Coastal Area Management Act land use plan, Town of Pine Knoll Shores, North Carolina

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

CoASTAL AREA MANAGEMENTACT ACT

LAND USE PLAN

TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA

HD
211
N8
C62
1976

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER
j iN AQ

THE LAND USE PLAN FOR PINE KNOLL SHORES* N.C.

MARCH 1976

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

H.. Kenneth Haller, Mayor
James W4 Ramsey, Mayor Pro Tem
Arthur F. Browne
H. W. McBride
L.. Hayes McCulley
Mary Catherine Smith

PLANNING BOARD
Larry Jerome, Cha.iiW- DEPARTMENT
Dean Brossman Op COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENT
2234 SOU ER
TH HOE-ON AVENUE
Robert Ames CHARLESTON, 0
Wayne Cleveland SC 2,9405-24 13
John Collier
Frank Johnson
Lerae Kesel
William MacDonald
Paul Foster, A.I.P., Advisor

The preparation of this Plan was financially assisted
by Grants from the State of North Carolina, the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and
the Coastal Plains Regional Commission.

NOTICE TO USERS

All major policy related maps and documents are either included within
the text or attached to the back of the plan. However, due to the expense
and technical limitations required for reprinting some illustrations may
be omitted. Complete copies are available for inspection at the N. C.
Coastal Resources Commission offices in Raleigh or at the local government
offices.

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 3

ii. IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 4

III. THE SURVEY 5

IV.. SUBJECTIVE OPINIONS 6
Good Points of Pine Knoll Shores 6
Dislikes 7
Town's Needs 7
Zoning Ordinance 7

V. MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSIA.TRS 7

Type of Community Wanted 7
Future Growth Desires 7
Present Development and Zoning 8

TABLE #1 1975 Survey of Residential Property Oi-zners 9-11
Additional Community Services 12
Commercial Development 13
Specific Wants for Shopping 13
Salter Path Road and a Third Bridge 14
House Completion Dates and Lot Purchase 14
Residence Plans 1.5
Occupancy 15
Age Distribution 15
Income, Employment and Cost of Living .16

VI. COMMERCIAL LAND OINNERS SURIV`EY 16
VII. EXISTING LAND USE ANALYSIS 17

General Setting 17
Residential Development 17

MAP#1 Existing Land Use 18
Open Space and Recreation- Are-a-s---' 19
Resort Commercial Development 19
Other Commercial 21
Industry and Manufacturing 21
Land Use Graphics 21
Ground and Surface Water Pollution 22
Land Classification 22
Soil Capability 22
Land Classification Map 23
Present Land Use Regulations 24

CONTENTS (continued)

Page

VIII. THE LAND USE PLAN 26

Public Participation
Long Range Goals 26-31
Notes on Goals 31
Population and Economy 31
Additional Public Services 32
Allocation of Future Land Use 32

MAP #2 The Land Use Plan 33

Ix. DESIGNATION OF AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERN 34

Background 34
Totality of the Problem 34
Coastal Wetland 34
Natural Resource Area 34
Primary Dune System and Ocean Beach 35
Flood Plain 35
Climax Maritime Forests (Complex_Natural
Areas) 35

X. FOLLOW UP -AND COORDINATION 36
Implementation of the Plan 36
Review and Revision 36
Coordination with Carteret County Planning 36
Proposed -,^,_reas of Envi:ronmental-Concern
MAP #3 37

THE LAND USE PLAN FOR PINE KNOLL SHORES., E.C.

I. INTRODUCTION

Bogue Island, on which Pine Knoll Shores is located, is
one of the Outer Banks between the mainland of North Caro-
lina and the Atlantic Ocean. Until fifty years ago, only
a few widely scattered individuals lived on the Island
making their way by taking fish from the sound and the
ocean. These early settlers accommodated themselves to
the dynamic natural forces affecting the Banks, building
their modest homes in the protection of dunes and forests
that abounded on the Island.

In their secure location, these early residents were
little affected by the Island's slow movement toward the
mainland, the overwash and flooding of low areas3, the
migration of inlets and the wind movement of the sand;
the forces that are continuously changing the shape of
the Island.

In the early part of this century, some small pavillions-
and a hotel were built on the east portion of the Island
During the "Boom" of the 19201s, a bridge was constructe@
across the wide sound to the mainland. A few cottages
followed. These early developers did not move dunes or
vegetation unnecessarily. In some cases because they
respected the.forces of nature affecting a barrier island,
but mainly because the mule and dragpan system then used
to move sand was very tedious. The bulldozer and power
dredge had not yet arrived on the scene.

"Modern" development came to the Island following its
"discovery" after World War II. Bulldozers and dredges
were brought in to level large dunes, clear ancient mari-
time forests and fill in productive marshes in the manner
of Florida development.

Alice Hoffman, a member of the "Teddy" Roosevelt family,
owned most of Bogue Island between Atlantic Beach and
Salter Path including all of what is now Pine Knoll Shores.
She was considered an eccentric person. She even held back
her land from development. Many of her so-called eccen-
tricities would now be considered sound environmental
protection.

In 1955, Alice.Hoffman died.' Her land went to the

Roosevelt heirs who began to develop it soon afterwards*
Using the firm of Stone & Webster, they undertook the
development of the area - primarily that section lying
between the Iron Steamer Pier and the Moreh6ad Ocean Pier.
They laid@out streets,, dug the Waterway thatnow runs
through the Town, dredged the Channel that parallels the
north coast of the Island from one mouth of the Waterway
to the other, created park areas and constructed boating
facilities. During this period of development and sale
of lots, two home owners associations assisted in re-
solving problems of general administration.

By early 1973, all of the land platted,into residential
lots had been sold and the Roosevelt interests were ready
to surrender control of the associations to their members.
This meant turning over matters of security, street main-
tenance, lighting, etc., to the residents. To fill the
vacuum that would thus ensue, a committee of citizens was
formed to investigate and make recommendations with respect
to the possibility and practicability of incorporating as
a town. In considering its boundaries, the golf course
presented an obvious terminus for the eastern end of.the
town. As for the other boundary, the Roosevelts had pre-
viously presented to the State of North Carolina a large
tract to the west of the developed area, and they expressed
their willingness to have their remaining undeveloped
property lying to the west also included in the proposed
town.

The efforts of the Citizens Committee resulted in the
passage by the North Carolina Legislature of an Act in-
corporating the town as a municipal corporation, subject
only to a local referendum. -That referendum showed a
large preponderance of residents in favor of incorporation
and the Town of Pine Knoll Shores was born August 1. 1973.

Ii. IDENTIFICATIOIN OF ISSUES AND PROBLEVIS

The rapid and unplanned development of our country's
coastal areas has, in many cases, caused an alarming de-
gradation of the environment of these fragile zones. Con-
cern over this prompted the Congress of the United States
tb pass legislation in 19721 to assist the.States in pro-
viding for better planning and management of coastal areas.
The 1974 session of the North Carolina Legislature passed
the "Coastal Area Management Act" to provide State

The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

assistance to match federal aid. Under this arrangement,,
$7,000 was made available to Pine Knoll Shores to develop
a land use plan. On April 29, 1975, the N.C. Department
of Natural and Economic Resources, the Town of Pine Knoll
Shores, and a planning consultant, Paul Foster, A.I.P.,
entered into an agreement to do this work.

III. THE SURVEY

The first step was to go to the people and identify in a
democratic manner what they wanted of their Town. To be
valid, any land development plan for Pine Knoll Shores should
incorporate the desires, needs and opinions of the majority
of the permanant and seasonal residents and undeveloped
residential lot owners. The Town Planning Board and the
consultant met and discussed this situation at length.
It was decided that a detailed questionaire would be
mailed to every lot owner on the Town tax rolls. During
late May and early June, 1975, a three page questionaire
was mailed to 750 personsq some of whom own more than one
lot. Usable responses were received from 410 or 55016 of
the people..,

The questionaire was designed so property owners could
check off multiple choices and also write in personal
observations. Tabulation was done by three categories:
(1) permanent residents; (2) seasonal residents; and (3)
undeveloped residential lot owners. Questionaires were
confidential and tabulated by the consultant at his
office in lVilmington, N.C. They were destroyed after
the tabulation.

The majority of respondents.to the survey want to live
in a coastal environment with its natural beauty protected
from damage and commercialism. They want tight control
of man-made develoDment for environmental protection
and esthetic harmony. They place a high value on privacy
and a sense of community. Most want an increase in
retail commercial and service activity but only to the
point of providing for the need of permanent and seasonal
residents. 'They dislike the intrusion of seasonal
transients and want tight limits on expansion of resort
commercial facilities.

The responses largely support the policies and plans of
the Town Board of Commissioners as they have evolved
during the short period since Pine Knoll Shores received
its charter. A significant majority are satisfied with

the way the local government is functioning and with its
rigid enforcement of zoning and other land development
and use regulations.

Most are willing to pay additional local taxes for
specified additional community services.

Following is a more detailed analysis of the survey be-
ginning with a look at subjective opinions and followed
by comments on the multiple choice questions. This
analysis is arranged with responses in the order of their
importance to land use planning. A numerical tabulation
of these answers is also given in Table

IV. SUBJECTIVE OPINIONS

Seven spaces were provided among the 28 questions for
respondents to write opinions. Only 19 of the owners
did not take advantage of this opportunity. The c6miments
ranged from one word to full use of the backs of all the
pages of the questionaire. This technique was used to
provide for a latitude of response that could not be
anticipated in the multiple choice type questions.

The analysis of these opinions was done by reading them
all several times and tabulating recurring statements,
ideas and themes.

Good Points.of Pine Knoll Shores - The first and key
opinion asked was: "What do 70-u-like most about Pine
Knoll Shores?" Evidently because of the nature of this
question and the fact that it gave those answering the
first chance to add ideas, this question received the
largest response.

The most frequently recurring theme in favor of Pine
Knoll Shores was the preserved natural environment of this
portion of the island, the beauty of the trees and other
vegetation, the dunes and wild life. Rated almost as
high was the residential nature of the Town and the lack
of commercialism. Equally with this was quiet along
with privacy and isolation, low density and room. In-
terestingly, the surrounding beach, ocean and sound were
mentioned less frequently than the previous reasons; in
fact, the friendly nature of the people received almost
as much mention. The existence of restrictions, pro-
tective covenants and the Zoning Ordinance were considered
a plus by many.

Dislikes Less than a third as many people commented on
what they liked the least about the community than what
they liked the most. Obviously, this was a good indication
of a positive attitude of satisfaction vith.-Pind Knoll
Shores. Most of the dissatisfaction expressed (about 3/4
of the comments) was directly related to commercial type
beach activities attracting seasonal or transit tourists.
Highest on the list were the traffic, commercial develop-
ment and litter along Salter Path Road. Thirty respondents
-cited the unsightliness and congestion of the most fre-
quently used travel route to the mainland.

Town's Needs - Respdnse to this narrative question was
relatively good with most comments on the need for a
restricted shopping area and fire protection, central
sewer and better water. Other needs mentioned were more
unity among residents, street lights, bike paths.and more
young people.

Zoning Ordinance - Only a relatively-few--(51) commented on
zoning. Forty of these wanted either stricter enforcements
a tighter Ordinance, added environmental protectors or a
prohibition of high buildings. Less strict enforcement
of the Ordinance was wanted by 11 persons,

V. MULTIPI;E CHOICE ANSVTRS

Type of Community Wanted - There was consistent agreement
among a significaiit -majority (68%) of all present and
possible future residents that Pine Knoll Shores should
be a "residential and retirement family resort with
commercial development to serve the community only". No
other of the five possible alternative choices received
any significant vote with unrestricted development with
tourist attractions receiving only 1% 'from all three
catagories of lot owners.

Future Growth Desires - It is manifestably evident that
a sizable majority 71 all of the people concerned want
Pine Knoll Shores to grow only moderately over the next
5, 10 and 25 years. Interestingly, the vacant lot
owners viere the most vehement with 74% wanting only slight
increase in the next five years. The desires for no growth
were in all cases substantially stronger than those for a
great increase. The general concensus seemed to be for
slow growth with a topping out in 25 years. In speaking
of population growth, the consultant-has assumed that '
respondents were speaking of new projects beyond land al-
ready subdivided and sold for residential development.

Present Development and Zoning - Permanent and seasonal
residen s MY* and 69@6) siemed quite satisfied with the way
the Town is developing. 72% of the undeveloped lot
owners also were satisfied with another 16% saying that
they were undecided and only 12% expreming dissatisfaction.

Both types of r'esidents were equally pleased (8V16) with the
Zoning Ordinance. Half of the vacant lot owners ex-
pressed satisfaction with 39916 saying "don't know" and 11%
against it.

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Additional Community Services Pine Knoll Shores started
out as a residential subdivision of land. Now with homes
on a fourth of the lots and some amenities, it is well
on its way to becoming a viable residential community.

A good majority (57%) of all the respondents were willing
to pay additional taxes for additional community services,
Within the three groups this willingness was highest (7091o)
among the permanent residents. It decreased to 57% with
those owning seasonal homes and to 51% with vacant'lot
owners. In the last two groups, there were 39016 and 42%
against additional taxes with Vlo and 7% answering "don't
know".

The people, overall, gave the highest priority to improved
fire protection. A bit down in second place was the de-
sire for more police protection. Somewhat below this
was about equal concern for municipal garbage collection
and a central sewage system. There was also some evidence
of dissatisfaction with the existing water supply.,

There were interesting differences in priority assignments
by groups. The permanent and seasonal residents agreed
that additional fire protection was the most important.
However, vacant residential lot owners gave their highest
priority to police protection. Seasonal home owners
gave police protection number two priority. This may have
come from the fact that their unoccupied homes are more
susceptible to robberies.

The undeveloped lot owners voted a tie between central
sewage and fire protection for second priority with
municipal garbage and better water both coming in third.
Amid these preferences and including their first choice.,
there was only a small point spread.

Year-round residents gave municipal garbage collection
and central sewage about equal place for second priority
with garbage having a slight edge. The need for better
police protection and better water was close for third
priority with about a 10% lead for security.

Not much interest from any group was expressed in the
other items available for choice: beach life guard;
.beach patrol; or youth club and activities.
On an.-average, about.3/4 (74%) of the people were against
the Town providing public parking areas, boat ramps or
C)
beach acess. This response may have been conditioned by
the fact that the two home owners associations already
provide these facilities for their members.

Commercial Development - There was practically universal
agreement (9976) that Pine Knoll Shores should not have
any mobile homes. Sizable majorities (79% and 70%)
wanted no more fishing piers or apartments. Smaller
majorities (56% and 546) were against marinas and con-
dominiums. On the positive side, a slight majority (51%)
wanted to see some additional commercial with 46% against
any more. Only a fractional 31% favored unlimited com-
mercial development.

Permanent and seasonal residents were more in favor of
a few more commercial establishments (59% and 53106).
Year-rounders were the only group tb-,-want a. few more
condominiums (61%). A majority of the seasonal residents
(58%) expressed a desire for a marina.

Specific Wants for Shopping - The responses made it apparent
that there was a desire and need for a shopping area of.
limited scope in Pine Knoll Shores. Desires were that
it should be carefully controlled in both design and size.

Generally speaking, there was a strong favor of
a store selling food. The desire for a drug store, for all
intents and,purposes, was practically as strong. However,
a drug store received its highest score (4qlo) in the
second choice block while a food store received 82% of
its points in the first choice block.

A post office and bank tied for third Dlace with both
getting most of their points (51% for post office and 3901o"
for bank) in the first and then third choice blocks.

A gasoline station and a professional building ran up an
equal number of points for the next priority of wants.
with first and fifth place taking 37% and 43% of the
points respectively.

A hardware and an ABC store came next with only 104
Doints difference, but with only a half of the point
;otal as the first choices. 50916 of the points given an
ABC store were from being first and fifth choice.while
most of hardyrare's points came as fifth choice.

The other five ch oices received only an insignificant
209/6 of the total points allotted by the people.

An overwhelming 9VIo of those who answered the questionaire
wanted the Town to have control of the architecture of the
Bridge Road business area.

Salter Path Road and a Third Bridge There was a large
majority of permanent F-esidents @6U%) against four-laning
Salter Path Road. Only slightly less inclined were the
seasonal residents (6376) and the undeveloped lot owners
(.58%). However, a clear majority definitely wanted im-
provement of the pavement quality and shoulders of the
present two-lane road.

Of all the respondents 78% did not want the proposed
third bridge across Bo@ue Sound to come into Pine Knoll
Shores. 36$ of the permanent residents and 50/16 of both.
seasonal residents and vacant lot owners suggested a lo-
cation west,of Pine Knoll Shores. Y16 of the answerers
wanted no third bridge.

House Completion Dates and Lot Purchase - Residential
construction did not begin in volume in- Pine Knoll Shores
until 1970. Only 17% of the dwelling5were built before
that time. Over half (5901o) of all houses covered by this
survey were built in the three year period of 1972'through
1974. The Town's building permits records indicate this
volume of construction continues with single family
detached housing starts for.1975 up 2VIo over 1974.

Detached single family homes generally range in value
from $30,000 to $60,000. However, there are a few homes
valued as little as $10,000 and some"as high as $150,000.
The condominium units are in the $30,000 to $45,000 bracket.

Of the 1038 subdivided residential lots in Pine Knoll
Shores, only 252 had houses on them at the time of the
survey. Obviously, knowledge of the wishes and plans of..
the undeveloped lot owners is a vital ingredient for
preparing a proper land use plan. Surprisingly, 706 of
the lot owners who responded gave the future construction
of a home@as the primary reason for buying a lot. This
is surprising because these purchases were made at a time
when most lot purchasers nationwide were buying lots as
an investment of excess income. A minority of the un-
developed lot'owners are investors who own more than one
lot. Many of these lots are presently being advertised for
resale.

Most of the lot owners (39%) bought with the idea of
building a retirement home. Another 22116 said that they
planned to move. to Pine Knoll Shores as permanent resi-
dents. Only lylo said that they planned to build a

seasonal or vacation house.

182 (81%) respondents plan to build on their lots4. 27 of
these said between now and 1980; 31 from 1980 to 1985; 19
after 1985; and 105 didn't know when. Using responses and
Town records as a basis, it would be reasonable to assume
that the actual housing construction that takes place in
the presently subdivided land will continue at the high
rate achieved in the 1972 through 1975 period.'
Over half (5301o) of the small minority of vacant lot
owners who presently have no building plans said they
will hold their lots. 39% said that they will sell while
8% were undecided what to do with their lots.

The survey indicated that the undeveloped lot owners who
responded are most generally a stable group of property
owners with only a few speculators in real estate among
them. Consequently,, their opinions and desires should
receive consideration in the formulation of the land,use
plan.

Residence Plans Among the seasonal home and vacant lot
owners, ;77o7`pTa_n to eventually live in Pine Knoll Shores.
1(Ylo said that they might and the remaining 220" said they
/0
would not. A higher percentage__of -seasonal home owners
(2YI61) said that they would not than undeveloped lot
owners (18%). The largest number (5grespondents) plan
to make the move between now and 1979. Another 53 plan
to move to Pine Knoll Shores between 1980 and 1984.

Occupancy -1 62YS of the year-round homes have only two
occupants and 31@*lo have more. 41/o of the permanent res-
idents live alone.

Age Distribution - The majority in all catagories
of Pine KnFoY79-hores' -property owners are older people. 6Ltp/,,,
of the total replying were over fifty years of age. This
goes even higher among the permanent residents with 77%
being over fifty. In fact, 6Cr/o of this group were over
sixty. There is more evidence of youth among the undeveloped
lot owners with only 56% being over fifty and only 18%
being over sixty.

The largest age group among the responding permanent res-
idents was in the sixty to sixty-nine bracket which was
541/6 of the total. Most seasonal house and vacant lot
ov;ners were a bit younger with the fifty to fifty-nine age
group being the largest at 39% and 38'/0' respectively.

Income, Employment, and Cost of Living - Most of the
famliy incomes (31%) are in the $20,000 to $30,000
range with the next largest group being in the $30,000
to $45,000 bracket (23%). 18% report incomes above
$45,000.

The most well-off of the three catagories of property
owners are those who have built vacation or seasonal homes
at Pine Knoll Shores with 85% reporting incomes above
$20,000 and 43% in excess of $45,000. Next in line are
those who have not yet built on their lots, with 73%
making over $20,000 and 9% over $45,000.

The permanent residents are the ones with the lowest
incomes with a bit less than half (49%) making over
$20,000 and only 4% making over $45,000.

At the Town's present state of growth, retired persons
own most of the homes. 62% of the permanent residents
and 66% of the seasonal residents are retired. Among
the year-round group, 31% work full time and 7% part
time. 19% of the seasonal home owners work full time
and 15% part time.

The cost of living in Pine Knoll Shores evidently presents
an attractive situation to those who have decided to re-
tire there. 80% of the retired permanent residents an-
swered the question on estimated basic cost of living.
Most respondents (43%) reported a cost of living range
of $10,000 to $12,000 with only 25% reporting a higher
cost.

VI. COMMERCIAL IAND OWNERS' SURVEY

A survey was also conducted of the owners and operators
of commercial property. This covered motels, real estate,
retail and construction activities. Specific questions
were asked to assist in providing land use, population,
and economic data used in later sections of this report.

The same questions asked the residential property owners
were also put to these business people. The responses
for all intents and purposes, were similar to those
holding residential property with the following ex-
ceptions:
1) Between 18% and 27% wanted unlimited commercial-development.
2) Over 55% wanted the Town to provide either public
parking, boat ramps, or beach access.

3) 45/% wanted a Town with equal numbers of motel roomst
condominiums and single family homes.
4) 909/o expressed dissatisfaction with the zoning and
other land use controls
5) 45% wanted Salter Paih Road four-laned and 67%
wanted a new bridge to be located at Pine Knoll
Shores.

VII. EXISTING LAND USE ANALYSIS

General Setting - Pine Knoll Shores sits athwart Bogue
Island a ne of its widest points. It runs along the
ocean beach for 4.53 miles with the ocean to sound width
ranging from 1200 feet to 4000 feet to include a total
area of 1430 acres. The land varies in elevation from
below sea level to 24 feet above behind the frontal dune
system. The frontal dunes occasionally top 30 feet.
Undulating land forms are covered with bands of climax
maritime forests running generally parallel to the ocean
shore. These bands are interspersed with low 'er level scrub
swamp and swamp forest and occasional fresh-.water ponds
and high marsh. The Bogue Sound shore contains an inter-
esting variety of salt marsh and maritime scrub thickets
with some intervening sand 'beach. The whole area has
been defined as fragile from an ecological viewpoint.
Residential Development - 48% or 684 acres (including
streets and waterways) of the Town's area have been laid
out in residentlal subdivisions,'., containing 1038 lots.
One fourth of these have houses on them. These sub-
divisions have generally been laid out in a modern manner
with respect for the irregular land forms and the irre-
placeable forest cover. Practically all streets have been
paved. Water lines have been installed in a large portion
of the development. Lots are large with none being less
than 7500 scuare feet in area and the majority being over
10,000 square feet. Although some early house construction
was done in the bulldoze, clear and build manner, present
building practice is to fit the contour of the land and to
cut a minimum of natural vegetation.

8100 feet of the total of 23,850 feet of ocean fronta-e is
available exclusively for single family residential develop-
ment. 3500 feet of the frontage has been built on. A
problem exists where some of the earlier construction was
carried out in a manner that damaged the frontal dune and
destroyed protective vegetation. Most recent ocean front
construction has been carried out with respect for and

understanding of the delicate balance of beach front en-
vironment. State, County and Town Ordinances protecting
the frontal dune system are now being vigorously enforced.
Two condominium projects have a combined total of 223
proposed dwelling units on 11.7 acres of land. (176 of
these units have been completed.) The resulting 19 dwell-
ing units per acre is quite high when compared to the
rest of the subdivided residential land in Pine Knoll
Shores. The Zoning Ordinance enacted since these projects'
were initiated limits subsequent residential construction
in commercially zoned areas to 10 units per acre,

Open Space and Recreation Areas - The Town is amply
supplied with open space and recreational areas. In
addition to the public beach, the residential areas have
eight mini-i3arks providing access to the ocean, sound
and the internal waterway. The internal waterway, which
provides about 24 acres of openness, may be added to this
account. Obviously, the golf course 'and the Roosevelt
Natural Area are most important elements in the open
space/recreation inventory. Also, a portion of the Town
-property on which the Town Hall is located may in the
future be turned into a soundside park. A tally of all
these areas follows:

Roosevelt Natural Area 309 acres
Golf Course 93 acres
Town Hall Property 27 acres
Waterway 24 acres
Eight Mini-Parks I acres
_4+1 acres total

The above account would put about one third of Pine Knoll
Shores' land in the open space and recreational catagory.
In evaluating its adequacyg., consideration must be given
to the easy access by all to the openness and recreation
provided by the beach, shores and waters of the ocean and
the sound. 'The predominance of large wooded residential
lots and the absence of urban-type congestion are also a
plus for this catagory of land use. It is evident that
Pine Knoll Shores is amply endowed with open space and
recreational land for now and for the future ii Dresent
plans are carried out.

Resort Commercial DeveloDment - The seven motel complexes
along the strand are occup-ying a total of 34 acres of
land. Among these there are presently 590 guest rooms.
Assuming an average of three people to a room, 177P
transient persons are added to the Toth's night-time
population during peak tourist seasons.-
There is available for this type of development-an

additional 131 acres of ocean front land and 103 acres
of sound front land. However, the Zoning Ordinance
limits the density of development for this land to 10
accommodations units per acre. If this land were to be
developed to maximum allowed densities, there would be
2340 additional accommodations units, At three persons
per unit, this could add an additional 7020 persons to
the transient population.

Additionally, there is extensive land available for retail
commercial use. If all this additional land still avail-
able for development (127 acres) were put into resort
accommodations at maximum densities, an additional 3810
transients would be counted for a total from all three
above conditions of a maximum of 12,600 transient persons.

However, because of the density restrictions and the high
cost of land, it is unlikely that much additional motel
construction.will occur on the above land. More probabl
.residential units (homes, condominiums, apartments, etc.@
will be built. Developers may even agree to some even
lower density zoning to overcome sewage restrictions.

Resort commercial development caused some major land use
abuse before the incorporation of the Town of Pine Knoll
Shores. The chief trouble came from the disregard of the
fragile natural/physical balance of a barrier island
by most of the ocean front motel builders. Only two motels
are built well back of the protecting frontal dune with
elevated walkways for access to the beach. One, but only
one, is carefully sited to fit the contour of the secondary
dune system and to disturb a minimum amount of the pro-
tective maritime scrub growth.

The construction of the five other motels and a condomin-
ium project generally began with bulldozers clearing away
the covering.growth and leveling the sand dunes for the
full width of the property from Salter Path Road to from
four to eight feet above the mean high water mark. In
this process there was leveled or seriously damaged 2550
feet (10.7%) of the 23.,850 feet of frontal dune protecting
the Town from the incursions of the ocean during storms
and hurricanes. Further, the leveling of the land has
greatly increased the potential of flood erosion along
Salter Path, the main access road to Pine Knoll Shores.

The seven motel complexes and the two condominium projects
are using individual package plants for sewage treatment.
Even the best of these are subject to malfunction and can
cause polution of ground and surface waters. Sizable

additional motel and condominium development would require
an area-wide sewage collection and treatment system. This
will be true even At the limited densities now required by
the Zoning Ordinance.

Other Commercial - There are presently only six other com-
mercial establishments in Pine Knoll Shores. 127 acres of
land are available for more such development. In the
survey, previously cited, an overwhelming majority of re-
spondents wanted only retail and service businesses and
professional services to support the needs of residents,
both permanent and seasonal. If this preference is heeded,
Pine Knoll Shores will need only two and one-half to five
acres of land for well planned community shopping and
services. Even with a low density, spread-out business
area, ten acres should be more than adequate.

Industry and Manufacturing - There is no land used or
zoned for industry or manufacturing in this predominately
residential community nor is any such use contemplated in
the forseeable future.

Land Use Graphics

AVAILABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT

ALREADY DEVELOPED

EXISTING LAND USE SITUATION

OPEN SPACE RECREATION ROADS RESIDENTIAL AREAS RESORT OTHER
COMMERCIAL AREAS

ATLANTIC OCEAN FRONT SITUATION
RESIDENTIAL USE RESORT AND OTHER COMMERICAL USE
22

Ground and Surface Water Pollution - In spite of the existence
oT an-adequate central water supply, about half of the dwell-
ing.:units in the Town have individual wells. All of the
single family homes use septic tanks. The danger of septic
tank effluent polluting these wells is omnipresent.

The March 9. 1976, "Carrying Capacity" report of the
Coastal Resources Commission states that "up to a certain
density..... the land is quite capable of absorbing human
waste from onsite sewage disposal systems without detri-
mental effects on the quality of ground and surface :-.
.waters". The low residential densities planned for Pine
Knoll Shores may eliminate the need for a central sewage
system. However, the N.C. Division of Health Service's
new regulations ?yet to be put into use) state that no
portion of any residential septic tank absorption field
may be closer than 100 feet to the mean high water mark.
36% (372) of the existing lots front either the ocean,
sound or waterway. By putting the septic drainage,field
on the road side of a dwelling, it will be easy to meet
this condition on all except 25 waterway lots.

At the present time, there is no indication that th e de-
velopment of homes on the sound shores has caused any
noticeable deterioration in the quality of the waters of
Bogue Sound. The Town officials are determined to do all
in.their power to keep the sound from becoming polluted.

Land Classification The State of North,Carolina has
adopted a general-classification system for dividing land
into five types: Developed, Transitional, Community, Rural
and Conservation. The limited area covered by Pine Knoll
Shores includes only two of these classifications. Their
designation did not assist in the preparation of a Land
Use Plan. However, the State Code requires that this
report include a map of these.

Soil Capability - Most of the soils upon which development
exists or is proposed under the Land Use Plan are the
Fripp Sand and Corolla Sand series or a combination of the
two. These are extremely perneable sands often overlaid
with a layer of undecomposed plant material and usually
containinc a cover of native plants. These plants include
Li_v,e._Oak2 17-ax Myrtle-,_Bay, Pine and a number of grasses.
@rhese__soils as they exis-t -'i-n-PiH-e--Kn-o-l-i---S-h-o---r-e--s--a--r-e---pa-irti-6--
ularly well suited for accommodating prope .rly des3-*-gned
individual septic tank--.sewage diSDOsal systems. Tater
table level and building weight carrying capacity present
no problems in.these soils.

ioL --Uo-
41
J ffiAP I. co@,X*A[H(Nsly@ RAN
JOW on - tkI, I'MOPIC 9-Al:o

'n 0
C014 S I-V-VA

ILI

-AIN
cl-
MY

i H f-1-1 If I
-M.T, - 7rf f ITfTflili
J

The previougly mentioned lower level scrub swamp and swamp
forest that lie between the higher maritime forests are
composed of the Duckston Sand series. These soilsare poor-
ly drained and too wet for development. They will not
accommodate septic tank sewage disposal.

The high and low marsh soils have been proposed for classi-
fication as areas of environmental concern with no develop-
ment except access structures. The coastal beach and fore
dune have been designated for similar restriction.

Present Land.Use Regulations - The Roosevelt interests
required rather rigid restrictive covenants to apply to
all land sales or donations in the Pine Knoll Shores area.
In 1973, the Town Government established a Planning Board
and passed a Zoning Ordinance which in effect gave many
of these private restrictions the additional force of
local public law. The Town employs a full-time Building
Inspector who enforces the following regulations affect-
ing land use and environment;

1) PINE KNOLL SHORES' ZONING ORDINANCE. This regulation
carries forth the Town Plan by providing for a low density
residential and recreational community in a natural coastal
setting with some low density resort accommodations. Min-
imum residential lot size is 7500 square feet. Except for
retail sales, service and professional activity, no other
uses are allowed. Resort and other business building are
restricted to heights of 50 feet, shall not cover more than
25% of the land, and are required to leave no less than 35PIo
of the land in its natural state. No such building shall
be located closer than 50 feet to.any public right-of-way
line and shall not be nearer 1.-han;20 feef-to. side property
lines or 30 feet on back lines. Maximum density for resort
accommodations is 10 units per acre.
An approved plan must precede all land development designed
in a manner to preserve a maximum of natural land form, trees
and other vegetation. No building may be erected closer than
100 feet from the mean high water mark of the ocean and all
required open spaces and buffer zones shall remain in their
natural state reguardless of elevation. No unnatural solid
or liquid waste discharge is allowed into any waters.
2) BOAT SLIP REGUIATION. Only docking facilities projecting
into open water are allowed.

3) OUTER BANKS LAND PROTECTION ORDINANCE, and 4) SOIL
SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION CONTROL LAW. The Building
inspector assists the County and State in enforcing these,

5) PuTE PTOLL SHORES I SUBDIVIDISION DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE.
Administered by the Town Planning Board.

6) NORTH CAROLINA STATE BUILDING CODE. Enforced by the
Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspectors

7) SEPTIC TANK REGULATIONS. The Carteret County Board of
Health requires a permit prior to instalation of a septic
tank system for individual dwellings. The North Carolina
Division of Health Services regulations covering these
systems are used. The Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspector
assists in locating these systems in a manner to minimize
disturbance of land forms and vegetation.

VIII. THE LAND USE PLAN

Public Participation Using the results of the survey of
proper y owners' desires, needs I and judgements aldng-with the
existing land use survey, the Planning Board prepared a
draft Goals and Objectives Statement. A.public meeting
was advertised for June 26, 1975, to discuss the results
of the survey and the Statement. -This open meeting was
presided over by Mayor James W. Redfield. Mr. Stan
Heckler, Staff Director of the Coastal Area Management
Commission, explained the Coastal Area Management Act
and the policies and activities of the Commission and
its staff. The Town"s Planning Consultant Paul Foster,
A.I.P., presented the findings of the.survey and dis-
tributed one hundred copies of a two page tabulation..
Mr. Larry Jerome, Chairman of the Town Planning Board,
discussed the proposed Statement of Goals and Objectives,
copies of which had been distributed before the meeting.
Chairman Jerome emphasized that this was a draftproposal
and requested public input to refine the Statement. There
was lively participation by the ninety-three persons who
attended the meeting.

Longe Range Goals - Over the ensuing weeks, the Town Plan-
ning Board incorporated additional ideas into the draft
Statement and submitted it for approval. On
August 14, 1975, the Town Board-o-f*-'Commissioners unani-
mously approved the following Official Statement of Goals
and Objectives for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores:

Long Range Goals and.Objectives of
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores

The follos-ing is a statement of policy concerning the
Town's long range goals and objectives as developed by its
Planning Board and approved by its duly elected Board of
Commissioners on August 14, 1975. It attempts to reflect
,to the extent practicable the desires of the Town's resi-
dents as expressed at various public meetings--ahd in.re-
plies to a general questionaire that was mailed to all
residential property owners in 14ay, 1975.
The purpose of this statement is to provide a founda-@
tion for planning and developing an outstanding town that
meets the desires and aspirations of the majority of its
residents.

Although the barrier islands of the coast-.6f-INTorth

a 7

Carolina are typically resort and summer vacation areass
there-also is a need and demand in these areas for at-
tractive and comfortable year around living facilities
for moderate income families. The Town of Pine Knoll
Shores was designed to fill this need. It is essen-
tially a year around residential community, with a
limited number of summer homes and commercial resort
motels. Because of the Town's present population
density restrictions, it is unlikely that there will be
any substantial increase in the number of motels in the
future. No industry is contemplated, other than the
motels, one fishing pier, and a small business center to
serve community needs.

At present, the Town is less than 20 percent dev-
eloped and has about 680 full time residents. The major-
ity are retired individuals and the rest are people who
are employed in nearby communities. Peak summer popu-
lation is substantially greater because of the many
guests of residents and the influx into summer homes and
motels.

Following are two projections of future population;
one based on the answers to lot owners' questionaires
and the other based on the actual rate of growth to
date. Both reflect peak season conditions because the
Town must develop its services to meet peak population
needs. At best, these computations are only rough ap-
proximations, but,they do give some indication of the
kind of growth the Town can expect, even with its exist-
ing zoning ordinances and population density limitations.
Lot owners' auestionaires Present 1980 1985 2000
Residential 12000 i,6oo 29100 3s5OO
Motels 800 800 800 800
Projections of actual growth 12800 2v400 2v900 4,300
Residential' 19000 3sOOO 4PIPOO 7,000
Motels 800 800 800 800
1,300 3,800 4s9OO 7 _s TO-0
This projected population will.be concentrated in
about 1,350 of the Town's 1,780 acres. In addition to
about 1,070 single family residences, there will be at
least seven motels and several thou-sand multi-family
residential units, such as condominiums, cooperatives,
and apartments. It is anticipated that most of the
Town's commercially zoned property will be developed

with multi-family facilities in order to take advantage
of the ten unit per acre density provision in the zon-
ing ordinances.

In order to accommodate the needs of an estimated
future peak population of between 4000 and 7,800 people,
the Town proposes to gradually expand its services as set
forth below.

Pblice 2rotection - The Town presently has its own police
force. As the Town grows, this force will be enlarged to
assure adequate police protection at all times. However,
in view of the limited area of the Town and the probabil-
ity that business development will be relatively small,
it is unlikely that the police force will need to be
increased at the same rate that the population increases.

Fire 2rotection - The Town is presently negotiating with
the Town of Atlantic Beach for fire protection services.
Up till now, only the east end of the Town has had, an
arrangement with Atlantic Beach. The rest of the Town
is dependent upon the good will of Atlantic Beach and
Salter Path for help if the need arises. The Town.
itself has no fire fighting equipment. For the future,
the Town has several alternatives, any one of which
would be satisfactory: (1) continue its arrangement
with Atlantic Beach, but add a substation within the
Town in order to reduce fire insurance rates; (2) join
a consolidated Bogue Banks Fire District if one is estab-
lished; or (3) form an independent Volunteer Fire De-
partment, a costly and long drawn out process. These
options will be continuously evaluated as the Town grows.
Another factor in improving the Town's fire fighting
capability will be the erection of an elevated water
storage tank, discussed in more detail under Water Ser-
vice below.

Water service - Present plans are to have Carolina Water
Servicel Inc. continue to provide the Town's water needs.
Part of the eastern end of the Town depends upon indi-
vidual wells on each property. However, if this source
thould.become unsatisfactory, the water company canq.=-
tend its lines to serve the area. As the system expands,
it will be necessary to erect an elevated water:storage
tank to assure adequate pressure during peak consumption
periods. A side benefit of such a tank is a surer source
of water for fire fighting purposes with a commensurate
reduction in fire insurance rates.

If at any time it should appear advantageous to do

so, the Town will consider purchasing the water system
and operating it as a municipal facility.

Sewerage Disposal.- For the present, the Town will con-
tinue to rely upon private septic tank systems, built and
installed in compliance with strict State and County
standards. For the futurep howeverl the Town is tenta-
tively committed to participation in a district sewer
system, most'of the cost of which will be paid for out of
Federal and State funds, with the remainder to be financed
by local revenue bonds. The preliminary plans for the
treatment and disposal plant bay6ra@-z7oady-been.;.,developad
and approved, but it will probably be several years be-
fore the necessary local referendums are completed and
actual construction is started. It is generally agreed
that the Town is limited as to the number of septic systems
-tt can have without causing contamination of the sur-
rounding waters, and ultimately the Town's fresh water
sources,

Garba@e and Trash Collection - The Town plans to be re-
sponsible for all general 'rash and garbage collection,
except for motels and businesses. On a trial basis, it
has entered into a six-month contract with Atlantic Dis-
posal Co.,, the cost to be met out of tax revenues. If
this arrangement proves successful, it will be continued.
When the Town's growth merits it, consideration will be
given to a municipally operated sanitation service.

Electric Service - The Town will continue to rely upon
the Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corp. to supply
its electric power needs. No foreseeable problems of
supply are-anticipated.

Gas Service - The Town has no intention of installing a
natural 5-rmanufactured gas distribution system. All
energy requirements will be met with electricity and oil.

Recreation Facilities - The Town is well endowed with
outdoor recreational facilities. In addition to about
five miles of ocean beach, it has eight small parks that
are operated by the property owners associations (3 on
the ocean, 2 on the sound, and 3 on Pine Knoll Waterway.)
Also, within the Town limits, the State operates a 300
acre park containing a marine science center and museum.
The Pine Knoll Shores Golf4id Country Club is located in
the town, with an 18 hole golf course, a large clubhouse,
a swimming pool, and four tennis courts. Finally, the
Town itself owns a tract of 27 acres., some of which will

probably be developed into public parkland in the future.

Schools and Education - The Town comes under the Car-
teret County schoo =system and, therefore, need provide no
schools of its own. At present, the children are bussed
to schools in Morehead City. Post high school courses,
and adult education are available at Carteret Technical
Institute, also in Morehead City. The Town does not
plan to supplement presently available educational
facilities.

Roads and Bridges - The Town will maintain all roads and
bridges that are dedicated to it. Generally, all new ,
roads and bridges will be constructed by subdivision devel-
opers at their cost. The Town will support any effort to
have the State improve Salter Path Road as the principal
traffic artery through the Town, provided it is continued
as a two-lane highway. If a third bridge is built across
Bogue Sound from the mainland, the Town will support the
majority views of its residents as to the bridgels,pre-
ferred location.

Public TransDortation - The Town does not intend to estab-
lish any public tFa-nsportation system, but it will give
serious consideration to any effort by the County or
a private enterprise to establish a Bogue Banks Busline
along Salter Path Road - in the light of the threatened
future energy crisis.

Other Capital Improvements - Included in the Town's long
range plans are a new community center to include town
offices, police headquarterst a fire station or sub-
station, and a meeting hall. Also, as the Town becomes
larger, it will need some maintenance equipment and a
place to house it. These facilities will be located on
the Town's property on Bridge Road.

Coastal Land Management - Recognizing that much of the
Town lieF -within fragile areas of environmental concern,
the Town will strive through its ordinances, regulations,
and decisions of elected and appointed officials to
maintain and protect the natural terrain and environ
ment to the extent possible. In particular, it will'pro-
tect the ocean and sound shorelines, the frontal'dunes,
the salt marshes, and the maritime forests. It will
also take necessary measures to protect the quality of
the water along the sound and ocean fronts and in the
Town's internal waterways. it will abide by all appli-
cable rules and regulations promulgated by the Coastal

Resources Commission.

The foregoing objectives are considered valid for the
forseeable future. However, they will be reviewed
periodically and, where appropriate,, modifications
will be proposed for the Town's consideration.
Notes on Goals - It has been subsequently determined that
the acreage figures given in the Goals were overstated.
The acreages given in the text of the land use analysis
are to be considered more accurate.

In computing the population projections, a figure of
400 motel rooms with a peak occupancy-of two persons per
room was used. The actual number of rooms is 590 and
three persons per room is deemed as a more correct peak
occupancy,

Since the Goals were adopted, two steps toward aqh@evement
have been taken: 1) An agreement has been made for ad-
jacent Atlantic Beach to provide fire protection for the
whole Town of Pine Knoll Shores; and 2) the Town Board
of Commissioners has passed a resolution to cooperate
with all of the area local government units in working
to provide sewage collection and treatment on a regional
basis.

on water quantity., the existing deep well-system can
pump one million gallons of water per day without .
aquifer draw down. This is adequate for a population
of 10,000.

(CONTINUATION OF THE WTD USE PIAN)

Population and Ecopno
pmz - In contrast to most communities
Pine Knoli ShoresT existing and future population has
little relation to local job markets or birth rates. The
employment and population factors affecting this settlement
are scattered throughout the urban areas of the whole
United States. The majority of residents are retired and
living on previously earned income. Those whose source of
income is 'he t@kfis_ ii-en-f- __ or seasonal resident are import-
ing money earned in other parts of the country. If the
nation's economy is good, 'his leisure industry prospers.
if not, it diminishes. This is particularly true of the
motel and condominium activity. On the other hand, the
construction of houses on purchased vacant lots may be
expected to continue at a good pace.

Additional Public Services, As Pine Knoll Shores grows
an increased tax base will make it possible to provide
additional community services. That there is a desire for
these is evident in the returns of the survey. The Town
now has an adequate local street system for future resi-
dential needa. Power and water are supplied by out- of-
town companies that appear to be able to adequately take
care of growing needs. There are only two large public
works projects that the Town may have to contend wi *th.
These are sewage collection and treatment and &kten-
s;Lon-Of the potable water system. Fire and police pro-
tection along with garbage collection are covered in the
Goals and Objectives Statement.

Allocation of Future Land Uses - Map #2 shows how future
land use is planned for. n7ai-rring an economic collapse,
war or other catastrophy, the land allocated to residential
use, which has already been subdivided, should continue
to be filled in with homes at a regular rate. As this
takes place, market demand should cause the establishment
of a community shopping area. Community recreation and
open space for residents is already adequately provided
for. All of the above allocations are well defined-in
the Private Covenants running with the land and integrated
into a comprehensive Land Use Plan through the Zoning
Ordinance.

The Land Use Plan prescribes a rather low average develop-
ment density for the Town. This is necessary to preserve
the quality of,the frarrile land and waters. This recog-
nizes the limited capacity of this environment to absorb
development.,

The past problems caused by the unregulated overloading
of ocean front property by resort commercial facilities
has already been disscussed. The land allocated for this
type of activity is limited to ten accommodations per
acre. At this density, it will be" 'possible to preserve
a.maximum of maritime forest and protect the dune and
beach grass formations. This may be accomplished by
either concentrating allowed accommodations in one part
of a property or through scattering them in clusters on
6he land. In either-case, the remainder of the land is
left in its natural state. This will make it possible to
preserve a maximum amount of maritime forest and to pro-
tect the vital dune formations and the stabilizing grasses
that cover them.

IX. DESIGNATION OF AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN

Background - The Coastal Area Management Act requires
that local land use plans shall give special attention to
the protection and appropriate development of.Areas of
Environmental Concern. The developers of Pine Knoll
Shores had taken measures for protection and appropriate
development well before State legislation was passed, One
of the first acts of the local government after its creation
in 1973 was to set up stringent guides for environmental
protection through a Zoning Ordinance. The local admin-
istrative and planning officials are heartened to see that
the State government has joined with them in this effort.
Stroig,State technical and enforcement assistance will great-
ly enhance the Town's efforts to protect Areas of Environ-
mental Concern.

TotalitZ of the Problem - It is interesting that the whole
of Pine Knoll Shores was recommended as an Interim Area
of Environmental Concern by the CA14C staff in maps issued
in December, 1974. Local officials consider it so. The
Zoning Ordinance was their first step toward assuring
appropriate development. Following are the recommended
Areas for environmental concern.

Coastal 1"Jetland - All low tidal (Spartina Alternaflora)
and high marsh (Spartina Patens) should be kept in their
natural state with no building (except docks) and no
filling or-effluent discharge and with buffer strip pro-
tection from adjoining development.' These wetlands exist
intermittently with maritime scrub thickets and maritime
forests along the whole of the Bogue Sound shore. Particular
0
.attention should be given to protecting the endangered
American Alligator which probably breeds on the edges of
these marshes.

Natural Resource Area - The whole of the Roosevelt Natural
Area (309 acres),containing the Carteret Marine Resources
Center, should be kept in its natural state as a preserve
for present and future generations. Intensive public access
should be restricted to small Dortions close to the exist-
ing entrance road and Center Complex or other specifically
designated areas where access can be well controlled. Access
should only.be permitted in a manner that will have minimum
deleterious effect on 'he ecological balance, by using
elevated walks and providing guides. New building should
be limited and only be allowed as expansion of the exist-
ing Center..

Primary Dune System and Ocean Beach No building should
be allowed on the total length of ocean beach or the
primary dune system behind it except for elevated access
walkways designed to cause minimum harm to these form-
ations.

Flood Plain - Building in the flood plain, as recently
defined Uy the Federal Insurance Administrationt should
be restricted to residential structures with habitable
portions of the building elevated above the 100 year
frequency flood level.

Climax Maritime Forests (Complex Natural Areas)- It has
been previously mentioned Ehat bands of relaUvely high
forests parallel the coast along the total length of the
Town. Dr. Eugene P. Odum, the eminent ecologist, has
said that recent studies indicate that'at least 1000
years may be required for the development ?f a climax
forest from the beginnings of a bare dune. Yet a few
days of bulldozing operation can return this land,to
unstable sand inviting wind and water erosion ard eventual
flooding. Anyone familiar with North-;Carolina's coastal
areas knows how little of this type of forest is left in
the State.

Dr. John Clark, noted marine ecologist, has stated that
"dense (barrier) island forest areas may be ecologically
suited for human use .... and little ecological dam@ge
need result .... if proper constraints are invoked.

Any development in the Climax 111aritime Forests should be
carefully controlled. Residential and resort commercial
accommondations that are allowed should not exceed den-
sities of 10 units per acre as required by the Pine Knoll
Shores Zoning Ordinance. These should be concentrated or
clustered within a project in a manner to preserve a max-
imum of trees and shrubs. Accessory facilities should be
limited to those that serve residents or overnight guests
only. Vehicular access should be designed to destroy an
absolute minimum of trees. No other land uses should be
allowed.

1ODUM, EUGENIE P. 1963 ECOLOGY, Holt, Rinehart & Winston,
New York P. 87
2 .
CLARKS JOHN 1974 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS lConservation
Foundation, 10ashington, D.C. P. 76

X. FOLLOW-UP AND COORDINATION,

Implementation of the Plan - The elected officials Will
continue to take vigorous action to provide for orderly
development of Pine Knoll Shores consistent with the well
expressed desires of the citizens. The people have spoken
for low density residential emphasis and minimum damage to
the unique coastal environment. A synopsis of this Plan
will be put into the hands of every property owner.

Review and Revision - A new survey of residential property
owners is expected-to be repeated in five to seven years
by the Town Planning Board. A tabulation will be made to
determine the citizens' appraisal of the 1976 Plan and
any changes will be incorporated in a revised Plan.

C66.tdihation With Carteret County Planning - Coordination
w
th the Carteret county Planning Department was continQua
i
during the Pine Knoll Shores' planning work. This was to
assure that these plans are an integral part of the,County
Plan.

On February 24, 1976, a joint meeting and public hearing
was held to discuss planning underway by Carteret County
and the municipal corporations in this area. MaDy.-of-the
population projections of the municipalities were in
excess of the limited carrying capacity of Bogue Island.
Steps are being taken to correct this Problem. However,
Pine Knoll Shores' population projections were considered
reasonable.

ATTACHMENT OF INDEX REQUIRED BY LETTER DATED 2/18/76 FROM CRC

In a letter dated Mach 10, 1976 the Pine Knoll Shores planner requested
a variance from the requirement that the Land Use Plan be rewritted
to fit a new required form. In a letter dated March 26, 1976
this request was granted with the condition on attachement to
the report be provided that would cross reference the report as
written to the required format. This cross reference follows:
TOPIC PAGE

I. Introduction 3
Purpose of the, plan, history of CAMA planning effort, etc. 4
II. Description of Present Conditions-
A. Population and Economy (brief analysis.) 31
B. Existing Land Use 17
1. Legible map of existing land uses 18
2. Analysis 17.24
a. significant compatibility problems 4
b. problems from unplanned development with implica-
tions for future land use 20
c. areas experiencing or likely to experience major
land use change 17.24
C. Current Plans, Policies, and Regulations-
1. Plans and Policies 26.31
a. transportation plans 30
b. community facilities plans 30
c. utilities extension policies 28 29
d. open space policies 29
e. recreation policies 29
f. prior land use plans NONE
g. prior land use policies NONE
2. Local Regulations 24
a. zoning ordinances 24
b subdivision regulations 24
c. floodway ordinances 24
d. building codes 25 35
e. septic tank regulations 25
f. historic districts regulations 25
g. nuisance regulations NONE
h. dune protection ordinances 24
i. sedimentation codes 24
J. environmental impact statement ordinances NONE
3. Federal and State Regulations 24,25 35
III. Public Participation Activities
A. Identification and analysis of major land use issues 17-24 5-16
1. The impact of population and economic trends------. 27 31
2. The provision of adequate housing and other services NA

A 37

PAGE
3. The conservation of productive natural resources 34
4. The protection of important natural environments 34 35
5. The protection of cultural and historic resources NONE
B. Alternatives considered in the development of the objec-
tives, policies and standards- 7-15
C. Land use objectives, policies and standards for dealing
with each identified major issue 26-31
D. A brief description of the process used to determine
objectives, policies and standards, emphasizing public
participation 26
E. A detailed statement outlining the methods employed in
securing public participation, and the degree of
participation achieved and the results obtained 26 5-16
IV. Constraints
A. Land Potential 22-24,32
1. Physical Limitations_
a. hazard areas 35
b. soil limitations 22
c. water supply area 22,28 31
d steep slopes N.A
2. Fragile Areas 34
a. coastal wetland 34
b. outer banks sand dunes 35
c. ocean beaches and shore lines 35
d. estuarine waters 22
e. public trust waters 22
f. complex natural areas 35
g. areas sustaining remnant species 35
h. areas containing unique geologic formations NONE
i. registered natural landmarks NONE
j. archeologic and historic sites NONE
3. Areas with Resource Potential-
a. productive agricultural lands NONE
b. potentially valuable mineral sites
c. publicly-owned lands and other non-intensive
outdoor recreation lands 19 34
d. privately-owned wildlife sanctuaries NONE
B. Capacity of Community Facilities
1. Identification of existing water and sewer service
2. Design capacity of existing water treatment plant,
sewer treatment plant, schools, and primary road 22,28,29
3. The percent utilization of water and sewer plants, 31
schools, and primary roads
V. Estimated Demand
A. Population and Economy 31
I Population 27
a. ten-year population projection 27

B38

b. considerations taken into account..in preparing
ten-year projection (seasonal populations,
local objectives, social and economic change)
c. 5, 10, 25, and 50 year projections
d. relationship of long-term projections to desires
of the people-
e. relationship of the capabilities of the land
and water to sustain them
f. examination of seasonal population and economic
imp act 8__
2. Econo
Identification of major trends and factors in economy
B. Future Land Needs
Use of the ten-year population projection to determine
land demand for land classification------
C. Community Facilities Demand
1. ten-year population projection used to determine
facilities demand----
2. Consideration of the type and cost of services needed
to accommodate projected population--.-
3. Consideration of the ability of the local e@oniomy to
finance service expansion . .. . .....
VI. Plan Description --------0
A. Description of the Land Classification System_- I.V%
B. Projected population growth allocation to Transition, @_41 .-
I
Community and Rural Land classes, based upon local W
objectives V.-
IA
C. Gross population densities used to allocate Transitionj
. -:%A - V)
and Community classifications_-___ ... .... . _J =1 0.
D. A legible Land Classification Map which is consistent 00 0
with local objectives, policies and standards_.__-.---._--
VII. Summary-_-
A. Discussion of the manner of data assembly, analysis, a:dd
;
astatement.of major conclusions-----.-
B. Discussion of the application of the data to the pian's_J -To T*1
formulation-_ -------
VIII. City-County Plan Relationship Defined

DATE DUE

GAYLORD No. 2333 PRINTEDW V.S.A.

3 6668 '14108 337