shall be that required to resist lateral
6.3.2). pressure from adjacent earth and support design loads as
determined by acceptable engineering practice.
Note: In those areas subject to ground frost heave see 2-6.3.2.
2-5.4 Anchors and Ties.
2-5.1.4. The supports shall begin not more than 2 ft. (0.61 in)
from the exterior of each end wall. Supports shall be installed 2-5.4.1 Capacity of Anchors. Each approved ground
directly under the main frame (chassis) of the manufactured anchor, when installed, shall be capable of resisting an allow-
home. able working load at least equal to 3,150 lbs. (1429 kg) in the
direction of the tieplus a 50 percentoverload (4,725 lbs. or2143
Note: Methods other than those specified herein may be ap- kg total) without failure.
proved by the authority having jurisdiction 2-5.4.2 Anchoring Equipment. Anchoring equipment,
2-5.1.5. Table 2-5.1.5 shall be applicable unless the entire when installed, shall be capable of resisting an allowable
support system is designed and calculated by a registered working load equal to or exceeding 3,150 lbs. (1429 kg) and
professional engineer or architect. shall be capable of withstanding a 50 percent overload (4,725
lbs. or 2143 kg total) without failure of either the anchoring
2-5.2 Piers. equipment or the attachment point on the manufactured home.
When the stabilizing system is designed by a qualified regis-
2-5.2.1 Piers. Piers or load-bearing supports or devices shall tered professional engineer or architect, alternative working
be designed and constructed to evenly distribute the loads. loads may be used provided theanchoring equipmentis capable
Load-bearing supports or devices shaU be listed and labeled, of withstanding a 50 percent overload. All anchoring equip-
shall be designed by a registered professional engineer or archi- ment shall be listed or labelled as being capable of meeting all
1.12 9

NCSBCS A225.1 Manufactured Home
Installations -- 1987

The majority of consumer complaints about manufactured homes result from improper installation.
Improper installation can compromise the integrity of a manufactured home and result in uneven
floors, creaking, air infiltration, instability, and other problems.

The newly revised NCSBCS A225.1 Manufactured Home Installation Standard contains comprehen-
sive information on the proper installation of manufactured homes and minimum construction
standards for manufactured home communities. It includes requirements for:

� Manufactured home sites;
� Utility facilities such as plumbing, HVAC, electrical, and fuel supply;
* Home set-up;
� Installation of accessory buildings.

The standard also covers:

* Terms encountered in siting and installing a manufactured home;
* Handicapped accessibility;
* Wind and roof load zone maps;
* Environmental health and safety;
* Pier design;
* Utilities;
* Maintenance;
* Flood insurance programs;
* Ground level installations;
* Ordering information for referenced publications.

To order this important standard, return the completed order form below.

Total amount enclosed $ Please send copies at $25 per copy of
(Virginia midents piease add 4 1/2% tax.) Manufactured Home Installations - 1987
Please make check payable to NCSBCS NAME
and mail with completed order form to:
NCSBCS
Publications Department TITLE
481 Carlisle Drive ORGANIZATION
Herndon, VA 22070
For additional information and multiple- STREETADDRESS
copy discounts, please call the Communi- CITY/STATE/ZIP
cations Division at (703) 437-0100. PHONE
VISA and MasterCard are accepted.
Purchase orders are accepted from Check is enclosed. VISA MasterCard
government agencies only. Card Number Expiration date

1.13

3 6668 00001 7683