    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                                               AUG   1987

                     less LAND USE PLAN UPDATE

                                                  COASTAL ZONE
                                               INFORUATION CENTER

         TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES                                 NC,

                                 JULY 24      1987

                 11ration of this report was financed in part through a grant
          HD     by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program. through funds
          211    ly the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
          .N8    led by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
          L3
          1987    RESOURCES COMMISSION CERTIFICATION JULY 24, 1987
                  PINE KNOLL SHORES AOOPTION JUNE 28 1887

                                     1987 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE

                                    U . SDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                    COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                    2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                    CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

                             THE TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA

                          BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS   Kenneth A. Hanan - Mayor
                                                   Aubrey P. Johnson
                                                   Frederic C. Libby
                                                   John W. Shedd
                                                   Daniel Sotir
                                                   Emily 0. White

                  LAND USE PLAN UPDATE COMMITTEE   Frederic C. Libby, Chairman
                                                   Robert D. Armstrong
                                                   Arthur E. Browne
                                                   Ellen L. Crumley
                                                   H. Kenneth,Haller
                                                   Morgan P. Hammer
                                                   Lawrence B. Jerome
                                                   Edwin B. Olson

                             PLANNING CONSULTANT - Paton-Zucchino & Associates, P.A.
                                                   Landscape Architects - Land Planners

                                           July 7, 1987

            The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
            provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
            provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
            administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
            N.O.A.A.

                                              Library
                           Property

                                  PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
                                     LAND USE PLAN - 1986 UPDATE

                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                             Page

              I. INTRODUCTION                                                  1

             II. DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE PAST FIVE YEARS                       2

            111. 1986 PROPERTY OWNERS SURVEY                                   5

             IV. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS                               7

                  A.   Present Conditions                                      7

                       1.  Population Projection                               7
                       2.  Existing Land Use Analysis                          9
                       3.  Land Compatibility Problems                        13
                       4.  Areas Likely to Experience Changes
                           in Predominant Land Use                            13
                       5.  Current Land Use Regulations                       13

                  B.   Constraints: Land Suitability                          14

                       1.  Hazard Areas                                       15
                       2.  Areas With Soils Limitations                       15
                       3.  Fragile Areas                                      15
                       4.  Areas With Resource Potential                      17
                       5i  Areas of Environmental Concern                     17

                  C. Constraints: Capacity of Community Facilities            18

              V.  POLICY STATEMENTS                                           19

                  A.   Implementation of 1981 Land Use Plan Policies          19

                  B.   Policy Statements                                      23

                       1.  Resource Protection                                24
                       2.  Resource Production and Management                 28
                       3.  Economic and Community Development Policies        29
                       4.  Continuing Public Participation                    31
                       5.  Storm Hazard Mitigation                            32

                   C.  Storm Mitigation, Evacuation and
                       Post Disaster Recovery Plans                            33

                       1. Storm Hazard Mitigation                              33
                       2. Hurricane Evacuation Plan                            35
                       3. Post-Disaster Recovery Plan                          38

             VI. LAND CLASSIFICATION                                           41

                   A. Developed Classification                                 41

                   B. Conservation Classification                              42

            VII. RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATION              43

                   A. Developed Classification                                 43

                   B. Conservation Classification                              44

            VIII. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION                                         45

              IX. ACCEPTANCE OF THE 1986 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
                    BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS                              45

            LIST OF MAPS

               Existing Land Use Map                                           11
               Future Land Use and Classification Map                          12
               Hazards Map                                                     16

            LIST OF TABLES

               Table  1: Existing and Projected Living Units.                   8
               Table  2: Peak Population Summary Comparison 1981-1986.          8
               Table  3  1986 and Build-out population by Dwelling              8
                         Type and Residency.
               Table  4  Comparison of Peak Summer Population Estimates.        9
               Table  5: Land Use Acreage by Zoning Classification: 1986.      10
               Table  6: Building Trends in Pine Knoll Shores: 1981-1986       10
               Table  7: Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments.   34

               APPENDICES

               Appendix A: 1986 Property Owners Survey                         45
               Appendix B: Listing of Plans, Policies and Regulations          48

            I. INTRODUCTION

            This 1986 Land Use Plan 'Update for Pine Knoll Shores has been prepared in
            accordance with requirements.of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management
            Act (CAMA), and complies with Subchapter 7B, Land Use Planning Guidelines
            of the North Carolina Administrative Code as amended February 11, 1985.

            Land development takes place as the result of a series of decisions by
            private individuals and government.        If left entirely to chance, the
            resulting pattern of development in a locality may well not be in the best
            overall community interest.      In order to promote this community interest
            for both present and future generations, this land use plan has been
            developed, adopted and will be kept current by the Town of Pine Knoll
            Shores.

            The land use plan is a frameworkthat will guide town leaders as they make
            decisions affecting development.     Private individuals and other levels of
            government will also use the plan to guide their land use decisions.        Use
            of the plan by these groups will lead to more efficient and economical
            provision of public services, protection of natural resources, sound
            economic development, and protection of public health and safety.

            Many    decisions affecting development are made by other levels              of
            government, and local policies must take account of and coincide with
            established state and federal policies.       Most decisions, however, are
            primarily of local concern.     By carefully and explicitly addressing these
            issues, other levels of government will follow local policies that deal
            with these issues.    State and federal agencies will use the local land use
            plans and policies in making project consistency, funding and            permit
            decisions.

            Since the inception of the land use planning requirements under CAMA, the
            land use plans have placed their empha-,@is on different aspects of the
            planning process.    The focus of the 1976 Land Use Plan was to gather base
            data about the Town.    The 1981 Land Use Plan updated these data and placed
            an additional emphasis on the formulation of land use policies.       The 1986
            Land Use Plan takes this concept one step further by refining former
            policies and tying them to implementation strategies so they can have the
            desired impact on the community.

             II.  DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE PAST FIVE YEARS

               A. ZONING AND ANNEXATION

                  Only limited zoning ordinance and map changes have taken place since
                  1981. These are: 1) 10.6 acre tract at the corner of Roosevelt Drive
                  and    Pine   Knoll Boulevard was rezoned from C-2 to             the    C-3
                  classification and later rezoned from C-3 to the Recreation Zone; 2)
                  A second tract with 500 feet.of oceanfront located south of the
                  Roosevelt Natural Area was rezoned from C-2 to a combination of R-4
                  and Recreation classifications; 3) In addition, two zoning density
                  changes were made during this period; multifamily density was reduced
                  from ten to eight units per acre and motel density was increased from
                  eight to 22 units per acre; 4)         A new zoning classification, the
                  Institutional Zone, was established and applied to the 63 acre Trinity
                  Center.    This property was annexed in 1984. 5) A six acre C-2 tract
                  located at the westernmost end of the Town, was also annexed in 1984.
                  This property is 250 feet wide and extends from the ocean line to the
                  sound shore line except for that area containing NC Highway 58.

               B. RECREATIONAL AREAS

                  Since the preparation of the Land 'Use Plan of 1981, existing private
                  recreational areas have been maintained and expanded.         Those areas
                  include two ocean access parks, a boat basin opening to Bogue Sound
                  with tie-up and boat launching facilities and a mini park ("Brock
                  Basin"), a boat basin opening on the canal ("Hall Haven"), a park with
                  boat launching facilities on Bogue Sound ("McNeill Inlet"), a small
                  park with a boat launching ramp opening on the canal ("Davis
                  Landing"), and a small park on the Sound side -6f Oakleaf Drive
                  ("Garner Park").    The Bogue Banks Country Club and the state-operated
                  Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area,         comprising 93 and 309         acres.
                  respectively, also continue to serve as important recreation resources
                  for the Town.    A small park is presently being developed on the canal
                  at the eastern end of Ramsey Drive at the intersection of Arborvitae
                  Court.

                  An additional 10.6 acre tract south of Roosevelt Drive was added to
                  public conservation park lands during the past planning period. With
                  the exception of the 10.6 acre tract, the Town owns no recreation
                  area.

                  In addition, condominium developments constructed during the last five
                  years offer beach access, swimming pools, tennis courts and other
                  recreational facilities to residents and guests.

                                               2

               C. POLICE, FIRE, AND RESCUE

                  With thepopulation of the Town increasing, the police force has grown
                  from five to six policemen and now has three patrol cars with 24-hour
                  service available throughout the Town.

                  The fire department has grown too, and while it is still a volunteer
                  group, the equipment now owned by the Town includes a general fire
                  truck, a brush fire truck and a "first responder mini-pumper" truck.
                  There are 28 volunteer firemen (December 1986).

                  With the larger population and influx of summer visitors, the rescue
                  squad has increased in personnel and equipment.             Another fully
                  equipped ambulance was acquired in November of 1983, so now there are
                  two ambulances available. The rescue squad is strictly volunteer and,
                  like the fire department, is ready for service 24 hours a day. There
                  are 26 members of the rescue squad (December 1986).

               D. UTILITIES

                  Private utility companies continue     to provide water, electric power
                  and telephone service to the Town.      These services have been expanded
                  to meet the Town's needs during the    past planning period.

                  In 1981 there were two wells in production and one 150,000 gallon
                  storage tank.     Two additional wells are in production at this time.
                  One, a ten-inch   well produces 500 gallons per minute and a second, an
                  eight-inch well,  produces 425 gallons per minute. Approximately 5,500
                  feet of eight-inch line and approximately 3,000 feet of six-inch line
                   have been installed. In addition, a 25W,000 gallon elevated storage
                  tank has been erected at the western end 'of town.             There are,
                  therefore, four wells and a storage capacity of 400,000 gallons and a
                  pumping capacity of two million gallons per day.* The water system is
                  owned and operated by Carolina Water Service.

                  Pine Knoll Shores is the location of one of Carteret Craven Electric
                  Membership Corporation's substations.        Transmission lines have been
                  extended, with Pine Knoll Shores and others being served by lines
                  carrying 115,000 volts.

                  Pine Knoll Shores is now served from a remote electronic telephone
                  switching facility near the North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll
                  Shores.    Carolina Telephone & Telegraph is in the process of updating
                  its equipment, and soon the most modern Western Electric switching
                  system will serve Pine Knoll Shores.

                  Single-family lots within the Town are served by individual septic
                  systems.    All undeveloped lots are capable of supporting individual
                  septic systems. At this time, all multifamily developments within the
                  Town have plans for additional sewage capacity to accommodate each

                    Figures supplied by Carolina Water Service.

                                               3

                 project's unit build-out.      Other than individual package treatment
                 systems for condominium, motel and commercial developments, there is
                 no overall central sewage system for the Town.      Part of the western
                 end of the Town is serviced by a private community system with a
                 planned capacity of 240,000 gpd and represents the largest single
                 sewage system in the Town.

              E. STORMWATER RUNOFF

                 Serious flooding developed in several sections of town as a result of
                 two unusually heavy rainstorms which occurred in the spring of 1983
                 and the fall of 1985.     A special committee under direction of the
                 Commissioner of Streets and Highways is now studying stormwater runoff
                 problems from NC Highway 58 and its control within the Town, with a
                 plan for remedial action to follow.      In the past five years, the
                 impact of stormwater runoff on water quality has become increasingly
                 better understood.    As coastal communities continue to grow, the
                 impact of development generated run- off will need more attention if
                 the quality of coastal waters is to be maintained.            The Town
                 recognizes the specific water quality problems in the Town canals
                 which, in part, can be attributed to stormwater runoff from NC 58. As
                 state regulations and policies are enacted to control stormwater
                 runoff, the Town will need to review its land use regulations to
                 assure consistency in this effort to maintain high water quality
                 levels.

              F. STREET IMPROVEMENTS

                 The Town has 10.9 miles of town-owned and maintained streets and has
                 five miles of N.C. Highway 58.     Approximately three miles of Pine
                 Knoll Shores roads were   resurfaced in 1983. No serious problems are
                 currently evident. An ongoing program provides for future resurfacing
                 as the need arises.     Private   contractors continue to be used for
                 maintenance of town roads and roadway shoulders. Maintenance of NC
                 Highway 58 continues to be the responsibility of NCDOT.       There is
                 currently a Town capital improvement budget for roadways and bridges
                 of $60,000 with $ 10,000 being added each year.

                 Traffic counts show that Highway 58 carries 18-20,000 vehicles per day
                 in peak (summer) season and 2,500-4,000 vehicles per day in off
                 (winter) season with the lower number for an average weekday and the
                 higher number for an average weekend day.*

                   N.C. Department of Transportation, 1985 study of N.C. 58 in Pine
                   Knoll Shores.

                                            4

             111. 1986 PROPERTY OWNERS SURVEY

                  All   owners   of property in Pine Knoll Shores were mailed             a
                  questionnaire on December 26, 1985, to be returned by January 10,
                  1986. The purpose was to determine how the property owners feel about
                  the way the community has developed over the past years, and to obtain
                  suggestions for future improvements.

                  A total of 1,507 questionnaires were      mailed, of which 881 were
                  returned for a 58.5% response. Because of this high rate of response,
                  information collected is significantly representative of all Pine
                  Knoll Shores residential property owners.

                  Nearly 80% of the respondents own a residence, and 20% own unimproved
                  lots in Pine Knoll Shores.     Among the residents, 56% own a single-
                  family-home and 44% own a unit in a multifamily structure. Pine Knoll
                  Shores is the principal place of residence of 36% of respondents
                  owning either a single-family home or a unit in a multifamily
                  structure, and 64% of property owners (single-family or multifamily)
                  do not make Pine Knoll Shores their principal place of residence.

                  When asked if they are satisfied with the way Pine Knoll Shores is
                  evolving, 78% said yes.       Concerning satisfaction with the present
                  zoning of Pine Knoll Shores, 81% expressed satisfaction. Those
                  expressing dissatisfaction based their objections mainly on the
                  proliferation of condominiums and motels, and the proposed village
                  shopping center.

                  Approval or disapproval of locating another state-built bridge from
                  the mainland to Pine Knoll Shores was requested. Of those responding,
                  54% would disapprove, 39%-would approve, and 7% had no opinion.

                  When advised the State has adopted a program for establishing beach
                  access facilities for the non-resident general public, 87% would not
                  favor having such a facility in Pine Knoll Shores, and 13% would favor
                  having it here.    Only 9% of.those expressing an opinion think Pine
                  Knoll Shores should provide funds for such a facility, and 91% think
                  the Town should not.

                                              5

                  A question about the kind of community that is wanted was repeated
                  from the 1975 survey. The results are compared:

                  What Kind of Community is Wanted?                        1975     1985

                  A.   Residential and retirement family resort             68%      69%
                       with commercial developement to serve
                       community only.

                  B.   Same as above but with more general                  11%       9%
                       commercial.

                  C.   About equal number of single-family   homes,         11%       8%
                       condominiums, motel rooms, with supporting
                       commercial.

                  D. Basically a retirement community.                       9%    13%

                  E. Unrestricted   development of tourist                   1%     1%
                       attractions.

                                                    TOTAL                 100%      100%

                  The foregoing indicates that, currently, 82% of respondents basically
                  want a retirement community that is a residential family resort with
                  commercial development to serve the community only.         This is up     5%
                  from the 7M result of the 1975 survey. It should be noted that
                  categories A. and D.        were combined to reach@ this conclusion.
                  Further, categories B. and C. dropped slightly from 1975 to 1985.

                  Certain other questions not relating directly to land use will be
                  discussed in other sections of this document.               Furthermore, a
                  comprehensive analysis of the survey has been referred to the Board of
                  Commissioners for its consideration. A copy of the survey form can be
                  found in the appendix of this'report.

                                               6

             IV.  ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS

               A. PRESENT CONDITIONS

                  Projections of population data have been made using a number of
                  available sources including the 1980 and July 1984 census estimates,
                  figures from the 1980 land use plan, town building and land use data,
                  and information from individuals knowledgable about the Town.          It is
                  difficult    to    make accurate population projections          for     beach
                  communities which have large seasonal population fluctuations and
                  relatively small permanent populations.       For this reason, a series of
                  standard criteria have been established to assist in projecting
                  population trends for the Town.

                  1.  Population Projections

                      The data and projections made in the tables below-make a number of
                      assumptions concerning the peak population projections for the
                      town: 1) that the percentage of permanent residents for single-
                      family homes versus multifamily units is 75% and 5% respectively
                      and in the future is anticipated to be 75% and 20% respectively; 2)
                      that the occupancy rate is 2.25 per single-family home; 4.0 for
                      multifamily; and, 3.0 for motel rooms; (These rates are consistent
                      with professionals knowledgeable about occupancy rates for the
                      area) and, 3) that the day visitor population is relatively low for
                      a beach community due to the minimum number of facilities and
                      services oriented to the day visitor.         Only the North Carolina
                      Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, the new Trinity Center, the Iron
                      Steamer Fishing Pier, Bogue Banks Country Club, and the proposed
                      Pine   Knoll Village Shopping Center could be considered                as
                      attractions for day visitors.         An assessment of day visitor
                      population    is used only for making ultimate peak              seasonal
                      population projections.

                      Table 1 compares the existing and projected living units by unit
                      type.   The data suggest that the surge in multifamily construction
                      during the planning period will stabilize and that as many single-
                      family units remain to be built as are already constructed in the
                      Town.   The number of motel units will also increase significantly
                      over current numbers by build-out.

                      Table 2 reveals a large increase in the multifamily population as
                      compared to the single-family population which has a considerably
                      higher assigned permanent residency factor.       The multifamily peak
                      seasonal population increased significantly, 293% over the period
                      with an increase of peak seasonal population of 3,284. The single-
                      family peak seasonal population increased 57% over the period, a
                      percentage comparable to the 1976-1981 period.

                      Tables 3 and 4 compare peak summer population and total build-out
                      population by housing type and by resident type. The contribution
                      of population by each dwelling type through the period is shown in
                      Table 3.   It is of interest to note in Table 3 that the percentage
                      of year-around residents as compared to peak population for all

                                                7

                      housing types combined was 23% in 1980, 18% in 1986, and is
                      projected to be 31% at build-out.       These data point to the ready
                      availability    of multifamily zoned land during this             period.
                      Multifamily construction produced 1,101 units during the period.
                      The next 15 years will result in considerably more single-family
                      construction and a resultant increase in the percentage of year-
                      around residents living in the community with a significant
                      decrease in multifamily construction.

                      Table 1: Pine Knoll Shores Existing and Projected Living Units*

                                                 Single-Family    Multifamily     Motel Total
                      Completed or Approved
                      as of March 1, 1986            561              1,101         515 2,177

                      Yet to be Built                577                270         216 1,063

                      Maximum Anticipated          1,138              1,371         731 3,240
                      (build-out)

                      Table 2: Pine Knoll Shores Peak Population Summary Comparison*
                                  1981-1986
                                                                    Person
                      Dwelling Type          1981         1986      Increase        % Increase

                      Single-Family          803        1,262            459           57 %
                      Multifamily          1,12G        4,404         3,284           293 %
                      Motel                1,674        1,545         (129).           -8 %
                      Institutional*            0         275            275             - %

                                Total      3,597        7,486         3,889           108 %

                      Table 3:    1986 and Build-out Population by Dwelling Type and
                                  Residency*

                      1986           Single-Family Institutional Multifamily Motel Total

                      Year-Around       947               4           220         100 1,271
                      Summer Peak    1,262              275         4,404       1,545 7,486

                      Build-out

                      Year-Around    1,920                4         1,097         200 3,221
                      Summer Peak    2,561             275          5,484       2,193 10,513

                      *Data Source: Town Building Inspector

                                                8

                      Table 4: Comparison of Peak Summer Population Estimates*

                      Dwelling Type          1975       1981     1986      Build-out

                      Single-Family           500        803     1,262        2,561
                      Multifamily             500      1,120     4,404        5,484
                      Motel                 1,700      1,674     1,545        2,193
                      Institutional**           0           0       275           275

                      Total                 2,700      3,597     7,486     ***10,513

                      The structure of the population for any coastal or beach community
                      can generally be expected to have a strong trend toward seasonal
                      populations.      Although    Pine   Knoll    Shores    possesses     this
                      characteristic, the relative lack of day attractions, services and
                      facilities for day visitors has led to a greater percentage of the
                      peak population being permanent residents than may be found in
                      other similarly sized beach communities on the North Carolina
                      coast.     Pine    Knoll Shores will continue to deal with the
                      constraints placed on community facilities and services by such a
                      population composition.

                  2.  Existing Land Use Analysis

                      The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is a planned community which not
                      only has been developed to a considerable degree but also is a
                      community in which the land use patterns within the Town limits
                      have been fixed and have remained relatively unchanged during the
                      past. ten years.      Much of the undeveloped land has been either
                      platted for single-family lots, master planned for fixed maximum
                      densities and housing types, is in resources protection areas or
                      assigned as permanent open space in the form of parks, natural
                      areas,    water bodies and beaches.          There is no significant
                      undeveloped property at this time which could be expected to change
                      drastically in terms of anticipated land use or density.              (See
                      Existing Land Use Map).

                      The   land    use changes since 1981 have come          primarily     from
                      the   conversion of undeveloped but already zoned land                into
                      multifamily housing tracts, and single-family home development on
                      pre-platted lots. All substantially sized land tracts, those
                      greater than 25 acres in size, have been developed during the

                      *Data Source Town Building Inspector

                      **Institutional represents the Trinity Center

                      ***The build-out population figure of 10,513 differs from the 1981
                      plan estimate of 9,260 as a result of the increase in occupancy
                      rates used for determining occupancy in multifamily units; the
                      annexation of additional multifamily and institutional lands; and,
                      the changes in zoning density for multifamily buildings and motels.

                                                9

                      See section IV.A.1 for population projection assumption.
                      period from 1981 to 1986 or have been planned and zoned for future
                      development.

                      Within the Town's corporate limits are 1,497 acres of land, water,
                      vegetated wetlands and beachfront.          The length of beach front
                      within Town limits is now 4.7 miles.        The Town recently annexed
                      approximately 69 acres along its western limits and at that point
                      is contiguous to the Town limits of Indian Beach. To the east, the
                      Town has no intention of further annexation.          Atlantic Beach has
                      expressed some interest in the annexation of this property. This
                      situation suggests that all planning projections should focus on
                      community facilities, services, and upgrading existing developments
                      currently within the Town.      Table 5 shows the acreages within the
                      Town limits for 1986.

                      *Table 5:     Pine Knoll Shores Land         Use Acreages by Zoning
                      Classification** : 1986

                      Single-Family Residential, R-1,R-2,R-3,R-4            716
                      Multifamily Residential., C-2                         180
                      Commercial, C-1                                       57
                      Commercial, C-3, C-4, C-5                             35
                      Institutional                                         63
                      Municipal Services: C-6                               23
                      Recreational: Rec-1, Rec-2 and Rec-3                  423

                              Total Acres***                             1,497

                        Planimetered 1986 from town zoning maps.
                         Reference Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance for      definitions.
                          Total Acres includes all roadway'slwithin Town limits.

                      Building trends for the town summarized in Table 6 show the
                      changes,since 1981.

                      Table 6: Building Trends in Pine Knoll Shores: 1981-1986

                                            1981      1986       Changes in Units
                                           Units    Units         1981 - 1986         Change

                      Single-Family          357      561              204                57 %
                      Multifamily (Condo)    280    1,101              821               293
                      Motel                  558      515             *(-43)              -8 %

                      Totals               1,195    2,177              982                82 %

                      *Reduction in motel units      resulted in conversion of an existing
                      motel to condominium units

                      It is evident from the data that the strongest building trend
                      during the past five years has been the construction of 763
                      multifamily    units    with    an additional      338    units     under
                      construction in 1986.     The rate of single-family construction has
                      remained relatively constant as compared to the 1976-1981 period.

                                               10

                                        1886 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR
                                 PINE           KNOLL SHORESs N.C.
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                                           SCALE IN FEET                                                                                             Tprovidperdepabryatitohne NoofrthhC1saror1einparCtcwas financed in
                                                                                                                                                     provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
                                                                                                                                                     administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,                          PAGE    11

                                                                 1886 COMPRC-14ENSIVE PLAN                                       FOR
                                                     PINE KNOLL SHORES9 N.C.
                                                      FUTURE LAND UBE PLAN                                                                 & LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP                                                                             19BB

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                                                                          I ....       I . . .                                                                                                                                                    I             The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
                                                                          SCALE IN FEET                                                                                                                                                                         provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1977, as amended, which is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,                                                                                              PAGE 12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                N. 0. A. A.

                     Motel construction did not occur during this period. Approval has
                     been granted to the site plan of a commercial center which is
                     expected to be completed in 1987.      Although land cost and consumer
                     demand point to a continuation of multifamily construction during
                     the next five years, the amount of available land zoned for this
                     use is fast becoming exhausted.

                     All land for single-family home construction is already platted and
                     will be increasingly the focus of construction during the coming
                     'years.   Very little additional commercial development can be
                     expected after the construction of the proposed village shopping
                     center.    Moreover, motel expansion is restricted to only two sites
                     totalling four acres at the increased permitted density of 22 units
                     per acre.

                  3. Land Compatibility Problems

                     There are very few circumstances which might be considered to be
                     land use compatibility problems within the Town.         The Town was
                     planned in considerable detail prior to and during the early years
                     of its incorporation and does not have the problems of industrial
                     and strip commercial developments which may create problems in
                     other communities.

                     However, two specific land compatibility problems exist.           First,
                     both the fishing pier and the Ramada Inn were constructed prior to
                     incorporation of the Town and now represent pre-existing uses which
                     would not now be allowed under the Town ordinances.        Second, there
                     are existing residential areas located in low lying areas which are
                     subject to periodic.flooding.

                  4. Areas Likely to Experience Changes in Predominant Land Use

                     As previously stated, the land within the corporate limits of Pine
                     Knoll Shores is currently developed, being developed, or zoned for
                     future development.

                     An oceanfront tract of approximately four acres            lies on the
                     easternmost edge of the Town limits and is zoned for motel use or
                     moderate density condominiums. For population projection at build-
                     out, this property and all other undeveloped tracts were assigned
                     the highest density use allowable although a lower density use
                     might ultimately be adopted.

                  5. Current Land Use Regulations

                     a. Zoning Ordinance

                        The zoning ordinance controls land use, development density and
                        development design standards for all property within the Town.
                        Several changes in the zoning ordinances have taken place since
                        1981 and are outlined in the earlier section:            Developments
                        within the Past Five Years - Zoning and Annexation.                The
                        following zoning districts are described in zoning ordinance:

                                              13

                         Single-family residential: R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4
                         Multifamily residential: C-1 and C-2
                         Commercial: C-3, C-4, and C-5
                         Institutional:
                         Municipal Services: C-6
                         Recreational: Rec-1, Rec-2 and Rec-3

                         See appendix for a complete list of Town plans, policies and
                         regulations.

                      b. Town Subdivision Regulations

                         The subdivision regulations     adopted in 1980 and revised in'1981
                         and 1982 are used in concert    with the zoning ordinance to ensure
                         that proper development standards are followed. The subdivision
                         regulations detail specific site development requirements which
                         are applied to buildings, roadways, utilities and site amenities
                         and are reviewed for consistency by the Town Planning Board and
                         building inspector during the plan approval process and during
                         the construction period.     The subdivision regulations have been
                         revised for specific issues by@ approval of the Board of
                         Commissioners, most of which are technical and have not caused
                         significant changes in land use or Town policy concerning land
                         use.

                      c. Enforcement Provisions

                         All planning and development issues are reviewed by the Town
                         Planning    Board and then passed on with recommendations to the
                         Town Board of Commissioners for final action.            A full-time
                         building inspector serves as in-house staff, field inspector
                         during construction, permit officer and permit enforcement
                         officer.

                    d.   State and Federal Regulations

                         The State guides land use in the coastal area through the
                         implementation of the Coastal Area Management act which has set
                         forth standards for development in areas designated as Areas of
                         Environmental Concern.       Development projects that         require
                         federal    permits    or authorization are also reviewed            for
                         consistency by the NCDCM.       The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                         govern development through standards set forth in federal
                         regulations and monitored through a permit review program.

               B. CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY

                  The major constraints for future development within the Town have been
                  identified and mapped during the past land use plan updates.          Current
                  zoning    and    land use ordinances take these          constraints      into
                  consideration in limiting future growth.

                                               14

                  1. Hazard Areas

                     There are no man-made hazards,such as airports       industrial storage
                     tanks, or power plants within or immediately adjacent to the Town.
                     There are, of course, a number of natural hazard areas which are
                     characteristic of any beach community.       The entire oceanfront of
                     five miles is designated as Ocean Hazard AEC and is a major
                     constraint to development. The Town ordinances for many years have
                     generally been more restrictive than the CAMA oceanfront setback
                     for detached residential structures and have maintained a minimum
                     100 foot setback from the toe of the primary dune for all
                     structures.    Most of the beachfront areas which are developed do
                     not lie within the flood insurance hazard zones.

                     The second major natural hazard area is the           'low lying area
                     adjacent to Bogue Sound. Much of this area is susceptible to storm
                     flooding.    Only a limited amount of soundfront property within the
                     Town remains undeveloped.

                     Two specific military and industrial land uses     in the surrounding
                     area represent a slight but potential hazard to the Town.          These
                     potential hazards are the possibility of aircraft crashes from the
                     Bogue Marine Airstrip on the mainland and from the possibility of
                     an industrial accident from the port at Morehead City which might
                     require evacuation of town residents.

                  2. Areas With Soil Limitations

                     The Town is generally underlaid with the Newhan-Corolla soils which
                     are characteristic of the dune and swale topography of the island.
                     These soils do not generally pose serious constraints to land
                     development although-, the Corolla soils found in the lower lying
                     natural swales have a shallow water table and are prone               to
                     flooding during heavy rains such as may accompany a hurricane or a
                     severe northeast storm.       In recent years, some flooding of low
                     lying residential lots has occured in these areas.        There are no
                     undeveloped tracts within the Town in which the soils pose a major
                     limitation to residential or commercial development.           See the
                     Hazard Map (map 3) showing potential flood hazard zones.

                  3. Fragile Areas

                     Natural areas within the Town which are considered fragile and
                     could be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate or poorly planned
                     development have been mapped and are well documented in the Federal
                     Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood maps, Corps of Engineers
                     studies, and are defined by N.C. Division of Coastal Management
                     (NCDCM)    standards.    There are no known sites          of    special
                     archaeological significance in the Town.      The key coastal wetlands
                     areas of concern are the primary dunes along the beach front, the
                     coastal marshes which border the estuarine shoreline, estuarine
                     waters, the wooded freshwater swamps of the interior, maritime
                     forests, and the public trust waters which include shellfish
                     waters.

                                              15

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                                      PINE KNOLL                                SHORESmN.C.
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                                                                                         2000
                                                                      10,00                                                                                                             The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
                                                   SCALE IN FEET                                                                                                                        provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
                                                                                                                                                                                        provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
                                                                                                                                                                                        administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,                                            PAGE 16
                                                                                                                                                                                     .-N.O.A.A.-

                     Local and state regulations designed to protect the primary dunes
                     and estuarine marshes have been enforced and have left the Town
                     with a relatively intact natural primary dune system and fringe
                     marsh.    Early development of the Town, prior to strict state and
                     federal laws protecting interior wetlands, replaced interior wooded
                     swamp areas with canals and residential development. At this point
                     the only major remnant of the wooded swamps left intact is located
                     within the state-owned Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area.        The vast
                     majority of soundfront public trust shellfish waters along the
                     Town's shoreline are currently open to the taking of shellfish.
                     The interior canals located in the single family residential areas
                     have been intermittently opened and closed to the taking of
                     shellfish.    There is no evidence at this time to suggest that
                     development patterns within the Town will lead to the closure of
                     additional shellfish areas.

                  4. Areas With Resource Potential

                     The beach area and marshes represent areas of significant resource
                     potential particularly in terms of commercial fisheries habitat and
                     recreational uses.

                     Other than the beachfront and coastal marsh areas which are
                     protected from encroachment and damage from development, there is
                     only one other area within the Town which is large enough and of
                     enough biological significance to be considered an area with unique
                     resource potential, and that is the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area
                     Area which covers 300 plus acres which was donated to the State of
                     North Carolina by the Roosevelt heirs with the condition that the
                     land remain "forever wild".

                 5.  Areas of Environmental Concern

                     Through the Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA), the Coastal
                     Resources Commission (CRC) has designated four categories of      Areas
                     of Environmental Concern (AEC's):        the Estuarine Waters     which
                     includes coastal wetlands, the Ocean Hazard Area, Public          Water
                     Supplies and Natural and Cultural Resource Areas.       The two   AEC's
                     which are most prevalent in the Town are the Estuarine Shoreline
                     and the Ocean Hazard Area.      See the Policy sections for Areas of
                     Enviromental Concern for further discussion.(page 24 thru 28)

                     The CRC gives high priority to the protection and coordinated
                     management of these AEC's to safeguard and Perpetuate their
                     biological,    economic,    recreational and aesthetic values.         A
                     development permit system is in place with standards which are
                     designed    to assure compatible development with the           natural
                     environment and to reduce the likelihood of damage to public
                     resources and private property.        These standards are used to
                     supplement the local standards embodied in the Town's zoning and
                     subdivision ordinances.

                     The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also governs additional resource
                     areas which in some cases overlap the CRC areas of environmental
                     concern.    These resource areas include "404 Wetlands" and all

                                              17

                      "Section 10 Waters".

               C. CONSTRAINTS: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES

                  The development of community facilities has generally exceeded the
                  current needs of the Town.     There are no current critical facility or
                  service shortages and plans have been made to accommodate anticipated
                  future population growth needs.

                  The central water system in the Town is owned and operated by a
                  private utility,     Carolina Water Service.        All residential    ' and
                  commercial development, other than a few homes which are on individual
                  wells, are served by the central water' system. Two new wells,
                  producing 925 gpm, have been added to the two existing wells.

                  Current water usage averages 833,000 gallons per day during the summer
                  months and 233,000 gallons per day during the off-peak winter months.
                  Pump capacity is 2.5 million gallons per day. Estimates indicate that
                  an additional well may be needed in five to six years and an
                  additional storage tank may be needed in fifteen years.* All wells
                  draw from the Castle Hayne aquifer. The capacity of the four wells of
                  the Carolina Water Service is over two million gallons per day which
                  is more than adequate to supply the needs of the Townts projected
                  peak population over the next ten years.        Additional wells can be
                  added to increase capacity as the need arises. Water storage capacity
                  is now at 400,000 gallons with the recent addition of. a second
                  elevated storage tank with a 250,000 gallon capacity which was
                  constructed during the past year.

                  Single-family lots within the Town are served by individual septic
                  systems.    All undeveloped lots are capable of supporting individual
                  septic systems. At this time, all multifamily developments within the
                  Town have plans for additional sewage capacity to accommodate each
                  project's unit build-out.       Other than individual package treatment
                  systems for condominium, motel and commercial developments, there is
                  no overall central sewage system for the Town.        The western  end of
                  the Town is serviced by a private community system with a          planned
                  capacity of 240,000 gpd and represents the largest single sewage
                  system in the Town.

                  Refuse collection and disposal through contract with a private     firm is
                  satisfactory and adequate land fill space is provided in the       central
                  county landfill.

                  The Town's needs for fire,         rescue, and police protection are
                  continually assessed and additions in personnel and equipment are
                  provided as needs dictate.

                 *Figures provided by Carolina Water Service.

                                              18

             V.  POLICY STATEMENTS

              A. IMPLEMENTATION OF 1981 LAND USE PLAN POLICIES

                 The 1981 Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan outlined a series of specific
                 goals and policies formulated to direct the growth of the community
                 during the five year planning period which ended in 1986.              The
                 following is a summary of the 1981 policies, a brief assessment of
                 their effectiveness and an analysis of the implementation actions taken
                 by the Town during the past five years.

                  1. Areas of Environmental Concern

                     a. Ocean Hazard Area:

                        As provided in the zoning ordinance, no structure may be erected
                        within 100 feet of the toe of the frontal dune other than raised
                        pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks.          No vehicular
                        accesses to the beach are permitted.

                     b. Bogue Sound and Inland Canals:

                        As provided in the Residential Property Zones ordinances, no
                        single-family home may be erected within 100 feet of mean high
                        water on Bogue Sound nor within 30 feet of any interior
                        waterway.   In the Commercial Residential Zone 2 the set back
                        from Bogue Sound of allowable single-family homes is governed by
                        CAMA regulations.

                     c. Coastal Wetlands:

                        Coastal wetlands are to be kept in their natural state, unless
                        excepted by the Coastal Resources Commission by special permit.

                     d. Estuarine and Public Trust Waters-

                        As provided in the zoning ordinance, the only construction
                        permitted in these areas is for bulkheading to prevent erosion
                        and private boat docks of limited size.

                     e. Areas of Conservation:

                        Conservation-areas include the 309 acre Roosevelt State Park and
                        10.6 adjacent acres and they will be kept in their natural state
                        except for the 25 acres set aside for the North Carolina
                        Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores Center.

                     f. Constraints to Develop ent:

                        In recognition of the unique and fragile   nature of the Town's
                        area and related potential problems,       ordinances have' been
                        adopted which,generally:

                       1) limit the    ultimate number    of residential units to about

                                             19

                           2,500 units in a town of about 1,500 acres;

                        2) limit the ultimate number of motel units to about 731 rooms;

                        3) require that at least 35% of all developed land be kept in
                           a natural state, with more in the single-family residential
                           zones;

                        4) limit the height of buildings to 35 feet in residential zones
                           and 50 feet in commercial and multifamily unit zones;

                        5) specify restrictions on construction in flood zones.

                   2. Resource Production and Management

                      The Town has no natural resources for development other than         its
                      land area, which mainly is designated for residential living.        The
                      zoning ordinance restricts business development to motels, a
                      fishing pier (predating the Town), and a limited area set aside for
                      future retail, service and professional activity. In so far as it
                      is feasible, this retail development will be directed           towards
                      serving the needs and desires of the Town's residents.

                      Vehicles are not permitted to operate in dune, maritime forest or
                      conservation areas.     There are no public vehicular accessways to
                      the ocean beach within the Town.      The Town endorses and enforces
                      the Bogue Banks uniform ordinance regulating the use of vehicles on
                      the beach.

                   3. Economic and Community DeveloDment

                      a.-Types of Development to be Encouraged

                         The Town has been and will continue to be developed primarily
                         as a residential community with a few motels and one fishing
                         pier, and a.limited area has been set aside for future retail,
                         office, service, and institutional facilities. Density in the
                         multifamily residential zones has now been reduced from 10 to 8
                         units per acre.    In addition, there are about 1,138 lots in the
                         town that are limited to single-family residences.           Present
                         business zones are believed to be excessive, and steps are
                         being taken to rezone the excess areas to a residential
                         classification.

                      b. Types and Location of Industries Desired

                         While the Town is mainly residential, tourism is important to
                         the business establishments in town.        In the zone in which
                         motels are permitted, there are only two pieces of property left
                         that might be suitable for a small motel.             However, the
                         permitted density has been increased from eight sleeping units
                         per acre to 22. Although the present density of existing motels
                         generally    exceeds the previously allowed eight per            acre
                         limitation by reason of grandfather clauses, there nevertheless

                                              20

                         is room for further expansion as the result of the increase in
                         permitted density. No additional fishing piers will be allowed.
                         Retail,   professional,    and service establishments will be
                         permitted in the business zone, subject to restrictions set
                         forth in the zoning ordinance.

                     c.  Future Land Uses

                         The Town is completely zoned to define the manner in which its
                         land is to be used.    Therefore, in the absence of extenuating
                         circumstances or un 'foreseen developments, the land will be used
                         as indicated in the attached land use     'map except that some
                         commercial areas might be rezoned to residential.

                  4. Commitment to Providing Services

                     As the Town grows toward its ultimate peak population of 10,513,
                     it will expand its services to meet the expanded needs of its
                     residents. This continues the 1981 policy for this issue.

                     a. Police, Fire and Rescue Services

                         Police, fire, and rescue services will continue to expand as the
                         need arises.

                     b.  Water Services

                         The Town will continue to work with Carolina Water Service and
                         the Public Utilities Commission to assure that facilities and
                         service meet the Town's growing needs.

                     c.  Sewage Disposal

                         The Town will continue to work with its present sewage disposal
                         methods until or unless such methods are shown to be inadequate,
                         at which time appropriate remedial actions will be promptly
                         initiated.    At    present,   the Town has no intention          of
                         participating in a central or regional sewage system.

                     d.  Garbage and Trash Disp sal

                         Refuse collection and disposal through contract with a private
                         firm, with the cost paid for out of tax revenues, will be
                         continued.

                     e.  Other Utility Services

                         The Town will continue to rely on The Carteret-Craven Electric
                         Membership Corporation and the Carolina Telephone and Telegraph
                         Company to provide expanded facilities and services to meet its
                         growing needs.

                     f. Recreation Facilities.

                         The Town will continue     to rely on developers and homeowner

                                              21

                        associations to provide added facilities to satisfy the desires
                        of a growing population.

                     g. Schools and Education

                        As part of the Carteret County School System, the Town has no
                        obligation    to provide any school facilities or services.
                        Residents of the Town pay taxes to the county for such services.

                     h. Roads and Bridges

                        The Town will maintain all dedicated roads and bridges in the
                        community, other than State Highway 58.        It will also oversee
                        the maintenance of private roads to assure they continue to meet
                        state standards.     The Town continues to oppose a third island
                        bridge terminating within the its limits, and also opposes
                        widening of State Highway 58 within town limits.

                     i. Other Capital Improvements

                        The Town has no plans for significant capital improvements at
                        the present time.      However, it has accumulated substantial
                        reserves to cover the cost of future improvements and major
                        maintenance projects.

                     j. Public Transportation

                        The Town does not plan to      establish a public transportation
                        system in the foreseeable future.     However, it will participate
                        in any study by the County or the other communities on Bogue
                        Banks of the need for bus service to the mainland.'

                     k. Beach Erosion

                        Although there has been some beach erosion during the past five
                        years, no buildin-s have been endangered because of the Town's
                        100 foot setback requirement.     At present, the Town is treating
                        tidal water erosion as a problem of the individual property
                        owner, and it has no intention of subsidizing restoration
                        efforts.    However, any loss of beach and dunes is in fact of
                        vital interest to the Town at large, and it will take a strong
                        stewardship position in overseeing all remedial steps taken in
                        the event of erosion.

                     1. Energy Facility and  Develooment

                        The Town by ordinance prohibits the erection of energy-producing
                        facilities within its limits. It depends on the Carteret-Craven
                        Electrical Membership Corporation to supply the Town's energy
                        needs.

                     m. Beach and Waterfront Access

                        Although    there are numerous beach access areas for            the
                        residents,    property owners and their guests, all owned and

                                             22

                         maintained by their respective property owners' associations,
                         the Town does not provide any access to the beach for the
                         general public, and it has no plans to do so.

                     n. Future Zoning Changes

                         The   Town's zoning ordinances are well           established,     and
                         developers are proceeding on the basis of such ordinances.         Any
                        .future changes will be relatively minor in nature and will tend
                         to reduce the area.of business zones and enlarce residential
                         zones.    In no event will the permissible density in residential
                         or motel zones be increased.

                    0.   Public Participation

                         Public hearings have been held during the development of this
                         Land Use Plan update. Furthermore, since implementation is
                         accomplished    through enactment of widely publicized town
                         ordinances, additional public hearings will occur.         The Town
                         has always enjoyed a high degree of public participation with
                         respect to its administration, and is expected to continue to
                         do so.

               B. POLICY STATEMENTS

                  The most important part of any land use plan prepared under the
                  Coastal Area Management Act is the formulation of specific policies
                  regarding growth, development and management objectives.          The plan
                  must strike a delicate balance between the desires and objectives of
                  the citizens, the local government of Pine Knoll Shores, and the CAMA
                  Program overseen by the Coastal Resources Commission. By statute, all
                  land use regulations and governing policies must be consistent with
                  performance    standards set forth by the CRC for all Areas of
                  Environmental Concern (See GS 113A-111).       Local, state, and federal
                  regulations and programs will be consistent with good management
                  practices, preservation of the natural environment, and a high quality
                  of life for residents of Pine Knoll Shores.       Our overriding objective
                  is to create and maintain a quiet residential community in the natural
                  setting of the existing maritime forest of the barrier island.

                  This Land Use Plan Update has been prepared, and is approved, as a
                  planning tool to be used by the current and future Commissioners of
                  the Town of Pine Knoll Shores in making land use decisions. This Land
                  Use Plan Update is not intended to preempt zoning decisions by the
                  existing or future Commissioners of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
                  Changes in zoning, if compatible with the general policy of this Land
                  Use Plan, are appropriate, and can be made in the future by the
                  governing body of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.             Boundaries or
                  particular uses may be expanded or contracted, and specific numerical
                  criteria applicable to zones may be altered, if such changes are
                  compatible with, on an overall community basis, the overriding
                  objective of the Town to create and maintain a quiet residential
                  community in the natural setting of the existing maritime. forest of
                  the barrier island.

                                              23

                   1. RESOURCE PROTECTION

                      a.  AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: ESTUARINE SYSTEM*

                          Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the primary concern of the Coastal
                          Resource s Commission     in terms of    protecting resources and
                          issuing permits for the areas of environmental concern (AEC's).
                          The Estuarine System is a highly productive biological habitat
                          and also supports human uses such as boating, swimming, hunting
                          and fishing.     The Town also shares this concern for the
                          protection and     management of these environmentally sensitive
                          lands, vegetation and waters.      The existing sound front setback
                          requirement    is greater than state requirements for single
                          family structures. Pine Knoll Shore's current town regulations
                          regarding   AEC's    are consistent with state          and    federal
                          regulations. By statute,, all local land use regulations and
                          governing policies must be consistent with performance standards
                          set forth by the CRC for all Areas of Environmental Concern (See
                          GS 113A-111).

                        (1)  Coastal Wetlands*

                             Coastal wetlands provide vital      habitat    for wildlife and
                             waterfowl.     They protect water quality by trapping sediments
                             and pollutants.      They reduce flooding and hinder shoreline
                             erosion.    They produce nutrients and decayed plant material
                             that feed marine  life.    Shrimp, oysters, crabs, flounder,
                             menhaden, and other fishes depend on coastal wetlands as
                             nursery areas, protective shelters, and sources of food. Man
                             harvests various products of the wetlands when         he fishes,
                             hunts, and gathers shellfish from the sounds and the ocean.

                             The first priority of land uses in and adjacent        to coastal
                             wetlands should be the allowance of only those         uses' which
                             promote conservation of these sensitive areas          which will
                             prevent    the imposition of irreversible damage to              the
                             wetlands.    The Town through its zoning and subdivision
                             ordinances provides standards to minimize development related
                             impact on these valuable resources.

                        (2)  Estuarine Waters And Estuarine Shoreline*

                             Estuarine waters transport nutrients and plankton, control
                             salinity, and cleanse the estuarine system of. pollutants.
                             They support a multitude of productive habitats, such as mud
                             flats,   submerged vegetation beds,         shellfish beds, and
                             spawning areas.    The estuarine waters also support boating,
                             swimming, hunting , fishing, and other human activities.

             *See Gs 113A-111 Subchapter 7H 15NCAC for specific use and performance
              standards for all Areas of Environmental Concern.

                                               24

                           Pine Knoll Shores recognizes that certain actions occurring
                           within the estuarine shoreline, which is defined as the area
                           extending 75 feet landward of the mean high water line of
                           estuarine waters,' could possibly have a substantial adverse
                           effect upon the quality of these waters.

                           Pine Knoll Shores will permit only those uses in which:

                           (a) A substantial chance of pollution from the development
                               will not occur.

                           (b) Development. does not have any further adverse impact
                               on estuarine resources.

                           (c) Development does not further interfere with existing
                               public rights or access to, or use of, navigable
                               waters or public resources.

                       (3) Public Trust Areas*

                           (a) Pine   Knoll   Shores will continue to       promote   the
                               conservation and management of CAMA defined public trust
                               areas which cover all lands underneath waterways and the
                               minerals and biological resources that these submerged
                               lands contain.    Appropriate uses include those which
                               protect public rights for navigation and recreation.
                               Projects which would directly or indirectly block or
                               impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline
                               erosion, deposit soils      below mean high tide, cause
                               adverse water circulation patterns, violate water quality
                               standards or cause degradation of shellfish waters shall
                               not be allowed.

             POLICY STATEMENT: Estuarine System

             Pine Knoll Shores continues to support the protection and coordinated
             management of the estuarine system. The Town recognizes that certain
             actions within. the estuarine shoreline could possibly have a substantial
             effect upon the quality of these waters. Only water dependent uses will be
             permitted in coastal wetlands,   estuarine water and public trust     areas.
             The Town will strive to insure that any development occurring within the
             system is compatible with natural characteristics, so as to. minimize
             significant loss of private property and public resources.

             POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Estuarine System

             Pine Knoll Shores believes that the existing development permit systems
             administered by state and federal agencies combined with enforcement of the
             Town's zoning ordinance represent an adequate system to protect the . areas
             of environmental concern.

             *See GS 113A-111 Subchapter 7H 15NCAC for specific use and performance
             standards for all Areas of Environmental Concern

                                             25

                     b. AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: OCEAN HAZARD AREA*

                        The    areas   along   the Atlantic Ocean shoreline        have     a
                        vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects of wind and
                        water.

                        Due to the Pine Knoll Shores setback requirements, at present
                        there are no immediately threatened areas. Some beach residents
                        and developers have used dune restoration to recover some
                        beachfront areas subjected to erosion.

                        It is important to consider policies     which are aimed both at
                        protecting the land forms (dunes and beach) and any structures
                        which are allowed to be constructed in these areas.

                        The Town zoning ordinance restricts any construction within the
                        Ocean Hazard Area or any alteration of the area controlled by
                        setback requirements.

            POLICY STATEMENT: Ocean Hazard Area

            All land uses in the Ocean Hazard category shall be consistent with the
            Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinances which allow commercial and residential
            development set back 100 feet from the oceanside toe of the frontal dune or
            within 100 feet of the mean highwater mark of the Atlantic Ocean. The town
            is committed to keep the minimum building set back consistent with CAMA
            setback standards.

            When existing dunes are restored through private efforts, this shall be
            accomplished in a manner which minimizes damage to existing vegetation.
            Any areas filled shall be replanted immediately for stabilization.

            The entire town as well as individual property owners benefit from these
            dunes. Therefore, the Town has a strong interest in the protection and/or
            increase of the frontal dunes.       The Town on behalf of, the State and its
            citizens exercises supervision and law enforcement of the land and . ocean
            area which touches the dune.        It will continue to participate in measures
            to further protect the frontal dunes system.      The Town does not, however,
            plan to become a financial partner in any major beach restoration program
            which may be proposed for the beach front areas, except in situations that
            affect the Town as a whole.

            POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Ocean Hazard Areas

            Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its local zoning regulations
            cited above which support the CAMA major and minor. permitting system and
            the Corps of Engineers 404 dredge and fill permit program.

            *See GS 113A-111 Subchapter 7H 15 NCAC for specific use and performance
            standards for all Areas of Environmental Concern.

                                             26

                     c. DEVELOPMENT IN AREAS WITH CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT

                         There are areas   within the Town'limits, including portions of
                         the golf course and adjacent lots, which are subject to flooding
                         during hurricanes and other storms.      A study is being made to
                         alleviate flooding during unusually heavy rainfall and plans
                         will be formulated to correct the problem after the study
                         is completed.      Areas with constraints to development are
                         delineated on the Hazards Map.

             POLICY STATEMENT: Development In Areas With Constraints

             Pine Knoll Shores ordinances are very strict with regard to future growth
             and building.     It is the Town's objective to see that future growth and
             building proceeds in a manner which will not jeopardize the fragile
             ecological environment that comprises this barrier island.       The Town will
             continue to control the type and extent of development which takes place in
             areas with natural constraints.

             POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Development In Areas With Constraints

                        (1) Enforcement of Town Ordinances

                            Under existing local zoning ordinances all building plans and
                            site development plans must be reviewed by the following:

                                           - Community Appearance Commission
                                           - Building Inspector

                            Under existing local subdivision, ordinances all subdivision
                            plans must be approved by the Planning Board and by the Board
                            of Commissioners.

                        (2) Hurricane and Flood Evacuation Needs and Plan

                            A disaster plan has been established to handle not only
                            evacuation but also to control post disaster recovery.       (See
                            page 35 thru page 40)

                        (3) Protection of Potable Water Supplies

                            The Castle Hayne aquifer is the Town's source of potable
                            water. Development within town poses no direct threat to the
                            quality or quantity of the water supply.

                        (4) Use of Package Treatment Plants

                            In Pine Knoll Shores, single-family homes utilize on site
                            septic tanks, whereas condominiums and motels utilize package
                            treatment plants or septic systems.      Present plans call for
                            a continuation of this approach with periodic review         with
                            public health agencies to assure that the health and welfare
                            of citizens is not threatened by construction or operation of
                            treatment plants.    The Town recognizes the problem of poorly
                            maintained package plants and sees the need for the County

                                              27

                           Health Department to maintain adequate manpower for plant
                           inspections.

                       (5) Storm water runoff

                           At present,    several areas in town are flood prone and are
                           under study for remedial engineering. Likewise, ordinances
                           have been considered to limit impervious surfaces so that as
                           much natural absorption as possible of stormwater runoff can
                           be realized.

                           Zoning and subdivision regulations -will be evaluated as
                           planning tools to reduce stormwater impact on shellfish
                           waters. The Town has requested assistance from the State to
                           correct storm water runoff from Highway 58 (Salter Path Road)
                           into the    town canal and needs full support of the Coastal
                           Resources Commission to effect this needed change.

                       (6) Marina And Floating Home Development

                           Pine Knoll Shores follows CAMA principles concerning marina
                           and floating home developments.      There are    no commercial
                           marinas permitted by zoning ordinances.     Overboard discharge
                           of waste and overnight occupancy of boats within town waters
                           are prohibited.

                       (7) Industrial Impacts on Frac;ile Areas

                           There are no industrial facilities or major energy producing
                           facilities in Pine Knoll Shores and none are permitted by
                           zoning ordinance.

                       (8) Development Near The Estuarine Shoreline

                           Development standards in the Pine Knoll     Shores ordinances,
                           which in some cases are more restrictive than CAMA, will.
                           continue to control future development near the estuarine
                           shoreline to minimize loss of private property and public
                           resources.  In order to promote the quality of estuarine
                           waters, the Town will permit only those uses which are
                           compatible 'with both the estuarine shoreline and which
                           protect the value of the estuarine system. The Town, through
                           its subdivision ordinance, imposes a minimum single family
                           residential building setback of 100 feet along the estuarine
                           shoreline and a similar setback of 30 feet along canals.

                 2. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

                    The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not now nor will it ever have
                    dense commercial development, agriculturally productive lands,
                    forest lands for timbering purposes, or mineral production areas
                    because of its location on a barrier island, its size, the value of
                    land, and the character of the community.

                                            28

             POLICY STATEMENT: Resource Production And Management

             Pine Knoll Shores is a residential -recreational community.      As such, it is
             the Town's objective to maintain a stewardship role toward the beaches,
             estuarine shorelines, and canals.

             The Town will act to preserve and manage prime nursery areas, existing
             vegetation    and maritime forests and will continue to protect              the
             shorelines, improve water quality in the Sound side, and prevent fouling of
             the freshwater supply.

             POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Resource Production And Management

             Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce all local regulations pertaining
             to ecological preservation and management, and will support state and
             federal initiatives relative to maintaining and enhancing water quality.
             The Town will also continue to review and strengthen ordinances as required
             to assure the implementation of this policy.

                      a. Commercial And Recreational Fisheries

                         There is one ocean fishing pier within the Town, which was in
                         existence before the community was incorporated.           Recreational
                         fishing from the pier as well as along the ocean beach and in
                         the waters of Bogue Sound adjacent to the Town is a frequent
                         activity of both residents and visitors.      A limited amount of
                         commercial fishing from the ocean beach has been carried on for
                         generations by. commercial fishermen.       However, this activity
                         appears to be declining as more of the oceanfront property in
                         Pine Knoll Shores is developed and the population using the
                         beach for recreation increases.

                      b. Off-Road Vehicles

                         The Town continues to prohibit any non-commercial or non-
                         emergency vehicular traffic on the beach area. Only duly
                         licensed vehicles of commercial fishermen are permitted on the
                         Atlantic Ocean beach area of Pine Knoll Shores, and only
                         approved access route@s and areas must be used in travelling onto
                         and away from the beach.        Such use will not take place during
                         periods when young turtles are making their run for the ocean.
                         Emergency vehicles are permitted at any time for emergency
                         situations.

                   3. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

                      In general, future residential, commercial and institutional land
                      development is limited because of land availability and zoning
                      restrictions.

                                               29

             POLICY STATEMENT: Economic And Community Development

             All of Pine Knoll Shores has been zoned, with the intent being to maintain
             a   residential -recreational atmosphere throughout the Town.             Density
             requirements restrict building intensity.       Local ordinances spell out
             densities for various areas in order to allow orderly growth and assure a
             good quality of life for our citizens.           The Town is committed to
             preservation, not to intensive development.          Efforts will continue to
             convert existing commercial zones to single-family residential zones.        The
             Town supports state and federal, programs for community improvements
             including land planning, dredging, beach nourishment, emergency management
             and federal and state permitting programs regulating coastal development.

             POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Economic And Community Development

             The Town will continue to encourage development that is conducive to a fine
             residential -recreational. community, using the Land Use Plan as a guide.

                      a. Local Commitment To Providing Services To Development

                         Before any building permit is issued in Pine Knoll Shores, all
                         required services must be available. Local ordinances establish
                         requirements for any proposed development.

                         No    participation in a regional sewage disposal plan             is
                         contemplated as septic systems should be adequate for areas
                         zoned for single-family dwellings. Most of the western end of
                         the Pine Knoll Shores area is served by a tertiary treatment
                         plant   of adequate capacity,       and other moderate        density
                         residential projects are required to have their own tertiary
                         treatment plants.    Should present sewage disposal systems prove
                         inadequate, corrective action will be taken, including requiring
                         replacement of defective on-site systems,      rezoning to a lower
                         density, or a building moratorium if necessary.

                         Refuse collection through contract with a private collection
                         firm, with the cost borne from the basic property tax, will be
                         continued.

                         The Town will cont  inue to  rely upon Carolina Water Service, the
                         Carteret-Craven Electric     Membership Corporation and Carolina
                         Telephone and Telegraph Company to expand utility facilities and
                         services to meet the needs of the community as it continues to
                         grow.

                      b. Redevelopment Of Existing Developed Areas

                         Because of the short history of the Town, most construction is
                         still quite new.    No immediate need for redevelopment can be
                         foreseen during the upcoming planning period.              A disaster
                         recovery plan which specifies requirements for redevelopment
                         after storms has been adopted.(See page 35 thru page 40)

                      c. Committment To State And Federal Programs

                                              30,

                         Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs
                         which enhance or improve the Town's facilities for the benefit
                         of its citizens and is committed to state and federal efforts
                         to preserve the island environment.      These programs, which the
                         Town     supports    include    land   planning,    dredging,     beach
                         nourishment,     emergency     management and federal and          state
                         permitting programs regulating coastal development.

                      d. Assistance To Canal Maintenance

                         At this time, canal maintenance within the Town is a function
                         of established homeowners' associations without town financial
                         assistance. However, the Town exercises oversight of the canal.

                      e. Tourism And Beach And Waterfront Access

                         Tourism in Pine Knoll Shores is accommodated by six motels and
                         many condominium rental units.         The Iron Steamer Pier also
                         provides    fishing   and beach use        facilities.    Oceanfront
                         development within town limits is almost complete, and since the
                         Town owns no water front property, future public access to the
                         area will remain much as it is.     As a policy, the Town does not
                         support the development of a public beach access facility within
                         the Town limits. An ocean beach public access planned for west
                         of Pine Knoll Shores in Indian Beach will adequately service
                         the need for public beach access in this section of the island.

                         Three hundred acres of the Town's total land area is set aside
                         in perpetuity for the people of North Carolina and is designated
                         the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area by the State.                 Many
                         thousands of out of town visitors come to the Natural Area and
                         the Marine Resources Center each year, thus making it one of the
                         most visited recreational, educational areas in the State.       In
                         1985 335,000 visitors came to the center and projections show
                         375,000 visitors will have been to the center in 1986.      In late
                         1986, the name of the Marine Resources Center was changed to the
                         North Carolina Aquarium Pine Knoll Shores.         In addition, the
                         Town owns 10.6 acres adjoining the Theodore Roosevelt Natural
                         Area which is zoned for similar uses and purposes.

                      f. Types, Density And Location Of Development

                         A    shopping center is now under development.               Motel and
                         condominium zones are controlled by local ordinances that
                         restrict densities and business use.      Single-family lots are
                         also   controlled by local      ordinances to provide for the
                         maintenance    of natural growth areas and to protect . the
                         landscape and visual character of the Town.

                  4. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

                      All landowners in Pine Knoll Shores received              questionnaires
                      concerning current issues in the 1986 Land Use Plan.        The results
                      were tabulated and studied carefully to help guide the decisions

                                              31

                      made for the plan.        A summary of the results are discussed in
                      Section III of this report.(See pages 5 & 6 of this report)

                      Public Hearings are also held to provide additional input into the
                      Land Use Plan process.       All Town meetings are open to the public
                      and public participation is encouraged.

             POLICY STATEMENT: Continuing Public Participation

             The Town will continue to encourage public participation in all aspects of
             town decision-making. All formal and informal avenues of soliciting public
             input on policy issues facing the Town will be maintained.

             POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Continuing Public Participation

             Implementation of the Land Use Plan is           largely    through town zoning
             ordinances.     Since pending action on these ordinances is widely publicized
             through the Town's newsletter, local newspaper and other media, and is
             preceded by public hearings, a continued high level of public participation
             is expected.

                  5. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION

                      In 1985, the Town adopted a Post-Disaster Recovery and Evacuation
                      Plan which established the policies and procedures to reduce the
                      risks associated with future hurricanes.(See pages 35 thru 40)

             POLICY STATEMENTS: Storm Hazard Mitigation

             Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have on the
             Town, Pine Knoll Shores has adopted a series of policies which will reduce
             the potential for hurricane related damage. All of the policies below have
             been established as part of the Post Disaster Recovery Plan and are
             included as part of this 1986 Land Use Plan Update.

                      a.  Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and
                          zoning ordinances which dictate responsible land use                and
                          development standards for high hazard zones within the Town.

                      b.  Pine Knoll Shores will adhere to the standards set forth            in
                          CAMA and the FEMA regulations for land use and development
                          standards in the Ocean Hazard AEC, Estuarine Shoreline AEC and
                          the Flood Zones.

                      c.  Pine Knoll Shores will continue to make accessible to its
                          citizens through public notices, workshops and its hurricane
                          preparedness plans the policies and procedures associated with
                          mitigating the impact of hurricanes through public awareness.

                      d.  The Town will consider         the redesign and construction of
                          stormclamaged facilities, public utilities and roadways and their
                          replacement in terms of minimizing the likelihood of future
                          storm related damage.

             POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Storm Hazard Mitigation

                                               32

             Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and zoning
             ordinances, the state building code, and support the state and federal
             programs and regulations which are designed to mitigate the potential
             deleterious effects of hurricanes and other major storms.

               C. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST-DISASTER RECOVERY PLANS

                  Like all coastal communities, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is
                  acutely aware of the hazards associated with coastal storms.         The
                  destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute for
                  communities which are located on barrier islands.             Since  the
                  incorporation of the Town in 1973 there has been no major hurricane in
                  the area comparable to the class five Hazel and Donna hurricanes which
                  unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina coast in the
                  fifties and early sixties.     Very few of the current town residents
                  have experienced storms of this magnitude and may be unaware of the
                  extent of destruction associated with such storms.

                  This section of the 1986 Land Use Plan has been prepared to assist the
                 'Town in preparing management policies for major storms     so that they
                  may be better prepared for the major hurricane which may eventually
                  occur in this area.       In 1985, the Town adopted a Post-Disaster
                  Recovery and Evacuation Plan which established the policies and
                  procedures in an effort to reduce the risks associated with future
                  hurricanes.    These   policies in combination with Storm         Hazard
                  Mitigation discussion are outlined in the following sections.

                  1. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION

                     Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and potential
                     loss of life through high winds, flooding, wave action, and
                     erosion. Storm hazard mitigation policies and procedures, properly
                     conceived and implemented, can be criticalin the reduction of the
                     dangers and potential impact on the Town and its citizens.
                     Mitigation is not only important to minimizing loss of property and
                     life, but also for avoiding potential damages in the long run which
                     might result from improper land planning and land management
                     practices.

                     a. Hazard Mapping

                        The vulnerability of Pine   Knoll Shores to the effects of high
                        winds, flooding and storm   surge, wave action and erosion can be
                        summarized best by identifying the land areas within the Town
                        which are naturally most susceptible to these forces.          Two
                        documents, The Federal Insurance Administration's Flood Hazard
                        Boundary Map and the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan, identify
                        these areas which include flood hazard zones and Areas of
                        Environmental Concern.      These potential hazard areas       are
                        delineated on, the Hazard Map and can be more specifically
                        defined   by reviewing the FEMA maps and the Carteret County
                        SLOSH* maps.   Table 7 summarizes the hazards which can be

                                             33

                         expected to be associated with the four general zones found
                         within the Town.

                         Table 7: Hurricane forces associated with Town environments

                         Environment       High Winds    Flooding Wave Action Erosion

                         Ocean Hazard,.AEC       x          x            x           x
                         .Estuar. Shore. AEC     x          x            x           x
                         V-Zone Flood            x          x            x           x
                         A-Zone Flood            x          x
                         Outside Identified
                         Hazard Areas            x

                         The areas or environments listed above with their associated
                         hazards effect will require land use policies which control the
                         type and distribution of land uses designed to minimize the
                         potential damage from future hurricanes.       At this time, Pine
                         Knoll Shores has implemented provisions in its local zoning and
                         subdivision   ordinances which are consistent with a policy of
                         minimizing   hurricane damage by controlling land use            and
                         assigning restrictive development standards to these high-risks
                         environments.

                     b.  Ocean Hazard AEC

                         This area includes ocean erodible and high hazard flood areas as
                         defined by the Division of Coastal Management extending along
                         the entire oceanfront beginning at the line of stable vegetation
                         on the frontal primary dune and extending landward 100 feet.
                         This area has been subject to accelerated erosion in recent
                         years, in some locations eroding up to 30 feet in the past five
                         years.    The town recognizes the inherent danger in             the
                         oceanfront area and continues to require through its zonincr
                         ordinance. a minimum 100 foot setback for all structures except
                         raised pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks.

                     c.  Estuarine Shoreline AEC

                         This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean high
                         water line as defined by the Division of Coastal Management.
                         However, the entire estuarine shoreline environment is subject
                         to an extended hazard zone depending on low lying topography
                         which is subject to varying degrees of flooding and wave action.
                         The flood prone areas are delineated on the Hazard Maps.         The
                         Town's zoning and subdivision ordinances are consistent with
                         development standards required for this area by DCM and the
                         Federal Emergency Management Agency and in fact require a 100-
                         foot   single-family    residence building setback        from   the
                         shoreline.

                         *Sea and Lake Overland Surges from Hurricanes.
                         It should be noted that all areas lying within the town are

                                              34

                         subject to some destructive aspect of hurricane damage through
                         high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion. If even a limited
                         portion or percentage of the Town were impacted from the effects
                         of a major hurricane, the potential for damages in dollars can
                         be significant.     Implementation of mitigation of hurricane
                         damage through proper land development policies and conformance
                         with state building codes can be expected to result in a
                         significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss of property
                         and lives in the town when a major hurricane strikes.

                  2. HURRICANE EVACUATION PLAN*

                     Pine Knoll Shores has an active civil preparedness program in
                     operation, which includes specific procedures to be followed during
                     pre-hurricane conditions.      The following section outlines these.
                     procedures as stated in the plan.        (Because of problems in the
                     evacuation for Hurricane Charlie in August 1986, the Carteret
                     County Emergency Management Board is currently preparing a study,
                     the findings of which will be implemented county-wide in 1987. The
                     NCDCM will be involved in recovery operations.)

                     Condition 3: Hurricane Watch

                     a.  The conditions will be announced over radio and television
                         channels by the National Weather Service.
                     b.  All individuals should prepare for evacuation.
                     c.  Citizens should notify Town Hall (247-4353) of invalids            or
                         other persons requiring evacuation assistance. These persons
                         will be evacuated immediately to prepared shelters by ambulance
                         or other vehicles.

                    Condition 2: Hurricane Warning

                     a.  The evacuation order will be issued over radio and television
                         channels. Police will cruise town streets and issue evacuation
                         order by loud speaker. The Pine Knoll-Shores Civil Preparedness
                         Organization will notify individual residences.
                     b.  Citizens should turn off electricity for selected lines, ie.
                         freezer, at main junction box, and water at valve.
                     c.  All citizens and others should prepare to evacuate.
                     d.  Persons who evacuate RVs and trailers should do so immediately.
                         They will not be permitted to cross the bridges when winds are
                         high, nor will they be permitted to reenter Bogue Banks during
                         the crisis.

                    Condition 1: Evacuation

                     a. Evacuation will be announced simultaneously by all Bogue Banks
                         communities   18 to 36 hours before anticipated             landfall.
                         Evacuation up to 75 miles or more inland is recommended.

                     *The Hurricane Evacuation Plan and the Post Disaster Recovery Plan
                     are printed here as they appear in official Town records
                     b. Evacuation Routes:

                                              35

                         (1) Persons located east of the Whaler Inn go east on NC 58
                             (Salter Path Road). Use Atlantic Beach Bridge.

                         (2) Persons located west of the Whaler Inn go west on NC 58,
                             use Emerald Isle Bridge.

                     c. Evacuation Shelters:

                         (1) Atlantic Beach Bridge evacuees may use these shelters:
                               *  West Carteret High School - 1/2 mile east of US 70       and
                                  Country Club Road.
                               *  Senior Citizen's Center - Morehead City, 1600 Fisher
                                  Street, 2 blocks north of Arendell Street at 16th
                                  Street.
                               *  Morehead Middle School - Morehead City, near Morehead
                                  Plaza, on Country Club Blvd. 1/4 mile north of Bridges
                                  Street.
                                  Morehead Elementary School - 1108 Bridges Street, 1
                                  block north of Arendell Street, at 11th Street.
                                  Newport Schools, Havelock and points west.

                         (2) Emerald Isle Bridge evacuees may use these shelters:
                               �  White Oak Elementary School - on NC 24, 1/2 mile east
                                  of traffic light at junction of NC 58 and NC 24.
                               �  Use NC 58 and US 17 to Maysville, New Bern and Kinston.
                                  Do not attempt to use NC 24 to Morehead City or
                                  Swansboro. Low lying areas will probably be flooded.

                  1. Bridge Reentry Permits (Available at Town Hall)

                      a.  Reentry permits will be required to pass through road blocks at
                          either bridge to Bogue Banks.     Town officials, police, fire,
                          rescue, and civil preparedne8s organization personnel will be
                          issued special permits for early reentry to inspect the Town
                          for safe public reentry. Pine Knoll Shores residents and others
                          who are authorized to return after the island has officially
                          been declared safe for reentry may apply for permits at Town
                          Hall.   Others must remain on the mainland until conditions are
                          stabilized and normal traffic can be resumed.           Pine Knoll
                          Shores permits are on blue cards (Each town has a different
                          color).   They are numbered serially and dated for control.
                          During reentry, permits are to be placed on the dash in full
                          view at all times.      At check points on NC 58 at each end of
                          Pine Knoll Shores, the permit will be marked to restrict
                          persons to the areas they arq authorized to enter.        The Pine
                          Knoll Shores police will check cards to intercept intruders.

                      b.  Pine Knoll Shores residents will be issued reentry permits on
                          the basis of one per family.       Two permits may be issued in
                          exceptional cases.     Applicants must show proo  f of residency.
                          Permits must be kept in a secure place.      If lost, reentry will
                          not be permitted before normal traffic is resumed.

                      c. Short term renters (vacationers) will not be issued permits.

                                              36

                        Personal property tax records will be checked for proof of
                        residency upon application.

                     d. Reentry permits will only be issued upon personal application
                        at Town Hall during normal duty hours.

                     e. Non-resident owners of improved properties (not vacant lots)
                        may be issued permits on the basis of one per owner.    They may
                        apply in writing showing the address of the property for a tax
                        record check, and must enclose a self-addressed envelope, 611 x
                        9" or larger, bearing sufficient postage, or they may apply at
                        the Town Hall in person.

                     f. Owners and managers of motels and other businesses may apply
                        for reentry permits for themselves and employees who are
                        required before normal traffic is resumed. The manager, or his
                        representative, must submit a written application listing the
                        number of reentry permits required and the position of each
                        person who will receive one. These permits must be retained
                        under the control of the manager for issue before the storm
                        strikes.

                 2. Damage Assessment Procedures

                     a. To qualify for NC State and Federal disaster relief assistance,
                        Pine Knoll Shores must report the extent of property damage
                        sustained and the dollar value of loss to Carteret County
                        within 24 hours,of the event of disaster. County must submit a
                        consolidated report to State within 48 hours.

                     b. The Pine Knoll Shores Civil Preparedness Organization as part
                        of a county-wide program will conduct a damage assessment
                        survey of all individual residences to determine the percentage
                        of damage sustained by each house.

                     c. Condominium associations must report the percentage of damage
                        sustained by each unit of the association's residences to Town
                        Hall within 24 hours.

                     d. Motels and other businesses must report the extent of damage
                        sustained as a percentage figure, and the estimated dollar
                        value of loss within 24 hours of the disaster event.

                     e. Detailed damage assessments will be conducted by the Building
                        Inspectors office at a later date, prior to the issue of
                        permits for reconstruction.

                 3. Volunteer Civic Duty

                    Upon reentry to Pine Knoll Shores, all citizens are urged to go to
                    the Town Hall to report on the safety of -their family and to
                    volunteer to help the Town recover from the disaster.     There will
                    be a need for more than 100 volunteers with all types of skills
                    from clerical to labor.    The safety report is needed for reply to,
                    queries from relatives and others outside the area.

                                            37

               3.  POST-DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN

                   The purpose of this.plan is to assist the Mayor and town officials to
                   prepare   for actions required for an orderly and            expeditious
                   restoration of vital services and living conditions in a post-
                   disaster environment.    The successful implementation of the plan is
                   dependent upon the cooperation of the citizens of Pine Knoll Shores,
                   who are expected to volunteer for public duty in the various tasks
                   identified in the plan.

                      a. TIMING
                         This plan will go into effect when directed by official decree
                         of the Mayor or his authorized representative. The decree will
                         activate the Emergency Operations Center (Ebc), the Disaster
                         Information Center (DIC) and other operation groups identified
                         in the plan.

                     b.  IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
                         These actions are not necessarily listed in order of priority.
                         The May or, or designated town official in charge of overall
                         recovery, will identify the actions to be performed and their
                         priority in the official decree that places this plan into
                         effect.

                         (1) Personal Injuries and Public Health. The Commissioner of
                             Rescue will insure that the Rescue Squad is manned and
                             organized to coordinate effectively the activities of
                             supplemental   ambulance squads and medical         evacuation
                             helicopters in transporting casualties and sick persons to
                             hospitals within or outside of Carteret County.

                         (2) Post-evacuation Reentry and Security of Public and Private
                             Properties. The Commissioner of Police will coordinate the
                             actions of Pine Knoll Shores law enforcement forces with
                             citizen volunteers and with externally furnished resources
                             to provide crime control.     Unauthorized persons will be
                             prevented from entering the town by manned blockades of its
                             land and water approaches.

                         (3) Fire and Explosion Control.      The Commissioner of Fire
                             Department will coordinate the activities of the local fire
                             fighting forces with externally provided resources to
                             insure the control of fires and prevention of potential
                             explosions.   Hazardous conditions caused by a hurricane or
                             other disaster will be closely monitored and actions
                             coordinated   with Utilities Liaison/Coordinator to         be
                             appointed by the Mayor.

                         (4) Federal and State Disaster Relief. The Director of       Civil
                             Preparedness, with the Building Inspector, will conduct and
                             submit the Preliminary Damage Assessment Report and other
                             reports   required   by the Carteret      County     Emergency
                             Management Office, the North Carolina Office of Coastal
                             Management, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to

                                            38

                               enable the Town of Pine Knoll Shores and its property
                               owners to obtain financial relief.

                           (5) Public Utilities.        The Utilities       Liaison/Coordinator,
                               appointed by the Mayor prior to the onset of the hurricane,
                               will establish liaison with the public utilities companies
                               (electric,     telephone, and water) to provide             two-way
                               information between the utility companies and the Pine
                               Knoll Shores      Emergency Operations Center to ensure the
                               expeditious restoration of service in accordance with
                               mutually agreed-upon priorities.

                           (6) Highway and Street Accessibility. The Commissioner of
                               Streets and Public Buildings will conduct damage surveys of
                               public buildings and streets, establish priorities, arrange
                               for contract labor, and coordinate the removal of debris
                               and unsafe conditions from the town's streets and highways.

                           (7) Emergency and Transient Housing.         The Director of Civil
                               Preparedness will report on the availability of housing
                               suitable     for emergency use.         The Emergency       Housing
                               Coordinator (EHC), to be designated by the Mayor, will
                               establish priorities and assign quarters for Pine Knoll
                               Shores residents displaced by the disaster. The Mayor will
                               also find temporary shelter for the National Guard, the Red
                               Cross and other disaster relief services, other authorized
                               state    and federal personnel,         and authorized       public
                               information media personnel who may be on duty in town for
                               extended periods.

                           (8) Reconstruction Control. The.Building Inspector will issue
                               building permits in accordance with federal, state and
                               local    governmental procedures and in accordance with
                               priorities established by the Board of Commissioners for
                               the    reconstruction of municipal           facilities,     public
                               housing,     condominiums,     commercial    establishments and
                               residences.

                           (9) Disaster Information Center. The Mayor will designate a
                               Disaster Information Coordinator (DIC), who will establish
                               the information center which will be the focal point for
                               the gathering and dissemination of information.          All town
                               officials will submit periodic situation and progress
                               reports to the center regarding developments in their areas
                               of    responsibility     and they will be         provided     with
                               information from others as it affects their operations.
                               The Mayor will establish policies for the release of
                               information to the residents of the town and to the public
                               information media.

                          (10) Communications.     This annex will be prepared when more
                               information      is    available    concerning      communications
                               personnel and equipment that may be provided by the Civil
                               Air Patrol and nearby military establishments.              It is
                               anticipated     that a within-town citizens band network

                                                39

                            connecting the highway check points, waterfront observation
                            points and the police may be organized using portable,
                            battery-operated walkie-talkies.

                       (11) Volunteer   Manning Requirements.    The Town Clerk will
                            organize the assignment of volunteers to perform the tasks
                            identified in this plan.

                                           40

            VI. LAND CLASSIFICATION

            The land classification system provides a framework to identify the future
            use of all lands and provides a means of assisting the implementation of
            the land use policies adopted by the Town.     The land classification system
            allows for long range planning to provide for the protection of sensitive
            coastal environments, to recognize different intensities and types of land
            use, and to provide means by which varying levels of development intensity
            are accommodated or restricted by the appropriate level of community
            facilities and services.    The land classification does not usurp the power
            or intent of the local zoning ordinance.     It does provide a basis for the
            development and modification of local zoning ordinance.

            The land classification system as defined in the Coastal Area Management
            Act divides land use into five general land use classifications.         These
            classifications are generally described below in this brief excerpt from
            CAMA  regulation (7B.0204) (c):

                  "Urban land uses and higher intensity uses which presently
                  require the traditional urban services should be directed to
                  lands classified Developed.     Areas developing or anticipated to
                  develop at urban densities which will eventually require urban
                  services should be directed to lands classified Transition.      Low
                  density development in settlements which will not require sewer
                  services should be directed to areas classified as Community.
                  Agriculture, forestry, mineral extraction and other similar low
                  intensity uses and very low density, dispersed residential@..uses
                  should be directed to lands classified Rural.    Generally, public
                  or private water or sewer systems will not be provided in areas
                  classified rural as an incentive for intense development."

            The intent of these classifications is to provide guidance to the Town       in
            its preparation of land-use decisions and policy formulation.         The map
            provides a representation of the relationships between different land uses
            and how local land-use policies migh best be formulated.

            Two of five land use classifications are present within the Town limits:
            Developed, and Conservation, and are currently mapped on the land use plan.

              A.  DEVELOPED CLASSIFICATION

                  The purpose of the Developed classification is to provide for
                  continued development and redevelopment of existing areas which have
                  experienced urban growth.      These areas are currently urban in
                  character where minimal undeveloped land remains and have in place or
                  will soon have municipal or public services.      Pine Knoll Shores is
                  largely developed at this time with existing development on most large
                  tracts   and municipal services in. place to        service    projected
                  development on the remaining tracts.

                                            41

               B. CONSERVATION CLASSIFICATION

                  The purpose of the Conservation classification is to provide for the
                  effective long-term management and protection of significant, limited,
                  or irreplaceable areas.       Management is needed due to the natural,
                  cultural, recreational, scenic, or natural productive values which
                  are of local, regional, or state-wide concern.          All CAMA areas of
                  environmental concern which lie within the Town are currently mapped
                  in the Conservation classification, including public trust waters,
                  estuarine waters., coastal wetlands, wooded swamps and ocean hazard
                  areas.    All private and public recreation areas and parks come under
                  this classification as does the largest undeveloped tract in the town,
                  The Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area. The Town has recently acquired a
                  10.6-acre parcel adjacent to the Natural Area which has been added to
                  the Conservation classification category within the Town.

                                              42

             VII. RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATION

             To insure effective and consistent planning, the land use policies adopted
             by the Town must relate directly to the Land Classification system as
             defined by CAMA and be consistent with the Land Classification Map.         Land
             use allowed under the Town zoning ordinance must comply with the general
             intent of the land uses as described in the land classification system.

               A. DEVELOPED CLASSIFICATION

                  Pine Knoll Shores is a community which has been nearly completely
                  developed.    A few undeveloped tracts of land remain in the Town which
                  are zoned for residential or commercial use.       The areas within the
                  Town already developed for residential or commercial uses and the
                  undeveloped tracts zoned for future development fall within the
                  Developed class as defined by the CAMA land classification system.
                  The Developed class was specifically designed to accommodate more
                  intensive land uses, including residential, commercial, community
                  facilities    and   transportation uses.      Areas in     the    Developed
                  Classification are characterized by the availability of basic services
                  such as water, sewer, and community support services, or such services
                  are expected to be made availableto these areas during the next five
                  years. These uses are consistent with the zoning classifications
                  assigned to these areas by the Town.

                                              43

              B. CONSERVATION CLASSIFICATION

                 The Conservation classification is applied to areas that because of
                 their unique, productive, limited, cultural or natural features should
                 either not be developed at all or, if developed done so in an
                 extremely, limited and cautious fashion.      Urban services, public or
                 private, should not be provided in these areas.as a catalyst to
                 stimulate intense development.     In Pine Knoll Shores, these areas are
                 generally limited to the Areas of Environmental Concern, both in the
                 estuarine and ocean hazards systems, and in the 309-acre Theodore
                 Roosevelt Natural Area.      The Town zoning ordinance provides for the
                 protection and in some cases, preservation of these areas. The Town's
                 intentions    for land uses and development practices for              areas
                 classified as Conservation on the Land Classification map are outlined
                 in the policy statements in Section II of this plan.

                                               44

             VIII. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

                   Five public meetings were held for the purpose of gaining public
                   input into the Land Use Plan Update.

                   October 1, 1985

                   A public meeting was held Monday, October 1, 1985 at 7:30 p.m. in the
                   town hall.    The meeting was held to inform citizens of the issues to
                   be addressed in this year's update plan and to receive                any
                   suggestions from the citizens.

                   January 29, 1986

                   A public meeting  was held Wednesday, January 29, 1986 at 7:30 p.m. in
                   the town hall.     The meeting was held to report the results of the
                   surveys that were mailed on December 26, 1985.

                   May 15, 1986

                   A public meeting was held Thursday, May 15, 1986 at 7:30 p.m. in the
                   town hall.     The meeting was held to review the Land Use Plan Policy
                   Statements and to receive comments from town            citizens.

                   May 26, 1987

                   Public meetings were held on May 26, 1987 at 2:00 p.m. and 7:30 p.m.
                   to review the 1986 Land Use Plan Update.     The Public input was noted
                   and presented to the Town Board at its meeting on June 9, 1987.

                   Eight committee work sessions were held August 15, 1985; August 20,
                   1985; November 19, 1985; December 4, 1985; January 23, 1986; February
                   27, 1986; March 25, 1986; and June 6, 1986. All of the committee
                   work sessions were open to the public.     Committee work session dates
                   were posted in the town hall prior to the meeting.

                   An integral part of the public particiation process was               the
                   administration of a property owners survey which took place as a part
                   of the Land Use Plan Update. A total of 1,507 surveys were mailed on
                   December 26, 1985.      881 surveys were returned.     A more detailed
                   summary of the survey is outlined on page five of this report.

            IX.    ACCEPTANCE BY TOWN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

                   At an advertised special meeting on June 28, 1987 of the Board of
                   Commissioners of Pine Knoll Shores, the 1986 Land Use Plan Update was
                   accepted by unanimous vote of those commissioners present (one
                   commissioner was absent).

                                             45

                                                                                                             Appendix A

                                                 THE TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES

                                                               p. 0. B0)( 757 - ATLANTIC BEACH. M C. 28512

                               hc.

                                                                                          December 26, 1985

                            To all property owners in Pine Knoll Shores:

                                  In 1976 the Town, as required by N.C. State law, prepared its first
                            Land Use Plan and, also as required, prepared the five year update of the
                            plan in 1981. Another update is required during 1986 and work is already
                            proceeding on that document. A Land Use Plan determines       *the manner in
                            which a town develops and, as property owners, your input is very import-
                            ant in the formulation of that plan. The attached survey/questionnaire
                            will be used by the Land Use Plan Update Committee in drafting the plan
                            which will be submitteed to the town commissioners for their review and
                            possible approval.

                                  Please respond as soon as you can, but not later than January 10, 1986,
                            so that your thoughts and ideas may be considered by the committee. Y-our
                            participation in this update survey will be appreciated as it has in the two
                            earlier surveys.

                                  It should be noted that our town is still in a growth phase and it
                            is expected to grow for some time to come.      Some of the changes during the
                            past five years included:
                                  1. a reduction of maximum allowable density in multi-family zoned
                            areas from ten to eight per acre
                                  2. an increase of maximum allowable density in motels/hotels from
                            eight to twenty-two per acre
                                  3. annexation of property at the western end of town and the
                            establishment of an institutional zoned area and a commercial-residential
                            zoned area containing two condominium projects
                                  4.  issuance of a landscape permit to prepare for construction of a
                            shopping center in the Commercial Zone 3 area
                                  5. rezoning of about 10 acres of Commercial-Residential Zone 2 to
                            Commercial Zone 3
                                  6. permission for Carolina Water Co. to erect a 250,000 gallon
                            water tank on property in the Institutional Zone at the far west end
                            of the town
                                  7. acceptance of a Post Disaster Recovery Plan for the town which
                            was prepared by the Civil Preparedness Committee
                                  8. increase in year round population to 763 permanent residents
                                  9. issuance of building permits for $14,862,050 value of residential
                            property, $37,180,900 value of commercial property and $1,500,000 value
                            of institutional property

                                  Please answer the enclosed questions to the best of your ability,
                            adding comments you think necessary and return the survey no later than
                            January 10, 1986, addressed postage paid envelope included.

                                  The information you supply will be used in strict confidence and in
                            tabulated form only. Individual questionnaires will be destroyed after
                            tabulation. Tabulated information will be made available at the town hall.

                                  Thank you in advance for your participation in this every five year
                            event.

                                                       F.C. Libby
                                                       Town Commissioner and
                                                       Chai man Land Use Plan Update Committee
                                                          46

                                                                                         12-26-85

                                            1986 Land Use Plan Update - Questionnaire

                                                         CONFIDENTIAL

                             1. If you own a    residence in Pine Knoll Shores,
                                  (a)  Is it a  single family residence
                                       unit in  a multi-family structure

                                  (b)  Is Pine  Knoll Shores your principal place of residence?
                                       yes (    )     no (
                                       If not,  do you plan to make it so in the future?
                                       yes (    )     no (

                             2.   If you own an unimproved lot in Pine Knoll Shores,
                                  (a) How many lots do you own? ( )

                                  (b) Do you plan to build and live in Pine Knoll Shores?
                                       yes ( )      no ( )      part-time ( )         full-time

                             3. Are you satisfied @iith the way Pine Knoll Shores is evolving?
                                       yes ( )      no ( )
                                  If not, what are your objections and why?

                                  How in your opinion can improvements be accomplished?

                             4.   Are you satisfied with the present zoning of Pine Knoll Shores?
                                       yes ( )           no (
                                  If not, what specific changes would you recommend?

                             5.   The State is planning another bridge from the mainland to
                                  Bogue Banks and one of the alternative approaches would be
                                  into Pine Knoll Shores. Would you approve or disapprove
                                  of such a location:
                                  approve    ( )           disapprove                 no opinion

                             6.   The State has adopted a program for establishing beach access
                                  facilities for the nonresident general public. Would you
                                  favor having such a facility in Pine Knoll Shores?
                                       yes ( )                no (
                                  If yes,  do you think Pine Knoll Shores should provide funds
                                  for the facility?
                                       yes      ( )       no

                             7. What other comments or suggestions do you have for improving
                                  Pine Knoll Shores in the future?

                                                              47

                             Footnote:    If you wish to expand your answers, use additional
                                          sheets of paper.

                        In the 1975 survey the following questions were asked. (questions 1 & 2)
                        In the light of develoDment since then. how would you answer
                        these questions todjy?

                        1. What kind of community do you want?
                             (a)  Residential and retirement family resort with commercial
                                  development to serve community only

                             (b)  Same as above but with more general commercial

                             (c)  About equal number of single fimily homes, condominiums,
                                  motel rooms, with sunnorting commercial
                             (d)  Basically a retirement community

                             (e)  Unrestricted develonment of tourist ittractions

                        2. Would  you be willing tc nay additional taxes for   more community
                        services?
                                      Yes                No

                        Better Fire Protection                       yes(      no  (
                        Increased Police Protection                  yes(      no  (
                        Municipal Contracted Garbage Collection      yes@      no  (
                        Central Sewage System                        yest      no
                        ImDroved Water System                        yes@      no
                        Beach Patrol                                 yes       no
                        Youth Club and Activities                    yefl      no
                        Beach Life Guard                             yes       no

                        3. Would you favor amending zoning ordinances to    require 1;.@rger
                        square footage in single family residences?

                                      Yes                No

                        4. The Town is currently studying the surface water Droblems
                        caused by recent heavy rains. Assuming a Dermanent solution can
                        be found for the problem, would you be willing to Day idditional
                        taxes to finance such a nroject?

                                      Yes                No

                                                   48

                                                                                            Appendix B

               Listing of State and Federal Regulations Affecting Costal Land and Water
              Resources

                     N.C. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
                     (DIVISIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT)

                                     STATE CONTROLS
                                     -Permits    to discharge to surface
                                      waters    or operate      waste     water
                                      treatment plants or oil discharge
                                      permits;    NPDES Permits, (G.S. 143-
                                      213)

                                     -Permits for wastewater         treatment
                                      systems with a capacity over 3000
                                      gallons/day (G.S. 143-215.3)

                                     -Permits for withdrawal of surface or
                                      ground waters in capacity use areas
                                      (G.S. 143-215.109)

                                     -Permits for air pollution abatement
                                      facilities and sources      (G.S. 143-
                                      215-109)

                                     -Permits for construction of complex
                                      sources;     e.g.     parking       lots,
                                      subdivision, stadiums, etc. (G.S.
                                      143-215-109)

                                     -Permits for construction of a well
                                      over 100,000 gallons/day (G.S. 87-88)

                                     -Permits to dredge and /or fill in
                                      estuarine waters, tidelands, etc.
                                      (G.S. 113-229)

                                     -Permits to Undertake development in
                                      areas. of     Environmental      Concern
                                      (G.S. 113A-118)

                                      NOTE:     Minor C.A.M.A development
                                      permits are issued by the local
                                      government.

                                                    49

                    N.C. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
                                      (DIVISION OF EARTH RESOURCES)

                                    STATE CONTROLS

                                      -Permits to alter or construct a
                                      dam (G.S. 143-215.66)

                                      -Permits to mine (G.S. 74-51)

                                      -Permits to drill and exploratory
                                      oil or gas well (G.S. 113-381)

                                      -Permits to conduct geographical
                                      exploration (G.S. 113-391)

                                            (SECRETARY OF NRCD)

                                      STATE CONTROLS

                                      -Sedimentation  erosion     control
                                      plans for any land disturbing
                                      activity of over one contiguous
                                      acre (G.S. 113A-54)

                                      -Permits  to construct an       oil
                                      refinery

                                      N.C. DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION

                                      STATE CONTROLS

                                      -Easements to fill where lands are
                                      proposed to be raised above the
                                      normal    high  water   mark     or
                                      navigable waters by filling (G.S.
                                      146.6 (c) )

                                      N.C. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES

                                      STATE CONTROLS

                                      -Approval to operate a solid waste
                                      ,disposal site or facility (G.S.
                                      130-166.16)

                                      -Approval to install individual ground
                                      absorption sewage disposal systems of
                                      3,000 gallons or less design capacity
                                      (G.S. 130-166)

                                                  50

                                     N.C. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
                                                   (CONT'D)

                                     -Approval for construction of any
                                     public water supply facility that
                                     furnishes water to 15 or more year-
                                     round residences or 25 or more year-
                                     round residents.

                                     N.C. DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
                                       (DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY)

                                     FEDERAL

                                     -National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

                                     -The Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of
                                      1974, Public Law 93-291

                                     -Executive Order 11593, Protection and Enhancement
                                      of Cultural Environment, 16 U.S.C. 470 (Supp.
                                      1,1971)

                                     -National Environmental Policy Act, Public Law
                                      19-190, 42 U.S.C 4321 F.L. Sep. (1970)

                                     -Community Development Act of 1974, Public Law
                                      98-383: Environmental Review Procedures for the
                                      Community Development Block Grant Program (40 CER
                                      Part 58)

                                     -Procedures for the Protection of Historic and
                                      Cultural Properties (36 CFR Part 800)

                                     -The Department of Transportation Act of 1966,
                                      Public Law 89-670

                                     -Identification and Administration of Cultural
                                      Resources: Procedures of Individual Federal
                                      Agencies.

                                     State

                                     -G.S. 121-12 (a) Protection of Properties in the
                                      National Register.

                                                51

                                   N.C. DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
                                      (DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY)
                                                    (CONT'D)

                                       -State Environmental  Policy Act, Article I of
                                        Chapter 113A of the  General Statues

                                       -Executive Order XVI

                                       -Indian Antiquities, G.S. 70.1-4

                                       -Salvage of Abandoned Shipwreck and other
                                        underwater Archeological Sites: G.S. 121-22,
                                        23; 143B-62 (1) g, (3)

                                       -Archeological Salvage in Highway Construction
                                        G.S. '136-42.1

                                       -Provisions for Cultural Resources in Dredging
                                        and filling operations, G.S. 113-229

                                                   52

                                      U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
                                      (ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS)

                                      FEDERAL CONTROLS

                                      -Permits required under Sections 9 and 10 of
                                      the Rivers and Harbors of 1899; permits to
                                      construct in navigable waters.

                                      -Permits required under Section 404 of the
                                      Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972;
                                      Permits to control the discharges of dredge
                                      or filled material into waters of the United
                                      States.

                                      U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
                                               (COAST GUARD)
                                        U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
                              (THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY@ BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT)

                                      FEDERAL CONTROLS

                                      -Permits for bridges, causeways, pipelines over
                                      navigable waters; required under the General
                                      Bridge Act of 1946 and the Rivers and Harbors
                                      Act of 1899

                                      -Deep water port permits

                                      -Permits required for off-shore drilling

                                      -Approvals of OCS pipeline corridor rights-of-way

                                      U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION

                                      FEDERAL CONTROLS

                                      -Licenses for siting, construction and operation
                                      of nuclear power plants,      required under the
                                      Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and Title II of the
                                      Energy Reorganization Act of 1974

                                               53

                                     U.S. ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION

                                     FEDERAL CONTROLS

                                     -Permits for construction, operations and
                                      maintenance of interstate pipelines facilities
                                      required under the Natural Gas Act of 1974

                                     -Orders of interconnection of electric transmission
                                      facilities under Section 202 (b) of the Federal
                                      Power Act.

                                     -Permission required for abandonment of natural
                                      gas  pipeline and associated facilities      under
                                      Section 7C (b) of the Natural Gas Act of 1938

                                     -Licenses for non-federal hydroelectric projects
                                      and associated transmission lines under Sections
                                      4 and 15 of the Federal Power Act.

                                               54

                                                                                                                   DATE DUE

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