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al DECEMBF01 31Y 1979~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~11rpryo ibrr I~~~ D UK~21 I~~~0 I~~J I~~17 This document was funded in part through the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amend- ed (Coastal Energy Impact Program), provided by the U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, through the Ohio Department of Energy. The preparation of this report was financed in part through a Coastal Energy Impact Program Grant, 308(c), from the Ohio Department of Energy. December 31,',1979..*' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION History of the Land Use Allocation System (LUAS) I-1 II. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES II-1 III. CURRENT LAND USE Survey Procedures III-1 Land Use Distribution III-2 Existing Land Use III-3 Current Zoning III-7 IV. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS Methodology IV-1 Current Use IV-6 Proximity IV-7 Access IV-9 Noise IV-11 Septic System.Suitability IV-13 Visual Amenities and Special Areas IV-15 Environmental and Sensitive Areas IV-18 Flood Plain IV-27 V. ENERGY-RELATED IMPACTS OF THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Site Description V-1 Impacts Land Use V-3 Aquatic Environment V-7 Avian Encironment V-10 Atmospheric Emissions V-12 VI. NON-ENERGY RELATED IMPACTS VI-1 VII. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION VII-1 VIII. PLAN DEVELOPMENT Summary Land Use VIII-1 Overriding Factors VIII-2 Land Use Districts VIII-4 Suitability Land Use VIII-5 IX. JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP LAND USE PLAN Plan IX-1 Implementation Measures IX-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Page APPENDIX A OCAP Overview A-1 Soil Factors A-ll APPENDIX B H.U.D, Noise Guideline B-1 APPENDIX C Meeting Notices C-1 APPENDIX D Jerusalem Township Population Projections D-1 I U ~ I :I;20. 0 : I ~ I' : : - :' - - . I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~D I- - : . iD : : . I~~~~~~ 1:; '-:i f '\'I-. d. -f I I I I I I I I j>; a r4-i .22<.? I r 4554 '%+><W2 Sf I I I I I I I S I I 55' 5 s 5 5 5.5' 5s. 4 5 s. ' HISTORY OF THE LAND USE ALLOCATION SYSTEM U ~~~~The Land Use Allocation System-(LUAS) was adopted by the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions in the latter part of 1976 as the primary system for developing general land use plans for I ~~~Toledo and Lucas County. The Commissions recommended the appli- cation of the LUAS to current planning decisions wherever possible. The Land Use Allocation System (LUAS) quantitatively evaluates I ~~~the suitability and capability of the land for development. This approach provides an objective method of making comparisons and trade-offs in place of more traditional, intuitive and subjective methods. The LUAS considers capability and suitability factor to be of equal importance in its impact on each parcel of land. It * ~~~attempts to balance the economics of suitability factors with the environmental traits of capability ones. The integration of the H ~~~two is significant because it prevents a one-sided look at the area. The economic investment put into land is not overlooked in favor of its environmental features, or vice versa. U ~~~~In a preliminary attempt to look rationally at the land 3 ~~~use conflicts using the LUAS, a pilot study was undertaken for Monclova Township. The suitability analysis was used to determine I ~~~"ideal" uses over the long term in an area where classic land use conflicts exist. This system attempts to consider all the major factors affecting development of land and, by a rational method, make trade-offs between them. If all the factors are considered of equal weight, the best social and economic use of the land will be apparent without making unnecessary, irreversible sacrifices. Consequently, the system goes beyond natural resource features, as is usual for capability analysis, to include ten factors which should determine the ultimate ideal land use. (1-current use, 2-special use, 3-proximity, 4-soil, 5-topography, 6-flood plain, 7-visual amenities, 8-utilities (sewer), 9-noise, and 10-access.) Using a geographical technique each parcel received five scores, one for each of the land use categories: agricultural, residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial. The land use receiving the highest score was then assigned to the whole district. The land use map resulting from the land use allocation system then is, at a large scale, the "ideal" land use for any given area. It is not meant to be used for determining the use for individual pieces of land. The LUAS represents the impact of the suitability and capa- bility factors on the land's development potential or desirability. Once the analysis was completed, work began on adapting the results of the system into a land use plan. Using the projected acreage needs for land uses in the year 2000, plus other evaluations, the "preferred" uses are developed into a plan. Land Use Allocation System: A Pilot Study, was approved by 1-2 the Commissions and released to the public in December, 1976. I ~~~Another study, the Toledo Land Use Plan, deals with the application of the Land Use Allocation System (LUAS) to the vacant land within the City of Toledo, producing a "preferred" use (residential, comn- mercial, industrial or park/open space) for each par cel. Having been successfully used in several instances, the LUAS was again used in the preparation of land use plans for Springfield Township.(1978) and Waterville Township (1979). These land use plans were prepared specifically to meet the needs of the individual I ~~~Township. In several instances, the LUAS system was modified to address particular problems and concerns which are unique to each area. I ~~~~The LUAS is now being applied to Jerusalem Township, with modification to utilize the Ohio Department of Natural Resources computer mapping and information storage system, OCAP (Ohio Capa- bility Analysis System). i Y4 r 7 rt! ~rlrr I r r r fr E L r� r f} I I I 1 + v a ii! r 1 I r, i f I I r S 1 r% iR s a f 1~ ,I i- j~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r i ,, l i iy i rl h~~~~~ ~ ~ ri r i I t ' v 1 r ' "1 1 ~ St X Ps V6( i r6 p fff r P~ li i~ J J4 , , 4 4 I I < r l1 f 6 S t r iq 4~~~~~ ~ 4 4 j4,i. $ 4- "'~~~~~~~~~4 4 4-4 1> 4 - 4 4 4-44 I ~ U c~~~~~~ -'4 41 JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP LAND USE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions has taken the approach of developing an area-wide land use plan, township by township, using the adopted development policies as guidelines to ensure coordinated development throughout the County. The "Lucas County Policy Plan" divides the County into five zones based on area needs, available services, projected growth and timed orderly development of land uses. Policies and a program for land use management were formulated for each zone. (For a more complete breakdown and analysis see.the "Lucas County Policy Plan for Land Use and Housing, Toledo-Lucas County Plan Ccmmissions, March, 1979.") Located in the eastern portion of Lucas County, Jerusalem Township is primarily agricultural in character. Because of this, the Township has been designated as an Agricultural Zone by the "Lucas County Policy Plan." According to these adopted policies, the goals and objectives for this zone are as follows: Goal - to maintain the Agricultural Zone in low intensity uses, and in long term agriculture use as an active industrial base of Lucas County's economy. Objective'- To maintain a stable population. - to revise or reject proposals for urbanizing infra- structures, such as sewer and water. While it is possible to-state in general terms the goals and objectives for Lucas County as a whole, each Township has its own unique characteris- tics that must be addressed. To be effective, a planning program must interpret the basic desires and goals of the people who make up the II - 1 I ~~com munity. It must also provide workable solutions to achieving those 3 ~~goals. The proposed goals and objectives for Jerusalem Township are meant 3 ~~to be guidelines. If the township planning program is to be something more than a confusion of opinions or disorganized ideas, then criteria I ~~for the physical development'of the township must be carefully formulated. * ~~Establishing guidelines will help to maintain old and to mold new development, and insure a future of orderly, prosperous and attractive development. 3 ~~These guidelines will help township officials and citizens to take im- aginative and constructive steps in creating Jerusalem Township's future I ~~form. The following goals and objectives were developed through various meetings with concerned residents, citizens, and township officials. 1~~~~~~~~~~~1 GOAL 1: To provide for a pleasant, satisfying and attractive living I ~~~~~and working environment. 3 ~~~~~Objective lA - Develop a Land Use Plan that will1 encourage; convenient shopping and service areas; I ~~~~~~~~ample open space and recreation areas; decent housing; adequate public facilities; and a safe and convenient transportation 3 ~~~~~~~~~system. Objective lB - Develop within the township good housing * ~~~~~~~~for all families and age groups. 3 ~~~~~Objective IC - Establish and enforce good zoning and building standards which relate to new 3 ~~~~~~~~and existing residential, commercial/in- dustrial, and recreational development. I ~~~~~Objective ID - Provide for an ecological balance between farm land, development and natural areas (waterways, woods). 3 ~~~~~Objective IE - Protect the waterways and wooded areas of the township as much as possible to 3 ~~~~~~~~~preserve the aesthetic qualities. * ~~~~~Objective IF - Develop the Township so that all parcels of land abut, or have access to, a public right- 3 ~~~~~~~~~of-way. Objective lG - Regulate pond development to protect the 3 ~~~~~~~~public health, safety and welfare of Township residents. I II -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 GOAL 2: To encourage interaction, cooperation and coordination between citizens and various government agencies. 3 ~~While the townsh ip government provides the basis for many develop- ment decisions, other governmental jurisdictions make significant I ~~contributions to the development of a community. School districts 3 ~~provide school facilities and certain recreation areas. The county supports various services, such as road construction and maintenance, 3 ~~police protection, and county parks. The state and federal governments control various interstate and major highways, and wildlife areas. Also U ~~neighboring communities can affect development by the types of land uses allowed 3 ~~adjacent to the township's boundaries. It is paramount that cooper- ation and coordination exist among the various levels of government, 3 ~~so that efforts by the public officials will relate to a common goal. These objectives, as related to Jerusalem Township, are: I ~~~~Ojbective 2A - Coordinate growth and development of Jerusalem Township with adjoining townships, cities, and the county as a whole. * ~~~~Objective 28-Coordinate efforts in developing community facilities between state, county, and township I ~~~~~~~~~officials. * ~~~~Objective 2C -Work closely with county and state agencies in developing a safe, efficient transportation 3 ~~~~~~~~system to connect the township with other developed areas in the region and state., I ~~~~Objective 20 Work with Lucas County in the planning and regulation of on-site sewer and water systems in areas where soils are suitable for development. II-4 Objective 2E - Work toward better police protection and security within the township. 3 ~~~~Objective 2F - Encourage and promote citizen participation in township matters. Objective 2G - Work in cooperation with the Toledo-Lucas 3 ~~~~~~~~County Plan Commission on land use matters that effect Jerusalem Township. 3 ~~GOAL 3: To insure the preservation and provision of adequate agricultural lands for the future. N ~~~~Objective 3A - Provide effective zoning of agricultural areas 3 ~~~~~~~~to prevent conflicts with other land uses, and preserve the rural character of the township. 3 ~~~~Objective 3B - Coordinate land uses and development, so as to preserve prime agricultural lands. I ~~~~Objective 3C - Encourage use of the farmland tax abatement pro- * ~~~~~~~~gram, and adopt zoning that will be favorable to the preservation of agricultural lands. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GOAL 4: To preserve and protect critical natural areas (wetlands, flood plain) and sites of historic and archeological signi- ficance. Ojbective 4A - Provide for the use of regulatory measures to safeguard the township from pollution of its natural resources. Objective 4B - Establish a special protection or conser- vation district in the zoning resolution to regulate natural areas (ex. filling, grading, leveling). This type of zoning can be used to "prevent harm to public rights by limiting use of private property to those uses for which it was suited in its natural state" (Just v. Marinette County (1972), 56 Wis. 2d 7, 201, N.W. 2d 761). "Permitted," "conditional," and "prohibited uses" can be used to zoning "special protection district" which will protect the special qualities and features of natural areas. Objective 4C - Develop a flood plain district to regulate developmentwithin the flood plain and protect the public health, safety and welfare of township residents. Objective 4D -Provide for the review of developments which infringe upon sites of Historical or archeo- logical significance. Objective 4E - Provide for the protection of Historic and Archeological site located within Jerusalem Township. II -7 I~~~~~~~~~ GOAL 5: -TO provide safe, decent and san-itary housing so that all o~r- sons can buy or rent suitable living quarters. Objective 5A -Provide effective protection for residential areas to insure desirable standards. Objective 5B - Provide a full range of housing types within the township to meet the demands of all age groups and living habits.' Objective 5C - Require that suitable and adequate transition areas, barriers, or buffers be established be- tween conflicting land uses as needed, to pro- mote the public safety and attractiveness of the. township. Objective 5D - Protect residential areas from unnecessary through traffic and intrusion of unrelated land uses. Objective 5E -Pursue a program of township-wide conservation and uniform code enforcement to upgrade or elim- inate sub-standard housing and to maintain the sound condition of the remaining housing stock. Objective 5F -Develop residential areas so they do not infringe on prime agricultural lands. Objective 5G - Encourage new housing construction in established residential areas to-discourage large lot single family frontage development elsewhere along major township roads., Objective 5H -'Regulate strip residential growth so that interior lands are not cut-off from future development, or conflict with existing agricultural uses. II -8 Objective 51 - Permit multiple dwellings with proper control of site planning, maintenance and location. (This may be accomplished through zoning, with site plan review being required before building permits are issued.) Objective 5J - Allow multi-family or residential develop- ments only when and where adequate sanitary systems can be provided. I- 9 GOAL 6: To assure a complete range of commercial/industrial goods and services, and broaden the employment opportunities within 'Jerusalem Township. Objective 6A - Discourage cluttered highway frontage, with random-shopping strips of various size scattered throughout the township. Objective 6B - Set aside adequate amounts and properly located lands for future commercial and industrial needs. Objective 6C - Regulate commercial/industrial develop- ment within the township to the extent that it will have minimal adverse effects on the surrounding'property, through the use of site plan review. Objective 6D - Require commercial/industrial uses to provide barriers or buffers between them- selves and residential uses. Objective 6E -Concentrate the future commercial/in-- dustrial growth of Jerusalem Township in specific planned areas. TI - 10 GOAL 7: Provide adequate open space arnd recreational areas for the present and future population of Jerusalem Township. I ~~~~Objective 7A - Encourage developers to provide recreational * ~~~~~~~~areas within new residential subdivisions. Objective 7B - Provide a wide variety of recreation facilities, I ~~~~~~~~ranging from tot-lots to playgrounds and play- fields for the young, to passive park areas I ~~~~~~~~for alder age groups. I ~~~~Objective 7C - Make full use of the county, state and federal recreational areas as an asset to the Town- * ~~~~~~~~~ship. I ~~~~Objective 7D - Preserve the creeks, lakes and woods for desir- able recreation pursuits. Objective 7E - Prohibit recreational activities in areas where * ~~~~~~~~they might damage natural systems. Objective 7F - Establish Open Space and Recreation zoning dis- 3 ~~~~~~~~tricts to protect the unique characteristics and qualities of the Township (Authority to establish these zoning districts is given under the Ohio 3 ~~~~~~~~Revised Code enabling statutes, Section 519.02. This type of zoning is not considered to be spot * ~~~~~~~~zoning when carried out under a comprehensive land use plan and is related to the general welfare of I ~~~~~~~~the Township.) 3 ~~GOAL 8: To provide for the development of commercial activities related to the recreational nature of Jerusalem Township. I ~~~~~Objective 8A -Develop recreational commercial areas so as to prevent conflicts with other land uses. Objective 8B - Develop a zoning district to regulate recreational I ~~~~~~~~~commercial development within the township. (Providing for site plan review, "permitted," I ~~~~~~~~~"conditional" and "prohibited uses" with the I ~~~~~~~~~recreational commercial zoning district.) Objective 8C -Develop recreational commercial districts so they 3 ~~~~~~~~~do not infringe upon or adversely effect critical natural areas. ~~~~~~~~~~~II1 - V * *'' V .* uIW, vrt.%UIpVW a.tE9uiqW . I**** I t. 1 * 1- I I U I I I 1 I U U I I I I U I I I CHAPTER III CURRENT LAND USE A prime factor affecting the environment of a community is the use of land. In order to effectively plan for orderly future development, it is essential to gain an understanding of the existing land uses and their relationship to each other. An inventory of land uses in Waterville Town- ship provides a base from which future land uses can be projected. SURVEY PROCEDURES In May, 1979, the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions conducted a land use survey of Waterville Township. This survey was conducted by driving through the Township and recording each land use as it existed (ex. barn, grocery store, house). Data was categorized and mapped, utilizing color codes which identified the various uses. Categories are as follows: Residential - Frontage development (single family and trailers) -Single family subdivisions (frontage and interior street lots) - Mobile home parks - Multi-family (apartments) - Cabins Commercial - General Commercial - Recreational Commercial (campgrounds, marinas) Industrial -All industrial buildings - Extractive (sand pits, quarries) Institutional - Schools, churches, government buildings Open Space -Public and quasi,public (township land), cemeteries, golf, private recreation, conservation clubs, etc.) - Waterways (canals, ditches, creeks) - Parkland, Wildlife Refuge - Private (wooded, semi-wooded and open space areas, vacant lands) Agriculture - General agriculture - Specialized crops (orchards, greenhouses, nurseries) LAND USE DISTRIBUTION Jerusalem Township covers an area of approximately 18,793 acres. The following table lists the acreage and percentage distribution of existing land uses. LAND USE DISTRIBUTION BY ACRES JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP* Acres % Residential: Single family frontage 726.08 Single family subdivision 272.31 Trailers 4.44 Cabins 5.45 Multi-family 0 Sub Total 1008.28 5.37 Commercial: General Commercial 41.05 Recreational Commercial 86.95 Sub Total 128 .68 Industrial: Sub Total .86 Institutional: Sub Total 168.17 .89 Agricultural: General agricultural 12679.6 Nursery 1.15 Greenhouse 4.87 Orchards 10.62 Sub Total 12696.24 67.55 Open Space: General Open Space 38.16 Woods 272.6 Waterways 83.8 Vacant Lands 1229.35 Parklands 3167.74 Sub Total 4791.65 25.49 Total 18793.20 100% *Right-of-way included within each category Source: Current Land Use Map--Jerusalem Township, TLCPC-1979. ITI - 2 EXISTING LAND USE Residential - Existing residential land uses occupies approximately 1008 acres or 5.37% Jerusalem Township. Of this land 272 acres are within the existing subdivisions of Reno, Bono and Howard Farms, located in the east- ern portion of the township, (Note: This acreage includes only that land with hou-sing, not the vacant land within the subdivisions). The remaining residential is single family frontage lots developed through- out the township on section line roads. The majority of these are of a non-farm nature. They are developed on relatively small acreage lots for rural areas, 'being built upon lots of irregular size and depth or parcels which have been separated from original farm tracts. All rely on septic tanks and private wells. This type of residential development can present some of the most serious land use problems that will confront the community in the future. The single family residences have pre-empted a significant portion of the front- age of the Township's major streets. Furthermore, residential driveways exit directly onto busy streets, creating unnecessary and dangerous points of traffic conflict. This uncoordinated growth possess the potential of creating future land development problems. As street frontage is usurped the interior lands become less accessible and are then undesirable for future development. Finally, this type of residential development is extremely difficult to provide with public services. Protection services are not efficiently utilized because of the distance of residences from fire and police sta- tions. The expense of providing public sewer and water becomes prohibitive III 3 because of the high capital expenditure required to serve relatively few people. For example, a one mile section line road containing 30 homes scattered over its length will require one mile of sewer main. On the other hand, if the same 30 homes were developed in a subdivision with lot widths of 100 feet, only 1,5-0 feet of main would be required. The econ- omies are even greater if residences are clustered or if cul-de-sac streets are used. Commercial - Approximately 128 acres or .68% of Jerusalem Township is com- mitted to commercial uses. These existing establishments are mainly scat- tered along Jerusalem Road, and are separated by vacant land or residential dwellings. Most of the commercial development existing in the Township can be classified as linear, or strip, commercial development. This type of commercial develop- ment along major streets can provide serious implications for the future growth of the community. When each establishment occupies a separate lot and has its own curb cuts, parking areas, and advertising signs, safety and ec- onomic considerations, as well as aesthetics are involved. The numerous points of ingress and egress associated with these properties frequently create automobile conflict on the major street. This not only constitutes a hazard, but also interrupts traffic flow and decreases the efficiency of that street. Consequently, the transportation network that has contributed to the vitality of the community can be strangled by com- mercial expansion if preventive measures are not taken. This type of commercial development can have the potential or blighting the townscape of the community, and the provision of public services may III - 4 3 ~~become quite costly. An alternative to linear commercial development is the concentration of commercial use in shopping centers or around major I ~~intersections. I ~~Industrial - 0.86 acres are listed as industrial in Jerusalem Township. This is the Norfolk and Western Railroad line in the extreme southwest I ~~corner of the Township. No ot her industrial lands exist to date. I ~~Institutional - Institutional uses account for 168.17 or .89% of the land within Jerusalem Township. -This category includes schools, churches, township buildings and the City of Oregon filtration plant. I ~~Agricultural - Agriculture represents the largest use of land in the town- ship, 12696.24 acres of 67.55%. Lucas County has some of the most productive farm lands in the State of 1 ~~Ohio. In 19741, income per acre in the county wa s $275 as opposed to the State-wide average of $144. But agricultural lands are on the decline; 8.6% or nearly 10,000 productive acres in Ohio were lost between 1969-1974 3 ~~as determined by the Ohio Crop Reporting Service. These losses are due mainly to incremental conversion of agricultural lands along rural roadways I ~~to urban uses, usually residjential. I ~~The necessity of extending urban utilities, water, and sewer through active agricultural areas to service leapfrog development is the greatest detriment to the continued vitality of farming. The assessments to a farm property 3 ~~owner for the extension of water, or particularly sewer lines, over long stretches of frontage can be as high as $8,000 an acre. Such assessments 3 ~~for a farmer on his property makes it economically unfeasible for him to continue agriculture activities and the land is put on the market for the speculative value of urban development. Once urban utilities are available, the tax assessments, based on potential use, may rise as well. Unless pro- grams such as the Current Agriculture Use Value tax of Ohio Farmlands (C.A.U.V. are used by local farmers, pressures for sale and development of agricultural lands will increase if utilities are extended into Jerusalem Township. Open Space - This category includes vacant/land, parks, waterways and woods which account for the second largest use of land in Jerusalem Township (4791.65 acres or 25.49%). Of this area, 3167.74 acres are included within the State Park and National Wildlife Areas. III-6 A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LEGEND 1 R - 1v~~~~~~~~~~~~OARPOIN1 R RD. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Agriculture A L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J ~~~~~~~~~~Residential ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E R R~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o Open space. I J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A A-CA A 2 A A ~ ~J Commercial ~ ~-r CODRYM lC O Industrial Iq Af A AD SEAMAN MD.7~ MD 'A A AAA I~~~~~ ~~ 1) A M . .I -1 9 a- A~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ A VR H A A N 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RAE 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NAIOA -U 0Ic --- SwI'ATE PAR C2-~~~~~~~ A - OTA A AONT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PEANOS JERUSALEM E~~~~~~~URRENT LAND USE TOLSDO-LUCAS COUNTY~~~~~~~~CREK WAC K TOWNSHIP _____j CALE MILES ~~~L~~ACoPAR CURRENT ZONING There is present two zoning resolutions for Jerusalem Township, one includes the Reno Beach Area (adopted 1959) and the other the remainder of the township (adopted 1964). Plans are currently underway to revise and combine the two resolutions in 1980. Below is a summary of the zoning districts and the Uses allowed within each. (For a more complete breakdown see the individual zoning texts.) NET LOT LOT FRONT SIDE REAR ZONE USES PERMITTED AREA WIDTH YARD YARD YARD RENO BEACH SECTION A-3 (Agricultural) Agriculture; 1 acre 125 ft. Varies, Varies, Varies, One-family dwellings; not over not over not over Home Occupations. 35 ft. 20 ft. 25 ft. By permit: Schools Churches, Parks, Cemetery Institutions Radio Stations Natural resources Top Soil Stripping Transitional: Parking A-4 (Rural Residential) Same as A-3 20,000 100 ft. Varies, Varies, Varies, sq.ft. not over not over not over 35 ft. 10 ft. 25 ft. R-A (Suburban Residential) Same as A-3 12,000 75 ft. Same as Same as Same as plus sq.ft. A-4 A-4 A-4 Transitional: Multi-family dwellings C-2 (General Commercial) Same as R-A None None Same as None 0lo ft. plus Retail except except A-3 except minimum Stores; 6,000 75 ft. abutting Filling Stations; sq.ft. if residences Offices; Clinics; if Dwelling Parking; Amusements; Dwelling Wholesale; Shops-No Manufacturing; plus Conditional Uses (See Text) ITI- 7 NET I LOT LOT FRONT SIDE REAR ZONE USES PERMITTED AREA WIDTH YARD YARD YARD M-1 (Limited m Industrial) Same as C-2; None None 50 ft. None 25 ft. plus Light Dwelling except minimum Manufacturing; not per- abutting Warehousing; Con- mitted residences tractor, Coal or Lumber yards; Truck mIt~~ ~ Terminals; (See Text) I>~~~ ~(Dwelling Excluded) M-3 (Heavy Industrial) Any use (except None None 50 ft. None 25 ft. m dwellings) in Dwelling except minimum conformance to not per- abutting Sec. 8-A. mitted residences JERUSALEM E (EXCLUDING RENO BEACH A-1 (Agricultural) Agriculture One 150 ft. 35 ft. 10 ft. 35 ft. 3 One-family Dwelling Acre Roadside stands, Churches, Schools, m|~~~ ~Parks, Riding Stables, Home Occupations R-A (Rural m| Residential) Same as A-1 except 20,000 100 ft. 35 ft. 10 ft. 35 ft. I*~~~ ~Riding stables and sq.ft. roadside stands R-1 (Single- |J Family Same as R-A 7,200 60 ft. 25 ft. 5 ft. 25 ft. Residential) sq.fV, one side, , total 13 m|~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ft. both sides C-2 (General m| Commercial) Multiple-family None, None 25 ft. None 25 ft. aI~ ~~ ~Dwellings, retail 36,000 15 ft. Stores & businesses sq.ft. if ajoins Amusement enterprises if part A-1, R-A m Auto sales, service used for or R-1 Hotel, Motel Offices Dwelling Wholesale business Kennel s Boat facilities, sales, service. M-1 (Limited Industrial Same as C-2 None None 25 ft. None 25 ft. District) Nursery, greenhouse 50 ft. 15 ft. Bulk Storage Opposite when m Printing shops, A-1,R-A, adjoin- Warehouses R-1 ing A-l, Broadcasting R-A,R-1 Stations & Towers Industrial Plants Industrial Plants~ NET LOT LOT FRONT SIDE REAR ZONE USES PERMITTED AREA WIDTH YARD YARD YARD M-2 (Heavy Industrial) Same as M-1 None None 25 ft. Same 25 ft. Boiler works 75 ft. as Metal stamping opposite M-1 I Manufacturing - A-1,R-A glass R-1 cement starch paint Grain elevators Conditional Uses: * Acid Manufacturing Geletin or glue pro- cessing Stockyard I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Er Mr or NW ____- ma - -r _I ma _ I LEGEND JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP ZONING DISTRICTS CEWA POINT NATIONAL WILDLIFE A-i Agricultural one acre REFUG', Lake E~e R-A Rural Residential 20,000 Sq. Ft. M-2 A-li Take EfieR-l Single-Family Res. 7,200 Sq. Ft. 'U~f, MAUJPIEF BAY STATE PARK'\ C-2 Commercial M-i Limited Industrial IM-2 . - --t C-2 M-2 Heavy Industrial i. CILI*C CEIUT OINT go. - - - - - ---C A-I RENO SECTION (JERUSALEM) ZONING DISTRICTS I-1 COLIY o L c R-A~ A-3 Agricultural one acre A-4 Rural Residential 20,000 Sq. Ft. B A-- R-A Suburban Residential 1 2,000 Sq. Ft. A1 d- C-2 General Commercial ofoy CORDUR OY C RD.M-i Limited Industrial \Zo.9I Ljoj C-2'' M-2 Heavy Industrial A-i (U \ci~~~~~~~~~~~k4 ~~RENO- IA-i A-i A-I ____________~~~~6 M - A- A-1 1C-2 A- JSUEALM A CN LI -.I A-A A-A A-1 IA-1 A-1 A-1 SCKSED 0~~~~~~~~~~~. A-1 A-l 1 ARMO &AlI UTTAWA2 COUT V R-A Z A-1 A-1 sI 1 r CRM$6 CRURK# BEACHl 1 B ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OTTAWA NATIONOAL BEFUA SATE PAUK A- ~~A- 1 A-1 JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP CURRENT ZONING TOL6 `UwTy 2 ScALE MILES AN COU5ltSSION P la t U~~~~~~~~~~ ' I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~nlss -o x't I~~~~~~~~~odtiaa I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~x J -, U ~~~METHODOLOGY OF THE JERSUALEM TOWNSHIP LAND USE/IMPACT PLAN I ~~~The factors with which the inventory of Jerusalem Township was made were selected as those having the most significant influence over the capability and suitability of the land for development. These permit analysis oh a comparative and reasonably objective basis. The LUAS used for Jerusalem Township was modified to include 5 ~~the following land use categories: - Agricultural (farm land) I ~~~~~- Residential (single-family homes, subdivisions, mul ti-family) - Commercial/industrial (small scale business) 3 ~~~~~- Recreational Commercial (marina, campground) - Open Space (parks, wetlands, vacant land not used I ~~~~~~~~~for agriculture) 3 ~~~~Change were made to reflect the agricultural nature and to address critical issues faced by the Township. Among these are I ~~~flooding, soil erosion of the coastal zone, a large amount of state 3 ~~~and federal wetlands, expansion of the Davis-Besse nuclear power plant, and an increase in recreation related commercial activities. The Ohio Capability Analysis Program (OCAP) was used to provide 5 ~~~the environmental resource data base for the LUAS. The Ohio Capa- bility Analysis Program (OCAP) is a computer information storage IV - I and mapping system developed by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The land capability analysis program was initiated in 1973 to provide information to county and regional planning agencies on the physical environment which they can use with their traditional data to make more rational I-and use decisions. * It enables the user to process and store large quantities of detailed data, to map and update the data rapidly, and to analyze i~t in a. variety of ways. 3 ~~~~The overlay capability and the linear weighted model built into the mapping program provide the means for comparing variables 3 ~~~and determining development limitations. There are a variety of ways in which the analysis can be done, no one is'absolutely I ~~~correct or free of as'sumptions'but must be adjusted to meet the 3 ~~~needs of each individual township. The objective of the analysis is to delimit areas with few development limitations from those I ~~~with severe limitations. The linear weighted model can evaluate **up to 30 variables at a time through a system of weighting the *variable and variable levels; the overlay routine is a comparison 3 ~~~of two variables only. Files may be created from either procedure and Used in further analysis. 1 ~~~~The final computer maps that are'the result of the digitizing, 3 ~~~edit ing, and analysis of the. data do not look like highway maps or other maps with which most people are familiar. The maps are printed I ~~~with characters similar to those found on a typewriter and have no roads, boundary lines, or town names, Clear overlays, showing IV -2 roads, political boundaries or other land marks are provided so that areas can be easily recognized. Numbers located along the edges of the map provide a coordinate system which allows the map user to locate specific areas on the map or to locate the map within a larger state-wide area. (For more detailed information on OCAP, see appendix A.) OCAP maps were used for the following LUAS I ~~~factors: FACTOR: Development Limitations I ~~~~~- "Prime Agricultural Lands Map" for Agricultural Land * ~~~~~~~Use. - "Limitation - Seasonal Recreation Map" (May - November) 3 ~~~~~~for Recreational Commercial land use. - "Limitation on small scale development Map" for Residential I ~~~~~~Land Use. 3 ~~~~~- "Limitation on large scale development map" for Commercial/ Industrial land use. 3~~~~~~ -"Composite Limitation Map" for Open Space land use. 3 ~~~~FACTOR: Flood Plain -OCAP "Flood Plain Map" showing Federal Insurance Administration 1 ~~~~~~100 yr. flood hazard area. Use for all land use categories. 3 ~~~~FACTOR: Septic System Suita bility -Use OCAP "Septic Tanks Limitation Map" for all five I ~~~~~~land use categories. I ~~~~Information for the following factors was gathered and mapped IV -3 by the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions. I~~~~~ ~Current Land Use - Environmental and Sensitive Areas - Noise 3 ~~~~~- Visual Amenities and Special Areas -Access I -~~~~~Proximity 3 ~~~~Each of the nine factors is evaluated as to its in fluence on the five land uses and given points accordingly. If a factor makes I ~~~a parcel preferable for a certain land use, three points are given 3 ~~~to that parcel. If the factor represents an acceptable or neutral influence of the land, two points are scored. Undesirable charac- * ~~~teristics are given one point. 3 ~~~~These points are recorded for each parcel by using a transparent grid overlay, with each cell representing an area of nearly 10 acres 3 ~~~(10.04 acres). The grid is placed over a township map which shows one of the ten factors (noise, access, etc.). Each cell is then scored and recorded using the horizontal and vertical coordinates 3 ~~~of OCAP for location. 3 ~~~~The matrix following Page IV-5 arrays the nine factors and the points they received in each of the land use categories. The values 3 ~~~given (3, 2, or 1) must be interpreted only as they affect a specific land use. That is, points accrued for a commercial/industrial use, I ~~~because of a given factor, does not imply that an area is therefore 3 ~~~unsuited for a residential or open space use. The LUAS is a positive system in that it suggests how land should be developed rather than 3 ~~~what should be avoided. IV - 4 what should be avoided. The following section is a description of each of the factors, a discussion of why each one is important in land use allocation, and an explanation of how numerical values are assigned. .~~~~~IV 5 I~~~~~~~~~~~~I CURRENT USE Any realistic land use'analysis must recognize the �inertia factor of the current use or development of the land. For example, the soil may be ideal for farming but if a subdivision is already there, farming is no longer the realistic"use'. The'final factors in the pointingsystem weight the long term land use proposal toward existing land use. Where a change (development) in land use is proposed bythelong range plan, it can be fairly confident that the trade-offs are realistic. Current use was determined through a land use survey of Jerusalem Town- ship conducted in May, 1979. Parks, recreational facilities, commercial and industrial uses were identified as well as residential uses. Any parcel with an identified use then was considered most capable for that use, except in the case of residential use where only parcels in sub- urban districts were given most suitable status and rural housing a secondary suitability rating as being less committed to that type of development. The L.U.A.S. scores current use as follows: Current Land Use LUAS Points: 3 2 1 'Ag. Ag. -vacant/ All other uses open space Res. -Res. subdivisions Rural Res. -vacant/ -Institutional open space -all other uses Comm/ Comm/Ind. -vacant land -all other uses Ind. (cell) adjacent to existing comm/ Ind. Rec. Rec. Comm. -vacant land -all other uses Comm. adjacent to existing rec. comm. Open -parks -vacant/ All other uses Space -wetlands open space IV 6 I ~~~~~~~~~~PROXIMITY I ~~~The proximity of land uses one to another and the resulting en- vironment, has been a traditional concern of land use planning. In fact, planning and zoning arose from the need to separate * ~~undesirable or nuisance uses from residential areas. Today, the reasons why and how land uses should be arranged sug- I ~~gest some shift in philosophy from separating uses toward a controlled mixing. Considering these trends, the LUAS rates land according to similar uses within 1/4 or 112 mile as the most capable for that same use. Proximity was rated as follows: Proximity LUAS Points: 3 21 Ag. --All cells - Res. Adj. or within Within 112 All other cells Comm/ Ind. --All cells - Open Space --All cells - Rec. Comm. Adj. or within Within 1/2 All other cells 1/4 mile mile A proximity factor focuses development on current uses expanding from their existing location and is a positive factor to encourage development I ~~~in adjacent areas. The majority of growth in Jer usalem Township has been IV - 7 1 ~~in residential or 'recreational type commercial (marinas etc.) developments. For this reason proximity was measured from areas of concentrated residen- tialI development and recreational commercial sites. I ~~~~Residential proximity was measured from the centers of the following U ~~subdivisions: Reno Beach, Howard Farms Plat Two and Five, and Howard Farms Plat One, as well as from the unincorporated villages of Bono and Curtice. Recreational commercial proximity was measured from: Anchor Point Marina, Coolie Canal County Park (boat launch and overnight camping), Meinke Marina located on Corduroy Road and Coolie Canal, the proposed Maumee Bay State Park, Wolf Creek Sportsman Club, the proposed campground located on Jerusalem Road (east of Bono), Coolie Canal Marina, Public Boat Launch and the Public Fishing Pier. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- IMP__ NW ma AP -1 - - - LEGEND PROXIMITY- Recreational/GomriierciaI EJwithin/4 mile c~~~~~d., P . , ` ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z within 1~ mile W~~~id~~i~~e Re~~~~ago Lii~~~~~~iiiJ ~~denotes projects currently Fv1.1- Maumee Bay Stato Pa,I- Lake q ne a CEDAR POINT RD. P- ARQUEfTE RTDCo,,Cnl" CORDUROY RI) SEAMAN RD RCP D4$.. SACK i R JERU SALEM RD x 0 Z zi I Ottawa~~~~~~~~ C'... CERRIL Bo-It Slte. Pork DON RDI I~~~~~~~~~~ - - -------- JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP PROXIMITY Recreational/Commnercial TOLEDO-LUCAS PREUARTD 4 SCALE MILES PLAN COMMISSIONS 'J pineR. LEGEND PROXIMITY-Concentrated Residential Wildilfo ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11111) ~~~~~~~~within'2 mile i"uoMo....o Boy Slot. Pork --- ~k CEDAR POINT RD. ~ ~ ~ ~ ARQGUETTE RD-oI~~nI~ SEAMAN RD- 0 ~ cE~R.~- JERUSALEM R ~ ~ ~ W C q~hI~Df ~.p. Is U 4 VEIER ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~RD ,4,~ It_7 -- L0"~ -----L------------------- Ollo~~~~~o Notoco - .--* U Croo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T0E pALt1Crook".u. 3octoePr JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP_ PROXIMITY-Concentrated Residential SCL MILESPLAN OMISIONS U ~~~~~~~~~~~ACCESS I ~~~While access to transportation routes has an affect on all land use, it is of prime concern for commercial and industrial development. The LUAS rates access for industrial and commercial uses, giving these pre- *ferenc~e on highly accessible sites. Access is rated for commercial use based on a distance of 1/4 mile from the intersection of minor arterials and principal arterial inter- sections. Measuring access in terms of intersections and/or interchanges represents an attempt to curb strip commercial development by encouraging commercial uses to cluster in these areas. Ideally, the clustering of com- mercial facilities will reduce travel time and energy consumption for em- ployees and customers while the stores share streets, water, sewers and lighting. Industrial use is discouraged from minor arterial and collector inter- sections because of the'streets' limited capacity for traffic and because the nature of development is generally residential. Industrial develop- 3 ~~ment is encouraged within one-half mile of a principal arterial route be- cause industrial developments require more space, fewer curb cuts and II ~~more all day parking than do commercial developments, making industrial 3 ~~strip developments less detrimental to-traffic-flow. With the extensive railway system in Lucas County, railroad access is 3 ~~valuable for industrial development, but only for larger complexes which locate within one-half mile of the line due to costs. I ~~~The LUAS distance criteria was adopted from the Urban Land Institute 3 *~and conversations with the Chamber of Commerce, Toledo Edison and industrial concerns. Preferable points were given to land closest to the access source, and acceptable points', for land further away. ~~~~~~~~~~~~IV I- 9 Rec. LUAS, ACCESS A R C/I Comm. Os Within 1/4 mile of a principal 2 1 3 2 2 * ~~and minor arterial intersection Outside major access points 2 2 1 2 2 Railroad within 1/4 mile 2 2 3 2 2 Railroad within 1/2 mile 2 2 2 2 2 3 ~~~Jerusalem Road, which provides a link between Toledo and Cleveland, (State Route 2) is the only principal arterial that crosses Jerusalem Town- 3 ~~ship. A principal arterial serves inter-area travel, such as between out- lying residential areas and the central city, and between major suburban * ~~centers or freeways for access., This corridor is designed for higher speeds, 3 ~~greater volumes, and more truck traffic than most urban or rural streets. The two minor arterial streets in the township are North Curtice Road U ~~and Cousino Road. These roads mainly serve inter-county travel and consti- tute routes where the predominant travel distance (regardless of traffic I ~~volume) are shorter than on the principal arterial. More moderate speeds are typical on these roads. The intersections of these minor arterials and the principal arterial (1Jerusalem Road) were the only ones rated for access. 3 ~~~The only railroad that crosses Jerusalem Township is the Norfolk and Western line which runs southwest of Curtice. Ohio. Since only approximately 1 ~~800 feet of the railroad lies within the township, only the extreme south- west corner is rated for railroad access. IV .10 LEGEND ACCESS -Highway EJ within ' mile of aprincipal arterial c~~~~~~~~~d., J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~erusalem Rd.) and a minor arterial - ~~~W.ildid, RR~gN. Curtice and Cousino Rds.) Lak4~~~~~.Eri~~~~ . ~~ACCESS-Railroad Fow-r Monce oySti Pork . . within/ ~mile CEDAR POINT RD ~~~~~ I -, EZI.' within �I mile CEAR OINEB RD. - - - o-- -- ( .a CODDUROY R0.EN SEAMAN RD0. RACHEL H. 71, ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ___AC.S RD _ ., JFRASAkFM RD. I~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ L � LE RDOlooRfg- BROWN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B. - . 0 /2 1 PREPARED B3Y JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP ACCESS-Highway and Railroad SCALE MILES PLAN COMMISSIONS NOISE U ~~~The level of noise experienced within a given area can have a physical, psychological and even a monetary effect on persons living, working or play- ing within that area. Studies have shown that hearing loss, nervous tension I ~~and even property devaluation can result from certain levels of unwanted sound. I ~~~Several federal agencies currently deal with noise impacts as one of 3 ~~their mandated activities. Among them are the Federal Aviation Administra- tion, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental 3 ~~Protection Agency, and Federal Highway Administration. Many of these agen- cies are passing on their responsibility to local government as it becomes I ~~apparent that land use control is the most effective way to achieve a noise 3 ~~compatible environment. lIt is therefore important that a LUAS consider the amount and location of noise impact areas when assigning land uses. 3 ~~~Moderate and severe noise zones were mapped for each source, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) "Noise U ~ ~Assessment Guidelines" published in 1971. The best use for areas within the severely impacted area is either agriculture or industry while to a lesser degree some types of parks would be tenable. The moderate zone, 3 ~~particularly for highway noise, would be acceptable for residential use only if noise barriers were erected, as the noise levels are still con- siderably above recognized residential standards. Any other use, open space, commercial/industrial, or agriculture would be preferable in the I ~~moderate zone. Land Use, Urban Form, and Environmental Quality, Brian J. L. Berry et al., 3 ~~The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1974. p. 226-233. IV - 11 The LUAS evaluates noise levels from four sources (expressways, air- ports, highways and railways) according to standards established by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Norfork and Western Rail- 3 ~~road line located southwest of Curtice, and State Route #2 are the two noise source located in Jerusalem Township. 3 ~~Highway (State Route #2): Roadway noise is estimated based on peak hour travel time, percent of trucks and the designed speed of the roadway. Nobise I ~~levels are then rated as being slight, moderate or severe, depending on their 3 ~~distance from the source. The LUAS points are assigned to encourage uses that are the least noise sensitive to locate within the impacted areas. *1 Railways:HUD guidelines for train noise impacts are based on the number of night operations. According to the Norfolk and Western Railroad, their I ~~line running southeast through Oregon, Ohio has an average of four trains 3 ~~per night. This puts the noise impact in the middle range, where the severe noise is felt up to 60 feet and the moderate noise range is 60-355 feet. 3 ~~These ratings are based on an area without any line of sight barriers. (For a more complete breakdown on the evaluation of railroad noise see * ~~Appendix B U ~~NOISE IMPACT A Res. Comm/Ind. Rec.Comm. 0 en__S ace 3 ~~Within 150 ft. of highway 3 1 3 2 2 Within 150-1000 ft. of highway 2 2 2 2 2 I ~~Railroad within 60 ft. 3 1 3 2 2 Railroad within 60-355 ft. 2 2 2 2 2 Outside noise areas 2 3 2 2 2 IV -12 -1 --- --- ------- LEGEND HIGHWAY NOISE-Jerusalem Rd. LIImoderate -within 150 ft. to 1000 ft. wildlife Wuge ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~Ei severe -within 150 ft. Laki~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~RAILROAD NOISE -Norfolk &Western R.R. CEDAR POINT ~ , ...~ ~ ~.,. ..., . ...t~ ~ ~. . . Eiii 7i severe -within 60ft. ARQUETTE Cok ara A EO Q,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,, SEAMAN *-.-4.-. RACDI O . JERUSAL EM .. - I BONG ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Crone Crek Beach Slaoe Park BROWN RD L--L -~---L----- 0 1/2 1 ~~~PREPARED BY JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP NOISE- H gwyand Railroad TOLEOO-LUCAS COUNTY6 H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Igh a S:CA7L E t IL-ES PLAN COMMISSIONS ~ lt I ~~~~~~~~SEPTIC SYSTEM SUITABILITY I ~~~It is crucial to the concept of this capability study that all pos- sible forces for and against development or conservation of land use be. included. Consequently, the future extension of utilities is an impor- 3 ~~tant consideration in a long range land'use plan. In determining a short range development plan, it would only be necessary to rate util- ities as currently provided or scheduled within the planning period. 5 ~~~Open space or parkland de velopment does not necessarily require utilities, nor do farms require irrigation in this part of the country. 3 ~~Consequently, the utilities factor only-impacts the capability of land for commercial/industrial, recreational commercial, and residential use. I ~~Since the cost -of hooking up to public utilities is a restraint on the 3 ~~location of development, areas within 112 mile of a trunk line would be -ideal for either type of residential or commercial development while an 3 ~~industrial operation might find the cost of connectors acceptable up to a mile. I ~~~~The western portion of Jerusal-em Township is within the-City of 3 ~~Oregon water and sewer service area. At the present time there are no plans to extend, water or sewer services into the Township until after the 3 ~~year 2000. Consequently, soil suitability for on-site septic systems was considered when looking at potential development areas. I ~~~~Using the Ohio Capability Analysis Program (OCAP) "Septic Tank" map 5 ~~areas were rated; slight, moderate, severe and very severe. Areas with a slight or moderate rati~ng would be suitable for residential development. 3 ~~~~The addition to the slight and moderate categories, areas with severe limitations may also be suitable for the development of commercial, IV -13 5 ~~industrial or recreational commercial facilities. This is due to the fact that commercial and industrial developments can afford the higher construction costs needed to overcome septic problems. I ~~~~~~~~SEPTIC SYSTEM SUITABILITY 5 ~~LUAS POINTS: 3 21 Ag. -- All' cells - Res. No limitation Moderate Severe 3 ~~~~~~~or slight __Very severe Comm/ Slight or Severe Very severe Ind. moderate____ Open --All cells - I ~~Space I ~~~Rec. Slight or Severe Very severe Comm. moderate ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IV1 ............ .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ......~ ti. 0~~~~~I .... ... ... ........................ . . .. .................-LCA COUTY __ ........... ..NSI ............TAILIY IL .. ......... ......... . ..........................4 COIM~IO48 ' P40k VISUAL AMENITIES AND SPECIAL AREAS The need to consider natural and man-made areas in land use allocation, provides for this capability factor. Areas that contain Visual Amenities (woodlots, creeks, rivers, canals, Lake Erie) and Special Areas (greenhouses, orchards, nurseries) should be weighted against the.other LUAS factors and balanced accordingly. Visual Amenities provide scenic relief from asphalt and br-ick, and enhancing the socio-economic qualities of an area is considered as important as encouraging commercial development within easily accessible areas. Land with a valuable visual amenities on site is preferable for park use since this preserves it for the general public benefit. However, the LUAS recongizes that residential develop- ment can occur on land proximate to a visual amenity without destroying it., especially where it would be considered an asset to the development. As only one of the factors, there is no guarantee that a Visual Amenity or special area will be preserved. However, if two parcels are alike in all respects except that one is*the' 'site of a greenhouse, and only one site is needed for development, the parcel without the special feature would be the first choice for development. IV - 15 5 ~~~~Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions surveyed and mapped the location of Special Areas (commercial orchards, greenhouses and I ~~~nurseries). These land uses provide fruit, vegetables, flowers * ~~~and shrubs for the local market without the high cost of long distance shipping. 1 ~~~~Orchards and nurseries are capital which represent a large * ~~~scale investments either in trees that take years to bear fruit or high cost buildings. Consequently, orchard and nursery 3 ~~~operators have usually been unable to relocate in the same area 'I ~~where high land values and taxes have accompanied development. Special consideration was given to these uses, which service I ~~~the metropolitan area, and that depends on some guarantees to the II ~~continuing profitability of their investments. Since they thrive best in a rural environment, and the possibility of conservation 5 ~~~among other developed uses is questionable, parcels containing Special Areas were rated as most suitable for agricultural. VISUAL AMENITIES AND SPECIAL AREAS 5 LU~~~AS 3 2 Pointe_____ Ag. SA All other cells VA I ~~~Res. VA All other cells SA Comm/ SA Ind. --All other cells VA U Rec. Comm. ~~VA All other cells SA I ~~~Open Space VA All other 'cells SA IV - 16 Visual Amenities (VA) = Woodlot Creek, Canals Lake Erie Special Areas (SA) = Greenhouses Orchards Nurseries Jerusalem currently contains several greenhouses, orchards and nurseries which are scattered through-out the Township. Waterways that were rated for the LUAS were; Cedar and Crane Creeks; Ward and Coolie (Reno Side Cut) Canals; Wilhelm and Sacks Ditches; along with Lake Erie,which represents the most significant Visual Amenity within Jerusalem Township. There are also a small number scattered woodlot, of eight acres or less each. This maybe due to the fact that the majority of land is used for agriculture. IV - 17 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SENSITIVE AREAS The Environmental and Sensitive Areas factor represent both natural and man-made areas, and includes wetlands, soil erosion recession areas, historic and archeological sites. They are grouped together as one factor because of the need to recognize and preserve the unique and historic qualities of each. It is also important that individuals are aware of problems which may arise by developing in these areas. While development is not ruled out, it should be closely regulated. Care should be taken to review development impacts against losses of our cultural heritage and natural areas. The following is an explanation of Environmental and Sensi- tive areas, why they are significant, and how LUAS points were rated. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SENSITIVE AREAS LUAS 1 3 2 Points Ag. All other cells ESA ReAg. -- All other cells ESA ResComm/Ind. -- All other cells ESA Rec. Comm/d. -- All other cells ESA Rec. Comm. -- -All other cells ESA Op7n Speace ESA All other cells IV -18 IV - 18 WETLANDS A wetlands area includes those areas that are saturated by' surface-or ground water. The frequency and length of this saturating is sufficient to support vegetation typical of a wet- land (cattails, sawgrass, algae). Wetlands merit protection because of the many useful functions they perform. By preserving the natural drainage these areas help to prevent destructive erosion, and their unique ability to absorb and hold large-quantities of water makes them useful for flood barriers and storm protection. They also improve the water quality with the vegetation acting as a natural filter, trapping sediment and removing chemical pollutants. Wetlands can easily be destroyed by activities both in the wetland itself and in the surrounding area. Direct impact on the wetland may be caused by development within or adjacent to, the wetland area from filling, runoff, draining, flooding, or spraying the wetland for mosquito control. Filling a part of the wetland can be almost as detrimental as filling the entire wet- land. Draining the wetland not only destroys the important functions and values of the wetland, but also has a degrading influence on the environment in general. Draining a wetland causes the water table to be lowered locally, water quality to deteriorate, and downstream floods to be more frequent. Additionally, wetland soils are difficult to bring into good agricultural production because they oxidize, are frost pockets, and are subject to flooding in spring and in wet years. IIV - 19 The majority of wetlands lie within existing parks or wildlife areas and account for approximately 2947 acres or 15.7% of the Township. These areas provide Jerusalem Township with important open space and re- creational areas, and are used for fishing, hunting, canoeing, hiking, outdoor education and scientific research. Wetlands are important in providing wildlife habitats and the vegetative cover which helps to maintain a balanced eco-system. Care should be taken to minimize the destruction, loss or degradation of these areas and to preserve and enhance their natural values. (As governed under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment of 1972, Public Law 92-500.) IV,- 20 SOIL RECESSION RATES (erosion) The problems of shoreline erosion is not new to land and home owners along Lake Erie. Since a period of low water in the mid 1960's lake levels have increased steadily and reached a record high in June, 1973 (573.51 feet). The continuation of abnormally high lake levels, along with several severe storms, cause flooding of low-lying areas and a substantial increase in the * ~~shoreline soil recession rate (the net loss of shore land through natural processes and resulted in significant property damage I ~~and loss of valuable shoreland). Past high lake levels and storms in 1929-30, the mid 1940's and 1952 caused similar situations. While the problem remain much the same through out the years, increased development of the shore area has drastically magnified the consequences. For this reason, the Ohio Division of Geological Survey (ODNR) in 1970 began a series of county wide studies on I ~~shore erosion. The study, "Lake Erie Shore Erosion and Flooding, Lucas County, Ohio, (No. 107)", is a comprehensive investigation of Shoreline recession rates, influences responsible for, and * ~~critical areas prone to future erosion. Shore erosion cannot be related to only one cause, but instead is the result of interaction between several highly varied physical process, such as wave action (wave scour and abrasion, wave impact, wave pressure), weathering (slaking, freeze-thaw), mass wasting I ~~(block falls, debris flows) and surface runoff. IV - 21 It is important to realize the role the lake plays in shore erosion. To assume the lake is. directly responsible for all land loss along the shore is faulty. Even without the lake, erosion would occur. Weathering and surface runoff would still cause land loss. The lake, however, does cause loss principally through wave action. Undercutting of bluffs by wave action increases the likeli- hood of block falls and rotational slumps. Slaking is propagated by wave action. One of the most significant influences of the lake, however, is not as an agentof erosion but rather as an agent of transport. It is in this role that the lake perpetuates the problem of shore erosion. Urbanization of shore areas has in many cases had a destructive effect on the shoreline. Man's influence is widespread and in many cases, though intended to preserve the shoreline, actually-hastens its destruction. Along the Lucas County shoreline, however, the effects of man, in the form of shoreline protective structures, for the most part have been beneficial. These structures have two basic orientations-parallel to the shoreline and perpendicular to the shoreline. Parallel structures (seawalls and breakwaters)are intended to protect the shore from the effect of waves by forming an artificial barrier against waveenergy. Perpendicular structures (groins, jetties, and piers)act as sediment traps, trapping sand from the littoral system and building a beach to protect the shore. IV - 22 In general, parallel structures have had a positive effect on the Lucas County'shore. In areas where well-designed and well- constructed seawalls.were built, erosion has either been stopped or greatly reduced. Though, the effects of parallel structures on adjacent areas is minimal, perpendicular structures can have a significant negative effect on the adjacent shore. By removing material from the littoral system, perpendicular structures deprive downdrift areas of beach- building materials. Even if a jetty or a groin is filled, material is forced to-move around its lakeward end, forming a shadow zone downdrift. This shadow zone, which for large structures is estimated to be 5 times greater in length than the protected area, is sediment starved so that beach width is reduced and nearshore water depth increases. This allows greater wave energy to reach the shore and leads to increased shore erosion. Along the Lake Erie shoreline, where littoral drift is greater, groins have reduced recession measurable. This is especially well illustrated in the Reno Beach-Howard Farms Beach area and at Crane Creek State Park. A well-designed series of groins in an area with an adequate supply of sand can have a positive effect on the shore. Seawalls have been equally successful along the shoreline. Stone rubble, of sufficient size, placed along the shoreline has proven to be an effective low-cost method of reducing erosion of the shore. Erosion in many areas can be reduced drastically by effective IV- 23 conservation procedures including-landscaping and improved drainage.. Landscaping, particularly in bluff areas, can influence .erosion by reducing shear stress. Reduction of both surface runoff and ground- I ~~water saturation'through proper-drainage techniques and planting of adequate ground cover reduces loss through surface runoff and-lessens the change of mass wasting. I ~~~Structural protection, however, is not without fault. Although * ~~structural protection leads to a significant reduction in recession, it offers little protection from flooding unless considerable lengths U ~~of shoreline are uniformly protected. Both perpendicular and parallel structures may have detrimental effects on adjacent portions of the shore, perpendicular structures by interrupting littoral drift and parallel structures by increased wave reflection and increased scour in the nearshore zone. Because of possible adverse effects, permits must be obtained from the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources before structures can be constructed along the I ~~Ohio shoreline of Lake Erie. Monitoring is -necessary to prevent construction of poorly designed structures which might be detrimental to the overall shore environment. U . ~~Structural protection. is also costly in terms of money. spent by homeowners for beach retention, upkeep of private Protection structures and/or loss of home and property. Taxpayers carry part * ~~of the burden when federal relief monies are needed or protection structures are built with federal funding. U ~~~~~~~~~~~IV- 24 Better shoreline management is needed instead of or, in areas where it is economically feasible, in combination with shoreline protection structures. Shoreline management can be an effective I ~~too] in solving the problems of both erosion and flooding. Through the Jerusalem Township Land Use/Impact Plan people should be made aware of soil recession areas, and their potential hazards and costs. Development in these a reas should be res~tricted to protect public safety and loss of personal property. In Jerusalem Township soil recession areas'lie within the I ~~State Parks and National Wildlife Refuges (see map), and therefore * ~~are not the responsibility of the township. * ~~ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES Archeological sites are a valuable and non-renewable cultural * ~~resource that should be taken into account before any developmental or allocation decisions are made. The Ohio Historic Preservation office is currently conducting an inventory of sites within Lucas 3 ~~County and has thus far identified 14 confirmed and 8 unconfirmed archeological sites within Jerusalem Township. N ~~~These sites have been identified mainly along Cedar Creek, 3 ~~with two sites located within the proposed Maumee Bay State Park and the remainder scattered throughout the Township. The area I ~~along Cedar Creek is where early archaic settlements (5000 - 1000 B.C. 3 ~~took place in this region. While many sites have been identified along the creek, the inventory is not completed and consequently 3 ~~it is advisable to discourage development with 100 yards of the IV - 25 river bank, or any other'archeological sites, in order to protect the fringe areas. HISTORIC SITES The National Register of Historic Sites, established in 1935 is a listing of prehistoric and historic properties preserved because of local, state, or national significance. These propertie are protected from adverse impacts caused by state or federally funded and licensed projects.' This is done through federal law'. and the Ohio Revised Code. Currently, there are no historic sites listed in Jerusalem Township. IV - 26 I ~~~~~~~~~FLOOD PLAIN The LUAS uses the Ohio Capability Anal~ysis Program' "S'oil Flooding and FIA Flooding" map to identify areas of potential flood hazards. It I ~~is important to take flood areas into account when looking at future land developments. Building in flood-prone areas creates the unnecessary hazard of po- 3 ~~tential flood damage and loss of life. In addition, as buildings on a floodplain may act as partial dams, they add to the flooding problem I ~~by increasing the destructive effects of flooding upstr eam by raising the level of floodwaters. Since there is no method of preventing floods, emphasis must be placed on preventing development in such flood-prone areas. If flood maps are consulted before a development is begun, or before zoning regulations or land-use plans are formulated, the risk of I ~~incurring flood-related losses is greatly reduced. Because of the po- tential problem, the best use of flood prone areas are open space, rec- reation or agricultural uses. 3 ~~~Those sections of J3erusalem Township that are shown to be in the "FIA Flood Hazard Boundary Area`* are broken down into the following I ~~categories: No Lake Flooding - not in FIA flood area Moderate Flooding - within FIA flood area, and has none or only occasional soil problems (ponding due to a high water 3 ~~~~~table problem rather than stream bank overflow). Severe Flooding - within the FIA flood area, and has the additional problem of frequent soil flooding. The LUAS recognizes the need to encourage development to locate outside 3 ~the flood plain. It also recognizes the fact that commercial and industrial concerns may be better able to absorb the increased costs of development *"Flood Hazard Boundary Map," Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, FIA (Federal Insurance Administrationj Effective Date May 20, 1977. IV -27 in a flood plain area where there are none, or only occasional, soil flood- ing problems. FIA flood areas rated severe are not suitable for develop- ment due to the additional soil problems, such as drainage, a high water table and the shrink-swell potential. The LUAS points for each land use is assigned as follows: Flood Plain LUAS Points: 3 2 1 Agriculture Mod/severe Outside flood area Resi Outside -- Mod/severe Comm/Sm. Ind. Outside Moderate Severe Rec. Comm. Outside Moderate Severe Open Space Mod/severe Outside Of the 66.1 percent of Jerusalem Township that lies within the FIA Flood Hazard Area 50.8% is in the moderate flooding category and 11.1% is rated severe (4.2% of the land area is "not rated", all of which is within the FIA flood area). IV- 28 LEGEND GENERALIZED FLOOD PLAIN p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iT no lake flooding dAcqusiobn sUTI moderate lake flooding Fatare MOUR,,o Boy Sgqie Pork w'wr~~~~~~~~~~~~ P.ID~~~O~~- severe lake flooding CEARPODINT RD. -7R a CORDUROY SEAMAN Lri,. V U JDEUSAIHA~~N z --~Crao TOITBech E^e ar BROWN Igo L - L - - - - - J � - ---_ _--- 0 1/2 1 PREPARED BY ~ \-r JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP Generalized Flood Plain SCALEO YIE ~2 I ~~~~~~~~~SOIL LIMITATIONS The ability, or inability, of a soil to support a foundation or to hold I ~~vegetation are just two reasons why soil limitations are a significant factor to consider in land use planning. OCAP maps were used for each category (Agriculture, Residential, Commercial/Industrial, Recreational Commercial , Open Space) to evaluate development suitability. The fol- lowing OCAP maps were used in determining soil limitations: OCAP "Prime Agricultural Lands Map." 3 ~~This map was used to determine soils best suited for agricultural use. The listing of prime agricultural soils was provided by the District Con- I ~~servationist of the Soil Conservation Service in Lucas County. Soil fac- 3 ~~tors considered in this map were: 1. Erosion Factor "K" 2. Slope 3. Permeability 4. Stoniness *Other factors considered were: 1. Land Use U ~~OCAP "Limitations on Small Scale Development Map." I ~~This-map was used to determine soils best suited for residential develop- ments. Factors considered in this map were: U ~~~Soil -factors considered: 1. Limitations for homesites with basements, including: I ~ ~~~~texture flooding depth to seasonal water table depth to bedrock slope For a complete explanation of each soil factor, see Appendix A. .IV-29 shrink-swell potential stoniness 2. Limitations for septic systems, including: texture flooding depth to bedrock depth to seasonal high water table permeability slope Other factors considered: 1. FIA flooding 2. Soil flooding OCAP "Limitations for Large Scale Development Map." This map was used to determine soils best suited for commercial and indus- trial uses. Factors considered in this map were: Soil factors considered: 1. Limitations for small commercial structures, including: (same as homesites above, with more stringent ratings) Other factors considered: 1. FIA flooding 2. Depth to bedrock OCAP "Limitations for Seasonal Recreation Map." This map was used to determine soils best suited for Recreational Commercial Activities. Because of the severe soil wetness problem in Jerusalem Township areas were rated for the period May to November, the drier season. Factors considered were: Soil factors considered: 1. Susceptibility to flooding 2. Depth and duration of the seasonal high water table 3. Limitations for paths and trails (extensive recreation), including: texture unified class slope erosion factor K stoniness IV-30 4. Limitations for playgrounds (intensive recreation), including: texture stoniness depth to bedrock permeabi I i ty OCAP "Composite Limitation Map." This map was used to determine which soils had the least potential for development and should be left as Open Space. This map was generated by combining the following maps: Limitations for seasonal recreation Limitations for extensive recreation Limitations for intensive recreation Limitations for small scale development Limitations for large scale development Using the OCAP maps previously listed, LUAS points were given for each land use category as follows: LUAS POINTS: 6 4 2 Ag. Land suitable for Marginal All others Ag. Ag. lands Not rated areas (not on OCAP) Res. Slight (fewest), Severe mod. limitations Not rated Comm/ Moderate, slight Severe Not rated Ind. Open -not rated areas Suitable for Suitable for -very poor Ag. -extensive rec. -suitable for -any building building w/sewer Rec. Slight limitations Moderate Severe Comm. Not rated areas IV-31 I I I I I I I I I I I I 15 I I I 5555r,,.t., ,5155 y5j 5- .2 '4a S -4, 4 5.1 S 5 -5' 5 4, S S 4 444 t55 S 55- ,s. F5 '1 I 55455 445 5 5- 4- F s - a I ENERGY RELATED IMPACTS OF THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Site Description The total Davis-Besse site area is 954 acres of which 160 acres have been removed from production of grain crops and converted to industrial use. Approximately 600 acres of the area is marshland maintained as a wildlife refuge. Of the remaining non-marsh area, about 100 acres remain in their original state as woodland and low grassland, and about 230 acres are upland of the farmlands (160 acres). Most of this farmland will be occupied by Station structures, ponds (formed by filling of the borrow pits and quarry), and paved or landscaped areas around and between these features. A small area (about 15 acres), adjacent to Route 2 is farmed by a custodial employee, and a quarter of the crop will be left as food for wildfowl. The presence of the Station does not affect access to the lake, lakeshore, or surrounding land areas. Prior to acquisition the site area was privately or Federally owned, and the public had no access to the lakeshore. Sand Beach and Long Beach cottage communities are reached by a side road from Route 2, about a mile northwest of the site entrance. The Davis-Besse site includes a tract known as Navarre Marsh (524 acres). This tract was acquired from the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild- life, Department of Interior, in exchange for a similar marshland tract of about the same size known as Darby Marsh. Darby Mash is about 5 miles south- east, close to the western limits of the City of Port Clinton. A Memorandum of Understanding was signed on October 4, 1967, and a binding agreement was accepted by the U.S. Government on January 30, 1968. Under the terms of V-1 this agreement the unused portions (totalling 447 acres) of the original Navarre Tract is leased back to the Bureau. A fifty (50) year lease was signed on November 1, 1968. The remainder of the site was acquired from private owners in 13 parcels between December, 1967 and July, 1970. These acquisitions included 7 resi- dences, and displaced a total of 25 people. A 135-acre marsh area, pre- viously in private ownership, is leased to the Bureau for 25 years. In addition, the Bureau has been given management of another.33 acres of marshland without formal lease. These agreements give the Bureau manage- ment of the entire marsh area on the site, with the exception of 24 acres used for the construction of the'intake canal. Under the terms of the agreements with the Bureau, Toledo Edison has agreed to the following to improve the wildlife refuge areas: 1. A dike was constructed through the marsh at the northern edge of the site boundary in late summer of 1971; this season was chosen to avoid interference with nesting and migratory wildfowl. The dike separates the site refuge area from an adjoining private marsh, permitting water level control for improved marsh management. 2. Existing dikes on the Navarre Marsh were in poor repair when the site was acquired; these have been repaired and are maintained. The banks ofthe intake canal have also been seeded and planted to prevent erosion. 3. Permanent water pumps to control water levels for operation by the Bureau as part of the marsh management program have been installed. 4. Construction workers have been kept out of the marsh areas. The site includes a drainage canal right-of-way to the Toussaint River near its point of discharge into Lake Erie. In March, 1971, Toledo Edison V-2 purchased the remaining property between the southern site boundary and the river (a total of 188 acres) to prevent further development close to the site boundary and as further protection for the wildlife habitat. This tract is not part of the site proper and is leased to a private con- I ~~cern for wildfowl hunting. I ~~Of the property retained by the Toledo Edison (a total of 339 acres) the graded and fenced Station area, exclusive of the cooling tower, will occupy 56 acres. Operation of on-site borrow pits, the quarry, and the concrete batch plant have eliminated major sources of heavy truck traffic frequently associated I ~~with large construction projects. In cooperation with the Ohio Department of Highways, State Route 2 was widened at the construction road entrance to provide turning and passing lanes, as a means of expediting traffic flow in and out of the site. On-site parking is provided for all construction workers. IMPACTS OF DAVIS-BESSE Land Use 3 ~~Davis-Besse Plant #1 was constructed during the period of 1970 to 1977. During this time the work force was approximately 1,100, with a peak of 3 ~~1,600 workers during 1973. Since the local region (Toledo, Port Clinton, Fremont-, Sandusky) was not able to supply the skilled labor force needed, I ~~workers either commuted or moved into the area during the peak construc- tion period. The construction experience with Unit No. I indicates that 60 to 65% of all I ~~construction workers were registered with construction unions outside of a 50-mi radius of the station site. Of the permanent staff for Unit No. I * ~~~~~~~~~~~~V- 3 3 ~~approximately 10% live in the area, 10% moved in from other areas and 80% commute. A similar pattern is expected for Units No. 2 and 3. N ~~During peak construction for Units No. 2 and 3, the employment statistics are expected to follow the same pattern as Unit No. 1. 2,300 employees are expected to be on the job site during peak construction period of Units 1 ~~2 an d 3. Of this total, assuming the employment patterns will follow those for Unit No. 1, approximately 35%, or 805 employees, will be obtained from construction unions located within a 50-mi radius of the site. U ~~The construction of Units No. 2 and 3 was scheduled to begin at a time when Unit No~ I would be essentially completed. Thus, the construction of Units I ~ ~No. 2 and 3 would have been a continuation of the construction of Unit No. 1 ~~1, with the same pool of workers being employed. This construction schedule would have required only about 50% more workers to be added to the already present labor force. Original completion dates for the two addi- tional units were 1988 (No. 2) and 1990 (No. 3). However, Toledo Edison I ~~have delayed construction starting dates of Units No. 2 and 3 while study- 3 ~~~ing the feasibility of the additional facilities.To date, no construction permits have been issued. The Davis-Besse Power Facility I and the potential Facilities TI and III have an actual and potential impact upon Jerusalem Township necessitating a Comprehensive Land Use/Impact Plan for the township to respond adequately. The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power facilities influence population influx, employment patterns, demands for public facilities and affect recreational resources. I ~~A major regional power facility such as Davis-Besse has short term employ- ment impact upon Jerusalem Township. The 2,300 construction workers, of * ~~~~~~~~~~~V-4 3 ~~which about 60% pass through Jerusalem Township from Oregon and Toledo, will increase and compound existing traffic problems on State Route 2. I ~~This not only affects existing uses along the route, but also poses the potential for commercial development to serve this extensive traffic. I ~ ~Similarly, some of the major power lines from Davis-Besse cross Jerusalem 3 ~~Township, creating some potential for industrial development as well as visual and environmental effects. I ~~Due to Davis-Besse,and potential industrial facilities locating in this area to take advantage of Davis-Besse power and Lake Erie water resources, I ~~employment patterns will shift eastward from Toledo into the Oregon port 3 ~~area. This pattern will bring ever increasing pressure in Jerusalem Town- ship for residential and small scale commercial developments. I ~~The movement of population through the Township on State Route 2 and the 3 ~~potential new residence will create new demands on public facilities and services, such as public sewer and water from Oregon, road improvements, 3 ~~police, and schools. 3 ~~Total permanent employment for Facilities 1, 2 and 3 will be approximately 600 workers. Jerusalem Township offers a rural atmosphere to live mid-way 3 ~~between work, Toledo, and recreational facilities. The township has traditionally been a rural area, heavily farmed and strongly influenced by I ~~its lakeshore location. There has been a moderate increase in general 3 ~~development, primarily residential activity in Jerusalem in the past five years, and the further power plant development will have some impact in 3 ~~continuing and increasing this development. 3 ~~Jerusalem Township is a valuable, but fragile environmental area. Within the Township are areas designated as "areas of particular concern" (i.e. V-5 coastal zone areas, a national wildlife refuge, marshland, and part of a new proposed state park). About one-half of the Township is within the 100-year flood plain. This area and a large part of the rest of the Town- ship has a high seasonal water table. Other problems include shoreland erosion and difficulties of on-site sanitary disposal and an adequate water supply, due to soil conditions. Thus, while an average of 12 new resi- dential units per year (1970-1978) will not normally cause problems, any new development, whether industrial, commercial or residential, has a sig- nificant input on the Township environment. The potential for environment pollution from package treatment plants and septic tanks is great. Using land capability studies can help to identify the amount and allocation of growth possible within the Township. The Land Use Plan then sets policies and suitable areas to handle these uses. JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS Year No. D.U's Difference % Change 1960 (Census) 1176 ---- 1970 (Census) 1018 -156 -1.3% 1970 1025 +7 .69% 1971 1034 +9 .88% 1972 1060 +26 2.51% 1973 1081 +21 1.98% 1974 1086 +5 .46% 1975 1093 +7 .64% 1976 1101 +8 .73% 1977 1118 +17 1.54% 1978 1134 +16 1.43% Note: While some residential development can be attributed to natural growth the major increase occurred in 1972 and 1973, the time of peak employment at Davis-Besse. V-6 AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT The major environmental impacts on the aquatic ecosystem are the mechani- cal, thermal and chemical effects resulting from the intake of water from Lake Erie, passage through the Station, and discharge back into the lake. Intake ' The water intake crib is about 3,000 feet from shore in 11-15 feet of water (depending on lake level). Since the vertical downflow through the slots in the intake crib will be a maximum of 0.5 feet/second, entrain- ment of fish has been reduced.' Experience at the Indian Point Power Plant on the Hudson River indicates that the number of entrained small fish re- mains relatively constant at intake velocities up'to about 1.0 feet/second, at which point the number increased greatly. Adul't fish should be able to avoid being drawn into the intake, although young fish or weak adults swimming too near the intake will probably be entrained. Trawling catches of young-of-the-year near Crane Creek (6 miles northwest of the station) indicate that gizzard shad, alewife, drum, white bass and shiners are likely to be the most abundant young fish near the intake crib. Most fish that are entrained in the intake water will be impinged on the traveling screens located in the intake structure at the end of the intake canal. Station Passage Planktonic organisms contained in the intake water, fish fry and eggs small enough to pass the 1/4-inch openings in the traveling screens will be subjected to mechanical, thermal and chemical damage during passage through the Station. On the average an organism will spend about 20 hours in the Station, during which time it will go through periods of chlorina- tion (which alone will probably cause 100% mortality) and several trips through condensers and pumps where it will be subjected to mechanical V-7 abrasion and thermal shock. It is estimated that the probability of an organism leaving the cooling tower circulating water system after only one I ~~pass is only 2%. Therefore, practically every organism entrained in the * ~~intake water is killed. Discharge I ~~Water from the Station's collecting basin will be discharged into Lake Erie. This water will generally be warmer than Lake Erie (except for a few days in the fall when it will probably be a few degrees cooler) and 3 ~~will contain the same dissolved solids as normal in Lake Erie water, but at approximately twice the concentrations. Dissolved oxygen concentra- I ~~tions will be near lake levels. I ~~Approximately one half acre of the bottom near the discharge in Lake Erie will be covered with riprap an d the benthic community in the area will be altered. There should be no increase in turbidity. I ~~The Station's liquid effluents are discharged from a submerged jet at a maximum exit velocity of 6.5 feet/sec to promote rapid mixing and dilu- I ~ ~tion. Since the lake bottom for about 200 feet downstream of the exit 3 ~~is lined with rockfill, scouring of the sandy bottom'with attendant tur- bidity during normal operation is not expected. However, there will I ~~probably be some turbidit y for short periods after start up, due to ma- terials which have settled in front of the di scharge during shut down. Thermal 3 ~~Approximately 98% of the waste heat produced by the Station is discharged to the atmosphere via the cooling tower. The remaining 2% is discharged I ~~to Lake Erie with the cooling tower blowdown. The resulting maximum heat V-.8 load to the lake is 138 million BUT/hr (13,800 gpm at a temperature 20�F above ambient lake temperature). The maximum load will occur during April. (See Table below). Temperature Difference between Station Cooling Tower Blowdown Water and Ambient Lake (OF) Minimum Average Maximum January -3 11.2 29 February 3 17.0 25 March 9 16.0 23 April 10 19.1 30 May 5 15.0 23 June 3 14.0 22 July 6 12.1 20 August 5 10.0 14 September -5 5.0 14 October 6 17.0 23 November 7 17.1 30 December 8 18.2 30 Atmospheric wet-bulk temperatures (taken at the on-site meterology tower) were used to determine the cooling tower blowdown temperatures. The lake water temperatures were subtracted to obtain these numbers. Source: "Final Environmental Statement related to Construction of Davis- Besse Nuclear Power Station," U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, March, 1973. The cooling tower blowdown and service water which the Station discharges to Lake Erie, via a submerged jet, will be heated no more than 20�F above the ambient lake water temperature. Although some small fish and plankton in the discharge water plume will be disabled as a result of thermal shock and exposure to chlorine and buffeting, few adult fish will be af- fected. The thermal plume resulting from the maximum thermal discharge is V-9 I ~~calculated to have an area of less than one acre within the 30O isotherm * ~~(above lake ambient). The elevated temperatures in the 3 0 isotherm could increase production I ~~and 'shift the species composition to a predomin ance of blue-green algae 5 ~~earlier in the year. The filamentous blue-green alga Alphanizomenon flosaque, common at the Davis-Besse site, could produce a nuisance water 3 ~~bloom. However, the localized area and short residence time of algae in the thermal plume preclude an extensive nuisance bloom of algae caused 3 ~~by the increased water temperature. 3 ~~AVIAN ENRIONMENT The site is within a flyway for migratory birds, songbirds as well as I ~~waterfowl. The cooling tower and transmission lines are potential ob- structions to migrating birds, who might be killed or wounded by flying into these structures when they are forced by adverse weather to fly I ~~under low clouds. Major kills (several thousand in one night) are gen- erally associated with peak periods of migrations (particularly in the 3 ~~fall, when total numbers of migrating birds are much larger than in the spring), where the birds started migrating under favorable weather con- 3 ~~ditions with good tail winds, then encountered a weather front with low, deep cloud cover, possibly with fog or mist, and were forced to fly low. 1 ~~Nav igational lights on tall (generally about 1000 feet) towers apparently 3 ~~attract the birds who become confused and fly into the ground, buildings, or tower guy wires. Small losses can occur intermittently during peak 3 ~~periods of migration, even on clear nights with good visibility. 3 ~~The structures present on the Davis-Besse site, because of their size (cooling tower, 495 ft. high; shield building, 240 ft. high; and meteor- I ~~~~~~~~~~~V-10 I ological tower, 300 ft. high), are a cause of bird mortality during noc- turnal migration-. Because of the sites proximity to two important migra- Ition lanes, the number of bird kills may be higher than would normally be expected. One migration lane runs from Point Pelee, Ontario, south across the Lake Erie Islands to Marblehead and Cedar Point, Ohio. This lane is used by migrating birds during both spring and fall migrations. The Perry International Peace Monument located in this lane at Put-In-Bay, South Bass Island, has also been responsible for bird kills during spring migration. The site is also located within a second migration lane, which runs along the Lake Erie shoreline from Sandusky to Toledo. This lane is probably used most extensively during spring migration when northward migrating birds encounter Lake Erie and are diverted westward along the lakeshore. Observations of bird mortality that result from structure impacts were begun in the fall of 1972 to cover the period of migration and continued in the spring and fall periods of 1973, and the spring of 1974. Over the period of observations, 334 bird kills were directly attributed to collision with unit structures. The species found in the three periods were predominantly warblers, kinglets, and fringillids (sparrows, finches, and buntings). It has been observed at the Davis-Besse site that waterfowl and other large birds generally avoid the site structures. With the exception of a ring- billed gull, no evidence of their collision was found. Transmission lines have horizontal wires, but they are much lower than the other structures on the site. Therefore, major kills of nocturnal migrants are not expected to occur. Occasional mortalities may occur, but these are not expected to be significant compared to the numbers that die from other migrational hazards. V-ll The transmission lines are not expecred to be an electrical hazard to birds. Studies of bird electrocutions on power lines indicate that the I ~~lower voltage distribution lines (under 60 kV, particularly the three-phase, 4-carrier lines with spacing less than 6 feet between the phase conductors and ground wire), are the lines involved in bird electrocutions, not the 3 ~~higher voltage transmission lines, such as those located on the Davis- Besse site. ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS I ~~The operation of the facility will riot produce any non-radioactive gaseous or particulate emissions that could constitute a hazard to the health and safety of on-site or off-site populations. The only emission of exhaust 3 ~~gases as a consequence of normal operation will occur during the periodic operation of auxiliary boiler units. These units will be fired by No. 2 I ~~fuel oil and will be of such a size that they will not constitute a sig- i ~~nificant source of atmospheric emissions. The emissions, when they do occur during limited operating periods, will not exceed any applicable I ~~emission standard (federal, state, or local) for new sources. The signif- icant applicable regulations cover the pounds per hour emitted and the 3 ~~maximum 1-hour ground level ambient air concentration. The impact of the intermittent operation of the boilers is insignificant when longer term averaging periods are used to evaluate the ambient air quality. The emissions generated by the operation of Units No. 2 and 3 will be such that no specific emission control equipment will be needed. Therefore, 3 ~~there will be no risk of increased emissions due to emission control equip- ment fail ures. The emission of water vapor from the proposed cooling towers will, on V-12 occasion, produce a visible plume. The plume forms from the condensto of water evaporated from the towers. The hyperbolic, natural draft coal- U ~~ing towers will be approximately 500 ft. tall, with a throat diameter of 3 ~~approximately 250 ft. Under the average climatic conditions conducive to the formation of a plume, the plume will extend for a distance of 1.5 miles * ~~downwind. 3 ~~Ground level effects of fog or vapors due to emission from the cooling towers are considered negligible, with less than a 0.5% increase in fog 3 ~~conditions. This does not mean more foggy days but an earlier onset and a later termination of natural fog than would occur if there were no emis- I ~~sions from the cooling towers. * ~~Under a particular set of meteorological conditions the plume from the * ~~cooling towers can be trapped in the wake formed by the wind blowing around the towers. Under these conditions, the plume may be carried down to the ground. If ambient temperatures are below freezing, the plume may deposit material that may freeze. It is predicted that this condition 3 ~~will exist for no more than a total of 17 hr. during the winter season. 3 ~~The natural draft towers will allow the omission of 72,086 lb. of water in the form of droplets into the atmosphere each hour. Less than 1% of 3 ~~this amount will be deposited on the ground outside the site boundaries. 3 ~~The off-site occurrence of fog, mist, and icing due to cooling tower effluents will not have any substantial effect on any transportation I ~~route or facility. State Route 2 is the closest highway that could be affected by the fogging and icing due to the operation of natural draft cooling towers at the Davis-Besse site. However, the maximum frequency of reduced visibility to 1,000 m or less over Route 2 is predicted to be only 3 hours per year. 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~V-13 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IN ~~~~~~Imat CHAPTER VI NON-ENERGY RELATED IMPACTS The greatest non-energy impact on Jerusalem Township are the large govern- ment (federal, state, county) land holdings, in the form of parks and wild- life refuges. These areas take up approximately 6227 acres or 33% of the township and are: Cedar Point National Wildlife Refuge 2245 acres Coolie Canal County Marina and Park 20.3 acres Crane Creek State Park 79.2 acres Magee Marsh 105.6 Maumee Bay State Park Currently under State ownership 480.61 acres To be acquired 660.42 State Park Total 1141.23 Metzger Marsh 558 acres Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge 2078 acres in Lucas County Total 6227.33 Public land ownership can take valuable agricultural lands out of production and reduce taxable resources. It should be noted, however, that the govern- ment lands are for the most part wetland areas and create additional recrea- tional opportunities in Jerusalem Township. Crane Creek State Park occupies a 2.5 mile stretch of lakeshore adjacent to Magee Marsh, in the eastern tip of Jerusalem Township. This 72 acre site is a popular picnicking, swimming and fishing area. It is estimated that there are about 125,000 yearly visitors, with an average daily attend- ance of 2,500. VI- 1 Magee and Metzger Marsh State Wildlife Areas are located in a prime waterfowl area. Magee Marsh is established as'a wildlife experiment station and serves I ~~as headquarters for wildlife waterfowl research. Metzger Marsh offers a boat launching ramp which provides boaters with protected access, via Wards Canal, to Lake Erie and a fishing pier located at the mouth of the canal. The pub- I ~~lic is admitted to these wildlife areas for fishing, nature study and con- trolled hunting in season. Coolie Canal Marina and Park is a county-owned facility which offers over- 3 ~~night camping and a boat Ilaunch area. Cedar Point and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuges ate operated by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. They U ~~are managed solely for the conservation-of wildlife, with special emphasis on migratory wildfowl. The only public access is for use of existing nature I ~~trails. I ~~Maumee Bay State Park, when completed, will have by far the greatest impact on Jerusalem Township, with an expected annual park attendance of: Stage I - Campground facility scheduled opening - 1980 Projected attendance - 80,000 I ~~~~~Stage 2 - Beach and picnic area scheduled opening - 1981 Projected attendance - 828,800 5 ~~~~~Stage 3 - Lodge and cabin area scheduled opening - 1984 Projected attendance - 1,000,000 3 ~~The peak hours of travel is' expected at 4 to 5 p.m. on weekdays and 11 a.m. to noon on Sundays. This peak will create its own demand for convenience I ~~food carry-out facilities and restaurants. This demand will begin in Stage 1 (Campground Facilities, 250 sites), due to open in 1980, and will greatly .increase in Stage 2 when the Beach and Picnic area opens. A small increase VI -2 in demand would be seen with the addition of the lodge and cabins. Thus, the proposed park will have the greatest land use impact on these kinds of food services. A small demand increase may result for traffic going towards the east on S.R. 2. Therefore, a gas station may appear at the N. Curtice Road and S.R. 2 intersection. Also possible at this location, is a combination carry-out and gas station. There are sufficient gas stations to the west of S.R. 2. Perhaps the hardest to.predict is boating demand, since ODNR, at present, is not proposing a boat launch and marina. Fbwever, it is safe to predict that campers who bring boats will use the nearby facilities, such as Anchor Point Marina, Lucas County Marina and Coolie Canal Marina, all off of Cor- duroy Road. Also, several miles further to the east, off of S.R. 2 is a State of Ohio Marina and Robo Marina. Besides demand for more boat launches, there will also be an increased de- mand for boat storage and service facilities. Unless these facilities are part of a marina, they seek lower priced land and probably would not be able to afford land prices along S.R. 2, locating instead on side roads. Thus, the demand on the boat storage and service facilities such as Anchor Point Marina would increase. At some point in the future, boat storage buildings could appear on Cedar Point Road, N. Curtice Road, or more likely, on Corduroy Road. Corduroy Road to the east is a direct route from Maumee Bay State Park to the Anchor Point Marina area, and has several boat related commercial uses already existing there. VI 3 With Oregon and Toledo a few miles away, most demand for entertainment facilities can be accommodated by existing establishments. The exception would be establishments for teenagers, and perhaps bars and niteclubs. The problem of activities for teenagers under 16, or for those without access to a car, is of particular concern since any land use impact would be within walking distance of the park. Uses which would cater to teenagers would be putt-putt courses and penny arcades. Possible locations for these uses would be Cedar Point Road between Stadium Road and N. Curtice Road or on Bay Shore Road. The development of private campgrounds is a likely impact, since there is a location advantage of spillover from other camp grounds which may be full. Camp grounds tend to locate near some natural features. Since the lake frontage is now in either developed in older subdivisions, or is in govern- ment ownership, the likely site locations would be wooded. There are two woods just to the south of the State Park, and one to the west. However, if the demand is great enough, especially after the beach is opened in 1981, open field camp sites are possible. At this time it is not foreseen that the Maumee Bay State Park will encourage second home subdivisions or mobile home park developments. The current lack of infrastructures (public sewer and water) will preclude any large scale or high density development in the township. To develop the land use controls needed to regulate future park related development and mitigate any detrimental impacts, the following are recom- mended: V -4 1 ~~~1. Develop within the park a State operated commissary for campers to reduce the need for vehicle trips from the park during a * ~~~~camper's stay. 2. Encourage local government to strengthen land use controls to prevent detrimental, marginal development and provide effective I ~~~~zoning. 3. As part of the lodge facility, provide an area for teenagers with I ~~~~pin-ball machines, etc. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~T I I I I I I I I I 'WVY'- �?, '�" I I I I I I I I I CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Work on the Jerusalem Township Land Use/Impact Plan began in January, 1979, under a Coastal Energy Impact Program Grant 308 (c) from the Ohio Department of Energy. Committees involved in the planning and review process were: The Lucas County Planning Commissioners, Jerusalem Township Trustees, Jer- usalem Township Zoning Board, various local interest groups, (among these the Jerusalem Township Civic and Improvement League, and the various democrat clubs). Meetings held with these groups include: January 12, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board January 29, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board 'February 12, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees August 20, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board September 10, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board October 4, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board, citizen groups, and residents. November 19, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board December 20, 1979 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board January 3, 1980 - Jerusalem Township Trustees and Zoning Board, citizen groups, residents, and OCAP/ODNR. The purpose of the meetings was to explain the planning process (how Jerusalem Township relates to county-wide planning, the role of elected officials and citizens), and combined Land Use Allocation and Ohio Capability Analysis (LUAS/OCAP) criteria and scoring system, and to present a preliminary land use allocation map for discussion. The LUAS/OCAP criteria, scoring systems, and maps were reviewed and found acceptable by all groups. These then formed the basis on which the land use plan was developed. VII - 1 I I It should be noted that while many of the meetings held were with the Jerusalem Trustees and Zoning Board, all the meetings were open to the public and representatives of the various citizen groups were invited. | For additional information on meetings see Appendix C. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1.~~~~~VII I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I p95 :y F$1� SUMMARY LAND USE After the points for the factors -have been recorded, they are totalled for each grid cell. The maximum number of points any one grid cell could accrue in each category is: 26 for agricultural use, 28 for resi- dential, 26 for commercial/industrial, 26 for recreational commercial, and 27 for open space (this represents the number received in each cate- gory when the highest score is given for the nine factors). The Summary Land Uses are determined by the land use receiving the high- est score. However, the designation of a parcel is preferable for-a specific use should not be interpreted to mean that only that use is acceptable and all other uses are unacceptable. The intention of the LUAS is to present a ranking of uses based on their comparison. It does not indicate what uses are unacceptable for a given parcel; only which use is preferable as compared to the other four. So when a parcel is given a summary use of agricultural, it is not to be inferred that resi- dential or park uses would be unacceptable. Any or all of the other uses may or may not be acceptable. VIII1 * ~~~~~~~~~OVERRIDING FACTORS The Land Use Allocation System provides a foundation on which to evaluate land uses. This system assumes that only nine factors exert influence I ~~over the land's capability and suitability for development, and that this influence is equal among factors. While this assumption is useful and not unrealistic in doing the general land use analysis, it is also not unrealistic to expect some modifications in the summary uses. Some sum- mary scores must be adjusted to reflect an influence stronger than any I ~~combination of factors. * ~~The adjustment process begins with review of the Summary Uses and the use of in-house knowledge of specific areas to question and re-evaluate some I ~~of the summary allocations. If the use assigned to a parcel appears to be inappropriate, the parcel is further evaluated to verify or deny the need to amend the summary use. This is done with a field check of the site and/or an investigation into the history of any actions taken to rezone, divide or develop it. In some cases, a single capability or suitability factor can have an over- I ~~riding impact on its use, but because the LUAS values all factors equally, the' significance of a single factor can be over-shadowed by the other eight. For instance, a parcel that has a summary use of agricultural with a soil capacity of one (LUAS rating, unsuitable for farming) cannot realistically be put to such a use. In this case, the category with the I ~~next highest score was determined as most suitable. During the first run of the L.U.A.S. when ties resulted between two or more land uses (this usually happened between agriculture and open space) VIII -2 the final use was determined by the following criteria: 1st - Use the two or more land uses that tied. 2nd - If the cell is surrounded on three sides by one of the tied land uses, select, that one. 3rd - Go with existing land use, as shown on the Jerusalem Township current land use map (T.L.C.P.C.). 4th - For intersections on Jerusalem Road, go with a commercial/indus- trial rating if it is one of the uses that tied. 5th - If none of the above apply, select the land use that is on two sides or most predominant in the surrounding area. f - . ~VIII 3 I~:Vf- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~VI * ~~~~~~~~~LAND USE DISTRICTS 1 ~~The color coded summary use map is only the first step to a completed land use plan. Major land use categories (agriculture, commercial/industrial, recreational commercial, open space, residential) need to be generalized from the small scale data squares to larger planning areas or districts, defined by physical and legal barriers. The two districts defined by physical boundaries are the parts of Crane and I ~~Cedar Creeks encompassed by the FIA flood hazard areas. The remaining dis- I ~~tricts are divided by dikes, ditches, canals and various roadways throughout the township. I ~~The ideal use for each district was determined by overlaying the district map and the Land Use Allocation System Summary Map, then calculating the number of squares in each use category for a district. The land use with * ~~the largest number of squares was then assigned to the total district. ~~~~~~~~~~~VI4 * ~~~~~~~~~SUITABILITY LAND USE I ~~Th e suitability land use map, an end product of the generalized district I ~~maps, is then the "ideal" land use for any given area. Open space was automatically assigned to the wetland areas and includes park and wooded lands. The residential area incorporates not only housing uses, but neighborhood scale commercial facilities and recreation areas as well, I ~~while the agricultural areas would include farm buildings and farm homes. I ~~Commercial/Industrial areas would include everything from light industrial parks to office parks, community and regional shopping facilities. Rec- U ~~reational commercial uses would include marinas, campgrounds and sportsman clubs (gun clubs, hunting clubs, etc.). The suitability land use, however, must be evaluated in terms of the needs for varying amounts of uses in a third phase before a final land use plan can be chosen. Furthermore, change in any factor could indicate a change of ideal land use assignment, such as the addition of public sewer and I ~~water lines. In fact, the advisability of extending utilities to a given area could be determined by a dry run refactorin~g of any changes it would cause in the ideal land use summary. I ~~The suitability land use assignments are not meant to be used for determin- ing the use of individual pieces of land, but rather as a guide to major land separations. Any particular site would still have to be evaluated and then zoned for a particular type of industry, park or residence. In other words, a suitability land use plan is not a zoning map. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ill Li ~NATIONMAL WILDLIFE LEGEND AG. I '--mm ~~IPlanning Districts PAUE- BAY 13TATE PAR AG. - Agricultural L CKDAH POIN __ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RES. - Residential IR -11 101 O~N 30500 -1Py - m-Nm IF COMM.- Commercial I OS. %uu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~um..m~~~~~~~~~~p ~~O.S. -Open Space I I~~~~~~~AOEY O.S.COOLIE CAOAL I AKOUSITE AN I~~~~~~~~~~s MARIN. i~ AG. I ~o~~ss 21 AG. 2 I H I I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RENO AG. I AG. IAG. MAcS RD I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A. - m m 'I~~~~~ r'- I * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AG. COMM . J1 . . . . .li� - JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP SUITABILITY LAND USE & PLANNING DISTRICTSWE PA~ AG. OTTAW~~~~~~~~~~~~~1A1 MAIOIAL DF ESG PLAN~ C4XWM ENACJ I~ ~ ~ ~~~Jrslm Finshi I~ ~ ~~~~lkd u se pa ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- CHAPTER IX I d~~~~~~~~~ERUSALEM TOWNSHIP * ~~~~~~~~FUTURE LAND USE PLAN 3 ~~The Land Use Plan that follows represents a composite of the elements pre- sented in the preceding sections, and takes into 'account the realities of I ~~current development trendsand the goals and policies of ~Jerusalem Town- * ~~ship. It should be emphasized that the Plan represents what is felt to be the I ~~best future use of land based upon today's knowledge and trends. The Plan is by no means rigid or unchangeable. It should be re-assessed periodically and adjusted to meet new trends and to allow flexibility in cases where an * ~~alternative use may be as desirable as the one initially proposed. 3 ~~It should be noted that the 'Plan as presented is intended to show general- ized land use and is not intended to indicate precise size, shape or dimen- 3 ~~sion. The proposals reflect future land use recommendations and do not neces- sarily imply short range zoning proposals. Because the map represents general policies, it cannot be an absolute I ~~textbook for future growth within the township. Most lines on the map are 3 ~~not shown as definite boundaries, but as suggested general areas for a spe- cific character of development. It is the daily and monthly implementation 3 ~~of the development process via the township officials and the County Planning Commission that really formulates the detail and character of the master plan I ~~as it is made real over the next ten to twenty years. There are, however, some guidelines for use of the master plan map. These are as follows: I ~~Resid ential Areas Three basic types of residential areas are shown on the map. These are not indicated by the characteristic designations of housing type but by density. * ~~These density figures indicate a range of densities of dwelling units per gross acre. They do not designate whether the form of housing must be in single family units, two family units, mobile homes, or apartments. This * ~~distinction is made in order to encourage the use of flexible development concepts which can best meet both private housing market needs and the public interest. Within a single development, there might be single family dwell- ings, townhouses, and apartments each positioned according to the best loca- U ~~tion for view, accessibility,- and availability of publ ic services. It be- comes the responsibility of the County Plan Commission and the Township, then, to decide whether or not a proposed project, which falls within the overall density guideline, is suitable for the area proposed. * ~~The HIGHEST DENSITY RESIDENTIAL area is located in the southwest corner of the township. It is the area when the majority of residential activity is 3 ~~occurring. This may be due to the fact that the soils are better drained and more suited to residential development, influence of the proposed Maumee Bay State Park, and its proximity to the unincorporated Village of Curtice. I ~~It should be noted that soils were rated in relationship to other soils in the Jerusalem Township. All township soils have a moderate to severe wetness problem requiring drainage or special construction. The moderate rate in 3 ~~this area indicates the relative ease in overcoming construction and soil I ~~~~~~~~~~~~IX - 2 strength problems. Sanitary sewers are not expected to be constructed during the planning period, or before 2000. Therefore, all residential I ~~development must rely on oh-site dispo sal of septic effluent. I ~~While the minimum density allowed is one dwelling unit per a cre (county sub- division and health regulation), the density of development in this as well as all other residential areas is subject to the availability of potable 3 ~~water and a suitable sanitary system. Availability of public water may re- duce the amount of land required for an on-si te sanitary system. U ~~MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL includes the existing residential developments in Jerusalem Township (Reno'Beach, Bono, Howard Farms). These areas were platted in the 1920's, with much of the original housing existing today. I ~~A large portion of these platted lots are undeveloped due to small lot sizes, poorly drained soils and flooding problems. While development of these areas is not discouraged,, larger lot sizes are needed and additional building cost incurred to overcome these problems when building pew houses. THE LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL area lies adjacent to the high density area, in the southern section of the Township. As with the high density area, soils 3 ~~in this section are the best suited in Jerusalem Township for residential development. The rational for developing the low density classification is to prevent the 3 ~~strip residential deve lopment that is occurring along some township roads, keep the land in agricultural production, and reserve areas for future growth. If housing development follows the pattern of the last decade (12 new I ~~dwelling units per year) there will be a need for approximately 150 new I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IX --3' units by 2000, all of which can be accommodated within the high density area. Therefore, the low density residential area should be developed at I ~~a density of one dwelling unit per 10 acres until such time that additional 3 ~~high density residential land is needed. Agricultural Area I ~~The agricultural area is characterized by substantial amounts of prime 3 ~~farmland and a concentration of working farms. This area contains soil that is highly desirable for agriculture. Because residential development and agricultural activities tend to conflict, there is a real need to restrict such development if agriculture is~to remain a viable activity in I ~~Jerusalem Township. It is, therefore, recommended that single family dwell- 3 ~~ings only be allowed on an arbitrarily large lot size (e.g. 20 acres or more). Such single family development is more compatible with surrounding 3 ~~agricultural activity, and will prevent the encroachment of subdivisions and frontage development onto farmland which often leads to the demise of I ~~the latter. The boundaries 'shown on the map should not be considered in- 3 ~~flexible. However, all of this area, as well as the major portion of the Township, is highly suited for crop~production. This area would be the 3 ~~basis on which to develop an agricultural district for the long term preser- vation of farm lands. Open Space 3 ~~The majority of Open Space is located in the parks and wildlife areas, with the remainder along Crane and Cedar Creeks. While portions of the State I ~~and Federal Lands are currently being farmed, they ar e classified as open 3 ~~spate because of their intended use and ownership. I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IX'- 4 The areas along Crane and Cedar Creeks are classified as Open :Space because they are flood plain areas. While flood prone areas can and are being used for agriculture, residential developments should be precluded. 3 ~~Commercial/ Industrial The commercial areas located on the Land Use Plan are those areas most ap- I ~~propriate for commercial growth, which contain a substantial amount of commercial activity or which have been experiencing residential growth. I ~~These areas are the intersections of Jerus alem Road and North Curtice, Cousino 3 ~~and Teachout Roads, and at Brown and North Curtice Road. While a portion of Jerusalem Road has been indicated for commercial growth, proper planning of these establishments is essential to prevent strip de- 3 ~~velopment. It is recommended that only small portions of Jerusalem Road be zoned for commercial development at one time. These development areas should 3 ~~be phased in and rezoned as demand is indicated. It should be noted that while certain locations have been designated for commercial development, these I ~~areas are not inflexible, depending upon future demand. Hobwever, a central 3 ~~goal of the land use plan is to encourage commercial growth in a few areas to prevent scatteration. Commercial areas should be limited in number, 3 ~~and located accordingly. 3 ~~Development of a heavy industrial area is not expected for Jerusalem Township. For this reason it is recommended that light industry be located in the com- I ~~mercial areas. 3 ~~Recreational Commercial* This classification was created to deal with the increasing pressures for I ~~more recreation related businesses (i.e. marinas, campgrounds). The two I~~~~~~~~~~~~I I ~~areas identified are adjacent to Ward and Coolie Canals, with existing rec- reationalI commercial activities and access to Lake Erie. These areas need to be better regulated, in order to protect the environmentally sensitive 3 ~~areas and adjacent residential developments, and provide for better site design. Concl us ion 3 ~~The increasing population and new park development in the community will generate additional demands upon Jerusalem Township for services. If the I ~~township is to meet these needs, it is essential that effective land use * ~~controls be developed along with the Land Use Plan. Existing and potential problem areas need to be recognized and put in pers- pective, so that future development can be directed accordingly. Zoning 3 ~~policy, subdivision controls and other implementation measures can then be used to guide future growth in those directions. A well designed and pro- 3 ~~perly implemented Land Use Plan will aid Jerusalem Township in successfully serving the needs of its future citizens and taxpayers. I~~~~~~~~~~~~I IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES I. LAND USE CONTROL - ZONING RESOLUTION One of the basic purposes of this Land Use Plan is to provide a logical and legally sound basis for the Jerusalem Township zoning resolution. With- out a reasonably up-to-date comprehensive plan, any zoning map is subject to criticism and adverse review by the courts. The zoning resolution can, and should, reflect the basic elements of the plan. This does not mean that each and every parcel must be rezoned to conform to the plan. Rather, some flexibility should be made. This involves as much the structure of the zoning categories offered, as the actual designations of land parcels. Discussed below are possible modifi- cations to the zoning resolution. Planned Commercial District The current zoning resolution provides the Township with limited oppor- tunity to review proposed commercial projects. There will be increasing pressure for commercial development along State Route #2. While the plan does not recommend continuous strip development, some commercial development-- preferably at intersections--will and should occur. To better coordinate this development, a form of commercial PUD giving the Township the opportunity to review specific proposed uses, site plans and access may be appropriate, in addition to the general zoning review now provided. Commercial Zoning District should require a site plan and/or commercial plat. Flood Plain Ordinance Jerusalem Township should adopt a flood plain ordinance to limit de- velopment in low-lying flood prone areas. This will reinforce and strengthen the County's participation in the Federal Flood Insurance Program. IX- 7 Agricultural District The Township should encourage the creation of agricultural districts for large farm areas, designated in the plan. This designation will provide special incentives for farmers to retain existing prime agricultural land in 20 to 40 acre minimum lot area. Further detailed studies to specifically identify agricultural land for such districts should be made. Deed Transfers (Lot Splits) The County, with the support of the township, should approve lot splits only if they meet all of the following conditions: a. Does not violate 2�:l depth-to-width ratio. b. Does not exceed maximum allowable lot splits. c. Does not violate township zoning regulations. d. Is 1) in soil capability area and is minimum one acre size (in areas where public sewer and water is not avail- able), or; 2) in soil capable area and is minimum 20,000 sq. ft. lot and will be able to tap into sewer within 5 years, or; 3) is incapable soil area, but will tap into sewer im- mediately. Commercial/Industrial Zoning The commercial zoning category should be modified so that residential development is not permitted in such areas. This would truly designate and reserve this land for commercial use. In direct relation to this, land that is currently zoned commercial, but realistically stands a better chance of residential development should be zoned residential. The Township can re- serve areas for commercial or industrial development even if the LUAS system did not indicate a priority for industrial use on specific sites. IX 8 3 II~1. UTILITIES The availability of utilities is often a more effective mechanism for I ~~controlling development than zoning or other land use co ntrols. While the 5 ~~provision of utilities is generally not within the powers of the Township, this plan addresses the issues in order that the Township can express a 3 ~~viewpoint, and for the consideration of the County Commissioners. 3 ~~~~The following policies should be adopted by Jerusalem Township-to guide utility expansion within its boundaries: Policy I - Revise "Water and Wastewater Plan" to remove urban utilites extension into aaricultural areas. Policy 2 - Work with Lucas County in the planning and regulation of on-site sewer and water systems in areas where soils are suitable for development. 3 ~~~Policy 3 - Within the unsewered areas designated for residential development allow a density of one D.'U. per acre for soils capable of on-lot septic systems, and one D.U. 3 ~~~~~~per 5 acres on unsuitable soils. Policy 4 - Allow multi-family or residential developments only when 3 ~~~~~~and where adequate sanitary systems can be provided. Policy 5 - When public'water and/or sewer lines are extended to accommodate a new development (i.e. subdivision, shop- I ~ ~~~~~ping center), the developer of the project will be responsible for all front end construction costs. Under this system the developer would be reimbursed, in 3 ~~~~~~part, each time a user hooked into the line. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ WWONAL WXLDLIP9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~LEGEND 4 A " ke Efic ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EJ AS. - Agricultural 4A ST1' 4~R 4 4 4 4 cM RES. - Residential El COMM.- CommercWa ri OS. - Open Space E) REC-COMM. Recreational/ Commercial I ~~~~~~~~~~~MEDIU AG. RES. 4 4 ME AG. 44 EAL4 ~ 4k 4 OTT~~~~~~~~~~~~~wA ~~~~~~~~~OTTAWA COLJNT~' JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP LAND USE PLAN SCLEMie PoLAIN%~uv 1 ICL WLS LN OM"tO4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3 ~~~~~~~~~~APPENDIX A AN OVERVIEW OF THE OHIO CAPABILITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM* I ~~~The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) has a program to assist local agencies in the use of natural resource information. The land capability analysis program in the Division of Water analyzes re- 5 ~~source data, such as soil, in terms of its ability to support various land uses, such as homesites. A computer mapping and information storage I ~~system, the Ohio Capability Analysis Program (OCAP), was developed by ODNR to assist with the land capability analysis program. The terms OCAP and land capability analysis are used more or less interchangeably. OCAP having become synonymous with the land capability analysis concept OCAP is not the only too] for do ing a capability study, but it is of I ~~major importance in Ohio. According to a questionnaire sent by ODNR to local and regional planning agencies throughout Ohio, most agencies think natural resource 3 ~~information is valuable. Most use it to some extent in the planning pro- cess, but they need some outside assistance in interpreting the data. 1 ~~ODNR has collected soil, geology , and ground water information for many years. The information is not always easy to understand, and planning agencies seldom have a large staff with expertise in using natural re- 3 ~~source maps. The object of the land capability analysis program is to translate detailed resource maps available within ODNR into maps that I ~~local people can easily use. To illustrate why this is necessary, consider what has to be done to interpret a detailed soil survey to evaluate a land use problem. *This section is contained in the ODNR "User's Guide to the Ohio 3 ~~Capability Analysis Program", Dec. 1978. A -l 3 ~Suppose a planner, sanitarian, or other local official is concerned that many homes are being built outside sewer service areas where septic tanks will not 3 ~work properly. As responses to the ODNR questionnaire indicate, this is a I ~major land use problem in the state. The planner has a published detailed soil survey with which to work, but he or she must interpret the information on soil maps in terms of septic system limitations. First, he has to cut and paste together a map of the county from a set of maps in the detailed I ~report. These maps are at a scale of 4=1l mile, which means the county map will be large enough to cover a wall. This is not a convenient map with which to work. After assembling the pieces, each map unit must be inter- 3 ~preted. A map unit is outlined on the soil map and indicates a particular combination of soil type and degree of slope. The planner identifies the I ~map units with severe limitations for septic systems and then must flag those units on the county map. Perhaps he will choose to color in red each unit that is severe, but regardless of how he chooses to identify the units, 3 ~it is a time-consuming process. In many Ohio counties there are over 70 map units, and in some the figure goes as high as 250. When the planner I ~is finished, he will have a map of the county with all the severely limited soils for septic systems colored red. This is very useful, but he cannot change the scale of the map to compare it easily with other information, 3 ~~such as land use, nor can he easily pick out a watershed, township, or municipal area. If he wants to look at soil limitations for recreation 3 ~or homesites, he has to go through the same process. The final map is hard to store and difficult to update or change. Obviously, there are many problems in dealing with soil information 3 ~as it is published. There are equal difficulties in interpreting and using other natural resource maps, as well. If counties are to be persuaded to A -2 5 ~~add resource information to the social, economic, and population data con- sidered in the planning process, it has to be easier to interpret and use. I ~~OCAP solves the major problems by mapping, storing, updating and rescaling the original resource maps efficiently and quickly. The product from a land capability analysis using the OCAP system is a set of maps defining 3 ~major natural resource limitations and advantages in a county. With these maps, the planner or other user can rapidly evaluate a county's problems 5 ~~and potential. Capability maps produced by OCAP have many uses, The county planning commission could employ the maps frequently to review and evaluate develop- ment proposals for subdivisions, schools, recreation sites, or shopping centers. With a capability map, they can rapidly see whether a proposed development will encounter or cause any major environmental problems. They can request more site information or suggest modifications to the proposal. I ~ ~Zoning is another planning function that can benefit from a capability analysis. 5 ~~Zoning resolutions drawn up using environmental information have a sounder basis than those without. Residential development can be restricted to 5 ~~areas served by water and sewer lines when maps are available showing severe soil limitations for septic systems. Capability maps can also be used when writing or updating a county's general development plan. The capability maps can act as a guide to the planner for proposing where future development would best be suited. Thus, industrial parks are not suggested for areas I ~~with unstable soils or residential development in areas susceptible to flooding. I ~~~Many other agencies and county officials can use capability maps besides 3 ~~the planning commission and planning staff. The county auditor can use the detailed soil information to evaluate soil productivity and determine the A -3 5 ~preferential tax for agricultural land. The county engineer, sanitary engineer, or health department can use the soil maps in evaluating highway I ~and waste disposal problems. Soil Conservation Service and Cooperative 5 ~Extension agents can use the maps in their work with local farmers and home- owners. Private firms and individuals including investors, developers, 5 ~farmers, contractors, and homeowners could use the maps as well. There are several steps to a capability analysis study using OCAP. I ~The first step is gathering basic resource information and other data, in- cluding boundary and land use maps. Much resource information is avail- able from ODNR, Divisions of Lands and Soil, Water and Geological Survey. Other information comes from the counties themselves, from interpretation of aerial photography, or from agencies such as the Soil Conservation Service I ~and the U.S. Geological Survey. The most important information is a de- I ~tailed soil survey, which is available for almost three-fourths of the state. A general soil map has less information, but can be used in place 5 ~of the detailed survey. In addition to the soil survey, other types of resource information include topography, geology, ground water, land use I ~~(including some evaluation of vegetation), political boundaries, watershed 3 ~~boundaries, and natural areas. Once the original maps are assembled, they are transferred to a 3 ~computer forniat through a process, called digitizing. The end of product digitizing is a computer map which duplicates the original map. The I ~~computer map does not look like maps with which most people are familiar. Characters similar to those on a typewriter are used to represent soil types or different categories of land use. Also, no road pattern or town names 5 ~are on the computer map. To make the computer map easier to read, a trans- parent overlay with road patterns and other information is used with it. A -4, I ~Color computer maps which are easier to read are also being produced. If the OCAP program did no more than duplicate maps that already exist, there would be no advantage to using it. The duplication process is only the first step, after which many options exist for using computer maps. An important option is that of rescaling the maps. Frequently, I ~resource maps are at different scales. This is a problem for people dealing with them, because comparison of different resources is difficult. OCAP can adjust the resource data to a uniform scale, usually 1"=2000'. Information can also be rescaled to meet various needs. While township maps at V'=2000' are very useful, county niaps at that scale are large and j ~~difficult with which to work. County maps are frequently produced at a smaller scale such as 1"=5000', to make them easier to handle. Another important option in the OCAP system is the ability to select R ~~information from large county maps for boundaries within them, such as townships. Information is not available frequently for political juris- I ~~dictions or natural boundaries within counties. If the planning staff wants to work with one township or watershed, they must piece together information for these areas. However, boundary lines--including townships, watersheds, 3 ~~census tracts, and sewer districts--can be incorporated into OGAP, allowing the system to readily produce maps of resource information for areas within I ~~any of these boundaries. The boundaries can also be used with maps analyzing several resources for a particular land use. For instance, the potential for homesites might be analyzed by combining five types of resource informa- tion, and the analysis results produced as township or watershed maps of homesite potential. 1 ~~~Several other features of the OCAP system are very important. It is A -5 I ~possible to put together data for adjacent areas. For instance, it might be desirable to merge two or more counties to look at a regional problem. U f~~nformnation can be updated very easily, which is important with rapidly 1 ~changing data such as land use. Tables of information can be'produced, as well as maps, to summarize acreage and percent of an area with a cer- 5 ~tain characteristic. This can be done using boundary information plus some other information, such as land use or potential for homesites. The re- I ~~Sult might be a listing of land use by township or potential for homesites by census tract. A third important feature is the ability to look at data within a certain radius of a particular site. If, for example, a lake were I ~~proposed, maps of homesite potential could be generated for areas within 1000 feet of the lake, 112 mile of the lake, and I mile of the lake. The I ~~radii can vary, as can the maps produced or the site from which radii are generated. Finally, two features in the OCAP system allow for enlarging the data 5 ~~base and for analyzing it in a variety of ways. It is possible to link additional information to the resource or boundary maps. The most impor- .1 ~tant example is the soil "external attribute file." This is information * ~~that can be associated with individual map units on -the computer soil map. - ~~This information includes: percent of slope, permeability of soil, depth j ~~to bedrock, and ratings for limitations for septic tanks, homesites and other land uses. By linking the external file with the computer soil map, ayof the attributes can be mapped. This eliminates the complex problem of manually coloring a soil map to locate potential septic tank problems. The computer assigns a particular symbol to areas on the map with severe limita- 3 ~~tions and prints the map in a matter of minutes, unlike the manual process which could take months. External files can be linked to any resource or A -6 I ~boundary information, such as census tracts, natural areas, or bedrock type. 3 ~~Analysis of resource data can be done in several ways. Essentially, OCAP enables the user to evaluate all or selected types of natural-resources j ~maps at once. This is accomplished by overlaying them in the computer, much as would be done if one were analyzing them manually. The difference is I ~that the computer can handle more detail and larger areas, and can accomplish I ~the task faster. The person doing the analysis specifies the information to be overlaid and how it will be evaluated by the computer. The computer I ~does the computation and prints a map showing limitations or potential for particular land use. This can be done with as few as two maps or as many I ~as thirty, and can include information from the external file. 3 ~~OCAP solves many problems by mapping, updating, analyzing, and storing information very rapidly and efficiently. The time required to develop a 5 ~computer data base fo~r a county varies from six months to a year depending on size of the county, complexity of the soil information, availability of U ~other information, and particular needs of the county being studied. In an effort to make capability analyses as useful as possible to counties, ODNR staff works closely with local people to determine their needs and the land 3 ~use problems in the county. For instance, rural areas in Stark County are developing very rapidly, so much of the analysis concentrated on identify- I ~ing productive farm land, locating problem areas for septic tanks and ground- water supplies. and evaluating potential recreation areas. People from the Stark County planning staff participated actively in the study, and maps 5 ~generated in the analysis are being used in updating their general develop- ment plan. 3 ~~~The final product of a capability study is a set of maps, some with one type of information, such as land use or degree of slope, and some with A -7 a combination of several types of information. The latter may be used for evaluating potential for a particular land use. A map of homesite. poten- tial could be printed with symbols to :indicate three levels of information, such as slight, moderate, and severe limitations. It could also be printed to indicate severe limitations, such as shallow bedrock which would.be pro- hibitive to basements or steep slopes which would make construction difficult. Each character on a map at a scale of 1"=2000' represents an area of 1.15 acres. This degree of detail is important if the local agencies are to make effective use of the information, especially in areas where land use, soils, or slope vary greatly within a small area. In spite of the detail, computer maps should not be used in place of a site analysis, because the source in- formation on which the computer maps are based is not accurate at the site level. Map A.1 shows the counties, townships, and other areas within the state where OCAP studies are complete or underway as of July, 1978. OCAP studies are undertaken at the rate of about eight per year. If you are uncertain whether your county has a study underway, check with your county planning commission or with ODNR. Studies are done on a cost-sharing basis; the county share for a standard 1"=2000' study is approximately 15 per Cent of the total personnel and computer cost of a study.* After the initial OCAP study is complete, counties receive some additional OCAP assistance without chsrge every year. *Costs for projects other than the standard 1"=2000' study vary. Large scale studies (1"-1000') are more costly, while studies at a smaller scale or involving fewer maps may be less expensive. See the enclosed cost summary listing current OCAP project rates. A -8 APPENDIX REFERENCES Resource Analysis has produced numerous reports for the counties and other areas in which we have worked. Several are listed as references for OCAP users who are interested in how OCAP studies have been done in several counties. Dunn, Thomas J. and David C. Marshall, Land Capability Analysis, County Report No. 1, Lake County, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1975. Gordon, Gaybrielle, Land Capability Analysis in the LUC Region, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1978. Maxson, Gaybrielle, Land Capability Analysis, County Report 3, Stark County, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1975. Maxson, Gaybrielle and Michael C. Huber, Salem Township, Champaign County, Land Capability Analysis, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1976. Maxson, Gaybrielle, Land Capability Analysis in the Maimi Valley Region, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1977. A-9 OCAP PROJECT AREAS As of August 1978 COMPLETED PROJECTS An SCHEDULED PROJECTS 23j ACTIVE PROJECTS PROPOSED PROJECTS A-10 I~~~==b-~--- I~~~--- -~"--? ~ *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ = .=- I~~-__ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~='~ I~~~~~~~ SOIL FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR THE OCAP LIMITATION MAPS* *Information taken from the'"User's Guide to the Oh Analysis Program", Ohio Department of Natural Reso pages 59through 72. A-11 A - Soil Map Units the maps a very good idea what problems they might find in an area, but not specifically the problems they Map categories: would find on a particular site. 1. Algiers silt loam - Ag 2. Berks silt loam - BeE Value: 3. Berks silt loam - BeF The detailed soil map in computer form is no easierto 4. Blount silt loam - BoA read or work with than the original printed in the soil 5. Blount silt loam - BoB reports. Oneoftheobjectsof OCAP istosimplifythe use 6. Brookston silty clay loam - Bs of soil maps by mapping soil properties and limitation 7. Carlisle muck - Ca ratings through the external file. Thirty-one maps, which 8. Carlisle muck, ponded - Cc will be described of length, are usually stored in the 9. Casco-Eldean complex - CdD2 external file. 10. Celina silt loam - CeA 11. Celina silt loam - CeB B - Soil properties mapped from the external file* 12. Crosby silt loam - CrA Twenty-three maps of soil properties are described 13. Crosby silt loam - CrB below. A soil property is a characteristic of a soil map 14. Crosby-Urban land comples - CsA unit, such as its texture, its ability to transmit water, or its 15. Del Rey silt loam - DeA ability to hold. water. Some of the properties are 16. Del Rey silt loam - DeB described for the soil as a whole, while some are 17. Edwards muck - Ed described by layer or horizon (Figure 5.3). For the latter, 18. Eel silt loam - Ee information is available at four depths below the 19. Eldean silt loam - EmA surface, 0-15", 15-30", 30-45", and 45-60". The first 20. Eldean silt loam - EmB map of the soil nearest the surface may not extend as 21. Eldean silt loam - EmC2 far as 15", but maps of the lower soil layers correspond 22. Eldean-Urban land complex - EpB reasonably well to the depths listed. 23. Fox loam - F1A Some map units are not rated or are not rated for 24. Fox loam - F1 B some properties. Units not rated include gravel pits, 25. Fulton silt loam - FuA quarries, made land, cut and fill, and water. Urban land 26. Gallman loam - GaB complexes have a slope rating, but because most of the 27. Genesse silt loam - Gn land has been disturbed by building, no other ratings are 28. Glynwood silt loam - GwB assigned to the map units. 29. Haskins loam - HdA 30. Haskins loam - HdB Properties Mapped for the Soil Series as a Whole 31. Henshaw silt loam - HeA 32. Henshaw silt loam - HeB 1. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FLOODING 33. Homer silt loam - HoA 34. Homer silt loam - HoB Map Categories: 35. Latty silty clay - La 1. Not rated 36. Latty silty clay, occasionally flooded - Lb 2. No reasonable possibility of flooding -- None 37. Linwood muck - Ln 3. Flooding unlikely; possible under abnormal con- 38. Lippincott silty clay loam - Lp ditions -- Rare 39. Lippincott-Urban land complex - Ls 4. Flooded less than once in two years on the 40. Martisco mucky silt loam - Ma average -- Occasional 41. Martisco Variant silt loam - Mc 5. Flooded more than once in two years on the 42. Miamian silt loam - MhB average -- Frequent 43. Miamian silt loam - MhC2 Description: Description: If a soil series shows characteristics of periodic flood- The detailed soil map is the most important single ing, the description of the series in the soil survey report source of information for an OCAP study. It shows notes this. The flooding map based on soil information patterns of map units (Map 5.3). A map unit is a does not show man-made changes that alter the combination of letters and numbers which show: soil flooding pattern, but it is useful in lieu of other flooding series (soil type), percent slope, and existing erosion. information. A detailed flood hazard analysis is the only The map is coded with combinations of letters and way of defining all areas subject to flooding. This numbers, such as KeC2. The letters Ke stand for the soil information may be added to the OCAP flooding files as series, in this case Kendallville silt loam. The letter C is it becomes available. Flood hazard analysis studies are the percent of slope, 6-12%. The number 2 is the presently underway in many watersheds in the state. existing erosion; number 2 stands for moderate erosion (Also see Flood Prone Maps). and number 3 for severe. Published soil surveys for Value: each county provide additional information for each soil Flooding presents the most serious environmental map unit. limitation in Ohio to any development involving' Data Gathering: structures. Floods can destroy lives and property, or at Detailedsoilinformats gatherethe least, create a costly mess. The cost is not only to Detailed soil information is gathered by a team of soil scientists who walk over an entire county, collecting soil the individual property owner, but also to the tax-payer samples and mapping the soil and slope categories. redevelopmentributes to evacuations. Structures which are not This exhaustive process takes four or five years. This redevelopment operations, Structure not type of survey is termed a medium-intensity survey. It flood-proofed and which would increase flood height should be precluded from floodplains (the area subject does not show absolute changes from one soil type to *Much of the following information comes from the Soil Conservation another, and it should not be used for site analysis. In Service Guide for Interpreting Engineering uses of Soil and county other words, it is detailed enough to give anyone using soil survey reports. A-12 I ~~~~~~~~~~Map 5.3 ) MIA ~~~~~~eC Fn ccc ~~~~ Portion of a .~~/ FnB7 ~detailed soil map MIC~~~~~ Champaign County I~~~~~~~I C2~~~KC M SIl MapngUi I~~~~~~~~~~I nA-3 Figure 5.3 External Attribute File Information by Horizon Soil Map Unit: Gallman loam - GaB 12 Horizon Depth (inches) 8 26 53 60 1 Flooding none 2 Drainage Class well drained Information for attributes 3 Depth to S.W.T. > 6 inches 1 through 11 stored for whole map 4 Capability Class I unit 5 Potential Frost Action low 6 Depth to Bedrock >5 feet 7 Slope 0-4% 8 Stoniness none shale~ 9 Texture Modifier grshavey 10 Erosion Factor "K" 32 Information for Attributes 13 through 22 11 Erosion Factor "T" 3 tons stored by layer or horizon 4 13 Shrink-Swell Potential low low moderate low 14 Unified Class-Primary ML ML CL CL 15 Unified Class-Secondary ML CL GM GM 16 AASHO Class-Primary A-4 A-4 A-6 A-2 17 AASHO Class-Secondary A-4 A-6 A-2 A-6 18 Corrosion Potential-S low low low low 19 Corrosion Potential-C high-low high-low high-low low 20 Permeability inches per hour 2.0-6.0 6-6.0 6-6.0 > 6.0 21 Texture - Primary loam loam clay loam clay loam 22 Texture - Secondary loam loam clay loam clay loam 23 Available Water Capacity 6.4 inches 24 Cultivated Crops slight 25 Sewage Effluent slight 26 Homesites slight 27 Lawns, Landscaping slight Information forAttirbutes 28 Streets, Roads slight 23 through 32 stored for whole map 29 Intensive Recreation slight unit 30 Extensive Recreation slight 31 Sanitary Landfill slight 32 Prime Agricultural Land prime A-14 I to immediate flood damage). Floodplains can be used 4. AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY CLASS for open space, recreation, or agriculture. OCAP maps which delineate flood-prone areas should be used for Map Cate d 8. Ills every evaluation of structural development to point out 2. N 9. IVe areas with severe limitations. 3. Ilw 10. IVw 2. DRAINAGE CLASS 4. lie 11. Vw 5. Ils 12. Vie Map Categories: 6. IIIw 13. Vls 1. Not rated 7. Ille 14. VIls 2. Very poorly drained 15. Vile 3. Poorly drained 4. Somewhat poorly drained Description: 5. Moderately well drained All soil map units are assigned a capability class 6. Well drained rating to indicate their relative usefulness for crop 7. Somewhat excessively drained production and pasture. Class numbers range from I, 8. Excessively drained which presents no limitations to agriculture, through VI I, which is severely limited land. Class numbers II through Description: VII are followed by a letter which indicates the major Drainage class is an evaluation of the rate at which problem associated with the mapping unit. The letter "e" water is removed from soil under natural conditions. It indicates potential erosion, "w" indicates wetness, and does not consider artificial drainage. Drainage class "s", stoniness or droughtiness. There are a variety of and permeability are closely related, but they are not the ways of measuring the relative usefulness of land for same. Drainage ratings consider topography and agricultural production. The first map listed in Section VI classify the soil series as a whole. Permeability ratings shows the limitations for cultivated crops. There is also are assigned to each horizon, and topography is not a a map of prime agricultural land based upon the criteria factor. Drainage class can be used as a measure of soil set forth by the SCS in their Land Inventorying and with wetness problems. Monitoring (LIM) program. The major difference among tValue: the three maps is in the number of categories and the Wetnessaffectsalloto some extent detail to which severe problems are described. The Wetness affects all land development to some extent capability class map is detailed, as is the map showing W end must be compensaantedd for eby artificial drainage or limitations for cultivated crops. The prime agricultural special building techniques. Building in poorly drained land map shows general categories of prime nonprime soils can result in wet basements, cracked foundations, d developed land and does not des ribe the flooded lawns, and other wate Recreation and bles problems associated with the map units. The decision to associated withexceswaer.eretuse one map or another should be based on the need for agriculture are also affected. OCAP maps showing detail. poorly drained soil should be part of most development evaluations. Value: One or the other map should be used when any 3. DEPTH TO SEASONAL WATER TABLE development is considered to determine whether it is encroaching on prime farm land, and whether it is a Map Categories: desirable encroachment based on the development i. Not rated goals and objectives of the township or county. Prime 2. 0-6 inches farm land is an economically valuable resource that 3. 6-20 inches cannot be recovered once it is lost. 4. 20-40 inches 5. 40-60 inches 5. POTENTIAL FROST ACTION 6. >60 inches Description: >60 inches Map Categories: This is not, as the name might imply, an indication of . Not rated is likely to be saturated with water above an 4. Low-Moderate impermeable layer at some time during the year (usually 5. Moderate spring) and retained for an extended period of time: Poor drainage and shallow seasonal water table usually go 6. Moderate-High 7. High: together. Both maps indicate wetness problems for V high development such as those mentioned. Seasonal water 9. Ver hfig table problems may not be as long-lasting or pervasive as drainage problems. Description: Value: -AAs the name implies, potential frost action is a See drainage. measure of how freezing will affect the soil. If the soil is susceptible to the formation of ice lenses, upward or lateral movement of the soil may occur. When thawing takes place, the soil loses strength and collapses and this may result in damage to roads, sidewalks, or some structures. The soil is rated as having a low, moderate, or high susceptibility to, frost action, and is evaluated to the depth where freezing occurs. A-15 Value: problems associated with any use of steep slopes. Potential frost action maps should be considered in Severe erosion can clog streams and ditches and highway or airfield design. It is less of a problem for cause water quality and maintenance problems. Slips or buildings unless they are unheated structures with landslides can do much damage, if they are severe concrete floors. Sidewalks, patios, and driveways are enough to bury a road or topple buildings. Not all steep also susceptible to frost heave. Modifications in slopes are prone to slippage. OCAP slope maps are a drainage may alter the susceptibility to frost action. major consideration in most evaluations of Frost heave may be a negligible problem for scattered development. homesites. For subdivisions or large scale commercial/industrial buildings, with parking lots, 8. STONINESS/ROCKINESS driveways, and roads, frost heave could create a major maintenance problem. Map Categories: 1. Not rated 6. DEPTH TO BEDROCK 2 0 3. 1 Map Categories: 4. 2 1. Not rated 5. 3 2. <1' 6. 4 3. 1-2' 7. 5 5 3243' Description: 6. 435' Stoniness is a measure of the amount of large (10" or 7. > 5' greater diameter) stones in or on the topsoil. Stoniness is mapped with a relative measure from 0 to 5. The Description: higher the number, the greaterthe stoniness. Rockiness As the name implies, depth to bedrock is the depth is a measure of the amount of exposed bedrock at the below the surface where consolidated rock material soil surface. The measure is similar. The presence of occurs. Because soil survey information extends to 60 large rock fragments in the topsoil is a result of inches beneath the surface, depth to bedrock glaciation, weathering of residual rock in place, or information extracted from the soil survey can only gravitational movement of stones in unglaciated hilly show where bedrock occurs within the first five feet areas. below the surface. To determine the type of shallow bedrock, the texture map should be consulted. For more Value: information on bedrock, consult the geology information The presence of large rocks or exposed bedrock at that follows, the soil surface is a constraint to many types of development. It is difficult to plow, to install a septic tank, Value: to excavate for a basement, or even, to put up a tent. Shallow bedrock is a problem when installing septic Stoniness and rockiness are not a problem in every tanks or utility lines, constructing a basement, plowing a county, but should be considered in those where the field, or routing a highway. It may be a positive factor problem exists. when building a large, heavy structure, or when quarrying the rock is contemplated. Some types of 9. TEXTURE MODIFIER bedrock are more easily ripped or removed that others. The fourth horizon texture map should be consulted if Map Categories: there is a question of whether shallow bedrock can be 1. Not rated easily removed. 2. None 3. Very Gravelly 7. PERCENT OF SLOPE 4. Shaly Map Categories: 6. Mucky 1. Not rated 7. Gravelly 2. 0-2% (A) 3. 2-6% (B) Description: See texture 5. 1 2 -1 8% (D) Value: See texture 5. 12-18% (D) 6. 18-25% (E) 67. 125% (F) 10: EROSION FACTOR "K" Description: Map Categories: Percent of slope is measured by the numberof feet of 1. Not rated increase in altitude over a given distance. If a person 2. 0.15 climbs 50 feet in altitude over a distance of 100 feet, 3. 0.17 then the percent of slope is 50%. Slope should not be 4. 0.20 confused with elevation which only measures altitude 5. 0.24 above sea level. Contour lines on a topographic map 6. 0.28 show elevation, but the relative distance between those 7. 0.32 contour. lines shows percent of slope. 8. 0.37 Value: 9. 0.43 Steep slopes are a prohibitive factor to development. 10. 0.49 It is costly to build on them, because truck access is Description: difficult over 5% slope and building modifications are Erosion factor "K" is one of several components in expensive. There are often severe erosion or slippage the Universal Soil Loss Equation to measure potential A-16 soil loss. Other components include rainfall, percent of Value: slope, length of slope, soil management, and land cover. Horizon depth is stored for reference, but it is seldom Erosion factor "K" is a relative measure of soil mapped or used in an analysis. erodibility; the larger the number, the more erodible the soil. By itself, it is not sufficient to indicate potential 2. SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL erosion problems. A soil with a high erodibility factor in a |I flat area may erode less than a soil with a low erodibility Map Categories: factor on a steep slope. 1. Not rated 2. Very low I 10a. EROSION POTENTIAL (COMBINING EROSION 3. Low FACTOR "K" AND SLOPE) 4. Low-Moderate 5. Moderate Map Categories: 6. Moderate-High 1. No erosion 7. High 2. < 1 ton per acre per year 8. Very high 3. 1-2 tons 9. Variable 4. 2-3 tons 5. 3-4 tons Description: 6. > 4 tons Shrink-swell potential is the relative change in the 7. Not Rated volume of the soil with changes in moisture content. Soils that shrink substantially while drying or swell when Description: See Erosion Factor "K" wet have a high shrink-swell potential. The extent to U Value: which soils shrink and swell is influenced bythe amount aErosion not only depletes the topsoil, but it also and kind of clay in the soil. Shrink-swell differs from causes water quality problems by contributing to the potential frost action in that water rather than ice sediment load of streams. The erosion potential map changes the soil volume and causes expansion. should be consulted for almost all development, Value: because most involves some excavation which could High shrink-swell potential presents severe result in erosion if not managed properly. Erosion maintenance problems for pavement and foundations. potential is also important in evaluating agricultural The problems include cracking and heaving, and these land. can result in foundation collapse. Structures or pavement in areas with high shrink-swell potential can 11. EROSION FACTOR "T" be designed to withstand the stress from swelling soils. Map C tategories:Any development in such areas should be constructed I Map Categoes: to compensate for the problems. 1. Not rated 2. Organic 3. UNIFIED CLASS 3. 1 ton/acre/year I 4. 2 tons/acre/year Map Categories: 5. 3 tons/acre/year 1. Not rated 11. SW-SM 6. 4 tons/acre/year 2. GW 12. SC 7. 5 tons/acre/year 3. GP 13. ML .*~~ . -4. GM 14. ML-CL Description: 5. GW-GM 15. CL-ML Erosion factor "T" is a measure of how much 6. G 1 CL sediment loss a soil can tolerate in a year without 7. SW 17. MH harming its productivity. The categories are from 1 ton 8. S 18. CH through 5 tons per acre. The information from the 9. SP-SM 19. PT erosion factor "T" map is most useful when it is 10 SM compared to the erosion potential map to identify areas where the erosion potential exceeds the erosion Description: tolerance. The Unified Engineering Soil Classification system is I Value: one of three systems used to classify soils. In the Unified Erosion factor "T: is useful in evaluation of system, soils are grouped into 15 main classes (GW Erosion factor "T" is useful in evaluation of through PT) and numerous borderline classes (MH-CH) agricultural land and in the location of potential problem where the soil cand numerous bordesignated as one classes (MH-CH) areas. another. The Unified system considers soil properties which affect the bearing strength of the soil and the Properties Mapped for Soil Layers (horizons) capability of the soil to support roads or foundations. GW is the strongest and PT the weakest. Table 5.3 1. HORIZON DEPTH shows'how the three classification systems, American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), in dCategoesvary--layersptmaybeoneinchto60inches ratings are assigned to each soil horizon. Horizons below the surface are more important in most Description: evaluations of development potential because most Horizon depth, as the name implies, is the number of foundations are deeper than 15 inches. Some soils are inches in each soil layer. For instance, the first horizon assigned only one rating (primary), and some are or layer of Fincastle silt loam in Preble County extends assigned a secondary rating. The primary is the most from 0-11", the second layer from 11-36", and the third important. and last layer from 36-60". A-17 Table 5.3 GENERAL RELATIONSHIP OF SYSTEMS USED FOR CLASSIFYING SOIL SAMPLES USDA Texture Unified AASHO Class and Symbol Symbol Symbol Clay; silty clay CH A-7 "c"; "sic" MH A-7 CL A-7 Silty clay loam CL A7 "sic" ML-CL A-7 CH A-7 MH A-7 Clay loam CL A-6 or A-7 "cl" ML-CL A-6 CH A-7 MH A-7 Loam ML-CL A-4 "I" CL A-6 ML A-4 Silt loam ML-CL A-4 "sil" ML A-4 CL A-6 Silt - "si" ML A-4 Sandy clay CL A-7 "sc" SC A-7 Sandy clay loam SC A-6 "scl" SC A-2-6 CL A-6 Sandy loam SM A-2-4 or A-4 "sl" SC A-2-4 SM-SC A-2-4 Fine sandy loam SM A-4 "fsl" ML A-4 ML-CL A-4 SM-SC A-4 Very fine sandy loam ML-CL A-4 "vfsl" ML A-4 Loamy sands SM A-2-4 Is"; "Ifs" SM-SC A-2-4 " Ivfs" SM A-4 ML A-4 Sand; fine sand SP-SM A-3 "s"; "fs" SM A-2-4 SP A-3 Very fine sand SM A-4 "vfs" ML A-4 Coarse sand SP; GW A-1 "cs" SP-SM A-1 SM A-1 SM A-2-4 Gravel, "G" GP; GW A-1 GM or GC A-1 GM of GC A-2 GM A-4 GC. A-6 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~A- 18 Value: 8. Very rapid ( > 20.0) Unified Class maps should be consulted for any 9. Variable structures where the soil's ability to tolerate a heavy load is a consideration. It is a good reference when Description: looking for potential industrial sites, which usually Soil permeability. is the quality of the soil that enables involve heavy structures or equipment and require a it to transmit water and air. Permeability is usually given strong foundation. Bearing strength problems can be as a rate of flow of water downward through the soil. rectified, but at some expense to the developer. For Rates range from less than .06 inches per hour (very instance, with organic soil (PT), the soil may have to be slow) to greater than 20 inches per hour (very rapid). removed and more solid foundation material substituted Permeability is rated by horizon, the lower horizons are for the unstable, weak organic soil. generally the most important. Value: 4. AASHO CLASS Permeability is a critical factor in evaluating whether Map Categories: septic tanks will function properly. If the permeability is 1. Not rated 5. A-4 very slow, the sewage effluent will not move through the 2. A-1 6. A-5 soil. If the permeability is very rapid, the effluent may 3. A-2 7. A-6 move too fast to be decontaminated before reaching 4. A-3 8. A-7 ground water supplies. Septic tank problems relating to slow permeability can be improved somewhat by Description: regulating lot-size to prevent over-saturation and Like Unified Class, AASHO is an engineering surface wetness. Also, greater investments can be classification system. The AASHO rating system made in the construction of septic systems to classifies soil according to the properties that affect compensate for permeability problems. With slowly highway construction and maintenance. There are permeable soils, gravel can be used as a base or seven AASHO groups rangingfromA-1 toA-7;A-1 soils mounds can be constructed; in soil with rapid present the fewest problems. AASHO ratings are permeability, clay can be used as a base. assigned by horizon, and like Unified, the horizons below the surface are most important. The AASHO 7. TEXTURE (AND TEXTURE MODIFIER) system also assigns primary and secondary ratings to each soil series. Map Categories: ~~~~i Value:~~~~~~~~~ 1. Not rated Value: 2. Silty clay AASHO ratings are aimed specifically at highways 3. Silty clay loam and roads and the ratings should be consulted when 4. Clay loam evaluating such development. Poor AASHO ratings (A- 5. Shaly silty clay loam 6, A-7) indicate that there will be road maintenance 6. Loam problems unless special construction techniques are 7. Silt loam used. 8. Fine sandy loam [i~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~9. Sandy loam 5. CORROSION POTENTIAL STEEL/CONCRETE 10. Loamy fine sand 11. Fine sand Map Categories: 12. Sand |3 Vr 1. Not rated 6. Moderate-High 13. Coarse sand 2. Very low 7. High 14 Sand and Gravel 3. Low 8. Very high 15. Loamy gravel 4. Low-Moderate 9. Variable 16. Muck 5. Moderate 117. Silty clay shale Description: 18. Shale Corrosion potential is a measure of soil-induced 19. Siltstone chemical action that dissolves or weakens uncoated Description: steel or concrete. Corrosion potential ratings are The USDA textural classification system is based assigned by horizon, and range from low to high. upon soil particle size. As with the Unified and AASHO Value: systems, ratings are assigned by horizon, and Steel and concrete in highly corrosive soils should be secondary as well as primary ratings are often given. treated to protect them from damage. While corrosion Texture modifiers (which indicate that particles larger potential can present development problems for utility than 2.0 mm are present) may be assigned to a soil. The lines or foundations, they can be easily corrected by modifer defines the nature of these particles, such as selecting the proper construction materials. gravelly, or cobbly. Texture class can be used as a measure of bearing 6. PERMEABILITY strength as can Unified and AASHO classes (Table 5.3). Generally, coarse textured soil with high sand and Map Categories (inches per hour): gravel content is better drained and has a higher bearing 1. Not rated strength than fine textured soil (clay). While some 2. Very slow ( < 0.06) coarse material is desirable, extremely coarse soils are 3. Slow (0.06-0.2) erodible, allow water to drain too rapidly, and present 4. Moderately slow (0.2-0.63) development problems as difficult as soil with very fine 5. Moderate (0.63-2.0) texture. Fine textured soils inhibit drainage and have low 6. Moderately rapid (2.0-6.0) bearing strength. Extremely fine textured organic soils 7. Rapid (6.0-20.0) should be removed before development or reserved for specificed agricultural uses. A-19 Value: Description: The occurrence of sand and gravel or bedrock in the Available water capacity is the ability of soils to hold lower horizons is stored in the texture information, water for use by most plants. Ratings are given as a including bedrock type. The location of sand and gravel range of inches of water per inch of soil, such as .06-.10 or particular types of bedrock can be important in inches per inch. Ratings are assigned to each horizon, evaluating suitability for septic tanks, utility installation, but the ratings are not meaningful unless some and foundations. As sand and gravel and certain types calculation is made of the total number of inches of bedrock are also valuable mineral resources, this available in each soil. The information that is stored and texture information can also be useful in determining the mapped in the external file is the total number of inches location and extent of potential quarrying sites. Surface available over the whole soil profile. Ratings range from texture is important in evaluating recreation potential less than 4 inches to greater than 10. where surface soils are subject to heavy use (Table 5.2) and in rating agricultural potential. Value: Available water capacity should not be confused 8. AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY with ground water availability. Available water capacity is most useful in evaluating agricultural potential and Map Categories: (inches of water per 60" of soil): locating droughty soils which are very limited for crop 1. Not rated production and maintenance of vegetative cover. 2. < 4.0 3. 4.0-5.9 4. 6.0-6.9 5. 7.0-7.9 6. 8.0-9.9 7. > 10.0 C - Land Use Map Categories: 1. Residential 2. Commercial 3. Mixed Urban & Other Built Up Land 4. Agriculture: Cropland, Pasture 5. Vineyards, Orchards, Nurseries 6. Other Agricultural Lands 7. Forest: Deciduous 8. Evergreen 9. Shrub & Brush' 10. Recreation : Golf Courses 11. Parks 12. Beaches 13. Drive-In-Movie, Race Track, Marinas 14. Other Recreational Areas 15. Industry: Power Plant (Electric) 16. Junkyards 17. Electric Substations & Right-Of-Way 18. Gas 19. Water Treatment Plant 20. Sewer 21. Industry ("plus" commercial complex) 22. Institutions: Schools 23. Churches 24. Cemeteries 25. Other 26. Transportation: Seaport 27. Airport 28. Railroads 29. Roads - Highways 30. Streams 31. Lakes 32. Reservoirs 33. Forested & Nonforested Wetlands 34. Barren (including Quarries, Borrow, Pits, Gravel pits) 35. Other - Landfills & Water Control I I. A-20 Description: problem. Land use can further refine the erosion As the name implies, a land use map shows how the potential map described earlier. land has been developed or is being used. It may also I Two additional maps are based on land use describe generally the vegetative cover where building designations, the land use plan map and the zoning or farming has not occurred. Land use maps may be, map. These maps may become part of the OCAP data included in an OCAP study for several periods of time, base for the reasons suggested. including maps which project future land use. 1. LAND USE PLAN Data Gathering: If land use maps are not available for an OCAP study . Map Categories: area, the Remote Sensing Unit in the Resource Analysis 1. Residential: Section can gather the land use information. Several 2. Commercial survey methods can be used: walking throughout the 3. Industrial study area and compiling the land use information, 4. Public driving through the area and doing a "windshield" 5. Rural survey, flying aerial photography and intepreting it, 6. Open Space using satellite imagery, por combining any or all of these. Data Gathering: The first. two are very timeeconsuming, although they ~~~~~~~~~~~~~The map showing the planned land use for an area a bsinaccurate. Aerial photography, combined with some must come from the county or other area with which the inaccurate. Aerial photography, combined with some OCAP staff is working field checking (walking or driving), is the alternative Description used by the Remote Sensing Unit. *Aerial photography can be flown and interpreted The land use plan for an area shows the way that the rriore rapidly than fielnd surveying, and it can be community would ideally want to develop, and it should more rapidly than field surveying, and it can be interpreted with a high degree of accuracy, although it is be the basis for the zoning map. It is usually a not perfect.For instanceif a house is used for generalized representation of existing and projected something other than a residence, such as a gift shop, it land use: still looks like a house from the photography and will be Value: classified as residential. Problems such as this are A major reason for including the land use plan in the minor and can be easily corrected with your help. If you OCAP data base is to compare the projected land use work with the Remote Sensing and OCAP staff people, with environmental problem areas to judge whether the misclassifications can be caught and corrected. Further plan is realistic. You would not want to plan for information about the Remote Sensing Unit and the land residential development in areas unsuited for it. Further use classification scheme they use is included in discussion of evaluation procedures are in Section VII. Appendix I1.1. Value': 2. ZONING Land use is an important 'element in most OCAP Map Categories: studies. It can be used in a variety of ways: 1. One or two family (more than 2DU/acre) 1. to differentiate between land that is already 2. One or two family (2 or less DU/acre) developed and land that is not; 3.. Multifamily 2. to check for incompatability between existing and 4. Public proposed development; 5. Retail Business 3 to compare with zoning or land use plan maps to 6. Industry determine the validity of the boundaries; 7. Office Commerical 4. to compare land use trends-over several years (if more-than one year's worth of data exists); and Data Gathering: 5. to evaluate erosion and run-off potential. Zoning maps must come from the county or area with Once the land use maps are in the computer, it is very which the OCAP staff is working. easy to. make corrections and produce up-to-date maps. This is not true if land use maps must be redrafted Description: every time changes are made. The land use information. Zoning aps describe the planned land use and can be helpful when analyzing areas of development density that a community has chosen through a zoning potential in the several ways mentioned above. First, ordinance for its land. most future development is aimed at undeveloped Value areas which the land use map can pinpoint. Second, the Zoning maps are used in conjunction with land use or land use map can identify areas that would be unfit for evaluation maps to judge the adequacy of the zoning certain types of development because of proximity to an designation. One such use was noted in the description designation. One such use was noted in the description incompatable use. You would not want a subdivision of land use. Zoning may also be used with the downwind from heavy industry or a feed lot. Third, areas evaluations of development problems that are evaluations of development problems that are that are zoned or planned for a particular use can be described in the next section. If an area is zoned checked. If an area has been zoned industrial for 20 industrial, but shows severe problems for industrial years, and only 5% of it is used for industry, perhaps the development, the zoning should, perhaps, be zoning should be revised. reconsidered Land use maps are also helpful in analyzing trends if the information is put into the computer for several periods of time. Finally, the maps can be used with soil D - Geology and slope maps to evaluate erosion and run-off problems. Areas with a high erosion potential may, in 1. BEDROCK GEOLOGY fact. have little erosion if they are tree covered. Similarly, Map Categories bare areas with a low erosion potential can be a 1. Sandstone 1. Sandstone I 2: Limestone provide excellent foundation strength, and they occur in 3. Shale abundance throughout the state. 4. Dolomite As previously mentioned, limestone and dolomite are 5. Coal often excellent sources of ground water because of ~~~~~Description:~~ ~their highly soluble nature. In addition, sandstone may A bedrock geology map shows the types of bedrock be an i mportant groundo water source where it is highly 1 Descri~~~~~~~~~~~~~ptorous an d ipera rmed able, sour where it mahihybefatrd (rocks having similar mineral composition and other porous and permeable, or where it may be fractured characteristics) that are present either at the surface or Shale, which is too fine grainedto be very permeable, is below it at some depth. This map delineates the areas usually a poor source of ground water. In addition, water where sandstone, limestone, dolomite, shale, coal, or found in shale is generally very highly mineralized, often where sandstone, limestone, dolomite, shale, coal, or containing iron or sulfur, two very undesirable additions other types of bedrock occur and notes for the reader containing iron or sulfur, two very undesirable additions to water. vertical or stratigraphic sequence in which they occur. In areas where no ground water availability maps In areas where no ground water availability maps Data Gathering: have been created, a bedrock geology map can provide Bedrock geology maps are compiled by a a very rough guide to where ground water may be combination of different methods. First, field work must available by showing where each type of bedrock be done to determine what type of rocks occur at the occurs. This information, however, should not be relied surface of the area being studied, what characteristics upon in the same manner as a ground water map. each of these rocks possess, in what sequence they Determining the type of rock beneath the surface in occur, and where, areally, they are found. This may be planning the location of a sanitary landfill, sewage done by studying roadcuts, rock sequences in quarries, lagoon, or septic-tank system is important from the stream valley walls or other features where rock may be standpoint of protecting those rock types which bear exposed. Where bedrock is buried at depth, water well ground water from contamination by landfill leachate or or oil and gas well logs and cores may be studied to liquid wastes from sewage lagoons or septic tanks. determine the same information. A bedrock geology Areas where sandstone or limestone or dolomite occur map reflects the results of these studies. at relatively shallow depths beneath the surface should, be avoided. Indeed, such areas are protected by Ohio Value: Environmental Protection Agency and Ohio In any area, the type of bedrock present greatly Department of Health regulations. Areas where bedrock influencesa, the typohe land. Use of the bedrock pas a is shale are better suited to development of waste- influences the use of the land. Use of the bedrock as adipslfcitebcaeshewhislo building foundation or as a mineral resource requires disposal facilities because shale, with its low distinction of the different rock units present. Bedrock permeability, acts as somewhat of a retaining and type may also be a determining factor in the siting of iltering agent for liquid contaminants, and because sanitary landfills or sewage lagoons, and in the location shale is not an important source of ground water. of homes requiring septic tanks. The availability of 2. DEPTH TO BEDROCK (DRIFT THICKNESS) ground water in many areas also depends on the type of bedrock present and on that bedrock's physical Map Categories: characteristics. 1. 0-10 feet Not all types of bedrock can provide as sound a 2. 10-20 feet foundation as may be desired for large structures such 3. 20-30 feet as factories, department stores, high-rise buildings, 4. 30-40 feet grain elevators, bridges, and dams. Some rock, such as 5 40-50 feet limestone or dolomite, is subject to a possible 6. 50-100 feet weakness. Because limestone and dolomote are, 7. > 100 feet chemically, carbonate rocks, they are slowly soluble in 'the weak acids contained in ground water. Over the Description: years, natural solution may have produced small A depth to bedrock or drift thickness map illustrates openings along the levels of the more soluble layers. In either the depth beneath the surface at which bedrock most cases, these solution cavities are small, but they lies or the thickness of the glacial cover (drift) over are so abundant and so well connected in certain zones bedrock. Both maps convey essentially the same in the rock that water can move through them and information, which is how much unconsolidated surface collect with ease. This makes the limestone or dolomite material is encountered before bedrock is reached. The a good source of ground water, but where solution maps show areas where the thickness of cavities have been sufficiently enlarged by additional unconsolidated material or the depth to bedrock is solution, the rock becomes weak, making it a poor within stated ranges. These ranges in thickness reflect foundation. As this condition is difficult to predict in the degree of accuracy of the available data. many cases, it is suggested that test drilling be done before any major construction is undertaken in areas Data Gathering: where bedrock is limestone or dolomite. Depth tobedrock or drift thickness maps are Shale, a much weaker foundation than either prepared primarily from records of water wells. Well solution-weakened limestone or dolomite because of its logs, on file at the ODNR, Division of Water, are first field clayey, noncrystalline nature, may be additionally located and plotted on topographic maps and then weakened by systems of small natural cracks which run studied to determine how deep bedrock was et h rough it parallel to bedding planes. Professional encountered in drilling. The information is broken down e ngineering advice should be sought before shale is into ranges of depth to bedrock (or drift thickness). This used as a base for any building, particularly if the type of map can also be prepared by using some type of building is to be located on even a slight slope, percussion apparatus to create shock waves in the The best foundations for large structures in Ohio are surficial material which are detected by a portable on sandstone or on limestone or dolomite which has not seismograph. Reflections of the shock -waves off of the been weakened by solution. These rock types generally bedrock surface and the time of travel of the waves are A-22 I recorded, and this record is translated by a geologist Depth to bedrock maps, such as the maps provided into depth to rock information. by OCAP, can show areas where bedrock may be Value: shallow enough to afford a good, strong foundation for large structures, or shallow enough to quarry It is important to know the depth to bedrock for several arg e structures, or shallow enoug h to quarry 0 economically. The maps also show areas where reasons. Where bedrock is shallow (i.e., less than 8-10 bedrock is deep enough to accommodate excavations Ifeet), it provides an excellent, solid base for thebercisdpenuhtacomaeexvtos feet), it provides an excellent, solid base for the for basements and underground utility lines, to provide foundations of large structures, assuming the bedrock ffoundations of large Istructures, assuming the bedrck for the safe and pollution-free operation of septic tanks, type is suitable for foundation development. Industries, or to accommodate sanitary landfills or sewage or to accommodate sanitary landfills or sewage office buildings, shopping malls, high-rise buildings, grain elevators, bridges and dams all must have the agoons. sound foundation afforded by bedrock. Such structures may go as deep as 40-50 feet for foundation support, 3. GLACIAL OR SURFICIAL GEOLOGY depending on the area of the. foundation. Where Map Categories: bedrock is deeper than is economically feasible to 1. Alluvial Deposits reach directly, pilings are driven to the bedrock for 2. Valley-Train Deposits support. In areas where rock is very deep, development 3. Kames and Eskers must contend with a foundation in whatever 4. End Moraine unconsolidated material happens to be at the surface. 5. Ground Moraine Perhaps just as importantly, areas where bedrock is 6. Lake Beds shallow provide places where the bedrock may be economically extracted by quarrying. If the bedrock Description: 'happens to be coal, high-quality limestone or dolomite, A glacial or surficial geology map shows the areal sandstone, salt, gypsum, or even shale, it may have distribution of unconsolidated materials which lie aboye great value as a mineral resource. It should be noted bedrock. These unconsolidated materials are that areas of shallow bedrock can accommodate either composed primarily of sand, gravel, silt, and clay, and quarrying or a structure, but not both, making a choice they cover large areas, absent only where bedrock between development and mineral extraction crops out of the surface. A map of glacial or surficial necessary. geology differs from a soils map in that it considers all Shallow bedrock can, on the other hand, present material above bedrock, whereas soil survey several potential problems. Where bedrock is less than information extends to only five feet beneath the I eight feet beneath the surface, it may interfere with the surface. installation of basements and excavations for water and Data Gathering: sewer lines, greatly increasing construction costs. In Glacial or surficial g eology maps ar compiled almost m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gailo surficial geology maps are compiled almost addition, shallow bedrock areas may represent areas entirely from field work conducted by geologists trained where ground water supplies are being replenished. to recognize subtleties in landscapes which tell a Location of homes requiring septic tanks, or location of complex geological story. Roadcuts, stream valley in tese reas complex geological story. Roadcuts, stream valley sanitary landfills or sewage lagoons in these areas walls, cut banks, and assorted natural and man-made would greatly increase the likelihood of ground water features are studied, topography is analyzed, and auger contamination. The geologic problem with septic tanks b and sanitary landfills is very similar in that septic tank orings collected. Where supplemental information is effluent and landfill leachate must be contained above needed for correlation purposes, water well logs are berckadgrud ae sples heeoetestudied to determine the character and composition of berc n rudwtrsple.Teeoe h the unconsolidated material above bedrock, and to aid depth to bedrock (or the thickness of surficial material), in tai as well as the character of the material covering the th e i nterpretation of what may be a very detailed bedrock, is an important factor. Ohio Sanitary Code history of geologic events. regulation #HE-29-10, referring to location of septic Value: tank disposal systems, states that such systems should Since the physical and chemical breakdown, or not be constructed in areas where bedrock is less than weathering, of the geologic materials present at the four feet beneath the bottom of the proposed system surface produce what we know as soils, a knowledge of (i.e, where bedrock is less than 10-12 feet deep). To be these geologic materials is obviously essential to sure no contamination occurs, the depth to rock should understanding the nature of the soils that have really be greater. Thus, residential and small developed and are developing. A map of surficial or commercial development requiring septic tanks should glacial geology for agricultural purposes, then, is not not be undertaken in shallow bedrock areas. The unlike a map of soils, for the geologic materials at the minimum depth to bedrock or thickness of surface surface are the parent materials from which the soils material beneath the botton of a sanitary landfill or a were formed. Hence, much of the discussion appearing sewage lagoon varies greatly according to various in descriptions of the various soil maps and their researchers. The Illinois State Geological Survey has optimum use in planning and management also applies set a standard to which many states, including Ohio, here and need not be repeated. now adhere--30 feet of relatively impermeable surface Unconsolidated surface materials are evaluated for material between the bottom of a landfill or sewage their suitability as building foundation or septic tank lagoon and bedrock or any other potential source of location, for the effectiveness as a sanitary landfill or ground water. In-general, this means a total of sewage lagoon site, for their suitability as a source of approximately 50-60 feet of favorable (impermeable) construction materials, or for their potential as a source material would have to be present over bedrock for a of an adequate ground water supply. Suitability is landfill to be properly developed (assuming the landfill controlled to a great degree by the characteristics and trench extends to a depth of 20-30 feet), and three-dimensional distribution of these materials. Each approximately 35-40 feet of impermeable material of the above factors is critical in determining the nature would be needed to develop a sewage lagoon. and extent of development that may occur in an area. A-23 Many construction problems and health hazards can be Data Gathering: anticipated and avoided if the unconsolidated surface Data gathering in ground water availability is con- materials are properly evaluated prior to development. trolled by the distribution, thickness, and character of As there are many different types and combinations of the geologic units at and to considerable distances glacial/surficial geologic material present across the below the surface. Because of this, the compilation of a state, only those types with significant potential or with ground water availability map is dependent significant problems for development will be mentioned. on knowledge of bedrock geology and glacial or Perhaps the most significant surficial material in surficial geology. In addition, well logs or water wells terms of present and potential use and development is drilled previously in the area are consulted to determine sand and gravel. Sand and gravel deposits, most of their yields and the types and thicknesses of the various which were produced by glacial activity, are excellent geologic materials encountered in drilling. Ground sources of both ground water and construction water quality studies (chemical analyses) are also materials. The location and extent of sand and gravel utilized to determine the fitness of the water for its deposits is important in planning the development of intended use. any area. Where these deposits contain significant Value: amounts of ground water, they must be protected from Because of the dependence of many communities contamination by surface sources of pollution, such as and individual homes on ground water as their only sanitary landfills, septic tanks, sewage lagoons, and water supply, the availability of this resource is of prime other means of waste disposal. Where sand and gravel concern. In areas without a municipal water supply, the deposits are presently extracted or could be extracted amount of ground water available is of especially great in the future for use as construction aggregate, they importance. Ground water availability is important in must be protected from development or they will be lost. determining the types and densities of future Another significant surficial material is clay, much of development that may occur, because no community, which is also glacially derived. Areas where clay occurs business, or industry can grow larger than its available are very poorly suited to residential and other water supply will allow. Each land use has its own small scale development because clays are very poorly minimal water requirements. For example, low-density drained, and they have a high moisture-holding single family residences are adequately supplied by capacity. This results in wet basements, standing water wells yielding as little as five to ten gallons of water per in yards in flat or low-lying areas, and in very poorly minute, whereas an industry or stock farm may require functioning septic tanks. The installation of leach fields as much as 100 to 500 gallons per minute or more. In in areas where clay content in surficial materials is high addition, amounts of water in aquifers (water-bearing is required by state and county health department layers) tapped by increasing numbers of wells or by regulations to ensure adequate drainage of septic tank large wells, can become limited so that deeper drilling, effluent. Also, many foundation problems occur in to intersect additional aquifers, may be necessary for buildings constructed on clay. Many clays, when future wells. subjected to excesses of moisture, tend to swell. As Perhaps the most significant sources of ground water they dry out, they shrink, often developing deep cracks. in Ohio are deposits of sand and gravel. Especially As a result of this, foundations and walls may shift and important are those deposits made by meltwater crack. When these clays occur on a natural slope, derived from retreating glaciers in the last "ice age". alternate swelling and shrinking may cause the clay to These deposits are generally very thick, confined move slowly downhill, a process which imposes mostly to today's stream valleys. Some of the best additional stresses on building foundations and walls. deposits are contained in the valleys of the Mad River, Where areas of clay can be identified, as on a surficial the Great Miami and Little Miami Rivers, the Scioto geology map, problems with wetness, septic tanks, and River, the Hocking River, and the Tuscarawas River. foundation stability can be anticipated, and such areas These deposits may yield more than 1,000 gallons of can be avoided or appropriate measures can be taken water per minute, making them the most important to ensure that a minimum of problems arise in the future. sources of ground water in the state for municipal and industrial use. In addition to these "outwash" or "valley 4. GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY train" deposits, other glacially derived deposits are Map Categories: important sources of ground water. Much of Stark, 1. Yields > 1,000 gpm in sand and gravel Portage, and Summit Counties, for instance, are 2. Yields up to 500 gpm in sand and gravel covered by sand and gravel deposits known as 3. Yields up to 250 gpm in sand and gravel "kames". These deposits, along with others called 4. Yields up to 25 gpm in sand and gravel lenses " eskers", are not confinedtostreamvalleys. Depending 5. Yields up to 200 gpm in limestone and dolomite on their topographic location, they may produce great 6. Yields up to 50 gpm in limestone and dolomite quantities of water or they may only produce supplies 7. Yields from 5-10 gpm in limestone and dolomite adequate for residences. These features may also 8. Yields up to 25 gpm in sandstone represent areas where deeper ground water aquifers 9. Yields less than 5 gpm in sandstone and shale are being replenished or recharged. Sand and gravel aquifers can also be found in Description: pockets in other, less permeable, glacial deposits A ground water availability map is intended to show known as "till". These lenses of sand and gravel the relative availability of ground water or the average generally yield only small quantities of water, but in most Iyield that can be expected from properly developed cases are reliable water suppliers. individual wells in any given area. Such a map is a Of the other ground water aquifers in the state, only generalization of several complex hydrogeologic limestone and dolomite are of much importance. factors, and thus provides only a planning guideline. It Limestone and dolomite, because they are susceptible does not describe the absolute quantities of ground to solution, may have developed in them small cavities water available and should not be used in place of test through which water can move and collect rather easily. drilling. Where very soluble layers occur, ground water may be A-24 available in large quantities (i.e. yields of 100 to 500 level of floodwaters. Since there is no meaningful gallons per minute may be developed), but even where method of preventing floods, emphasis must be placed the limestone or dolomite has been only slightly affected on preventing development in such flood-prone areas. If by solution, ground water sufficient for a single home flood-prone area maps are consulted before a supply may be available. In general, the sandstone development is begun, or before zoning regulations or found in Ohio is not regarded as a good water supply land-use plans are formulated, the risk of incurring because it is, in many places, tightly cemented and thus flood-related losses is greatly reduced. Where more poorly permeable, but in places it may yield up to 25 detailed flood information is required for other purposes, gallons per minute. flood hazard reports, available from the U.S. Geological In Ohio, ground water reservoirs have been pumped Survey or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, should be for years with little drop in the watertable, sothat ground consulted. The best uses of flood-prone areas are open water is regarded as a renewable resource. All space, recreation, or agriculture. resources, however, are subject to overuse, and water is no exception. More people, greater demands, pollution of aquifers, and reduced recharge resulting from building on large areas of permeable soil through which water once seeped, all contribute to restricting the availability of ground water. If ground water aquifers are to continue to provide adequate supplies of clean water, care must be taken to ensure that the inflow of water into the aquifer is adequate and not contaminated. 5. FLOOD-PRONE AREAS Map Categories: 1. Not rated. 2. Flood-Prone Areas 3. Other Areas Description: Flood-prone area maps are essentially maps which show the extent of areas which have historically had flooding problems. These maps are based on a 100 year recurrence interval, showing areas that have, on the average, a 1 in 100 chance of being inundated in any year. In general the delineated areas are for natural conditions and do not take into consideration degree of urbanization, the possible effects of existing or. proposed flood-retention and flood-prevention structures, or channel improvements, except where those effects could be evaluated. Changes such as increased urbanization, including additional paved. areas, installation of storm sewers, and construction in the flood-prone area tend to increase the extent and chances of inundation. Changes such as additional flood-retention/prevention structures tend to decrease the extent and chance of flooding downstream of the structures, but tend to increase the extent and chance of flooding upstream. In contrast, channel improvements tend to increase the extent and chance |I D of flooding downstream. Data Gathering: Flood-prone area maps are compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who delineate such areas through the use of readily available information on past floods. This information includes flood profiles based on -high-water marks and regional stage-frequency relations, but usually does not include detailed field surveys and inspections. Value: Because flood-prone area maps identify areas of potential flood hazards, they are important to administrators, planners, engineers, and private citizens concerned with future land developments. Building in flood-prone areas creates the unnecessary hazard of potential flood damage and loss of life. In addition, as buildings on a floodplain may act as partial dams, they add to the flooding problem by increasing the destructive effects of flooding upstream by raising the A-25 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" A a 44 C, ~ ~ ~ ,, , Suisse Z - 5u%~~~. , �, ~~~ "OVA2 APPENDIX B EVALUATION OF SITE EXPOSURE TO RAILWAY NOISE The distances in the table below were arrived at with the assumption that there are 10 or more nighttime (10:00 p.m. - 7:00 a.m.) railway operations. If a railway has 10 or more nighttime operations, proceed to Table III for an immediate evaluation of the site's exposure to noise from that railway. But if a railway has fewer than 10 nighttime operations, multiply the distance from the site to that railway by the appropriate adjustment factor; then proceed to Table III. Number of Nighttime Adjustment Railway Operations Factor 1 - 2 operations 3.3 3 - 5 operations 1.7 6 - 9 operations 1.2 SITE EXPOSURE TO RAILWAY NOISE Distance from Site to Right-of-Way: Acceptability (Possibly adjusted for number Category of nighttime operations) Line-of-Sight Exposure Shielded Exposure More than 3000 ft. More than 500 ft. Clearly Acceptable Between 601 and 3000 ft. Between 101 and 500 ft. Normally Acceptable Between 101 and 600 ft. Between 51 and 100 ft. Normally Unacceptable Less than 100 ft. Less than 50 ft. Clearly Unacceptable Source: "Noise Assessment Guidelines," U.S. Dept. of HUD, BBN Report No. 2176, August, 1971. B-1 I I I * I I I I I I I I I C. C "C ak-4 +.V. C CC C CC.- AC C.k tY+4+j Cii. CC A 'CC CCY.V.CCIAO CCC> C'wl�,--C. 'C''CC-;$ C1 tCCA CC) ii 'C CCCV4 <%Jy C 7'- I I C C-CC> '-.-'C---t -CfC CjL.'CACnYr CC C1> 9' C'C CW"C C> I I I I U I I I|~~~~~~ ~~APPENDIX C ! - Township Meeting Notices I - Meeting Outlines I *~~ - Mailing List for Meetings I I I I I I I I .I * .I I I I ! I ~~~~~~~JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP TRUSTEE MEETING AUGUST 20, 1979 1. Show what I've been doing *~~~~~~ -Background research - OCAP - System I ~~~~~~~- Modifications - Combining with LUAS * ~~~2. Set-up meeting with township residents. I ~~~~Meeting will explain: Land Use Planning, Why need, * ~~~~~~~~~~What Co. doing. Show examples of what has been happening in Township last I ~~~~few years, at Res. Meeting. 3 ~~~~~~Information I would like to get out of Res. Meeting is: - What good & bad things have been happening in Township. 3 ~~~~~~- What you'd like to see changed, improved, eliminated. - What goals would you like the Township to work toward. I ~~~~~~-(Need cross-section of residents) 3 ~~~~~~~get names of groups or residents that would be interested in participating. Need a group that 3 ~~~~~~would continue through all meetings. - Set tentative date for Ist. meeting (I will come * ~~~~~~~to next Zoning Board Meeting'to explain agenda). - Write a letter, to be signed by Trustee, explaining that a land use plan is being done and would like to meet 3 ~~~~~~with residents to get their ideas. To be sent 2-weeks prior to meeting date. I ~~~~~~~~~~~C-i JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES CURTICE, OHIO--43412 Meeting: Jerusalem Twp. Trustees Time: 7:30 p.m. Place: Jerusalem Twp. Hall Date: Thursday, October 4, 1979 Dear Resident: For the past several months the staff of the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions have been gathering background information for the prepar- ation of a Land Use Plan for Jerusalem Township. This plan will help us to determine a logical and orderly growth pattern for our Township. We feel that your opinions on Township matters are important. For this reason, and .our knowledge and concern for the area, you are being asked to attend a meeting on October 4th with Township officials and the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions. The purpose of this meeting is to discuss how you would like to see the Township develop. Your input as to how land should be used, existing problems and desirable future development, will be valuable in helping us to meet your needs as residents of Jerusalem Township. It is our hope that you will plan on attending. Sincerely yours, Raymond Perry, Chairman JerusaJlem Township Trustee. John Henning J eu}a/lem Township Trustee - Richard Smarkel RP:tf Jerusalem Townsbhip Trustee C-2 MEETING AGENDA - JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP TRUSTEES DATE: OCTOBER 4, 1979 TIME: 7:30 P.M. to 9:30 P.M. PLACE: JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP HALL The purpose of this meeting is to find out how you feel the land in the Township should be used, now and in the future. 7:30 P.M. Introduction by Jerusalem Township Trustees. 7:40 P.M. LISTING OF YOUR IDEAS AND SUGGESTIONS on how the land in Jerusalem Township should be used (developed, changed or kept the same). 7:50 P.M. DISCUSSION OF IDEAS AND SUGGESTIONS. At this time the person who suggested the idea is given the opportunity to clarify or explain the idea. Others can add their support or ob- jections at this time. 8:20 P.M. PRELIMINARY VOTING. Review all the ideas and suggestions listed by the group and choose the ten (10) you feel are the most important. Everyones answers will then be added together to determine the top ten (10) problems as seen by the group as a whole. 8:30 P.M. DISCUSSION OF TOP TEN PROBLEMS. Any additional comments or questions on these problems can be raised at this time. 9:00 P.M. FINAL VOTE AND RANKING OF PROBLEMS. Rate the groups top ten problems by giving the most critical problem a "10", the next a "9" (etc.),with the least critical problem re- ceiving a "1". These points are then totaled for each problem. C-3 I ~~~~~~~~~GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING CHANGES IN LAND USE The following are guidelines to help you when looking at changes I ~~~that have occurred in Jerusalem Township over the past few years. Ask yourself: *What changes have taken place? *Have these changes been for the good of the Township? *What do you feel should have been done (instead of, in addition to, etc.)? I ~ ~~~~~*What would you like to see in the future, as to how the land will be used? For example, what changes have there been in your area? Have there 3 ~~~been: *new housing. (single homes); *subdi visions; *additional business; I ~ ~~~~~*farm expansion; *proposed development, not yet started (subdivisions, 3 ~~~~~~parks, etc.); or losses of: 3 ~~~~~~*farml ands; *woodlands, parks; *houses; 3 ~~~~~~*business; *other changes you know of. U~~~~~~~~~~~~- Rev. George Freeland Mr. Billy Miller lubhouse Blvd. Jerusalem Twp. Zoning Insp. Curtice, Ohio--43412 Rte. #2 - Box 59-B I Curtice, Ohio--43412 t. Lukes Lutheran Church Mr. Maynard Knitz, Co-Chairman Mailing list for the I0 S. Yondota Rd. Jerusalem Twp. Z oning Comm. October 4,1979 Meeting Curtice, Ohio--43412 Rte. #1 - Cedar Pt. Road Oregon, Ohio I Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Mr. Charles Davis 825 Water St. Martin, Ohio--43444 Rt. #1 - 128 Lagoon Dr. Curtice, Ohio--43412 IChief Joe Verb Mr. William Carstensen Jerusalem Twp. Fire Department Jerusalem Twp. Zoning Comm. Rte. 1 - Cousino Rd. Rt. 1 - Veler Rd. iCurtice, Ohio--43412 Martin, Ohio--43444 I ack's Supperette Edwin E. Stevenson oward Rd. Rt. #1 - Reuben St. Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 I Men's Democrat Club John J. Studneski, Jr. c/o Richard Smarkel 469 Brown Rd. IRte. 4 - State Rte. #2 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 l omen's Democrat Club Robert E. Anderson c/o Marge Nirschl 9501 Brown Rd. -Bunting Road Curtice, Ohio--43412 iCurtice, Ohio--43412 en & Women's Democrat Club John A. McGrady ohn Henning 208 Lucas St. 1664 Cedar Brown Rd. Curtice, Ohio--43412 urtice, Ohio--43412 Raymond Perry, Chairman Frank Wolf I erusalem Twp. Trustees Rt. #1 - Corduroy Rd. Ite. 1 - Yondota Rd. Oregon, Ohio Curtice, Ohio--43412 l erusalem Twp. Civic & Improve- Daniel Warner ment League Rt. #1 - 145 Lagoon Dr. 1#/o Elmer Seimet Curtice, Ohio--43412 te. #1 - Greenwood St. tartin, Ohio--43444 vlrs. Joan Schable, Clerk Ferusalem Township Rte. 1 - Van Dyke Rd. C-5 1 urtice, Ohio--43412 TAKE 10 TOWNSHIP MElTING: -hand outs -calculator -maps -dictionary -flip chart -tape -pencils 7:15 - SET UP MEETING ROOM Talk to Township Trustees. Have them explain that we are doing Land Use Plan for Township. Have them keep meeting on track. 7:30 - INTRODUCTION BY TOWNSHIP TRUSTEES Anne - Welcome People - Explain purpose of meeting, that it's "problem-minded" not "solution-minded." - One of a series of Township meetings on the Land Use Planning Process - Sorry if not everyone received notice. List in back, please put name, mailing address if you wish to receive notice of other meetings. - John will talk about Land Use Planning in County. John - What's being done in County - How it involves Jerusalem - What we're doing in Township 7:40 - Anne: Start group process - give purpose again and "Statement of Task." - clarify by explaining the kind of responses wanted. (DO NOT BIAS GROUP:: Resist further explanations) - hand out "idea" worksheet 7:50 - List ideas on chart Then: each person explains their suggestions 8:20 - PRELIMINARY VOTING - Hand out "Preliminary Voting Worksheet" - Pick the ten you feel are the most important 8:30 - Turn in Preliminary Voting Worksheets - Take break while we add up results 8:40 - Discussion of 10 problems - raise only questions or comments at this time 9:00 - FINAL VOTE -turn in all sheets - CONCLUSION - Information was obtained in this mneeting to more clearly understand Land Use problems in Jerusalem Township - Thank you for coming I ~~~~~~~~~~~C-6 I |3~~~ _~~~IDEA GENERATION WORKSHET You have been provided with the question: "How do you feel the land in Jerusalem Township should be used, now and in the future." Please write down (in brief form) your ideas or suggestions. List 1, 2 or 3 suggestions that you think are important and why. * Your first idea or suggestion: Why important: * Your second idea or suggestion:_ Why important:_ I *: Your third idea or suggestion: 3 Why important: NOTE: You will be asked to report out your ideas for each problem. If someone has given your first idea, go to your second. After all ideas are recorded, you will be given a chance to explain yours. C-7 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A 3 ~~~~~~~~PRELIMINARY VOTING WORKSHEET You will now be asked to list in silence the ten (10) problems you feel I ~~are the most important. Please list in the space below: 1 ~ ~~~~~~ 1. 1 ~~~6. _ _ _ * 9. _ _ _ _ 9 _ NOTE: Everyone's answers will then be tallied to determine the ten (10) most important problems,, as seen by the group as a whole. At this time, any additional comments or questions tan be raised. C-8 FINAL VOTING WORKSHEET You will now be asked to vote on the importance of each of the ten (10) problems that were picked by the group. Please list each below and rank according to their order of importance ("10" being the most important, "9" the next. . . . with the least important problem receiving a "1".) Problem Rank a) b ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _- c) d) _ e) _ _ r) I ) - h) i ~) __- __.. _ I) U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~ C -9 Eileen Rex Rte. #1 - Box 203Helen Mulinix Mrs. Hazel Peth Curtice, Ohio--43412 R.2 - Box 36 11217 Veler Rd. 91Curtice, Ohio Martin, Ohio--43445 Arthur H. Rex John J. Studniski Frances B. Gray Rt. 1 - Box 203 Rt. 1 950 Main St. - RR 1 Curtice, Ohio 469 Brown Rd. Martin, Ohio--43445 Curtice, Ohio--43412 I C. B. Truman Billy M. Miller Rt. 1 Rt. #2 - Box 59-B' 3 Martin, Ohio--43445 Curtice, Ohio--43412 * Persons who attended the I Lyle Romstadt Edwin Stevenson Rt. 1 Rt. #1 - Box 187 October 4, 1979 meeting Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 George W. Freeland Floyd A. Refft R.R. 1 - Box 150 Rt. #1 - Box 390 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Frank B. Fuss C. M. Seimit 624 Temple Rd. R.R. 1 Curtice, Ohio Martin, Ohio--43445 Betty Witty Walton A. Wolf Rt. 1 10420 Jerusalem I Curtice, Ohio Curtice, Ohio Nola Gilljland Joel S. Vargo Rt. #2 - Box 129-G Rt. 2 - Box 40 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Dennis E. Pfiffer 9Herman G.-Brandt 129-F Turnau Rd. 934 Main St; Curtice, Ohio--43412 Martin (Bono) Ohio--43445 Robert E. Anderson Raymond Perry 9501 Brown Rd. 4355 Yondota Rd.-Rte. 1 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio | Don Mulinix Mrs. Dale Krener R.2 - Box 36 10522 Jerusalem Rd. Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 C I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C1 IJoan Schabel Anna Mae Davis William R. Corbin Rte. #1 128 Lagoon Dr.-Rt. 1 847 Park Colony Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio I William Carstensen Sam Boardman Ralston Reau IVeler Rd. R.F.D. #2--Box 38 Box 188 - Route 1 IMartin, Ohio--43445 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio James T. Perry Norman J. Turner Esther Reau RFD. #1 -Box 44 RFD. 1 - Box 128 Box 188 - Route 1 ICurtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio IDave Fike Fred Bruce Harold Habegger Box 211 - Sta. A R.2 - Box 31 Route 2 Toledo, Ohio Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio I Dick Fleitz Alton Lambert Barbara Szilaggo 14339 Eastway Rt. 2 - Box 41F Box 65 - Rte. 2 Toledo, Ohio--43612 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio I R. W. Boothby Mr. & Mrs. George Coker Louis Szilaggo 543 Walden 709 Teachout Rd. Box 65 - Rte. 2 foledo, Ohio--43605 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio [Ilice Spinn Mr. & Mrs. Don Wright Mr..& Mrs. John Sekinger 244 LaFountain Dr. 641 Teachout Rd. 77 West St. - Box 203 - Rt.#l urtice, Ohio Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Irances Sekinger Steve Connor Mr. & Mrs. Dan Warner rances Sekinger Steve Connor 145 Lagoon Dr. -17 East Ave. - Rt. 1 RR. #1 145 Lagoon Dr. Curtice, Ohio Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Ruth Peth John J. Dyers Mrs. John M. Nowak I 1217 Veler Rd. - R.#l 11504 Van Dyke Rd. 805 Parkmore - Rt. 1 #84 Uartin, Ohio--43445 Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio--43412 lildred P. Logan Donna Gomoll John Felker 10040 Jerusalem 958 No. Curtice Rd. 11992 Van Dyke Rd. urtic~Ohio ~Oregon, Ohio--43618 Curtice, Ohio harles L. Davis Goldie M. Schabel Ni28 Lagoon Robert W. St. John 89 North St. - Rt. 28rti, Lagoon 85-A Park Coiony 89 North St. - Rt. 1 Curtice, Ohio 85-A Park C olony Curtice, Ohio--43412 Curtice, Ohio C-11 I TOLEDO-LUCAS COUNTY PLAN COMMISSIONS 415 NORTH Si. CLAIRF SI REET * TOLEDO, OtHIO 43604 WALI R T. EDELEN, Al P. EXI (ClliIVi !I1RECIt) October 15, 1979 Mr. Raymond Perry, Chairman Jerusalem Twp. Trustees Rte. 1, Yondota Rd. Curtice, Ohio--43412 Dear Mr. Perry: The results of the October 4, 1979 meeting held in Jerusalem Township are as follows, in their order of importance: #1. Save farmland, preserve rural character #2. Update Township zoning resolution #3. Maintain drainage ditches #4. Provide better police protection, security, in community #5. Do not want multi-family (apts.) #6. Clean-up junk cars #7. Do not want public sewer or water #8. Enforce existing zoning and building codes #9. Allow single family development (subdivisions and single lot) #10. Provide for an ecological balance between farm land, develop- ment and natural areas (waterways, woods) These comments, as well as others discussed, (see attached for a complete listing) will be summarized at the next meeting on the "Jerusalem Township Land Use Plan." I will be contacting you shortly to arrange the time and date. Thank you for your cooperation in making the meeting a success. Sincerely yours, Anne M.; Spelman., Assistant Planner AMS:tf Enc. cc: M. R. Forkapa, Administrator Lucas County Commissioners' Office Mr. Maynard Knitz, Co-Chairman Jerusalem Twp. Zoning Comm. Mr. Charles Davis, Co-Chairman Jerusalem Twp. Zoning Comm. Mrs. Joan Schable, Clerk Jerusalem Township Mr. Michael L. Adams, Ohio CEIP Coordinator Mr. Billy Miller Jerusalem Twp. Zoning Inspector ,(i RANGF P1 ANNIN,'; (419q; 247-6H:-628. '10,8-., 2,9 ;174' * 7ONIN(G .. Sll!lIVif:l�N (411 247 1,'85, 247-6280 2f51 23R C-12 RESULTS OF THE OCTOBER 4, 1979, JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP MEETING. Comment Rank % of Total Votes Save farmland, preserve rural chracter 1 14.4 Update Township zoning resolution 2 11.3 Maintain drainage ditches 3 7.6 Provide better police protection, security, in community 4 7.0 Do not want multi-family (apts.) 5 6.6 Clean-up junk cars 6 5.2 Do not want public sewer or water 7 4.4 Enforce existing zoning and building codes 8 4.0 Allow single family development (subdivisions and single lot) 9 3.8 Provide for an ecological balance between farm land, development and natural areas (waterways, woods) 10 3.6 Provide recreational facilities for children 11 3.3 Limit Federal and State ownership 12 3.0 Cut weeds on vacant lots 13 2.9 One and five acre lots are wasteful 14 2.6 Want orderly planned development 15 2.5 Allow development in established areas (ex. Reno Beach) 16 2.3 Select areas for development not good for farming 17 2.2 Do not want junk yards 17 2.2 Do not want land fills 18 1.7 Do not want trailer courts 19 1.5 Encourage planned business development, small shopping centers 20 1.5 Need retired (elderly) housinq development 21 1.1 Stop, clean-up refuse dumhping 22 1.1 Clarify flood plain areas and problems 23 1.0 Standarized application of Land Use Controls 24 .9 Fix roads (Lagoon Dr.) 24 .9 Want a stronger local voice 25 .5 Encourage water and sewer extension 26 .3 Recognize and try to resolve the conflict which exist between farm land and single family development 27 .25 Need sanitation and treatment controls, self-contained systems in developments and alternate designs 28 .2 Regulate pond development 29 .1 Increase tax base 30 .05 C-13 NOVEMBER 19, 1979 A G E N D A JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP TRUSTEES 1. Oct. 4 Meeting With Residents - Results 2. Goals & Objectives - Explain what they are - How they work (Are overall idea of how you want twp. to develop.) 3. Set Next Twp. General Meeting on Land Use Plan (Mid December) Agenda - Will go over results of Oct. meeting - Explain which will be addressed in plan, which are responsiblity of other agencies - Review background maps, information 4. Zoning Update - Outline - Need letter of support C-14 TOLEDO-LUCAS COUNTY PLAN COMMISSIONS 415 NORTH ST. CLAIR STREET a TOLEDO, OHIO 43604 WALTER T. EDELEN. A.I.C.P. EXECUTIVE OIRECTOR MEETING: JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS AND THE TOLEDO-LUCAS COUNTY PLAN COMMISSIONS TIME: 7:00 P.M. PLACE: JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP HALL DATE: THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 1980 Dear Resident: A meeting will be held on January 3, 1980 in the Jerusalem Township Hall to explain and discuss the background information use for the Jerusalem Township Land Use Plan. Sharon Adams and David Neilsen from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources will be on hand to explain the Ohio Capability Analysis Program (OCAP), a computer system use to map the following informa- tion for Jerusalem Township: 1. Prime Agricultural Lands Map 2. Limitations - Seasonal Recreation Map 3. Limitations on Small Scale Development Map 4. Limitations for Large Scale Development Map 5. Composite Limitation Map 6. Septic System Suitability Map 7. Flooding Potential If you have an interest in the background information used for the Land Use Plan, it is our hope that you will attend this meeting. Additional meetings will be held in the near future to discuss alternative Land Use Plans. Thank you for your continued support of the Jerusalem Township planning effort. Sincerely yours, Anne Spelman, Assistant Planner AS:tf C-15 U * - S * S * S a * S sninqWWq'fl ama - qg r SMWftW * Y"4m e. * I I - - - - -> .:'> Jim-- 4- .'- I U I I I I -I- I I I I I I U I I - - .1- 4 r4t$ t - j- r -1t0m APPENDIX D JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP POPULATION PROJECTIONS CURRENT DATA I ~~DATA BASE: Population projections based on 1975 Toledo-Lucas County popula- 3 ~~tion estimate of 13,636. The Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions formally adopted a population policy on February 17, 1977. This policy is to be used in all Plan Commis- sion reports and reads as follows: 3 ~~~~~WHEREAS, the rate of growth of the City of Toledo has been declining since 1950, and 3 ~~~~~WHEREAS, the total population of Toledo has been declining since 1970, and I ~~~~~WHEREAS, the population of the non-Toledo portions of the 3 ~~~county have continued to expand at the expense of the city, and WHEREAS, the staff report "Whither Greater Toledo" predicts 3 ~~~that without vigorous Commission action these trends will continue, resulting in decreasing environmental quality and tax base as well I ~~~as increasing revenue demands and 'energy consumption, and I ~~~~~WHEREAS, national population movements to the south and southwest and declining household size are expected to continue 3 ~~~at least to the end of the decade, and WHEREAS, the Plan Commissions recognize the difficulty of I ~~~reversing these trends, but 'recognize the need to take action to stabilize the population of the City of Toledo; THEREFORE, the Toledo-Lucas County Plan Commissions adopt the following policy: That, the Toledo Comprehensive Plan Update, Zoning Code Update, and all other agency plans--current, neighborhood, and long range--be used on a popula- tion growth rate for the City of Toledo, equal to the projected county growth rate. As of 1976 the proportional population projections are: TOLEDO CITY BALANCE LUCAS COUNTY LUCAS COUNTY No. AAGR* % No. AAGR % No. AAGR % 1970 383,062 79.2 100,489 20.8 483,551 100 1973 377,423 -.49 77.6 108,846 2.77 22.4 486,269 .19 100 1980 382,923 +.21 77.6 110,534 .22 22.4 493,457 .21 100 1990 392,654 .25 77.6 113,343 .25 22.4 505,997 .25 100 2000 401,939 .23 77.6 116,024 .23 22.4 517,963 .24 100 *AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate Historical Trends: Toledo, Lucas County and Jerusalem Township have all shown a decrease in their annual population growth rates since 1920. The average annual growth rates per year over the last 50 years (1920-1970) are as follows: Lucas County = 1.24 Toledo - 0.87 Balance-Lucas County (excluding Toledo) - 3.9 Jerusalem Township = 3.25 (When looking at the above figures it should be noted that annexation by Toledo caused greater fluctuations in population than would normally be ex- perienced.) Jerusalem Township's growth rates, from 1890 through 1978, are as listed on the following page: D - 2 POPULATION 1890-1978 Average Annual Year Population Difference Growth Rate 1890 1166 1900 1581 -411 -2.78 1910 1431 -150 -1.04 1920 1297 -134 - .93 1930 1739 +442 3.40 1940 1910 +171 .98 1950 2658 +748 3.91 1960 3319 +661 2.48 1970 3405 +96 .28 1978 3614 +209 .77 PERSONS PER DWELLING UNIT Year # Dwelling Units Person's Per Dwelling Unit 1960 1176 2.82 1970 1018 3.35 1978 1134 3.19 An average of 12 dwelling units per year (1970-1978) have been built in Jerusalem Township. Lucas County Population per dwelling unit for the year 2000 is projected at 2.8. ASSUMPTIONS THAT: The eastward growth pattern will continue toward, and eventually into, Jerusalem Township. D -3 THAT: Toledo, Lucas County, and Balance of Lucas County's (exclud- ing Toledo) growth rates will be proportional equal by 2000. THAT: Jerusalem Township's annual growth rate will slow down and become stable as the population matures. THAT: New construction in Jerusalem Township will continue steadily. THAT: The persons per household will continue to decline in Lucas County, as well as Jerusalem Township. POPULATION PROJECTIONS JERUSALEM TOWNSHIP Average Annual Growth Year Population Difference Rate 1970 3405 1978 3614 1980 3686 72 1.0 1990 4034 348 .94 2000 4370 336 .83 Note: Based on an average of 12 new dwelling units per year with the following persons per dwelling unit: 1980--3.0 ppdu, 1990--2.9 ppdu, 2000--2.8 ppdu. 0D-4