    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

               Township of Pennsauken
               Waterfront District Management Plan

               FISH HOUSE COVE &
               TIPPINS POND

                                       COASTAL ZONE
                                   1_NFQ-"@MATX)N GENTER

               -[red f or
               HD     I
               2
               266    ship of    Pennsauken and
               N5     I,Jetsey  Department of Energy
               R64
               1981

                                                           Rogers, Golden     Halpern

                                     PLANNING AND ENGINEERING        REPORT
                                   FOR FISH HOUSE COVE AND TIPPIN'S POND

                                                   Prepared for
                                            The Township of Pennsauken,
                                            Camden County, New Jersey

                                                                      Property of CSC Library

                                                   Prepared by
                                             Rogers, Golden & Halpern
                                             Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

                                            U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                            COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                            2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                            CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

                 @& Planning and Engineering Report (Task A.b)                   November, 1981
                  of the Waterfront District Management Plan:
                  Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                   Acknowledgements

                         Rogers, Golden & Halpern wish to acknowledge the excellent cooperation
                   received from Ken Carruth, Planning and Zoning Coordinator for Pennsauken
                   Township, and John Bolton, Chairman of the Township's Waterfront Management
                   Committee, and from Joan Batory and Leon Robinson of the Camden County
                   Environmental Agency. We would also like to thank Pennsauken's mayor, Hugh
                   O'Connell, Bill Buffington, Township Assessor, and other members of the Water-
                   front Management Committee.

                   Credits

                         John Rogers of RG&    H was partner in charge of this project.      Robert W.
                   Pierson, Jr. was project manager. This report was written by Elizabeth Porter and
                   Mr. Pierson and produced by Kim Tomlinson, Joan McCusker, Rich Barrett and
                   Valerie Smith. Base maps were prepared by Patsy Eubanks and Kathryn Kester.
                   Jack Fichter of Pennsauken Township provided a summary of historical information
                   on the Pennsauken waterfront.

                   Project Support

                         This is the Planning and   Engineering Report (Task A.b) of the Waterfront
                   District Management Plan for Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond. Appendices A
                   and B, containing reports on project goals and potential funding sources, correspond
                   to Tasks A.c and A.d, respectively. This report is one product of a planning and
                   design study done for the Township of Pennsauken by Rogers, Golden & Halpern
                   with funds awarded to the townshii) hv a Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP)
                   Grant from the New Jersey Department of Energy.

                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                    Acknowledgements
                    Credits
                    Project support
                    Table of contents
                    Figures and figure data sources                                          iv
                    Tables                                                                    v

                    Introduction                                                              1
                    Climate of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond                              4
                    Soils of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond                                4
                    Topography of Fish House Cove                                             6
                    Topography of Tippin's Pond                                               6
                    Vegetation and wildlife of Fish House Cove                                6
                    Vegetation and wildlife of Tippin's Pond                                 13
                    Water quality of Fish House Cove                                         16
                    Water quality of Tippin's Pond                                           18
                    Coastal flooding of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond                    19
                    Currents and tides in Fish House Cove                                    19

                    Recreational activities at Fish House Cove                               21
                    Recreational activities at Tippin's Pond                                 21
                    Historical and archaeological features of Fish House Cove
                         and Tippin's Pond                                                   21
                    Land use of Fish House Cove and vicinity                                 24
                    Land use of Tippin's Pond and vicinity                                   24
                    History of filling in Fish House Cove                                    27
                    Zoning in the Fish House Cove area                                       30
                    Zoning in the Tippin's Pond area                                         32
                    Land ownership in the Fish House Cove area                               32
                    Land ownership in the Tippin's Pond area                                 32
                    Riparian lands status of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond               35
                    Utilities and services in the Fish House Cove area                       37
                    Utilities and services in the Tippin's Pond area                         37
                    Circulation and parking for Fish House Cove                              37
                    Circulation and parking for Tippin's Pond                                40

                                                        ii

                    Special areas in the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond area             40
                    Constraints to recreational use of the Fish House Cove and
                         Tippin's Pond site                                                 42
                       Accessibility/ Parking for Fish House Cove                           42
                       Accessibility/Parking for Tippin's Pond                              45
                       Pond drainage-Tippin's Pond Site                                     45
                       Erosion                                                              45
                       Impacts of adjacent land use on Fish House Cove                      46
                       Impacts of adjacent land use on Tippin's Pond                        47
                       Safety at the Fish House Cove site                                   48
                       Safety at the Tippin's Pond site                                     48
                       Construction of recreational facilities in Fish House Cove           49
                       Removal of trash and prevention of dumping                           49
                    References                                                              50
                    Appendix A. Project goals and their effects on policies and
                         plans of other agencies                                            52
                    Appendix B. Future funding for land acquisition and recreation
                         development of Tippin's Pond and Fish House Cove                   59
                    Appendix C. Definitions, policies and rationale for special
                         areas in the New Jersey coastal region                             69

                  FIGURES AND FIGURE DATA SOURCES

                  1.   Regional Setting of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                             Source: U.S.G.S. - Camden Quadrangle

                  2.   Vegetation: Fish House Cove

                             Source: Camden County Environmental Agency, 1980,
                             RG&H photo interpretation. Aerial Data Reducation
                             Associates, Inc. - photograph, March 20, 1978

                  3.   Vegetation: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: Camden County Environmental Agency, 1980,
                             RG&H photo interpretation. Aerial Data Reducation
                             Associates, Inc. - photograph, March 20, 1.978

                  4.   Flood Hazard: Fish House Cove

                             Source: HUD, 1977

                  5.   Historical Places: Fish House Cove

                             Source: Jack Fichter, Pennsauken

                  6.   Historical Places: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: Jack Fichter, Pennsauken

                  7.   Land Use: Fish House Cove

                             Sources: RG&H photo interpretation. Aerial Data Reduction
                             Associates, Inc. - photograph, March 20, 1978.

                  8.   Land Use: Tippin's Pond

                             Sources: RG&H photo interpretation. Aerial Data Reduction
                             Associates, Inc. - photograph, March 20, 1978.

                  9.   History of Filling in Fish House Cove

                             Sources: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - survey and harbor
                             lines maps; Camden County Planning Board - aerial photographs;
                             State Bureau of Tidelands - riparian conveyances map

                  10.  Zoning: Fish House Cove

                             Source: Township of Pennsauken, 1981A; Township of Pennsauken -
                             zoning map.

                                                         iv

                  11.   Zoning: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: Township of Pennsauken, 1981A; Township of Pennsauken -
                             zoning map.

                  12. Land Ownership: Fish House Cove

                             Source: Township of Pennsauken, 1981B; Township of Pennsauken -
                             tax maps.

                  13. Land Ownership: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: Township of Pennsauken, 1981B; Township of Pennsauken -
                             tax maps.

                  14.   Utilities: Fish House Cove

                             Source: Remington & Boyd Engineers; Public Service
                             Electric & Gas.

                  15.   Utilities: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: Remington & Boyd Engineers; Public Service
                             Electric & Gas.

                  16.   Circulation and Parking: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: Township of Pennsauken - Master Plan; Township of
                             Pennsauken - tax maps.

                  17.   Constraints to Recreational Uses: Fish House Cove

                             Source: RG&H analysis
                  18.   Constraints to Recreational'Uses: Tippin's Pond

                             Source: RG&H analysis

                  TABLES

                  1.    Endangered, threatened, undetermined and declining wildlife
                        species observed at Fish House Cove

                  2.    NPDES permits issued in the vicinity of Fish House Cove

                                                         v

                   Introduction

                         Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond are two adjacent areas of remarkable
                   natural beauty along the Delaware River in Pennsauken Township.              They are
                   noteworthy not only for their beauty but also for their survival as rich ecological
                   units in an area that is otherwise nearly totally urbanized by industrial and
                   residential land uses.    Both the cove and the pond lie along the Pennsauken
                   waterfront just upriver from Petty Island, as shown in Figure 1.

                         Fish House Cove is a 123-acre remnant of a once extensive marsh and natural
                   waterfront area that occupied the east bank of the Delaware between Petty Island
                   and Delair. In this century much of the marsh along the riverfront has been filled
                   for the dual purpose of disposing of spoil from navigation channel dredging and
                   creatina waterfront sites for industrial uses, particularly energy related facilities.
                   The cove has a rich history of Indian battles, industrious Quaker farmers, and
                   summer and winter recreational activities by previous generations of Pennsauken,
                   Camden, and Philadelphia residents.         For many years now the tradition of
                   recreation in the cove has been silent except for the occasional report from a
                   hunter's gun, as industrial uses predominate the waterfront area.

                         The origin of Tippin's Pond is obscure. Whether it is a remnant of the cove
                   that was cut off by the construction 'of the railroad in 1834 or is a depleted clay pit
                   or is a natural spring-fed depression draining to. the cove is not clear today.
                   However, as a natural area it provides a striking contrast to the broad skylines,
                   extensive marsh, and open waters of the cove. Lying slightly above the cove but
                   separ ated from it by the railroad tracks and deciduous woods, Tippin's Pond is an
                   enclosed environment providing shelter from winds that often blow through the
                   river valley. The pond offers a variety of visual experiences from the banks of the
                   pond.

                         Both the pond and the cove offer habitat for fish, fowl and small mammals.
                   The pond has provided informal recreation for generations       of adventurous Penn-
                   sauken children seeking outdoor excitement in the midst of an urban environment:
                   fishing, boating and exploring in the summer; ice skating and sledding in the winter.

                         The Township of Pennsauken has officially recognized the importance of
                   waterfront areas by creating a Waterfront Management Area--an overlay zone in

                                                             -I-

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                                                                   Figure 1.         Regional Setting of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond (1"=2000').

                    its zoning ordinance which preserves the waterfront        for water-related uses,
                    particularly recreation. Furthermore it has established    the Waterfront Manage-
                    ment Committee to provide opportunities for citizen and Township officials to
                    work together to plan for the waterfront areas, particularly to create an extensive
                    waterfront park system in the Township. It is hoped that this park system will
                    eventually link parcels currently in public ownership. Fish House Cove and Tippin's
                    Pond are very important elements in this future park system. Fortunately, key
                    parcels are already owned by the Township or the State of New Jersey. The
                    current planning study of Fish House Cove and Tippin's P   ond by Rogers, Golden &
                    Halpern is one further step toward the implementation of the waterfront park
                    system. This planning and engineering report summarizes previous studies made of
                    the two sites and provides a basis for the concept plans for their recreational use.
                    Two studies in particular were useful for our study. They are:

                         o Natural Resource Inventory, Pennsauken Creek and Tippin's Pond; pre-
                             pared for the Pennsauken Township Environmental Commission by Envi-
                             ronmental Analysis, Inc., 1975.

                         o   Potential Environmental Impacts of Energy Facilities and Other Develop-
                             ment on Fish House Cove; prepared for the New Jersey Department of
                             Energy by the Camden County Environmental Agency with the assistance
                             of WAPORA, Inc., 1980.

                         In this report, which corresponds to Task A.b of the study, available
                    information on the two sites is summarized under various headings. The two sites
                    are treated separately except where the topic does not warrant a separate
                    discussion. The planning and engineering report concludes by summarizing and
                    mapping various constraints to recreational use that will be addressed by the
                    concept plan. All figures except I and 9 and reductions of base mapsand three
                    overlays (Task A.a) prepared at a scale of 1"       1001 which are available at the
                    Pennsauken Township Municipal Building.

                         The goals of this recreation facility study and the consistency of these goals
                    with local, state, and federal policies are set forth in Appendix A to this report.
                    Posible funding sources for final project specification and construction that are
                    available to the Township are presented and discussed in Appendix B.

                                                            -3-

                    Climate of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                          The climate of Camden County, where the sites are located, is humid and
                    temperate.

                          The weather of the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond area is controlled
                    primarily by inland weather patterns. Tropical maritime air masses move through
                    the area in the summer, while cold continental arctic or polar air masses pass
                    through in the spring, f all, and winter. Generally, the weather in the area is highly
                    variable, with a succession of alternate high- and low-pressure systems moving
                    from west to east, with very few periods of air stagnation. Average wind speed is
                    9.6 mph, with prevailing winds from the northwest from November to March, and
                    from the southwest-from April to October. Fish House Cove is subject to the full
                    effects of the wind, while Tippin's Pond, surrounded,as it is by a 15- to 30- ft ridge
                    and woods on all sides, is somewhat protected. Average annual precipitation is
                    39.93 in, fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.         The driest month is
                    October, and the wettest month is August. The mean temperature of January, the
                    coldest month, is 32.3 0 F, while the mean temperature of July, the warmest month,
                    is 75.60 F (Environmental Analysis, Inc., 1975).

                    Soils of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                          The natural soils association f or the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond Area
                    shown on the Soil Conservation Service       general soils map (USDA, 1966) is the
                    D owner- Woodstown-D ragston association. These are gently sloping, grayish-brown
                    sandy soils formed from materials in the Cape May, Pennsauken, Cohansey, and
                    Bridgeton geologic formations. Minor soils in this association are Fallsington,
                    Pocomoke, and Klej. The detailed soil survey does not map the soils for the whole
                    area. However, areas that are mapped are shown primarily as "made" land, with a
                    small area of the Freehold and Downer-Urban land complex southwest of Tippin's
                    Pond.

                          Made land is land on which excavation, filling, or other disturbances have
                    destroyed the original soil horizons. The made land along the Delaware River was
                    primarily created by the pumping of dredged material from the river channel, and
                    it is predominantly sand and gravel. This fill may also include boulders. The

                                                              -4-

                    eastern edge of Fish House Cove along the Texaco property is characteristic of this
                    f ill.

                          The Freehold and Downer-Urban land complex occupies areas that have not
                    been filled. This mapping unit is used in urban areas where it is impractical to map
                    each soil separately.    The Freehold series, which is more extensive than the
                    Downer series, includes dark grayish-brown,. well-drained sandy soils low in
                    glauconite, with a dark yellowish-brown or brown subsoil. These soils are derived
                    from Mt. Laurel and Wenonah sands and Englishtown sand. The soils occur on high
                    positions, such as on the southwestern rim of the Tippin's Pond basin.            The
                    stratified substratum is mostly loamy sand but contains thin layers of sandy loam
                    and clayey material. General   ly the Freehold soils contain little gravel. The soils
                    are naturally extremely acid (pH 4.5-5.0), moderately fertile, moderately perme-
                    able, and they have a moderate-to- good water-holding capacity. The Downer
                    series includes dark grayish-brown, well-drained soils with yellowish-brown subsoil.
                    The soils occur on divides or below divides and are nearly level to gently sloping.
                    Where these soils are shallow, they may be droughty, particularly if the subsoil
                    contains considerable amounts of gravel. They are extremely acid (pH 4.5-5.0),
                    moderately permeable to rapid   ly permeable, with low natural fertility and low
                    available moisture-holding capacity.

                         The area around Fish House Cove, although not mapped, probably is almost
                    entirely made land, although some of the original soils may be present at the base
                    of the rail embankments.      Marsh areas below the rail embankment along the
                    southern edge of the cove might more accurately be mapped as tidal marsh,
                    consisting mostly of silt and organic matter and supporting vegetation that can
                    withstand daily flooding.

                         The Freehold and Downer soils of this complex have slight limitations for
                    building sites, sanitary landfills, and septic effluent disposal, except that rapid
                    permeability of the substratum in Downer soils may permit pollution of ground-
                    water (USDA, 1966). These soils have moderate to severe limitations for lawns,
                    ornamental plantings, and athletic fields due to low available water capacity, and
                    slight limitations for parks, playgrounds, and campsites.

                                                            -5-

                         The made land has slight limitations for parks, playgrounds, and campsites,
                    and variable limitations for other uses.

                    Topography of Fish House Cove

                         Most of the cove area is covered with water during high tide. The filled area
                    along the cove's northeastern edge and onto the Texaco property rises gradually
                    above the level of high tide and is quite flat until the deeper water of the cove is
                    encountered where the shoreline rises more- quickly to the tank farm.            The
                    southeastern edge of the cove is confined by the steep Penn Central railroad
                    embankment, which is 20-30 ft above the cove along the tracks.

                    Topography of Tippin's Pond

                         Tippin's Pond is surrounded by rather steep bluffs on its southwestern edge
                    and along River Road that are approximately 25-35 ft above the pond's surface.
                    The Penn Central railroad embankment confines the pond on its northwestern edge,
                    and a variety of slopes leading to the water's edge make up the northeastern
                    shoreline; some slopes are gradual but others created by fill are rather steep. A
                    gentle slope leads up to a cleared plateau overlooking the pond in the western
                    corner of the site, and a wooded plateau perhaps 5 ft above the water surface juts
                    into the pond along its northern edge.

                    Vegetation and Wildlife of Fish House Cove

                         In spite of the industrial and energy-related facilities that have encroached
                    on Fish House Cove during this century, the remnant marsh, shores, and waters of
                    the cove still support an abundant variety of plant and animal species. Bird species
                    are particularly abundant here.     The most recent vegetation and land cover
                    mapping of the Fish House Cove area was published in 1980 in              , Potential
                    Environmental Impacts of Energy Facilities and Other Development on Fish House
                    Cove (CCEA, 1980) (see Figure 2). The study mapped wetland and upland areas
                    and determined acreages of the wetland vegetation types. Monospecific stands of
                    wild rice (.Zizania aquatica), spatterdock (Nuphar advena), cattail (Typha angusti-
                    L!@Ay T. latifolia), and common reed (Phragmites communis) were delineated;
                    marsh areas supporting a mixture of wetland plant species also were delineated as

                                                            -6-

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                                                     FISH HOUSE COVE'                                                      .       maesh                     Other Lowland                    upland                          Other
                                                     WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
                                                                                                                                           Lower                                              Field                            Barren
                                                              T DVS@ICT MANAI@,MENr PRC@,RANI                                                                PEI.W=1               PnPecidmma woodlot                          lmpwvkmn axtam!
                                                     @ENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP                                                                   Middle                                             Residential (Sra&N
                                                     ,NTL@KON                                                                    mupper mized                            Beach                                       91 Water
                                                     -.0GER1. C,)LDEN & -LPtHN                                                             Wild rice                                          stews, vee% and
                                                     PHRADELPHIAL PENISNIVA.11A                                                            Cattail                                            dwellingO
                                                                                                                                           Row                                                                                           Figure 2
                                              . ....... ...

                    lower, middle, and upper mixed marsh. Three small patches of willow lowland
                    forest, predominantly black willow (Salix aj&[a), also were mapped.

                          The single stand of wild rice, found on the easternmost part of the cove,
                    occupies 14% of the marsh area within the cove. It is the largest wild rice stand in
                    Camden County (Ferren, 1976). A linear patch of spatterdock is found in the
                    central section of the cove, and it occu   pies 6% of the marsh. Two stands of
                    cattail, predominantly T. an'gustifolia, are found in the northeastern part of the
                    marsh. These stands account for 4% of the marsh. Five stands of common reed in
                    tidal areas occupy 14% of the marsh.

                          The lower marsh, totaling 18% of the marsh, is found in five areas adjacent
                    to mudflats.    The predominant species are threesquare (Scirpus americanus),
                    pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), and spatterdock, which are less intermixed in
                    this marsh type than in the middle or upper marsh. Associated species include
                    spikerush (Eleocharis sp.), great bulrush (Scirpus validus), common arrowhead
                    (Sagittaria latifolia), bur arrowhead (Sagittaria rigida), and slender arrowhead
                    (Sagittaria eatoni), as well as the'submerged elodea (Elodea canadensis) and naiad
                    (Najas flexilis) in more open-water areas.

                          Dominant species in the middle marsh include arrowheads, water smartweed
                    (Polygonum punctatum), waterhemp (Acnida cannabina), pickerelweed, and bur-
                    marigold (Bidens laevis). Associated species are arrow-arum (Peltandra vir     ginica),
                    jewelweed (Impatiens biflora), and wild rice. This middle marsh vegetation type
                    occupies 28% of the marsh.

                          The upper marsh has the greatest species diversity of the three mixed marsh
                    types and includes spiked loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), arr   owheads, clearstern
                    (Pilea pumila), water purslane (Ludwigia palustris), arrow-arum, sweetflag (Acorus
                    c-alamus), sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), halberdleaf tearthumb (Polygonum
                    arifolium), river bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occiden-
                    I@Ll@), and red willow (Cornus amomurn). The upper marsh occupies 15% of the
                    marsh. The upland areas, which were not differentiated into cover types, include
                    suburban, urban, and industrial uses and a few fringe areas of native forest.

                         Four plant species considered uncommon in New Jersey, the beggar-ticks
                    Bidens bidentoides, the sedge Cyperus brevifolius, grass-leaved sagittaria (Sagit-
                    taria graminea), and sessile-fruited arrowhead (S. rigida were documented for Fish
                    House Cove (Ferren, 1976). Fish House Cove is the only known location of these
                    species in Camden County.      Bidens bidentoides is currently under review for
                    inclusion on the Federal list of endangered and threatened species. Three other
                    species once collected in Fish House Cove have not been recorded in Camden
                    County for 60-70 years, but they may still exist on the site. These are golden
                    hedge-hyssop (Gratiola aurea var. obtusa), Parker's pipewort (Eriocaulon parkeri ,
                    and subulate sagittaria (Sagittaria subulata) (CCEA, 1980).

                         Upland vegetation beyond that mapped in the CCEA report is also shown in
                    Figure 2. Based on interpretation of aerial photography of the area, RG&H created
                    five upland cover categories:

                         0     Barren areas - areas of recent fill or disturbance on which little or no
                               vegetation was noted.
                               I

                         0     Deciduous woodlot - areas with substantial tree cover with a natural
                               understory.

                         0     Field - areas covered with uncut grasses and other low plants and few

                               or no trees.

                         0     Residential - areas around residential structures of managed lawns,
                               trees and shrubs. This category also includes houses and associated
                               driveways.

                         0     Impervious surface - areas covered by paved roads or parking areas.

                         The National Wetlands Inventory (USFWS, 1977) classifies and maps wetlands
                    in Fish House Cove. The categories mapped include the following:

                         POW - Palustrine Open Water
                         PEM - Palustrine Emergent
                         PSSI - Palustrine Scrub/Shrub, Broadleaved Deciduous

                                                           -9-

                          RIDW - Riverine - Tidal - Open Water
                          RIFL - Riverine - Tidal - Flat

                    The CCEA report, however, contains much more detailed mapping which has been
                    field checked, while the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) maps are in draft
                    form and have not been verified in the field.

                          Tidal wetlands have significant value to estuarine and marine organisms and
                    to man. They are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. The twice-
                    daily fluctuation in tides provides a flushing of nutrients for use by marine
                    organisms not inhabiting. these wetlands. Wetland plants provide valuable fish and
                    wildlife habitat. The plants provide food and cover for many species as well as
                    sites for reproduction and early growth. The nonvegetated shallow-water areas
                    associated with these wetlands also provide food, cover, nursery, and spawning
                    habitats. These wetlands aid in maintaining water quality by filtering sediments
                    and absorbing pollutants.

                          The freshwater tidal wetland areas of Fish House Cove represent only a small
                    fragment of what was once an extensive series of freshwater tidal marshes found
                    along the Delaware River. Since the beginning of this century, many of these
                    wetlands have been the depository of dredged materials or have been the site of
                    landfills. Fish House Cove is now a significant area because of the scarcity of the
                    freshwater tidal marsh habitat type in the Delaware River Valley and in Camden
                    County. A USFWS study (1957) that inventoried fish and'wildlife resources of the
                    Delaware River from Camden to Trenton recommended Fish House Cove for
                    acquisition and protection by the Federal government. A USFWS visit in 1979
                    confirmed the persistence of the high-quality wildlife habitat in Fish House Cove
                    (CCEA, Inc., 1980) and a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers study in the same year
                    cited Fish House Cove as an area "designated as a high value waterfowl area by
                    USFWS not to be filled unless absolutely necessary" (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
                    1979).

                          Most of the documented observations of wildlife in Fish House Cove relate to
                    bird sightings.    Fish House Cove is a major habitat area for waterfowl and
                    shorebirds. A one-year study of birds of Fish House Cove was conducted in 1972-73
                    by Tischner, and periodic observations have been made by the Camden County

                                                               _10-

                    Environmental Agency staff.      Between 1972 and 1976, 229 bird species were
                    observed (CCEA, Inc., 1980).

                         Fishery data (Tyrawski, 1  979) for Delaware River segments near Fish House
                    Cove include a wide variety of species. The list includes five anadromous species
                    considered as criteria for designating Special Areas in the Coastal Resource and
                    Development Policies re ports (NJDEP, Div. Coastal Resources, 1980, 1981). These
                    are alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), American eel (Anguilla rostrata), blueback
                    herring (Alosa aestivalis), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), and America shad (Alosa
                    sapidissima).

                         Amphibians and reptiles expected to be found in the Fish House Cove site are
                    those typically found in similar habitats in western Camden County (CCEA, 1980).
                    These may include Fowlers toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri), northern cricket frog
                    ,(Acris crepitans), spring peeper (Hyla crucifer), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), green
                    frog (Rana clamitans melanota), southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia), snapping
                    turtle (Chelydra serpentina), stinkpot (Sternotherus odoratus), eastern mud turtle
                    (Kinosternon subrubrum), painted turtle (Chrysemys RjSLa), red-bellied turtle
                    (Chrysemys rubriventri@), northern water snake (Natrix sipedon), eastern garter
                    snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), eastern ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus), and
                    northern black racer (Coluber constrictor).

                         Mammals expected to be found in Fish House Cove include those typical of
                    marsh habitats and upland edge situations (CCEA, 1980). Raccoon (Procyon locor),
                    muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), and eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) are
                    known to occur, while  masked, shorttail, and least shrews (Sorex cinereus, Blarina
                    brevicauda, and Cryptotis parva), eastern and starnose moles (Scalopus aquaticus
                    and Condylura cristata), white-footed and house mice (Peromyscus leucopus and
                    Mus musculus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)
                    and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) may also occur. Eight species of bat may
                    make forage flights over the site.

                         A number of State-listed endangered, threatened, undetermined, and declin-
                    ing wildlife species have been observed at Fish House Cove. The CCEA report
                    lists 44 of these species, most of which are birds (see Table 1). The NJ Division of
                    Fish, Game and Wildlife views Fish House Cove as an important area for wildlife,

                              Table 1. Endangered, threatened, undetermined, and declining
                                       wildlife species observed at Fish House Cove

                    Endangered Species                                  Declining species

                    Ospre*y                                             Red-necked grebe
                    Least tern                                          American bittern
                    Black skimmer                                       Least bittern
                                                                        Common tern
                    Threatened Species                                  Least flycatcher
                                                                        Horned lark
                    Pied-billed grebe                                   Purple martin
                    Great blue heron                                    White-eyed vireo
                    Red-shouldered hawk                                 Warbling vireo
                    Marsh hawk                                          Yellow-breasted chat
                    Merlin                                              Hooded warbler
                    Upland sandpiper (plover)                           Eastern meadowlark
                    Cliff swallow
                    Short-billed marsh wren                             Peripheral Species
                    Bobolink
                    Savannah sparrow                                    Atlantic croaker
                    Grasshopper sparrow
                    Vesper sparrow

                    Undetermined Species

                    Black duck
                    Ruddy duck
                    Sharp-shinned hawk
                    King rail
                    American coot
                    Common snipe
                    Eastern bluebird
                    Northern cricket frog
                    Red-bellied turtle
                    Northern black racer
                    Hoary bat
                    Least shrew
                    Starnose mole
                    Keen's myotis
                    Silver-haired bat
                    Eastern pipistrelle

                    Source: CCEA, Inc., 1980.

                                                         -12-

                   particularly for migratory waterfowl.       Although the Division has no breeding
                   records for any threatened or -endangered bird species in the cove area, the species
                   in Table 1 have been observed in the area during their migration.

                   Vegetation and Wildlife of Tippin's Pond

                         The vegetation of Tippin's Pond was not mapped prior to this study. Field
                   visits and interpretation of aerial photographs of the pond were used to delineate
                   the vegetation types found.

                         Four land cover categories were mapped (Figure 3).

                         0     Willow forest

                         0     Deciduous woodlot - areas with substantial tree cover and with a
                               natural understory.

                         0     Field - areas covered with uncut grasses and other low plants typical of
                               early stages of plant succession.

                         0     Residential - areas around residential structures of managed lawns,
                               trees, and shrubs.     This category includes houses and associated
                               driveways.

                         0     Barren areas - areas of recent fill or disturbance on which little or no
                               vegetation was noted.

                         The deciduous woodlots, located on the banks that surround the pond and on
                   vacant lots near the pond, contains plant species characteristic of similar habitats
                   throughout southern New Jersey. The overstory, which is discontinuous, includes
                   sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), tulip tree (Liriondendron tulipifera), red maple
                   (Acer rubrum), and a variety of oaks (Quercus spp-)-           The more continuous
                   understory includes both weedy and exotic species, such as black cherry (Prunus
                   serotina), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and white mulberry (Morus alba), and
                   trees such as red maple, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and hackberry (Celtis
                   occidentalis), which are common in many early successional lowland forests of the

                                                             13-

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                                                                                                                                                      VECZrArCIN

                                                                                                                              Lo"LVW                          Upland
                        TIPPIN"S                                      POND
                                                                                                                   A             Marsh
                                                                                                                                r-"----IMiddle mixed                      i4.ous woodlot
                        RECREATIONAL                                    AREA
                                                                                                                                         Upper mixed              R   Residential (grass,
                        PENNSAUKEN                TOWNSHIP                                                                               Cattail                      shrubs, trees, and
                                                                                                                                         Reed                         dwellings)
                        WATERFRONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                                                                                 Other Lowland                Other
                        ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN                                                                                          WaLow                       a

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                                                                                                                                                                  w
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                                                                                                                                                                                      Fig. 3
                                 -----------

                   region. The diverse, dense shrub layer commonly includes arrow-wood          Viburnum
                   dentatum), sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum),
                   as well as grape (Vitus sp.), green-briar (Smilax sp.), and American chestnut
                   (Castanea dentata).

                         A culvert running under the railroad once provided overflow drainage of the
                   pond into Fish House Cove resulting in low water levels during late summer and
                   f all. Subsequent filling of the railroad underpass and collapse of this. culvert
                   blocked this drainage of the pond. The result is in higher year round water levels in
                   the pond because the only existing drainage is through seepage and evaporation.
                   The willow forest occupies the eastern corner of Tippin's Pond near two storm
                   drain inlets. A number of dead trees occur in this stand, probably due to prolonged
                   periods of higher water since the culvert collapsed (Murphy, 1981). Some of the
                   species occurring in this stand are willow (Salix sp.), buttonbush (Cephalanthus
                   occidentalis), swamp rose mallow (Hibiscus palustris), common elder (Sambucus
                   canadensis), touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora), smartweed (Polygonum sp.) and

                   grasses.

                         The National Wetlands Inventory (USFWS, 1977) maps and classifies the
                   wetland area of Tippin's Pond as Palustrine Open Water (POW). This classificatin
                   does not take into account the wetland species described above based on field visits
                   to the pond.

                         No wildlife data have been collected for Tippin's Pond. However, Environ-
                   mental Analysis, Inc. prepared a Natural Resource Inventory for Tippin's Pond in
                   1975. The study emphasized the importance of Tippin's Pond for waterfowl, noting
                   that almost 100 species of waterfowl pass through the area each year. A great
                   blue heron and a green heron were observed during a field trip to the site in the
                   late summer of 1981. The pond site can be expected to support animal species
                   typical of similar pond areas, including raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, masked
                   and short-tail shrew, starnose mole, boreal red-backed vole (Clethrionomys
                   gapperi , eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolin-
                   ensis), eastern cottontail, and a variety of snakes, frogs, toads, and salamanders
                   (Environmental Analysis, Inc., 1975).

                                                           -15-

                           Tippin's Pond, along with the Cove, is viewed by the New Jersey Division of
                     Fish, Game and Wildlife as an important area for migratory waterfowl. There are
                     no records of endangered or threatened species on the pond site, although such
                     species have been observed migrating through the area (Frier, 1981, oral communi-
                     cation).

                     Water Quality of Fish House Cove

                           Water quality problems along the stretch of the Delaware River in the
                     vicinity of Fish House Cove include frequently excessive concentrations of fecal
                     coliform, low dissolved oxygen, especially in summer and fall, residual chlorine and
                     cyanides that exceed the concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, and
                     numerous industrial organic chemicals. Turbidity levels in the cove itself appear to
                     be low. Salinity is low, indicating a freshwater condition in the cove.

                           Fish House Cove is located approximately a         t the center of    the   Delaware
                     River Basin Commission's Water Quality Zone 3, at River Mile 103.5.                     The
                     Commission has d    eveloped water quality standards for Zone 3 to protect the
                     following uses (Tyrawski, 1979):

                           0     public, industrial, and agricultural water supplies after reasonable

                                 treatment
                           0     maintenance of resident fish and other aquatic biota
                           o     passage of anadromous fish
                           0     wildlif e

                           0     secondary contact recreation
                           0     navigation

                           On September 5, 1979, the Jack McCormick and Associates Division of
                     WAPORA, Inc., conducted water quality sampling of Fish House Cove (CCEA,
                     1980). Sampling was done at high and low tides.

                           The temperature readings were normal and within the allowable maximum
                     stream standards. The pH was close to 7.0, also meeting the standards. Salinity
                     and conductivity were low, indicative of a* definite freshwater condition. Turbidity
                     was low and light transmissibility high. The five-day biochemical oxygen demand

                                                                -16-

                   (BOD   5) and low dissolved oxygen levels indicated the presence of oxygen-demand-
                   ing substances. Oxygen levels were low enough to stress fish and other aquatic
                   organisms.    This condition, which is typical for the Delaware River between
                   Philadelphia and Camden, may present a barrier to the passage of anadromous fish.
                   Orthophosphate was elevated. If other circumstances were favorable, the presence
                   of this plant nutrient could stimulate a nuisance algal growth. Oil and grease were
                   present, but there are.no quantitative standards for levels of these substances.

                          Because the Delaware River in the vicinity of Fish House Cove is tidal and
                   pollutants can travel considerable distances upstream (CCEA, 1980), point sources
                   of pollution both downstream and upstream can be expected to affect water quality
                   in the cove. Sixteen NPDES permits have been issued in the vicinity of Fish House
                   Cove between River Miles 100 and 106 (see Table 2).

                           TABLE 2. NPDES permits issued in the vicinity of Fish House Cove

                   Downstream Discharges (between River Miles 100-103)
                          New Jersey Water Company, Camden, N.J.
                          Philadelphia Electric Company, Delaware Generating Station
                          Cities Service, Pennsauken terminal, N.J.
                          Allied Chemical, Camden, N.J.
                          National Sugar Refining Company, Pa.-

                   Upstream Discharges (between River Miles 104-106)
                          Philadelphia Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant, Pa.
                          Pennsauken Township Sewerage Authority, N.J.
                          Moorestown Township Sewage Treatment Plant, Pa.
                          Philadelphia Electric, Richmond Generating Station, Pa.
                          Amerada Hess, Pennsauken, N.J.
                          Texaco, Pennsauken Terminal, N.J.
                          Georgia-Pacific Corporation, N.J.
                          A.P. Green Refractories, Pa.
                          U.S. Steel Products Division, Camden Plant, N.J.
                          Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia Plant, Pa.

                   Source: Tyrawski, 1979, and CCEA, 1980.

                          The Philadelphia Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant, a municipal
                   sewage treatment plant on the Pennsylvania side of the river almost directly
                   opposite Fish House Cove, contributes significant quantities of organic wastes to
                   the river. Currently steps are being taken by the City of Philadelphia to upgrade
                   plant ef f iciency. The Camden municipal facility discharges less than 0.1 mi

                                                          -17-

                   downstream from the Cove, and observations in 1979 indicated that considerable
                   amounts of foam were present at the outfall. The Pennsauken facility of Texaco
                   discharges directly into the Cove. This facility's three discharge points discharge
                   untreated boiler blowdown water and, after oil-water separation, stormwater and
                   truck-washing water (CCEA, 1980).

                         At the present time, the freshwater marsh in Fish House Cove appears to
                   support a healthy and diverse plant community with little evidence of stress or
                   disease.

                   Water Quality of Tippin's Pond

                         There is no record of water samples being taken from Tippin's Pond for
                   chemical analysis. However, aquatic organisms were sampled in February 1975, as
                   reported by Environmental Analysis, Inc. The study showed that there were very
                   few insect larvae in the pond. This was considered to indicate that pollutants were
                   present in the pond. However, residents report that the pond does support sizable

                   f ish.

                         The sampling also revealed the presence of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium,
                   which can cause itching and irritation of the skin on contact.

                         Tippin's Pond is fed by three sources of water:        groundwater, two 36"
                   diameter concrete stormwater conduits draining River Road, and runoff from the
                   immediate area surrounding the pond. These sources could be responsible for
                   various pollutants entering the pond. Also, the runoff and stormwater components
                   are particularly a problem for the pond with respect to sedimentation.           The
                   discharge from the conduits draining River Road has created a natural pool before
                   the pond that acts as a sediment trap, partially protecting the pond from sediments
                   and other pollutants entering the pond (Wagner, 1981, oral communication).
                   Erosion on the back edge of the Pennsauken swimming pool property south of River
                   Road contributes to the sedimentation problem, as does erosion of the banks
                   surrounding the pond, particularly the southern and eastern banks. Stabilization of
                   these areas is critical to arresting the erosion problem and retarding the gradual
                   filling of the pond with sediment.

                                                          _18-

                    Coastal Flooding of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                          Coastal flooding is mapped by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
                    Development Federal Insurance Administration. Both 100-year and 500-year flood
                    boundaries are delineated on the Flood Boundary and Floodway Map, Figure 4.
                    Most of the Fish House Cove site falls within the .100-year and 500-year flood
                    boundary, while none of the Tippin's Pond site is subject to floods of these
                    f requencies.

                    Currents and Tides in Fish House Cove

                          The Delaware River estuary, or the tidal portion of the river, extends
                    upstream to Trenton. The twice-daily ebb and flow of tides, with a tidal range of
                    about 6 ft in the river segment that includes the cove, creates constantly changing
                    conditions, of salinity, water depth, temperature, sediment concentrations, dis-
                    solved oxygen levels, and nutrients. River flow, wind, and weather, in addition to
                    the tides, influence these parameters.

                          Although it varies slightly with the     tide, the salinity level in the cove is
                    definitely low enough for it to be considered a freshwater environment. The cove
                    supports typical freshwater marsh species.

                          Water flows into and out of the cove along currents that are evidenced in the
                    sedimentation and drainage patterns that are exposed at low tide. One prominent
                    tidal drainage pattern meanders near the southern edge of the cove then turns east
                    parallel to the rail embankment.        Another stable tidal drainage pattern has
                    developed in the hydraulic fill on the Vineland Construction Co. site. In winter,
                    larger areas of these mudflats are exposed, whereas in the summer much of the
                    area is covered with submergent and emergent marsh vegetation. Sediment drops
                    out of these currents when the water slows down. The eastern corner of the marsh
                    is one area where rafted debris and sediment are dropped. Based on examination of
                    aerial photos taken since 1959, it appears that there are no areas where active
                    erosion of the shoreline is taking place, except in the area of recent fill adjacent to
                    the Texaco property-

                                                             _19-

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                             FISH        HOUSE COVE                                           FLOOD HAZARD AREAS
                             WILDLIFE SANCTUARY                                                      100 year flood
                             PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP
                             WATERFRONT DISTR)CT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM                                  500 year flood
                             ROGER& GOLDEN & KA               'z-4
                                                                                                                                Figure 4

                   Recreational Activities at Fish House Cove

                         The major recreational activities that take place at Fish House Cove are
                   birdwatching or other forms of nature walks, boating in the cove, and hunting.

                         The cove is an important area for waterfowl, especially during migration.
                   This makes it attractive for both birdwatchers and hunters.

                   Recreational Activities at Tippin's Pond

                         A variety of recreational activities takes place at Tippin's Pond throughout
                   the year.    Picnicking, walking, boating, and fishing are common activities.
                   Children play in the area and in winter use the pond for ice skating. Associated
                   with cold weather activities is the building of fires near the pond's edge. Trail.
                   bikes have been observed running up and down the steep slopes around the pond and
                   also along the trail at the edge of the pond.

                   Historical and Archaeological Features of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                         Several features of historic and archaeological significance are in existence
                   on or near the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond sites. Prior to the arrival of
                   co lonial settlers, the Pennsauken area was occupied by Lenni-Lenape Indians who
                   valued the area for its wild rice, peas, raspberries, blackberries, and wildlife. The
                   cove was the site of a major Indian battle, involving warriors in over 100 canoes, in
                   which the Lenni-Lenape were victorious. The Arlington Cemetery, adjacent to
                   Tippin's Pond, is a former Indian hunting ground from which many artifacts have
                   been recovered. The Fish House area was the home of Chief Tammane, who knew
                   William Penn and became a well-known figure in Philadelphia in the late 1600's. In
                   recognition of his honesty, the Democratic Club of New York chose to name its
                   meeting hall after him, but subsequently scandals in that organization have unfairly
                   linked the Tammane name with corruption in government.

                         The Pennsauken area was first explored by Europeans in 1633 by an English
                   party of 15 led by Thomas Young and Robert Evelyn. They set up a fort near
                   Pennsauken Creek and called it Eriwornac after a local Indian chief. With the
                   establishment of New Sweden in 1643, some Swedish families settled in the

                                                           -21-

                   Pennsauken area. The Swedish influence is evidenced in the architectural style of
                   the historic Griffith Morgan House in Delair. In the 17th century, many Quakers
                   seeking religious freedom came to settle in the area. These early settlers were
                   farmers, and through the,1800's the area was primarily characterized by farms and
                   orchards. A stagecoach served the area, and one of the stagecoach stops was along
                   Cove Road near Tippinis Pond. It is a privately owned home today. Another
                   structure that stood until 1911 was the Half Way House, a tavern located near the
                   entrance to Arlington Cemetery.         Philadelphia Quakers, seeking freedom of
                   another sort, came to Petty's Island off the cove to gamble, outside the reach of
                   Philadelphia's laws (Fichter, 1975).

                         In 1834, the Camden and Amboy Railroad opened a line through Pennsauken
                   that now divides Fish House Cove from Tippin's Pond. Local farmers opposed its
                   opening, claiming that it was unsafe and that it made the chickens stop laying eggs.

                         The town of Fish House was created by Charles Price, a Pennsauken resident
                   who constructed a group of houses along the river. The town was well known for
                   fishing. In fact, what is now the southeastern shore of Fish House Cove, then
                   called Pea Shore, was the home of four fishing clubs, none of which are still
                   standing. In 1884, 28,000 shad were caught along this shore. An early yacht club is
                   still standing on the Vineland Construction Corporation property on the Cove. Pea
                   Shore Beach was a popular summer spot for tourists attracted to its sandy beaches.
                   There were boardwalks built along Pea Shore, though none of them are there today.
                   A popular winter sport started by the Hatch family was ice boating on the cove.
                   Ice skating was also popular..

                         The popularity of the area for fishing dropped off after 1924, when a fish kill,
                   attributed to pollution, destroyed the shad population. After the decline of fishing,
                   the town of Fish House became a settlement of squatters. The settlement was
                   dismantled after World War 11 by the local fire company. See Figure 5 for a display
                   of places and events in the cove's history.

                         The Tippon family (original spelling) moved to the area in 1890. The pond
                   was used for picnics, fishing, ice skating, and family reunions. The ruins of the
                   Tippon's house, which burned to the ground in 1980, still are in existence on the

                                                           -22-

                                                                                                                village of
                                                                                                               Tish House

                                                                                                                  'home   of
                                                                                                                  Chief Tammane of
                                                                                                                  the Lenni-Lenape
                                                                                                                                         Pea Shore

                                        00
                                                                                                                       FEN HOM COVE
                                                                                                   '(formerly called
                                                                                                    Steele's Bay,
                                                                                                    Stone Cove)

                                                                                                                                                Pea Shore
                                                                                                                                                beach -7

                                      site of Indian                                                                                              picruc area
                                      canoW battle

                                       Delazwre River

                                   17th century
                                   Quaker gambling
                                   spot.

                                     FISH HOUSE COVEJ
                                     WRDUFE, SANCT
                                     PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP         UARY                                              HISTORICAL PLACES
                                     WATERFROwr DtsTRIcr mANAGEmEm pROGRM

                                     ROC"& COMM A KALPMM
                                     RULADELM" PEMMYLVANK
                                                                                                                                                                   Figure 5

                   southwestern corner of the pond. The family ran a store and a tavern called
                   Schillers Heights near the cove shore.

                         Early industry in the area included brick companies (e.g., the Hatch Brick
                   Company of Delair), which located their kilns along the river banks. The Lennick
                   China Company once owned the site of Tippin's Pond and mined clay where the
                   township recreation area is presently located. In 1930, Rundles Manufacturing
                   Company, a subsidiary of Sears and Roebuck Company that made bathroom
                   fixtures, was built near the cove. Figure 6 shows some of the sites of historical
                   interest near the pond.

                         After World War 11 an industrial park program was begun in Pennsauken, with
                   over 10 parks being built between 1958 and 1968. This industrial activity along the
                   waterfront continued the trend of filling freshwater tidal marshes in the township.

                   Land Use of Fish House Cove and Vicinity

                         Although Fish House cove is a natural area consisting of a freshwater tidal
                   marsh and a deepwater area beyond the marsh, it is surrounded on three sides by
                   existing or proposed industrial uses: the Texaco Tank Farm, the Penn Central
                   Railroad, and the Vineland Construction Company. Industrial uses continue beyond
                   both the Texaco properties and those of the Vineland Construction Company.
                   Future plans for the Vineland site call for a containerized cargo port/truck
                   distribution center (Carruth, 1981, oral communication). A residential neighbor-
                   hood with some recreation uses abuts the railroad tracks upland from the cove.
                   The Tippin's Pond area is adjacent to the cove in its eastern corner across the
                   railroad right-of-way. Land uses are shown on Figure 7.

                   Land Use of Tippin's Pond and Vicinity

                         The areas immediately around Tippin's Pond are vacant and support deciduous
                   woods and small fields. There are extensive residential neighborhoods stretching
                   for several miles to the southwest, south, and southeast of the pond, with the
                   exception of the Pennsauken swimming pool and tennis courts that are directly
                   across River Road from the pond. Between Cove Road, River Road, and the pond,
                   there is a small residential neighborhood, but across Cove Road several industrial

                                                          -24-

                                                                                                                   'Wian hunting
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                                Fish House     sto                         lo
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                                                                                                      PENNSAUKEN
                                                                                                        TOWNSHIP
                                                    TIPPIN'S     POND
                                                                                                    SWIMMING POOL

                               TEXACO

                        home of
                        Chief Tammane of
                        ,he Lenni-Lenape                                                                                          LONGFELLOW

                                                                                                       f--M;*-C-NAN?VKLfi A.G.-.e

                                            Pea
                      FISH HOUSE COVE
                 TIPPIN"S                            POND
                 RECREATIONAL AREA
                 PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP                                                                   HISTORICAL PLACES
                 WATERFRONT DISTRICr MANAGEMENT      PROGRAM

                 ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN
                 PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                                                                                        Figure 6

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                                                                                                                      --------------

                                                                                                                LAND USE
                                FISH          HOUSE COVE.)
                                                                                                                                        Recreation
                                WILDLIFE SANCTUARY                                                 Residential                F-Zg@
                                                                                                   Commercial                           Transportati.
                                PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP
                                WATERI'RONT DISTRICT MANAGEME.NT PROGR,@                           Industrial                           Vacant
                                                                                                                                        Water
                                R-RS. --- 11 1-1-@                                         -1W     bidustrW with water
                                MfLADELMIA. PEN41%YLV@M,                                            access
                                                                                                                                                  Figure 7

                   uses are found. The Penn Central Railroad line and the vacant land beyond are
                   found on the northwestern edge of the Tippin's Pond site. Figure 8 shows land uses,
                   by property, for the area around Tippin's Pond.

                   History of Filling in Fish House Cove

                         Since the beginning of the century, extensive filling of marshlands has been
                   undertaken along the Delaware River shoreline, much of this in conjunction with
                   spoils disposal from navigation channel dredging and from industrial park develop-
                   ment. A chronology of this filling activity and consequent loss of natural shoreline
                   and historical recreational uses can be constructed by comparing maps and aerial
                   photos of the Cove area covering an extended period of time (see Figure 9).

                         The following aids were used in constructing this chronology:

                         0   1909       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Survey Map
                         o   1917-1918  Riparian Conveyances Map
                         o   1932       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Survey Map
                         o   1939       U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Harbor Lines Map
                         o   1959       aerial photograph, Camden County Planning Board
                         o   1965-1966  aerial photo and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Survey Map.
                         o   1971       aerial photograph, Camden County Planning Board
                         o   1978       aerial photograph, Aerial Data Reduction Associates, Inc.,
                                        Pennsauken
                         o   1979       aerial photograph, Aerial Data Reduction Associates, Inc.,
                                        Pennsauken

                         The 1909 survey shows the cove as a rather smooth and gradual incurving of
                   the river, roughly between upper Petty Island (about 1/4 mile downstream of the
                   upper end) to Delair. The 1917-1918 map shows minor changes in the shoreline,
                   indicating limited filling activity. By 1932 a dramatic change had occurred as
                   hydraulic fill was placed between the shore and Fisher Point Dike, and at the
                   western edge of the cove by Farragut Avenue. By 1939 the area between the Petty
                   Island Branch line of the railroad and 47th Street was filled, extending about 2,000
                   ft into the Cove from the original shoreline. The 1930's appear to be the most
                   active period of filling along the southern shore of the Cove. Subsequent changes

                                                           -27-

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                                                                                                                                                      LAM UM
                      TIPPIN"S                                       POND
                                                                                                                                            Residential        r--WE-'dl  Recreation
                                                                                                                                            IndUSUial                     Transportation
                      RECREATIONAL                                     AREA
                      PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP                                                                                                   L-ndustrial with   r V        Vacant
                                                                                                                                            water access
                      WATERFRONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT                  PROGRAM
                                                                                                                                            Institutional                 Water
                      ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN
                      PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                          \1C1-1
                                                                                                                                                                                   Figure 9

                          FISH HOUSE.COVE. j-
                                                                                                          HYDRAULIC
                                                                                                             FILL

                                                                                                                1918
                                                                                                              HORELINE

                             1909-1918                                                      1932

                                                                                                              tZ

                                                                                                              J,

            wDRAULIC, OILL

                                                  FISH-;-                      FISH`@--                 -@@TISW
                   MOUSE                        HOUSE.:'
                                                                                                           HO  SE
                    COVE
                                                 COVE                            VE                        COVE:

           19 2
           S  RELINE

                   1959                         1966                         1971                     1974-1979
                                                                                S

                                           Figure 9. History of Filling in Fish House Cove.

                    include additional fill along the northeastern side of the Cove progressing gradually
                    between the 1959 photo and 1979. Through the 1970's, a small area along the
                    southeastern shore of the cove below the railroad appears to be the site of some
                    small-scale filling.

                          These changes in the shoreline for purposes of dredge disposal and industrial
                    development have severely diminished the size of Fish House Cove and have
                    reduced the length of tidal wetland-type shoreline available for recreational use.
                    The loss of marsh habitat is difficult to assess because only the early shoreline, not
                    the extent of marsh habitat, is known. Differences in tide levels and season when
                    the aerial photographs were taken also makes a determination of actual marsh
                    habitat difficult.

                    Zoning in the Fish House Cove Area

                          The Fish House Cove area       from the Pennsauken Township-Camden City
                    boundary to the north along the waterfront is zoned for industrial uses, either
                    limited industrial (L-1) or heavy industrial (H-1).     Pennsauken Township has a
                    Waterfront Management Area that is an         overlay zone north and west of the
                    railroad tracks. It consists of land and water areas that are generally within the
                    500-year floodplain of the Delaware River and its major tributaries. The purpose
                    of the Waterfront Management Area provisions of the zoning code (Sec. 126-701.1;
                    Township of Pennsauken, 1981A) is to ensure a balanced and compatible mix of
                    waterfront land and water uses with particular emphasis on protection of the
                    natural environment along the river, public use of waterfront areas, and public
                    access to the waterfront.     To achieve these purposes, certain areas within the
                    Waterfront Management Area may only be used for public recreation, and all new
                    uses proposed for the area must be intrinsically dependent on access to the
                     aterfront. Landward of the railroad right-of-way are C-1 (commercial), R-3
                    (residential with minimum lot size 5,000 sq ft), R-4 (residential with minimum lot
                    w

                    size 4500 sq ft or various multifamily not exceeding 15 families per acre), and H-1
                    zones. The  distribution of these zones is shown in Figure 10.

                                                            -30-

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                                         FISH HOUSE COVE                                                                                            ZONING
                                         WILDLIFE SANCTUARY                                                              L-1     Limited indu      ia,            Residential    q
                                         PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIF                                                                                    s'r                        0'0 s       minimum
                                         "ATERPRONT 91@IRICT m,@-rmiw -,,h-                                              H-1     Heavy industria                  R--2    :000 sq ft   lot size
                                         ROGPRS (XADEN & HALPERN                                                         C-1     Commercial                       P-3     5000 sq ft
                                                                                                                                 Waterfront Management
                                                                                                                                  Area (overlay zone)                                     Figure 10
                                                    . .. . ....... . .

                   Zoning in the Ti ppin's Pond Area

                        The land use zones found in the Tippin's Pond area are shown in Figure 11.
                   The pond and areas to the south and across River Road are zoned R-3 residential,
                   which allows single-family residential use on 5,000 sq ft (minimum) lots. The area
                   between the pond and Cove Road is zoned R-4, permitting single-family semi-
                   detached dwellings on 4,500 sq ft lots and townhouse (10 families per acre
                   maximum) and garden-type multifamily development (15 families/per acre
                   maximum). Areas to the north of Cove Road and to the west of the railroad tracks
                   are zoned H-1, heavy industrial zoning that permits most industrial uses except
                   private dumps or automobile graveyards.

                   Land Ownership i n the Fish House Cove Area

                        The main parcel of Fish House Cove is owned by the State of New Jersey (lot
                   12, block 1). This 122.6-acre parcel is surrounded by lands owned by the Vineland
                   Construction Company, Texaco, or the Penn Central Railroad. There are three
                   very small properties between the large State-owned parcel and the railroad
                   property. Two are in private ownership and the third is owned by the State.
                   Beyond the Texaco properties are large parcels owned by the Amerada Hess
                   Corporation. Beyond the holdings of the Vineland Construction Corporation are
                   other corporate-owned parcels. Land ownership paterns around the cove are shown
                   in Figure 12 (Township of Pennsauken, 1981B).

                        Based on a comparison of aerial photographs and tax maps, the exact location
                   of the property line separating lot 12 from the Texaco properties (lots 13 and 15,
                   block 1) is not clear. There is the possibility that much of the filled land edge
                   along the Texaco properties actually lies on state riparian lands.

                   Land Ownership in the Tippin's Pond Area

                        The main parcel of Tippin's Pond covering most of the pond area and its
                   immediate shore is owned by the Township of Pennsauken (lot 6, block 516). The
                   Township also owns a small parcel fronting on Cove Road that touches the main
                   parcel (lot 5, block 516) and all the land across River Road from the pond up to the
                   intersection with Cove Road. Other parcels along the northern and southwestern

                                                          -32-

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                      TIPPIN"S                                     POND                                                   Residential
                                                                                                                               9000 minimumch                Heavy industrial
                                                                                                                          R-3  5000 lot size$              7; Waterfront Management
                      RECREATIONAL                                   AREA
                      PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP                                                                             I   R-4  Apts., townhouses             Area (overlay zone)
                      WATERFRONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM                                                                   15 DU/acre maximum

                      ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN
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                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 11
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                                                                                                                                  Towftlhip               pony (Texam)                     Corp-tion
                                         WILDLIFE SANCTUARY                                                               =P--
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                                                                    ENT PROGRAM
                                                                                                                                  New Jet my              C-Vor-m
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                                         PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA                                                                                                CmIrmle.
                                                                                                                                                          lion Cornpmy                       pie" 12

                   edge of lot 6 are privately owned, notably lot 9 (block 516), a 2-acre vacant parcel
                   that runs along the steep bluff overlooking the pond. The western edge of the site
                   along the railway is owned by the Penn Central Railroad. This right-of-way widens
                   from approximately 90 ft as it approaches the Pond area to nearly 200 ft as it
                   nears Cove Road.

                         Most parcels to the north of Cove Road are in corporate ownership, while the
                   small parcels between Springfield Avenue and the unimproved right-of-way for
                   Merchantville Avenue are privately owned. Land ownership patterns in the Tippin's
                   Pond area are illustrated in Figure 13 (Township of Pennsauken, 1981B).

                   Riparian Lands Status of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond

                         In New Jersey any lands now or formerly flowed by the mean high tide are
                   considered riparian lands. The State owns riparian lands unless it has divested
                   itself of ownership by issuing a riparian conveyance. Three types of conveyance
                   may be issued by the State--a grant in fee for occupying lands with solid fill, a 15-
                   year lease for solid fill and pier-type structures, and a 10-year license, payable
                   annually, for resident-type structures. No-new construction, dredging, repair, or
                   replacement work may be done on riparian land without first obtaining a riparian
                   construction permit (sometimes known as a waterfront development permit) from
                   the State. The plans for such work must be signed and sealed by a licensed
                   engineer.   In order to repair a legally existing structure or to do maintenance
                   dredging, an administrative approval permit must be obtained. For all marine
                   construction, a permit must be obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
                   Other permits that may be required include Wetlands, Stream Encroachment, and
                   Waterfront Development permits.

                         The Fish House Cove site, lot 12, block 1, was the subject of a riparian grant
                   issued to Joseph Cramer, Inc., June 21, 1926, and was reconveyed to the State by
                   the Legislature in 1934. Lots 5, 5A and 5B (block 1) are the upland properties.

                         The title study and riparian maps of the Tippin's Pond area have not yet been
                   completed but must be within one year if the State is to claim the area as riparian
                   due to the recent passage of the riparian referendum.

                                                           -35-

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                                                                                        - ------ ----
                                                                                                                                          LAND OWNERSHIP
                                                                                                                                  PUbfiC                       Private
                       TIPPIN"S                                    POND
                                                                                                                                  Pennsauken                   Paragon Oil Com-
                                                                                                                                  Township                     pany (Texaco)
                       RECREATIONAL                                  AREA
                                                                                                                                  State of
                       PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP                                                                                        New 3    sey                 CAmoreproardaltioHne"
                                                                                                                                        er
                       WATERFRONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
                                                                                                                                                               Other
                                                                                                                                  Other, tax
                                                                                                                                                               Corporations
                       ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN                                                                                   exempt
                       PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                                                                                                               Individuals

                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 13
                                                                                               5_1

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                  Utilities and Services in the Fish House Cove Area

                        Although utilities and services are generally available in the Fish House Cove
                  area, direct connections to sanitary sewer and water distribution lines are not
                  available on the cove side of the railroad right-of-way. Electric power lines cross
                  the tracks at Cove Road. Storm sewers on the cove side of the tracks          are not
                  needed due to the limited land area there and its direct drainage to surface water.
                  Utilities and services are shown in Figure 14.

                  Utilities and Services in the Tippin's Pond Area

                        Electric power lines (13, 14, and 26 kV) run close to the Tippin's Pond site
                  along River Road and Cove Road. Sanitary sewer lines serve the southwestern
                  edge of the site along Springfield Avenue. Any facility in the Tippin's Pond basin
                  needing sanitary sewage removal would have to pump it to lines along Springfield
                  Avenue. Because there are no impervious surfaces in the pond basin, storm sewers
                  are not needed. However, two storm sewer outlets discharging drainage from
                  River Road and the Pennsauken Swimming Pool Facility create a sedimentation and
                  water pollution problem fo r the pond as well as contributing to fluctuations in the
                  pond's water level that may be responsible for occasional flooding of shoreline
                  paths. Water distribution lines are found all around Tippin's Pond except for a
                  short distance along the Penn Central right-of-way. Telephone service is available
                  everywhere in this area of the Township. Figure 15 shows utilities and services in
                  the vicinity of Tippin's Pond.

                  Circulation and Parking for Fish House Cove

                        Regional  access approaching Fish House Cove       is adequate along heavily
                  traveled River Road, which connects to Route 73 and      Federal Street in Camden.
                  There is no public access by land to the Cove. By automobile, the points of closest
                  approach are on the several streets from 47th to Springfield Avenue that dead-end
                  at the railroad right-of-way and on the section of Cove Road that continues on the
                  cove side of the tracks for a short distance. Access from these areas must be by
                  foot across the tracks and down the railway embankment or through lowland
                  vegetation on private land if Cove Road is used. Off-street parking is limited to a

                                                          -37-

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              ... . .........
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                                                                                                                                                  UmrTms
                                               FISH HOUSE COVEJ
                                               WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

                                               WATrRFRO.NT DISTRICT MA.NAGr.MENT PROGRAM
                                                                                                                                                                  77
                                               PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP

                                               ROG FIS. rJOLDEN & tIALPERN
                                               PHILA(ALMIA. PF.N..NSN'IVAN;A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Figure 14

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                                                                                                                                                                             UnLrrw_s
                                                                                                                                                     STOW SEWERS:                          WATER DISTRIBUTION:
                           TIPPIN"S                                                POND                                                                                                        S-W_
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                                                                                                                                                                     Headw                                H drant
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                           RECREATIONAL AREA                                                                                                                         Manhole                              Slow Off
                           PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP
                           WATERFRONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM                                                                                    SANITARY SEWERS:                      -43-           Manhole
                                                                                                                                                          S*SS       Gravity Main          ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION.,
                                                                                                                                                          ------     Force Main                           13.14.20 kV Lines
                           ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN                                                                                                       0==        Pwripirn Station
                           PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                                                                                                                     Manhole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Figure-15

                  small gravelled lo t owned by the Township,    off Cove Road but across the tracks
                  from the cove.

                        Bus 9 of Transport of New Jersey, originating in Philadelphia and stopping in
                  Camden, services River Road and the Fish House Cove/Tippin's Pond area on a
                  regular basis.

                        Immediate access to the Cove is by way of Tippin's Pond: see discussion and
                  Figure 16 below.

                  Circulation and Parking for Tippin's Pond

                        Regional access for Tippin's Pond is provided by River Road, which connects
                  to many other streets and highways in the township, and by Cove Road, which runs
                  to the north of the site. River Road at the Pennsauken Township Swimming Pool is
                  heavily travelled, carrying about 10,300 vehicles per day (annual average - Camden
                  County Department of Highways, 1981). Although there are many public parking
                  places available at the swimming pool facility, these spaces are cut off from the
                  Pond by this heavy traffic on River Road and by difficult access to the pond along
                  the north side of that road. A small gravelled lot near the intersection of Cove
                  Road and the railroad is owned by the Township and can accommodate about a
                  dozen cars. If the right-of-way of Merchantville Avenue north of River Road were
                  cleared and a driving surface installed, another access point for automobiles could
                  be readily created. From either the Cove Road or the potential Merchantville
                  Avenue approaches, there is easy access to the pond by foot within 500 ft.
                  Formerly an underpass beneath the tracks permitted access from the pond to the
                  cove, but it is now filled in. Opening it again would provide safe pedestrian access
                  to the cove by way of the pond.        See Figure 16 for circulation and parking
                  inf ormation.

                  Special Areas in the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond Area

                        Under the New Jersey Coastal Management Program, a report called Coastal
                  Resource and Development Policies (June, 1981) spells out the policies that are the
                  criteria for permit decisions under CAFRA, the Wetlands Act, and the Waterfront
                  Development Act and that will guide NJDEP recommendations to the Tidelands

                                                          -40-

                                                                          JLJ
                  Cl-@          L#QON PAVING CMAPANY                                                r             MAJNGTON CEMETE;*f

                                           MODERNH
                                           CHRO E

                                  ASARRY
                                 STEEL CO.

                                                              ................... ..... .

                                                                                                          PENNSAUKEN
                                                                                                            TOWNSHP
                                                            N'S                                        SWIMMING POOL
                                                      TIPPI        POND

                                 TEX
                                   ACO
                            Y@i                                                                                                       LONGFELLOW
                                                                                                                                          SC1400L

                        FISH HOUSE COVE
                  TIPPIN"S POND                                                                             (MCULAnCW AM PAIMING
                  RECREATIONAL AREA                                                                                     Collector highway
                  PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP                                                                                   Local street
                  WATFRMONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM                                                                 Parking area
                  ROGERS, GOLDEN & HALPERN                                                                              Potential parking area
                  PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA

                                                                                                                                              Figure 16.

                   Resource Council and other coastal zone management decisions. The report lists
                   44 types of coastal areas (Special Areas) "which merit focused attention and
                   special management policies."

                        Special Areas that may be relevant to the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond
                   sites include the following:

                        o   Prime Fishing Areas
                        o   Finfish Migratory Pathways
                        o   Navigation Channels
                        o   Submerged Infrastructure Routes
                        o   Intertidal Flats
                        o   Filled Water's Edge
                        o   Natural Water's Edge Floodplains
                        o   Alluvial Flood Margins
                        o   Beaches

                        o   Wetlands

                        o   Wetlands Buffer
                        o   Steep Slopes
                        o   Specimen Trees
                        o   Endangered or Threatened Wildlife or Vegetation Species Habitats
                        o   Critical Wildlife Habitats
                        o   Public Open Space

                        Definitions, policies, and rationales for these policies, as presented in the
                   NJ DEP report (1981), are reproduced as Appendix C.

                   Constraints to Recreational Use of the Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond Sites

                        Intrinsic site characteristics may place constraints on the development design
                   or pose problems that must be addressed and resolved in the planning and design
                   phases for recreation development of Fish House Cove and Tippin's Po      nd. This
                   section deals with the potential problems and constraints presented by the two
                   sites. Figures 17 and 18 illustrate many of the problems discussed in this section.

                                                           -42-

                                                                                                                           Limited: parkin
                                                                                                                                           .9

                                                                                                                          lack of public
                                                                                                                          access to cove                     dangerous pedestrian
                                                                                                                                                              cr" over RR tracks
                                                                                                                                                  filled
                                                                                                                                                und-.1

                                                                                                                                           f11:@@

                                                                                                                                               erosion
                                                                                                                                               problem

                                                                                                                         hunting may
                                                                                                                         pose risk to
                                                                                                                         tank farm-

                                              00                           @61.
                                                                            00                                                          nom HOUSE COVE

                                            'low flow in river may cause
                                            increase in cove salinity

                                                           potential for increased sedimentation
                                                           due to consuvction, dredging activities
                                            Delaunre River and increased ship traffic

                                          FISH HOUSE COVE)
                                          WIMUFE SANCTUARY                                                                        POTENTIAL CONSTRAINTS
                                          PEMMUMN IMNSHIP
                                          WATERFRONT DCSTRICT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
                                          ROGER& GOLDEN & HALPERN                                                                    TO RECREATIONAL USE
                                          PHML40ELPM& PENNSYLVAPRA
                                                                                                                                                                                        Figure 17

                                                                                    A              @_j
                                         UNION PAVING COMPANY                                          COVE ROAD                                     AFL14GTON C.EMETERY       I L

                                                       MODERN H
                                                        CHROME ICAOR9`-@

                                            ABARRY
                                           STEEL CO.

                                                                                                                                                  Pnts                              E.LCA&ST Al N6
                                             limited                                                                               wash to-pam
                                              parking
                                                                             hazard in    L-\-
                                                                              winter
                                                                                                                                0         PENNSAUKEN
                                                                      TIPPIN'S POND                                                              NSW
                                                           po                                                                                ING POOL
                                                                  filled underpass
                                          TEXACO              -0                                     dum
                                                               0                flooding,
                              /dangerous pedestrian
                                        over RR tracks                                                                                                            8
                                                                                    er@i@ problem                            parking but dangerous                I             LONGFELLOW
                                                                                                                         pedestriancr@pll3lng
                                                                                                                        over River Road

                              FISH HOUSE COVE
                       TIPPIN"S                                        POND
                                                                                                                                          POTENTIAL CONSTRAINTS
                       RECREATIONAL AREA-                                                                                                   TO RECREATIONAL USE
                       PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP
                       WATERFRONT DISTRICT MANAGEMENT                   PROGRAM

                       ROGERS. GOLDEN & HALPERN
                       PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
                                                  EEEE.W     2r.
                                                                                                                                                                                      Figure IL
                                                                                                                 L,)L

                         Accessibility/Parking for Fish House Cove.     There is currently no public
                   access to Fish House Cove. Cove Road, as a public right-of -way, ends about 100 ft
                   on the cove side of the railroad tracks. All land surrounding the cove is owned by
                   the railroad or is in private ownership. Formerly there was a passageway under the
                   tracks from the western corner of the pond area to the cove for pond drainage and
                   pedestrian traffic.   This underpass is now filled in, although two substantial
                   retaining walls are visible on both sides of the track embankment. There is a small
                   parking area owned by the township of f Cove Road but on the other side of the
                   tracks from the cove. The major problem associated with the current parking area
                   location is the danger involved in uncontrolled pedestrian traffic across the
                   railroad tracks. This is a particularly serious issue when considering the use of the
                   areas by unsupervised children.

                        Accessibility/Parking for Tippin's Pond. The best access to Tippin's Pond by
                   car is from Cove Road. Persons arriving by car can park on a small township-
                   owned property near the pond and walk down a gravel path to the pond's edge
                   closest to the railroad tracks. Parking is also available across River Road at the
                   township recreation area; however,. heavy traffic presents a safety hazard,
                   particularly for unsupervised children attempting to cross River Road to get to the
                   pond area. Foot access along the trail that partially circles the pond may be
                   impeded by periodic flooding as the pond level rises in response to direct discharge
                   of stormwater from River Road and more gradual flow of groundwater following
                   storms or snow melt.

                        Pond Drainage-Tippin's Pond Site. Since the culvert collapsed that for     merly
                   drained Tippin's Pond to Fish House Cove, a new and higher mean water level is
                   established in the pond. The higher water levels have caused the death of many
                   trees formerly on the banks but now well within the pond itself. These higher
                   levels have also resulted in periodic flooding of portions of the perimeter path
                   particularly near the western corner of the pond. This presents a problem in terms
                   of trail location and maintenance and in terms of designing facilities to contend
                   with these fluctuations.     For example, installation of a boardwalk may be
                   necessitated to allow crossing of periodically flooded areas, whereas a stabilized
                   water level by means of an overflow device would allow the use of conventional
                   walking trails.

                                                           -45-

                          Erosion. Several points along the southern bluffs overlooking Tippin's Pond
                    are severely eroded. If corrective measures are not taken, erosion will continue as
                    trail bikes and sleds are used on these slopes. Gradually, larger areas will be
                    affected, resulting in death to hillside vegetation as root zones are exposed and
                    eventually a leveling of the bluffs themselves. This erosion does not       pose a direct
                    threat to the pond itself due to the flat areas at the foot of the bluff    that trap the
                    sandy soil particles.     Erosion from the bare sandy soils at the          back of the
                    Pennsauken Swimming Poolsite, however, does affect the pond as soil particles are
                    washed across the parking lot, across River Road, and into storm sewers where
                    they are directed to the pond's edge.

                          Erosion into Fish House Cove does not appear to be a major problem, as the
                    steep banks along the railroad right-of-way and Vineland Construction Corporation
                    properties are well vegetated. Some areas that may be actively eroding are the
                    areas of recent fill along the edge of the Texaco property.

                          Impacts of Adjacent Land Uses on Fish House Cove. The influence of adja-
                    cent land uses on the Fish House Cove site include railroad and      truck traffic noise,
                    possible air and water pollution, sedimentation, and salinity problems.                The
                    adjacent Penn Central rail line is traveled frequently by slow-moving freight
                    trains. The rather heavily traveled River Road generates a steadier but faint

                    noise.

                          Sediment from eroding soils at the edges of recently filled areas may present
                    design and maintenance problems, particularly in terms of stabilizing areas with
                    vegetation. If sedimentation levels in the cove were to increase due to adjacent
                    filling, dredging, development or ship traffic, the seeds of annual marsh plants
                    might be buried sufficiently to prevent successful emergence of seedlings, or young
                    plants could be buried. If this were to happen, perennial plants like common reed
                    might have a competitive edge and extend into the areas formerly occupied by
                    these annuals.

                          A change in the cove's salinity level, which is now extremely low, could
                    affect species composition in the marsh.       The shift in the species present would
                    depend on the physiological tolerances of the various species. The salt we         dge in
                    the'Delaware River extends past Fish House Cove in summer periods of low water

                                                              -46-

                   flow. Salinity in the cove could be increased by channel dredging, increased tanker
                   or ship traffic, diversions of fresh water from the upper Delaware River, and
                   drought conditions that would reduce the freshwater inflow (CCEA, 1980).

                         There is a critical ownership issue concerning the filled edge lying along the
                   boundary separating the state riparian lands of Fish House Cove (lot 12, block 1)
                   and the Texaco parcels (lots 13 and 15, block 1). As noted above, there is the
                   possibility that parts of this filled edge used by Texaco are on state riparian lands.
                   Due to the approval of the riparian lands referendum in November 1981, the state
                   has but one year to assert ownership of that part of lot 12 that may be filled as an
                   extension of the fill on Texaco's lots 13 and 15.   -

                         A major dock and warehouse facility planned for the Vineland Construction
                   Co. site has the potential for disrupting the ecological balance of Fish House Cove
                   both during construction and operation if mitigative measures are not taken. One
                   way to assure protection of the cove marsh would be to incorporate a planted and
                   fenced buffer strip along the northern land boundary of the Vineland site including
                   the tidal drainage pattern that has developed in the hydraulic fill.

                         Impacts of Adjacent Land Use on Tippin's Pond. The main impacts of adja-
                   cent land use on Tippin's Pond are noise from railroad, truck, and automobile
                   traffic, erosion and sedimentation problems, and illegal dumping of trash.

                         The noise generated -by the Penn Central freight line is intermittent, while
                   the traffic noise from River Road is steady. Truck traffic along River Road is
                   particularly noticeable. Summer foliage at the pond's edge effectively blocks the
                   road traffic from the view of the pond; River Road traffic is visible in winter.

                         Erosion of nearby land areas draining into the pond via the banks or storm
                   sewers presents a sediment problem, and the pond is gradually filling. The barren
                   slopes along the pond's southwestern edge and along the rear of the Township
                   Swimming Pool area probably contribute sediment to the pond during storms.
                   Pollutants from roads and other unidentified sources may enter the pond with
                   stormwater via two storm sewers discharging to the pond along River Road.
                   Dumping of trash, primarily where there is access by car, is a problem on the
                   Tippin's Pond site. In particular, three areas located off the sand road running

                                                            -47-

                   along the northwest edge of the pond and in the western. corner of the pond site    are
                   badly affected by this illicit activity.

                         Safety at the Fish House Cove Site. Major safety factors along Fish House
                   Cove include train traffic, hunting, rafted debris, and security.

                         The railroad line, although the freight trains are slow moving, may present a
                   hazard to people using the area. Th      e most serious, danger is associated with
                   uncontrolled access to and from the site across the tracks.

                         Another safety aspect to be considered is the potential for criminal activi-
                   ties, such as robbery or assault, that can take place, particularly in the more
                   isolated areas of the cove. Adequate policing of these areas would be called for, as
                   well as a design that takes this vulnerability of users into account.

                         The presence of shotgun shells observed along the cove shore attests to
                   hunting activity. Shooting may conflict with other recreational uses of the site and
                   could present an additional hazard if the oil storage tanks on the Texaco property
                   were incidentally damaged.

                         Loose pilings and debris are rafted into the cove on the tide. These could act
                   as battering rams, posing a threat to structures placed in the cove areas af f ected.

                         Safety at the Tippin's Pond Site. Safety issues at Tippin's Pond are the depth
                   of the pond, ice safety in winter, the building of fires along the pond edge, and
                   security.

                         Water depth is a safety factor to be considered for any water body where
                   recreational activities are involved. Ice skating is a popular activity in the winter,
                   and water depth is a particular concern if the ice is not thick enough to support
                   people.

                         Another safety aspect to consider is the potential for criminal activities,
                   such as robbery and assault, that can take place, particularly in the more- isolated
                   areas of the site.

                                                            -48-

                         Usually associated with such cold-weather activities as ice skating is the
                   building of fires around the pond. In addition to the real safety concern, these fires
                   present a nuisance because passing motorists think the woods are on fire and
                   repeatedly alert the local fire department, which has to investigate all such reports
                   (Carruth, 1981, oral communication).

                         Construction of Recreational Facilities in Fish House Cove.       Due to the
                   waterfront location of the cove, construction and use of recreational facilities in
                   the cove such as boardwalks or observation stations on pilings will require certain
                   state permits including a riparian construction, wetlands, and stream encroachment
                   permits.

                         Removal of Trash and Prevention of Dumping. The railroad embankment and
                   the vacant lands around Tippin's Pond have been the site of illegal dumping of
                   demolition debris, excess road aggregate, old newspapers and household trash. Any
                   plan to create a park around Tippin's Pond must include steps to remove this
                   unsightly refuse and design features to prevent access to those who would continue
                   to desecrate these natural areas.

                                                            -49-

                                                    REFERENCES

                   CCEA (Camden County Environmental Agency). 1980. Potential Environmental
                   Impacts. of Energy Facilities and Other Development on Fish House Cove, Delaware
                   River, Camden County, New Jersey. Final Report. Prepared for the New Jersey
                   Department of Energy with the assistance of WAPORA, Inc.

                   Carruth, K. 1981. Oral communication, Township of Pennsauken Planning and
                   Zoning Coordinator.

                   Environmental Analysis, Inc. 1975. Natural Resource Inventory, Pennsauken Creek
                   and Tippin's Pond. Prepared for the Pennsauken Township Environmental Commis-

                   sion.

                   Ferren, Wayne R., Jr. 1976. A Study of the Proposed Landfill Site, Pennsauken,
                   New Jersey.    Prepared for the Camden County Environmental Commission.
                   Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

                   Fichter, Jack H. 1975. Our Pennsauken.    The Pennsauken Bicentennial Commis-
                   sion, Pennsauken, New Jersey.

                   Firer, JoAnn. 1981. Oral communication. New Jersey Department of Environ-
                   mental Protection, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife.

                   HUD (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development), 197.7. Flood Insurance
                   Rate Map and Flood Hazard Boundary Maps. Federal Insurance Administration.

                   NJDEP (Department of Environmental Protection). 1980. Coastal Resources and
                   Development Policies. Division of Coastal Resources. Trenton, New Jersey.

                   NJDEP (Department of Environmental Protection), 1981. Coastal Resources and
                   Development Policies, Incorporating amendments of Sept. 26, 1980 and June 4,
                   1981. Division of Coastal Resources. Trenton, New Jersey.

                   NJDOT, 1980. Counting Station Information. (Division of Comprehensive Trans-
                   portatio n Planning).

                                                         -50-

                   Township of Pennsauken. 1981 A. Development Regulations, Chapter 126 from the
                   Code of the Township of Pennsauken.       General Code Publishers Corporation,
                   Spencer Port, New York.

                   Township of Pennsauken. 1981B. Tax Dupli  cate.

                   Tyrawski, John M. 1979. Shallows of the Delaware River, Trenton, New Jersey to
                   Reedy Point, Delaware. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District.

                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1979. Delaware River Dredging Disposal Study
                   Stage I Reconnaissance Report.

                   U.S.D.A. (Department of Agriculture). 1966     Soil Survey, Camden County, New
                   Jersey. Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with New Jersey Agricultural
                   Experiment Station.

                   U.S.F.W.S. (Fish and Wildlife Service). 1957. A Detailed Report on Fish and
                   Wildlife Resources in Relation to Channel Dredging for the Delaware River,
                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Trenton, New Jersey, Project.     Bureau of Sport
                   Fisheries and Wildlife.

                   U.S.F.W.S.   (Fish and Wildlife Service).   1977.  National Wetlands Inventory.
                   Camden Quadrangle map (Draft).

                   Wagner, R. Jr., 1981. Oral communications. Township of Pennsauken, Assistant

                   assessor.

                               APPENDIX A. PROJECT GOALS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON

                                      POLICIES AND PLANS OF OTHER AGENCIES

                         Pennsauken Township seeks to create a network of public parks f or a variety
                    of recreational and res ource conservation purposes along the waterfront of the
                    Delaware River and Pennsauken Creek. This endeavor presents a major strategic
                    and financial challenge to the Township and will require the cooperation of
                    citizens, business, industry, and various levels of governmeht to achieve. Spear-
                    heading this effort is the citizens Waterfront'Management Committee.

                         Starting with land already in public ownership the Township must assemble by
                    fee simple purchase or lesser interest other key parcels as part of this open space
                    corridor. By focusing on the land-water edge, the Township has chosen to preserve
                    or restore to* a natural state a varied and dynamic ecological situation that serves
                    as habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals. For these reasons and because
                    our own species holds the water's edge as a particularly fascinating place for
                    recreation, the Township's choice is a good one.

                    GOALS FOR THE PRESERVATION AND USE OF FISH HOUSE COVE

                    AND TIPPINIS POND

                         Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond, as the subjects of the   present study, are
                    the first elements of the Pennsauken riverfront park system. It is necessary to
                    establish goals for these two sites and to examine the compatibility of these goals
                    with local, regional, state, and federal policies and regulations.

                    Goals for Fish House Cove

                         To preserve Fish House Cove   as a wildlife sanctuary.

                         To provide passive recreational opportunities for the citizens of New Jersey
                         in the cove that are compatible with its function as a wildlife sanctuary.

                                                           -52-

                         To acquire interest in land adjacent to Fish House Cove that will be
                         sufficient to ensure its preservation as a wildlife sanctuary and a place for
                         passive recreation and to provide convenient public access to it.

                   Goals for Tippin's Pond

                         To preserve Tippin's. Pond and its adjacent lands as a natural area of woods,
                         fields, ponds, and wetlands.

                         To provide recreational opportunities for the citizens of New Jersey on and
                         around Tippin's Pond that are compatible with its natural state.

                         To acquire interest in land adjacent to Tippin's Pond that will be sufficient to
                         protect the pond as a natural area.

                         The first goal for both sites recognizes their inherent natural values. The
                   second goal places human activities in the natural setting only to the extent that
                   these activities do not jeopardize the natural values. The third goal is an action-
                   oriented statement that is the first step necessary to achieving the first two goals.

                   PLANS AND POLICIES AFFECTING FISH HOUSE COVE AND TIPPINIS POND

                         In the sections that follow, we will examine various government policies in
                   effect for compatibility with the recreational use of Fish House Cove and Tippin's
                   Pond.

                   Pennsauken Township

                         The Comprehensive Master Plan now in effect designates Fish House Cove
                   for industrial use. Such a designation isclearly in conflict with the goals for Fish
                   House Cove. However, this plan is currently being updated. According to the
                   Township's Planning consultant, the new plan will reserve Fish House Cove for
                   resource protection or recreational use. Tippin's Pond is shown for residential use.

                         The Zonin g Map for Pennsauken shows Fish House Cove in a heavy industrial
                   zone. . This area is also in the Waterfront District Management Zone, zoning

                                                           -53-

                    regulations pursuant to which reserve this overlay zone for water related uses.
                    Here, public open space and resource protection are given particular emphasis.
                    The land imm   ediately surroundi ng Tippin's Pond is zoned to several categories of
                    residential, much of which is already in residential use. Non-commercial parks and
                    recreational uses are permitted in all residential zones.

                    Camden County

                          The Comprehensive Plan for Camden County (1972) supports in its goals for
                    recreation, open space, and conservation the concept of a wildlife sanctuary for
                    Fish House Cove and recreational use of both the Cove and Tippin's Pond as well as
                    the principle of an interconnected system of parks in the County.              On the
                    Comprehensive Plan, no use is assigned to either the cove or to Tippin's Pond. The
                    alignment of the Camden-Burlington Expressway would havecut between the cove
                    and the pond, but plans to build this highway have since been abandoned.

                    Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission

                          The year 2000 Land Use and Open Space Plan (October, 1979) designates.Fish
                    House Cove as a proposed open space preservation or conservation area--"natural
                    areas of regional significance, not presently preserved, which are desirable as
                    permanent open space .... urban or suburban development is not recommended for
                    these areas." Although the map scale does not allow an exact determination, it
                    appears that the Tippin's Pond area is designated on this regional plan as a growth
                    area 1970-2000.     However, the commission expects that much of the land so
                    designated will remain open.

                    New Jersey Coastal Management Program

                          Part III of the Coastal Management Program (August 1980) is entitled
                    "Description of the New Jersey Coastal Zone: Affected Environment." In this part
                    of the program, the boundary of New Jersey's Coastal Zone is delineated and
                    visions for the future of specific parts of the coastal zone are suggested based on
                    the eventual implementation of coastal zone policies. In the section that discusses
                    the Camden Region (p. 329), the following statements are made:

                                                             -54-

                        The preservation of the few remaining areas (along river waterfronts) still
                        relatively open and undisturbed in the Region will also be a goal of the
                        Coastal Program. These include the lower reaches of Big Timber Creek, the
                        marina area on the Cooper River, and Fisherman's Cove, which could be
                        maintained as natural areas for carefully managed recreational activities.

                        Conversations of RG&H with the Bureau of Coastal Planninc, and Develop-
                   ment indicate that the Fisherman's Cove refered to is Fish House Cove. Thus, New
                   Jersey's coastal management program suggests a use for the cove that is identical
                   with the Township's own current plans for its use.

                   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

                        Although Fish House Cove was a candidate site for dredge disposal in the
                   Delaware River Dredging Disposal Study (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1979), the
                   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has designated the cove as a high value water fowl
                   area, which designation essentially removed it from consideration as a disposal
                   site.

                   PERMITS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

                        Permits that may be required for construction of recreational facilities in
                   Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond are described briefly below. Most will apply
                   only to the Cove.

                   Wetlands Permit (See Wetlands Act, N.J.S.A. 13:9A)

                        Any development in the tidally influenced wetlands of Camden County is
                   required to have a wetlands permit if the wetland in question is delineated and
                   mapped as a wetland by the N.J. Department of Environmental Protection.
                   Mapping of wetlands in Fish House Cove is   currently underway and will have the
                   force of law in early 1982.

                                                         -55-

                    Waterfront Development Permit (See Waterfront Development Law, N.J.S.A. 12:5-
                    3)

                          All new construction on or in.tidal waters is required to have a Waterfront
                    Development Permit. This would apply to Fish House Cove but not to Tippin's
                    Pond.

                          For more information on these two permits contact:

                                Bureau of Coastal Project Review
                                Waterfront Region
                                CN 401
                                Trenton, NJ 08625
                                (609) 292-2895

                    Tidelands Grants, Leases, and Licenses

                          For Pennsauken Township to apply for a Waterfront Development Permit, it
                    must first obtain a grant, lease, or license for the principal Fish House Cove parcel
                    (Block 1, lot 12). In order to have standing to request a riparian interest, the
                    Township must be in control of the uplands immediately adjacent to this parcel.
                    One of three narrow upland strips is owned by the State, and two others are in
                    private ownership. It is currently the practice of the Tidelands Resource Council,
                    the agency that reviews applications for tidelands conveyances, to issue only
                    licenses in order to maintain State ownership of tidelands.        Licenses are for
                    renewable 10-year periods.

                          The riparian status of Tippin's Pond is not yet decided.

                          For more information contact:

                                Bureau of Tidelands
                                CN 401
                                Trenton, NJ
                                (609) 292-2573

                                                            -56-

                   Stream Encroachment Permit

                        A Stream Encroachment Permit is required for any construction within the
                   100 year floodplain of any stream or river. All of Fish House Cove is in the 100
                   year floodplain and thus recreational facilities there would require a Stream
                   Encroachment Permit.

                        For more information contact:

                              Division of Water Resources
                              CN 029
                              Trenton, NJ 08625
                              (609) 292-2373

                   Delaware River Basin Commission Approvals

                        The Delaware River Basin Commission is an interstate agency with responsi-
                   bilities involving water utilization and conservation on lands drained by the
                   Delaware River and tributaries within New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and
                   New York. An approval must be obtained prior to all public and private projects
                   that may affect water resour   ces in these regions.    The Commission has also
                   established minimum restrictions for development along. non-tidal streams in the
                   four-state basin. For more information contact:

                              Delaware River Basin Commission
                              25 State Police Drive
                              Box 7360
                              West Trenton, NJ 08628

                   Section 10 and Section 404 Permits

                        The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requires a federal permit for any
                   construction in navigable waters (section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899)
                   or any filling or spoil disposal activities in navigable waters (section 404 of the
                   Clean Water Act). If both permits are necessary for the same development, the
                   Corps issues a single permit, citing the authority of both acts. It should be noted
                   that under section 404 of the Clean Water Act, the Corps has recently extended

                                                          -57-

                   significantly their definition of navigable waters to include new water areas and
                   wetlands that were not previously incorporated. For more information contact:

                              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                              Philadelphia District, Permits Branch
                              Second and Chestnut Streets
                              Philadelphia, PA 19106 (215) 597-2812

                   REFERENCES

                   Camden County, 1972. Comprehensive Plan for Camden Cou      nty G sheet with map
                   and plan element descriptions).

                   Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, 1979 (October). The Year 2000
                   Land Use and Open Space Plan (map with descriptive legend).

                   New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 1980 (August). New Jersey
                   Coastal Management Program.

                   New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry, 1979 (March). Directory of State
                   Programs for Regulating Construction.

                   Township of Pennsauken, 1971. Master Plan: Report Number VI. Wheelwright,
                   Stevenson & Langran, Planning Consultants.

                   Township of Pennsauken, 1981. Development Regulations, Chapter 126 from the
                   Code of the Township of Pennsauken.       General Code Publishers Corporation,
                   Spencer Port, New York.

                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1979 (June). Delaware River Dredging Disposal
                   Study: Stage I Reconnaissance Report.

                   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1977. National Wetlands Inventory      overlay to
                   Camden quadrangle (Department of Interior).

                                                         -58-

                             APPENDIX B. FUTURE FUNDING FOR LAND ACQUISITIONS
                                       AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF

                                        TIPPIN'S POND AND FISH HOUSE COVE

                   INTRODUCTION

                         Pennsauken Township is planning for the preservation and recreational use of
                   Fish House Cove and Tippin's Pond and will seek funding sources for land
                   acquisition, final facility design, and development to implement these plans. As
                   part of its work with Pennsauken Township, Rogers, Golden & Halpern has reviewed
                   potential funding sources to which the township might apply. One conclusion is
                   straightforward. Many federal and state programs whose purpose or eligibility
                   requirements closely match the Township's plans foe the two sites have either been
                   eliminated or are undergoing revisions and are not currently active, having fallen
                   victim to the overall federal budget reductions that occurred in 1991. The major
                   exceptions to this trend are the continued availability of grant monies from New
                   Jersey's Green Acres Program, administered by the Department of Environmental
                   Protection, the recent release of CEIP monies to the New Jersey Department of
                   Energy, HUD grant programs, and a U.S. Department of Agriculture grant program.
                   The various grant programs that were examined are presented in Table 1. These
                   include:

                         o  New Jersey Green Acres Program
                         o  Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP)
                         o  Community Development Block Grant and Urban Development Action
                            Grant Programs
                         o  Resource Conservation and Development Program
                         o  Maritime Preservation Grants Program
                         o  Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program
                         o  EPA/NJ grants for restoring publicly owned fresh water lakes

                                                          59

                          Table 1. Summary of Grant Programs for Public Recreational Projects

                                         NEW JERSEY GREEN ACRES PROGRAM

                    Purpose                      To increase the public use and enjoyment of perma-
                                                 nent outdoor recreational areas. Funding includes site
                                                 design, land and development of recreation and open
                                                 space projects.

                    Matching requirements        State: .50%
                                                 Local: 50%. Local     share can come from many other
                                                 sources of funding.

                    Application deadline         March 31, 1982

                    Status                       Active

                    Contact                      Dennis Davidson
                                                 Land and Water Conservation Fund and Green Acres
                                                 Program
                                                 N.J. Department of Environmental Protection
                                                 P.O. Box 1380
                                                 Trenton, NJ 08625 (609) 292-'2752

                                    COASTAL ENERGY IMPACT-FORMULA GRANTS

                    Purpose                      To prevent or reduce loss of waterfront land uses if
                                                 impacted by coastal energy facility

                    Matching requirements        100% Federal grant

                    Application deadline         Early 1982

                    Status                       Active

                    Contact                      Geraldine Fenner-McNulty
                                                 CEIP Project Planner
                                                 New Jersey Department of Energy
                                                 101 Commerce St.
                                                 Newark, NJ 07102 (201) 648-3440

                                   COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT AND
                                  URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACTION GRANT PROGRAM

                    Purpose                      To aid in the elimination of slums or blight and address
                                                 urgent needs of recent origin for the principal benefit
                                                 of low and moderate income persons

                    Matching requirements        100% Federal grant

                                                             60

                                                     Table I (Continued)

                    Application deadline          January 5, 1982 for special projects
                                                  February I for municipally sponsored projects

                    Current status                Pennsauken Townhsip recently joined a consortium of
                                                  Camden County municipalities as an entitlement area.
                                                  The consortium decides upon the distribution of grant
                                                  monies among its members.

                    Contact                       Mr. Bruce Frankel
                                                  Director
                                                  Camden Co. Community Development Program
                                                  (609) 757-6747

                              RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

                    Purpose                       To provide technical and financial assistance to local
                                                  groups for planning and development of a variety of
                                                  resource conservation and utilization projects includ-
                                                  ing water based recreation wildlife preservation, flood
                                                  prevention, land drainage, and forestry product de-
                                                  velopment.

                    Matching requirements         50% Federal
                                                  50% State or local

                    Application deadline          Open: Councir meets once a month to review project
                                                  applications.  Project priority for funding is set in
                                                  September of each year.

                    Current status                Active

                    Contact                       Mr. Tony Dore
                                                  Project Coordinator
                                                  South Jersey Resource Conservation and Development
                                                  Program
                                                  OCKAP Building
                                                  Hammonton, NJ 08037
                                                  (609) 561-3223

                                     MARITIME PRESERVATION GRANTS PROGRAM

                    Purpose                       To assist and encourage the acquisition, protection
                                                  restoration, preservation, reproduction and exhibition
                                                  of vessels, artifacts, collections, structures and water
                                                  related sites of significance in the maritime history of
                                                  America

                                                  To perpetuate the skills associated with all types of
                                                  water borne craft

                                                  To focus attention on all aspects of America's mari-
                                                  time heritage
                                                              61

                                                   Table I (Continued)

                   Matching requirements        50% matching of grant monies must be met by appli-
                                                cant. Although the matching share is usually cash,
                                                services may be counted if f rom sources outside the
                                                applicant organization. Federal monies may not be
                                                used as a match.

                   Application deadline         Not yet set

                   Current status               Uncertain. Program decisions for 1982 will be made
                                                early in 1982.

                   Contact                      Director, Maritime Preservation
                                                National Trust for Historic Preservation
                                                740-748 Jackson Place, N.W.
                                                Washington, D.C. 70006 (202) 673-4000

                            THE URBAN PARK AND RECREATION RECOVERY PROGRAM

                   Purpose                      To rehabilitate existing indoor and outdoor recreation
                                                f acilities

                                                To demonstrate innovative ways to enhance park and
                                                recreational opportunities at the neighborhood level

                                                To develop local Recovery Action Programs that iden-
                                                tify community heads, objectives, action priorities and
                                                strategies for revitalization of the total, public and
                                                i)rivate, recreation system

                   Matching requirements        Rehabilitation grants
                                                  70% Federal
                                                  30% local
                                                Innovation grants
                                                  70% Federal
                                                  30% local
                                                Recovery Action Programs
                                                  50% Federal
                                                  50% local

                                                Note:   A Recovery Action Program is required for
                                                participation in the grant program.

                   Application deadline

                   Current status               Only grants available are for extensions of Innovation
                                                Grants by current grant recipients.

                   Contact                      National Park Service
                                                State Programs
                                                (202)2  72-3660

                                                             62

                                                  Table I (Continued)

                         GRANTS FOR RESTORING PUBLICLY OWNED FRESHWATER LAKES

                   Purpose                     To restore publicly owned freshwater lakes for recrea-
                                               tional use by the public

                                                  Phase 1, "Diagnostic Feasibility" studies - for back-
                                                  ground data gathering and planning purposes

                                                  Phase 11, Implementation
                   Matching requirements       Phase I:
                                                  Federal 70%
                                                  State (Green Acres) 15%
                                                  local 15%
                                               Phase II:
                                                  Federal 50%
                                                  State (Green Acres) 40%
                                                  local 10%

                   Application deadline

                   Current status              Program terminated by ERA

                   Contact                     Lakes Management Coordinator
                                               New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
                                               Division of Water Resources
                                               P.O. Box CN-029
                                               Trenton, NJ 08625 (609) 292-2203

                                                          63

                    DISCUSSION

                          In the sections that follow we will describe in more detail the first four grant
                    programs listed in Table 1.

                    Green Acres Program

                          The Green Acres Grant Program for New Jersey was established in 1974 to
                    increase the public use and enjoyment of permanent outdoor recreational areas.
                    This program is implemented by state funds that are available to selected
                    qualifying projects in New Jersey municipalities and counties for the development
                    of outdoor recreational facilities (Development Grants) and for the acquisition of
                    open space lands (Acquisition Grants). Local assistance matching grants under both
                    programs are made in amounts up to 50% of the total allowable project cost. The
                    applicant mav draw upon a wide variety of financial sources for its 50% matching
                    share, including private agency, group or foundation, state or federal programs, or
                    local public sources.

                          The Green Acres funding cycle works on the following schedule:

                          October -     DEP solicits program interest from counties and municipalities.

                          March -       Local units inform DEP of their potential interest for the coming
                                        year by March 31. The municipality has one year to submit all
                                        application based on submission of the Program Participation
                                        Interest form.

                          April -       DEP develops program priority lists and funding schedule for
                                        applications received during the previous year.

                          The specific procedure to be followed in applying for a Green Acres Develop-
                    ment Grant are given below:

                                                                64

                         1. Letter of Intent. In the year ending March 31 following submission of the
                             Program Participation Interest form, the local unit should submit a letter
                             of intent to Green Acres for each project. This letter should include
                                �  narrative description of the project
                                o  estimated cost breakdown
                                �  preliminary site plan
                                �  letters of support, photographs, endorsements and other pertinent
                                   information to support letter of intent

                         2. Public  Hearing. The local unit must, hold a      public hearing, properly
                             advertised, that deals specifically with the proposed project. A summary
                             of the hearing must accompany the project application.

                         3.  Pre-application meeting. An informal meeting between Green Acres staff
                             and the applicant is held to exchange information on the project and for
                             the Green Acres staff to answer questions on the program and application
                             procedures and to make specific recommendations for the application to
                             f ollow.

                         4. Formal  Application. Based on the information obtained at the preapplica-
                             tion meeting, the applicant submits the following documents that together
                             comprise the Application for a Green Acres Development grant:

                                o  Development grant application
                                o  Enabling resolution
                                o  Engineer's cost estimate
                                o  Proposed development analysis
                                o  Recreation and open space inventory and map.
                                o  Narrative description
                                o  Assessment of Environmental Impact

                                o  Park ordinance
                                o  Tax map referencing the site(s) to be developed
                                o  Graphic illustration
                                o  Site plan
                                o  Floor plans of any buildings to be built

                                                           65

                               o Fee schedule
                               o Twenty five year lease
                               o Photographs of site
                               o Estimate of annual operating expenses

                         Green Acres staff reviews the application for completion and presents it to
                   the Commissioner of DEP for project reviews and decision. Upon approval, DEP
                   and the local unit enter into a contractual agreement that specifies the grant
                   amount, the project scope and its time period. The state makes payment to the
                   local unit af ter the local unit documents the completion of the project or a
                   discrete phase of the project.

                         More detailed information, on which this description is based, may be found
                   in the Green Acres Procedural Guide.

                   Coastal Energy Impact Program

                         Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP) funds derived from outer continental
                   shelf (OCS) leases for oil and gas development were recently released to New
                   Jersey based on the outcome of OCS boundary delineation between New Jersey,
                   New York, and Delaware. These funds are available to any local government unit
                   in New Jersey for qualifying projects to offset the negative impacts of energy
                   related facility development in the coastal zone and can include land acquisition
                   for the restoration of recreational opportunities.

                         According to NJ Department of Energy officials, the CEIP grant review
                   committee may meet as early as January of 1982 to review project applications
                   and may award grants in March. A preapplication can be submitted now that
                   describes the project purpose, intergovernmental coordination (local, county) and
                   the status and approximate cost of any lands to be acquired with grant monies.
                   The local unit can request that it be allowed to give a presentation before the
                   review committee.

                                                          66

                   HUD Block and Action Grant Programs

                         Camden County Community Development Program is currently holding
                   preapplication hearings for projects for community improvements in low and
                   moderate income areas of consortium municipalities. Local projects competing for
                   funds must meet the criteria of need and of location in a low and moderate income
                   area. There are two categories of grants: one is distributed by the consortium
                   directly; the other is distributed by.several special groups in the county. Applica-
                   tion deadlines are February 1, 1982 for the former and January 1, 1982 for the
                   latter.

                   Resource Conservation and Development Program

                         Although this grant program takes several years to mature for a successful
                   project, it is one that fits the purpose of Pennsauken's plans for Fish House Cove
                   and Tippin's Pond. Applications can be made at any time through the local Soil
                   Conservation District. Local support weighs heavily in project success. Projects
                   are reviewed by the RC&D Council for South Jersey and funding priorities are set
                   in September of each year. The Council is-made up of the Freeholder from each of
                   the South Jersey Counties (Freeholder Roberts represents, Camden County) and one
                   representative from each of the eight Soil Conservation Districts.         Bef ore a
                   development project is funded, a Measure Plan must be drawn up and approved.
                   This plan includes the presentation of several alternatives and selection of one by
                   the community based on public meetings.          Technical assistance from USDA
                   scientists is available in producing an acceptable Measure Plan.

                   COURSE OF ACTION FOR PENNSAUKEN TOWNSHIP

                         It is recommended that Pennsauken Township vigorously pursue in the
                   immediate future an application for a CEIP grant toward fee simple purchase or
                   lesser interest of a select number of key properties adjacent to parcels now owned
                   by the Township or by the State of New Jersey in and around Fish House Cove and
                   Tippin's Pond. Concurrently, the Township should begin the application process for
                   a Green Acres Development Grant and apply the CEIP grant, if received, as its

                                                            67

                   matching share. It should be clarified at the outset whether local funds applied to
                   land acquisition qualify as the matching share for Development Grants.

                         At the same time the Green Acres and CEIP grants are being pursued, the
                   township should also quickly investigate the Camden County Community Develop-
                   ment Program'S HUD Block and Action Grants for which applications are due
                   January 4 and February 1, 1982.       Furthermore, as a contingency move, the
                   township should also begin application for a Resource Conservation and Develop-
                   ment Program grant through the local Soil Conservation District.

                   REFERENCES

                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980. Improving your water@
                   front: a practical guide. Office of Coastal Zone Management, U.S. Department of
                   Commerce.

                   U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1980. Departmental Pro-
                   grams.

                   New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, undated.           Green Acres
                   Procedural Guide: Local Assistance Program.

                                                           68

                      APPENDIX C. DEFINITION5, POLICIE5, AND RATIONALE FOR
                  5PECIAL AREA5 IN THE NEW JER5EY COA5TAL REGION WDEP, 1980)

            7:7E-3.4  Prime Fishing Areas

                  (a) Definition

                      Prime Fishing Areas include tidal water areas and water's edge areas
                      which have a demonstrable history of supporting a significant local
                      quantity of recreational or commercial fishing activity. The area
                      includes all -coastal jetties and groins and public fishing piers or
                      docks. Prime Fishing Areas also include all red line delineated features
                      !ithin the State of New Jersey's three mile territorial sea illustrated
                      in:  B.L. Freeman and L.A. Walford (1974) Angler's Guide to the United
                      States Atlantic Coast Fish, Fishing Grounds and Fishing Facilities,
                      Section III and IV.    While this information source applies only to the
                      Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean shorefronts, prime fishing areas do occur
                      throughout the coastal zone.

                 (b)  Policy'

                      Permissible uses of Prime Fishing Areas include recreational and commer-
                      cial finfishing and shellfishing, as presently regulated by NJDEP Divi-
                      sion of Fish, Game, and Wildlife, scuba diving and other water related
                      recreational activities.

                      Prohibited uses include sand or gravel submarine mining which would alter
                      existing bathymetry to a significant degree so as to reduce the high
                      fishery productivity of these areas.   Disposal of domestic or industrial
                      wastes must meet applicable State and federal effluent limitations and
                      water quality standards.

                 (c)  Rationale

                      Natural bathymetric features, such as the Shrewsbury Rocks and important
                      sand ridges, and artificial structures act as congregation areas for many
                      species of finfish, shellfish, and a diversity of invertebrate species
                      which are essential to marine ecosystem functioning.       These areas are
                      heavily utilized by recreational and commercial fishermen.           Commer-
                      cial fishing occurs primarily along the Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean.
                      Over 2.7 million people annually participate in marine sport fishing and
                      shellfishing in New Jersey. This represents the highest number of
                      participants in any state, from Maine to Maryland.      Of that total, 1.6
                      million reside in New Jersey, with the remaining number coming mostly
                      from Pennsylvania and New York (792,000 and 300,000 respectively.)
                      The Mid-Atlantic Regional Fisheries Management Council manages fishing
                      activities seaward of the State's coastal zone.

                                                      69

          7:7E-3.5 Finfish Migratory Pathways

               (a)  Definition

                    Waterways (rivers, streams, creeks, bays inlets) which can be demon-
                    strated to serve as passageways for diadromous fish to or from seasonal
                    spawning areas, including juvenile anadromous fish which migrate in
                    autumn and those listed by H. E. Zich (1977) "New Jersey Anadromous Fish
                    Inventory" NJDEP Miscellaneous Report No. 41, and including those por-
                    tions of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers within the coastal zone boundary
                    are defined as Finfish Migratory Pathways.   Species of concern include:
                    alewife (river herring) (Alosa pseudoharen us), blueback herring (Alosa
                    aestivalis), American shad (ilosa sapidissima), striped bass (Morone
                    saxatilis), and American eel.

               (b)  Policy

                    Development, such as dams, dikes, spillways and intake pipes, which
                    creates a physical barrier to the movement of fish along finfish migra-
                    tory pathways is prohibited, unless acceptable mitigating measures
                    such as fish ladders, erosion control, or oxygenation are used. Develop-
                    ment which lowers water quality to such an extent as to interfere
                    with the movement of fish along finfish migratory pathways or to violate
                    State and Delaware River Basin Commission water quality standards is
                    prohibited.

                    Mitigating measures are required for any development which would result
                    in: lowering dissolved oxygen levels, releasing toxic chemicals, raising
                    ambient water temperature, impinging or suffocating fish, causing silta-
                    tion, or raising turbidity levels-during migration periods.

                    Water's edge development which incorporates migration access structures,
                    such as functioning fish ladders, will be conditionally acceptable,
                    provided that the NJDEP, Division of Fish, Game, and Wildlife approves
                    the design of the access structure.

               (c)  Rationale

                    Striped bass are one of New Jersey's most prized sport fish and are
                    actively sought wherever they occur in New Jersey.    This species spawns
                    in the Delaware, Hudson and Maurice Rivers.     American Shad, once much
                    more numerous and formerly an important commercial species, continue to
                    make an annual spawning run in the Delaware and Hudson Rivers, where
                    there is an active sport fishery.     A much reduced commercial fishery
                    exists in the Delaware Bay and River.      Herrings are important forage
                    species and spawn annually in many of New Jersey's tidal tributaries
                    including the Raritan and Hackensack Rivers. Herrings are fished during
                    spring runs, for direct human consumption, garden fertilizer and for use
                    as bait.

                                                   70

           7:7E-3.7  Navigation Channels

                .(a) Definition

                     Navigation channels include water areas in tidal rivers and bays pre
                     sently maintained by DEP or the Army Corps of Engineers and marked by
                     U.S. Coast Guard with buoys or stakes, as shown on NOAA/National Ocean
                     Survey Charts:   1221419 12304, 12311, 12312, 12313, 12314, 12316, 12317,
                     123181 12323) 12324S 12326, 12327, 12328, 12330, 12331, 12332, 12333,
                     12334, 12335, 12337, 12341, 12343, 12345, 12346, and 12363. Navigation
                     channels also include channels marked with buoys, dolphins, and stakes,
                     and maintained by the State of New Jersey, and access channels and
                     anchorages.   Navigation channels are approximately parallel to the river
                     bed. Access channels are spurs that connect a main navigation channel to
                     a terminal. Anchorages are locations where vessels moor within water at
                     or near the water's edge for the purpose of transferring cargo, or
                     awaiting high tide, better weather, or fuel and terminal availability.

                (b)  Policy

                     New or maintenance dredging of existing navigation channels, is condi-
                     tionally acceptable providing that the condition under the new or main-
                     tenance dredging policy is met (see Section 7:7E-4.10(e) and (M.
                     Development which would cause terrestrial soil and shoreline erosion and
                     siitation in navigation channels shall utilize appropriate mitigation
                     measures.   Development which would result in loss of navigability is
                     prohibited.

                (c)  Rationale

                     Navigation channels are essential for commercial and recreational surface
                     water transportation, especially in New Jersey's back bays where water
                     depths are very shallow.      Channels play an important - ecological role
                     in providing. estuarine circulation and flushing routes, and migration
                     pathways and wintering and feeding habitat for a wide diversity of
                     finfish, shellfish, and waterfowl.

                     Navigational channels, access channels and anchorages form     a network of
                     areas that have a depth sufficient to enable marine trade to operate at
                     the limiting depth of the channel.       If one part of the system is not
                     maintained, the entire system might be   unable to function.

           1:7E-3.12 Submerged Infrastructure Routes

                (a)  Definition

                     A submerged infrastructure route is the   corridor in which a pipe or cable
                     runs on or below a submerged land surface.

                (b)  Policy

                     Any activity which would increase the likelihood of infrastructure damage
                     or breakage, or interfere with maintenance operations is prohibited.

                                                      71

               (c)  Rationale

                    Submerged infrastructure routes are a large capital investment and much
                    depends on the safe functioning of the infrastructure.       Both human and
                    natural systems suffer from accidental breakage, especially of large oil
                    or gas pipelines. Activities which increase hazard for submerged infra-
                    structure must therefore be excluded.

          7:7E-3.16 Intertidal Flats

               (a)  Definition

                    Intertidal Flats are extensive areas between the mean high water line
                    and mean low water line along tidal bayshores.        Intertidal flats are
                    found along Delaware Bay in Cape May County and in other tidal bayshores.

               (b)  Policies

                    (1)   Development, filling, new dredging or other disturbance of int     er-
                          tidal flats is discouraged.

                    (2)   Submerged infrastructure is conditionally acceptable, provided that
                          U) there is no feasible alternative route that would not disturb
                          intertidal flats, (ii) the infrastructure is buried deeply enough to
                          avoid exposure or hazard, and (iii) all      trenches are backfilled
                          with naturally oc-curring sediment.

               (c)  Rationale

                    Intertidal flats play a critical role in estuarine ecosystems.          They
                    are a land-water ecotone, or ecological edge where many material and
                    energy exchanges between land and water take place.      They are critical
                    habitats for many benthic organisms and are critical forage areas for
                    many migrant waterfowl.     The sediments laid down in intertidal flats
                    contain much organic detritus from decaying land and water's edge vegeta-
                    tion, and the food webs in these areas are an important link in the
                    maintenance of estuarine productivity.     Preservation is, therefore, the
                    intent of these policies, with limited exceptions to allow for needed
                    water-dependent uses and submerged infrastructure.

          7:7E-3.17 Filled Water's Edge

               (a)  Definition

                    Filled Water's Edge areas are existing filled areas lying between
                    Wetlands or Water Areas, and either:     (1) the upland limit of fill, or
                    (2) the first public road or railroad landward of the adjacent Water
                    Area, whichever is closer to the water.     Some existing or former dredge
                    spoil and excavation fill areas are Filled Water's Edge Area.

               (b)  Policies

                    (1) Water dependent (see section 7:7E-1.6(c) for definition) uses
                          are acceptable in the Filled Waters' Edge.

                                                    72

                     (2) Non-water dependent development in the Filled Water's Edge is
                          conditionally acceptable provided (a) it would not preempt use of
                          the waterfront portion -of the Filled Water's Edge for potential
                          water dependent uses, and '(b) it would not prevent public access
                          along the water's edge.

               (c)   Rationale

                     Filled Water's Edge areas are   of less environmental concern than undis-
                     turbed water's edge areas.    The buffering functions of the water's edge
                     have already been largely lost through excavation, filling and the
                     construction of retaining structures.     it is acceptable to allow certain
                     kinds of development up to the limit of fill.      Because the waterfront is
                     a scarce resource, it is desirable to limit waterfront development in
                     these areas to uses that are water dependent unless, because of their
                     location, they do not have the potential to attract water dependent
                     uses.

          7:7E-3.19  Natural Waterls Edge-Floodplains

               (a)   Definition

                     Natural Water's Edge-Floodplains are the Flood Hazard Areas around
                     rivers, creeks and streams as delineated by DEP under the Flood Hazard-
                     Area Control Act (N.J.S.A. 58:16A-50), or by the Federal Emergency
                     Management Agency (FEMA); or the Flood Hazard Area around other coastal
                     water bodies as defined   *by,.FEMA. Floodplains include the areas subject
                     to both tidal and fluvial flooding. Where Flood Hazard Areas have been
                     delineated by both DEP and FEMA, the DEP delineations shall be used.
                     Where Flood Hazard Areas have been delineated by neither DEP nor FEMA,
                     the 10-foot contour line shall be used as the inland boundary of the
                     Floodplain.   The seaward boundary shall be the mean high water line.

                     The Natural Water's Edge-Floodplain policy shall not apply on Barrier
                     Islands, Spits or Headlands nor in portions of a Floodplain which meet
                     the definiLion of another Special Water's Edge type (Filled Water's
                     Edge, Existing Lagoon Edge, Alluvial Flood Margins, Beach and Dune
                     Systems, Central Barrier Island Corridor, Wetlands, Cranberry Bogs, Wet
                     Borrow Pit Margins,     Coastal Bluffs,, Intermittent Stream Corridors).
                     A complete list of streams where DEP has delineated the Flood Hazard Area
                     can be found at N.J.A.C. 7:13-1.11 et seq.

                     The U.S. Army Corps of-Engineers has delineated the tidal Floodplain for
                     FEMA in most Coastal Zone municipalities.      The geographic extent of the
                     tidal flood hazard areas are indicated on USGS topographic maps at a
                     scale of 1:24,000 as "flood prone"4areas.

               (b)   Prolicies
                     1.    Development is 'prohibited in   .the Natural Water's Edge-Floodplains
                          within 100 feet of a navigable water body, unless the use is water
                          dependent. NOTE: "Navigable" and "water dependent" are-defined at
                          7:7E-1.6(c).

                                                      73

                     2.     Development elsewhere in the Natural Water's Edge-Floodplains is'
                           discouraged unless:

                           (i) it has no feasible alternate site, and

                           (ii) it would not preempt use of the waterfront portion of the
                                Floodplain for potential water dependent use.

                     3.     Development must be consistent with all other coastal policies,
                           in particular the performance standards found in the Flood Hazard
                           Area Resource Policy (7:7E-8.23). -

                     4.    Detention basins are prohibited in river floodplains.

                (c)  Rationale

                     The goal of this policy is to reduce losses of life and property result-
                     ing ,from unwise development of floodplains, but to allow uses compatible
                     with periodic flooding -- agriculture and forestry, recreation, and fish
                     and wildlife habitat -- and uses which require a Water's Edge location.
                     This policy is consistent with national objectives as expressed in the
                     President's Executive Order 11988 on Floodplain Management.          It is also
                     consistent with the State       waterfront Development Law's objective of
                     safeguarding port facilities and waterfront resources for the public's
                     overall economic advantage.       The policy will ensure that the State's
                     waterfront is not pre-@-empted by uses which could function equally well at
                     inland locations.

                     River Floodplains are subject to flooding in severe fluvial storms.
                     They are also critical elements of the coastal ecosystem, providing
                     flood storage capacity, physical and biochemical water filtration,
                     primary productivity and wildlife habitats.

                     For these reasons, the preferred policy is to preserve these corridors
                     in their natural state with native adapted forest vegetation, allowing
                     limited exceptions for water dependent uses and uses for which there is
                     no feasible alternate location.

          7:7E-3.20  Alluvial Flood Margins

               -(a)  Definition

                     Alluvial Flood Margins are mainland areas adjacent to, and upland from,
                     Floodplains.    They extend   inland to the limit of alluvial soils with a
                     seasonal high water table     equal to, or less than, one foot.         Alluvial
                     soils are those developing    in recent sediment deposited by surface water
                     and exhibiting essentially no modification of the deposited materials.

                     NOTE:    Where an Alluvial    Flood Margin is also an Intermittent Stream
                     Corridor, only the Intermittent Stream Corridor Policies (Section 7:7E-
                     3.27) shall apply.

                                                       74

                  (b) Policy

                       1      Wildlife refuge and low intensity recreational use is encouraged.

                       2.      Development is discouraged in Alluvial Flood Margins unless no
                             feasible alternative site exists, or it is a landward extension
                             of a water dependent use.

                  (c)  Rationale

                       Alluvial flood margins are parts of floodplains. Although above the 100
                       year flood level, they have been deposited by flood waters and do provide
                       flood storage capability in the severest storms.            If left undisturbed
                       they contribute to the critical water quality buffering and wildlife
                       habitat functions of floodplains and provide some primary productivity to
                       estuaries through nutrients flushed to adjacent bays, rivers or streams.
                       The high water table and compressiblility of these areas make them costly
                       for development. Conservation is the preferred use.

            7:7E-3i2l  Beaches

                  (a)  Definition

                       Beaches are gently sloping unvegetated areas of sand or other unconsoii-
                       dated material that extend landward from the mean high water line to
                       either:     (1) the vege-tation line, (2) a man-made feature generally
                       parallel to the ocean, inlet, or bay waters such as a retaining struc-
                       ture, seawall, bulkhead, road or boardwalk, except that sandy areas that
                       extend fully under and landward of an elevated boardwalk are considered
                       to be beach areas, or (3) the seaward or bayward foot of dunes, whichever
                       is closest to the bay, inlet or ocean waters. -See Figure 16.

                  (b)  Policies

                       1.     Development is prohibited on beaches, except for development that
                             has no prudent or feasible alternative in an area other than a
                             beach, and that will not cause significant adverse long-term impacts
                             on the natural functioning of the beach and dune system, either
                             individually or in combination with other existing or proposed
                             structures, land disturbances or.activities. Examples of acceptable
                             activities are:

                             (i) Demolition and removal of paving and structures,

                             (ii)  Dune creation and related sand fencing and planting of v        egeta-
                                   tion for dune stabilization,

                           (iii) The reconstruction of existing amusement and             f ishing piers
                                   and boardwalks,

                             (iv) Temporary recreation structures for public safety       such as first
                                   aid and lifeguard stations,

                             (v)   Shore Protection Structures which meet the Use         conditions of
                                   Section 7:7E-7.11(e), and

                                                         75

                         (vi) Linear development which meets the Policy on Location of Linear
                              Development (7:7E-6.1.).

                    2.    Public access to beaches is encouraged.     Coastal development that
                         unreasonably restricts public access      to beaches is prohibited.

              (c) Rationale

                  Undeveloped beaches are vital to the New Jersey       resort economy.    Unre-
                  stricted access for recreational purposes is desirable so that the beaches
                  can be enjoyed by all residents and visitors of the state.      Public access
                  will be required for any beaches obtaining state funds for shore protec-
                  tion purposes. Beaches are subject to coastal storms and erosion from
                  offshore currents.    Public health and safety considerations require that
                  structures be excluded from beaches to prevent or minimize loss of life or
                  property from storms and floods, except for some shore protection struc-
                  tures and linear facilities, such as pipelines, when nonbeach locations

        7:7E-3.26 Wetlands

             (a)  Definition

                  Wetlands are areas where the substrate is inundated or         saturated by
                  surface or groundwater water at a frequency and duration       sufficient to
                  support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a     prevalence of
                  vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions
                  which are subject to the Wetlands Act, or the Coastal"Area Facility
                  Review Act (CAFRA) or the Waterfront   Development Law.

                  Wetlands regulated under the Wet    lands Act of 1970 are delineated at a
                  scale of 1:2.400 on official maps as listed at N.J.A.C. 7:7A-1.13.        All
                  coastal wetlands situated in the Raritan Basin, south along the Atlantic
                  Ocean and north along Delaware Bay and River are subject to -the Wetlands
                  Act.

                  Under  CAFRA, DEP regulates freshwater wetlands and forested wetlands such
                  as white cedars on sites propbsed for the major developments requiring a
                  CAFRA permit.

                  Generalized location maps of White Cedar Stands and other woody wetlands
                  can be found in J. McCormick and L. Jones, The Pine Barrens Vegetation
                  (1973), and forest type maps within DEP's Bureau of Forestry, and, in
                  some areas, in the vegetation maps prepared by the N.J. Pinelands Commis-
                  sion for the Comprehensive Management Plan.

                  The Waterfront Development Law regulates all wetlands north of the
                  Raritan Basin, except for areas within the Hackensack Meadowlands
                  District not now or formerly flowed by the tides, and all coastal wet-
                  lands in the Delaware River Basin and Raritan River Basin not regulated
                  under the Wetlands Act.
                  Generalized locations of both coastal and inland Wetlands can be found at
                  a scale of 1:24,000 on maps produced for the National Wetlands Inventory
                  by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

                                                     76

                    Generalized locations of some wetland types can be found in county soil
                    surveys prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
                    Service.

               (b)  Policy

                    (1)   In general, development of all kinds is prohibited in wetlands*,
                          unless DEP can find that the proposed development meets the fol-
                          lowing four conditions (see also N.J.A.C.       7:7A-1.5 and 1.7):

                          M    Requires water access or is water oriented as a central
                              purpose of the basic function of the activity (this policy
                              applies only to development proposed on or adjacent to water-
                              ways),

                              NOTE: This means that the use must be water dependent as
                              defined in Section 7:7E-1.6(c)8.

                          (ii) Has no pru  dent or feasible alternative on a non-wetland
                              site,

                        (iii) Will result in minimum feasible alteration or impairment of
                              natural tidal circulation (or natural circulation in the case
                              of non-tidal wetlands), and

                          (iV) will resu It in minimum feasible alteration or impairment of
                              natural contour or the natural vegetation of the wetlands.

                    (2)   In particular, du  mping solid or liquid wastes and applying or
                          storing certain pesticides on wetlands are prohibited.

                    (3)   Both the restoration o f degraded wetlands as a mitigation measure
                          for certain types of approved wetlands development and the creation
                          of new wetlands in non-sensitive areas are encouraged. The Division
                          of Coastal Resources previously has required restoration of
                          temporarily disturbed wetlands and will continue to do so on a
                        -case-by-case basis.

                    (4)   Under the Wetlands Act, the activities of DEP, the Tidelands
                          Resource Council, th@ State Mosquito Control Commission and county
                          mosquito control commissions are exempted from the coastal wetlands
                          policies within mapped coastal wetlands.   Voluntary administrative
                          compliance with the regulations adopted by DEP under to the Act is
                          not, however, precluded.

                    (5)   Development that adversely affects white cedar stands is prohibited.

               (c)  Rationale

                    The environmental values, and fragility of coastal wetlands have been
                    officially recognized in New Jersey since the passage of.the Wetlands Act
                    of 1970 (N.J.S.A. 13:9A-1 et seq.)   Coastal wetlands are the most envi-
                    ronmentally valuable land areas within the coastal zone.

                                                    77

                    Coastal wetlands contribute to the physical stability of the coastal zone
                    by serving as:     M a transitional area between the forces of the open
                    sea and upland areas that absorb and dissipate wind-driven storm waves
                    and storm surges, (ii) a flood water storage area, and, (iii) a sediment
                    and pollution trap.

                    Also, wetlands naturally perform the wastewater treatment process of
                    removing phosphorous and nitrogenous water pollutants, unless the wet-
                    lands are stressed.

                    The biological productivity of New Jersey's coastal wetlands is enormous
                    and critical to the function of estuarine and marine ecosystems.            The
                    emergent cord grasses and associated algal mats convert inorganic
                    nutrients into organic plant material through the process of photo-
                    synthesis.   In this way, the primary base for estuarine and marine food
                    webs is provided. The principal direct dietary beneficiaries of organic
                    wetland detritus are bacteria and protozoan, which are in turn fed upon
                    by larger invertebrates.      Important finfish, shell-fish, waterfowl, and
                    other resources feed upon these invertebrates.          New Jersey's Coastal
                    Wetlands are prime wintering habitat annually for hundreds of thousands
                    of migratory waterfowl.     Approximately two-thirds of marine finfish and
                    shellfish are known to be estuarine, and, therefore     '  wetlands-dependent.

                                                    such as bogs            n importan
                    Inland herbaceous wetlands,                   1. play a             t role in
                    regulating the quality of water in streams that flow to the estuaries.
                    They retard runoff and store storm waters.       They are  important areas of
                    primary productivity for estuarine systems.       They are critical habitats
                    for several species of plants and animals that are endangered or
                    threatened.    They are productive habitats for other game and non-game
                    animals, such as deer. These wetlands also serve as fire breaks, and may
                    limit the spread of forest, brush, or grass fires.         They are inappro-
                    priate development sites due to poor drainage and load bearing capacity
                    of the underlying soils.

                    Forested Wetlands play a critical role in coastal ecosystems. Roots and
                    trunks stabilize shorelines and trap sediment.        They are physical and
                    biochemical water filter areas maintaining tidal stream water quality.
                    They are critical habitats, breeding areas and        movement corridors for
                    many coastal species including rare and endangered species.         High pro-
                    ductivity, high water availability and high edge to area ratio make these
                    areas especially productive wildlife areas.

                    White cedar stands, as well as other lowland swamp forests, play an
                    important role in purifying water in coastal streams, retarding runoff,
                    providing scenic value, and serving as a rich habitat for many and
                    endangered plant and animal species, as well as game species, such as
                    deer.   White cedars also act as forest fire breaks.       White cedar stands
                    most commonly occur in flood plains and in the fringe areas of drainage
                    ways and bogs, which are frequently underlain with saturated organic peat
                    deposits.   This  material is particularly unsuited for development u    .nless
                    highly altered.

                                                      78

                   White cedar is New Jersey's most valuable timber species -and grows in
                   discrete stands.    The wood has a long tradition of maritime and local
                   craft uses.   Unfortunately, white cedars have been eliminated from much
                   of their previous range in New Jersey.

         7:7E-3.27 Wetlands Buffer

              (a)  Definition

                   All land within 300 feet of Wetlands as defined in N.J.A.C. 7:7E-
                   3.26 and within the drainage area of those Wetlands comprises an area
                   within which the need for a Wetlands Buffer shall be determined.

              (b)  Policy

                   Development is prohibited in a Wetlands Buffer unless it can be        demon-
                   strated that the proposed development will not have a significant
                   adverse impact and will cause minimum feasible adverse impact, through
                   the use of mitigation where appropriate (1) on the Wetlands, and (2) on
                   the natural ecotone between the Wetlands and the surrounding upland. The
                   precise geographic extent of the required actual Wetlands Buffer on a
                   specific site shall be determined on a case-by-case basis using these
                   standards.

              (.c) Rationale

                   Development adjacent to Wetlands can       adversely affect the Wetlands
                   through increased runoff, sedimentation,    and introduction of pollutants.

                   The coastal zone includes a diversity of types of wetlands, of varying
                   widths, quality, and importance to the ecosystem, from large forested
                   freshwater wetlands, to narrow strips of coastal wetlands.          For this
                   reason, the appropriate buffer necessary to protect the wetlands     adjacent
                   to proposed land disturbances must be determined on a case-by-case basis,
                   but using a standard that requires no significant impact on, and minimum
                   feasible disturbance to, the wetlands.

                   The preservation of a trans'itional area of native vegetation in the
                   portion of the Wetlands Buffer adjacent to a Wetlands and the construc-
                   tion of detention basins or berms if necessary to control runoff, could
                   mitigate -impacts and make development permissible in the remainder of the
                   Wetlands Buffer.

                   Buffers that support stands of native vegetation perform the following
                   ecological and physical functions:

                    W Stabilization of soil and prevention of erosion,

                   (ii) Filtration of suspended solids (silt) to prevent their deposition
                        on wetlands.    Siltation onto wetlands can lead to undesirable
                        changes in vegetation, e.g. from cord grass (Spartina) to reeds
                        (Phragmites), which contribute less to the estuarine and marine food
                        chain.

                                                      79

                   (iii) Water turbidity control,

                   (iv)  Inhibition of pollutant introduction into wetlands soil, water and
                         food chains. Without Wetlands Buffers, "urban" runoff from adjacent
                         housing will almost always cause an increase in contaminants, such
                         as coliform, following rain,

                    (v)  Storm water storage,

                   (vi)  Formation of a barrier to floating debris,

                   (vii) Contribution to estuarine productivity, especially if the buffer
                         is a forested floodplain.                       X
                   As transition areas between differing ''vegetation communities (habitat
                   areas), appropriately vegetated Wetlands Buffers function 'as ecotones,
                   supporting species diversity and use, and serving as wildlife movement
                   corridors.

                   Wetlands Buffers are used as lookout perches for raptors; nesting sites
                   for Marsh Hawks, Black Crowned Night Heron, and Osprey; fall migration
                   foraging stopovers for birds, including Woodcock; nesting sites for Wood
                   Ducks, Black Ducks, and Mallards; and forage routes into and out of
                   Wetlands for Raccoons, Mink, Muskrat, Fox, Deer, and others.               Grassy
                   wetlands edges serve as feeding sites for Wilson's Snipe, Ruffled Grouse,
                   Quail and song birds.

        7:7E-3.33  Steep SloRes

             (a)   Definition

                   Steep slopes are areas with slopes greater than 15 percent, which
                   are not coastal bluffs (7:7E-3.30).

             (b)   Policy

                   Development on steep slopes greater than 15% is prohibited, unless
                   the regrading of a very small part of a site (typically, less than 5%)
                   is,essential to the overall landscaping plan for the site, in which case
                   the grading shall be done to less than a 102 slope.

                   Man-made steep slopes above the slope at which the sediments normally
                   stabilize (angle of repose) shall either be regraded to a slope at least
                   20% below the angle of repose, or stabilized and planted with native
                   woody vegetation.

             (c)   Rationale

                   Only a few Steep Slopes Areas exist in the relatively flat Coastal Plain
                   of New Jersey.     Isolated steep slope areas are found near headwaters of
                   coastal streams.

                   Preservation of    steep slop es controls soil erosion, protects up-slope

                                                        80

                    lands, minimizes pollution of surface waters, reduces flooding, preserves
                    banks of streams and intermittent streams and maintains water flow in
                    headwaters.   When vegetation is stripped, rainfall strikes surface soils
                    causing soil particle movement through surface water flow and gravity,
                    which result in increased surface runoff and downstream flooding.           When
                    this silty water enters a surface water body, increased turbidity and
                    sedimentation usually follow which can cause reduction of productivity
                    and flood water storage capacity.        Aesthetics are also affected when
                    erosion occurs and topsoil is lost.

                    Slope maps are available from NJDEP-DCR based on U.S.G.S. Topographic
                    Quadrangle sheets (1:24,000 scale). These maps show slopes in the
                    following ranges.      0-2%, 2-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, and more than 15% in
                    the coastal plain; and 0-3%, 3-8%, 8-15%, and 15-25% in other parts of
                    the State.

                    There are some man-made   steep slopes left after such activities as mining
                    and road grading.    If  such slopes are above the angle of repose of the
                    sediments, there is danger of slumping.

         7:7E-3.36  Specimen Trees

              (a)   Definition

                    Specimen trees are the largest known individual trees of each       species in
                    New Jersey.   The DEP-Bureau of Forestry maintains a list of these trees
                    (see New Jersey Outdoors, Sept embe r-Oc tober 1977 for a listing of speci-
                    men trees) .   In addition'. large trees approaching the diameter of the
                    known largest tree shall be considered Specimen Trees.

              (b)   Policy

                    Development is prohibited that would significantly reduce the amount of
                    light reaching the crown, alter drainage patterns within the site,
                    adversely affect the quality of water reaching the site, cause erosion
                    or deposition of material in or directly adjacent to the site, or other-
                    wise injure the tree. The site of the tree extends to the outer limit of.
                    the buffer area necessary to avoid adverse impacts, or 50 feet from the
                    tree, whichever is greater.

              (c)   Rationale

                    Many interested citizens have assisted DEP, over decades, in locating
                    specimen trees.   This process includes reporting large trees that can be
                    considered specimens even though they may not be the largest in New
                    Jersey of a species. Specimen trees are an irreplaceable scientific and
                    scenic resource. Often,these trees have also been associated with
                    historical events.

                                                       81

           7:7E-3.37 Endangered or Threatened Wildlife or Vegetation Species Habitats

                (a)  Definition

                     Land, Water's Edge, or Water Areas known to be the habitat of any wild-
                     life (fauna) or vegetation (flora) identified as "endangered" or "threat-
                     ened" species on official federal or state lists of endangered or
                     threatened species, or under active consideration for state or national
                     listing, are considered special areas.     The definition also includes a
                     sufficient buffer area to insure continued survival of the species.       DEP
                     intentionally restricts dissemination of data showing the geographic
                     distribution of these species habitats, in order to protect the habitats.

                (b)  Policy

                     Development that would adversely affect the habitats of endangered or
                     threatened species is prohibited.    DEP will review proposals on a case-
                     by-case basis.

                (c)  Rationale

                     Endangered and threatened species are organisms which are facing possible
                     extinction in the immediate future due to loss of suitable habitat, and
                     past overexploitation through human activities or natur'al causes.
                     Extinction is an irreversible event and represents a loss to both future
                     human use, education research and to the interrelationship of all living
                     creatures with the ecosystem.

                     At present, the official list of endangered wildlife (fauna) species in
                     New Jersey, available from DEF, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife (see
                     N.J.A.C. 7:25-11.1), includes the following species: Shortnose sturgeon,
                     Blue-spotted salamander, Eastern tiger salamander, Bog turtle, Bald
                     Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Osprey, Cooper's Hawk, and Indiana Bat, as well
                     as various marine mammals and marine reptiles.     Additional species have
                     threatened status.    No official state or federal 'list of endangered or
                     threatened vegetation (flora) species exists, although the Smithsonian
                     Institution did submit a report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                     in 1975 identifying seventeen species of New Jersey plants for considera-
                     tion for adoption on federal lists (see 40 FR, No. 1217: 27863-27864,
                     July 1, 1975). Habitats of species eligible to be on the list are
                     included in the definition so that the policy will apply to species
                     identified since.the last promulgations of the official list.

           7:7E-3.38 Critical Wildlife Habitats

                (a)  Definition

                     Critical Wildlife Habitats are specific areas known to serve an essential
                     role in maintaining wildlife, particularly in wintering, breeding, and
                     migrating.   Rookeries for colonial nesting birds such as herons, egrets,
                     ibis, terns, gulls, and skimmets, stopovers for migratory birds, such as
                     the Cape May Point region, and natural corridors for wildlife movement
                     merit. a special management approach through designation as a Special

                                                     82

                     Area.   Ecotones, or edges between two types of habitats, are a parti-
                     cularly valuable Critical Wildlife Habitat.          Many Critical Wildlife
                     Habitats, such as salt marsh water fowl wintering areas, and muskrat
                     habitats, are singled out as Water or Water's Edge Areas.

                     Definitions and maps of 'Critical Wildlife Habitats are currently avail-
                     able only for colonial waterbird habitat in 1979 Aerial Colony Nesting
                     Waterbird Survey for New Jersey (NJDEP, Division of Fish, Game and
                     Wildlife). Until additional maps are available, sites will be considered
                     on a case by case basis by the NJDEP Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife.

                (b)  Pollcy

                     Development that would adversely affect Critical Wildlife Hab        'itats is
                     discouraged, unless:    W minimal feasible interference with the habitat
                     can be demonstrated, (ii) there is no prudent or feasible alternative
                     location for the development, and (iii) the proposal includes appropriate
                     mitigation measures. DEP will review proposals on a case by case basis.

                (c)  Rationale
                     The State of New Jersey, -as custodian 'of a particular portion of the
                     national wildlife heritage, has the obligation of stewardship on behalf
                     of thle people of the state and nation to perpetuate wildlife species
                     within its borders for the use, education, research, and enjoyment by
                     future generations.

          7:7E-3.39  Public Open Space

                (a)  Definition

                     Public Open Space constitutes land areas owned and maintained by state,
                     federal, county and municipal agencies or non-profit private groups (such
                     as conservation organizations and homeowner's associations) and dedicated
                     to conservation of natural resources, public recreation, or wildlife
                     protection or management. Public Open Spade also includes State Forests,
                     State Parks, and State Fish and Wildlife Management Areas and designated
                     Natural Areas     (N.J.S.A.   13:IB-15.12a et seq.) within DEP-owned and
                     managed lands.

                (b)  Policy

                     (1)   New or expanded public or private open space development is encour-
                           aged at locations compatible or supportive of adjacent and surround-
                           ing land uses.

                     (2)   Development that adversely affects existing public open space is dis-
                           couraged.

                     (3)   Development within.existing public open space, such as campgrounds
                           and roads, is conditionally acceptable, provided that the develop-
                           ment complies with the Coastal Resource and Development Policies and
                           is consistent with the    character and purpose of the publ     ic open

                                                       83

                        space, as described by the park master plan when such'a plan exists.

              (c)  Rationale

                   As the rapid urbanization of New Jersey continues and leisure time
                   increases, open space will play an increasingly important role in main-
                   taining a desirable living environment for the residents of New Jersey.
                   Even though the supply of open space has decreased under the growing
                   pressure for development.- the State's expanding population will require
                   more public open space to satisfy its needs.

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