[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]











                     TOWN OF LONG BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA

                                        1993 LAND USE PLAN








                            Adopted by the Town of Long Beach: March 16, 1994

                      Certified by the Coastal Resources Commission: March 25, 1994
















             11D
             211
             N8                          Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
             L38                            Wilmington, North Carolina
             1993




         The preparation of this document was financed in part through a grant provided by the North Carolina
         Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
         amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
         Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.




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                                        TOWN OF LONG BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA
                                                       1993 LAND USE PLAN


                                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                                                                    Page
                                                                                                                  Number


                 SECTION 1: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS


                 A.      ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE                                                              1-1

                         1. Statement of Purpose .                                                                    . 1-1
                         2. Review of 1986 Land Use Plan Policies                                                       1-2
                         3. Data Sources                                                                              1-17


                 B.      POPULATION AND HOUSING                                                                       1-18


                         1. Population                                                                                1-18
                         2. Housing Characteristics                                                                   1-21
                         3. Summary                                                                                   1-24

                 C.      ECONOMY                                                                                      1-25


                 D.      EXISTING LAND USE                                                                            1-29


                         1. Introduction                                                                              1-29
                         2.   Residential Land Use                                                                    1-29
                         3.   Commercial Land Use                                                                     1-37
                         4.   Public and Semi-Public                                                                  1-40
                         5.   Industrial Land Use                                                                     1-41
                         6.   Open Space                                                                              1-47
                         7.   Land Use Changes,         1986-1992                                                     1-47
                         8.   Extraterritorial Jurisdiction                                                           1-51
                         9.   Existing Land Use Summary                                                               1-51
                         10. Development Potential                                                                    1-53

                 E.      DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES                                                   1-54


                         1.      Water Supply                                                                         1-54
                         2.      Sewage Disposal                                                                      1-55
                         3.      Drainage                                                                             1-58
                         4.      Solid Waste Disposal                                                                 1-58
                         5.      Police                                                                               1-59
                         6.      Fire/Rescue                                                                          1-59
                         7.      Administration                                                                       1-60
                         8.      Transportation                                                                       1-60
                         9.      Electrical Distribution                                                              1-61








                            10.      Telephone Service                                                                                1-61
                            11.      Cable Television                                                                                 1-61
                            12.      Schools                                                                                          1-62
                            13.      Health Services                                                                                  1-62
                            14.      Recreation                                                                                       1-62

                   F.       DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY                                                                 1-63

                            1.       Topography/Geology                                                                               1-63
                            2.       Flood Hazard Areas                                                                               1-63
                            3.       soils                                                                                            1-67
                            4.       Manmade Hazards/Restrictions                                                                     1-69
                            5.       Fragile Areas                                                                                    1-69
                                     a)       Coastal Wetlands                                                                        1-69
                                     b)       Estuarine Waters                                                                        1-71
                                     c)       Estuarine Shorelines                                                                    1-71
                                     d)       Public Trust Areas                                                                      1-71
                                     e)       Ocean Hazard Areas                                                                      1-72
                                     f)       404 Wetlands                                                                            1-72
                                     g)       Slopes in Excess of 12%                                                                 1-73
                                     h)       Excessive Erosion Areas                                                                 1-73
                                     i)       Historic and Archaeological Sites                                                       1-73


                  SECTION 11: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS                                                                     11-1

                  A.        PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT                                                                          11-1

                            1.       Demographic Trends                                                                               11-1
                            2.       Commercial and Industrial Land Use                                                               11-3
                            3.       Residential                                                                                      11-4
                            4.       Public/Semi-Public                                                                               11-5
                            5.       Transportation                                                                                   11-5
                            6.       Areas Likely to Experience Major Land Use Changes                                                11-5
                            7.       Summary                                                                                          11-5

                  B.        PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY                                                            11-6

                  C.        REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES                                                                                      11-7

                  D.        INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION                                                         11-7


                  SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM                                                                             111-1










                 SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS

                 A.      RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS                                                     IV-1
                 B.      RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES                                               IV-7
                 C.      ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
                         POLICY STATEMENTS                                                                         IV-1 0
                 D.      CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES                                                  IV-18
                 E.      STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST-DISASTER RECOVERY AND
                         EVACUATION POLICIES & PLANS                                                               IV-1 9

                         1       Hazard Mitigation Policies                                                        IV-19

                         2.      Storm Mitigation, Evacuation, and Post-Disaster Recovery Plans                    IV-21
                                 a.      Storm Hazard Mitigation                                                   IV-21
                                 b.      Hurricane Planning and Evacuation                                         IV-23
                                 C.      Post-Disaster Recovery        Plan                                        IV-37

                         3.      Organization of Local Damage Assessment Team                                      IV-38

                         4.      Damage Assessment Procedures and Requirements                                     IV-39

                         5.      Organization of Recovery Operation                                                IV-41

                         6.      Recommended Reconstruction Policies                                               IV-46
                                 a.      Re-Entry Permits                                                          IV-46
                                 b.      Permitting @                                                              IV-46
                                 C.      Utility and Facility Reconstruction                                       IV-47
                                 d.      Temporary Development Moratorium                                          IV-47


                 SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS V-1





                                                          LIST OF TABLES


                   Table 1:        Total Population - 1980, 1990 - Town of Long Beach,                            1-18
                                   Brunswick County, North Carolina
                   Table 2:        Population Characteristics by Age Group - Town of Long                         1-18
                                   Beach - 1980, 1990
                   Table 3:        Change in Population by Sex - Long Beach, Brunswick                            1-20
                                   County - 1980, 1990
                   Table 4:        Population Change by Race Jown of Long Beach - 1980,                           1-21
                                   1990








                 Table 5:        Housing Tenure and Vacancy - Town of Long Beach -                            1-21
                                 1980, 1990
                 Table 6:        Residential Building Permits - Town of Long Beach -                          1-22
                                 1987-1993
                 Table 7:        Housing Conditions - Town of Long Beach - 1990                               1-23
                 Table 8:        Mean Household Income, 1989 - Long Beach, Brunswick                          1-25
                                 County, North Carolina
                 Table 9:        Labor Force Status, Persons 16 Years Old and Over -                          1-25
                                 Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County - 1990
                 Table 10:       1990 Employment by Class of Worker - Town of Long                            1-26
                                 each, Brunswick County
                 Table 11:       Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry - Town                       1-27
                                 of Long Beach - 1990
                 Table 12:       Poverty Status - Town of Long.Beach - 1990                                   1-28
                 Table 13:       Ocean Access Sites                                                           1-43
                 Table  14:      Estuarine Access Sites                                                       1-46
                 Table  15:      Long Beach Construction Activity - Corporate Limit Area -                    1-48
                                 1987-1993
                 Table  16:      Town of Long Beach Corporate Limit Area - Land Use                           1-49
                                 Analysis, . 1986/1992
                 Table  17:      Town of Long Beach Corporate Limit Area - Lot Use                            1-50
                                 Analysis - by Lot Type, 1986/1993
                 Table  18:      Town of Long Beach - Water Consumption                                       1-55
                 Table  19:      1993 School System Status - Schools Serving Long Beach                       1-62
                 Table  20:      Long Beach - Soil Susceptibility to Flooding                                 1-67
                 Table 21:       Long Beach - Soil Associations - Degree and Kind of                          1-68
                                 Limitation for Stated Use
                 Table 22:       Total Year-Round Population Projections - Brunswick                          11-1
                                 County, 1990-2003
                 Table 23:       Town of Long Beach, Peak Seasonal Population Growth -                        11-3
                                 1993-2003
                 Table 24:       Hurricane Forces Associates with Town Environments                          IV-22













                                                            LIST OF MAPS


                 Map 1 - February 1993 Zoning Map                                                                    1-31

                 Map 2 - Existing Land        Use Ma   p                                                             1-38

                 Map   3 - Shoreline Access Sites and          Recreation Facilities                                 1-42

                 Map   4  - Extraterritorial Ju  risdiction                                                          1-52

                 Map 5 - Soils                                                                                       1-57

                 Map 6 - Flood Hazard                                                                                1-64

                 Map 7 - Storm Surge Area                                                                            1-65

                 Map 8 - Fragile Areas                                                                               1-70

                 Maps 9 & 9A - Land Classification Map                                                       111-5 & 1 11-6







                                                             APPENDICES


                 Appendix 1:              Policies Considered But Not Adopted

                 Appendix 11:             Environmental Impact Statement, North Carolina Barrier Islands
                                          Waste Management

                 Appendix III:            Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas

                 Appendix IV:             Citizen Participation Plan




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 11                ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
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                              SECTION 1: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS



               A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE


               1.     Statement of Purpose

                      This Land Use Plan Update for the Town of Long Beach is prepared in
               accordance with requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act
               (CAMA). Specifically, this document complies with Subchapter 7B, "Land and Use
               Planning Guidelines," of the North Carolina Administrative Code, as amended,
               November 1, 1989. The land use plan serves to guide the town's development by
               addressing issues and adopting policies that pertain to the town. Specifically, the land
               use plan provides the following:

                      1)    an analysis of existing conditions;
                      2)    a projected land development analysis;
                      3)    a summary of public interests and participation;
                      4)    a land classification system;
                      5)    a detailed section on policy statements;
                      6)    an analysis of the carrying capacity of public facilities with a
                            demand/supply analysis;
                      7)    an analysis of the issues confronting redevelopment of the
                            11circle" area;
                      8)    a summary of 404 wetland areas and issues;
                      9)    an analysis of maritime forest issues;
                      10)   a discussion of the preservation of dune areas; and
                      11)   an explanation of the relationship of the policies to the land
                            classification.

               This plan update contains a summary of data collection and analysis, identification of
               areas of environmental concern, projected land development analysis, a policy
               discussion, and a land classification map. It is emphasized that the policy section of
               the plan is the most important part of the document. State and federal agencies will
               use the local land use policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit
               decisions. The 7B guidelines require that the following issues be addressed in the
               plan:

                      1)    Resource Protection
                      2)    Resource Production and Management
                      3)    Economic and Community Development
                      4)    Continuing Public Participation
                      5)    Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post-Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plans.








             2.     Review of 1986 Land Use Plan Policies

                    The 1986 Long Beach plan included policy statements which addressed these
             five policy areas. It is emphasized that this is only a summary and not the complete
             1986 policies section.

                    RESOURCE PROTECTION

                    It is the policy of Long Beach to support and enforce, through its CAMA
                    permitting responsibility, state policies as they relate to areas of environmental
                    concern (AEC's).

                    Water Quality

                    Protection of the estuarine and beach systems is the policy of Long Beach.

                    Coastal Management PofigX

                    It is the policy of Long Beach to uphold the guidelines and regulations of the
                    Coastal Area Management Act not only to the letter of the law, but in spirit by
                    consistently dispensing its CAMA permitting responsibilities in a conscientious
                    manner.


                    The Estuarine System

                    Long Beach will promote conservation and management of the estuarine system
                    as a whole, which includes individual AEC's: coastal wetlands, estuarine waters,
                    public trust area, and estuarine shorelines.

                    Coastal Wetlands


                    Activities in coastal wetland areas shall be restricted to those which do not
                    significantly affect the unique and delicate balance of this resource. Suitable
                    land uses include those giving highest priority to the protection and management
                    of coastal wetlands, so as to safeguard and perpetuate their biological , social,
                    economic, and aesthetic values and to establish a coordinated management
                    system capable of conserving and utilizing coastal wetlands as a natural
                    resource essential to the functioning of the entire estuarine system. These land
                    uses shall achieve little to no non-point source runoff through the minimization
                    of impervious surfaces and the maximization of natural vegetation preservation.
                    Highest priority of use shall be allocated to the conservation of existing coastal
                    wetlands. Second priority shall be given to those uses that require water access
                    and cannot function elsewhere.

                    Acceptable land uses may include utility easements, fishing piers, and docks.
                    Unacceptable uses may include, but would not be limited to, restaurants,
                    businesses, residences, motels, parking lots, and highways.


                                                           1-2










                     Estuarine Waters

                     In recognition of the importance of this resource for the fisheries and related
                     industries as well as aesthetics, recreation, and education, Long Beach shall
                     promote the conservation and quality of estuarine waters. Activities in these
                     areas shall be restricted to those which do not permanently or significantly affect
                     the function, cleanliness, salinity, and circulation of estuarine waters. Suitable
                     land/water uses include those giving highest priority to conservation and
                     management so as to safeguardand perpetuate biological, social, economic,
                     and aesthetic values and to establish a coordinated management system
                     capable of conserving and utilizing estuarine waters to maximize their benefits
                     to humans and the estuarine system. Highest priority of use shall be allocated
                     to the conservation of estuarine waters and its vital components. Second priority
                     shall be given to uses that require water access and cannot function elsewhere.

                     Approp riate uses may include simple access channels, structures which prevent
                     erosion, navigation channels, boat docks, and piers.

                     Long Beach will also support projects in estuarine water areas which aim to
                     increase the productivity of these waters. Such projects include oyster reseeding
                     programs and inlet channeling and dredging operations for the purpose of
                     increasing the flushing action of tidal movement.

                     Public Trust Areas

                     In recognition of certain land and water areas in which the public has certain
                     established rights and which support valuable commercial and sports fisheries,
                     have aesthetic value, and are resources for economic development, Long Beach
                     shall protect these rights and promote the conservation and management of
                     public trust areas. Suitable land/water uses include those which protect public
                     rights for navigation and recreation and those which preserve and manage the
                     public trust areas in order to safeguard and perpetuate their biological,
                     economic, social and aesthetic value.

                     In the absence of overriding public benefit, any use which significantly interferes,
                     as with the public right of navigation or other public trust rights which apply in the
                     area, shall not be allowed. Projects which would directly or indirectly block or
                     impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline erosion, deposit spoils
                     below mean high tide, cause adverse water circulation patterns, violate water
                     quality standards, or cause degradation of shellfish waters shall not be allowed.

                     Uses that may be allowed in public trust areas shall not be detrimental to the
                     public trust rights and the biological and physical functions of the estuary.
                     Examples of such uses include the development and navigational channels or
                     drainage ditches, the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion, and the building of
                     piers, docks, or marinas.



                                                               1-3









                Estuarine Shoreline

                CAMA defines the      estuarine shoreline at Long Beach as the areas 75 feet
                landward of the estuarine waters.        Long Beach recognizes: (1) the close
                association between estuarine shorelines and adjacent estuarine waters, (2) the
                influence shoreline development has on the quality of estuarine life, and (3) the
                damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding to which the estuarine
                shoreline is subject.

                Shoreline development has a profound effect on adjacent estuarine waters.
                Effluent from poorly placed or malfunctioning septic systems can pollute shellfish
                areas which represent much greater economic benefits to the Town's citizens
                than do the residential uses of estuarine shoreline areas. In recognition of this
                fact, Long Beach will use all available means of law to restrict the use of
                estuarine shoreline areas for residential purposes where there is a substantial
                chance of pollution occurring.

                The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into public trust areas.
                It shall be the policy of Long iBeach to allow this natural process to occur if life
                or structures are not in jeopardy.

                Suitable land uses are those compatible with both the dynamic nature of
                estuarine shorelines and the values of the estuarine system.             Residential,
                commercial, and recreational land uses are all appropriate types of use along the
                estuarine shoreline provided that:

                              A substantial chance of pollution occurring from the     development
                              does not exist, where there is a low percentage of runoff, a high
                              percent of deep and shallow infiltration, and a high degree of
                              eva po-tra nsp i ration,

                       -      Natural barriers to erosion are preserved and not substantially
                              weakened or eliminated,

                       -      The disturbance of natural vegetation is minimized,

                       -      The construction of impervious surfaces and area not allowing
                              natural drainage is limited to only that necessary to adequately
                              service the development,

                       -      Standards of the North Carolina Sedimentation Pollution Control
                              Act 1973 are met,

                       -      Development does not create pollution or have any other significant
                              adverse impact on estuarine resources, and

                       -      Development does not significantly interfere with existing public
                              rights of access to, or use of, navigable waters or public resources.

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                    Ocean Hazard Areas

                    In recognition of the critical nature of ocean hazard areas due to vulnerability to
                    erosion and to the dynamic processes that can be dangerous to life and
                    property, Long Beach supports the State CAMA policies for Ocean Hazard
                    Areas. Ocean hazard forces are the most dynamic in ocean erodible and high
                    hazard flood areas.       The 8.3-mile oceanfront is significantly important to
                    economic, aesthetic, and recreational resources of Long Beach. The Town
                    vigorously supports all efforts to protect these areas.

                    Suitable land uses in ocean hazard areas generally are those which are not
                    vulnerable to unreasonable danger to life and property and which achieve a
                    balance between the financial, safety, and social factors involved in hazard area
                    development.          Ocean     shoreline    erosion    control    activities,   dune
                    establishment/stabilization, and structural accessways are all acceptable types
                    of land uses. Residential, commercial, and recreational land uses are also
                    acceptable types of use in ocean hazard areas provided that:

                                   Developme   nt is landward of the crest of the primary dune; where
                                   no primary dune exists, development is set back a minimum of 30
                                   times the average annual erosion rate (60 feet in the area from
                                   58th Street East to Lockwood's Folly Inlet and 90 feet from 58th
                                   Street East to 79th Street East) from the first line of stable
                                   vegetation.

                                   Development does not involve the significant removal or relocation
                                   of primary or frontal dune sand or vegetation.

                                   Development implements means and methods to mitigate or
                                   minimize adverse impacts of the project.

                                   Development of growth-inducing public facilities such as sewers,
                                   waterlines, roads, and erosion control measures is permitted only
                                   in cases where:


                                          national or state interests and public
                                          benefits are clearly overriding factors,

                                          facilities would not exacerbate existing
                                          hazards or damage natural buffers,

                                          facilities would be reasonably safe from
                                          flood and erosion related damage, and

                                          facilities do not promote growth and
                                          development in ocean hazard areas.



                                                              1-5








                Prior to the issuance of any permit for development in ocean hazard AEC's,
                there shall be a written acknowledgement from the applicant stating awareness
                of the risks associated with development in this hazardous area.

                              The Town of Lang Beach believes that the 8.3 miles of ocean
                              shoreline is a valuable natural recreational resource that should be
                              kept clean and safe for public use. Therefore, it is the policy of
                              Long Beach to provide appropriate beach access and parking
                              facilities, trash receptacles, stump removal when deemed to be
                              hazardous to public safety, and any other beach service which
                              would be feasible and appropriate, excepting erosion control
                              activities.


                              The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into
                              public trust areas. It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this
                              natural process to occur.

                              All other regulations adopted by the Coastal Resources
                              Commission will be applicable and shall be complied with.

                Natural  and  Cultural Resource Areas

                Long Beach will support      the following actions regarding these irreplaceable
                resources:


                              Protection of unique habitat conditions that are necessary to the
                              continued survival of threatened and endangered native plants and
                              animals and to minimize land use impacts that might jeopardize
                              these conditions.


                              Protection of the features of a designated coastal complex natural
                              area in order to safeguard its biological relationships, educational
                              and scientific values, and aesthetic qualities. Specific objectives for
                              each of these functions shall be related to the following policy
                              statement either singly or in combination:

                                     To protect the natural conditions or sites
                                     that function as key or unique com-
                                     ponents of coastal systems. The inter-
                                     actions of various life forms are the
                                     foremost concern and include sites that
                                     are necessary for the completion of life
                                     cycles, areas that function as links to
                                     other wildlife areas (wildlife corridors),
                                     and localities where the links between
                                     biological and physical environments are
                                     most fragile.



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                                            To protect the identified scientific and
                                            educational values and to ensure that
                                            the site will be accessible for related
                                            study purposes as has been provided to
                                            Big Davis Canal and its related marsh
                                            area from 19th Street East via the board
                                            deck and gazebo.

                                            To protect the values of the designated
                                            coastal complex       natural area as
                                            expressed by Long Beach and its
                                            citizenry.   These values should be
                                            related to the educational and aesthetic
                                            qualities of the feature.

                                    Conservation of coastal archaeological resources as they may be
                                    identified of more than local significance to history or prehistory that
                                    constitute important scientific sites, or are valuable, educational,
                                    associative, or aesthetic resources. There are 76 such sites in
                                    Long Beach recognized by the N.C. Department of Cultural
                                    Resources. Wherever there is question of protection of these, the
                                    town will seek assistance and determination from the Division of
                                    Archives and History before proceeding to issue permits. Specific
                                    objectives for each of these functions shall be related to the
                                    following policy statements either singly or in combination:

                                            to conserve significant archaeological
                                            resources including their spatial and
                                            structural context and characteristics
                                            through site preservation or scientific
                                            study,

                                            to   ensure     that    the     designated
                                            archaeological      resource,     or     the
                                            information    contained     therein,    be
                                            preserved for and be accessible to the
                                            scientific and educational communities
                                            for related study purposes, and

                                            to protect the values of the designated
                                            archaeological resource as might be
                                            expressed by Long Beach and its
                                            citizens; these values should be related
                                            to the educational, associative or
                                            aesthetic qualities of the resource.




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                 Development may be permitted in designated fragile coastal natural or cultural
                 resource areas provided that the proposed design and location will cause no
                 major or irreversible damage to the stated values of a particular resource. One
                 or more of the following values must be considered depending upon the stated
                 significance of the resource:

                        -       Development shall preserve the values of the individual resource
                                as its functions as a critical component of a natural system.

                        -       Development shall not adversely affect the values of the resource
                                as a unique scientific, associative, or educational resource.

                        -       Development shall be consistent with the aesthetic values of a
                                resource as identified by Long Beach and its citizens.

                        -       No reasonable alternative sites are available outside the
                                designated AEC.

                 Reasonable     mitigation measures have been considered and incorporated into
                 the project plan. These measures shall include consultation with recognized
                 authorities and with the Coastal Resources Commission.

                 The project will be of equal or greater public benefit than those benefits lost or
                 damaged through development.

                 PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT

                 Public Water Supply

                 It is the policy of the town to rely on Brunswick County for all of its public water
                 supply.

                 Solid Waste Disr)osal

                 It is the policy of Long Beach to have this service provided in an efficient, safe,
                 and sanitary manner. Long Beach supports the county's participation in regional
                 landfill projects so long as adequate landfill sites are retained, maintained, and
                 guaranteed.

                 Septic Tank Suitatj!y

                 In conformance with state and county health regulations, growth and
                 development will not be allowed in areas where septic tanks will not function and
                 sewer services are not available.







                                                           1-8









                    Drainage

                    Long Beach will discourage    new development of such areas unless there is
                    adequate assurance by the      developer for correcting any such problems of
                    flooding or water storage, and in such manner that there is no adverse condition
                    created on adjoining land areas.

                    RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT


                    Net Fishing

                    The use of nets for fishing within 300 yards of the beach between 79th Street
                    East (town limits) and Lockwood's Folly Inlet is prohibited between May 15 and
                    September 15.

                    Coastal and Estuarine Waters

                    Any development which will profoundly and adversely affect coastal and
                    estuarine waters will be restricted.


                    Off Road Vehicles

                    In May 1978, Long Beach passed an ordinance prohibiting the use of all vehicles
                    on the beach strand and dune areas. The only exceptions to the ordinance are
                    for the use of emergency vehicles and town-authorized vehicles.

                    Recreational Resources

                    It is the policy of the town to hire a full-time recreation staff with added
                    summertime help to provide a recreation building for a variety of recreational and
                    other community uses, to operate a town park for children's passive activities
                    primarily at the west end, to provide canoe trail and boating access to Davis
                    Creek/Canal at the Recreation Building, and to render access to the marshlands
                    of Davis Creek for human/environmental interface via boardwalks and a gazebo.
                    It is the policy of the town to promote the usage of these facilities through
                    activities reports and events announcements and through conspicuous signage.

                    Commercial and Recreational Fisheries

                    It is the policy of Long Beach to protect AEC's through administration and to
                    provide special access to them at the Tidal-Way Trails Park entrance to Davis
                    Creek at the Recreational Center and at the Nature Walk trail and gazebo which
                    crosses Davis Creek at 19th Place East.

                    Impervious Surface Runoff

                    Long Beach's policy is to use all financially feasible and environmentally
                    acceptable means at its disposal to help cut the damage of flooding.

                                                            1-9










                ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

                Growth and Development

                It is the policy of Long Beach to manage and direct its growth to balance
                development and the provision of municipal services by:

                             Basing population and growth guidance on the following criteria:
                             (a) suitability of the land to accommodate use; (b) capacity and
                             protection of the environment; (c) compatibility with the goals and
                             objectives of the town; (d) density; (e) location of use; and (f)
                             availability of facilities and services.

                             Preparing for a population growth that will continue at about the
                             current rate with a permanent residency of 4,627 and an average
                             summer weekday population of 35,000 by the year 2000.

                             Instituting continuous land use planning and growth direction with
                             effectively enforced zoning, subdivision, and building codes,
                             amended in accordance with that planning, as the key tools for
                             managing population and economic growth in Long Beach.

                             Guiding new development away from AEC's, providing protection
                             for unique natural features, sensitive vegetative areas, rookeries,
                             special habitats, and unstable physical forms such as dunes, inlets,
                             and shorelines.

                             Guiding new development away from hazardous areas where there
                             is a tendency toward septic tank problems, flooding, washover, and
                             inlet cutting.

                             Approving development only when and where adequate facilities
                             and services to support it are available.

                             Amending the Long Beach Hurricane Mitigation Plan and its
                             respective policies for guiding redevelopment and new growth as
                             conditions in the town change.

                Town Character

                It is the policy of Long Beach to promote and preserve the,"family" oriented,
                retirement-resort atmosphere and reputation of the community by limiting the
                amount of activities that would detract from the town's present character and
                distinction through effective land use plan implementation, and conscientious
                building permit, C'AMA permit and zoning ordinance administration, 'and by
                advertising the town as quiet, family beach, upholding that tradition.



                                                      1-10








                     Housing and Residential Development

                     It is the policy of Long Beach to continue to encourage the development of a
                     variety of housing types to meet the needs and desires of the citizenry and future
                     permanent and seasonal residents by:

                                   Maintaining an area exclusively for single-family dwellings primarily
                                   for the growing permanent and seasonal population.

                                   Providing an area for mobile homes to accommodate both
                                   permanent and seasonal occupancy.

                                   Establishing an area for condominiums and apartments, maintained
                                   to accommodate vacationing, resort, retired and other permanent
                                   populations.

                                   Providing in the beach section of town for motels and hotels and
                                   their attendant facilities.

                                   Retaining the thirty-five (35)-foot height limitation for residential,
                                   commercial, and institutional structures.

                     Appearance    and Cleanliness

                     It is the policy of Long Beach to improve and enhance its visual quality and
                     attractiveness, both of which are    directly related to liveability and economic
                     viability by:

                                   Celebrating Long Beach Spruce-up Week in the spring of every
                                   year. ,

                                   Strengthening and enforcing town ordinance relating to residential
                                   and commercial property cleanup with provisions for the town to do
                                   the job at the owner's expense, if not carried out after proper
                                   notification.


                            -      Requiring developers and construction companies to clean up
                                   during building activities and after jobs are complete.

                            -      Continuing to pick up domestic garbage once per week in the
                                   winter and twice per week in the summer.

                            -      Establishing a continuous cleanliness campaign with posters, signs,
                                   and additional trash (pitch-in) receptacles.

                            -      Creating a community appearance commission with the charge to
                                   conduct clean-up campaigns, to receive referrals from the Town
                                   Council and Planning Board for recommendations, and to institute








                              community activities, within the context of its charter, relating to
                              beautification, environmental protection and preservation, advocacy
                              for quality development, and education.

                Commercial    Development

                It is the policy of Long Beach to enhance and promote quality commercial
                development by:

                              Encouraging community oriented business to cluster in the existing
                              commercial district on Oak Island Drive and limiting the strip,
                              development configuration now in existence with office and
                              institutional uses on both ends.


                              Locating recreation and tourist businesses generally in designated
                              sections of the beach area, discouraging strip development.

                              Exploring the feasibility of a zoning change for a convenience
                              shopping facility in the west end as suggested in the Growth
                              Management Plan of June, 1984.

                              Encouraging the formation of a business association for Long
                              beach.


                              Requiring the con  struction materials, gravel and sand piles, and
                              equipment storage not be allowed in commercial districts in
                              accordance with the zoning ordinance.

                              Instituting a major paint-up/clean-up campaign in commercial areas
                              to improve the image of the town.

                Public Works and Services


                It is the policy of Long Beach to increase its capacity proportionately to provide
                public works facilities and services to growing permanent and seasonal
                populations and to existing and developing, residential, commercial and
                recreational  areas by:

                              Increasing the town's capabilities to keep the beach and town
                              proper free of litter and trash, particularly during the summer
                              months to improve the cleanliness and image of the community.

                              Supplying more signs and receptacles in problem areas to
                              encourage cleanliness.

                              Continuing its sewer system studies to determine where and when
                              sewerage might be installed incrementally with accompanying
                              treatment facilities provide either by the public or private sectors.

                                                        1-12









                                    Exploring privatization of public works equipment, facilities, and
                                    services as a means of providing an improved quality of service
                                    more economically.

                                    Developing a plan and program for alleviating drainage problems
                                    on a year-by year incremental basis.

                                    Instituting a means to pave streets through year-by-year planning
                                    and priority programming based on traffic demand, citizen requests,
                                    and ability to pay.

                                    Preparing a plan for providing street lighting where population
                                    concentrations require.

                                    Improving its ability to maintain streets in good condition.

                     Traffic Circulation and Transportation

                     It is the policy of Long Beach to meet the increasing need to move people and
                     goods from place to place conveniently, safely, quickly, and efficiently,
                     particularly during the summer months, when traffic congestion is highest by:

                                    Planning for the installation of curb, gutter, and sidewalks along
                                    Oak Island Drive, first in commercial areas, to control access to
                                    businesses, to separate on-site parking from traffic, to facilitate
                                    smoother traffic flow, and to improve the appearance of Long
                                    Beach.

                                    Facilitating off-street parking areas in close proximity to commercial
                                    establishment.

                            -       Modifying traffic circulation patters to enhance flow by incorporating
                                    one-way loop streets into the system.

                            -       Maintaining public beach access and parking.

                            -       Paving residential streets in accordance with annual planning and
                                    priority programming.

                            -       Planning for modification of the grid system of streets in residential
                                    sections for the purposes of curtailing thru traffic, discouraging high
                                    speed driving, promoting safety for children, stemming tidal and
                                    flooding washover, increasing neighborhood atmosphere, improving
                                    property values, and decreasing street maintenance costs.





                                                              1-13







                             Mounting a concerted campaign with Caswell and Yaupon Beaches
                             to acquire a second bridge for Oak Island either at Middleton
                             Avenue or at the west end.

                             Joining with Yaupon Beach in seeking to modify the intersection
                             NC 133 and Yaupon Drive (Oak Island Drive), moving the stop sign
                             to NC 133 coming from Caswell Beach.

                             Developing a plan for bikeways/sidewalks in strategic locations.

                             Encouraging the expansion of the county-sponsored transportation
                             system for the elderly and handicapped.

               Public Safely and Securily

               It is the policy of Long Beach to provide the highest level of safety possible in
               response to growth and development within financial constraints for humans and
               property by:

                             Establishing a beach patrol during the peak summer months.

                             Exploring alternative means of patrolling the town and beach during
                             daylight hours, including mounted and walking police possibilities.

                             Encouraging the establishment of additional      Community Crime
                             Watch programs.

                             Seeking ways to enlarge or decrease the numbers of police officers
                             during seasonal fluctuations.

                             Expanding the police force as population growth occurs in
                             accordance with state and national public safety standards.

                             Supporting the Long Beach Rescue Squad so that it can continue
                             to provide services to meet the needs of the growing population.

               Fire Protection

               It is the policy of Long Beach to support the town's Volunteer Fire Department.
               The town has cooperative fire protection arrangements with Yaupon Beach and
               Caswell Beach and other communities and volunteer departments in the county.

               New Development and Growth Activities

               It is the policy of Long Beach to encourage new development in areas which
               have full town service and infrastructure, no major flooding problems, septic tank
               suitability, and where there is no encroachment upon AEC's and other fragile
               areas.


                                                      1-14








                    It is the policy of Long Beach to monitor growth and its impacts to the best of its
                    ability to assure that the environmentally sensitive areas within and abutting its
                    borders will be protected and enhanced.

                    Vulnerability and Hazard Mitigation

                    Through its Hurricane Safety Committee as appointed by the Town Council, it
                    is the policy of Long Beach to maintain its 1984 Hurricane/Storm Plan up to date
                    to meet the changing needs of the community. The town will, on an annual
                    basis, prior to storm season, during the month of July: (a) review emergency
                    activities and roles of respective groups; (b) identify high risk individuals who
                    need assistance in evacuation; and (c) seek ways to improve existing codes and
                    assure that they are, in fact, being enforced.

                           1 .    The town will update brochures as found to be necessary which
                                  give safety advice and town policy for residents in the event of
                                  hurricanes, other storms, and flooding regarding medical care,
                                  evacuation, and temporary shelter.

                           2.     The town will adhere strictly to the administration of a zoning
                                  ordinance, the building code, and CAMA regulations for the future
                                  safety of its citizens and their property.

                           3.     Long Beach will seek to take the lead in seeking to have a second
                                  bridge to the island built at mid-town.

                           4.     The town will seek out a "sistertown" on the mainland, so that
                                  additional staff and equipment can be made available during
                                  emergencies. The "sistertown" will be inland far enough to be less
                                  vulnerable to the same storms as Long Beach.

                           5.     It is the policy of Long Beach to curtail to the greatest extent
                                  possible development and additions in areas susceptible to high
                                  winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion.

                           6.     It is the policy of Long Beach to allow no building construction in
                                  AEC's including the salt marsh, low-lying wet areas, and ocean
                                  hazard areas.


                           7.     It is the policy of the town to limit development in the V Flood Zone
                                  as shown on the Composite Hazards Map in accordance with
                                  CAMA and Federal Flood Insurance regulations and the zoning
                                  ordinance to alleviate as much as possible damage from wave
                                  action and erosion.


                           8.     The town will not allow further construction and additions not
                                  conforming to these hazard mitigation policies, which would



                                                            1-15








                              increase vulnerability and nonconformity to the flood ordinance,
                              zoning ordinance, building codes and CAMA regulations.

                Zoning

                It is the policy of Long Beach to modify the zoning ordinance from time-to-time
                to improve its effectiveness as a growth guidance tool to carry out the land use
                plan.

                Culture and Recreation


                It is the policy of Long  Beach to maintain an environment where cultural and
                recreational activities can flourish for the benefit of permanent residents, the
                seasonal population, and vacationing visitors by:

                       -      Completing the Recreation Center.

                       -      Establishing a senior services center.

                       -      Encouraging art shows, antique sales, fish fries, barbecues, clam
                              bakes, festivals, and concerts during the spring, summer, and fall
                              months.


                       -      Holding an annual town arts and crafts festival based on a local
                              theme, e.g., conch, Scotch Bonnet, dogwood, shad, azalea, etc.

                Town   Administration


                It is the policy of Long Beach to manage growth by:

                              Monitoring staff and professional service needs in planning,
                              engineering, and inspections so that quality of development can be
                              maintained and improved as growth increases in speed and
                              quantity.

                              Seeking     ways    to acquire       better   and    more      spacious
                              accommodations for the town staff so that they can continue to
                              supply high quality services and maintain efficibncy in government.

                Marina and   Public Boat Accesses


                It is the policy of Long Beach to provide public boating access. Floating homes
                are not permitted within the confines of the town limits.

                Energy Facilities

                It is the policy of Long Beach to evaluate the need for all community service
                facilities on demand in accordance with the land use plan.


                                                         1-16









                   Channel Maintenance

                   It is the policy of Long Beach to be able to maintain channels.


             3.    Data Sources

                   Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during preparation
             of this land use plan:

                         Brunswick County 1992 Land Use Plan Update
                         Town of Long Beach 1986 Land Use Plan Update
                         USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Brunswick County
                         NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section
                         Town of Long Beach Staff
                         Brunswick County Schools
                         North Carolina Division of Archives and History
                         Flood Insurance Study, Town of Long Beach
                         Town of Long Beach Code of Ordinances
                         N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning
                         An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North Carolina
                         Coast, November, 1988
                         North Carolina Division of Community Assistance
                         North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
                         North Carolina Department of Commerce
                         Town of Long  Beach Storm Hazard Mitigation Plan and Post Disaster
                         Reconstruction Plan, 1986
                         Brunswick County Thoroughfare Plan

             These  sources were supplemented by "windshield" surveys conducted in January,
             1993, to obtain data on existing land use patterns and housing conditions.





















                                                   1-17










               B.      POPULATION AND HOUSING


               1.      Population

                       The Town of Long Beach has more than doubled its population since 1980. The
               1980   Census figures indicated a total population of 1,844 persons. The 1990 total
               population was 3,816 persons, almost a 107% increase. This growth rate is much
               higher than the 1980-1990 population growth rates of Brunswick County and North
               Carolina, 43% and 10%, respectively. Table 1 provides detailed population trends for
               Long Beach, Brunswick County, and North Carolina.

                                                             Table 1
                                                Total Population - 1980, 1990
                                Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County, North Carolina

                                                                                         Numeric       %
                                                    1980               1990            Change         Change
                Long Beach                            1,844              3,816             1,972      +106.9%
                Brunswick County                     35,777            50,985             15,208       +42.5%
                North Carolina                    6,040,592         6,628,637            588,045        +9.7%

               Source: N.C. State  Data Center, Office of State Planning

                      The two age groups with the highest increases in population growth were the 45-
               54 and the 65 and over (retirement) age groups, with 174% and 168% rates of growth
               respectively. The 65 and over age group comprised the largest percentage (17%) of
               the total 1990 population for Long Beach, whereas, in 1980, the largest age group was
               the 25-34 age group, comprising 15.5% of the total. This indicates that Long Beach
               may be becoming more of a retirement-oriented community. Table 2 provides detailed
               population characteristics by age for 1980 and 1990.

                                                             Table 2
                                         Population Characteristics by Age Group.
                                             Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1990
                Age                                       1980             1990           CtLam         % Chan-ge
                Under 5 years                                 94             179                85           +90%
                5-14 years                                  243              411              168            +69%
                15-24 years                                 251              318                67           +26%
                25-34 years                                 286              552              266            +93%
                35-44 years                                 230              491              261           +113%
                45-54 years                                 217              596              379           +174%
                55-64 years                                 281              620              339           +120%
                65 & over                                   242              649              407           +168%

                       TOTAL                              1,844             3,816            1,972          +106%

               Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.




                                                               1-18









                     Long Beach's population composition by sex has remained relatively constant
               from 1980 to 1990. During this period, the town's female population decreased by 2%,
               while the male population increased by 2%. There is currently a 51%/49% male/female
               ratio. The male/female ratio is consistent with that of Brunswick County in 1990. Table
               3 provides detailed information on population composition by sex.

                     The Town of Long Beach has a very small non-white population, which has
               actually declined since the 1980 Census. The 1980 Census data indicated that non-
               white residents comprised 0.87% of the population, compared to 23% for Brunswick
               County.   In 1990, the non-white population had decreased to 0.21% of the total
               population, compared to 18% for Brunswick County. The non-white population can be
               expected to remain low in proportion to the total population in the future. Table 4
               provides detailed information on racial composition in Long Beach.







































                                                         1-19













                                                                           Table 3
                                                               Change in Population by Sex
                                                       Long Beach, Brunswick County - 1980, 1990



                                               Long Beach                                            Brunswick Couply
                                     1980                         1990                         1980                        1990

                                             % of                         % of                         % of                        % of
                             Number          Total        Number          Total        Number          Total        Number         Total
              Male             908           49%            1935          51%           17,619         49%          24,934         49%
              Female           936           51%            1881          49%           18,158         51%          26,051         51%

              Total           1844           100%           3816          100%          35,777         100%         50,985         100%


             Source:       N.C. State Data  Center, Office of State Planning.
                           Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.












                                                             Table 4
                                                 Population Change by Race
                                             Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1990

                                                                                Numeric
                                                      1980         1990        Change       % Change
                           White                     1,828        3,808             1,980     108%
                           Other  Race                   16            8               (8)     -50%

                        Source: N.C. State Data      Center, Office of State Planning.


                2.      Housing Characteristics.

                        Since 1980, substantial residential construction growth has occurred in Long
                Beach, with the number of units more than doubling the 1980 figure. The 1980 Census
                reported a total of 2,172 dwelling units. The 1990 Census indicated an increase of
                113%, or 2,446 additional units since 1980. For comparison purposes, Brunswick
                County experienced a 72% increase in residential construction over the same period.
                See Table 5.


                                                             Table 5
                                                Housing Tenure and Vacancy
                                             Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1990

                                                                                         Numeric
                                                             1980            1990        Chan-ge     % Chan-ge

                 TOTAL UNITS                                 2,172         4,618            2,446        112.6%
                   Total Year Round Units
                    Occupied                                   754         1,683              929        123.2%
                      Renter Occupied                          162           360              198        122.2%
                      Owner Occupied                           592         1,323              731        123.4%
                    Vacant Units                             1,418         2,935            1,517        106.9%
                      For Sale                                  40           149              109        272.5%
                      For Rent                                 108           165                57         52.7%
                      Other                                      74          228              154        208.1%
                      Seasonal  Units                        1,196         2,393            1,197        100.1%

                Source:        N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning;
                               Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.










                                                               1-21









                   From 1987 through 1993, Long Beach has issued 670 building permits for
             residential homes. See Table 6.


                                                    Table 6
                                          Residential Building Permits
                                       Town of Long Beach - 1987-1993

                                                                        # of
                                    Year                           Permits Issued

                                    1987                                130
                                    1988                                132
                                    1989                                 81
                                    1990                                 79
                                    1991                                 74
                                    1992                                 89
                                    1993                                 85


             Source: Town of Long Beach Building Report Summaries.


                   Almost half (49%) of the housing units in Long Beach are less than 10 years old.
             Only twenty-three homes were built 40 or more years ago. It should be noted that in
             1954, Hurricane Hazel destroyed the majority of the homes in Long Beach. Mobile
             homes comprised approximately 13% of the total dwelling units 1990. Single-family
             detached dwelling units comprised 82% of the town's total housing stock in 1.990.
             Table 7 provides detailed information on housing conditions in Long Beach.


























                                                      1-22











                                                                  Table 7
                                                           Housing Conditions
                                                     Town of Long Beach - 1990

                                                                                                               % of
                          Condition and Age                                                Number              Total.
                          Total Year-Round Units                                              4,618          100%


                           Age
                              0 - 9 years                                                     2,264          49.0%
                              10-19 years                                                     1,412          30.6%
                              20-29 years                                                       681          14.7%
                              30-39 years                                                       238            5.2%
                              40 or more years                                                    23           0.5%

                            Condition
                              Lacking complete       plumbing facilities                          28           0.6%
                              Lacking complete       kitchen facilities                             0            0%
                              Lacking complete       heating equipment                            14           0.3%

                            Type
                              Single Family                                                   3,794          82.2%
                                Detached                                                      3,763          81.5%
                                Attached                                                          31           0.7%
                              Multi-family                                                      230            5.0%
                                2 units                                                         121            2.6%
                                3 or more     units                                             109            2.4%
                              Mobile home or trailer [1]                                        594          12.9%

                  Source:     NC State Data Center, Office of State Planning

                  Ill     Mobile Home or Trailer: Both occupied and vacant mobile homes to which no permanent rooms
                          have been added. if only a porch "or shed has been added, the unit is counted in this category.
                          Mobile homes or trailers used only for business purposes or for extra sleeping space, and mobile
                          homes or   Itrailers for sale on a dealers lot at the factory, or in storage, are not counted in the
                          housing inventory. In the printed reports, this category includes occupied housing units indicated
                          as "boat, tent, van, etc.," i.e., any occupied units which do not fit the other listed categories.
                          Houseboats, railroad cars, campers, and caves used as usual place of residence provide additional
                          examples. (Source: 1990 Census)














                                                                     1-23










            3.    Summa[y

                  The following provides a summary of significant demographic and housing
            findings:

                         Long Beach experienced a major population increase from 1980 to 1990 -
                         - 107%. Brunswick County's and North Carolina's percentage increases
                         in population were 43% and 10 %, respectively, over the same period.

                         The 45 to 54 year age group in Long Beach experienced a 174% increase
                         from 1980 to 1990.


                         The retiree (65 year and older) population had a 168% increase between
                         1980 and 1990.

                         Substantial residential construction growth has occurred in Long Beach
                         from 1980 to 1990.

                         Only 23 homes in Long Beach were built before 1950.

                         Approximately 13% of Long Beach's housing units are mobile homes.
                         (This includes double-wide mobile homes but excludes prefabricated
                         homes).





























                                                   1-24











                C. ECONOMY


                Using mean or average household income as an indicator of local economy, Long
                Beach has a relatively strong economy. The mean household income for Long Beach,
                as recorded in the 1990 Census, was approximately 16% higher than that of Brunswick
                County, and 4% higher than that of the state. See Table 8.

                                                            Table 8
                                               Mean Household Income, 1989
                                      Long Beach, Brunswick County, North Carolina

                                                                                    1989

                                    Long Beach                                    $34,458
                                    Brunswick County                              $29,668
                                    North Carolina                                $33,242

                       Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.

                In 1990, Long Beach's percentage of unemployed persons was slightly lower than that
                of Brunswick County at 2.6% and 4.2% respectively. Long Beach's percentage of
                persons not in the labor force was 4% higher than that of Brunswick County. Individuals
                not in the labor force are either disabled, unemployed by choice, or retired. Brunswick
                County has a higher percentage of employed persons in the civilian labor force than
                Long Beach. Table 9 provides detailed information on labor force status.

                                                            Table 9
                                                      Labor Force Status
                                              Persons 16 Years Old and Over
                                     Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County - 1990

                                                                 Male        Female           Total     of Total

                 Long Beach Labor Force
                  Civilian Labor Force
                    Employed                                      886            792         1,678       53.1%
                    Unemployed                                      69            46             82         2.6%
                 Not in Labor Force                               638            764         1,402       44.3%
                        TOTAL                                    1,593         1,602         3,162       100.0%

                 Brunswick County Labor Force
                  Armed Forces                                      81              8            89         0.2%
                  Civilian Labor Force
                    Employed                                   12,522          9,788        22,310       55.2%
                    Unemployed                                    750            952         1,702          4.2%
                 Not in Labor Force                             6,100         10,211        16,311       40.4%
                    TOTAL                                      19,451         20,959        40,41 2      100.0%

                Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.



                                                              1-25









             Long Beach and Brunswick County have the same percentage of employed persons
             working at governmental jobs, at 13%. Seventy-four (74) percent of employed persons
             in Long Beach are private wage and salary workers. See Table 10.

                                                     Table 10
                                      1990 Employment by Class of Worker
                                    Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County
                                                         Long Beach    % of       Brunswick Co. % of
              Class                                     A             Total                   Total
              Private wage & salary wo rker             1,249         74.4%       16,974       76.1%
              Local government worker                      110         6.6%         425        1.9%
              State government worker                      58          3.5%       1,076        4.8%
              Federal government worker                    53          3.1%       1,405        6.3%
              Self-employed                                189        11.3%       2,283        10.2%
              Unpaid family worker                         19          1.1%         147        0.7%

               TOTAL                                    1,678        100.0%       22, 310     100.0%

             Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.

                    Unpaid family workers are persons who worked without pay on a farm or in a business operated by
                    a person to whom they are related by blood or marriage. These are usually the children or the
                    spouse of the owner of a business or farm. About one-quarter of the unpaid family workers are farm
                    workers.


             The majority of employed persons in Long Beach work in the retail trade industry,
             approximately 23% (see Table 11). This appears to be largely tourist dependent. The
             communications or other public utilities, construction, and public administration
             industries provide occupations for many Long Beach re     sidents as well. There are no
             industrial sites in Long Beach; however, the town functions as a bedroom community
             for workers employed in other parts of Brunswick County, so the lack of industrial
             facilities does not have an adverse impact on local employment. See Table 11 for
             detailed information on employment by industry.

















                                                        1-26












                                                          Table 11
                                   Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry
                                                Town of Long Beach - 1990
                                                                                   Number            % of
                     Occupation                                                 Employed             Total
                     Agriculture, forestry, fisheries & mining                            7          0.4%
                     Construction                                                     201           11.9%
                     Manufacturing:
                       Nondurable goods                                               112            6.6%
                       Durable goods                                                    64           3.8%
                     Transportation                                                       8          0.5%
                     Communications      & other public utilities                     239            14.2%
                     Wholesale trade                                                    54           3.2%
                     Retail trade                                                     392           23.4%
                     Finance, insurance & real estate                                   95           5.7%
                     Services:
                       Business & repair services                                       21           1.3%
                       Personal services                                                75           4.5%
                       Entertainment & Recreation                                       33           2.0%
                       Professional & related services:
                        Health services                                                 82           4.9%
                        Educational services                                            85           5.1%
                        Other professional & related services                           89           5.3%
                     Public Administration                                            -121           7.2%

                       TOTAL EMPLOYED                                                 1,678        100.0%

                Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State         Planning.


                Table 12 indicates that the town of Long Beach has a very small portion of individuals
                that are considered to be below the poverty level. Based on the number of persons
                enumerated for poverty status in 1990, less than 3% of the population were considered
                to be below 75% of the poverty level. A relatively high percentage (80%) of the
                population is reported as having income 200% of the poverty level and above.












                                                              1-27












                                                       Table 12
                                                   Poverty Status
                                            Town of Long Beach      -1990
                   Income  Level                                          Individuals     % of Total
                   Income  below 75% of poverty level                             98           2.6%
                   Income  between 75% & 124% of poverty level                   340           9.0%
                   Income  between 125% & 149% of poverty level                   52           1.4%
                   Income between 150% & 199% of poverty level                   287           7.5%
                   Income  200% of poverty level & above                       3,015           79.5%

                     TOTAL                                                     3,792          100.0%

             Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.

             The following provides a summary of significant economic data for Long Beach.

                           The mean household income for Long Beach is higher than that of both
                           Brunswick County and North Carolina.

                           Unemployment in Long Beach is low as compared to Brunswick County,
                           North Carolina, and the nation as a whole.

                           In 1990, 79.5% of the population have incomes which are 200% of the
                           poverty level and above; 2.6% are considered to be below the poverty
                           level.





























                                                         1-28










               D.     EXISTING LAND USE


               1.     Introduction


                      The 1986 Long Beach Land Use Plan provided a general analysis of existing
               land use issues. Those issues are summarized as follows:

                             The eastern section of town (generally east of 65" Street East) was
                             overcrowded. Septic tanks failures were a problem. On many mobile
                             home lots, trees and bushes were thick, presenting obstacles to effective
                             fire protection.

                             The town's commercial area along East Oak Island Drive had developed
                             as a strip commercial development. This type of development was not
                             conducive to pedestrian traffic and created vehicular congestion.         In
                             general, parking was inadequate and unorganized.

                             In the beach areas, many homes had been built for speculative purposes.
                             Many potential buyers were unaware of the dangers of purchasing homes
                             adjacent to fragile areas, especially on the western end of the island.

                             The town did not have central sewer service. Most lots were small (55'
                             x 120') and almost all of the town had been subdivided. The long-range
                             effect was the potential for widespread septic tank failures as
                             development and density increased.

                             Most of the town was subdivided in a grid street system which was
                             conducive to thru traffic in residential areas. This system resulted in the
                             uneconomical provision of municipal services. In addition, long residential
                             blocks severely restricted east-west traffic mobility.

                             During the summer months, traffic congestion was a serious problem
                             throughout Long Beach.

                      During the planning period, 1987 to 1992, these problems continued to exist.
               These are all extremely complicated issues. Many of the problems are the direct result
               of the almost total subdivision of Long Beach into small single-family residential lots.
               While the emphasis on some land use issues may have shifted from 1986 to 1992,
               most of the critical land use issues remain unchanged.

               2.     Residential Land Use


                      The town's residential use is clearly divided amongst three areas:

                             Eastern Long Beach--the area bounded by the eastern town limits, East
                             Oak Island Drive on the south, a line lying between 64  1h Street East and
                             65 1h Street East on the west, and the Intracoastal Waterway on the north.

                                                         1-29









                         Mid and West Town--the area bounded on th       'e east by a line lying
                         between 64th Street East and 65th Street East on the east, East Oak
                         Island Drive and Davis Creek/Davis Canal on the south, and the
                         Intracoastal Waterway on the west and north.

                         The Beach area--the areas south of East Pelican Drive and Davis
                         Creek/Davis Canal.


                   a)    Eastern Long Beach

                   Long Beach's 1993 zoning districts are delineated on Map 1. This map has been
            included to aid. in defining the distribution of land uses.

                   Eastern Long Beach is the oldest and most densely developed section of the
            town. The area is zoned R-2 (Residential) which allows the placement of mobile
            homes on individual lots. Specifically, the R-2 zone has a minimum 6,600 square foot
            lot size and allows the following:

                   Permitted Uses.


                   (1)   Single-family dwellings;
                   (2)   Mobile homes, provided that they have at least five hundred and fifty
                         (550) square feet of habitable living space and are serviced by an
                         approved septic tank system or sewage disposal facility;
                   (3)   Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses permitted
                         in the district;
                   (4)   Churches;
                   (5)   Public parks, playgrounds, community centers;
                   (6)   Signs;
                   (7)   Private marinas and piers;
                   (8)   Home occupations;
                   (9)   Family care homes.

                   Conditional Uses.


                   (1)   Day care centers;
                   (2)   Public utility uses or structures.

                   Less than 200 out of a total of approximately 1100 lots remain undeveloped.
            Mobile homes account for approximately 50% of the existing development. Many of the
            mobile homes are over 15 years old and are not constructed to current State and HUD
            Standards. This is particularly significant because minimum wind resistant standards
            are not met. Extensive damage or complete destruction should be expected in the
            event of a major storm.





                                                     1-30




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                     Eastern Long Beach has the lowest elevation of the town's developed areas.
              Problems resulting from the high water table are particularly pronounced following
              periods of heavy rainfall.      Extensive problems with septic tank operation are
              experienced in this area as the result of the low elevation and high water table.

                     As cited in the 1986 Land Use Plan, thick vegetation exists around many of the
              mobile homes. This presents an obstacle to effective fire fighting. In addition, tree
              roots frequently clog septic drain lines and disrupt sewage treatment.

                     b)     Mid and West Town
                     The Mid and West'town sections of Long Beach contain conventional, predomi-
              nantly single-family dwellings. There are approximately 11,250 residential lots of which
              7,260 remain vacant. The vacant lots are evenly distributed, not being concentrated
              in one particular area of the town.

                     The long rectangle grid system street pattern is most pronounced in this section
              of the town. This street pattern restricts east-west mobility and complicates utility
              construction, including drainage facilities. However, little can be done to remedy the
              situation because almost all of the town has many subdivided lots and the great
              majority of the lots have been sold to individual owners.

                     Except for some areas scattered along the Intracoastal Waterway, this section
              of town contains some of the best soils found within Long Beach. Generally, the water
              table is greater' than 4 feet below ground surface and septic tanks are permissible.
              However, lot sizes are consistently small averaging 8,250 square feet per lot which
              provides limited area for drainage fields.

                     The following defines the 1993 zoning uses allowed within the Mid and West
              town sections.

                            R-3A, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 850
                            square feet.

                            Purpose The R-3A residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
                            hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
                            tions and various public and private community support facilities or
                            services that may be compatible with residential development.

                            Permitted Uses.


                            (1)    Single-family dwellings;
                            (2)    Customary accessory buildings     and uses incidental to the uses
                                   permitted in the district;
                            (3)    Churches;
                            (4)    Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
                            (5)    Schools, public and private;

                                                         1-32









                             (6)     Signs;
                             (7)     Private marinas and piers;
                             (8)     Home occupations;
                             (9)     Family care homes.

                             Conditional Uses.


                             (1)     Day care centers;
                             (2)     Fraternal organizations;
                             (3)     Group homes;
                             (4)     Hospitals;
                             (5)     Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
                             (6)     Public utility uses and structures.

                             R-313,  minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 1,000
                             square feet.

                             Purpose. The R-313 residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
                             hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
                             tions and various public and private community support facilities or
                             services that may be compatible with residential development.

                             Permitted Uses.


                             (1)     Single-family dwellings;
                             (2)     Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                     permitted in the district;
                             (3)     Churches;
                             (4)     Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
                             (5)     Schools, public and private;
                             (6)     Signs;
                             (7)     Private marinas and piers;
                             (8)     Home occupations.
                             (9)     Family care homes.

                             Conditional Uses.


                             (1)     Day care centers;
                             (2)     Fraternal organizations;
                             (3)     Group homes;
                             (4)     Hospitals;
                             (5      Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
                             (6)     Public utility uses and structures.






                                                            1-33









                               R-3C, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 1,200
                               square feet.

                               Purpose      The R-3C residential district is intended to be a quiet
                               neighborhood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home
                               occupations and various public and private community support facilities
                               or services that may be compatible with residential development.

                               Permitted Uses.


                               (1)    Single-family 'dwellings;
                               (2)    Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                      permitted in the district;
                               (3)    Churches;
                               (4)    Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses. community centers;
                               (5)    Schools, public and private;
                               (6)    Signs;
                               (7)    Private marinas and piers;
                               (8)    Home occupations;
                               (9)    Family care homes.

                               Conditional Uses.


                               (1)    Day care centers;
                               (2)    Fraternal organizations;
                               (3)    Group homes;
                               (4)    Hospitals;
                               (5)    Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
                               (6)    Public utility uses and structures.

                               R-4A,  minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 850
                               square feet.

                               Purpose The R-4A residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
                               hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
                               tion and customary accessory buildings and uses.

                               Permitted Uses.


                               (1)    Single-family dwellings;
                               (2)    Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                      permitted in the district;
                               (3)    Churches;
                               (4)    Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses;
                               (5)    Private marinas and piers;
                               (6)    Home occupations;
                               (7)    Signs;


                                                              1-34









                          (8)    Family care homes.

                          Conditional Uses.


                          (1)    Public utility uses and structures.

                          R-413, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 1,000
                          square feet.

                          Purpose. The R-413 residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
                          hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
                          tions and customary buildings and uses.

                          Permitted Uses.


                          (1)    Single-family dwellings;
                          (2)    Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                 permitted in the district;
                          (3)    Churches;
                          (4)    Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses;
                          (5)    Private marinas and piers;
                          (6)    Home occupations;
                          (7)    Signs;
                          (8)    Family care homes.

                          Conditional Uses.


                          (1)    Public utility uses and structures.

                   c)     Beach Area

                   During the last five years, the Beach area has experienced extensive
             development. The 1986 plan identified 720 subdivided oceanfront lots, of which 479,
             or 67% are developed. By 1992 only 150 unimproved lots remained. Thus, 79% of the
             oceanfront property had been developed.          Some of the remaining unimproved
             oceanfront lots have been rendered unusable by oceanfront erosion. However, lot by
             lot in-field inspections would be required to determine the exact number. The erosion
             is particularly great west of 60'hPlace West where approximately 30 vacant lots remain.

                   In addition to the oceanfront erosion, substantial erosion has occurred on the
             western end of the town along Lockwood Folly Inlet. In fact, some of the land area and
             roads (33' Place West and 72    nd Place West) have been lost to erosion. Significant
             erosion in this area is expected to continue.






                                                       1-35









                      The non-oceanfront Beach area is approximately 50% developed. Many of those
               lots, both developed and undeveloped, lie along the Big Davis Canal and coastal
               wetlands system. Extensive areas with poor soil conditions are found along the canal.
               As in the eastern section of the town, septic failures are numerous.

                      Some commercial development is scattered throughout the Beach area. Most
               is associated with oceanfront or marina activity.            However, some commercial
               development and extensive commercial zoning exists along the East Dolphin Drive area
               from 40th Street East to 49th Street East and on the block lying between the end of East
               Dolphin Drive and 52    nd Street East.

                      The majority of the Beach area west of 58            1h Street East is zoned R-1
               (residential). This zone is intended to accommodate both permanent and seasonal
               residency. Single-family and two-family (where water service is available) are allowed.
               The minimum single-family lot size is 10,000 square feet. The majority of the Beach
               area east of 59" Street East is zoned R-5 (residential). Both single-family and multi-
               family development are allowed in the R-5 district. In 1992 most of the R-5 zoned
               Beach area was undeveloped.          The minimum lot area is 6,600 square feet. The
               following provides the specific uses allowed in both the R-1 and R-5 districts:

                              R-1

                              Purpose The R-1 residential district is intended to accommodate both
                              seasonal and permanent residency providing for: single-family dwellings
                              as principal uses permitted as a right; two-family dwellings as principal
                              uses where municipal water services are provided; and customary
                              accessory buildings and uses.

                              Permitted Uses.


                              (1)    Single-family dwellings;
                              (2)    Two-family dwellings;
                              (3)    Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                     permitted in the district;
                              (4)    Churches;
                              (5)    Public parks, playgrounds, community centers;
                              (6)    Signs;
                              (7)    Private marinas and piers;
                              (8)    Home occupations.

                              Conditional Uses.


                              (1)    Public Utility uses and structures.






                                                            1-36











                           R-5

                           Purpose. The R-5 district is intended to protect single-family residential
                           areas now developed or developing while at the same time allowing a
                           limited increase in population density. The maintenance of a desirable
                           living environment is provided through lot area, yard and open space
                           standards which adjust in response to the intensity of residential develop-
                           ment.


                           Permitted Uses.


                           (1)    Single-family dwellings;
                           (2)    Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                  permitted in the district;
                           (3)    Churches;

                           (4)    Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
                           (5)    Schools, public and private;
                           (6)    Signs;
                           (7)    Private marinas and piers;
                           (8)    Home occupations;
                           (9)    Family care homes.

                           Conditional Uses.


                           (1)    Duplexes (two-family dwellings);
                           (2)    Apartments;
                           (3)    Townhouses;
                           (4)    Condominiums;
                           (5)    Unified tract developments;
                           (6)    Public utility uses and structures.

             3.     Commercial    Land Use


                    Long Beach's commercial development is concentrated along East Oak Island
             Drive  between 64th Street East and 47    1h Street East. This strip of development is
             generally one lot deep. In addition, a commercial area extends from the East Oak
             Island Drive commercial area south to East Beach Drive between 52      n1 Street and 48  1h
             Street East. The commercial areas are delineated on both Map 1 - February 1993
             Town   of Long Beach Zoning Districts and Map 2 - Existing Land Use .

                    Along East Oak Island Drive, very little vacant land remains. Less than twenty
             vacant parcels or unsubdivided tracts are available. In the area lying between East
             Oak Island Drive and East Beach Drive, approximately 60% of the parcels are
             developed with 60 to 70 vacant parcels remaining. The majority of the vacant parcels
             are small, 8,250 square feet or less, and must be consolidated to accommodate
             significant commercial development.


                                                        1-37


























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                      As stated in the 1986 plan, the town's commercial areas are not well designed.
               Parking is inadequate and often poorly designed. Almost continuous curb cuts along
               East Oak Island Drive contribute to traffic congestion. The strip commercialization is
               not conducive to pedestrian shopping. The existing commercial areas should be
               contained to prevent infringement on adjacent residentially zoned properties.

                      There are two commercial zoning districts. The minimum lot size in both districts
               is 6,000 square feet. The purpose and uses allowed in each are defined as follows:

                              CA (prime retail trade and services).

                              Purpose The CA commercial district is intended primarily to provide for
                              basic retail trade and for professional and personal services required for
                              the year-round sustenance of the residents of the town.

                              Permitted Uses.

                              (1)    Retail sales enterprises that operate in fully enclosed premises;
                              (2)    Business offices and shops rendering professional and personal
                                     services;
                              (3)    Banking facilities;
                              (4)    Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
                                     permitted in the district;
                              (5)    Lodges, clubs, fraternal societies;
                              (6)    Public office buildings, libraries;
                              (7)    Off-street parking facilities;
                              (8)    Signs;
                              (9)    Restaurants;
                            (10)     Retail automobile, boat and motorized vehicle sales and rentals
                                     and indoor service and repair;
                            (11)     Convenience stores;
                            (12)     Service stations;
                            (13)     Single-family residences (subject to single-family yard setback
                                     requirements.

                              Conditional Uses.

                              (1)    Animal clinics;
                              (2)    Day care centers;
                              (3)    Mortuaries;
                              (4)    Unified tract developments (commercial);
                              (5)    Public utility uses and structures;
                              (6)    Commercial uses of towers or poles with antennas.






                                                           1-39









                            CB (tourist facilities and services)

                            Purpos-e. The C13 commercial district is intended to provide for tourist and
                            recreational retail trade and services.


                            Permitted Uses.


                            (1)    Retail sales enterprises;
                            (2)    Personal and professional services offices and shops;
                            (3)    Banking facilities;
                            (4)    Laundries;
                            (5)    Convenience stores;
                            (6)    Equipment rentals;
                            (7)    Off-street parking facilities;
                            (8)    Signs;
                            (9)    Public utility uses and structures;
                            (10)   Restaurants;
                            (11)   Commercial piers and marinas;
                            (12)   Service stations;
                            (13)   Single-family residence (subject     to single-family yard setback
                                   requirements).

                            Conditional Uses.


                            (1)    Hotels and motels;
                            (2)    Auction halls;
                            (3)    Commercial recreational attractions;
                            (4)    Recreational campgrounds and recreational vehicle parks;
                            (5)    Cocktail lounges and taverns;
                            (6)    Unified tract developments (commercial);
                            (7)    Arcade.

             4.      Public and Semi-Public.

                     Except for churches and semi-public shoreline access sites, the public and semi-
             public land uses within Long Beach are municipally-owned. The Town Hall Complex,
             the maintenance garage, two fire stations, police department, two elevated water
             storage tanks, the community recreation center, and an electric substation account for
             all of the public land uses, except for outdoor recreational and shoreline access
             facilities.


                     In July 1991, the Town of Long Beach adopted an Ocean and Estuarine Access
             Plan. That plan identifies 55 oceanside access sites, 10 Estuarine access sites, and
             two comprehensive recreational facilities, Map 3 delineates those facilities. Tables 13
             and Table 14 provide a description of the shoreline access sites.




                                                         1-40








                    The town maintains a bike route which includes approximately 8 miles of signed
              roadway extending from the eastern town limit westward to a terminus at 42  nd  Place
              West. The route connects both ocean and soundside areas and extends past 34 of the
              town's shoreline access sites.
                    The following provides a summary of the Middleton Park and Long Beach
              Recreation Center comprehensive recreational facilities.

                                                 Middleton Park


                           Two lighted paved tennis courts.
                           Wooden benches.
                           Trash receptacles.
                           One little league field.
                           One softball field lighted with dugouts and bleachers.
                           One paved lighted basketball court.
                           Unpaved parking.
                           Lighted covered shelter.
                           Two small wooden buildings with concession area.
                           Restroom facilities.
                           Eight metal swings.
                           One fireman's pole.
                           Picnic tables.
                           One water fountain.
                           Three outdoor electric outlets.
                           One covered recreational bulletin board.
                           Wooden jungle gym

                                         Long Beach Recreation Center

                           37 parking spaces.
                           Seven swings.
                           One metal "jungle gym".
                           One circular slide.
                           Two barbecue pits.
                           Two picnic tables.
                           One water fountain.
                           Two area lights.
                           Bicycle parking racks.
                           Shuffle board court.
                           Recreation center building.

              5.     Industrial Land Use.

                     There are not any industrial land uses located within Long Beach. In addition,
              the Long Beach zoning ordinance does not provide for any industrial zoning.


                                                       1-41



























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                                                                                                                                                                                          TABLE 13



                                                                                                                                                                            OCEANSIDE ACCESS SITES

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Facilities



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Vehicula
                      Site                                                             Parking                                Parking                            Trash        Boardwalk                                                Beach              Water                                                 Bike        Handicapped                             Access
                      No                Wme                       Access               Spaces            Category             Surface           Light(s)        Can(s)        Crossover          Sandpath          Buildings           Acoass           Fountain          Restrooms           Showers           Rack            Ramp              Benches           Signage

                      I                 79th St.                Paved Rd.                UM                    N            Permeable                               1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      2                 Mh St.                  Paved Rd.                UM                    N            Permeable                               2               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      3                 T71h SL                 Paved Rd.                UM                    N            Permeable                               1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      4                 76th St.                Paved Rd.                UM                    N            Permeable                               I                                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      5                 75th St.                  Soil Rd.               UM                    N            Permeable                               I                                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      6                 74th SL                   Soil Ad.               UM                    N            Permeable                               1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      7                 73rd St                   Soil Rd.                                     L                                                                                     x

                                        7
                                             St.                  Soil Rd.               UM                    N            Permeable                               I               I                                                                                                                                                                                    x
                                        2th

                      9                 71 th St.                 Soil Rd.               UM                    N            Permeable                               1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      10                70th SL                 Paved Rd.                UM                    N            Permeable                               2               1                                                                                                                                             x                                      x

                      11                69th St                   Soil Rd.               UM                    N            Permeable                               1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      12                67th SL                   Soil Rd.               UM                    N            Permeable                               2                                                                     x                                                                                                                              x

                      13                64th St.                  Soil Rd.                                     L                                                    I                                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      14                63rd SL                   Soil Rd.               UM                    N            Permeable                               1                                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      15                5M SL                     Soil Rd.                                                                                          1                                x                                                                                                                                                                   x

                      16                Wth SL                  Paved Rd.                UM                    N            Permeable                               1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      17                55th St.                Paved Rd.                UM                    L                                                    1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x

                      18                52th St                 Paved Rd.                                      L                                                    1               1                                                                                                                                                                                    x




             UM - Unmarked; L - Local; N - Neighborhood; R - Regional

             Vooden ramp not in use.
             -Signed to exdude motorized vehicles.
             -Wooden dune walkover.
















                                                                                                                                                                                TABLE 13 (Continued)


                                                                                                                                                                            OCEANSIDE ACCESS SITES

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Faalifies



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Vehicular
                     Site                                                                Parking                              Parking                           Trash         Boardwalk                                               Beach             Water                                                 Bike        Itandicapped                           Access
                     No                   Nba e                     Access               Spam             Category            Surface           Lighl(@)        Can(s)        Crossom           Sandpath          Buildings          Access            Fountain         Restrooms           Showers           Rack            Ramp             Benches           Signage
                     19           Long Beach Cabana               Paved Rd.               47(3)               R              Permeable              X               3               1                                 2                                    x                 x                  x                               x                  x                  x
                                                                                     Handicapped

                     20                  49th St.                 P .. d Rd.                                  L              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x
                     21                431d Pl. East              Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                              1               1                                                                                                                                                                                 x

                     22            Southeast 40th St.             Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x

                     23                37th Pl. East              Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                              I               I                                                                                                                                                                                 x

                                       35th Pl. East              Paved Rd.               UM                  N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x
                     24

                     25                32th Pl. East              Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x
        4:6          26                29th Pl. East              Paved Rd.               UM                  N              Permeable                              I               I                                                                                                                                                                                 x
                     27                26th Pl. East              Paved Rd.                                   L                                                     1               1                                                                                                                                                                                 x

                     28                25th Pl. East              Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                              1                                x                                  1.                                                                                                                            x
                     29                22th Pl. East              Paved Rd.                                   L                                                                     1                x                                                                                                                                                                x

                     30                19th Pl. East              Paved Rd.                                   L                                                                     I                x                                                                                                                                                                x

                     31                16th PL East               Paved Rd.                                   L

                     32                14th Pl. East              Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x

                     33                11 th Pl. East             Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                              1               1                                                                                                                                                                                 x

                     34                9th Pf. East               Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x

                     35                6tth Pl. East              Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x

                     36                3rd Pl. East               Paved Rd.               LIM                 N              Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                                                x


                UM - Unmarked; L - Local; N - Neighborhood; R - Regional

                'Wooden ramp not in use.
                -Signed to exclude motorized vehicles.
                   Wooden dune walkover.




        M@MMMMMMM,,=








                                                                                                                                                                  TABLE 13 (Continued)



                                                                                                                                                              OCEANSIDE ACCESS SITES

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Facilibes



                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Vehicula
                    Ste                                                          Parking                             Parking                        Trash        Boardwalk                                          Beach            Water                                            Bike       Handicapped                         Access
                    No                Name                     Access            Spaces           Category,         Surlace          Light(s)      Can(s)        Crossover       Sandpath         Buildings         Access         Fountain        Restrooms          Showers         Rack           Ramp            Benches         Signage

                    37           S Midolelon Ave.            Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           2              1                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    38             2nd Pl. West              Paved Rd.             LIM                 N           Permeable                           1                                                                                                                                                                                  x

                    39             5th Pl. West              Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    40             7th Pl. West              Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    41             10th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    42             13th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    43             17th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           1              1                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    44             20 Pl. West               Paved Rd..            UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    45             23rd Pl.
                                            West             Paved Rd.             LIM                 N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    46             27th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    47             30th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    48             33rd Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           I              I                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    49             36th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           I              I                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    50             39th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           1              1                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    51             42nd Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           1              1                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    52       Between 45th Pl. West &         Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           1              1                                                                                                                                                                   x
                                   48th Pl. West

                    M              54th Pl. West             Paved Rd.             UM                  N           Permeable                           I              I                                                                                                                                                                   x

                    54             57th Pl. West             Paved Rd..            UM                  N           Permeable                                                                                                                                                                                                              x

                    56             Wth Pl. West              Paved F                                   L



               UM - Unmarked: L - Local; N - Neighborhood; R - Regional

               Vooden ramp not in use.
                Signed to exclude motorized vehicles.
                          dune walkover.



















                                                                                                                                                                          TABLE 14


                                                                                                                                                                ESTUARINE ACCESS SITES


                  Site                                                                   Parking                       Parking                     Trash                  Boardwalk                  Playground                      Water                                     Boat       Handicapped                       Access
                  No.                        Name                        Access          Spaces       Category         Surface       Light(s)     Can(s)        Pier      Crossover       Steps      Equipment        Shelter      F;Duntain     Restrooms      Showers      Ramp(s)         Ramp          Benches         Signage

                  Sl         West Beach Drive                         Paved Road                          N                                           2

                  S2         Kngs Lynn Drive                          Paved Road                          N                                           1

                  S3         Kngs Lynn Drive Turnaround               Paved Road           LIM            N            Permeable         1            2

                  S4         57th Place West                          Paved Road                          N                                                                                                                                                                      2

                  S5         39th Place West                          Paved Road                          N

                  S6         lft Place East                           Paved Road                          N            Permeable         1            3                        1                                                                                                                                1

                  S7         Robin Schuster Park                      Paved Road            9             N            Permeable                      1                                                                                                                                                         2

                  Se         Tidalway Trails Park                     Paved Road           IN             N

                  S9
                             Northeast 55th Street                    Paved Road                          N

                  S10        Northeast 78th Street                    Paved Read           UM             N            Permeable



               LIM - Unmarked; N - Neighborhood

                 *Wooden swing set and wooden gym set
                -Water depth is extremely shallow. use of any motorized beat is impossible.
               -'Ramp access is extremely narrow. Maneuverability is limited and backing movement are very difficult.









               6.     Open Space.

                      The Long Beach zoning ordinance includes an open space zoning district. (See
               Map 1  ). The district is intended to give particular attention to the nature of protection
               and appropriate development of areas of environmental concern as defined in the state
               administrative code (DEHNR--Coastal Management Act), 15A NCAC 7H--"State
               Guidelines for Areas of Environmental Concern" and as defined by the town.

                      The district allows water access ramps, docks and piers, or permitted uses. The
               following are allowed as conditional uses: (1) passive recreational parks and greenery,
               and (2) nature walks and study facilities.

               7.     Land Use Changes 1986-1993.

                      Except for single-family residential development, there have not been any
               significant land use changes from 1986 to 1992. Table 15 provides a summary of
               construction activity from 1987 through 1993. Only eight permits were issued for
               commercial building construction. Residences accounted for 670 or 84.9% of the
               structures built for occupancy. All other permits were for driveways, repairs, additions,
               or nonhuman habitat buildings such as garages or carports. From 1987 to 1993, the
               number of permits issued for repairs, additions, and alterations increased significantly.
               This increase was the result of the town more vigorously requiring residential property
               owners to secure permits for repairs. The increase was not the result of expansion of
               existing structures.

                      The construction activity is in the town's land use acreages. These acreages are
               summarized in Table 16. From 1986 to 1992 the town's total residential land use
               increased by a total of 128 acres or 17%. In addition, the percentage of the town's total
               land area committed to residential land use increased from 15% in 1986 to 18% in
               1992. The majority of the 1992 residential land use, 755 acres, was committed to
               single-family land use.

                      Table 17 provides a comparative analysis of lot usage for 1986 and 1992. From
               1986 to 1992, a total of 136 lots were developed. Almost all (128 lots) were developed
               for single-family residential purposes. There has been very little duplex development
               within Long Beach because the minimum lot size for duplexes, 10,000 square feet,
               exceeds almost all existing lots. Therefore, at least two lots must be utilized to
               accommodate duplex construction.












                                                           1-47












                                                             Table No. 15
                                                Long Beach Construction Activity
                                                        Corporate Limit Area
                                                                1987-1993



                 Activity                   1987      1988     1989     1990     1991     1992     1993     TOTAL

                 Residences                  130       132       81      79        74       89       85        670

                 Driveways                   134       125      1.11     115      114       122      124       845

                 Mobile homes                 24        17       17      15        18       18       10        119

                 Repairs, additions,         161       123      357      490      304      334      876       2,645
                 alterations

                 Docks, piers,                24        33       26      42        55       44       38        262
                 bulkheads

                 Storage buildings            36        46       54      52        57       54       66        365
                 Garages, carports            11        14       15      11        12       12       13          88
                 Commercial building            1         2        2       0         2        1        0          8

                         Total               521       492      663      804      636      674     1,212      5,002


               Source: Town of Long Beach Building Inspections Department































                                                                   1-48











                                                                Table No. 16
                                     TOWN OF LONG BEACH CORPORATE LIMIT AREA


                                                          LAND USE ANALYSIS
                                                                 1986/1992





                                                                       1986*                               1992**

                                                                       Percent     Percent               Percent     Percent
                                                                          of         of                    of           of
                   Use                                        Acres    Urban       Total       Acres     Urban        Total

                   RESIDENTIAL                                  752       32%         15%        880         37%        18%

                   -Single-Family                               647       27%         13%        755         32%        15%
                   -Multi-Family                                 14       <1%         <1%          14        <1%        <1%

                   -Mobile-Homes                                 91         4%          2%       ill           5%         2%

                   COMMERCIAL                                    37         2%        <1%          41          2%       <1%

                   PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC                            17       <1%         <1%          17        <1%        <1%

                   STREETS                                      249       11%           5%       249         10%          5%

                   VACANT                                     1,298       55%         26%      1,166         50%        23%

                   TOTAL URBAN LAND                           2,353       100%        48%      2,353        100%        48%

                   TOTAL INCLUDING BEACHES
                   AND WETLANDS***                            4,900                   100%     4,900                   100%






                     *Source: 1986 Town of Long Beach Land Use Update.
                   "Source: Estimates by Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
                  ***Source: This acreage varies constantly-4,900 acres is an estimate.


















                                                                       1-49











                                                             Table No. 17
                                   TOWN OF LONG BEACH CORPORATE LIMIT AREA
                                                        LOT USE ANALYSIS
                                                            BY USE TYPE
                                                               1986/1993




                                                                1986*                                       1993**

                                               Total       Occupied         Vacant          Total      Occupied         Vacant

                 PLATTED LOTS                 12,754      4,841/38%        7,913/62%       12,882     5,497/43%        7,385/57%



                 RESIDENTIAL                  12,225      4,436/36%        7,789/64%       12,353     5,092/41%        7,261/59%


                  Single-Family                              3,785                                       4,332
                  Multi-Family                                  62                                            62

                  Mobile Home                                  589                                          698



                 COMMERCIAL                      467        349/75%          118125%          475       357/75%         110/25%

                 - Oak Island Drive Area                       225                                          232

                 - Beach Area                                  121                                          121

                 - Other                                         3                                             3



                 PUBLIC/
                 SEMI-PUBLIC                     56             56                            57              57





                 *Source: Town of Long Beach 1986 Land        Use Plan.
               **Source: Estimates by Holland Consulting       Planners,  Inc.


















                                                                    1-50










              8.     Extraterritorial Jurisdiction.

                     The Town of Long Beach has established an extraterritorial jurisdiction area.
              That area is delineated on Map 4. In 1993, the area was vacant. However, 100
              parcels had been subdivided, and an additional 31 parcels of preliminary plats had
              been approved for Saint James Plantation. Extensive areas of environmental concern
              are located within the area along the intracoastal waterway. Regulation of development
              during the planning period will be a continuing concern.

              9.     Existing Land Use Summa!y

                     Long Beach has maintained an active land use planning program.                  Both
              commercial and multi-family development have been limited. However, it is anticipated
              that the construction of a central sewer system would stimulate multi-family
              development. High density single-family development will continue because of the
              small size of the town's residential lots.

                     The following provides a summary of the key land use issues. These are
              expected to   continue to be issues during the planning period.

                            Construction of a second Oak Island bridge will continue to be a need as
                            it will serve to reduce traffic 'Congestion and aid in evacuation.

                            The decision on whether or not to construct a central sewer system will
                            continue to be an issue. Construction of a central sewer system will
                            stimulate growth.

                            The small residential lot sizes encourage high density development.

                            Protection of the areas of environmental concern located within the town's
                            planning jurisdiction is an issue. As development continues, protection of
                            these areas will become more complicated.

                            Because of the grid street system and strip commercialization, effective
                            thoroughfare planning is a significant need.

                            Regulation of development within the extraterritorial jurisdiction area will
                            be an issue during the planning period.









                                                          1-51







                        THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
                        THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
                        COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
                        PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
                        1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
                        OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
                        NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.



                                                                                        1,@@JqRLSD C_IIQN_WSE-
                                                                          g@TRAjpRITOR












                                                                                                     TOWN OF LONG BEACH









                                          41








                           Effective evacuation, an issue in 1993, will continue to be an issue during
                           the planning period.

                           As erosion continues, beach nourishment will continue to be a need/issue.

                           The town's land use regulatory controls, i  ncluding the zoning ordinance,
                           should be reviewed and updated as needed.

              10.    Development Potential.

                     The biggest single issue confronting development potential within Long Beach
              will be whether or not to construct a central sewer system. In 1993, there were
              approximately 7,620 vacant residentially zoned lots. If a central sewer system is not
              constructed, at some point the continued installation of septic systems will result in
              ground saturation. The result may be a cessation in the issuance of septic tank
              permits. Construction of a central sewer system would remove the sewage treatment
              obstacle and serve as a major stimulant to development. In particular, in the absence
              of a strong local regulation, construction of a central sewer system would serve as a
              catalyst for multi-family development.      The sewer system question is both an
              environmental and growth issue.

                     From 1986 to 1993, other than continued single-family residential developments,
              very little development occurred. During the planning period, continued single-family
              residential development is expected to continue. No significant changes in land use
              are expected to occur.

                     The construction of a second Oak Island bridge will be a long-term stimulant to
              development. A second bridge will increase the town's accessibility to both overnight
              and day 'Visitor traffic. Such increases may place pressure on the town to increase the
              commercially zoned areas.

                     Ocean and inlet area erosion clearly has a negative impact on waterfront
              development potential. In the absence of jetties or bulkheads, there is little which can
              be done to deter inlet area erosion. However, beach nourishment will be vitally
              important to the town for preservation of its ocean shoreline areas.











                                                         1-53









             E.     DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES

             1.     Water Supply

                    The Town of Long Beach operates its own water distribution system. All areas
             of the town are provided water service. There are no known residences remaining on
             individual wells for potable water supply. The system includes two elevated 300,000
             gallon water storage tanks. The majority of the water service lines are 6" or larger.
                    In October 1980, the Town of Long Beach executed a forty-year contract with the
             Brunswick County Water System for the purchase of treated water. That contract
             remains in effect. The county's water system is a county-wide system which serves
             both municipalities and unincorporated areas. Brunswick County initially constructed
             the system in 1974-1975 utilizing 37 million dollars of general obligation bond funds.

                    Tremendous growth in water consumption has occurred since 1979 when the
             annual water consumption was 103 million gallons. During the nine years from 1979-
             1988, consumption increased by 84 million gallons, an increase of 81.5%. The growth
             in water consumption slowed during the five-year period, 1988 to 1992, when only a
             15.6% increase occurred. Table 18 provides a summary of water consumption by
             month from 1988 to 1992. Total annual consumption rose to 216,015,304 gallons in
             1992. As growth continues, additional storage tanks will be required for both storage
             and water pressure.

                    Several problems/concerns are associated with the water system. Stagnant
             water is a problem in many of the water lines located on dead end streets. The town
             implemented a program in 1993 to ensure regular flushing of the lines. Some citizens
             have expressed concern that some of the water lines have been constructed with
             asbestos material. However, the town has had studies conducted which indicate that
             the asbestos lines are not a hazard. Finally, the town is concerned with the long-range
             protection of both the Cape Fear River and groundwater as water supplies for the
             Brunswick County Water System.


















                                                      1-54










                                                                      Table No. 18
                                                                 TOWN OF LONG BEACH
                                                                 WATER CONSUMPTION


                 Period              1988               1989              1990               1991               1992                     1993
                 January            7,822,836          8,292,700        11,217,600          10,643,000         11,158,000           9,047,000
                 February           8,852,518          8,129,300          9,469,400         9,861,900           9,058,000         14,587,000
                 March              13,487,842         11,921,900       13,009,100          12,157,300         12,030,800         34,309,000
                 April              13,853,826         11,815,800       14,252,300          16,758,800         18,716,600           7,819,000
                 May                16,135,300         18,933,500       22,166,600          22,726,500         19,340,000         23,918,300
                 June               27,212,300         26,666,200       34,570,900          26,344,200         21,651,200         44,178,000
                 July               27,790,600         30,571,900       32,430,900          33,966,704       **35,466,704         28,821,000
                 August             26,331,000         27,625,100       30,538,400          28,080,600       *-28,955,400         33,155,000
                 September          13,030,500       *37,738,100        19,959,800          14,887,000         15,267,600         20,019,000
                 October            11,757,700         4,360,900        12,162,700          18,143,304         20,318,000         20,393,000
                 November           10,876,900         12,038,200       15,636,700          11,769,400         10,322,000         17,880,000
                 December           9,559,300          14,015,200       10,644,600          10,020,100         13,731,000         20,315,000
                 TOTAL            186,710,622        212,108,800        226,059,000        215,358,808        216,015,304         274,441,300

                 *Hurricane  Hugo
                 **Estimated (Meter Malfunction)

                Source: Town of Long Beach


                             In 1990 there was a surge in total annual water consumption to 226,059,000.
                      There  is not an identified reason for this increase. Except for one year, July has the
                      highest monthly water consumption. This is the result of peak demand resulting from
                      overnight and day seasonal tourist population. The one exception to the July high
                      occurred in September 1989 when Hurricane Hugo struck the southeastern North
                      Carolina coast during that month. Oceanfront properties along the entire Oak Island
                      ocean shoreline suffered damage. Numerous 3/4" water lines were broken leaving
                      water flowing continuously. In fact, so much water was lost that the water pressure
                      dropped throughout the county's water system.
                             The highest months consistently are June, July, and August. Approximately 40%
                      o 45% of the town's total annual consumption occurs during those -months.

                      2.     Sewage Disposal
                             All residences and businesses rely on septic systems for sewage disposal.
                      While the majority of the septic tanks appeared to function properly in 1993, some
                      serious problems with septic tank failure were occurring. The most serious problems
                      occurred on Pelican and Dolphin Drives and in the areas with dryer soils where oak
                      tree roots grow into drain lines in search of water. As many as 100 septic repairs per


                                                                               1-55







              year may occur.       During 1986 the Brunswick County Health Department kept a
              six-month list of septic tank repair inspections. In that six-month period, 50 septic tank
              repair inspections were made.

                     Most lots within Long Beach could be permitted for septic tank usage in 1993.
              Normally one of the following problems would have prohibited issuance of a septic tank
              permit:

                     (1)    water table within three feet or less of ground surface,
                     (2)    hard pan three inches or more in thickness within the first 18 inches below
                            ground surface,
                     (3)    presence of organic soils, or
                     (4)    small lot size with inadequate space for septic tank drain field and repair
                            area.

                     Table  20 provides a summary of the soils susceptibility to flooding and an
              identification of depth to seasonal high water table. The various soil types are
              delineated on Map 5. The Kureb, Newhan, Wando, and some Yaupon soils are the
              most desirable for septic tank placement.
                     In accessing a lot's suitability for septic tank usage, the Brunswick County Health
              Department utilizes the following standards for water table depth:

                                   Limitation                  Depth to Water Table
                                   Severe                               < 12"
                                   Unsuitable                           < 3611
                                   Provisionally suitable             36" to 48"
                                   Suitable                             > 4811
                     The majority of Long Beach's land area is occupied by soils failing into the
              provisionally suitable and suitable categories.
                     Lot size has been a problem. However, any lots platted before January 1, 1983
              are required to maintain a five-foot instead of a ten-foot setback from the property lines
              for the septic tank drain field. This"grandfather" clause has permitted the utilization of
              many small lots for septic tank construction which might otherwise not have been
              usable.                                      I

                     The issue of continued septic tank usage versus construction of a central sewer
              system has been debated throughout the last five years. On March 31, 1992, a non-
              binding referendum was conducted on the issue. The vote was 460 for and 1,035
              against issuance of bonds for construction of a central sewer system. In 1993, a total
              of approximately 7,385 vacant lots remained in Long Beach. Almost all of these lots
              were 6,600 square feet or less in size. Continued development and associated septic
              tank construction will, at some point, lead to ground saturation.          The soils may
              ultimately become saturated and lose their ability to accommodate additional septic


                                                         1-56


























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               tanks. If this occurs, Long Beach may be forced to adopt stringent no growth policies.
               Regardless of the direction the town elects to follow on this issue, the policies section
               of this plan should clearly reflect the town's position on the construction of a central
               sewer system and septic tank usage.

               3.     Drainage

                      Serious storm draina    ge problems exist within Long Beach.            Normally the
               problems are the most severe in areas having water table depths within two feet of
               ground surface. That would include the Bohicket, Corolla, Duckston, LaFitte, and Leon
               soil types. Those are delineated on Map 5. Specifically, the following areas have
               serious recurring drainage problems:

                         All of the area delineated on the zoning map (Map 1) as having R-2 zoning.
                         The first three rows of lots along the oceanfront areas.
                         All areas where the water table is two feet or less below ground.
                         All streets from 69th Street to 79th Street.                             91h
                      Street drainage is the poorest on Beach Drive and all streets from 6             Street
               East to 791h Street East. The greatest obstacle to adequate drainage in the 69       1h to 79"
               Street area is that there is no east-west right-of-way to accommodate construction of
               drainage improvements.

                      The town does not have a comprehensive town-wide drainage plan.
               Consideration should be given to applying for a CAMA technical assistance grant to aid
               in the preparation of such a plan.

               4.     Solid Waste Disposal

                      The Town of Long Beach contracts with Waste Industries of Wilmington for
               private refuse collection. From late April to mid-September, collection for residential
               customers is provided twice a week. During the remainder of the year, residential
               collection is provided once per week. Commercial collection is provided twice per week
               year-round. In 1993 there were 5,800 residential customers and approximately 30
               commercial customers. The waste is transported to the Brunswick County Landfill
               which is located on U.S. 17 between Supply and Bolivia. The life expectancy of the
               landfill is estimated at 1996-1998. In 1993 Brunswick County was undergoing a site
               selection study for a new landfill. Long Beach has not participated in the site selection
               process. The town does not expect to operate its own solid waste collection program.
               However, the town does operate a voluntary recycling center which accepts glass,
               pasteboard, aluminum cans, waste oil, and plastic.








                                                            1-58










            5.     Police


                   Long Beach operates a full-time police department. The department includes the
            following personnel:

                                - Chief of Police
                                - Assistant Chief of Police
                                - 10 Police officers
                                - 1 Part-time Animal Control officer
                                - 4 Full-time dispatchers
                                - 1 Part-time dispatcher
                                - 2 Reserve officers


                   Department equipment includes one van, nine automobiles, one four-wheel drive
            vehicle, and one four-wheel drive all terrain vehicle.

                   Members of the Long Beach police department continuously participate in
            training programs and seminars.        All police officers are State certified.      The
            departmental total of 13 officers provides 3.42 police officers per 1,000 of year-round
            population. This is well above the state average of 1.5 officers per 1,000 population.
            This average will drop significantly when compared to peak seasonal population.
            However, the average number of officers per 1,000 peak population is only .37. For
            all Brunswick County towns, there is an average of 7.8 officers per 1,000 year-round
            population. The police department is adequately staffed and equipped to serve the
            town's needs.


            6.     Fire/Rescue


                   Long Beach is provided effective fire protection by a 28-member volunteer fire
            department. There are two fire stations: Fire Station One located at the Municipal
            Building Complex, and Fire Station Two located on Oak Island Drive between ls'and
            2nd Street Southeast. Equipment includes the following:

                                                  Station One
                                       - 2 Ambulances
                                       - 1 4 x 4 utility/rescue vehicle
                                       - 1 Pumper, 1250 gpm with a 50' aerial
                                       -   1Equipment truck

                                                  Station Two
                                       - 1  Pumper 750 gpm
                                       - 1  Pumper/Tanker 1,000 gpm
                                       - 1 Ambulance
                                       - 1  Heavy rescue truck

                   The Fire Department has had an Insurance Safety Organization (ISO) rating of
            5 since 1982. In addition, the department participates in mutual aid fire protection

                                                      1-59







                 agreements with both Brunswick County and the Military Ocean Terminal, Sunny Point.
                 The town also has an automatic aid agreement with Yaupon Beach for structural fires.
                 The fire department has adequately serviced the town's need. However, Fire Station
                 Number Two, the most centrally located fire station, needs to be replaced in order to
                 accommodate the largest fire department equipment including the 1250 gpm pumper
                 truck.
                         The Long Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad consists of 23 volunteers. The squad
                 includes 17 certified Emergency Medical Technicians, two ambulance attendants, and
                 four trainees. The rescue squad is fully funded by the Town of Long Beach. A mutual
                 aid agreement exists between the rescue squad and Brunswick County. The rescue
                 squad has adequately served Long Beach's emergency response needs.

                 7.      Administration
                         The Town of Long Beach has a Town Council/Manager form of government. In
                 1993,   excluding the police department, the town had 30 full-time and one part-time
                 employees. The following provides a summary by department:

                                        - Administration                      7 full-time
                                        - Street Department                   6 full-time
                                        - Public Works Administration         2 full-time
                                        - Building and Grounds                2 full-time
                                        - Inspections                         3 full-time
                                        - Central Maintenance                 1 full-time
                                        - Recreation                          4 full-time/1 part-time
                                        - Water Administration                1 full-time
                                        - Water Maintenance                   4 full-time
                         In the spring of 1993, the town was adequately staffed. Establishing an effective
                 water   line flushing program necessitated the addition of one full-time employee.

                 8.      Transportation
                         Long Beach has 14 miles of state maintained right-of-way; 69 miles of paved,
                 town    maintained right-of-way; and 16 miles of unpaved town-maintained roads.
                         As stated in the Existing Land Use section, Long Beach's grid street pattern
                 contributes to traffic congestion and stimulates through on transient traffic in single-
                 family residential areas. Oak Island Drive is the only major east-west route.
                         The North Carolina Department of Transportation has no historical traffic count
                 data in Long Beach. In 1993, only the following traffic counts were available for the
                 Long Beach area:




                                                                 1-60







                      Year      Location                                            Average
                                                                                  Daily Traffic
                      1992      N.C. 133 at Yaupon Drive in Yaupon Beach              12,900
                      1991      58th Street East/S. R. 1104                            1,800
                      1991      Middleton/East Beach Drive                             1,500
                      1991      End State Maintenance West Long Beach                   250
                    These   traffic counts are not indicative of the traffic congestion which exists in
              Long Beach,   particularly during the peak summer season.

                    A major transportation related concern is effective evacuation in the event of a
              man-made hazard or major storm. In 1980 CP&L, in concert with the Nuclear
              Regulatory Commission, conducted an evacuation study for Oak Island and portions
              of the mainland from the area of the N.C. 133/N.C. 211 intersection to the old Sunset
              Harbor Road. That study assumed a total year round population of 1,800 and a peak
              population of 14,000 for the area. Obviously, both permanent and peak season
              population in 1993 greatly exceeds these figures. The 1980 study determined an
              evacuation time of from 2.6 to 6.5 hours depending upon weather and day/night
              conditions. In 1993, safe, effective evacuation would require a much greater time. A
              detailed evacuation study which can be embraced by CP&L, Brunswick County, and
              the Oak Island municipalities is needed. In addition, a second Oak Island-Mainland
              bridge is crucial to providing for safe, effective evacuation.

              9.    Electrical Distribution

                    Long Beach is provided electrical service by the Brunswick County Electric
              Membership Corporation. Electrical distribution is adequate to serve the town's needs.
              In FY92-93, the town implemented a program to put all utilities underground. The goal
              is to put all utilities underground during the next 10 to 15 years.        The Electric
              Membership Corporation puts lines underground as replacement is required. The town
              pays 8% of the cost and recoups approximately 70% of this cost through front foot
              assessments.


              10.   Telephone Service

                    Telephone service is provided by Southern Bell.            In 1993, there were
              approximately 5600 lines in Long Beach. There are no service deficiencies.

              11.   Cable Television

                    Cable television service is provided by Vision Cable, Inc. of Wilmington. In 1993
              there were 2,661 customers in Long Beach.




                                                       1-61










               12.   Schools

                     Long Beach students in grades kindergarten through 5 attend Southport
               Elementary School. Grades 6 through 8 attend South Brunswick Middle School which
               is located in Boiling Spring Lakes. Grades 9 through 12 attend South Brunswick High
               School which shares the same location as the Middle School. The South Brunswick
               Middle School has long-range plans to expand its facilities. Additionally, in 1993 both
               Southport Primary was undergoing expansion. A summary of the status of schools
               serving Long Beach is provided in Table 19. In 1993, there were approximately 600
               students enrolled from Long Beach.


                                                          Table 19
                                                1993 School System Status
                                               Schools Serving Long Beach
                       School                              Enrollment     Capacily     % Over/Under
                                                                                         Capaci y
                       Southport Elementary                     794          744         6.7% over
                       South Brunswick Middle School            683          525        30.1% over
                       South Brunswick High School              811          900        9.9% under

               13.   Health Services


                     For minor surgery or emergencies, Long Beach's residents travel to nearby J.
               Arthur Dosher Memorial Hospital in Southport, or to Brunswick County Hospital located
               in Supply.

                     Dosher Memorial Hospital is a modern, well equipped 40-bed facility with 100
               employees in over 20 different departments and service areas.

                     For major medical care, residents travel to New Hanover Regional Medical
               Center or Cape Fear Memorial Hospital in Wilmington, approximately 40 miles away.
               Private physicians and medical specialists are located in Southport, Supply, Wilmington,
               and Shallotte.


               14.   Recreation


                     Long Beach has significant recreational facilities which accommodate both indoor
               and outdoor organized recreational activities. The facilities are discussed in detail in
               the Existing Land Use section of this plan and recreational personnel are discussed in
               the Public Facilities section. It is unusual for a North Carolina beach community to
               have full-time year-round recreational personnel. With the exception of the need for a
               water access site with boat ramp on the Intracoastal Waterway, and additional land for
               park space, the town's general recreation and shoreline access facilities adequately
               serve the town's needs.




                                                         1-62






              F.'   DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY

              1.    TopographyLGeolo-gy

                    Long Beach is primarily flat, slopes less than 2%, with the highest elevations
              being in the range of 20 to 25 feet above sea level. These highest elevations are
              located in the frontal dune areas and in areas containing dredge spoil. These areas
              are indicated on the soils map, Map 5, as Newhan soils.

                    The town's many low-lying areas are extremely susceptible to sea level rise,
              Flooding resulting from sea level rise may be a long-term problem. Over the last 100
              years, the sea level has risen approximately one foot. Most experts agree that the rate
              of sea level rise will increase over the next one hundred years. The maximum increase
              has been forecast to be as much as four to seven feet. An increase of that magnitude
              would be disastrous to the town. Approximately 70% of the town could be inundated.
              The impact of sea level rise has serious adverse implications for Long Beach. The rate
              of rise should be carefully monitored.

                    Long Beach is situated in a geologically complex area. A'post-Miocene aquifer
              exists between the land surface and a depth of 40 feet below surface. The aquifer
              consists of sand and contains potable water. Below the post-Miocene is the tertiary
              system aquifer. The aquifer contains porous and permeable limestone, providing
              conditions in which excellent quality groundwater is stored under artesian conditions.
              The tertiary system aquifer is approximately 140 feet thick and extends down from
              approximately a 40-foot depth to 200 feet deep. The Miocene and tertiary aquifers
              appear to be connected. Thus, rainfall in the Long Beach area aids in aquifer recharge.

                    2.     Flood Hazard Areas

                    While large areas of Long Beach lie within the 100-year flood plain, the greatest
              threat is flooding resulting from storm surge and local ponding of water. Map 6
              provides a delineation of the flood hazard areas. Approximately 70% of the town's land
              area lies at ten feet above mean sea level or less and is potentially subject to flooding.

                    The greatest storm surge impact will occur from hurricanes. Map 7 shows the
              general areas of Long Beach that may be affected by hurricane-generated storm surge.
              A Category 1 to 2 storm could result in the flooding of approximately 70% of Long
              Beach. The various categories of storm surge areas are defined as follows:

                    Catego!y 1.   Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery,
                                  trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No appreciable wind
                                  damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly constructed
                                  signs. Storm surge possibly 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying
                                  roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed
                                  anchorage torn from moorings.




                                                        1-63




























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                                                                                    NOVI%.   'Mis map iw-iy not be
                                                                                             tised for exact locations.
                                                                                             In-field verifications oE
                                                                                             flood hazard areas are
           FHE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED 114 PART                                 required.
           THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
           COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
           PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
           1972; AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
           OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
           NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.







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                                                     LEGEND
                                               CATEGORY 1-2 SURGE AREA



  0        1       2


                                                                                   'TOWN OF LONG BEACH, N.C.

                                                                                      GENERAL DELINEATION

                                                                                        FLOOD HAZARD AREAS
   SCALE IN MILES                                                                                MAP 7








                     Catego[y 2.  Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to
                                  shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down.            Major
                                  damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly
                                  constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings;
                                  some window and door damage. No major wind damage to
                                  buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal
                                  roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to
                                  4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage
                                  to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages
                                  torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and
                                  low-lying island areas required.

                     Catego[y 3.  Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large
                                  trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown
                                  down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some
                                  window and door damage. Some structural damage to small
                                  buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12
                                  feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller
                                  structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast
                                  damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape
                                  routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
                                  center arrives.


                     Category 4.  Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown
                                  down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials,
                                  windows, and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many small
                                  residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge
                                  possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors
                                  of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves
                                  and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising
                                  water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion
                                  of beaches.


                     Catego[y 5.  Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown
                                  down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down.
                                  Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors.
                                  Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial
                                  buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors.
                                  Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or
                                  blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge
                                  possibly greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to
                                  lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level.
                                  Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours
                                  before hurricane center arrives.

                     The town also suffers from intermittent flooding from rainfall and storm water
              runoff. The soil associations shown on Map 5 provide an indication of the locations of

                                                       1-66









                 high water table areas. The water table depths, flooding frequency, and permeability
                 rates are provided in Table 20.

                          3.       Soils


                          A detailed soils survey of Brunswick County has been completed by the Soil
                 Conservation Service. Based on that survey, there are nine different soil associations
                 located within Long Beach. These associations are delineated on Map 5 and their
                 conditions for site development are provided in Tables 20 and 21. Most soils within
                 Long Beach have some limitations to development.

                                                                      Table 20
                                                                    Long Beach
                                                        Soil Susceptibility to Flooding

                        Map                          Depth to Seasonal                          Permeability
                     Symbol        Soil Types       High Water Table/Ft.        Flooding            Inch/Hr.      Slope %

                        BO         Bohicket                  +3-0               Frequent            .06-0.2

                        Co         Corolla                  1.5-3.0             Rare                 > 20

                        Du         Duckston                 1.0-2.0             Occasional           > 20            ---

                        KrB        Kureb                     > 6.0              None                6.0-20          1 to 8

                        LA         Lafitte                   0-0.5              Frequent            2.0-6.0          ----

                        Lo         Leon                      0-1.0              None                6.0-20           0-2

                    NeE,NhE        Newhan                    > 6.0              None                 > 20            2-30

                        WaB        Wando                    4.0-6.0             None                6.0-20           0-6

                        YaB        Yaupon                   2.0-4.0             None                0.06-0.2         0-3

                 Source:           Soil Survey of Brunswick CountV, North       Carolina, United  States Department of Agriculture,
                                   Soil Conservation Service.


























                                                                          1-67




















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FION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
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               Grass, Cat-tail, Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed Grass. The coastal wetlands are
               vital to the complex food chain found in estuaries. They provide marine nursery areas
               and are essential to a sound commercial fishing industry. Coastal wetlands also serve
               as barriers against flood damage and control erosion between the estuary and uplands.

                      b)     Estuarine Waters

                      Estuarine waters are generally those waters found in estuaries, sounds, bays,
               and salt water shorelines. They are the dominant component and bonding element of
               the entire estuarine system, integrating aquatic influences from both the land and the
               sea. The estuarine waters are among the most productive natural environments within
               Long Beach. The waters support the valuable commercial and sports fisheries of the
               coastal area which are comprised of estuarine dependent species such as menhaden,
               flounder, shrimp, crabs, and oysters.

                      C)     Estuarine Shorelines

                      Estuarine shorelines are those non-ocean shorelines which are especially
               vulnerable to erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water. They are
               intimately connected to the estuary. The area extends from the mean high water level
               or normal Water level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and brackish waters for a
               distance of 75 feet landward. Development within the estuarine shorelines influences
               the quality of estuarine life and is subject to the damaging processes of shorefront
               erosion and flooding.

                      d)     Public Trust Areas

                      Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder
               from the mean high water mark to the seaward limit of state jurisdiction; all natural
               bodies of water subject to measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean
               high water mark; all navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to the
               mean high water level or mean water level as the case may be, except privately-owned
               lakes to which the public has no right of access; all water in artificially created bodies
               of water containing significant public fishing resources or other public resources which
               are accessible to the public by navigation from bodies of water in which the public has
               rights of navigation; and all waters in artificially created bodies of water in which the
               public has acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage, dedication, or any other
               means. In determining whether the public has acquired rights in artificially created
               bodies of water, the following factors shall be considered:

                      (1)    the use of the body of water by the public,
                      (2)    the length of time the public has used the area,
                      (3)    the value of public resources in the body of water,
                      (4)    whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the extent
                             that they can move into natural bodies of water,
                      (5)    whether the creation of the artificial body of water required permission
                             from the state, and


                                                          1-71









                    (6)    the value of the body of water to the public for navigation from one public
                           area to another public area.

                    These areas are significant because the public has rights in these areas,
              including navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable
              commercial and sports fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for
              economic development.

                    It is impossible to map the public trust area. The areas must be determined
              through in-field analysis and definition.

                    e)     Ocean Hazard Areas

                    Ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas,
              inlet hazard area, and unvegetated beach area. Ocean hazard landforms include
              ocean dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and
              frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the
              ocean beaches having an elevation equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a
              one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year) for the area plus
              six feet. The primary dune extends landward to the lowest elevation in the depression
              behind that same mound of sand. The frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound
              of sand located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height,
              continuity and configuration to offer protective value. The dunes are essential to the
              protection of oceanfront areas.

                    Ocean beaches and shorelines are lands consisting of unconsolidated soil
              materials that extend from the mean low water line landward to a point where either (1)
              the growth of vegetation occurs, or (2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the
              configuration of the land form, whichever is farther landward. The entire southern
              length of Long Beach is an ocean beach. Long Beach contains ocean erodible areas
              and high hazard flood areas, an inlet hazard area, but no unvegetated beach area (a
              dynamic area that is subject to rapid unpredictable landform change from wind and
              wave action). Unvegetated beach areas are only designated following detailed studies
              by the Coastal Resources Commission.

                    f)     404 Wetlands

                    404 wetlands are areas covered by water or that have waterlogged soils for long
              periods during the growing season. Plants growing in wetlands are capable of living
              in soils lacking oxygen for at least part of the growing season. 404 wetlands include,
              but are not limited to, bottorrilands, forests, swamps, pocosins, pine savannahs, bogs,
              marshes, and wet meadows.

                    Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone interested in depositing
              dredged or fill material into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, must
              apply for and receive a permit for such activities. The Wilmington office of the U. S.
              Army Corps of Engineers has regulatory authority in Long Beach. While there may be

                                                         1-72









               scattered wetland areas located within Long Beach, the specific locations of wetlands
               areas must be determined through on-site analysis. It should be noted that in some
               Areas of Environmental Concern, both the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the
               regulatory requirements of the Coastal Area Management Act may have overlapping
               jurisdiction.

                      g)     Slopes in Excess of 12%

                      In Long Beach, slopes of 12% or greater are normally found only in the ocean
               dune areas. These areas are delineated as Newhan soils on Map 5 . Excessive slope
               has not been a deterrent to development in Long Beach.

                      h)     Excessive Erosion Areas

                      Long Beach has experienced both oceanfront and inlet erosion problems. The
               1986 Land Use Plan stated that since the enactment of CAMA's setback regulation in
               June 1979, Long Beach has up to 100 lots which were classified as unbuildable at any
               given time.    In 1993, there were approximately 150 oceanfront lots which were
               considered unbuildable. However, it is emphasized that lot by lot analysis must be
               performed to determine if a lot is unbuildable.

                      The town is particularly vulnerable during major storms. In 1954, 365 homes
               were lost during Hurricane Hazel. Oceanfront erosion will continue to increase the
               number of unbuildable lots. Southwest winds are the most damaging. In 1993, the
               area from Middleton Street to 79th Street was experiencing the worst erosion. Beach
               nourishment projects will be vital to the preservation of the town's oceanfront areas.

                      The western area of the town adjacent to Lockwood Folly Inlet is particularly
               unstable. Development has continued in the western sections of town despite the high
               rate of erosion. In 1993, the westernmost dwelling unit was located on 67    1h Place West.
               A number of new homes had been moved to avoid loss or damage. The winter storm
               of 1993 increased the erosion eastward. While most of the western areas have been
               subdivided, development should be discouraged.

                      i)     Historic and Archaeological Sites

                      There do not appear to be any nationally significant historic or archaeological
               sites within Long Beach. However, at least 76 archaeological sites have been recorded
               by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources.            Such sites are easily
               disturbed by contemporary land use activities and natural shoreline erosion. No
               structures of historical or architectural importance are located within the town's planning
               jurisdiction. All archeological site locations are restricted information and locations may
               not be included in any public document or made available to any individual without the
               permission of the state archeologist. Any development projects should be implemented
               under appropriate historic preservation legislation and in coordination with the Division
               of Archives and History to avoid damage to valuable archaeological resources.



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                                     SECTION II:.
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  i                 PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
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                                           SECTION 11: LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS



                   A.        PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT

                             1.      Demo-graphic Trends

                             Table 22 provides the estimated population for Long Beach and other Brunswick
                   County municipalities through 2003. A population growth rate of 35.6% through 2003
                   is forecast for Brunswick County. However, the municipal growth rate of 50.0% from
                   1980 to 1990 in Brunswick County was 18% higher than the county growth rate of
                   42.5%. Therefore, a municipal growth rate of 42.0%, or 1.18 times the 1990-2003
                   county-wide growth rate of 36.5%, has been used to project municipal growth from
                   1990-2003. It is assumed in Table 22 that all municipalities will grow at the same
                   42.0% rate from 1990-2003.

                             However, based on the fact that Long Beach's 1980-1990 growth rate was twice
                   the overall municipal growth rate from 1980-1990, it is likely that the Long Beach
                   population growth from 1990-2003 indicated in Table 22 is conservative.

                                         Table 22: Total Year Round Population Projections
                                                        Brunswick County, 1990-2003

                                                                                             Year Round     Population
                   Municipality or Area                                    1990                       1998                      2003
                   Bald Head Island                                            78                        99                      ill
                   Belville                                                    66                        84                         93
                   Boiling Spring Lakes                                    1,650                    2,098                       2,343
                   Bolivia                                                   228                      290                        323
                   Calabash                                                1,210                    1,538                       1,718
                   Caswell                                                   175                      222                        248
                   Holden Beach                                              626                      796                        889
                   Leland                                                  1,801                    2,290                       2,557
                   Long Beach                                              3,816                    4,851                       5,419
                   Navassa                                                   445                      566                        632
                   Ocean Isle Beach                                          523                      665                        743
                   Sandy Creek                                               243                      309                        345
                   Shallotte                                               1,073                    1,364                       1,524
                   Southport                                               2,369                    3,012                       3,364
                   Sunset Beach                                              311                      395                        442
                   Varnarntown                                               404                      514                        574
                   Yaupon Beach                                              734                      933                       1,042

                   Total Municipalities                                   15,752                    20,026                     22,367
                   Unincorporated Areas                                   35,233                    42,683                     46,791

                   Total Brunswick County                                 50,985                    62,709                     69,158
                   Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.; N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.








                     Seasonal population will have a significant impact on population growth within
             Long Beach. Both day visitor and overnight seasonal population will affect the town.
             From 1980 to 1990 the town's seasonal housing units increased from 1,196 to 2,393,
             a 100.1% increase. This rate of growth is not expected to continue through the
             planning period. Based on residential construction which occurred during the period
             1987 to 1991 and the percentage of the housing inventory which is occupied by
             seasonal housing units, it is expected that the construction of seasonal housing units
             will drop to an average of 50 per year during the planning period for a total of 500
             additional seasonal dwelling units by 2003.

                     In addition to seasonal dwelling units, the peak overnight population is impacted
             by the availability of campgrounds, transient marina slips, and motel rooms. In 1993
             Long Beach contained 165 motel rooms, approximately 150 campground sites, and
             approximately 20 marina slips available for transient boat traffic. In 1987, a detailed
             analysis of seasonal housing in Coastal North Carolina was conducted by East Carolina
             University. Based on that analysis, the following occupancy figures for seasonal units
             may be applied to Long Beach:

                           Seasonal housing units     - 4.5 occupants
                           Motel rooms                - 3.5 occupants
                           Campground sites           - 3.0 occupants
                           Transient marina slips     - 3.25 occupants

                    Long Beach's seasonal units are primarily detached single-family units, many
             having more than two bedrooms. In fact, in 1990, 65% of the town's dwelling units had
             three or more bedrooms. Therefore, the seasonal housing unit average occupancy rate
             for Long Beach was increased to 6.5.

                    .Based on these occupancy rates, at 100% occupancy of seasonal units, in 1993
             the peak overnight seasonal population was 17,600.

                    The 1993 day visitor peak seasonal population was estimated by the town of
             Long Beach to be 13,600. When added to the permanent, year-round population, and
             overnight seasonal population, the total peak seasonal population is 35,016 .

                    It is extremely difficult to forecast growth of overnight and day visitor seasonal
             population. Seasonal population growth is strongly influenced by the economy and
             availability of housing.

                    As previously mentioned in this plan, it is anticipated that continued dependence
             on septic tanks will slow growth in general, and the construction of permanent and
             seasonal dwelling units in particular. It is estimated that motel rooms, campground
             sites, and transient boat slips will have an overall ten-year growth of 25%. The day
             visitor population is expected to grow by 29.7% which is consistent with the overall
             population increase for Brunswick County.




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                      Table 23 provides a forecast of Long Beach's total population growth through
               2003.  It is emphasized that construction of a second Oak Island Bridge could increase
               the peak seasonal population, especially day visitor traffic.

                                                       Table 23
                                                Town of Long Beach
                                         Peak Seasonal Population Growth
                                                     1993 -2003

                                                                1993         1998         2003

                      Year Round Population                     3,984        4,851         5,419
                      Overnight Seasonal Population             17,600      19,415        21,200
                      Day Visitor Seasonal Population           13,600      15,620        17,640
                                   Total                        35,184      39,886        44,259

                      Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.



               2.     Commercial and Industrial Land Use

                      Major changes in commercial land use are not expected during the planning
               period. No significant increases in or changes to the 1993 commercial zoning patterns
               are expected. In 1993, approximately 110 vacant commercially zoned lots remained.
               Well planned commercial development will require consolidation of some of these lots
               because of their small size. From 1987 to 1993, only eight commercial building permits
               were issued. This slow rate of commercial growth should continue.

                      The major issues confronting commercial land use during the planning period
               should 0be:   Increasing traffic congestion on East Oak Island Drive.

                      9      Inadequate off-street parking.

                      &      Increasing sewage disposal problems.

                      &      Development of an effective thoroughfare plan to facilitate traffic flow.

                      Commercial zoning should not be allowed to infringe on adjacent residential
               areas. Limiting commercial zoning to primarily the East Oak Island Drive area will
               continue to contribute to peak seasonal traffic congestion on that road. However, this
               approach will aid in limiting the amount of commercially generated traffic utilizing
               residential streets.


                      There is not expected to be any industrial zoning established in Long Beach.





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             3.      Residential


                     Residential land use will continue to be predominantly single-family residential.
             Multi-family development is allowed in the R-5 zoning district only as a conditional use.
             This district is limited to the beach area between the eastern corporate limit line and a
             line lying between     591h  Street East and 61s' Street East.         This area includes
             approximately 60 acres of vacant, unsubdivided property. Without central sewer
             service, it is not anticipated that this property will be developed for multi-family
             residential purposes. However, in 1993, the Turtle Creek and Saint James By The Sea
             subdivisions were granted permission by the Town Council to connect to the Yaupon
             Beach sewer system. In addition, duplex construction should be limited by lot size and
             septic tank requirements. Because of the small lot sizes and the zoning ordinance
             requirement of 10,000 square feet for duplex construction, two lots are normally
             required.    Septic tank permitting requirements for duplex structures are more
             demanding than for single-family structures.

                     Because of the lot sizes, single-family residential development will continue to
             be high density. In fully developed areas, the densities will be four to five dwelling units
             per acre. As indicated in the Existing Land Use section, in 1993 approximately 7,260
             vacant residentially zoned lots remained in Long Beach. If the average rate of single-
             family residential construction which occurred in the mid-1980's to early 1990's (96
             average single-family dwelling units per year) continues, buildout of the single-family
             areas would require approximately 75 years.

                     However, in the absence of central sewer service, it is anticipated that increasing
             sewage treatment problems and ground saturation by septic tank drain fields will result
             in suspension or prohibition of continued residential construction well before buildout
             occurs. On the beachfront, all lots platted before January 1, 1993, are allowed reduced
             setback requirements (5' from lot line) for septic tank construction. This increases the
             density of septic tank construction.

                     The major issues which will confront residential construction during the planning
             period will include:

                           Construction of a central sewer system versus continued reliance on
                           septic tanks.

                           Continued beach nourishment to aid in protection of oceanfront residential
                           properties.

                           Adequate thoroughfare planning to reduce traffic volume in residential
                           areas.


                           Construction of a second Oak Island Bridge to reduce traffic congestion
                           in residential areas, improve island access, and improve Long Beach's
                           evacuation capabilities.



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                            Small residential lot sizes will continue to result in high residential
                            densities and sewage treatment problems.

               4.     Public/Semi-Public

                      The most significant changes in public/semi-public land use will be the result of
               improvement undertaken by the town. Long Beach will continue to develop shoreline
               access sites. Emphasis will be placed on developing an access site on the Intracoastal
               Waterway with a boat ramp. The town will pursue shoreline access funds through the
               North Carolina Division of Coastal Management.

                      If funding is available, the town will pursue improvement or replacement of Fire
               Station Two.    This will be done to allow the station to accommodate the fire
               department's largest equipment at the most centrally located fire station.

                      No other significant public/semi public land use changes are anticipated.

               5.     Transportation

                      Long Beach will be confronted with serious transportation/traffic problems as
               both year-round and peak seasonal population increases. The town supports the
               construction of a second Oak Island Bridge, located to tie into Middleton Avenue. This
               improvement is essential to reducing congestion and improving evacuation capabilities.
               In addition, the town supports replacement of the bridge over Big Davis Creek. This
               improvement is included in the 1993-1994 North Carolina Department of Transportation
               Improvement   program.

                      Long Beach should undertake detailed long-range transportation planning and
               develop a thoroughfare plan. This should be done to facilitate traffic flow on the main
               traffic arteries, and to deter transient traffic from residential areas.

               6.     Area Likely to Experience Maeor Land Use Changes

                      No significant changes in land use patterns of zoning are anticipated. The
               town's zoning ordinancb and an active planning program should limit the intrusion of
               commercial land use into residential areas. Because of small lot sizes, high density
               single-family residential development will continue.

               7.     Summa[y

                      As high density residential development continues, both ground and surface
               water  pollution could become a problem. The town's estuarine waters, coastal
               wetlands and public trust waters could suffer from such pollution.






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                    The development issues which will confront the town during the planning period
             are summarized as follows:


                    a     Development of a central sewer system.

                    a     Continuing congestion and strip commercialization along East Oak Island
                          Drive.


                    0     Elimination of storm drainage problem areas.

                    0     Improving mainland access.

                    0     Maintaining municipal services at levels sufficient to accommodate peak
                          seasonal population.

                          Protection of areas of environmental concern.

                          Continuing high density residential development.

                          Continuing beach nourishment projects.

                          Maintaining adequate planning for storm hazard mitigation, evacuation
                          and post-disaster recovery planning.


             B.     PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDWAVAILABILITY

                    Long Beach's population growth will place increasing demands on town facilities
             and services during the planning period. In 2003, the peak seasonal population will be
             8.2 times the permanent year-round population. It is this peak population for which the
             town must be prepared to provide services.

                    Long Beach's storm drainage problems will increase as high density residential
             development continues. A comprehensive storm water drainage plan should be
             prepared. In addition, the town should consider adoption of a storm water control
             ordinance which would impose drainage design standards for both residential and
             commercial development.

                    Long Beach will have to expand administrative, police, fire and rescue services
             as growth occurs. Personnel needs should be monitored annually and appropriate
             adjustments made. A capital facilities plan for town services should be developed. The
             town should carefully consider services and facility needs for the elderly portion of its
             population. By 2000, a large portion of the town's population should be 55 years old
             or older. Elderly population needs should be accommodated in planning services such
             as garbage collection . Also, the town does not have any elderly health care facilities.
             Year-round recreational facilities should be adequate to meet the needs of the year-
             round residents through 2003.

                                                       11-6








                      The development of a central sewer system will continue to be an issue. If Long
               Beach declines to pursue development of a central sewer system, a policy of low-
               density development will become necessary. Such a policy will be extremely difficult
               to enforce because of the town's small lot sizes. However, it will be virtually impossible
               to control the demands placed on sewage disposal facilities by day visitors. A specific
               sewer policy coordinated with the town's overall growth policies will be necessary.


               C.     REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES

                      The greatest redevelopment concern in Long Beach will be reconstruction
               following a major storm. A particular concern should be damage to mobile homes. In
               1990, mobile homes comprised approximately 13 percent of the town's housing stock.
               Any Category 3 or greater storm would cause substantial damage to the mobile home
               stock. Not only would there be a major loss of housing stock and real estate values,
               but the cleanup costs will be substantial. Policies governing how and where mobile
               homes will be allowed to be replaced should be carefully constructed.

                      There are no major infrastructure maintenance problems. The Brunswick County
               water system is in good repair. The town is supplied electric service by the Brunswick
               County Electric Membership Corporation. This system is also in good repair. However,
               the town should consider policies to require the placement of utilities underground
               following a major natural disaster.


               D.     INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

                      This plan was reviewed by the Brunswick County Planning Department prior to
               certification by the Coastal Resources Commission. This review was provided to help
               ensure consistency of this plan with Brunswick County's planning efforts. Intergovern-
               mental coordination and cooperation will continue through the ten-year planning period.
               This will be essential to accomplish effective planning for public utilities, thoroughfare
               projects, community facilities, housing needs, and environmental protection. The Long
               Beach Town Council and Planning Board will be responsible for ensuring adequate
               coordination with Brunswick County, Yaupon Beach, Caswell Beach, and other
               government entities as may be required.














                                                           11-7




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                               SECTION III:
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                         SECTION III: LONG BEACH LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM



               The CAMA regulations require the establishment of a specific land classification system
               to support the local government's policy statements. This system should reflect
               developing land use patterns within the town and provide a framework to be utilized by
               Long Beach to identify future land uses.

               The 15A NCAC 713 requirements provide for the following land classifications:
               developed, urban transition, limited transition, community, rural, rural with services, and
               conservation. In applying these classifications, Long Beach should carefully consider
               where and when various types of development should be encouraged. Additionally, the
               areas of environmental concern requiring protection should be recognized by the land
               classification system. Each applicable land classification must be represented on a
               land classification map (see Maps 9 and 9A).

               The following land classifications will apply in Long Beach's jurisdiction:

                      Developed areas included in the developed land classification are currently
                      urban in character, with no or minimal undeveloped land remaining. Municipal
                      types of services, with the exception of central sewer service, are in place or are
                      expected to be provided within the next five to ten years. Land uses include
                      residential, commercial, public/semi-public, and other urban land uses at the
                      following densities which are prescribed by 15A NCAC 713:

                                    500 dwelling units per square mile, or
                                    three or more dwelling units per acre, or
                                    where a majority of lots are 15,000 square feet or less.

                      In its developed areas, Long Beach was above these urban densities in 1993,
                      having an average residential density of approximately 5 dwelling units per acre.

                      Within Long Beach, the developed classification is subdivided into the following
                      sub-classifications:


                             Developed Residential (DR) - These are areas where water, electrical,
                             police, fire, sanitation, recreation and other municipal services are
                             provided. The major land use is residential development. The maximum
                             height for residential structures is 41 feet in the flood zone and 35 feet in
                             other areas. This restriction should aid in limiting residential density above
                             five to six dwelling units per acre. Substantial vacant land remains to be
                             developed. These areas have small lot sizes averaging 8,250 square feet
                             or less. Specific densities and land uses in the various areas of the town
                             shall be dictated by the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance. The residential
                             zoning districts include R1, R2, R3A, R3B, R3C, R4A, R413, R5 and R6,
                             as specified in the January, 1994, Town of Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.

                                                          III - I









                          However, single family development normally requires 7,500 square feet
                          and duplex construction requires 10,000 square feet.

                          The following provides a summary of the uses allowed within the
                          developed residential category:

                                 Permitted Uses.


                                 (1)   Single-family dwellings;
                                 (2)   Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the
                                       uses permitted in the district;
                                 (3)   Churches;
                                 (4)   Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
                                 (5)   Schools, public and private;
                                 (6)   Signs;
                                 (7)   Private marinas and piers;
                                 (8)   Home occupations;
                                 (9)   Family care homes.

                                 Conditional Uses.


                                 (1)   Day care centers;
                                 (2)   Fraternal organizations;
                                 (3)   Group homes;
                                 (4)   Hospitals;
                                 (5)   Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
                                 (6)   Public utility uses and structures.

                          Developed Commercial (DC) - These are areas where water, police, fire,
                          sanitation, recreation and other municipal services are provided. The
                          developed commercial category is concentrated along East Oak Island
                          Drive between 64" Street East and 47h Street East, and an area
                          extending from the East Oak Island Drive commercial area south to East
                          Beach Drive between 52   nd Street and 48 1h Street East.

                          In 1993, a total of approximately 110 vacant commercially zoned lots
                          remained to be developed. Most are small in size averaging 6,000 square
                          feet. This classification includes the CA-retail and CB-tourist services
                          zoning districts. The minimum allowable lot size is 6,000 square feet.
                          Specific allowable uses will be determined by the Long Beach Zoning
                          Ordinance. However, the following provides a general definition of the
                          uses included within this classification:


                                 Permitted Uses.


                                 (1)   Retail sales enterprises;
                                 (2)   Personal and professional services offices and shops;


                                                     111-2









                                      (3)   Banking facilities;
                                      (4)   Laundries;
                                      (5)   Convenience stores;
                                      (6)   Equipment rentals;
                                      (7)   Off-street parking facilities;
                                      (8)   Signs;
                                      (9)   Public utility uses and structures;
                                     (10)   Restaurants;
                                     (11)   Commercial piers and marinas;
                                     (12)   Service stations;
                                     (13)   Single-family residence (subject to single-family yard
                                            setback requirements.

                                     Conditional Uses.

                                      (1)   Hotels and motels;
                                      (2)   Auction halls;
                                      (3)   Commercial recreational attractions;
                                      (4)   Recreational campgrounds and recreational vehicle parks;
                                      (5)   Cocktail lounges and taverns;
                                      (6)   Unified tract developments (commercial);
                                      (7)   Arcade.

                              Urban Transition (UT) - Areas included in the urban transition
                              classification are presently being developed for urban purposes, or will be
                              developed in the next five to ten years. These areas will eventually
                              require complete urban services. The urban transition areas include
                              mixed land uses such as residential (single and multi-family), commercial,
                              institutional, industrial, industrial parks, transportation, and other uses
                              approaching high to moderate densities. Residential densities are allowed
                              in excess of an average of three dwelling units per acre, with a minimum
                              single-family residential lot size of 10,000 square feet. The town's entire
                              extraterritorial area, except for the AECs, is classified urban transition.

                              Conservation (CON) - The following areas of environmental concern and
                              "404" wetlands (not an area of environmental concern) are included in the
                              conservation classification:

                              Coastal Wetlands: This classification includes all areas of salt marsh
                              or other marsh subject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including
                              wind tides. However, tidal flooding is understood not to include hurricane
                              or tropical storm tides. Development which meets the minimum use
                              standards of 15A NCAC 7H, Long Beach zoning, and the policies
                              contained in this plan shall be allowed in areas classified as coastal
                              wetlands.




                                                           111-3








                           Estuarine Shoreline: All areas lying 0-75 feet landward of the mean
                           high water level of estuarine waters are classified as estuarine shorelines.
                           Because of map size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately
                           mapped. Precise locations must be determined in the field. Except for
                           maritime forest areas, uses consistent with Long Beach zoning, the
                           policies contained in this plan, and the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
                           standards shall be allowed in estuarine shoreline areas. Within maritime
                           forest areas, minimum design standards may apply which exceed 15A
                           NCAC 71-1; see maritime forest policy, page IV-7.

                           Estuarine and Public Trust Waters: All public trust areas and estuarine
                           waters are included in this classification. All waters in Long Beach's
                           planning jurisdiction are classified as estuarine waters as described by
                           15A NCAC 71-1.0206 or public trust areas as described by 15A NCAC
                           71-1.0207. Uses permitted by the policies contained in this plan and 15A
                           NCAC 7H minimum use standards shall be allowed. The policies dealing
                           with floating structures and signs are more restrictive than the 15A NCAC
                           71-1; see floating home policies, page IV-5, and marine resource area
                           policies, page IV-9.

                           Ocean Hazard Areas:         This classification includes all ocean hazard
                           areas. These areas include lands along the Atlantic shoreline where,
                           because of their special vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects
                           of sand, wind and water, uncontrolled or incompatible development could
                           unreasonably endanger life or property. These areas include beaches,
                           frontal dunes, inlet lands, and other lands with excessive erosion or flood
                           damage. Development shall be permitted which is allowed by the policies
                           contained in this plan, the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance, and 15A NCAC
                           71-1.0306.

                           404 Wetlands: This classification includes areas of 404 wetlands which
                           meet the wetlands definition contained in Section 404 of the Clean Water
                           Act. Only uses consistent with the policy statements section of this plan
                           and the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance will be allowed. These areas are
                           not delineated on the Land Classification Map. Specific locations must be
                           determined in the field by representatives of the Wilmington office of the
                           U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The town concurs with the U.S. Army
                           Corps of Engineers' standards and does not intend to develop more
                           restrictive standards.

                    Within Long Beach, the areas of environmental concern as defined by 15A
                    NCAC 7H minimum use standards are zoned Open Space. This zoning district
                    allows water access ramps, docks and piers, or permitted uses. The following
                    are allowed as conditional uses: (1) passive recreational parks and greenery,
                    and (2) nature walks and study facilities.




                                                       111-4





























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                                  THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
                                  THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
                                  COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
                                  PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
                                  1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
                                  OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
                                  NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.                                                                                BRUNSWICK COUNTY


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                                                                                                  UT       URBAN TRANSITION                                                                                       EXTIU@TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION

                                                                                            V              CONSERVATION
                                                                                                           The Conservation classification includes coastal                                                           LA@M CLASSIFICATION MAP
                                                                                                           wetlands, estuarine shorelines, estuarine and
                                                                                                           public trust waters, ocean hazard areas, and 404
                                                                                                           wetlands. Because of map scale, the
                                                                                                           Conservation areas cannot be accurately mapped.
                                                                                                           Precise locations must be determined in the field.                                                                         MAP 9A



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     111-6




 I
 I
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 I                          SECTION IV:
 I                      POLICY STATEMENTS
         STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST-DISASTER RECOVERY,
 I              AND EVACUATION POLICIES AND PLANS
 I
 'I
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                             SECTION IV: LONG BEACH POLICY STATEMENTS



              This section of the plan provides policies which will address growth management and
              protection of Long Beach's environment. The policies are based on the objectives of
              the citizens of Long Beach and satisfy the objectives of the Coastal Resources
              Commission.

              It is emphasized that the policy statements are extremely important and have a day-to-
              day impact on individual citizens within Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. Areas in
              which the statements have an impact include:

                            CAMA minor and major permitting as required by N.C.G.S. 11 3A-1 18 prior
                            to undertaking any development in any area of environmental concern.

                            Establishment of local planning policy.

                            Review of proposed projects requiring state or federal assistance or
                            approval to determine consistency with local policies.

              Based on the analysis of existing conditions and trends, and discussion with the town's
              Planning Board and Town Council, the policies outlined in the following section have
              been formulated to provide a guide for advising and regulating development of available
              land resources in Long Beach throughout the current planning period, i.e.', 2000.
              Policies which were considered, but not adopted, are provided in Appendix 1.


              A.     RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS

              I      Physical Limitations

              Soils: To mitigate existing septic tank problems and other restrictions on development
              posed  by soil limitations, Long Beach will:

                     (a)    Enforce all current regulations of the N.C. State Building Code and
                            support the Brunswick County Health Department for all matters relating
                            to septic tank instal lation/replacement in areas with soils restrictions.

                     (b)    Coordinate all development activity with appropriate county and state
                            regulatory personnel.

                     (c)    Cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the regulation/
                            enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process.



                                                        IV-1








                    (d)    In conformance with state and county health regulations, growth and
                           development will not be allowed in areas where septic tanks will not
                           function and sewer services are not available.

                    (e)    The Town of Long Beach opposes the discharge of sewage from septic
                           tanks or package treatment plants in any areas classified as coastal
                           wetlands or 404 wetlands.

                    (f)    The Town of Long Beach will support the use standards for ocean hazard
                           areas as specified in 15A NCAC 7H. However, land located within ocean
                           hazard areas has been previously platted for residential development.
                           The existing zoning allows only single-family residential development.

             Flood Hazard Areas:

                    (a)    Long Beach will coordinate any development within the special flood
                           hazard area with the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management,
                           FEMA, and the U.S. Corps of Engineers.

                    (b)    Long Beach will continue to enforce its flood damage prevention
                           ordinance (Chapter 9, Article V, Town of Long Beach Municipal Code)
                           and follow the storm hazard mitigation plan. (See Subsection B, Storm
                           Hazard Mitigation, Post-Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans).
                    (c)    Long Beach's policy is to use all financially feasible and environmentally
                           acceptable means at its disposal to help reduce the damage of flooding.
                    (d)    Long Beach will consider revising its subdivision ordinance to require the
                           submittal of drainage plans as part of the subdivision review and approval
                           process.

             Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies

                    (a)    It shall be the policy of Long Beach to conserve its surficial* groundwater
                           resources by supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Environmental
                           Management stormwater runoff regulations, and by coordinating local
                           development activities involving chemical storage or underground storage
                           tank installation/abandonment with Brunswick County Emergency
                           Management personnel and the Groundwater Section of the North
                           Carolina Division of Environmental Management. During the planning
                           period, the town shall review the local zoning ordinance with regard to
                           underground chemical and gasoline storage regulations to ensure a
                           minimum of risk to local groundwater resources.

             *Groundwaters which are at or just below the surface.



                                                       IV-2











              Manmade Hazards:

                      (a)    Long Beach will support the technical requirements and state program
                             approval for underground storage tanks (Chapter 40 of the Code of
                             Federal Regulations, parts 280 and 281), and any subsequent state
                             regulations concerning underground storage tanks adopted during the
                             planning period.

                      (b)    The town opposes the temporary or permanent storage or disposal of any
                             toxic wastes within its planning jurisdiction.

                      (c)    The town will coordinate and maintain contact with the Brunswick County
                             Emergency Management Office to ensure safe preparation and
                             evacuation in the event of a disaster at the CP&L nuclear power plant.

                      (d)    The town will cooperate with management at both the Sunny Point Military
                             Terminal and the CP&L nuclear power plant to support safe operation at
                             both facilities.

                      (e)    Long Beach is opposed to the establishment of toxic waste dump sites
                             within Brunswick County or operation of incineration facilities for
                             hazardous wastes.


               Stormwater    Runoff,

                      (a)    Long Beach recognizes the value of water quality maintenance to the
                             protection of fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for
                             recreational purposes. The town will support state regulations relating to
                             stormwater runoff resulting from development (Stormwater Disposal Policy
                             15A NCAC2H.001-.1003).

                      (b)    Long Beach will seek funding through the Coastal Area Management
                             program to conduct a comprehensive town-wide drainage study.                If
                             sufficient funds are not available for a town-wide study, the town will seek
                             funding within the planning period for a study of the most serious problem
                             areas.


                      (c)    The town will apply for grant funds improve stormwater drainage systems
                             associated with existing rights-of-way.

               Solid Waste:

                      (a)    Long Beach supports efforts by Brunswick County to undertake a site
                             selection study for the location of a new landfill site.



                                                          IV-3








                     (b)    The town will continue to support the operation of a voluntary recycling
                            center for the acceptance of recyclable materials.

                     (c)    The town will support local and expanded county efforts to educate people
                            and businesses on waste reduction and recycling.

                     (d)    The town will support actions to increase the town's capabilities to keep
                            the beach and town proper free of litter and trash to improve the
                            cleanliness and image of the community.

                     (e)    The town will supply more signs and receptacles in problem areas to
                            encourage cleanliness.

             Cultural/Historical Resources: Conservation of coastal archaeological resources which
             have been identified as having more than local significance to history or prehistory
             should be protected.      These sites constitute important scientific sites, or provide
             valuable educational, associative, or aesthetic resources. There are 76 such sites in
             Long Beach recognized by the N.C. Department of Cultural Resources. Wherever
             there is question of protection of these, the town will seek assistance and determination
             from the Division of Archives and History before proceeding to issue permits. Specific
             objectives for each of these functions shall be related to the following policy statements
             either singly  or in combination:

                     (a)    Advise the N.C. Division of Archives and History of all housing code
                            enforcement/redevelopment projects, to ensure that any significant
                            architectural details or buildings are identified and preserved.

                     (b)    Advise the N.C. Division of Archives and History of all county and town
                            major land disturbing public works projects, to ensure the identification
                            and preservation of significant archaeological sites.

             Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas: No industrial development of any type shall be
             located within Long Beach's areas of environmental concern.

             2.      Miscellaneous Resource Protection

             Package Treatment Plant Use: Long Beach will support the construction of package
             treatment plants which are approved and permitted by the State Division of
             Environmental Management and by the Brunswick County Health Department/Division
             of Health Services, and which do not discharge into coastal wetlands, estuarine waters,
             and public trust waters. If any package plants are approved, Long Beach will require
             a specific contingency plan specifying how ongoing private operation and maintenance
             of the plant will be provided, and detailing provisions for assumption of the plant into
             a public system should the private operation fail or a public system becomes available.



                                                         IV-4









               It is understood that the construction of package treatment plants in an ocean hazard
               AEC may not be consistent with 15A NCAC 7H.0306.

               Marina and Floating Home Development Long Beach will enforce the following policies
               to govern floating homes and both open water and upland marina development.
               Marinas are considered to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed to
               accommodate more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC 7H.208 (b) (5).

                      (a)     Long Beach will permit the construction and expansion of both open water
                              and upland marinas (for both general public and private use) which meet
                              local zoning ordinance requirements, and the requirements of the 15A
                              NCAC 7H minimum use standards. However, marina construction and
                              associated dredging shall not result in the loss of or damage to coastal
                              wetlands or subaquatic vegetation.

                      (b)     Long Beach will allow the construction of dry stack storage facilities for
                              boats associated with or independent of marinas, which are consistent
                              with the Town of Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.

                      (c)     Long Beach supports the restriction of floating structures in all public trust
                              areas and estuarine waters.       Floating structures are defined as any
                              structure or vessel used, designed, and occupied as a permanent dwelling
                              unit, business, office, or source of any occupation or any private or social
                              club, which floating structure or vessel is primarily immobile and out of
                              navigation or which functions substantially as a land structure while
                              moored or docked on waters within town jurisdiction. Floating structures
                              shall not be used commercially or inhabited. The town will develop and
                              adopt an ordinance designed to enforce this policy. The ordinance should
                              set a specific time limit for the location of those structures.

               Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands:                Long Beach will restrict any
               development    on sound or estuarine islands. The town will review its zoning ordinance
               to incorporate controls to regulate development on sound and estuarine islands.

               Ocean Hazard Areas:

                      (a)     Long Beach will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which
                              are allowed by 15A NCAC 7H and are consistent with the town's zoning
                              and dune protection ordinances.

                      (b)     Long Beach supports beach nourishment and relocation as the preferred
                              erosion control measures for ocean hazard areas.






                                                           IV-5








                    (c)    Long Beach objects to the construction of permanent shoreline
                           stabilization structures in ocean hazard areas and any changes in state
                           standards which would allow such structures.

             Inlet Hazard  Areas: With the exception of shoreline stabilization structures, the Town
             of Long Beach will allow uses within the inlet hazard areas which are consistent with
             the town's zoning ordinance, and the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards.

             In all cases, development shall only be permitted if it meets other applicable 15A NCAC
             7H minimum use standards; is landward of the vegetation line; involves no significant
             alteration or removal of primary or frontal dunes or the dune vegetation has overwalks
             to protect any existing dunes; is not essential to the continued existence and/or use of
             an associated principal development; is not required to satisfy minimum requirements
             of local zoning, subdivision or health regulations; and meets all 15A NCAC 7H non-
             setback requirements.

             Coastal Wetlands: The Town of Long Beach supports the construction of those water-
             dependent structures within coastal wetlands which meet the 15A NCAC 7H minimum
             use standards.


             Estuarine Shoreline:


                    (a)    The Town of Long Beach will support construction within the estuarine
                           shoreline areas which meets the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards
                           and the Town of Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.

                    (b)    Long Beach will use all available means of law to restrict the use of
                           estuarine shoreline areas for purposes where there is a substantial
                           chance of pollution occurring.

             Bulkhead Construction: Long Beach does      not oppose the construction of bulkheads
             along estuarine shorelines which meet 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards. The
             town opposes the construction of bulkheads in ocean hazard and inlet hazard areas.

             Sea Level Rise:


                    (a)    Long Beach will continuously monitor sea level rise and revise as
                           necessary all local building and land use related ordinances to establish
                           setback standards, long-term land use plans, density controls, buffer
                           vegetation protection requirements, and building designs which will
                           facilitate the movement of structures.

                    (b)    Long Beach will allow the construction of bulkheads along estuarine
                           shorelines which satisfy 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards to protect



                                                      IV-6









                           structures and property from rising sea level. The town opposes the
                           construction of bulkheads in ocean hazard and inlet hazard areas.

              Natural and Cultural Resource Areas: Long Beach will support the following actions
              regarding these irreplaceable resources:

                           Protection of unique habitat conditions that are necessary to the survival
                           of threatened and endangered native plants and animals including control
                           of negative land use impacts that might jeopardize their environment.

                           Permit development in Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs) provided
                           that the proposed design and location will cause no major or irreversible
                           damage to the AECs and the development meets 15A NCAC 7H
                           minimum use standards. One or more of the following values must be
                           considered depending upon the stated significance of the resource:

                                  Development shall preserve the values of the AEC as its functions
                                  as a critical component of a natural system.

                                  Development shall not adversely affect the values of the AEC as
                                  a unique scientific, associative, or educational resource.

                                  No reasonable alternative sites are available outside the
                                  designated AEC.

                                  Reasonable mitigation measures have been considered and
                                  incorporated into the project plan. These measures shall include
                                  consultation with recognized authorities and with the Division of
                                  Coastal Management staff.

                                  The project will be of equal or greater public benefit than those
                                  benefits lost or damaged through development.

              Maritime Forests: The town will review its local codes and ordinances to consider
              amendments designed to protect any remaining maritime forest areas.


              B.     RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES


              Recreation Resources:

                     (a)   All lands classified as conservation areas are considered valuable passive
                           recreation areas.    Except as otherwise provided for in these policy
                           statements, these areas should be protected in their natural state, and
                           development in ocean and inlet hazard areas should not be allowed


                                                        IV-7









                           except for public shoreline access including dune crossover structures
                           and boardwalks.

                    (b)    Long    Beach     supports the preservation         and   development       of
                           environmentally acceptable estuarine and ocean shoreline access areas
                           to ensure adequate shoreline access within all areas of the town.

                    (c)    Long Beach supports the development of off-street parking facilities in

                           The town will review the impact of off-street parking on adjacent areas on
                           both commercial and residential areas to serve shoreline access facilities.

                           a case-by-case basis.

                    (d)    Long Beach will implement the shoreline access site improvements as
                           recommended by the 1991 Ocean and Estuarine Access Plan.

                    (e)    It is the policy of the town to hire a full-time recreation staff with added
                           summertime help to provide a recreation building for a variety of
                           recreational and other community uses, to operate a town park for
                           children's passive activities, to provide canoe trail and boating access to
                           Davis Creek/Canal at the Recreation Building, to render access to the
                           marshlands of Davis Creek for human/environmental interface via
                           boardwalks and a gazebo, and to maintain Middleton Park adjacent to the
                           Town Municipal Building. It is the policy of the town to promote the usage
                           of these facilities through activities reports and events announcements
                           and through conspicuous signage.

                    (f)    The Town of Long Beach will seek funding for the development of
                           shoreline access sites through the state shoreline access grant program.

                    (g)    During the ten-year planning period, the town will improve the following
                           recreational facilities with funding support from local tax dollars: parking
                           for shoreline access, jogging and walking paths, bikeways, public boat
                           access, and picnic facilities.

                    (h)    Long Beach will maintain an environment where cultural and recreational
                           activities can flourish for the benefit of permanent residents, the seasonal
                           population, and vacationing visitors by:

                                  Continuing operation of the Recreation Center with added
                                  emphasis on youth activities.

                                  Encouraging the establishment of a senior services center.





                                                        IV-8









                                    Encouraging art shows, antique sales, fish fries, barbecues, clam
                                    bakes, festivals, and concerts during the spring, summer, and fall
                                    months.

               Productive Agricultural Lands:     There are no productive agricultural lands found in
               Long Beach's planning jurisdiction; therefore, no policy statement is necessary.

               Productive Forest Lands: There are no significant productive forest lands found in
               Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. However, if commercial production occurs, Long
               Beach supports utilization of the Forest Best Management Practices Manual, 1989,
               North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, for all forestry operations.

               Aquaculture Activities: Aquaculture is considered    the cultivation of aquatic plants and
               animals under controlled conditions. The following policy shall apply:

                      (a)    Long Beach opposes aquaculture activities in the Town of Long Beach.
                             The town will not oppose aquaculture in its extraterritorial jurisdiction
                             when the activity will not result in discharge of water which will degrade
                             receiving waters in any way.

               Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources:

                      (a)    In recognition of the importance of estuarine and public trust waters for
                             the fisheries and related industries as well as aesthetics, recreation, and
                             education, Long Beach shall promote the conservation and quality of
                             estuarine and public trust waters.          Residential and commercial
                             development which meets 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards, Long
                             Beach zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be
                             allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas.
                             Industrial development will be prohibited within Long Beach. Marinas and
                             bulkheads shall be allowed when consistent with other policies contained
                             in this plan.

                      (b)    Long Beach opposes the construction of any signs, except for regulatory
                             signs, in the coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas.

               Marine Resource Areas:

                      (a)    With the exception of the construction of signs (excluding regulatory
                             signs), Long Beach supports the use standards for estuarine waters and
                             public trust areas as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0206 and .0207.

                      (b)    Long Beach reserves the right to review and comment on policies and
                             requirements of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries which
                             govern commercial and recreational fisheries and activities, including


                                                          IV-9









                             trawling activities.   However, it is understood that such review and
                             comment may not have any effect on establishment of policies and
                             regulations by the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries.

                      (c)    The Town of Long Beach supports the designation of its beach area as
                             a sea turtle sanctuary by the State of North Carolina.

                      (d)    The use of gill nets for fishing within 300 yards of the beach between 79       'h
                             Street East (town limits) and Lockwood's Folly Inlet is prohibited between
                             May 15 and September 15.

              Peat or Phosphate Mining: There are no peat or phosphate deposits located within
              Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. However, if any mining activity is proposed within
              the area of Long Beach, the town would oppose any project which would result in
              aquifer drawdown or damage to the manmade hazard facilities identified in Section 1,
              page 1-70.

              Off-Road Vehicles: In May 1978, Long Beach passed an ordinance prohibiting the use
              of all vehicles on the beach strand and dune areas. The only exceptions to the
              ordinance are for the use of emergency vehicles, handicapped vehicles, and town-
              authorized vehicles.



              C.     ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS

              General: It is the policy of Long Beach to manage its growth to ensure the adequate
              provision of municipal services. To accomplish this, the town will:

                             Prepare for a population growth that will continue at about the current rate
                             with a permanent residency of 5,419 and peak summer weekday
                             population of 44,259 by the year 2003.

                             Maintain a continuous land use program which will be effectively enforced
                             through zoning, subdivision, and building codes.

                             Approve development only when and where adequate facilities and
                             services to support it are available.

                             Promote and preserve the town's "family" oriented, retirement-resort
                             atmosphere.

              Water Supply There are no significant constraints to development or land development
              issues relating to the town's potable water supply. The Brunswick County water system
              should continue to provide adequate water supply throughout the planning period.
              However, the town does support the following water supply issues:


                                                           IV-10









                            Actions by both state and local governments to protect water quality within
                            the Cape Fear River Basin. Of particular concern are the construction of
                            both point and non-point discharge sources of industrial, agricultural, and
                            domestic waste along the Cape Fear River.

                            Construction of additional water storage tanks within Long Beach to insure
                            adequate water storage and pressure.

                            Establishment of a water line flushing program to eliminate stagnant water
                            in lines located on dead end streets.

                            The Town of Long Beach supports actions by Brunswick County to
                            regulate development which may adversely affect groundwater supplies.

                            Long Beach supports actions by Brunswick County to protect all water
                            supply wells from groundwater pollution.

                            It is the policy of Long Beach to conserve its surficial groundwater
                            resources by supporting CAMA and N. C. Division of Environmental
                            Management stormwater runoff regulations, and by coordinating local
                            development activities involving chemical storage or underground storage
                            tank instal lation/a band on ment with the Groundwater Section of the North
                            Carolina Division of Environmental Management. The town encourages
                            planning for an adequate long-range water supply.          In the planning
                            process, Long Beach will cooperate with the county and area
                            municipalities to protect water resources.      Public and private water
                            conservation efforts will be encouraged.

              Sewer Systems:

                     (a)    The Town of Long Beach recognizes that there is no perfect solution to
                            its waste treatment problems. All waste treatment systems (centralized
                            and decentralized) for populated areas can negatively impact the
                            environment. As required by North Carolina's Environmental Policy Act,
                            analysis of waste treatment systems should provide a full and fair
                            discussion of all significant environmental impacts of proposed systems
                            and the reasonable alternatives which would avoid or minimize such
                            impacts and enhance the quality of the environment.

                            The Town of Long Beach supports the construction of a sewage collection
                            and wastewater treatment system. The system may be constructed
                            independently by the Town of Long Beach or in concert with other Oak
                            Island and mainland municipalities.




                                                        IV-1 1








                          To advance the town's planning process for waste treatment, the strategy
                          adopted by the U. S. EPA for North Carolina's barrier islands (see
                          Appendix 11) should be employed. The EPA strategy provides a step-by-
                          step decision-making fr  amework for devising appropriate wastewater
                          treatment strategies. The town recognizes that many aspects of this
                          strategy have recently been endorsed by the National Academy of
                          Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and the
                          National Research Council in a report entitled Managing Wastewater in
                          Coastal Urban Areas (see Appendix 111).

                   (b)    In the absence of a waste treatment plant and collection system, Long
                          Beach will support the issuance of permits for the construction of septic
                          tanks for residential, commercial, and public/semi-public land uses.

            Stormwater:


                   (a)    Long Beach will cooperate with the NCDOT, the North Carolina Division
                          of Environmental Management, and other state agencies in mitigating the
                          impact of stormwater runoff on all conservation classified areas. The
                          town will support the Division of Environmental Management stormwater
                          runoff retention permitting process through its zoning permit system.

                   (b)    Within five years, the town will adopt a stormwater control ordinance.
                          Funding assistance through a CAMA technical assistance grant will be
                          sought.   Specific attention shall be devoted to direct discharges of
                          stormwater runoff into any coastal waters that are classified for
                          shellfishing.

            EneLgy Facilily Siting and Development

                   (a)    There are no electric generating or other power generating plants located
                          in or proposed for location within Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. The
                          town will not support the location of permanent, public/commercial energy
                          generating facilities within its jurisdiction.

                   (b)    Long Beach will review proposals for development or expansion of electric
                          generating plants within its vicinity on a case-by-case basis, judging the
                          need for the facility against all identified possible adverse impacts. The
                          town reserves the right to comment on the impacts of any energy facility,
                          construction or expansion within southeast Brunswick County.

                   (c)    Long Beach requests and expects that CP&L will take all possible actions
                          to ensure the safe operation of the CP&L Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant.




                                                     IV-12









                      (d)     Long Beach opposes any offshore drilling for either exploration for or
                              production of oil or gas. However, in the event that offshore drilling for oil
                              or gas is approved, Long Beach supports and requests full disclosure of
                              development plans, with mitigative measures that will be undertaken to
                              prevent adverse impacts on the environment, the infrastructure, and the
                              social systems of Brunswick County.          The town also requests full
                              disclosure of any adopted plans. Offshore drilling and development of
                              onshore support facilities in Brunswick County may have severe costs for
                              the city and county as well as advantages. The costs must be borne by
                              the company (or companies) engaged in offshore drilling and onshore
                              support facilities.

               Redevelopment of Developed Areas: The only significant redevelopment issue facing
               Long Beach through 2003 will be reconstruction following a hurricane or natural
               disaster. The town will allow the reconstruction of any structures demolished by natural
               disaster which will comply with all applicable local and state regulations and the policies
               contained in this plan. The town will consider on a case-by-case basis the expenditure
               of local funds in order to acquire unbuildable lots but will accept donations of such
               unbuildable lots. Long Beach will work with any owners who may have to move any
               threatened structures to safer locations. The town will support reconstruction only at
               densities specified by current zoning regulations. Long Beach will investigate the
               development of regulations to govern how and where mobile homes will be allowed to
               be replaced after a major storm event.

               Types and Locations of Desired Indust[y: Long Beach opposes industrial development
               of any type within the town limits. This policy is supported by the Long Beach Zoning
               Ordinance. Industrial development which is not located within Areas of Environmental
               Concern and which is permitted by the town's zoning ordinance will be allowed within
               the extraterritorial jurisdiction.

               Communily Facilities:

                      (a)     During the planning period, the Town of Long Beach will expand its
                              community facilities through development of the following:

                                     Implementation of the recommendations contained in the 1991
                                     Ocean and Estuarine Access Plan with emphasis on the
                                     development of an access site on the Intracoastal Waterway with
                                     a'boat ramp.

                                     Expansion/improvement of Fire Station Number 2.

                                     Improvement/expansion of the town's bike route and sidewalks.

                                     Development of an effective stormwater drainage program.


                                                           IV-13









                                   Implement street lighting plan with emphasis on residential areas
                                   when feasible.


              Residential Development: Long Beach will continue to encourage the development of
              a variety of housing types to meet the needs and desires of the citizenry and future
              permanent and seasonal residents by:

                            Maintaining area(s) exclusively for single-family dwellings primarily for the
                            growing permanent and seasonal population.

                            Retaining the forty-one foot (41') height limitation for residential,
                            commercial, and institutional structures located in the V zone (velocity
                            zone) and thirty-five feet (35') in all other areas of the town's planning
                            jurisdiction.

                    -       Continuing beach nourishment to aid in protection of oceanfront
                            residential properties.

                    -       Supporting actions to reduce traffic volume in residential areas.

                    -       Construction of a second Oak Island Bridge to reduce traffic congestion
                            in residential areas.


                    -       Investigate alternatives which may be available to require larger lot sizes
                            for the construction of single-family residential development.

              Commercial    Development: Long Beach will enhance quality commercial development
              by:

                            Encouraging community oriented business to cluster in the existing
                            commercial district on Oak Island Drive and limiting the strip development
                            configuration now in existence with office and institutional uses on both
                            ends.


                            Locating recreation and tourist businesses generally in designated
                            sections of the beach area, discouraging strip development.

                            Implementing effective thoroughfare planning to aid in controlling
                            increases in traffic congestion on East Oak Island Drive and facilitating
                            overall traffic flow within the commercial areas.


              Appearance and Cleanliness: Long Beach will improve and enhance its visual quality
              and attractiveness, both of which are directly related to liveability and economic viability
              by:




                                                         IV-14









                            Strengthening and enforcing the town ordinance relating to residential and
                            commercial property cleanup with provisions for the town to do the job at
                            the owner's expense, if not carried out after proper notification.

                            Requiring developers and construction companies to clean up during
                            building activities and after jobs are complete.

                            Instituting a major paint-up/clean-up campaign.

              Public Safe!y and SecuritC. Long Beach will provide the highest level of safety possible
              in response   to growth and development within financial constraints for humans and
              property by:

                            Expanding the police force as permanent and seasonal population growth
                            occurs in accordance with state and national public safety standards.
                            Emphasis will be placed on establishing adequate beach area patrols
                            during peak summer months.

                            Supporting the Long Beach Rescue Squad and its mutual aid agreement
                            so that it can continue to provide services to meet the needs of the
                            growing population.

                            Supporting the town's Volunteer Fire Department. The town has a' mutual
                            aid agreement with Yaupon Beach, Caswell Beach, and other
                            communities and volunteer departments in the county.

              Commitment    to State and Federal Programs       Long Beach is receptive to state and
              federal programs, particularly those which provide improvements to the town. The town
              will continue to support fully such programs, especially the following: North Carolina
              Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement programs, the CAMA
              planning process and permitting programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              regulatory and permitting efforts, the North Carolina Shoreline Access Grant program,
              dredging and channel maintenance by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, federal and
              state projects which provide efficient and safe boat access for commercial and sport
              fishing, beach nourishment projects, and the federal flood insurance program.

              Assistance in Channel Maintenance: Long Beach will support efforts of the U.S. Army
              Corps of Engineers and state officials to provide proper channel maintenance.
              However, the town opposes the establishment of any dredge spoil sites within its
              jurisdiction, with the exception of usable spoil material for beach nourishment.








                                                        IV-1 5









              Town Administration: Long Beach will manage growth by:

                            Maximizing utilization of staff and professional service needs in planning,
                            engineering, and inspections so that quality of development can be
                            maintained and improved as growth increases in speed and quantity.

                            Seeking ways to acquire better and more spacious accommodations for
                            the town staff so that they can continue to supply high quality services
                            and maintain efficiency in government.

                            Maintaining and enforcing a comprehensive zoning ordinance which
                            addresses existing and anticipated growth and development pressures.

              Transportation:

                     (a)    Long Beach will meet the increasing need to move people and goods
                            from place to place conveniently, safely, quickly, and efficiently,
                            particularly during the summer months, when traffic congestion is highest
                            by:

                                   Planning for the installation of curb, gutter, and sidewalks along
                                   Oak Island Drive and Beach Drive, to control access to businesses,
                                   to separate on-site parking from traffic, to facilitate smoother traffic
                                   flow, and to improve the appearance of Long Beach.

                            -      Facilitating off-street parking areas in close proximity to commercial
                                   establishment.


                            -      Modifying traffic circulation patterns to enhance flow by
                                   incorporating one-way loop streets into the system.

                            -      Maintaining public beach access and parking.

                            -      Paving residential streets in accordance with annual planning and
                                   priority programming.

                            -      Planning for modification of the grid system of streets in residential
                                   sections for the purposes of curtailing thru traffic, discouraging high
                                   speed driving, promoting safety for children, stemming tidal and
                                   flooding washover, increasing neighborhood atmosphere, improving
                                   property values, and decreasing street maintenance costs.

                                   Mounting a concerted campaign with Caswell and Yaupon Beaches
                                   to acquire a second bridge for Oak Island at Middleton Avenue.



                                                         IV-16









                                   Developing a plan for bikeways/sidewalks in strategic locations.

                                   Encouraging the expansion of the county-sponsored transportation
                                   system for the elderly and handicapped.

                                   Improving its ability to maintain streets in good condition.

                                   In concert with Yaupon and Caswell Beaches, developing a
                                   detailed comprehensive thoroughfare plan.

                                   Supporting the provision of off-street parking for day visitors and
                                   permanent residents in both commercial and residential areas.

                                   Supporting the widening of Oak Island Drive westward to Middleton
                                   Avenue.

                     (b)    Long Beach supports the objectives of the Brunswick County
                            Thoroughfare Plan, specifically:

                                   (1)    construction of an east-west connector between NC 133 in
                                          the vicinity of the Brunswick County Airport and Southport;

                                   (2)    improvements to NC 87 between US 17 and the Dosher
                                          cutoff (juncture of NC 133 and NC 211);

                                   (3)    replacement of the bridge over Big Davis Canal.

              Tourism: Tourism     is extremely important to Long Beach and will be supported by the
              town. Long Beach     will implement the following policies to further the development of
              tourism:


                     (a)    Long   Beach will support North Carolina Department of Transportation
                            projects to improve access to and within Brunswick County.

                     (b)    Long Beach will support projects that will increase public access shoreline
                            areas.


                     (c)    Long Beach will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina
                            Division of Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism-
                            related industry, efforts to promote tourism-related commercial activity,
                            and efforts to enhance and provide shoreline resources.

                     (d)    Long Beach will support the efforts of the Oak Island Chamber of
                            Commerce to publicize the recreational and tourist-related assets and
                            activities which exist in Long Beach.


                                                        IV-17








             Land Use Trends:       No major changes in land uses or trends will occur during the
             planning period. Long Beach is expected to continue to be predominantly a high
             density residential community. Commercial development should be limited to those
             commercially zoned areas existing in 1993.

             Intergovernmental Cooperation and Coordination:          Long Beach will coordinate its
             planning and decision making process with Yaupon and Caswell Beaches on all issues
             which affect all three municipalities. As a minimum, this will include the following areas
             of concern:
                           Water and sewer utilities development.
                           Evacuation planning.
                           Thoroughfare planning.
                           Police, fire, and rescue services.

             D.     CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES

             As the initial step in the preparation of this document, Long Beach prepared and
             adopted a "Public Participation Plan." The plan outlined the methodology for citizen
             involvement (see Appendix IV). Public involvement was to be generated through public
             information meetings, advertising in local newspapers, and advertised meetings by the
             Town Council and Land Use Planning Committee to work on development of the plan.

             A public information meeting was conducted at the outset of the project on January 19
             1993, at 7:30 p.m., in the Long Beach Town Hall. Also, a description of the land use
             plan preparation process and schedule was published in the State Port Pilot.
             Subsequently, meetings of the Land Use Planning Committee were held on March 4,
             1993; March 29, 1993; May 5, 1993; May 19, 1993; June 7, 1993; June 29, 1993; July
             12, 1993; July 28, 1993; August 11, 1993; and September 9, 1993. All meetings of
             the Land Use Planning Committee were open to the public and advertised in the State
             Port Pilot. The Town Council conducted a public information meeting for review of and
             comment on the plan on September 16, 1993. The meeting was advertised in the State
             Port Pilot.


             The preliminary plan was submitted to the Coastal Resources Commission for comment
             on September 23, 1993. Following receipt of CRC comments, the plan was amended,
             and a formal public hearing on the final document was conducted on March 15, 1994.
             The public hearing was advertised in the State Port Pilot on February 9, 1994. The
             plan was approved by the Town Council on March 16, 1994, and submitted to the
             Coastal Resources Commission for certification. The plan was certified on March 25,
             1994.


             Citizen input will continue to be solicited, primarily through the Planning Board and
             Town Council, with advertised and adequately publicized public meetings held to
             discuss special land use issues and to keep citizens informed of the impacts of the
             decisions which are made by the town.


                                                       IV-1 8









              E.     STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST-DISASTER RECOVERY, AND
                     EVACUATION POLICIES AND PLANS

              1.     Hazard Mitigation Policies

              Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have on the town, Long
              Beach will implement the following damage mitigation policies designed to reduce the
              potential for hurricane related damage:

              (a)    Enforce adequate building codes.

              (b)    Develop adequate land use regulations: dunes protection, floodplain protection,
                     etc.

              (c)    Develop survey teams. Town staff should include engineering, public works,
                     county assessor, health inspector. When necessary, recruit members of the
                     private sector such as people from the fields of engineering, building trades,
                     property appraiser, insurance adjustors, Red Cross, Salvation Army, etc.

              (d)    Designate a Damage Assessment Coordinator.

              (e)    Develop a damage assessment training program.

              (f)    Develop an information program to warn citizens about possible damages.

              (g)    Establish a damage assessment reporting system (see appendix). Develop
                     agreement forms for use if non-governmental personnel complete any damage
                     assessments.

              (h)    Make a list of critical facilities (streets, roads and bridges, etc.) requiring priority
                     repairs if damaged.

              (i)    Estimate where washouts are likely to occur as the storm surge recedes across
                     the island. Consider what measures for repair may be required.

                     Discuss with CAMA how emergency repairs will be made, since CAMA permits
                     may be too time consuming in a disaster situation.

              (k)    Obtain maps with information about the locations of power lines and te  lephone
                     lines.

              While post-disaster planning is important, Long Beach recognizes that proper
              preventive action is the best way to reduce flood and storm related damage. The town
              has a detailed Flood Hazard Reduction Ordinance which was adopted in 1991. That
              ordinance has the following general standards for all areas of special flood hazard:


                                                       IV-1 9








              (a)    All new construction and substantial improvements shall be anchored to prevent
                     flotation, collapse, or lateral movement of the structure;

              (b)    All new construction and substantial improvements shall be constructed with
                     materials and utility equipment resistant to flood damage.

              (c)    All new constructio   n or substantial improvements shall be constructed by
                     methods and practices that minimize flood damages;

              (d)    El ectrical, heating, ventilation, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and other
                     service facilities shall be designed and/or located so as to prevent water from
                     entering or accumulating within the components during conditions of flooding;

              (e)    All new and replacement water supply systems shall be designed to minimize or
                     eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the system;

              (f)    New and replacement sanitary sewage systems shall be designed to minimize
                     or eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the systems and discharges from the
                     systems into floodwaters;

              (g)    On-site waste disposal systems shall be located and constructed to avoid
                     impairment to them or contamination from them during flooding; and

              (h)    Any alteration, repair, reconstruction, or improvements to a structure which is in
                     compliance with the provisions of this article, shall meet the requirements of
                     11new construction" as contained in this article.


              (i)    Nonconforming buildings or uses may not be enlarged, replaced, or rebuilt
                     unless such enlargement or reconstruction is accomplished in conformance with
                     the provisions of this article. Provided, however, nothing in this article shall
                     prevent the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of a building or structure
                     existing on the effective date of this article and located totally or partially within
                     the floodway zone, provided that the bulk of the building or structure below base
                     flood elevation in the floodway zone is not increased, and provided that such
                     repair, reconstruction, or replacement meets all of the other requirements of this
                     article;

                     All structures built in a floodprone area must be built a minimum.of one (1) foot
                     above base flood elevation, including mobile homes in the floodprone area.









                                                         IV-20








              2.     Storm Mitigation, Evacuation, and Post-Disaster Recovery Plans

              Long Beach is acutely aware of the hazards associated with coastal storms. The
              destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute for communities which are
              located on barrier islands. Since the incorporation of the town, there has been no
              major hurricane in the area comparable to the Class 5 Hazel and Donna hurricanes
              which unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina coast in the fifties and
              early sixties. Very few of the current town residents have experienced storms of this
              magnitude and may be unaware of the extent of destruction associated with such
              storms. However, substantial, damage resulted from Hurricane Diana, a Category 2
              storm, in 1985, and the winter storm of 1993. While Hurricane Hugo, a Category 5
              storm, struck the South Carolina coast in Charleston in 1989, significant damage still
              occurred at Long Beach.

              This section of the land use plan provides management policies for major storms so
              that they may be better prepared for a major hurricane which may eventually impact
              Long Beach.      In 1991, the town adopted a Civil Preparedness Program which
              established the procedures designed to reduce the risks associated with future
              hurricanes. This post-disaster recovery plan is intended to be consistent with the
              town's Civil Preparedness Program.

                     a.     Storm Hazard Mitigation

                     Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and potentialloss of life
              through high winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion. Storm hazard mitigation
              policies and procedures, properly conceived and implemented, can be critical in the
              reduction of the dangers and potential impact on Long Beach and its citizens.
              Mitigation is not only important to minimizing loss of property and life, but also for
              avoiding potential damages in the long run which might result from improper land
              planning and land management practices.

                     i.     Hazard Mapping

                     The vulnerability of Long Beach to the effects of high winds, flooding and storm
                     surge, wave action and erosion can be summarized best by identifying the land
                     areas within the town which are naturally most susceptible to these forces. The
                     Federal Insurance Administration's Flood Hazard Boundary Map and the Long
                     Beach Land Use Plan identify these areas which include flood hazard zones and
                     Areas of Environmental Concern. These potential hazard areas are delineated
                     on the hazard map and can be more specifically defined by reviewing the Flood
                     Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) maps and the Long Beach storm
                     surge map (see Maps 6 and 7). Table 24 summarizes the hazards which can
                     be expected to be associated with the four general zones found within the town.




                                                           IV-21











                                                    Table 24:
                             Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments
                                                      High                 Wave
                                                     Winds     Flood@M Action        Erosion
                     Ocean Hazard, AEC                  x          x          x          x
                     Estuarine Shoreline AEC            x          x          x          x
                     V-Zone Flood                       x          x          x          x
                     A-Zone Flood                       x          x
                     Outside Identified                 x
                     Hazard Areas

                    The areas listed above with 'their associated hazards effect will require land use
                    policies which control the type and distribution of land uses designed to minimize
                    the potential damage from future hurricanes. At this time, Long Beach has
                    implemented provisions in its local zoning and subdivision ordinances, and the
                    flood hazard reduction ordinance, which are consistent with a policy of
                    minimizing hurricane damage by controlling land use and assigning restrictive
                    development standards to these high-risks environments.

                    ii.    Ocean Hazard AEC

                    The ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood
                    areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas.            Ocean hazard
                    landforms include ocean dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include
                    both primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of
                    sand located landward of the ocean beaches having an elevation equal to the
                    mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or
                    exceeded in any given year) for the areas plus six feet. The primary dune
                    extends landward to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same
                    mound of sand. The frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand
                    located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height,
                    continuity and configuration to offer protective value. The dunes are essential
                    to the protection of oceanfront areas. The town recognizes the inherent danger
                    in the oceanfront area and supports the 15A NCAC 7H.0308-.0309 use
                    standards for ocean hazard areas.


                    iii.   Estuarine Shoreline AEC

                    This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean high water line as
                    defined by the Division of Coastal Management. However, the entire estuarine
                    shoreline environment is subject to an extended hazard zone depending on
                    low-lying topography which is subject to varying degrees of flooding and wave



                                                       IV-22









                      action. The flood prone areas are delineated on the hazard maps. The town's
                      zoning and subdivision ordinances and flood hazard reduction ordinance are
                      consistent with development standards required for this area by DCM and the
                      Federal Emergency Management Agency. However, a 25-foot building setback
                      from the shoreline is required.

                      iv.    Non-AEC Areas

                      All areas within the town are subject to some destructive aspect of hurricane
                      damage through high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion. If even a limited
                      portion or percentage of Long Beach were impacted from the effects of a major
                      hurricane, the potential for damages in dollars can be significant.
                      Implementation of mitigation of hurricane damage through proper land
                      development policies and conformance with state building codes can be
                      expected to result in a significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss of
                      property and lives in Long Beach when a major hurricane strikes.

                      b.     Hurricane Planning and Evacuation

                      Long Beach has an active civil preparedness program in operation, which
               includes specific procedures to be followed during pre-hurricane conditions. This
               section outlines these procedures as stated in the program.

                      The following pre-disaster or hurricane preparation activities will be implemented.
               These actions or action plans are either ongoing or to be permanently put in place by
               the department head responsible.        The Town Manager will periodically confirm
               preparation has been undertaken.

                      (a)    Both Emergency Operations Center (EOC) back-up generators must be
                             checked periodically to prevent operational problems. Public Works (PR
                             Please refer to page IV-25 for an explanation of the EOC.

                      (b)    Routinely check hand radios and chargers. Police Department Rescue
                             (PD), Fire Department (FD)

                      (c)    Major routes are to be designated that will be cleared first in the event of
                             widespread debris. (PW)

                      (d)    Several locations for use as temporary debris disposal areas are to be
                             identified. (P"

                      (e)    Provide public information/education to help the citizens become more
                             aware of what to do during a disaster. Town Manager (TM)

                      (f)    Know procedures for declaring a state of emergency. (TIVI and Mayor)


                                                         IV-23








                   (g)    Public works will make detailed plans for (on-island) basic vehicle
                          maintenance equipment and be prepared to make minor repairs to town
                          vehicles. (PW)

                   (h)    The Town Manager will make plans for emergency communications
                          maintenance. JM)

                   (i)    The Long Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad will have contingency plans for
                          evacuation assistance for disabled needing transportation to shelter,
                          nursing home or hospital. (EMS)

                          Every department head will have in place plans for immediate removal of
                          key operational files and records should island evacuations be ordered.
                          (All department's) Plans must be approved by the Town Manager each
                          year. JM)

                   (k)    The Town Manager will, with assistance of the Police Department, plan
                          and publicize evacuation routes. (TM)

                   (1)    The Mayor will identify and make known which elected officials have the
                          authority to order evacuations, should the Mayor be unavailable. Mayor
                          (M)

                   (m)    Every department will design chain of command (organizational chart) and
                          line of succession. Department Heads (DH)

                   (n)    The Mayor will insure that the town has an emergency operation center
                          chief at all times. (M)

                   (o)    The EOC will determine the lead agencies and departments during a
                          disaster. (EOC)

                   (p)    The town will make a video record of all beachfront properties (from the
                          beach) and all 2nd row properties (from E & W Beach Drives) once every
                          year. Inspections (1)

                   (q)    In advance of a disaster, the Town Manager will insure that all employees
                          are aware of appropriate actions which should be taken, when initially
                          responding to an emergency situation to effectively protect citizens. JM)

                   (r)    The Town Manager will promote volunteer or nonprofit assistance in
                          emergency planning. (TM)

                   (s)    The Town Manager will test and train to keep employees prepared for
                          emergencies by conducting field exercise, drills, maneuvers, etc. JM)


                                                     IV-24









                             The Mayor and Town Manager will develop a list of possible evacuation
                             shelter sites to be used for the public, for town "last to leave" employees,
                             town equipment, and for other support personnel. The public is to be
                             informed of evacuation sites, routes and methods of alert as early as
                             possible each year and again at the start of the hurricane season. (TM,
                             M)

                      The Long Beach Civil Preparedness Program provides for the establishment of
               an EOC. The ultimate responsibility for providing decisions and response in time of
               emergency rests with local government. The center for this responsibility for control
               rests with the Mayor and Town Council of Long Beach. The Town Manager will
               determine the need to establish an Emergency Operation Center after evaluating the
               level of emergency either current or imminent. He shall ensure essential staff from
               Public Works, Fire and Police, and other support staff designated by the Mayor are
               trained and present during EOC activation.

                      The Long Beach EOC will work in cooperation with the Brunswick County
               Emergency Operations Center (county EOC). If Long Beach EOC is ordered to be
               evacuated during an extreme emergency, the county EOC will become the center for
               local government control.

                      The Mayor will ass  'ign an interim government representative to the county EOC
               to serve there at the time Long Beach EOC is activated. During local EOC operation,
               the representative will serve as Long Beach link to the media. At the time our local
               EOC is abandoned and prior to the Mayor and other local government officials arrival
               at the county EOC, the representative will be the principal line to all other entities.

                      If the EOC is activated, the following response duties will be assigned:

                                                       ELECTED OFFICIALS


                                    Respond to the town EOC if it is activated.
                                    Keep informed about situation.
                                    Provide information to citizens (Mayor's direction).
                                    Make emergency policy decisions concerning disaster operations.
                                    Request state and federal aid (direction to Town Manager).
                                    Establish necessary contacts with surrounding jurisdictions.
                                    Review state of emergency status.
                                    Establish curfews, order evacuation (Mayor's executive order) after
                                    receipt of county order to evacuate.

                                                         TOWN MANAGER


                                    Evaluate incident and determine if the EOC should be activated,
                                    and if so, notify Mayor and Town Council.


                                                                 IV-25









                                   Direct town department heads.
                                   Serve as liaison between elected officials and operating
                                   departments.
                                   Coordinate response and information with other town managers
                                   and county manager (Mayor's direction).
                                   Control rumors by keeping public informed.
                                   Ensure that emergency operations comply with local ordinances
                                   and North Carolina General Statutes and federal regulations.
                                   When necessary, recommend to elected officials that they declare
                                   a state of emergency.
                                   If disaster extends beyond city's boundaries, solicit a representative
                                   from the county to assist with response action.
                                   Procure resources quickly.

                                                           ATTORNEY


                                   Ensure proper legal procedures are followed.
                                   Provide legal guidance.


                    The EOC will be organized, function and provide evacuation assistance as
             follows:


                                                     ORGANIZATION

                    (a)    The Emergency Operation Center will be at the Town of Long Beach main
                           building. It is where the Mayor, Town Council, Town Manager, and other
                           key personnel will collect and assess information and respond
                           accordingly.

                    (b)    The Town Manager will establish and command the EOC until the arrival
                           of the Mayor or Mayor Pro Tem.

                    (c)    The Mayor is responsible for the direction of all EOC operations. The
                           Mayor, Town Council members, Town Manager, and other key support
                           personnel will respond to the EOC at the onset of any Level III
                           emergency.

                    (d)    The alternative EOC location will be at the Recreation Center. It will exist
                           there only at the Mayor's directions after having assessed town building
                           safety and operational capability.

                    (e)    Emergency power at both locations is provided with on-site generators.




                                                           IV-26









                             Communications capabilities:
                             1. Primary (telephone, radio, 911 link, etc.) as exists on-site.
                             2. Secondary (cellular telephone, communications van, ham radio, etc.)

                      (g)    Life support (meals, cots, etc.) will be provided at EOC as necessary with
                             the Mayor's direction.

                      (g)    Maps, files and disaster plans will be made readily available by the Town
                             Manager in his office.

                      (h)    Necessary items, batteries, TV, clipboards, flip chart or erasable display
                             board, flashlights, paper, pens, tape recorder, toiletries, typewriter, etc.,
                             will be available for EOC personnel at all times.

                                                    FUNCTIONAL ROLES

                      (a)    Establish communications with primary department head (see commander
                             and county EOC if required).

                      (b)    Determine scope/size and maintain a detailed status of the emergency.
                             1 .    Understand and establish perimeters of the immediate disaster
                                    area.
                             2.     Estimate the percentage of the town affected.
                             3.     Establish routes of entrances and exist to and from the scene.
                             4.     Activate emergency back-up radio communication program.

                      (c)    Determine if additional imminent danger exists (downed power lines, gas
                             leaks, etc.)

                      (d)    Determine emergency areas to be blocked off and establish perimeter
                             control (barricades, yellow taping, ditching, etc.) by using PD, PW, FD.

                      (e)    Assess damage:
                             1.  Injuries
                             2. Deaths
                             3.  Property damage
                             4.  Blocked roadways and bridges
                             5.  Number of people without power or area affected

                      (f)    Determine what critical facilities have been affected.
                             1. Communications (radio, 911, telephone)
                             2. Fire/police/rescue stations
                             3.  Water facilities
                             4.  EOC
                             5.  Other



                                                              IV-27








                   (g)    Determine if a state of emergency should be requested.

                   (h)    Evaluate what resources have already been committed and what
                          municipal resources are still available.

                   (i)    Determine what additional resources are currently required and project
                          future need from other municipalities, county or state (specify exact
                          quantities if possible).

                          The Town Manager or, if appropriate, the Scene Commander, will be
                          responsible for collecting and distributing information to the EOC.

                   (k)    Mobilize the Finance Officer, who will document all financial data.

                   (1)    Feed and relieve crews as needed.

                   (m)    Order Public Works to clear debris blocking access to major sites/ routes
                          in accordance with established plans.

                   (n)    Outside support assistance will be secured and coordinated by the Town
                          Manager. He may delegate responsibility to the Public Works Director.

                   (o)    The local jurisdiction will direct emergency operations. Any help from
                          outside organizations or individuals will be directed and coordinated by
                          the Town Manager.

                                            EVACUATION ASSISTANCE

                   (a)    At the direction of the Mayor, the PD will coordinate all aspects of
                          evacuation notification and control. (PD)

                   (b)    The Rescue Squad will monitor effects on disaster on high-risk
                          populations. (EMS)

                   (c)    The Town Manager will monitor emotional effects of disaster, and arrange
                          for counseling services if required.

                   (d)    The Mayor will decide whether liquor stores should be temporarily closed.

                   (e)    The EOC will be a joint public information center, coordinated with the
                          county, where citizens can get information about the disaster, relief,
                          victims, and other essential information with the Mayor's concurrence.

                   (f)    Only the Mayor or Mayor Pro Tem will channel information to the media.



                                                        IV-28








                      (g)    The Public Works Director will organize and coordinate all volunteers
                             except Fire Department and Rescue Squad.

                      (h)    The Town Manager will act as a family liaison officer and attempt to let
                             employees know how their families are, should they become separated.


                      Once   a hurricane is forecast, the following hurricane preparation and alert
              responsibilities will be implemented:

                                            HURRICANE PREPARATION PLAN

                      (a)    Hurricanes are considered to be Level III emergencies.              Level III
                             emergencies are defined as follows:

                                    Level III is a major emergency.          Examples are hurricanes,
                                    tornadoes and earthquakes.         It is likely to be considered a
                                    catastrophic event or to pose a risk of being so. In most instances,
                                    it will (or may) affect large areas, if not all of the town, and will
                                    require extensive planning for mitigation and considerable
                                    manpower and equipment for response action. The EOC will be
                                    activated by the Town Manager. Early activation is desired if time
                                    permits."

                      (b)    All preparation activities and general emergency responsibilities previously
                             described apply to this plan.

                      (c)    The Town of Long Beach will operate on a system of the alert stages
                             WATCH, WARNING & RED for hurricanes and, if possible, for tornadoes.

                      (d)    Weather fronts capable of spawning tornadoes or tornado touchdown
                             reports may be developing so rapidly that alert stages green and yellow
                             are impossible to call. Catastrophic conditions may occur within minutes.

                                    Hurricane Alert Stages:

                                    WATCH -       Information is received that a hurricane has formed
                                                  and is moving toward our area and landfall could
                                                  occur within the next 24 to 36 hours.

                                    WARNING-      Information is received that a hurricane has formed
                                                  and is moving toward our area and landfall could
                                                  occur within the next 12-24 hours.





                                                              IV-29









                                  RED          Information is received that a hurricane has formed
                                               and is moving toward our area and landfall could
                                               occur within the next 12 hours. Used also for tornado
                                               alert or touchdown reports.

                    (e)    All town employees are expected to have a general understanding of their
                           emergency service roles during the various types, levels and stages of
                           disasters, especially hurricanes.

                    (f)    The Town Manager will make sure that all department heads have a
                           detailed operational plan in place for the three stages of hurricane alert
                           defined in this plan.

                           1 .    Each department head will identify those files and documents to be
                                  evacuated should a Category 4 or 5 hurricane be predicted.

                           2.     Each department will have a detailed plan for evacuation, retention
                                  and return of the files and documents identified. Plan shall be
                                  reviewed and approved by the Town Manager each year.
                    (g)    The Mayor, with the assistance of the Town Manager, will have previously
                           identified the evacuation shelters to be used for the general public.

                    (h)    The Mayor will identify shelters to be used for town personnel evacuated
                           at "last possible opportunity."

                    (i)    The Town Manager will develop a "standing use" plan for dispersal of
                           personnel and equipment in the event of a warning of weather system
                           capable of spawning tornadoes.

                    WATCH ALERT STAGE - Department Responsibilities

                    (A hurricane is moving toward our area and landfall could occur within the   next
                    24 to 36 hours.)

                                                    TOWN MANAGER

                              May choose to begin activation of EOC.
                              Notify all department heads to place WATCH alert plans into action.
                              Collect operational equipment inventory and provide status to County
                              EMS.
                              Remain alert to changing conditions by using all available means of
                              weather information.





                                                           IV-30










                                                     POLICE DEPARTMENT

                                 Notify all department members that the Town is on a WATCH ALERT.
                                 Ready all equipment and give inventory to Town Manager.
                                 Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                                 necessary.
                                 Fuel all vehicles; check all fluid levels.
                                 Designate a law enforcement coordinator to serve at EOC if activated.
                                 Review evacuation plans for the public, the department, and for
                                 equipment.

                                                         PUBLIC WORKS

                                 Ready all equipment, give inventory to Town Manager.
                                 Stage on-island motor vehicle repair capability.
                                 Fuel all vehicles and equipment, and check all fluid levels.
                                 Test run generators at town building, the Recreation Center, and all
                                 trailer-mounted generators.
                                 Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                                 necessary.
                                 Identify Public Works Coordinator to serve at EOC if activated.
                                 Identify construction activities (roads, buildings, bridges, etc.) that may
                                 increase hazards.
                                 Identify support contractors' operating equipment.
                                 Review plans for equipment and personnel evacuation.
                                 Identify to Town Manager any service exposure or shortfalls in
                                 equipment.
                                 Prepare off-island facility for receipt of equipment if evacuation is
                                 ordered.


                                                       FIRE DEPARTMENT

                                 Bring Command Center vehicle 179 to on-line status and test
                                 communications link.
                                 Fuel all vehicles and equipment, and check all fluid levels.
                                 Review plans for equipment and fire personnel evacuation.
                                 Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                                 necessary.
                                 Designate fire department coordinator to serve at EOC.
                                 Test all vehicles and equipment.
                                 Inventory operational equipment and report status to Town Manager.






                                                                 IV-31










                                                   RESCUE SQUAD

                             Fuel all vehicles and equipment, and check all fluid levels.
                             Test all vehicles and equipment.
                             Prepare assignments for necessary medical patient evacuation.
                             Review plans for rescue personnel evacuation.
                             Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                             necessary.

                                      DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (INSPECTIONS)

                             Alert Damage Assessment Team members.
                             Review staging areas for post-disaster effort.
                             Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                             necessary.
                             Video the beachfront.


                                                 TAX DEPARTMENT

                             Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                             necessary.


                                                       FINANCE

                             Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                             necessary.


                                                       WATER

                             Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
                             necessary.
                             Review emergency shut-down plans.

                                                    RECREATION


                             Cancel all scheduled activities.
                             Secure all outside loose recreation equipment.
                             Prepare Recreation Center for alternate EOC operation.









                                                       IV-32








                    WARNING ALERT - Department Responsibilities
                    (A hurricane is moving toward our area and landfall could occur within the next
                    12-24 hours.)
                                                    TOWN MANAGER

                               Notify all department heads to place WARNING alert plans into action.
                               Review action taken by all departments during WATCH ALERT.
                               Remain -alert to changing conditions.
                               Direct all department heads to pack files and documents and ready for
                               evacuation (Category 3, 4 or 5 predicted).
                               Review evacuation warning plans with Police Department.
                               Review town status and plans with other communities and county
                               EOC.
                               Move backup EOC (if activated) to the County EMS building or
                               activate if required at the County EMS building.
                               Give brief preparedness status to Mayor and Town Council.
                               Coordinate planned evacuation routes with county EMC.
                               Activate back-up communication team.

                                                  POLICE DEPARTMENT

                               Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT
                               and they are restricted to the island and required to notify the Long
                               Beach Communications Center' if they will be away from their
                               residence.
                               Review all actions taken during WATCH ALERT.
                               Review preparation status with other Oak Island police departments.
                               Prepare to implement evacuation plan.
                               Remove all equipment not required to respond to a RED ALERT to a
                               safe location and report inventory to Town Manager.
                               Pack key files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
                               Staff EOC if activated.
                               Report readiness status to Town Manager.

                                                      PUBLIC WORKS

                               Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
                               Move all equipment destined for off-island location, or to on-island
                               distribution point, to that location.
                               Pack files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
                               Staff EOC if activated.
                               Assemble portable generators at Station #1. Hold trailer generator at
                               off-island garage.



                                                            IV-33








                            Provide 12V car/truck battery and battery charger at main EOC and
                            also at Recreation Center (HAM radio back-up comm.)
                            Assemble roadblock and barrier materials.
                            Place equipment in operational readiness.
                            Report status of preparation to Town Manager.
                            Start fill of water towers and maintain at full capacity.

                                                FIRE DEPARTMENT

                            Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
                            Staff EOC if activated.
                            Inform Yaupon Beach Fire Department of status of preparation plans
                            and review plan for RED ALERT.
                            Remove designated equipment to pre-selected location (on island) to
                            ensure limited response capability in "WORST CASE" scenario (bridge
                            out).
                            Place all equipment in operational readiness.
                            Pack files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
                            Report status if preparation to Town Manager.

                                                 RESCUE SQUAD

                            Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
                            Place all equipment in operational readiness.
                            Evacuate all medical high-risk patients requiring evacuation
                            assistance.
                            Remove designated equipment to pre-selected location (on island) to
                            ensure limited response capability in "WORST CASE" scenario (bridge
                            out).
                            Pack files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
                            Report status of preparation to Town Manager.


                     TAX DEPARTMENT, FINANCE DEPARTMENT, INSPECTIONS DEPART-
                     MENT (DA), WATER DEPARTMENT, RECREATION DEPARTMENT

                            Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
                            Pack key files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
                            Prepare equipment for "POWER DOWN" (all data processing,
                            terminals, copiers). Run current history tapes and pack with key
                            documents.
                            Report status of preparation to Town Manager.





                                                     IV-34








                     RED ALERT STAGE - Department Responsibilities

                                                              EOC

                                 See EOC organization and function,
                                 The Mayor will order evacuation only with authorization of the county
                                 Emergency Management Coordinator (EMC) at the county EOC.
                                 Move town representative to county EOC.

                                                       TOWN MANAGER

                                 Notify all department heads the town is on RED ALERT.
                                 Activate the EOC and provide early status.
                                 Implement plan for dispersal during tornado.
                                 At the Mayor's direction, order all departments to activate evacuation
                                 program plan.
                                 Remain alert to remaining weather conditions.

                                                    POLICE DEPARTMENT

                                 Review all actions taken in WARNING ALERT.
                                 Notify all department members to report to the Police Department and
                                 that the town is on RED ALERT.
                                 At the Town Manager's or Mayor's direction, coordinate all the town's
                                 evacuation program plans regarding public notification, traffic control,
                                 etc.
                                 Periodically report evacuation status (%) to EOC and Town Manager.
                                 If evacuation is ordered, place files and documents in vehicle ready for
                                 transport off island and report status and destination to Town
                                 Manager.
                                 The Chief of Police shall have in place a plan for public evacuation
                                 notice for the entire town. Loudspeaker coverage shall be made a
                                 minimum of twice in four hours. "Door to door" method is not possible.
                                 The public address announcement shall be identical for all vehicles
                                 participating. Evacuation announcement will include this warning: "If
                                 you choose to ignore this warning, you are placing yourself in great
                                 danger. Emergency help will not be available for some time."
                                 911 POWER DOWN procedures and protection of equipment is to be
                                 defined in department evacuation plan.

                                                        PUBLIC WORKS

                                 Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
                                 Place RED ALERT department plans into action.



                                                               IV-35








                              Support Police Department in evacuatio          n effort as required.
                              Evacuation will start only at Mayor's or Town Manager's order.
                              Restart all emergency generators to verify functional operation.
                              If evacuation is ordered, place key files and documents in vehicle
                              ready for transport off island and report status and destination to Town
                              Manager.
                              Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
                              Equipment, furniture, files, etc., are to be covered with plastic or tarps
                              if evacuation is ordered.
                              On evacuation order, shut down water to beach area and shut down
                              both water towers.
                              Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
                              time of department evacuation.

                                                    FIRE DEPARTMENT

                              Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
                              Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
                              Verify all equipment to be functionally ready.
                              Support Police Department in evacuation effort as required.
                              Evacuation will start only at Mayor's or Town Manager's order.
                              Place key files and documents in designated vehicle ready for
                              transport off island and report status and destination to Town
                              Manager.
                              Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
                              Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
                              time of department evacuation.

                                                          RESCUE

                              Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
                              Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
                              Verify all equipment to be functionally ready.
                              Support Police Department in evacuation effort as required.
                              Evacuation will start only at Mayor's or Town Manager's order.
                              Place key files and documents in designated vehicle ready for
                              transport off island and report status and destination to Town
                              Manager.
                              Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
                              Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
                              time of department evacuation.







                                                            IV-36









                                        INSPECTIONS, TAX DEPARTMENT, FINANCE,
                                            WATER, RECREATION DEPARTMENTS

                                 Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
                                 Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
                                 Verify all equipment to be functionally ready.
                                 Place key files and documents in designated vehicle ready for
                                 transport off island and report status and destination to Town
                                 Manager.
                                 Periodically report preparation status to EPC and/or Town Manager.
                                 "Power Down" all equipment when directed to do so.
                                 Equipment, furniture, files, etc., are to be covered with plastic or tarps
                                 if evacuation is ordered.
                                 Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
                                 time offices are evacuated.

                       C.     Post-Disaster Recove[y Plan
                       A post-disaster plan provides a program that will permit a local government to
                deal with the aftermaths of a storm in an organized and efficient manner. The plan
                provides the mechanisms, procedures, and policies that will enable a local community
                to learn from its storm experiences and to rebuild the community in a wise and practical
                manner.
                       A post-disaster reconstruction plan encompasses three distinct reconstruction
                periods:
                       (i)    The emergengy period is the reconstruction phase immediately after a
                              storm. The emphasis is on restoring public health and safety, assessing
                              the nature and extent of storm damage, and qualifying for and obtaining
                              whatever federal and state assistance might be available.

                       (ii)   The restoration period covers the weeks and months following a storm
                              disaster. The emphasis during this period is on restoring community
                              facilities, utilities, essential businesses, etc., so that the community can
                              once again function in a normal manner.
                       (iii)  The replacement reconstruction period is the period         during which the
                              community is rebuilt.      The period could last from months to years
                              depending on the nature and extent of the damaged incurred.
                       It is important that local officials clearly understand the joint federal-state-local
                procedures for providing assistance to rebuild after a storm so that local damage
                assessment and reconstruction efforts are carried out in an efficient manner that
                qualifies the community for the different types of assistance that are available. The


                                                            IV-37








              requirements are generally delineated in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288)
              which authorizes a wide range of financial and direct assistance to both local
              communities and individuals. The sequence of procedures to be followed after a major
              storm event   is as follows:


                     (i)    Local damage assessment teams survey storm damage within the
                            community and report this damage to the County Emergency Services
                            Coordinator.


                     (ii)   Damage information is compiled and summarized by Brunswick County,
                            and the nature and extent of damage is reported to the North Carolina
                            Division of Emergency Management.

                     (iii)  DEM compiles local data and makes recommendations to the Governor
                            concerning state action.

                     (iv)   The Governor may request a Presidential declaration of "emergency" or
                            "major disaster." A Presidential declaration makes a variety of federal
                            resources available to local communities and individuals.

                     (v)    Federal Relief assistance provided to a community after an "emergency"
                            has been declared typically ends one month after the initial Presidential
                            declaration.    Where a "major disaster" has been declared, federal
                            assistance    for "emergency" work typically ends six months after the
                            declaration and federal assistance for "permanent" work ends after 18
                            months.


              3.     Organization of Local Damage Assessment Team

              Damage assessment teams will be activated by the EOC by direction to the Damage
              Assessment Coordinator.

              Damage assessment focuses on the town's responsibility to determine the impact of,
              Level III emergency (hurricane, tornado), and then to rank needs in order of importance
              to return the community to a livable condition. It also functions as a means to support
              damage claims and to seek federal assistance. Extensive damage assessment is a
              necessary part of most state and federal recovery programs. Damage assessment will
              require staff from the Long Beach Engineering/Public Works office, Building Inspection,
              County Tax Office, County Health Department, and if possible, the Governor's Office.
              Personnel from operating departments will remain under the control of their own
              departments but will function under the immediate direction of the Damage Assessment
              Coordinator in disaster conditions. The Damage Assessment Coordinator will be
              appointed by the Town Manager. Provisions should be made for a line of succession
              so that damage assessment can continue should some personnel not be readily
              available. Agreements and understandings should be developed in writing between


                                                          IV-38









               Long Beach and private organizations to assure that damage assessment takes place.
               Assignments should be made well in advance because in the event of a hurricane,
               confusion about specific assignments could have serious consequences. Insurance
               agents and realtors may be called in from the private sector if the workload exceeds
               available staff.

               The following damage assessment preparation activities will be undertaken annually:

                      a.     Train personnel in damage assessment techniques.

                      b.     Maintain pre-disaster maps, photos, surveys and other documents for
                             damage assessment purposes.

                      C.     Photo inventory structures in hazardous areas.

                      d.     List critical facilities requiring priority repairs if damaged.

                      e.     Conduct a damage assessment exercise.

                      f.     Determine available assistance and alert people that they may be asked
                             to assist.


                      9-     Maintain accurate listings of all property owners.

               4.     Damage Assessment Procedures and Requirements

               Damage assessment is defined as rapid means of determining a realistic estimate of
               the amount of damage caused by a natural or man-made disaster. For a storm
               disaster, it is expressed in terms of 1) number of structures damaged; 2) magnitude of
               damage by structure type; 3) estimated total dollar loss; and 4) estimated total dollar
               loss covered by insurance.

               After a major storm event,  members of the Damage Assessment Team should report
               to the EOC for a briefing prior to deployment. The extent of damage will depend on the
               magnitude of the storm and where landfall occurs along the Atlantic coast. Because
               of the potentially large job at hand, the limited personnel resources available to conduct
               the assessments, and the limited time within which the initial assessment must be
               made, the first phase of the assessment should consist of only an external visual
               survey of damaged structures. A more detailed second phase assessment can be
               made after the initial damage reports are filed.

               The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent of damage
               incurred by each structure and identify the cause (wind, flooding, wave action,
               combination, etc.) of the damage to each structure.



                                                         IV-39








             Damaged structures should be classified in accordance with the suggested state
             guidelines as follows:

                   a.     Destroyed (repairs would cost more than 50 percent of value).

                   b.     Major (repairs would cost more than 30 percent of the value).

                   C.     Minor (repairs would cost less than 30 percent of the value, but the
                          structure is currently uninhabitable).

                   d.     Habitable (some minor damage, with repairs less than 15 percent of the
                          value).

             It will be necessary to thoroughly document each assessment. In many cases, mail
             boxes and other information typically used to identify specific structures will not be
             found. Consequently, the Damage Assessment Team must be provided with tax maps,
             other maps, and photographic equipment in order to record and document its field
             observations. Enough information to complete the Damage Assessment Worksheet
             must be obtained on each damaged structure.

             The second phase of the Damage Assessment Operation will be to estimate the value
             of the damages sustained. This operation should be carried out in the EOC under the
             direction and supervision of the Damage Assessment Coordinator. The Long Beach
             Civil Preparedness Program appoints specific damage assessment teams. .                           I
             In order to estimate total damage values, it will be necessary to have the following
             information available for use at the EOC:

                   a.     A set of property tax maps     identical to those utilized by the damage
                          assessment field team.


                   b.     Copies of all town property tax records. This information should indicate
                          the estimated value of all commercial and residential structures within the
                          town. Because time will be of the essence, it is recommended that the
                          town immediately commence a project listing the property values of
                          existing structures in Brunswick County on the appropriate lots of the
                          property tax maps that will be kept at the EOC. While somewhat of a
                          tedious job, it should be manageable if it is initiated now and completed
                          over a 2 to 3 month period. The information will prove invaluable if a
                          storm disaster does occur. This set of tax maps should be updated
                          annually prior to the hurricane season.

             The town should update property tax information annually before the hurricane season.
             This information should then be kept available in the EOC for estimating the value of
             sustained damages covered by hazard insurance.


                                                      IV-40









               In order to produce the damage value information required, the following methodology
               is recommended:


                      a.     The number of businesses and residential structures that have been
                             damaged within the town should be summarized by damage classification
                             category.

                      b.     The value of each damaged structure should be obtained from the marked
                             set of town tax maps and multiplied by the following percentages for
                             appropriate damage classification category:

                             0 Destroyed                              -100%
                             0 Major Damage                           - 50%
                             0 Minor Damage    (uninhabitable)        - 25%
                             0 Habitable                              - 10%

                      C.     The total value of damages for the town should then be summarized and
                             reported, as required, to the County EOC.

                      d.     The estimated value loss covered by hazard insurance should then be
                             determined by: 1) estimating full coverage for all damaged structures for
                             situations where the average value of such coverage exceeds the amount
                             of damage to the structure; and 2) multiplying the number of structures
                             where damage exceeds the average value of insurance coverage by the
                             average value of such coverage.

               The Damage Assessment Plan is intended to be the mechanism for estimating overall
               property damage in the event of a civil disaster. The procedure recommended above
               represents an approach for making a relatively quick, realistic "order of magnitude"
               damage estimate after a disaster.

               S.     Organization of Recovery Operation

               Damage assessment operations are oriented to take place during the emergency
               period. After the emergency operations to restore public health and safety and the
               initial damage assessments are completed, the state guidelines suggest that a
               Recovery Task Force to guide restoration and reconstruction activities be created. In
               Long Beach, the Mayor, Town Council, and Town Manager will assume the
               responsibilities of such Task Force. This Task Force direct day-to-day operations. The
               following must be accomplished:

                      a.     Establishing re-entry procedures.

                      b.     Establishing an overall restoration schedule.

                      C.     Setting restoration priorities.

                                                         IV-41








                       d.      Determining requirements for outside assistance and requesting such
                               assistance when beyond local capabilities.

                       e.      Keeping the appropriate county and state officials informed using Situation
                               and Damage Report.

                       f.      Keeping the public informed.

                       9.      Assembling and maintaining          records of actions taken and expenditures
                               and obligations incurred.

                       h.      Proclaiming a local "state of emergency" if warranted.

                       i.      Commencing cleanup, debris removal and utility restoration activities
                               which would include coordination of restoration activities undertaken by
                               private utility companies.

                       j.      Undertaking repair and restoration of essential public facilities and
                               services in accordance with priorities developed through the situation
                               evaluations.

                       k.      Assisting private businesses and individual property owners in obtaining
                               information on the various types of assistance that might be available to
                               them from federal and state agencies.


               In Before the Storm: Managing Development to Reduce Hurricane Damages (McElyea,
               Brower & Godschalk, 1982), a sequence and schedule for undertaking local
               reconstruction and restoration activities is presented. The schedule was deliberately
               left vague because specific reconstruction needs will not be known until after a storm
               hits and the magnitude of the damage can be assessed. The following sequence of
               activities and schedule is submitted as a guide which should be considered by the
               Recovery Task Force and Damage Assessment Teams, and revised as necessary after
               the damage assessment activities are completed.


                         Activity                                            Time Frame

                         1)     Complete initial damage assessment.          Immediately  after storm passes.
                         2)     Complete second phase damage                 Completed by second week after the
                                assessment.                                  storm.

                         3)     Prepare summary of reconstruction            Completed one week after second
                                priorities.                                  phase damage assessment is
                                                                             completed.
                         4)     Decision  with regard to imposition of       One week after second phase damage
                                temporary development moratorium.            assessment is completed.


                                                                    IV42












                             Activity                                                   Time Frame

                             5)       Set reconstruction priorities and prepare         Completed one week after summary of
                                      master reconstruction schedule.                   reconstruction needs is completed.

                             6)       Begin repairs to critical utilities and           As soon as possible after disaster.
                                      facilities.

                             7)       Permitting of reconstruction activities for       One week after second phase damage
                                      all structures receiving minor damage             assessment is completed.
                                      not included in development moratorium
                                      areas.

                             8)       Permitting of reconstruction activities for       Two weeks after second phase damage
                                      all structures receiving major damage             assessment is completed.
                                      not included in development moratorium
                                      areas.

                             9)       Initiate assessment of existing mitigation        Two weeks after second phase damage
                                      policies.                                         assessment is completed.



                                                                     TOWN MANAGER


                                     Set up offices in town to use as a base for federal assistance program
                                     applications.
                                     Find accommodations for insurance adjustors.
                                     Summarize damage assessment reports.
                                     Monitor restoration activities.
                                     Advise on establishing priorities for emergency repairs.
                                     Prepare documents for submission to state and federal government.

                                                                       INSPECTIONS


                                     Use damage information to revise property records and tax records.
                                     Review building codes and land use regulations for possible
                                     improvements.

                                                                      PUBLIC WORKS


                                     Assess damage to roadways and bridges.
                                     Clean up and remove debris.
                                     Restore bridges and major roads.
                                     Barricade necessary areas.
                                     Help deploy heavy equipment.
                                     Contract for electrical, mechanical, plumbing, or other services at direction
                                     of Town Manager.
                                     Demolish or condemn unsafe structures.
                                     Open, roadways for emergency service units.


                                                                               IV-43











                         Evaluate fuel characteristics at town tanks.
                         Drain flooded areas if possible.
                         Maintain vehicles and equipment.
                         Provide emergency lighting.
                         Assess damage to water, electrical, and gas (fuel) systems.
                         Monitor water pressure.
                         Arrange for emergency water supply and/or rationing.
                         Provide emergency potable water and announce points of distribution.
                         Get help from utilities in neighboring towns.
                         Coordinate restoration of public utilities in the disaster area.

                                                      POLICE


                         Mobilize key personnel.
                         Secure key installations.
                         Dispatch police and other departments.
                         Locate perimeters of disaster scene.
                         Identify entrance and exit routes at scene.
                         Provide traffic control.
                         Assist in managing disaster scene.
                         Deploy department resources as required.
                         Assist spokesperson in informing the public.
                         Provide communications center for town.
                         Alert personnel of possible emergency duty (stand-by).
                         Protect property during crisis relocation.
                         Control access to risk area.
                         Provide transportation to key personnel.
                         Assist with search and rescue operations.
                         Evacuate designated area(s).
                         Request further law enforcement resources.
                         Compile list of reported missing persons.
                         Enforce curfew (if declared).
                         Create detour routes and post traffic directional signals.

                                                        FIRE


                         Mobilize fire personnel.
                         Establish fire suppression and control capability.
                         Hazardous material control and containment.
                         Reconnaissance of disaster scene.
                         Assist rescue and extrication.
                         Identify hazardous materials.
                         Investigation of fire causes.
                         Search area for casualties and assist EMC in caring for injured.
                         Survey for potential fire hazards and notify EOC or Town Manager.


                                                        IV-44










                            Assume field command in fire-related disasters.
                            Provide safety for EOC.
                            Support law enforcement and emergency medical operations.
                            Assist with dissemination of warn ings/i nformation as directed by Town
                            Manager.
                            Dispense water.
                            Designate staging areas for aid.

                                                          EMS

                            Mobilize EMS personnel.
                            Coordinate medical monitoring station (if activated) at incident site.
                            Provide medical attention to victims.
                            Extricate and evacuate victims.
                            Assist in surveying the disaster area.
                            Carry out search and rescue efforts.
                            Maintain casualty tracking system.
                            Transport victims to area facilities.
                            Coordinate activities with Emergency Operations Center.
                            Evaluate health hazards and advise Town Manager.
                            Arrange for help from area rescue and ambulance.
                            Act as liaison with emergency personnel at hospital.
                            Help Police Department disseminate information as directed by Town
                            Manager.
                            Transport deceased through coordination with coroner.

                                                       FINANCE


                            Maintain accurate records of all pertinent financial data.
                            Expedite necessary emergency purchases.
                            Supply EOC as required.
                            Prepare requisite financial reports (Damage Survey Report, etc.)
                            If state and federal funding are not sufficient, recommend alternative
                            forms of funding (fund transfers, bonds, tax anticipation notes, etc.).
                            Record overtime hours.
                            Institute logs to improve accuracy.
                            Provide information on insurance coverage.
                            Inform supporting     agencies   and contractors     of reporting    and
                            recordkeeping requirements.

                                              PARKS AND RECREATION


                            Establish community reception centers.
                            Coordinate personal care and other evacuee needs.



                                                          IV-45








                          Coordinate with American Red Cross extended mass feedings and other
                          personal care if required.
                          Provide manned vehicles to help move personnel and materials.
                          Provide manpower to help clean up and remove debris.
                          Provide shelter for evacuees.
                          Provide manpower as needed.
                          Provide bus transportation for evacuees.



            6.     Recommended Reconstruction Policies

            All the following policies have been designed to be 1) considered and adopted by the
            Mayor and Commissioners of Long Beach as a part of this land use plan, and 2)
            implemented, as appropriate, after a storm occurs:

                   a.     Re-Ent!y Permits

                   Re-entry permits are not issued by the Town of Long Beach.               Following
            evacuation, the town will remain closed at the discretion of the Mayor. Roadblocks will
            be established at all roads entering the east end of Long Beach.

                   b.     Permitting

                   (i)    Building permits to restore structures located outside of designated AEC
                          areas that were previously built in conformance with local codes,
                          standards, and the provisions of the North Carolina Building Code shall
                          be issued automatically.

                   (ii)   All structures suffering major damage as defined in the town's Damage
                          Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt to conform with the
                          provisions of the CAMA regulations (including setbacks), North Carolina
                          Building Code, the Long Beach zoning ordinance, and the Long Beach
                          floodplain management regulations.

                   (iii)  All conforming structures suffering minor damage as defined in the Long
                          Beach Damage Assessment Plan shall be permitted to be rebuilt to their
                          original state before the storm condition.

                   (iv)   For all structures in designated AECs, a determination shall be made for
                          each AEC as to whether the provisions of the CAMA regulations
                          (including setbacks), N. C. Building Code, the state regulations for Areas
                          of Environmental Concern, the Long Beach floodplain management
                          regulations appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages. For areas
                          where the construction and use requirements appear adequate, permits
                          shall be issued in according with permitting policies (a), (b) and (c). For


                                                      IV-46









                             AECs where the construction and use requirements do not appear to have
                             been adequate in mitigating damages, a Temporary Development
                             Moratorium for all structures located within that specific AEC shall be
                             imposed.

                      (v)    Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a temporary development
                             moratorium until such a moratorium is lifted by the Long Beach Town
                             Council.



                      C.     Utility and Facility Reconstruction

                      (i)    The town will encourage the Brunswick County Water System to repair all
                             damaged water systems components so as to be elevated above the 100-
                             year floodplain or shall be floodproofed, with the methods employed and
                             the construction being certified by a registered professional engineer.

                      (ii)   Overhead power lines and utility poles present the greatest obstacle to the
                             safe evacuation of residents in the. event of a major storm disaster.
                             Relocating these lines underground or moving them away from rights-of-
                             way would be very costly at this time. However, if major damage occurs
                             as a result of a storm, the cost effectiveness would improve and public
                             safety considerations might override economic considerations.           Long
                             Beach encourages the relocation of overhead power lines underground
                             or away from evacuation routes if substantial damage to the existing
                             system is sustained during a major storm.

                      d.     Temporary Development Moratorium

                      Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums can be used in
               order to give a local government time to assess damages, to make sound decisions
               and to learn from its storm experiences. Such a moratorium must be temporary and
               it must be reasonably related to the public health, safety and welfare.

                      Long Beach will suffer heavy and serious damages should a major storm make
               its landfall in its vicinity. Consequently, the town should be prepared to issue temporary
               development moratoriums as appropriate.

                      It is not possible to determine prior to a storm whether a temporary development
               moratorium will be needed. Such a measure should only be used if damage in a
               particular area is very serious and if redevelopment of the area in the same manner as
               previously existed would submit the residents of the area to similar public health and
               safety problems. In Long Beach, such a situation is most likely to occur in one or more
               of the AECs.




                                                         IV-47








                   Long   Beach's policy regarding the proclamation of temporary development
            moratoriums   shall be:

                   (i)    To determine for each AEC whether the provisions of N. C. Building
                          Code, the state guidelines for AECs, and the Long Beach flood damage
                          prevention ordinance appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages.
                          For AECs where the construction and use requirements do not appear
                          adequate, a temporary development moratorium for all structures located
                          within that specific AEC shall be imposed.

                   (ii)   After imposing a temporary development     moratorium for an AEC, the
                          Town of Long Beach shall request that the Coastal Resources
                          Commission conduct a special analysis for the town and all other similar
                          communities in order to determine how local regulations for those hazard
                          areas, which are based on state and/or federal guidelines or
                          requirements, should be improved or modified. A response from the state
                          within a reasonable time period as determined through negotiations
                          should be requested.

                   (iii)  The temporary building moratorium in all AECs shall be lifted after local
                          ordinances and regulations have been revised based on state
                          recommendations or decisions of the Mayor and Town Council.
                          Reconstruction shall be permitted in accordance with existing regulations
                          and requirements.



























                                                     IV-48



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                              SECTION V:
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                  SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND- CLASSIFICATIONS


                     The 15A NCAC 7B planning guidelines require that this land use plan relate the
              policies section to the land classification map and provide an indication as to which land
              uses are appropriate in each land classification. The Long Beach Zoning Ordinance
              is consistent with the land classification map and supports the distribution of land uses
              shown on that map.

              A.     DEVELOPED CLASS


                     The developed land classification is divided into the categories of developed
              residential and developed commercial. The classifications are delineated on the land
              classification map. Within the developed classification, the policies contained in this
              plan are supported by local codes and ordinances, including the town's zoning,
              subdivision, flood damage prevention, protection of sand dunes, and manufactured and
              modular homes ordinances. In addition, policies addressing the following areas apply
              which may affect consistency reviews at the state and general government levels:
              energy siting and offshore drilling, sewage treatment, erosion and sedimentation
              control, transportation planning and facilities construction, groundwater protection,
              community facilities construction, and development of AEC's. The majority of the
              developed residential classification remains unimproved while the developed
              commercial classification is predominantly developed.

              B.     URBAN TRANSITION CLASS


                     The urban transition classification includes lands which may be developed during
              the planning period. All of the town's remaining maritime forest areas are located within
              this classification. Regulation of the town's maritime forest areas is provided by the
              Long Beach Zoning Ordinance. The policies contained in the plan allow residential
              usage ranging from single-family to multi-family development. The policies which are
              applicable to the urban transition classification are supported by local codes and
              ordinances, including the town's zoning, subdivision, erosion and sedimentation control,
              and group housing ordinances. In addition, policies addressing the following areas
              apply which may affect consistency reviews at the state and federal government levels:
              energy siting and offshore drilling, sewage treatment, erosion and sediment control, and
              groundwater protection. The policies contained in this plan support single- and multi-
              family development and regulation of maritime forest development.

              C.     CONSERVATION CLASS


                     The conservation classification includes all 15A NCAC 7H designated areas of
              environmental concern and 404 wetlands. Maritime forest areas are not included. The
              conservation classification includes the town's open space zoning district. The policies
              contained in this plan exceed the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards in the
              following areas:

                                                          V-1









                          The town  opposes all construction on sound and estu   arine islands.

                          The town  opposes bulkhead construction in inlet hazard areas.

                          The town opposes aquaculture activities within the Town of Long Beach.
                          The town will not oppose aquaculture in its extraterritorial jurisdiction
                          when the activity will not result in the discharge of water which will
                          degrade the receiving waters in any way.

                          Long Beach opposes industrial development of any type within the town
                          limits. This policy is supported by the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.
                          Industrial development which is not located within Areas of Environmental
                          Concern and which is permitted by the town's zoning ordinance will be
                          allowed within the extraterritorial jurisdiction.



































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                                                   APPENDIX I


                                  POLICIES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
                              BY THE LONG BEACH LAND USE PLAN COMMITTEE





              A.     RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS


              1      Physical Limitations

              S& ILI a:

                     The Town of Long Beach will support the installation of septic tanks in any
                     location which is approved by the Brunswick County Sanitarian.

                     The Town of Long Beach does not oppose the discharge,of sewage from septic
                     tanks or package treatment plants in any areas classified as coastal wetlands
                     or 404 wetlands.


              Flood  Hazard Areas:


                     Through its Hurricane Safety Committee as appointed by the Town
                     Commissioners, it is the policy of Long Beach to maintain its 1984
                     Hurricane/Storm Plan up to date to meet the changing needs of the community.
                     The town will on an annual basis, prior to storm season, during the month of
                     July: (a) review emergency activities and roles of respective groups; (b)
                     identify high risk individuals who need assistance in evacuation; and (c) seek
                     ways to improve existing codes and assure that they are, in fact, being
                     enforced.


                     1 .   The town will update brochures as found to be necessary which give
                           safety advice and town policy for residents in the event of hurricanes,
                           other storms, and flooding regarding medical care, evacuation, and
                           temporary shelter.

                     2.    The town will adhere strictly to the administration of a zoning ordinance,
                           the building code, and CAMA regulations for the future safety of its
                           citizens and their property.

                     3.    Long Beach will seek to take the lead in seeking to have a second bridge
                           to the island built at mid-town.


                     4.    The town will seek out a "sistertown" on the mainland, so that
                           additional staff and equipment can be made available during
                           emergencies. The "sistertown" will be inland far enough to be less
                           vulnerable to the same storms as Long Beach.


                                                         1








                    5.    It is the policy of Long Beach to curtail to the greatest extent possible
                          development and additions in areas susceptible to high winds, flooding,
                          wave action, and erosion.

                    6.    It is the policy of Long Beach to allow no building construction in AEC's
                          including the salt marsh, low-lying wet areas, and ocean hazard areas.

                    7.    It is the policy of the town to limit development in the V Flood Zone as
                          shown on the Composite Hazards Map in accordance with CAMA and
                          Federal Flood Insurance regulations and the zoning ordinance to alleviate
                          as much as possible damage from wave action and erosion.

                    8.    The town will not allow further construction and additions not
                          conforming to these hazard mitigation policies, which would increase
                          vulnerability and nonconformity to the flood ordinance, zoning
                          ordinance, building codes and CAMA regulations.

                    Long  Beach will discourage new development of such          areas (flood hazard
                    areas) unless there is adequate assurance by the developer for correcting any
                    such problems of flooding or water storage, and in such manner that there is
                    no adverse condition created on adjoining land areas.

             Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies:

                    Long Beach will strive to conserve its surficiai* groundwater resources by
                    supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Environmental Management stormwater
                    run-off regulations.

                    It is the policy of the town to rely on Brunswick County for all of its public
                    water supply.

             Stormwater Runoff:

                    The town shall develop a plan and program for alleviating drainage problems
                    on a year-by-year incremental basis.

                    The town will investigate options which may be available to encourage the
                    replatting of parcels to create larger lots.

             Solid Waste:

                    It is the policy of Long Beach to have this service provided in an efficient, safe,
                    and sanitary manner. Long Beach supports the county's participation in
                    regional landfill projects so long as adequate landfill sites are retained,
                    maintained, and guaranteed.

             Cultural/Historical Resources: There do not appear to be any nationally significant
             historic or archaeological sites within Long Beach. However, at least 76 historic and

                                                         2








              prehistoric period archaeological sites have been recorded within Long Beach. In
              order to protect these areas, Long Beach will:

                     conserve significant archaeological resources including their spatial and
                     structural context and characteristics through site preservation or scientific
                     study.

                     ensure that the designated archaeological resource, or the information
                     contained therein, be preserved for and be accessible to the scientific and
                     educational communities for related study purposes, and

                     protect the values of the designated archaeological resource as might be
                     expressed by Long Beach and its citizens; these values should be related to the
                     educational, associative or aesthetic qualities of the resource.

              2.     Miscellaneous Resource Protection

              Package Treatment Plant Use: Long Beach opposes the permitting and construction
              of any package treatment plants within its jurisdiction.

              Marina and Floating Home Develogment:

                     Long Beach will permit the construction of marinas containing up to 20 slips
                     (may establish slip size/length or change maximum number of slips) which
                     otherwise meet local zoning ordinance requirements, the requirements of the
                     15A NCAC 7H use standards.


                     It is the policy of Long Beach to provide public boating access. Floating homes
                     are not permitted within the confines of the town limits.

                     Long Beach will allow the construction of dry stack storage facilities which
                     meet 15A NCAC 7H use standards, and all local applicable code requirements.

              Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands: Long Beach supports any development
              of sound and estuarine islands which meets the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
              standards.


              Ocean Hazard Areas:


                     In recognition of the critical nature of ocean hazard areas due to vulnerability
                     to erosion and to the dynamic processes that can be dangerous to life and
                     property, Long Beach supports the State CAMA policies for Ocean Hazard
                     Areas. Ocean hazard forces are the most dynamic in ocean erodible and high
                     hazard flood areas. The 8.3-mile oceanfront is significantly important to
                     economic, aesthetic, and recreational resources of Long Beach. The Town
                     vigorously supports all efforts to protect these areas.

                     Suitable land uses in ocean hazard areas generally are those which are not

                                                         3








                  vulnerable to unreasonable danger to life and property and which achieve a
                  balance between the financial, safety, and social factors involved in hazard
                  area development.       Ocean shoreline erosion control activities, dune
                  establishment/stabilization, and structural accessways are all acceptable types
                  of land uses. Residential, commercial, and recreational land uses are also
                  acceptable types of use in ocean hazard areas provided that:

                         Development is landward of the crest of the primary dune; where no
                         primary dune exists, development is set back a minimum of 30 times the
                         average annual erosion rate (60 feet in the area from 58' Street East to
                         Lockwood's Folly Inlet and 90 feet from 58' Street East to 791h     Street
                         East) from the first line of stable vegetation.

                         Development does not involve the significant removal or relocation of
                         primary or frontal dune sand or vegetation.

                         Development implements means and methods to mitigate or minimize
                         adverse impacts of the project.

                         Development of growth-inducing public facilities such as sewers,
                         waterlines, roads, and erosion control measures is permitted only in
                         cases where:


                         national or state interests and public benefits are clearly overriding
                         factors,

                         facilities would not exacerbate existing hazards or damage natural
                         buffers,

                         facilities would be reasonably safe from flood and erosion related
                         damage, and

                         facilities do not promote growth and development in ocean hazard areas.


                  Prior to the issuance of any permit for development in ocean hazard AEC's,
                  there shall be a written acknowledgement from the applicant stating awareness
                  of the risks associated with development in this hazardous area.

                         The Town of Long Beach believes that the 8.3 miles of ocean shoreline
                         is a valuable natural recreational resource that should be kept clean and
                         safe for public use. Therefore, it is the policy of Long Beach to provide
                         appropriate beach access and parking facilities, trash receptacles,
                         stump removal when deemed to be hazardous to public safety, and any
                         other beach service which would be feasible and appropriate, excepting
                         erosion control activities.


                         The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into public

                                                      4







                            trust areas. It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this natural
                            process to occur.

                            All other regulations adopted by the Coastal Resources Commission will
                            be applicable and shall be complied with.


              Inlet Hazard Areas:      The Town of Long Beach objects to any construction/
              development within inlet hazard areas.

              Coastal Wetlands:

                     The Town of Long Beach opposes any construction /d eve lopment within coastal
                     wetlands except for water, sewer, and electric utility construction.

                     Activities in coastal wetland areas shall be restricted to those which do not
                     significantly affect the unique and delicate balance of this resource. Suitable
                     land uses include those giving highest priority to the protection and
                     management of coastal wetlands, so as to safeguard and perpetuate their
                     biological, social, economic, and aesthetic values and to establish a
                     coordinated management system capable of conserving and utilizing coastal
                     wetlands as a natural resource essential to the functioning of the entire
                     estuarine system. These land uses shall achieve little to no non-point source
                     runoff through the minimization of impervious surfaces and the maximization
                     of natural vegetation preservation. Highest priority of use shall be allocated to
                     the conservation of existing coastal wetlands. Second priority shall be given
                     to those uses that require water access and cannot function elsewhere.

                     Acceptable land uses may include utility easements, fishing piers, and docks.
                     Unacceptable uses may include, but would not be limited to, restaurants,
                     businesses, residences, motels, parking lots,'and highways.

              Estuarine Shoreline:

                     CAMA defines the estuarine shoreline at Long Beach as the areas 75 feet
                     landward of the estuarine waters. Long Beach recognizes: (1) the close
                     association between estuarine shorelines and adjacent estuarine waters, (2) the
                     influence shoreline development has on the quality of estuarine life, and (3) the
                     damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding to which the estuarine
                     shoreline is subject.

                     Shoreline development has a profound effect on adjacent estuarine waters.
                     Effluent from poorly placed or malfunctioning septic systems can pollute
                     shellfish areas which represent much greater economic benefits to the town's
                     citizens than do the residential uses of estuarine shoreline areas.

                     Suitable land uses are those compatible with both the dynamic nature of
                     estuarine shorelines and the values of the estuarine system. Residential,

                                                          5








                  commercial, and recreational land uses are all appropriate types of use.along
                  the estuarine shoreline provided that:

                         A substantial chance of pollution occurring from the development does
                         not exist, where there is a low percentage of runoff, a high percent of
                         deep and shallow infiltration, and a high degree of evapo-transpi ration,

                         Natural barriers to erosion are preserved and not substantially weakened
                         or eliminated,

                         The disturbance of natural vegetation is minimized,

                         The construction of impervious surfaces and area not allowing natural
                         drainage is limited to only that necessary to adequately service the
                         development,

                         Standards of the North Carolina Sedimentation Pollution Control Act
                         1973 are met,

                         Development does not create pollution or have any other significant
                         adverse impact on estuarine resources, and

                         Development does not significantly interfere with existing public rights
                         of access to, or use of, navigable waters or public resources.

            Bulkhead Construction:

                   Long Beach will support the construction of bulkheads in estuarine shoreline
                   areas which satisfy the use standards as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0206(b)
                   (7) and 7H. 1100, Bulkheads and Stabilization Measures.

                   Long Beach opposes the construction of bulkheads which would prohibit
                   migrating shorelines, including bulkhead construction behind coastal wetlands.
                   Other bulkhead construction which meets the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
                   standards will be allowed.

                   The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into public trust
                   areas. It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this natural process to
                   occur if life or structures are not in jeopardy.

            Sea Level Rise:

            --     Long Beach will oppose the construction of bulkheads which prohibit migrating
                   shorelines, including bulkhead construction behind coastal wetlands.

            Natural and Cultural Resource Areas: Long Beach will support the following actions
            regarding these irreplaceable resources:


                                                      6








                     Protection of the features of a designated coastal complex natural area in order
                     to safeguard its biological relationships, educational and scientific values, and
                     aesthetic qualities. Specific objectives for each of these functions shall be
                     related to the following policy statement either singly or in combination:

                            To protect the natural conditions or sites that function as key or unique
                            components of coastal systems. The interactions of various life forms
                            are the foremost concern and include sites that are necessary for the
                            completion of life cycles, areas that function as links to other wildlife
                            areas (wildlife corridors), and localities where the links between
                            biological and physical environments are most fragile.

                            To protect the identified scientific and educational values and to ensure
                            that the site will be accessible for related study purposes as has been
                            provided to Big Davis Canal and its related marsh area from 20" Street
                            via the board deck and gazebo.

                            To protect the values of the designated coastal complex natural areas as
                            expressed by Long Beach and its citizenry. These values should be
                            related to the educational and aesthetic qualities of the feature.

              Maritime Forests: There are no significant maritime forest areas located within Long
              Beach. The town will support the development of any remaining maritime forest areas
              which complies with the town codes and 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards.



              B.     RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES


              Aquaculture Activities: Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants
              and animals under controlled conditions. The following policies shall apply:

                     Long Beach encourages all aquaculture activities which meet applicable federal,
                     state and local policies and permit requirements. The Town of Long Beach
                     reserves the right to comment on all aquaculture activities which require
                     Division of Environmental Management permitting.

                     Long Beach objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that
                     will degrade the receiving waters in any way.

              Recreation Resources: Holding annual town arts and crafts festival based on a local
              theme, e.g., conch, Scotch Bonnet, dogwood, shad, azalea, etc.

              Residential, Commercial. and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources:

                     Activities in these areas shall be restricted to those which do not permanently
                     or significantly affect the function, cleanliness, salinity, and circulation of
                     estuarine waters. Suitable land/water uses include those giving highest priority
                     to conservation and management so as to safeguard and perpetuate biological,

                                                          7








                   social, economic, and aesthetic values and to establish a coordinated
                   management system capable of conserving and utilizing estuarine waters to
                   maximize their benefits to humans and the estuarine system. Highest priority
                   of use shall be allocated to the conservation of estuarine waters and its vital
                   components. Second priority shall be given to uses that require water access
                   and cannot function elsewhere.

                   Appropriate uses may include simple access channels, structures which
                   prevent erosion, navigation channels, boat docks, and piers.

                   Long Beach will also support projects in estuarine water areas which aim to
                   increase the productivity of these waters.      Such projects include oyster
                   reseeding programs and inlet channeling and dredging operations for the
                   purpose of increasing the flushing action of tidal movement.

                   In recognition of public trust water areas in which the public has certain
                   established rights and which support valuable commercial sports fisheries, have
                   aesthetic value, and are resources for economic development, Long Beach shall
                   protect these rights and promote the conservation and management of public
                   trust areas. Suitable land/water uses include those which protect public rights
                   for navigation and recreation and those which preserve and manage the public
                   trust areas in order to safeguard and perpetuate their biological, economic,
                   social and aesthetic value.

                   In the absence of overriding public benefit, any use which significantly
                   interferes, as with the public right of navigation or other public trust rights
                   which apply in the area, shall not be allowed. Projects which would directly
                   or indirectly block or impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline
                   erosion, deposit spoils below mean high tide, cause adverse water circulation
                   patterns, violate water quality standards, or cause degradation of shellfish
                   waters shall not be allowed.

                   Uses that may be allowed in public trust areas shall not be detrimental to the
                   public trust rights and the biological and physical functions of the estuary.
                   Examples of such uses include the development and navigational channels or
                   drainage ditches, the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion, and the building of
                   piers, docks, marinas.

                   Any development which will profoundly and adversely affect coastal and
                   estuarine waters will be restricted.

            C.     ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS


            General:

            --     Basing population and growth guidance on the following criteria: (a) suitability
                   of the land to accommodate use; (b) capacity and protection of the environ-


                                                       8








                     ment; (c) compatibility with the goals and objectives of the town; (d) density;
                     (e) location of use; and (f) availability of facilities and services.

                     Guiding new development away from AEC's, providing protection for unique
                     natural features, sensitive vegetative areas, rookeries, special habitats, and
                     unstable physical forms such as dunes inlets, and shorelines.

                     Guiding new development away from hazardous areas where there is a
                     tendency toward septic tank problems, flooding, washover, and inlet cutting.

                     Amending the Long Beach Hurricane Mitigation Plan and its respective policies
                     for guiding redevelopment and new growth as conditions in the town change.

                     It is the policy of Long Beach to promote and preserve the "family" oriented,
                     retirement-resort atmosphere and reputation of the community by limiting the
                     amount of activities that would detract from the town's present character and
                     distinction through effective land use plan implementation, and conscientious
                     building permit, CAMA permit and zoning ordinance administration, and by
                     advertising the town as quiet, family beach, upholding that tradition.

              Sewer Systems:

                     Any waste treatment strategy for the town      at a minimum, shall be consistent
                     with the following principles:

                     1 .    The adopted waste treatment strategy must deal openly with the issue
                            of growth and development. This shall include, but is not limited to: (a)'
                            revising this Land Use Plan to make it an effective plan for protecting
                            coastal water quality; (b) development, adoption and implementation of
                            local ordinances to implement the CAMA Land Use Plan; (c) a waste
                            treatment allocation plan that assures that all existing structures receive
                            priority for service prior to new development; (d) elimination of autom-
                            atic lot size reductions found in most zoning ordinances; (e) building
                            height restrictions; (f) capital improvement plans and zoning densities
                            designed to protect coastal water quality and critical natural habitats; (g)
                            mandatory connection of all existing and newly constructed structures
                            to any centralized system; and (h) development and implementation of
                            an effective stormwater runoff ordinance to prevent any increase in
                            runoff into adjacent coastal waters. Implementation and enforcement of
                            these provisions should be explicit conditions on any permits issued by
                            the state for a centralized waste treatment system in the Town of Long
                            Beach.


                     2.     At a minimum, the adopted waste treatment strategy should be
                            consistent with the long-term protection of assigned state water quality
                            standards and designated uses. No further degradation of shellfish
                            waters is acceptable to the Town of Long Beach.


                                                          9








                    3.    The volume of waste to be treated and disposed of must be minimized.
                          A waste treatment strategy shall include a water conservation program
                          that will be fully implemented by the Town of Long Beach.

                    4.    The preferred strategy must be equitable for all affected communities.
                          If the town cannot handle waste generated within its boundaries, it must
                          participate in a regional plan that addresses the needs of all affected
                          groups.

                    5.    Pursuant to state law, the practicable waste treatment and disposal
                          alternative with the least adverse impact on the environment must be
                          selected. Because of their tremendous expense, potential for direct
                          environmental impact, and ability to promote runaway development,
                          central treatment systems should be proposed only after other feasible
                          waste treatment options have been demonstrated not to be environmen-
                          tally sound.

                    6.    The waste treatment strategy must be conservatively designed to be
                          extremely reliable. Technical approaches to waste treatment in the
                          Town of Long Beach must incorporate the highest engineering and
                          safety standards, consistent with the extreme sensitivity and economic
                          value of coastal waters.

                    The Town of Long Beach opposes construction of a central sewage collection
                    and waste treatment system.

                    Continuing its sewer system studies to determine where and when sewerage
                    might be installed incrementally with accompanying treatment facilities
                    provided either by the public or private sectors.

              Stormwater:

                    No direct discharges of stormwater runoff will be allowed to any coastal waters
                    that are classified for shellfishing.

             Energy Facility Siting and Development:

                    It is the policy of Long Beach to evaluate the need for all community service
                    facilities on demand in accordance with the land use plan.

             Community Facilities:

                    It is the policy of Long Beach to increase its capacity proportionately to provide
                    public work facilities and services to growing permanent and seasonal
                    populations and to existing and developing, residential, commercial and
                    recreational areas by:




                                                        10








                            Exploring privatization of public works equipment, facilities, and services
                            as a means of providing an improved quality of service more economical-
                            ly.

                            Preparing a plan for providing street lighting where population
                            concentrations require.

              Residential Development:

                     Providing an area for mobile homes to accommodate both permanent and
                     seasonaloccupancy.

                     Establishing an area for condominiums and apartments, maintained to accom-
                     modate vacationing, resort, retired and other permanent populations.

                     Providing in the beach section of town for motels and hotels and their
                     attendant facilities.


                     Retaining the thirty-five-foot (35') height limitation for residential, commercial,
                     and institutional structures.


                     Constructing a central sewer system to eliminate continued reliance on septic
                     tanks.


              Commercial Develoj2ment: Long Beach will enhan       ce quality commercial development
              by:

                     Exploring the feasibility of a zoning change for a convenience shopping facility
                     in the west end as suggested in the Growth Management Plan of June, 1984.

                     Encouraging the formation of a business association for Long Beach.

                     Requiring that construction materials, gravel and sand piles, and equipment
                     storage not be allowed in commercial districts in accordance with the zoning
                     ordinance.


              Apl2earance and Cleanliness:

                     Celebrating Long Beach Spruce-up Week in the spring of every year.

                     Continuing to pick up domestic garbage once per week in the winter and twice
                     per week in the summer.

                     Establishing a continuous cleanliness campaign with posters, signs, and
                     additional trash (pitch-in) receptacles.







                   Creating a community appearance commission with the charge to conduct
                   clean-up campaigns, and to institute community activities relating to
                   beautif ication.


            Public Safety and Security:

                   Establishing a beach patrol during the peak summer months.

                   Exploring alternative means of patrolling the town and beach during daylight
                   hours, including mounted and walking police possibilities.

                   Encouraging the establishment of additional Community Crime Watch
                   programs.

                   Seeking ways to enlarge or decrease the numbers of police officers during
                   seasonal fluctuations.


            Assistance in Channel Maintenance:

                   It is the policy of Long Beach to be able to maintain channels.

            Transportation:

                   Instituting a means to pave streets through year-by-year planning and priority
                   programming based on traffic demand, citizen requests, and ability to pay.

                   the widening of Yaupon Drive to include a center turn lane;

                   improvements to increase access and improve traffic flow at NC 133 and the
                   Dosher cutoff (juncture of NC 133 and NC 211).



















                                                      12



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                                APPENDIX 11:
  I                 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT:
                          North Carolina Barrier Islands
  I                        Wastewater Management
  A
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                                                           APPENDIX II



                                 United StMe                      Region 4                     EPA 904/9-84-117
                                 Envirommermal Protection         345 C-Ouftlwd Sb'*K N.F-       Januxy 1984
                                 Agency                           Atianti aA 3MM






      AM
     V
        , 37%                                                                                      Final
       OEDA                      Environmental
                                 Impact Statement,

                                 North Carolina Barrier Islands
                                 Wastewater Management











                                                                                                                                                      8016111111





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         Figure 1.1               Barrier Islands Within 201 Facilities Plan Study Areas
         BARRIER ISLANDS EGISS, pme'"O',                                                1-2                               RCALI IN
         UL4. INVISOmmetif" 10110TICrM AG                         CLAUGG TIBIRINTA ASSOCIATI& W& A?LAMTA. G&
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                                                                                                                                             4W                                      'Ou so M, so M M


                                        Determine Need and                                Develop Alternative                                lostitutional and                       Develop Total Wastewater
                                                                                                                                                                                                stein Alternatives
                                                                                                                                             financial Analysis                      NL- SY
                                           [stioute flows                              Wastewater MqL- _Sp!e-s





                                              Determine                                     Determine                                        Decide if                                        Develop   4
                                              future                                        Applicability                                    Single or Multi-                                 Ser'ies' of Logical
                                              Population                                    of On-Site                                       Jurisdictional                                   Service Area
                                                                                            Systems                                          Service Area                                     Coof igurat ions
                                              @!!Ijne Walter                                                                                            V
                                                 ua
                                                    I I ty Mgt.                             Develop      Several                             Identify                                         for Each !rviEe
                                                                                            Scenarios Using                                  Types of                                         Area Select a
                                                                                            Small Community                                  feasible                                         Technical.
                                                                                            Systems If On-                                   Mgt. Agencl                                      Institutional A
                                              Conduct                                       Site Systems                                                                                      financial Alt.
                                              Field Studies                                 Not feasible
                                              & Sampli                                                                                       Identify
                                              Programs"?Optl.)                                                                               Capabilities of                                  [valuate
                                                                                            Develop                                          Mgt. Agencies                                    foviroomental
                                                                                            Central/Regional                                                                                  11"pac t s
                                        L
                                              Identify                                      System Alt. if
                                              future Develop.                               No Decentralized                                 Consider
                                              Patterns A                                    Approach feasible                                Public Mgt. of                                   Evaluate
                                              Land Use                                                                                       On-Site                                          Financial
                                                      f                                                V                                     Systems                                          Impacts
                                                                                            Determine
                                              Quantify                                      Hydrodynamic                                                    iunity;-S-                   F-rWalua
                                              Total Waste                                   Response to                                                     Support                           SusceptIbility
                                              flows                                         Disposal of                                 FA. _,ss, e, , s y I to no                                    ti
                                                                                            Wastewater                                                                                        to Storm
                                                                                            E s t I ma t#                                                                                     Damages
                                                                                            Collection                                       Evaluate
                                                                                            System                                           Cost Sharing
                                                                                            Costs                                            With Other
                                                                                                                                             Jurisdictions


                                                                                            Identify Extra
                                                                                            Costs Unique
                                                                                            to Barrier                                               0
                                                                                            Islands
                                                    e
                                              futu
                                              Popu




                                                                                                                                             den:    'y
                                                                                                                                               pa t'll
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                                                                                                     OU
                                                                                                                                      IF I 9tsro! I I       I   Owerview of F11, Strateqy









                        Table 11.1 Summary of Wastewater Treatment /Disposal System Alternatives
                        System Type     Collection Options                       Wastewater Treatment/Disposal Options                          Sludge/Septage Treatment Options
                        Individual                                               1. Septic Tank/Conventional Soil Absorption Field              1. Land Application of Sludge/
                                                                                 2. Septic Tank/Modified Conventional                            Septage
                                                                                    Soil Absorption Field                                       2. Sludge Landfilling-Area Fill
                                                                                 3. Septic  Tank/Low Pressure Piping System                    3. Sludge Storage
                                                                                 4. Septic  Tank/Mound System                                   4. Sludge Landfill-Trenching
                                                                                 5. Septic Tank/Artificially Drained                            5. Sludge/Septage Lagoon
                                                                                    System  (High Water table is lowered)                    6. Co-Incineration
                                                                                 6. Septic  Tank/Evapotranspiration  (ET) Bed                    7. Composting Sludge/Septage
                                                                                 7. Septic  Tank/Evaporation Lagoon (E)                         8. Septage Treatment/Disposal
                                                                                 8. Septic  Tank Polishing/Surface Discharge                    9. Conventtional Landfill
                                                                                 9. Aerobic Treatment Units/Mon-Surface Disposal
                                                                                    (soil absorption field, mound system, RT bed,
                                                                                    E lagoon)
                                                                                 10. Aerobic Treatment Units/Surface Discharge
                                                                                 11. Holding Tank for Temporary Storage of Waste-
                                                                                    water and Later Transport (Usually via Tank
                                                                                    Truck) to Central Disposal Site.
                                                                                 12. In-House Wastewater Treatment and
                                                                                    Recycle (Incl. Composting Toilets)
                                                                                 13. Wastewater Segregation and Reuse
                        Community          1. Small Diameter Gravity             1. Community Soil Absorption Field                             1. Land Application of Sludge/Septage
                                              Sewers                             2. Community Septic Tank & Mound System                       2. Sludge Landfilling-Area Fill
                                           2. Vacuum Sewers                      3. Community Evaporation and Evapora-                          3. Sludge Storage
                                           3. Pressure Sewer, STEP                  tion/Infiltration Lagoons                                   4. Sludge landfilling-Trenching
                                              (Septic Tank Effluent              4. Multiple-Compartment Septic Tank/                           5. Slude/Speptage
                                              Pump)                                 Soil Absorption Field                                       6. Co-Incineration
                                           4. Pressure Sewer, GP                5. Lagoon/Spray Irrigation (Slow Rate) System                  7. Composting Sludge/Septage
                                              (Grinder Pump)                     6. Package Plant/Surface Water Discharge                       8. Septage Treatment/Disposal
                                           5. Conventional Gravity              7. Package Plant/Percolation Ponds                            9. Conventionall Landfill
                                              Sewers                             8. Package Plant/Rotary Distributor
                                                                                 9. Marsh-Pond/Surface Water Discharge
                                                                                 10. Oxidation Ditch/Surface Water Discharge
                        Central/Reg-       1. Gravity Sewers                     1. Lagoon/Spray Irrigation (Slow Rate)                         1. Land Application Sludge/Septage
                        ional*             2. Force Mains                           System                                                      2. Sludge Landfill-Area Fill
                                                                                 2. Physical/Biological Treatment                               3. Sludge Landfill-Trenching
                                                                                    Plant/inland Surface Water Discharge                        4. Sludge/Septage Lagoon
                                                                                 3. Physical/Biological Treatment                               5. Co-Incineration
                                                                                    Plant/Ocean Outfall                                         6. Composting
                                                                                                                                                7. Conventional Sanitary Landfill
                        *Central/Regional Systems can also Incorporate the collection alternatives proposed for the Community Systems for their collection/transport
                         systems, when feasible.
                       
		Note: for direct discharge alternatives obtain effluent limits from the N.C. Department of Natural Resources and Community Development,
                                Div. of Environmental Management.
            Source:	Gambell Fleming Condry and Carpenter, Inc.  1981.                  





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 I                          APPENDIX III:
 I         MANAGING WASTEWATER IN COASTAL URBAN AREAS
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                                              APPENDIX III








                          AL4NAGING WASTEWATER
                         IN COASTAL URBAN AREAS










                                PREPUBLICATION COPY










                   Committee on Wastewater Management for Coastal Urban Areas
                               Water Science and Technology Board
                         Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
                                   National Research Council















                                 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
                                    WASHINGTON, D.C. 1993











           NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council,
           whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and
           the institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies
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                   This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review
           Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
           of Medicine.
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           to advise the federal government an scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Pro" is president of the National Academy of
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                   Support for this project was provided by the National Academy of Engineering, National Science Foundation Grant No.
           BCS-9002867, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. X-817001-01-0, The City of San Diego, and the Freeman
           Fund of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Contract No. SO-DGNC-
           9-00139.


           Copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

           Printed in the United States of America













                                            Contents







            EXECUTIVE SUMIvi.ARY     ....................................................  I
              The Current Approach to Wastewater Management in Coastal Areas, 2
              Key Issues Relating to Wastewater and Stormwater Management, 5
              Integrated Coastal Management, 10
              References, 15

            INTRODUCTION     ..........................................................  16
              Stresses on the Coastal Environment, 24
              Wastewater and Stormwater Management, 25
              The Current Approach to Wastewater and Coastal Management, 31
              Progress in Managing Water Quality, 32
              Challenges for the Future, 40
              References, 41

            BoXES


              San Diego, 16
              Boston, 20
              Water Pollution Control Success Stories, 33
              The Coastal Zone, 39

        2 KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER
            AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT            .......................................  43
              Regional Differences, 43
              Nutrients in Coastal Waters, 44
              Source Control and Water Conservation, 44
              Levels of Treatment, 45
              Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows, 49
              Detecting Human Pathogens, 52
              Developing Aftnagement AlternativM 54
              Evaluation and Feedback, 55
              Summary, 55
              References, 56


                                                 xi








     Xii                                                                      CON7EN7S

         INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT             ................................... 59
              Developing a Sustainable Vision, 59
              Principles and Methodology for a System
              of Integrated Coastal Management, 60
              Conclusion, 67
              References, 68

       4 THE PROCESS    .............................................................  70
              Dynamic Planning, 70
              Selection, Policy, and Institutions, 114
              Monitoring, Information Management, and Research, 117
              Summary, 119
              References, 120


          Boxzs

              Setting Goals and Defining Domains for Nutrient Control
              in the Chesapeake Bay, 76
              Santa Monica Bay, 89
              The California Ocean Plan, 99

       5  BENEFITS, BARRIERS, SOLUTIONS, AND IMPLEMENTATION            ............... 123
              Introduction, 123
              Bcnef its, 125
              Barricr-s and Solutions, 126
              Implementation, 131
              Wastewater Management for the Next Century, 135
              References, 136

       APPENDIXES

       A THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL WATERS             ......................... 137
              Adverse Consequences of Eutrophication and Nuisance Algae, 138
              Controls on Eutrophication and Nuisance Blooms in Coastal Waters, 140
              Conclusions, 150
              References, 151

       B  MICROBIAL PATHOGENS IN COASTAL WATERS            ........................... 159
              Microbiologic Agents Associated with Wastewater, 159
              Occurrence of Pathogens in Coastal Waters, 165
              Survival of Enteric Microorganisms in Marine Waters, 168
              Illnesses from Bathing. 171,
              Risk Assessment Approach for Nficroorganisms, 172
              Summary of Shellfish and Recreational Nficrobiologic Risks, 176
              Ref ercnces, 179

       .C TRANSPORT AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS IN THE
           COASTAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT          .......................................  183
              Introduction, 183
              Mechanisms of Input, 185
              Transport and Fate, 190









        CON7EN7S                                                                            xiii

               Overall Design of Disposal Systems,
                Control of Dif fuse Sources, and Use of Models, 216
               Summary, 224
               References, 224

        D ENGINEERING AND MANAGENEENT OPTIONS FOR
            CONTROLLING COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL WATER-QUALITY                     ........... 232
               Introduction, 232
               Source Control, 232
               Municipal Wastewater Treatment, 243
               Disinfection, 274
               Combined Sewer Overflow Controls, 277
               Nonpoint Source Management Options, 288
               References, 309

        E POLICY OPTIONS AND TOOLS FOR CONTROLLING COASTAL
            ENVIRONMENTAL WATER-QUALITY              .....................................  315
               The Institutional Setting, 315
               Management Tools, 3 18
               Financing Mechanisms, 337
               References, 342

        F BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES           ...............................................   343
        G CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COMMITTEE'S EFFORT                 .......................... 352









                                                Executive Summ             ary







                      Although significant progress has been made in improving the nationts wat--.- quality
              over the past 20 years, many coastal areas continue to surrer from persistent environmental
                                      - . o encounter new problems in the future. Todav's coastal water-
              problems and can expea* t
              quality management practices do not provide adequate prote.--,ion from some types of problems
              and in some cases are overprotective of other types or problems. Much of the debate over how
              to protect and improve coastal water-quality has focused on urtan wastewater and stormwater
              management.
                      This report, as requested of the National Research Council by the U.S. Environmental
              Protection Agency (EPA) at the direction of Congress, examines issues relevant to wastewater
              management in coastal urban areas. These issues include environmental objeCtives, policies,
              and regulations; technology, management techniques; systems analysis and design; and
              environmental modeling. The National Research Council was not asked to review past policies
              or decisions. Instead, it was directed to identif y opportunities for improving the cur7crit-systern
              through which coastal urban wastewater and stormwater are managed. The report identifies
              several key areas in which specif ic progress could be made, and recommends a new framework
              for coastal management toward which current management practices should evolve. It
              addresses the management of marine and estuarine areas in particular and does not consider
              the Great Lakes.
                      The scope of activities involved in the management of wastewater and stormwater in
              coastal cities is large and complex. In the broadest terms, the purpose of managing these wastes
              is to protect the environment while using it for waste disposal. At least 37 percent of the
              United States' population resides along the coast, mostly in urban areas. More than 1,400
              municipal wastewater treatment plants provide service to the coastal population, discharging
              10 billion gallons of treated ernuent per day. During the period from 1972 to 1992, about S76
              billion were spent in constructing or expanding publicly owned treatment works; S50 billion
              of this total came from federal grants. At an estimated operating cost ranging from S300 to
              S500 per million gallons of treated effluent, the national expenditure for operating these plants
              is between S1.1 billion and SI.8 billion per year.
                      The management of wastewater and stormwater in coastal urban areas takes place in
              the context of a multitude of other human activities and natural processes within the coastal
              zone. Some major factors that cause perturbations in the coastal zone include, in no special
              order, municipal wastewater and stormwater discharges; combined sewer overflows; other
              urban runorr; direct industrial wastewater discharges; agricultural runoff; a=ospheric
              deposition; ground water flow; boating traffic; shipping; dredging and filling; leaching of









               EXECUTIVE SUMMA R Y

               Hawaii, and he trust territories, to large municipal systems such as the County Sanitation
               Districts of Orange County, California.


                                                Progress and Emerging Concerns

                       As improvements have been made in the quality of point source discharces, the impacts
               of other sources of pollution, dif f use or nonpoint sources, have become more apparent. In some
               areas, even if pollution from all point sources-were controlled, nonpoint contributions would
               still cause significant environmental problems. Thus, any solution to coastal environmental
               problems must address the entire range or sources of disruption that causes adverse impacts.
                       Since 1972, important changes have taken place in government, science, -engineering, and
               the expectations or the public in regard to wastewater and stormwatrr management and
               environmental protection. Budget limitations at all levels of government point to the need to
               spend public money more efficiently. Much has been learned from experience in managing
               coastal environments. Advances in science have greatly improved understanding of coastal
               environmental processes, and advances in -engineering have led to the developmenot and use- of
               improved technologies f or managing coastal resources. As a result of the 1972 act, ther: is now
               a well developed permitting system for point source dischargers coupled with a federal
               enforcement authority.


                                                     Constituents of Concern

                       Wastewater and stormwater management strategies focus on controlling the release             of
               potentially harmful constituents to the environment. As with any activity that affects the
               environment, the potential for harm depends on the magnitude or the insult, where it occurs,
               and the characteristics of the stress. In general, a wastewater constituent may be considered
               to be of high concern if it poses significant risk to human health or ecosystems well beyond
               points of discharge and is not under demonstrable control. A wastewater constituent may be
               generally considered to be of lower concern if it causes only local impact or is under
               demonstrable control.
                       In the collective judgement of the Committee, in general, it may be anticipated that
               national level priorities for wastewater constituents in coastal urban areas over the next several
               decades will be as described below and summarized in Table ES.I. It is noted, however, that
               priorities may differ at the local and regional level depending on site-specific circumstances.


               High Priority

                       Nutrients. Many estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts currently experience
               widespread eutrophication f rom excess inputs of nutrients, usually nitrogen, and more are
               vulnerable to excess nutrient enrichmenL Secondary treatment does not remove significant
               amounts of nitrogen f rom wastewater. Nutrients come f rom a variety of point and dif f use
               sources. To adequately address their effects on coastal water bodies, all relevant sources need
               to be identified and compared, and the most important inputs reduced or otherwise diverted.

                       Pathogens. Over 100 pathogenic viruses and bacteria have been identified in runoff
               and sewage. Numerous shellfish beds and bathing beaches are closed due to unacceptable levels
               of coliform bacteria each year. However, neither the tru6 extent of contamination by actual
               human pathogens nor the dominant sources of contamination are adequately known in most
               regions.










        4                                                                    EXECU7rVE SUMMARY

        TABLE ES.1 Anticipated National-Level Priorities for Constituents of Concern


          Priority                     Pollutant Groups                             Examples


        High               Nutrients                                      Nitrogen
                           Pathogens                                      Enteric viruses
                           Toxic organic chemicals                        PAHs

        Int---.-,n:diat.-  Selected trac: metals                          Lead
                           Other hazardous materials                      Oil, chlorine
                           Plastics and floatables                        Beach trash, oil, and grease

        Low                Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
                           Solids


        NOTE. Within each priority group the order of listing does not indicate f urthcr ranking.


              Toxic Organic Chemicals. Chronic industrial and wastewater point sources of toxic
        chemicals such as chlorinated dioxins, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and solvents
        have been identified and controlled or are readily subject to control with existing te--hnology.
        In f ish and shellfish, levels of some toxic organics (including chemicals no longer produc--d in
        the United States, such as PCBs and DDT) are dropping nationwide, while others such as
        petroleum hydrocarbons are apparently not declining.         Urban runoff, combined sewer
        overflows and contaminated sediments due to past uncontrolled discharges are major
        continuing sources of toxic organic chemicals in many coastal urban areas. Although the
        original source of contamination may have been controlled, contaminated sediments may
        continue to be secondary sources of contamination to fish, shellfish, and seabirds for many
        years or decades.


        Intermediate Priority

              Metals. Elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals such as mercury. cadmium,
        and tin are still found in shellfish in localized urban areas, but these problems ire not large-
        scale or region-wide concerns. Dissolved metals may affect species distributions in coastal
        ecosystems. Most metals do not biomagnif y through marine food webs. Source control has been
        effective in several areas in reducing concentrations. Future problems can be expected to be
        with lead and localized cases of contamination by organometals. As with toxic organic
        chemicals, metals f rom past uncontrolled discharges still contaminate sediments especially near
        harbors, and can be a signif icant source of contamination to overlying waters and local aquatic,
        lif

               Oil and Other Hazardous Materials. The probability of major oil spills is low, but their
        immediate impacts on coastal ecosystems and local industries (c.g' fishing. tourism) can be
        devastating. Of greater consequence, however, are the thousands of unpublicized small spills
        and leaks (c.g, illegal disposal of used automobile crankcase oil in storm drains) which occur
        daily in coastal urban areas and may add up to large chronic inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons.







              EXECU71VE SUMMARY                                                                              5
                     Toxic chemicals used in wastewater treatment (e.g., chlorine compounds) and industrial
              and commercial settings (e.g., solvents, arsenicals) are transported across urban coastal areas
              and subject to accidental release. Though not a central part of the wastewater management
              issue, spills need to be accounted for in addressing coastal quality issues.
                     Floatables and Plastics. Beaches continue to be fouled by trash from land-based sources,
              especially following episodic weather conditions such as storms and unusual changes in coastal
              currents. Marine debris poses hazards to wildure as well as people, and is aesthetically
              displeasing. There is considerable opportunity for use of predictive simulation models, such
              as oil spill trajectory models, to identify sources or marine debris and develop control
              strategies.


              Low Priority

                     Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). In open coastal waters and well-flushed estuaries,
              oxygen depletion due to BOD from wastewater discharged through a well-designed ourfall is
              generally not or ecological concern. In these situations, organic material from wastewater is
              a minor, localized cause of oxygen depletion, especially relative to that due to nutrients. In
              most coastal urban arcas in which BOD from wastewater is or significant concern, it is being
              controlled under existing requirements.

                     Solids. Settleable and suspended solids from large wastewater outfalls wer-- onc.- the
              major cause of localized accumulations or anaerobic sediments and damaged               seafloor
              ecosystems. Where they were significant in the United States (e.g., large Municipal    outf alls,
              pulp mills), these conditions have been controlled with primary or advanced treatment, and
              high dilution outralls. Today, the degree,of solids removal required is driven by the need to
              protect sediments from accumulations of particle-associated pollutants. Heavy urban runoff,
              including CSOs, in some areas may still be a source or localized solids accumulations and
              warrant control.



                  KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER AND STORINIWATER MANAGEMENT

                     The Committee identified seven specific areas which present opportunities for
              improving wastewater management in coastal urban areas. Then, based on its analysis of these
              and other issues, the Committee proposes a new framework for managing coastal waters,
              integrated coastal management.


                                                   Regional Differences
              Finding: Because of the wide variations encountered in coastal systems, it is not possible to
              prescribe a particular technology or approach at the national level that will address all water
              quality issues at all locations satisfactorily. Any such approach would necessarily fail to
              protect resources in some coastal regions and would place excessive and unnecessary
              requirements on others.
              Recommendation: Coastal wastewater and stormwafer management strategies should be tailored
              to the characteristics, values. and uses of the particular receiving environment based on a











        6                                                                    EXECUTrVE SUMMARY

        determination of what combination of control measures can effectively achieve water and sediment
        quality objectives.

        Discussion: The environmental effects or a POTW discharge from an outfall or urban
        stormwater from a shoreline outlet depend strongly on the physical, chemical, and biological
        nature of the receiving water body, and its geography and bathymetry. The degree of flushing
        of the receiving water with relatively uncontaminated ocean water is a major factor in
        determining the concentration of nutrients or persistent contaminants in coastal or estuarine
        waters. In general, this coastal exchange is much slower for the estuaries and shallow coastal
        shelf waters along the East and Gulf coasts than for the deeper narrow shelf waters of the
        Pacif ic coast.
              The opportunity f or accumulation of wastewater particles and any associated pollutants
        in bottom sediments also depends greatly on receiving water characteristics. Estuaries may trap
        sediments and pollutants because flocculation is enhanced where fresh water mixes with salt
        water. Along the open coasts, deposition is more likely to occur in areas with slow currents and
        limited exchange with deep water.
              Finally the resources to be protected, and water and sediment quality objectives may
        be quite different among various regions and discharge sites. The engineering and scientific
        capability needed to account for these variations has developed significantly over the past 20
        years.



                                         Nutrients in Coastal Waters


        Finding: Nutrient enrichment, primarily due to nitrogen, is an important problem in many
        estuarine and some coastal marine systems.

        Recommendation: Greater attention should be focused on preventing excess regional enrichment
        of nitrogen and other nutrients a: levels that are harmful to ecosystems.

        Discussion: Nutrient enrichment can cause oxygen depletion, reduced fish and shellfish
        populations, nuisance algal blooms, and dieback of seagrasses and corals. While not known to
        be a problem along much of the open Pacific coast, excess nutrient enrichment, or
        cutrophication, is a persistent problem in many estuaries, bays, and semi-enclosed waterbodics
        along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and may even be of concern over a large scale in some more
        open areas along these coasts. Nitrogen controls primary production and cutrophication in most
        temperate estuaries and coastal waters, although phosphorus can be of concern in many tropical
        waters and perhaps in some temperate estuaries. By contrast, in freshwater systems, phosphorus
        is almost always the nutrient limiting growth. It may be important to keep nitrogen and
        phosphorus concentrations low relative to silicon to avoid causing nuisance algal blooms such
        as red and brown tides.
               Both the sources of nutrients to coastal waters and the associated effects occur at the
        regional scale making them dif ficult to measure, assess, and manage. Nutrient inputs to coastal
        waters come from both point and diffuse sources including wastewater treatment plants,
        agricultural runoff, urban runoff, ground water seepage, atmospheric deposition, and release
        of previously accumulated nutrients from bottom sediments.









              EXECUTI'VE SUMMARY                                                                            7

                                         Source Control and Water Conservation

              Findings: 1) Reduction or elimination or pollutants at their sources is an effective tool for
              managing both point and diffuse sources. For example, for trac.- metals and toxic organics,
              source control is more efficient than removal at central plants, which may then have problems
              of safe disposal of large volumes of contaminated sludge.
                     2) Water conservation reduces the volume of sewage requiring collection and treatment,
              however, it does not change the total mass of wastewater pollutants; in fact, pollutant
              concentrations may actually be increased. The benefits of water conservation include reduced
              cost of facilities for water supply and wastewater treatment, and reduced impacts in the region
              from which surface or ground water supplies are extracted.

              Recommendation: Source control of pollutants should be strongly encouraged by incentives and
              regulation.

              Discussion: Many toxic substances are difficult and/or expensive to remove from wastewater.
              Often, however, these materials can be prevented from entering the wastestream or
              significantly reduced in amount through pollution prevention programs. For example,
              industrial pretreatment and source control programs have already achieved significant
              reductions of trace- metals, toxic organics, and oil and grease in the innuent and thus in the
              effluentand sludge products from municipal wastewater treatment plants (AN4SA 1990). In the
              case of urban runoff, erosion controls at construction sites, street sweeping, storm drain
              warning signs, and public education efforts have led to improvements in some areas. In new
              developments, stormwater designs can significantly slow runoff and increase infiltration into
              the ground and improve stormwater quality.


                                                   Levels of Treatment

              Findings: 1) Important water and sediment quality problems in the coastal zone include
              excessive levels of nutrients, pathogens, and toxic substances.
                     2) Toxic pollutants are often associated with particles in wastewater discharges.
              Particle removal is therefore a very important treatment step for protecting sediments from
              excessive carbon enrichment and accumulation of toxic substances.
                     3) Chernically-enhanced primary treatment has been used successfully to increase the
              removal of suspended solids in POTWs. Removals of 80 to 85 percent have been achieved with
              low doses of chemicals; higher removals are possible with higher doses. This level of removal
              for suspended solids is nearly equivalent to the EPA performance standard for secondary
              treatment. EPA requires that 30-day averages for removal of suspended solids be at least 85
              percent, with effluent concentrations or less than 30 mg/l.
                     4) The depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally not of ecological concern in the
              ocean or in open coastal waters. Where low DO levels are of concern, as in some estuaries, they
              are more likely to result from cutrophication by nutrients rather than from point source inputs
              of BOD. In these situations@ secondary or any other treatment implemented solely for BOD
              removal produces little improvement in receiving water quality.
                     5) Implementation of an environmental quality-based approach in coastal areas would
              .require levels of treatment in POTWs tha4 depending on regional needs and receiving-water
              characteristics, will often be diff erent, either higher or lower, than current requirements.










         8                                                                       EXECUTrVE SUMMARY

         Recommendation: Coastal municipal wastewater treatment requirements should be established
         through an integrated process on the basis of environmental quality as described. for example. by
         water and sediment quality criteria and standards, rather than by technology-based regulations.

         Discussion: A wide array of wastewater treatment processes is available, however, the costs of
         treatment and volumes or waste sludges produced tend to increase with increasing removal
         capabilities. Generally, it is simplest to remove large solids, oil, and grease, then BOD, and then
         nutrients. Some removal of f ine solids, toxic metals and organic substances, and pathogens can
         be expected with most treatment systems.
               Environmental and human health concerns associated with wastewater contaminants
         differ depending on the location and mechanism of their introduction into coastal waters.
         Accordingly, wastewater treatment, sludge disposal practices, and other management controls
         should be guided by water and sediment quality requirements of the receiving waters.
         Wastewater solids art of concern in most environments because of the possible toxicity of
         associated heavy metals, organic substances, and pathogens. BOD is of interest in most bays,
         estuaries, and semi-enclosed waterbodies because of the ef f ects of oxygen depletion on aquatic
         life. Widespread problems of oxygen depletion in estuaries and coastal waters are much more
         likely to result from excess nutrient enrichment than from BOD originating directly from
         wastewater flows. BOD from wastewater flows is generally not important in the open ocean.
                Chemically enhanced primary treatment is an effective technology for removing
         suspended solids and associated contaminants. It has potential application in situations where
         BOD is not a significant concern. It can also be combined with biological treatment for BOD
         and/or nutrient removal.



                                  Stormwiter and Combined Sewer Overflows

         Finding: Urban runof f and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are major contributors to water
         quality problems in coastal urban areas.

         Recommendation: Stormwater and CSO abatement requirements should be based to the greatest
         extent possible on an understanding of regional and local hydrology and coastal oceanography.
         They should be designed in conjunction with other regional environmental protection programs to
         produce the most cost-effective program for achieving the desired level of protection for receiving
         waters.


         Discussion: Many older citiM primarily in, but not limited to, the northeastern United States,
         have combined collection systems that carry both stormwater and municipal sewage. During
         even small rainstorms or if improperly maintained, these systems can overflow, discharging
         untreated sewage, industrial wastewater, and urban runoff into nearby waterways.
                The way in which urban runoff and CSOs if fect receiving waters is significantly
         different from continuous.. point loadings. Rainfall induced loads are not constant@ but
         intermittent, pulsed loads. In general, the greatest concentration of pollutants is contained in
         the first flush of storrawater, with concentrations decreasing as a storm continue&
                Reducing pollutant loads f rom urban runof f and CSOs is significantly more challenging
         and potentially more costly than removing pollutants from municipal and industrial
         .wastewaters. Wastewater treatment processes are designed to treat relatively constant and
         continuous flows, and perform poorly when subjected to the extreme variations in flow that
         are characteristic of stormwater flows.
                 Currently, pollutant removal efficiencies of treatment facilities for CSOs and urban
         runof f cannot be stated with suf f icient coaf idence to design a f acility plan that will limit








               EXECU71VE SUMM14RY                                                                                     9
               pollutant loads from these sources to a prescribed level. Given the cost of constructing these
               facili ties on a large scale in urban areas (S20 to $60 million per square mile for comb in ed sewer
               areas and S6 thousand to S3.8 million per square mile for stormwater racilities (APWA 1992)),
               a serious, well-funded research program is needed.
                       In the absence of the ability to predict pollutant discharge concentrations accurately,
               there have been proposals to legislate technology -based requirements mandating the capture
               and treatment or precipitation from all storms up to a certain size and frequency. The
               difficulty with such requirements is the same as that for other technology-based treatment
               requirements:     in some cases they are likely to result in costly overcontrol; in others,
               undercontrol with continued adverse environmental effects, and in relatively few cases will
               they likely meet the environmental protection requirements of a particular region in a cost-
               effective way.


                                                   Detecting Human Pathogens

               Finding: Although concentrations of coliform bacteria higher than conventional standards
               indicate unacceptably high risk of exposure to human pathogens through water contact sports
               or consumption of shellfish, the opposite is not true-concentrations or coliform bacteria below
               the standards do not reliably predict that waters and shellfish have safe levels of pathogens.
               Recommendation: The EP.4. public health agencies. and wastewater treatment agencies should
               vigorously pursue the development and implementation of techniques appropriate for routine
               monitoring to measure more directly the presence of pathogens. particularly in marine and estuarine
               waters. Human pathogens (e.g., enteroviruses associated wit      .h diabetes, diarrhea and meningitis,
               and protozoa such as Giardia) can be detected routinely in untreated wastewater. Levels of
               such pathogens present in treatment plant discharges vary as a function of the level of
               inrection in the community that produces the wastewater and the type of treatment processes
               used.
                       The traditional method for assessing the presence or potential presence of human
               pathogens in wastewater effluent, stormwater, and the ambient environment has been to use
               coiirorm bacteria as an indicator of disease-causing organisms. However, coliforms are not
               predictors of the presence or survival of pathogens, such as viruses or parasites. For example,
               in the United States, outbreaks of illnesses due to enteric pathogens such as the hepatitis A
               virus continue to occur and are associated with consumption of shellfish from areas
               contaminated by nearby wastewater discharges although coliform standards were being met.
               The risk of disease transmission related to wastewater management practices needs to be better
               understood.



                                                     Evaluation and Feedback

               Finding: The effectiveness of management systems and approaches can only be determined and
               corrected when necessary, if there is adequate. monitoring, research, evaluation, and feedback.
               Recommendation: Management systems should be flexible so that they may be changed as needed
                o respond to -new information about environmental quality and the performance of existing
               management systems.











          10                                                                     EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

          Discussion: It is important that management systems be sufficiently flexible to allow for
          changes and improvements in response to new information. Evaluations should take into
          account both the effectiveness of specific components and that of the whole integrated
          management effort. In order to improve future decisions and control measures. evaluations
          should focus on lessons learned through implementation experiences. For example, the ability
          to use mathematical models to predict the behavior of sewage effluent in coastal systems has
          advanced dramatically over the past 20 years. However, comparatively little effort his been
          put toward the prototype verification of model predictions. In order to make good use Of and
          improve these tools, it is important that follow-up studies be carried out.


                                  INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEIMENT

               The Committee believes that whether because of any of the seven issues identified above
          or because of other concerns, most coastal cities now, or in the near future will, f ace the need
          to address complex coastal quality management issues. With increasing population pressures,
          increasing recognition of the importance or nonpoint sources in coastal waters, and the
          decreasing availability of public funding at th,.- feleral, state, and local levels,. coastal cities
          face the need to establish objectives aad set priorities for protecting coastal resources. The
          Committee therefore proposes a framework for managing coastal resources 'toward which
          coastal environmental quality management should evolve. This framework, integrated coastal
          management, should provide the opportunity to consider regional dif f crences, -multiple sources
          of perturbations, costs, and benefits in the development or management strategies.

          Finding: Wastewater and stormwater management strategies should be developed in the context
                                                     es of perturbation in the coastal zone. Successful
          of each other and other important source
          management strategies must take into account the multiple sources and identif y approaches f or
          controlling inputs in the most cost-effective manner. For example, there mL'y be cases where
          it is more effective and/or efficientto control othersources rather than upgrading wastewater
          treatment systems or where cooperative efforts among stormwater agencies, wastewater
          agencies, water supply agencies, and other institutions charged with managing and/or
          protecting the region's resources can arrive at mutually beneficial solutions in a more cost-
          effective manner. Urban coastal wastewater and stormwater management should be based on
          the following concepts:

                 ,. Water quality and sediment quality criteria and standards should be established
          taking account of risk, uncertainty, and variability among regions and sites.
                 1, A water- and sediment-quality driven approach should be used, with appropriate
          modeling, to design pollution control systems.
                 W All sources of pollutants should be considered in the development of regional
          strategies.
                 P Policies should be integrated across all media, taking account of environmental
          impacts on water, air, and land.
                 - Management options should reflect societal goals and priorities, incorporate public
          inputs, be cost effective, consider relative risks, and achieve benefits at least commensurate
          with the costs of controls.
                 - Management actions should be implemented incrementally so as to provide the
          flexibility to respond to feedback from monitoring the effect of operating systems, new
          research results, new technologies, and changing objectives.










              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

              Recommendation: Wastewater and szormwater management and other protection strategies for
              coastal urban areas should be developed and implemented within a system of integrated coastal
              management (rcm).       [CAf is an ecologically based. iterative process for identifying, and
              implementing. at the regional scale. environmental objectives and cost-effective strategies for
              achieving them.

                     Integrated coastal management, as proposed here, is an approach that holds much
               romise f or ef f ective and ef f icient systematic management of the coastal environment. ICM
              i an -co.los
              S.211 a gic-111w h-a                       ss for identifying, at a regional scale, environmental
              obi                                                   n them. Through ICK e_nv_i_r6-n`ffie-nt-arTrrd
              human resources that require protection can e identidied, the multitude of factors that may
              contribute to adverse impacts can be considered, and the relative importance of various impacts
              and contributors can be weighed. The ICM process is flexible so that problems can be addressed
              at a variety of levels of integration depending on their complexity, and priorities can be set in
              an explicit manne  r. IC'.%,L as proposed here, has two fundamental objectives: (1) to restore and
              maintain the ecological integrity of coastal -ecosystems, and (2) to maintain important human
              values and uses associated with those areas.
                     Six key principles underlie the implementation of ICM. (1) Management actions need
              to be developed on the basis of the best scientific knowledge available about ecological
              functions as well as on a comprehensive understanding of human needs and expectations. (2)
              Management objectives should be expressed as water- and sediment-quality based, and other
              environmentally and health based goals. (3) Comparative assessment of both risk scenarios and
              management options should drive the selection of management strategies. (4) A trans-
              disciplinary perspective is critical in coastil problem solving. (5) The system should function
              in a context that is responsive to scientific uncertainty about functions of coastal ecosystems.
              (6) The system should be driven by science and engineering together with public expectations.


                                                          The Process

                      ICM is a three-part process which should be implemented on a continuing basis. It is
              iterative with the aim of making incremental improvements in coastal environmental quality
              over time. The three principal components of the process are (1) dynamic planning, (2)
              selection and implementation, and (3) research and monitoring. The relationships among these
              components are shown in Figure ES.1. Of the three, the dynamic planning process is perhaps
              the most complex. It is within this component that ICM objectives should be evaluated for the
              region, goals set, risks identified and analyzed, and management alternatives developed and
              compared. The dynamic planning process should produce two types of results. One is a set of
              management alternatives to be considered for selection and implementation. The other is an
              agenda for research and monitoring that is needed to improve understanding and provide
              feedback on how well the selected management alternatives are working. It is within the
              selection and implementation process that alternatives should be weighed in regard to
              objectives, fiscal, regulatory, legal, and institutional constraints, and one should be selected and
              implemented. Finally, the research and monitoring component should drive the system into
              future, bringing new information into the dynamic planning process and developing new
              methods and techniques for managing coastal resources. Through the continuing ICM process,
              problems should be tackled in a stepwise, incremental fashion, beginning with those that are
              of greatest importance as well as those that are easily solved, and then moving on to the next
              set of concerns.









              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                                                                              13

              prescriptive mandate to a partnership with regional authorities in developing a management
              system that meets coastal quality objectives.
                     As with any effort to change systems long in place, efforts to develop ICM plans are
              likely to encounter resistance. Identifying the appropriate geographical region defined by
              hydrologic and ecologic factors will inevitably cross political jurisdictions and require that
              there be coordination and cooperation where there may also be conflicting interests. The
              failure of earlier regional planning ef forts mandated by the 1972 act may cause some to dismiss
              the potential effectiveness of IC?yL However, ICM differs significantly from the Area-Wide
              Planning Studies mandated under section 208 of the Clean Water Act and carried out in the
              1970s. The 208 planning process suf rered from two fundamental flaws. First, it often was
              carried out by local agencies having few other watcr-quality responsibilities. Second, other
              provisions of the 1972 act, particularly the permitting and facilities funding requirements,
              forced action so rapidly that they could not be influenced by the planning process.
                     With ICK the planning process should be carried out by institutions that are vested with
              sufficient responsibility, resources, and. authority to implement the resulting plan. Building
              consensus on objectives and goals among interested parties, responsible agencies, and other
              stakeholders is fundamental to the success of integrated coastal management and will require
              extensive deliberations and skillful leadership. A regional plan may result in increased public
              awareness, involvement, and support. In the final analysis, the public is the most important
              component in making the ideals of an integrated approach a reality.


                                                      Implementation

              Recommendation: Improvements in coastal environmental protection in the United States should
              take place in an incremental manner, building on what has been learned through past efforts and
              evolving toward a fully integrated and comprehensive approach to coastal protection.

                     Moving toward integrated coastal management requires a continuing effort to press
              forward on scientific, engineering, regulatory, and management frontiers. It will involve risk
              taking and inevitably experience some setbacks; however, in the long term, ICM is expected to
              provide the opportunity to apply the most up-to-date information and technologies to coastal
              problems resulting in efficient and effective coastal protection. In many coastal regions an
              initial ICM plan could be based primarily on existing information.


              Immediate Actions

                     There are several immediate actions that could be taken to shif t the direction of current
              wastewater, stormwater, and coastal management policies toward one of integrated coastal
              management. Specifically, existing regional initiatives including those in the National Estuary
              Program provide an opportunity for implementing the principles of integrated coastal
              management. The development of Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans (CCM7)
              under the National Estuary Program could be done through the ICM proces& EPA should
              encourage states to include ICM concepts in CCWs by providing supplemental funding to the
              expanded planning effort.
                     There are three key areas in which any ongoing activities (including the preparation of
              a CCMP) directed at the protection and management of coastal waters could be improved.
              First, public involvement is critical to the success of coastal protection efforts and can be
              enhanced by increased agency budgets for public-involvement related activities, monitoring
              programs designed to use citizens, clear communication, and clear lines of authority. Second,












        14                                                                    EXECU71YE SUMMARY

        scientif ic and technical inf ormation could be applied more cf f ectively to decision-making.
        This area can be advanced by comparative analyses of risks and management options, good peer
        review, proper monitoring, directed research, and easily accessible information. Third,
        improvements could be made in existing institutional arrangements. Consideration should be
        given to vesting one entity responsible for a coastal region with at least the following
        functions: responsibility for carrying out the ICM planning process, oversight for budget
        activities of responsible agencies, responsibility for the design and conduct or monitoring
        programs, and focal point for public accountability.


        Longer-Term Actions

               Although some aspects of ICM1 could be carried out under existing legislation, longer-
        term strategies are needed that could more fundamentally change the governance of coastal
        environmental quality, substituting flexibility.ind local initiative for rigidity and detailed
        federal control. Several modifications should be made to the two major pieces of federal
        legislation that address coastal environmental quality.

               ,- Section 320 of the Clean Water Act should be modified to establish, a's a supplement
        to the National Estuary Program, a National Coastal Quality Program that would also apply
        to those coastal regions that are not estuaries. It would include an integrated planning and
        management process and supplant the existing CCMP with an Iterative Action Plan that would
        embody IC?vL
               ,- The Clean Water Act and the Coastal Zone Management Act should be amended to
        provide the flexibility needed to facilitate local ICM initiatives and to better integrate the
        planning and implementation process between the two statutory systems. An initial ef fort has
        been made in this direction with respect to nonpoint sources of pollution.
               - In the event that significant new federal funds are authorized to assist states and
        local governments in complying with the requirements of the Clean Water Act, the availability
        of these funds should be tied to appropriate use of the ICM process.
               - Finally, some of the experience gained in implementing section 301(h) of the Clean
        Wa ter Act, which provided the opportunity f or waivers f rom secondary treatment f or coastal
        dischargers, might be useful in the development of plans under the proposed National Coastal
        Quality Program.


        Long-Term Implementation

               In the next twenty years, it should be the nation's goal to implement a system of
        integrated coastal management for all of the country's urban shores. Full integration should
        include all sources of str= to the coastal environment It should address all. environmental
        media, looking at tradeoffs between disposal of waste to the land, water, and air. It should
        incorporate the principles of pollution prevention and source control and be a flexible process
        that facilitates progress and adapts to new information without prescribing the technological
        means for meeting specified goals. Integrated coastal management should be based in regional
        objectives and goals for the coastal zone and involve a partnership between federal, state, and
        -local institutions. The lessons learned from the past twenty years of progress clearly point to
        integrated coastal management as the best direction for the future.











            EXECUTryz SUMMARY                                                                     15


                                                 REFERENCES

            APWA (American Public Works Association). 1992. A Study of Nationwide Costs for
                   Implementing Municipal Stormwater BMPs. Final Report. Water Resources Committee,
                   Southern California Chapter.
            AINISA (Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies). 1990. 1988-1989 AMSA Pretreatment
                   Survey Report


JUN-17-'93 THU 08:11  ID:DIV OF COASTAL MGMNT TEL NO: (919) 733-1495	#669 P02





					State of North Carolina
					Department of Justice
					P.O. Box 029
					Raleigh
					27602-0620

MICHAEL F. EASLEY
ATTORNEY GENERAL

--MEMORANDUM--

TO:		Roger N. Schecter, Director
		Division of Coastal Management

FROM:		Robin W. Smith
		Assistant Attorney General

DATE:		May 26, 1993

SUBJECT:	S.B. 1125

	Per your request, I have reviewed S.B. 1125 and provide the following
analysis.  First, the bill would have the effect of voiding the Coastal Resources
Commission's general use standard prohibiting the location of uses that are not
water-dependent over public trust waters, estuarine waters and wetlands (15A
NCAC 7H.0208(a)(1)} as it applies to food service facilities located in near-shore
areas.  Assuming the Commission's current rule continues in effect (with this
legislation creating a statutory exception to the general policy), there may be
some risk of an equal protection challenge to the general policy - that is, a
permit applicant may argue that it is unreasonable to prohibit other uses that
are not water-dependent while allowing food service facilities in these locations.
An equal protection challenge on that basis will fail so long as the State can
articulate a rational basis for the distinction between food service facilities and
other non-water dependent uses.

	With regard to the specifc language in the bill, I would be most
concerned about the attempt to define "nonnavigable waters" in a manner that is
inconsistent with established State and federal law under the public trust
doctrine.  Under the public trust doctrine, "navigable water" has been defined to
include all waters that are suject to the ebb and flow of the tide (whether
actually navigable or not) and all waters that are navigable by commercial
vessels.  As a result, this bill defines as nonnavigable many coastal waters that
would be considered navigable as a matter of both State and federal law.

	The established definition of "navigable waters" plays an important role in
the State's coastal management permitting program, in the Department of
Administration's implementation of leasing and easement programs applicable to


1  Phillipe Petroleum Co. v. Mississippi, 484 U.S. 469 (1988).

				An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer
  



 

				GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA

						SESSION 1993

S												1

						SENATE BILL 1125



Short Title:	Amend CAMA								(Public)

Sponsors:		Senator Sands.

Referred to:	Agriculture, Marine Resources, and Wildlife.



						May 11, 1993

1					A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
2  AN ACT TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS PERMISSIBLE TO PREPARE AND SERVE
3  FOOD AND BEVERAGES IN A GAZEBO OR OTHER STRUCTURE
4  LOCATED OVER NONNAVIGABLE WATERS.
5  The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts:
6		Section 1.  G.S.  113A-107 is amended by adding a new subsection to
7  read:
8  "(g) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, it is permissible to prepare and
9  serve food and beverages in a facility such as a gazebo dock, or proch, whether
10 enclosed or not, located over nonagvigable waters, provided that the facility complies
11 with health and building laws.  For purposes of this subsection, "nonnavigable waters"
12 are those bodies of water that are partially enclosed and that have a depth at low tide
13 of no more than 12 inches."
14	See. 2. This act is effective upon ratification.






 


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                              APPENDIX IV:
 I                     CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
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                                                             APPENDIX IV



                                                       TOWN OF LONG BEACH
                                                    CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN


                                                 PREPARATION OF LAND USE PLAN
                                                        FISCAL YEAR 1992-93




                 The Town of Long Beach has received a FY92-93 Coastal Area Management Act grant for the update
                 of its 1988 Land Use Plan. Adequate citizen participation in the development of the Plan is essential
                 to the preparation of a document responsive to the needs of the citizens of Long Beach. To ensure
                 such input, the following citizen participation program will be utilized by the town.

                 The Long Beach Town Manager's office will be the principal town department responsible for
                 supervision of the project. The Town Manager will report to and coordinate plan development with the
                 Long Beach Planning Board and Town Council. To support and assist in the development of the plan,
                 a Land Use Plan Advisory Committee will be appointed by the Long Beach Town Council. The
                 committee will be composed of representatives of the following:

                                         Three (3) Planning Board representatives
                                         Two (2) Town Council representatives
                                         Two (2) citizens at large

                 One of the two Town     Council representatives will serve as the committee chairperson and will be
                 designated by the Mayor of Long Beach.

                 The committee will work with the town's staff and consultant to ensure that the final product will
                 survey existing land use, identify policies, recommend strategies/actions, and identify Areas of
                 Environmental Concern. Specifically, the town staff, consultant, and committee will be responsible for
                 ensuring accomplishment of the following:

                           Develop an effective citizen participation process;
                           Survey and map existing land uses;
                           Identify and map AECs;
                           Develop land use policies and strategies;
                           Identify land use regulatory needs;
                           Establish a specific work plan schedule for dealing with land use needs/problems;
                           Identify and forecast growth and development issues;
                           Implement the requirements of 15A NCAC 7B.

                 At the outset of the project, an article will be prepared in cooperation with a local newspaper. The
                 newspaper will be requested to print the article which will include a proposed schedule for completion.
                 The following schedule will be utilized:

                 1 .     January 19, 1993 -- Meet with the Town of Long Beach Town Council and Planning Board to
                         review the scope of work. Have the Citizen Participation Plan adopted.

                                               Conduct a public information meeting. The meeting will be advertised in
                         a local newspaper. The town will specifically discuss the existing policy statements contained
                         in the 1988 Long Beach land use plan. The significance of the policy statements to the CAMA
                         land use planning process will be described. The process by which Long Beach will solicit the











                      views of a wide cross-section of citizens in the development of updated policy statements will
                      be explained at the public information meeting.

              2.      January, 1993 -- Complete identification of existing land use problems, and map of existing land
                      uses and AECs.


                                      -- Meet with the Land Use Plan Advisory Committee.

              3.      February, 1993 -- Present draft section of plan dealing with existing issues and land use to the
                      Land Use Plan Advisory Committee.

              4.      March to June, 1993 -- Continue review of the draft land use plan.

              5.      July, 1993 -- Present draft of land use plan, including policy statements, to the Land Use Plan
                      Advisory Committee.

              6.      August, 1993 -- Review draft plan with the Town Council and conduct a public information
                      meeting for review of the proposed plan. The meeting will be advertised in a local newspaper.

              7.      September, 1993 -- Town Council will submit draft of completed land use plan to the Division
                      of Coastal Management for review and comment.

              8.      January, 1994 (estimate) -- Present final draft of land use plan, including responses to CRC
                      comments, to the Town Council for review and conduct of a formal public hearing. The Town
                      Council will adopt the final plan and submit it to the Coastal Resources Commission for
                      certification.


              All meetings of the Town of Long Beach Land Use Plan Advisory Committee will be open to the public
              and advertised in a local newspaper. The town will encourage and consider all economic, social, ethnic,
              and cultural viewpoints. No major non-English speaking groups are known to exist in Long Beach.




              1/8/93




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