[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]












                       COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                 MICHIGAN RESOURCE INVENTORY SYSTEM UPDATE

                                 MODEL LAND USE PLAN





















                                        Produced by the:

                    West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development Commiss ion
                                       137 Muskegon Mall
                                            Box 387
                                   Muskegon, Michigan 49443

                                         (616) 722-7878

                                           July, 1993



                                                                    A  A t=17

              West Michigan Shoreline Regional
              Development Commission






                                                     WEST MICHIGAN SHORELINE
                                          REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION




                 THE COMMISSION:
                 COUNTY DELEGATES
                 Phillip Persenaire, CHAIRPERSON
                 Oceana County Planning Commissioner
                 Gwendolyn Warren
                 Lake County Commissioner
                 Charles Eberbach
                 Mason County Commissioner
                 BruceJackabon, SECRETARY                         THE STAFF:
                 Mason County Planning Commissioner               Sandeep Dey
                 Robert Cutler                                    Executive Director
                 Muskegon County Commissioner                     Suzanne Allen
                 Vacant                                           Community Development Assist
                 Muskegon County Commissioner                     Susan Bosme
                 Mark Fairchild,                                  Secretary/Receptionist
                 Muskegon County Commissioner                     Daniel Chase
                 Nancy Frye                                       Program Manager
                 Muskegon County Commissioner                     Nannette Emmer
                 Ralph Gray                                       Program Manager
                 Newaygo County Commissioner                      Bryan Gillett'
                 Paul 1(irk                                       Associate Planner
                 Newaygo County Commissioner                      JohnJohnson*
                 Richard Pranger                                  Program Manager
                 Oceana County Planning Commissioner              Laurajohnson*
                 CITYDELEGATES                                    Planner
                 Merrill Bailey, Mayor                            Jim Koens                              The West Michigan Shoreline Regional
                 City of Norton Shores                            Planner                                Development Commission, created in
                 Jim Pruim, Vice Mayor                            John Lester                            1970 by local governments, pursuant
                 City of Muskegon                                 Finance Manager                        to Act 281, PA. 1945 and Act 46, PA.
                 Raymond Rathbun, Mayor                           Amy Peabody                            1966, is one of Michigan's fourteen
                 City of Fremont                                  Planner                                State Planning and Development
                                                                                                         @egions. The Commisssion is involved
                 Rillastine Wilkins, Councilperson                Kristi Rosema                          in a wide range of planning and
                 City of Muskegon Heights                         Senior Planner                         development activities including:
                 TOWNSHIP DELEGATES                               Mary Seils                             . Economic Development
                 Larry Hansen, VICE CHAIRPERSON                   Administrative Assistant               a  Housing
                 Brooks Twp. Planning Commissioner                Robert Sullivan
                 William Farwig,                                  Housing Rehab Specialist               -  Transportation Planning
                 Muskegon Twp. Planning Commissioner              Duane Trombly                          .  Environmental Management
                 MINORITY REPRESENTATIVES                         Specail Projects                       .  West Michigan Information Center
                 Spencer Norman, III                              Mea Wallace
                 At-Large                                         Planner                                   Community Planning and
                 Vacant                                                                                     Development
                 At-Large                                         *Project Staff                            Groundwater Education in Michigan



                                                       137 Muskegon MaillP.O. Box 387
                                                       Muskegon, Michigan 49443-0387
                                         (616)722-7878 FAX.- 722-9362 Rideshare 722-RIDE













                              COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                        MICHIGAN RESOURCE INVENTORY SYSTEM UPDATE

                                         MODEL LAND USE PLAN


























                                                 Produced by the:

                             West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development Commission

                                               137 Muskegon Mall
                                                     Box 387
                                           Muskegon, Michigan 49443

                                                 (616) 722-7878
  0                                                 July, 1993








                                                                  Table of Contents


                   I. Introduction     .............................................................................. 4

                   A. Document Development Process                ....................................................5
                   B.   West Michigan Demographic Profile

                   11.  Coastal Zone Description        ............................................................. 31

                   A.   Definition of Coastal Zone        .....................................  ...................... 31
                   B.   Location of Project Area        ............................................................. 31
                   C.   Infrastructure Factors in Project Area          .............................................. 32
                   D.   Topographic Features and Soils           ..................................................... 37
                   E.   Land Use/Cover Summary            ........................................................... 40
                   F.   Significant Natural Features        .......................................................... 41

                   1.   Flood Hazard Areas        ................................................................... 41
                   2.   Special Habitats     ........................................................................ 43
                   3.   Wetlands/Dunes of Concern           .......................................................... 44

                   111. Model Land Use Plan for Coastal Zone Areas               ..................................... 46

                   A.   Composite Issues, Goals, and Objectives             .......................................... 46

                   1.   Commercial Development            ............................................................ 46
                   2.   Community Image         ..................................................................... 48
                   3.   Housing     ................................................................................. 50
                   4.   Physical Environment and Land Use             ................................................ 52
                   5.   Recreation    ............................................................................... 55


                   B.   Land Use Plan Element          ............................................................... 57

                   1.   Introduction    ............................................................................. 57
                   2.   Projected Community Characteristics            ............................................... 57
                   3.   Model Land Use Plan Districts           ...................................................... 58
                   4.   Graphic Description        ................................................................... 61


                   Appendix

                   A. Updated MIRIS Land Use/Cover Data in Digital Format








                                                             List of Maps and Figures

                   Map 1 - Oceana, Muskegon, and Ottawa Counties                  ....................................3
   0               Map 2 - Coastal Zone Boundary           .......................................................... 33

                   Map 3a - Water and Sewer Facilities           ..................................................... 34

                   Map 3b - Transportation Facilities        ........................................................ 35
   0               Map 3c - Growth Potential         ................................................................ 36

                   Figure 1 - Dune Formation Profile           ....................................................... 38

                   Map 4 - Composite Agricultural Soils            ................................................... 39
   0               Map 5 - Flood Prone Areas          ............................................................... 42

                   Map 6 - Wetland and Dune Concentrations               ............................................. 45

                   Map 7 - Future Generalized Land Use Pattern               ......................................... 61





                        Map 1 - Oceana, Muskegon, and Ottawa Counties





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                      Introduction

                      This project was initiated in 1992 by the West Michigan Shoreline Regional Develop-
               ment Commission, utilizing a grant from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
               Coastal Management Program. The two significant elements of the project were the develop-
               ment of a regional-level land use plan in the coastal zone for Planning and Development
               Region 14 (which at the time of grant award covered the counties of Muskegon, Oceana, and
               Ottawa), and expansion of the Michigan Resource Inventory System (MIRIS) data for the
               purpose of protecting coastal lands through better land use management.

                      These three counties are, have been, and will for the near term, experience relatively
               higher rates of development growth in their coastal areas. Thus, these sensitive places are
               increasingly threatened with degradation due to cumulative and secondary impacts of develop-
               ment. However, these impacts might be attenuated through the use of up to date land use
               information, and the most recent techniques to integrate the diverse needs of development and
               environmental protection.

                      It is envisioned that the model land use plan section of this document will be utilized as
               a framework and guide to implementation strategies by those local units of government wishing
               to update their land use plans or establish special plan documents which apply to the Coastal
               Zone. It is not intended that this document be a "regional" plan, but rather, a model "local"
               plan, exercised on an "ala carte" basis.































                                                                4







                      A.     Document Development Process

                      The process utilized to develop this Land Use update and Model Plan began with the
               assembly of all previous work done by relevant agencies that related to this particular region.
               Thereafter, work began on both elements of the project.

                      Early in the project, Regional Commission staff assembled a list of Local Units of
               Government which would be affected by CZM project (those Local Units either wholly or
               partially within the coastal zone), including appropriate the contact persons.

                      Staff then developed a letter to be sent to these LUG's, in which we would be request-
               ing most the recent current land use inventory and/or map, zoning map, future land use plan,
               and aerial photos.

                      Thereafter, staff began creation of new, more detailed map of Coastal Zone with
               CMAP, the computer mapping software from Michigan State University. In addition, staff
               developed a contact list of persons at local and state wildlife agencies for the purpose of
               assembling physical attribute information, such as floodplains, critical dunes, highly erodible
               lands, special habitats, and natural vista's.

                      As information regarding both current land uses and special habitats in the coastal zone
               was being updated, research began into elements of the model plan, which may utilize tools
               applicable to environmentally related needs such as sand dunes protection, wetland protection,
               river and riverine feature protection, and overall natural resource protection plans.

                      This process was followed by sample ground-truthing of available land use information,
               and digitization of this and other elements of the data gathered.







                       B.     West Michigan Demographic Profile

                       A critical element in the development of any land use plan, model or otherwise, is the
               demographic and economic makeup of an area. Information regarding population growth,
               distribution, age, as well as information about the economic forces at work in an area can be of
               great benefit when attempting to plan for and protect vital natural resources. Accordingly, the
               following demographic profile and comparison of the area under study is presented, and will
               be utilized in the development of the model land use plan.

                       As can be seen from the profiles, Ottawa County has the largest population of the three
               counties at 187,768 persons in 1990. In addition, it has the highest number of housing units, at
               66,624. From these figures, we can calculate that the population density 332 persons per
               square mile, and an average housing density of 118 units per square mile. This figure is only
               slightly lower than that for Muskegon County, at 122 units per square mile, while both figures
               are much higher that for Oceana County.

                       These, as well as other figures, tend to indicate that the level of development pressure
               might be relatively higher in these two counties than in Oceana County, all other things being
               equal. However, this may be partially offset by the greater attractiveness of some parts of
               Oceana County to those wishing to built retirement homes, for instance.

               (Census Profiles to follow)

































                                                                6







  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Muskegon County

         Total population   ..............................................        158,983
  SEX
      Male  .............................................................         77,648
      Female ...........................................................          81,335
  AGE
      Under 5 years  ....................................................         12,854
      5 to 17 years  ....................................................         31,810
      18 to 20 years ...................................................            6,648
      21 to 24 years ...................................................            8,243
      25 to 44 years ...................................................          49,501
      45 to 54 years ...................................................          15,373
      55 to 59 years ...................................................            6,730
      60 to 64 years ....................................................           7,026
      65 to 74 years ...................................................          12,299
      75 to 84 years ...................................................            6,529
      85 years and over  ................................................           1,970
      Median age  .......................................................            32.7
  Under 18 years   ......................................................         44,664
      Percent of total population   ......................................           28.1
  65 years and over  ...................................................          20,798
      Percent of total population   ......................................           13.1
  HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
  Total households   ....................................................         57,798
      Family households (families)   .....................................        42,199
         Married-couple families   .......................................        32,443
            Percent of total households    ................................          56.1
         other family, male householder    ................................         1,700
         other family, female householder    ..............................         8,056
      Nonfamily households   .............................................        15,599
            Percent of total households    ................................          27.0
         Householder living alone   ......................................        13,335
            Householder 65 years and over    ..............................         6,079
      Persons living in households   .....................................        154,012
      Persons per household   ............................................           2.66
  GROUP QUARTERS
      Persons living in group quarters    .................................         4,971
         Institutionalized persons   .....................................          4,315
         other persons in group quarters    ...............................           656
  RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
      White ...........................................................     o     133,931
      Black  ............................................................         21,617
         Percent of total population   ....o ..............................          13.6
      American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut    ................................         1,338
         Percent of total population   ........o ............ o .............         0.8
      Asian or Pacific Islander   ........................................            555
         Percent of total population   ...................................            0.3
      Other race  .......................................................           1,542
      Hispanic origin (of any race)    ....................................         3,623
         Percent of total population   ............ o ......................          2.3







  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Muskegon County

         Total housing units  ...........................................          61,962
  OCCUPANCY AND TENURE
      occupied housing units  ...........................................          57,798
         owner occupied   ................................................         43,011
            Percent owner occupied    .....................................          74.4
         Renter occupied   ...............................................         14,787
      Vacant housing units   .............................................          4,164
         For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use      .................       1,170
    Homeowner vacancy rate (percent)     ..................................           1.3
    Rental vacancy rate (percent)     .....................................           7.3
      Persons per owner-occupied unit    ..................................          2.75
      Persons per renter-occupied unit    .................................          2.43
      Units with over 1 person per room    ................................         1,707
  UNITS IN STRUCTURE
      1-unit, detached .................................................           46,858
      1-unit, attached .................................................              728
      2 to 4 units .....................................................            4,433
      5 to 9 units .....................................................            1,412
      10 or more units .................................................            3,740
      Mobile home, trailer, other    ......................................         4,791
  VALUE
      Specified owner-occupied units    ...................................        33,940
         Less than $50,000   .............................................         18,837
         $50,000 to $99,000   ............................................         12,849
         $100,000 to $149,000  ............................   o .............       1,424
         $150,000 to $199,999   ..........................................            467
         $200,000 to $299,999  ....................   o .....................         272
         $300,000 or more   ..............................................              91
         Median (dollars)  ................ o  .............................       46,300
  CONTRACT RENT
      Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent      .................      13,802
         Less than $250   ................................................          4,389
         $250 to $499  ..................................................           8,760
         $500 to $749  ..................................................             583
         $750 to $999  ..................................................               39
         $1,000 or more   ................................................              31
         Median (dollars)   .............o ................................           294
  RACE  AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER
      occupied housing units  .....................   o .....................      57,798
         White  .........................................................          50,214
         Black  .........................................................           6,678
            Percent of occupied units    ..................................          11.6
         American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut     .............................          391
            Percent of occupied units    ..................................           0.7
         Asian or Pacific Islander   ....................................    o        102
            Percent of occupied units    ..........................  o .......        0.2
         Other race  ....................................................             413
         Hispanic origin (of any race)   ..............................    o..        902
            Percent of occupied units    ..................................           1.6







  1990 Census Of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 1A

     040 Michigan
     050    Muskegon County

  MEDIAN VALUE
  Universe: Specified owner-occupied housing units
  Median value ........................................................    46,300







  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
       050   Muskegon County

  LABOR FORCE STATUS
         Persons 16 years and over  .....................................        118,864
  In labor force  ......................................................          71,689
         Percent in labor force  ........................................           60.3
    Civilian labor force  ..............................................          71,551
       Employed ........................................................          65,424
       Unemployed ......................................................           6,127
         Percent unemployed ............................................             8.6
    Armed Forces  ......................................................             138
  Not in labor force   ..................................................         47,175

         Males 16 years and over   .......................................        57,158
  @In labor force ......................................................          38,929
         Percent in labor force  ........................................           68.1
    Civilian labor force  ..............................................          38,801
       Employed ............ ............................................         35,528
       Unemployed ......................................................           3,273
         Percent unemployed ............................................             8.4
  1 Armed Forces  ......................................................             128
  Not in labor force   ..................................................         18,229

         Females 16 years and over  .........................    ...........      61,706
  In labor force  ......................................................          32,760
         Percent in labor force  ........................................           53.1
  0 Civilian labor force  ..............................................          32,750
       Employed ........................................................          29,896
       Unemployed ......................................................           2,854
         Percent unemployed ............................................             8.7
    Armed Forces  ......................................................               10
  0Not in labor force  ..................................................         28,946
         Females 16 years and over  .....................................         61,706
  With own children under 6 years   .....................................         10,731
    Percent in labor force  ............................................            59.4
  With own children 6 to 17 years only    ................................        11,031
    Percent in labor force  ............................................            72.6

              own children under 6 years in families and subfamilies      ...     15,247
  All parents present in household in labor force     .....................        8,516

       own children 6 to 17 years in families and subfamilies     ..........      27,960
  All parents present in household in labor force     .....................       18,767

       Persons 16 to 19 years   ..........................................         9,097
  Not enrolled in school and not high school graduate      .................         913
    Employed or in Armed Forces    .......................................           300
    Unemployed  ........................................................             185
    Not in labor force   ................................................            428








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Muskegon County

  COMMUTING  TO WORK
    Workers  16 years and over   .........................................        63,855
  Percent drove alone   .................................................            82.3
  Percent in carpools   .................................................            11.3
  Percent using public transportation     .................................          0.7
  Percent using other means    ...........................................           0.9
  Percent walked or worked at home    ....................................           4.7
  Mean travel time to work (minutes)    ..................................           18.3

           OCCUPATION
    Employed persons 16 years and over     ................................       65,424
  Executive, administrative, and.managerial occupations      ...............       6,127
 OProfessional specialty occupations     ..................................        7,044
  Technicians and related support occupations     .........................        2,251
  Sales occupations  ...................................................           6,695
  Administrative support occupations, including clerical      ..............       9,154
  Private household occupations    .......................................           214
  Protective service occupations    ......................................           991
 IService occupations, except protective and household      ................       8,849
  Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations     ..........................          730
  Precision production, craft, and repair occupations      .................       8,930
  Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors      .......................       9,040
  Transportation and material moving occupations      ......................       2,385
  Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers      .................       3,014

  INDUSTRY
    Employed person 16 years and over     .................................       65,424
  Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries     ................................          698
  mining  ..............................................................               38
  Construction   ........................................................          3,215
  Manufacturing, nondurable goods    .....................................         4,969
  Manufacturing, durable goods    ........................................        15,903
  Transportation   ......................................................          1,498
  Communications and other public utilities    ............................        1,731
  Wholesale trade   .....................................................          2,255
  Retail trade   ........................................................         12,372
  Finance, insurance, and real estate     .................................        2,190
  Business and repair services    ........................................         2,042
  Personal services  .................                                             1,731
  Entertainment, and recreation services     ..............................          924
  Health services   .....................................................          5,622
  Educational services  ...............                                            4,783
  other professional and related services     .............................        3,293
  Public administration   ...............................................          2,160







  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Muskegon County

 'CLASS OF WORKER
    Employed persons 16 years and over    ................................       65,424
  Private wage and salary workers   .....................................        54,852
  Government workers  ..................................................         7,055
    Local government workers   ..........................................        4,450
    State government workers   ..........................................        2,080
    Federal government workers   ........................................           525
  Self-employed workers   ...............................................        3,331
  Unpaid family workers   ...............................................           186








   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Muskegon County

 IINCOME IN 1989
     Households  ........................................................        57,827
   Less than $5,000 ....................................................          3,404
   $5,000 to $9,999 ....................................................          7,398
   $10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................          5,858
   $15,000 to $24,999 ..................................................         11,537
 @$25,000  to $34,999 ..................................................         10,116
   $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................         10,505
   $50,000 to $74,999 ...................................................         6,638
   $75,000 to $99,999 ..................................................          1,437
   $lbo,ooo to $149,999  ................................................           636
   $150,000 or more ....................................................            298
 IMedian household income (dollars)    ...................................       25,617

      Families  ..........................................................       42,602
   Less than $5,000 .....................................................         1,762
   $5,000 to $9,999 .....................................................         3,334
   $10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................          3,523
 1,$15,000 to $24,999 ..................................................          8,289
   $25,000 to $34,999 ..................................................          8,253
   $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................          9,179
   $50,000 to $74,999 ..................................................          6,080
   $75,000 to $99,999 ................... %  ..............................       1,320
   $100,000 to $149,999  ................................................           584
 0$150,000 or more  .....................................................           278
   Median family income (dollars)   ......................................       30,152

     Nonfamily households  ..............................................        15,225
   Less than $5,000 ....................................................          1,882
   $5,000 to $9,999 .......  .............................................        4,258
 1,$10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................          2,392
   $15,000 to $24,999 ..................................................          3,193
   $25,000 to $34,999 ..................................................          1,791
   $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................          1,129
   $50,000 to $74,999 ..................................................            422
   $75,000 to $99,999 ..................................................              94
 0$100,000 to $149,999   ................................................             46
   $150,000 or more ....................................................              18
   Median nonfamily household income (dollars)    .........................      12,788

   Per capita income (dollars)   .........................................       11,345








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Muskegon County

 IINCOME TYPE IN 1989
        Households  ....................................................        57,827
  with wage and salary income  .........................................        42,249
    Mean wage and salary income (dollars)    .............................      31,583
  With nonfarm self-employment income   .................................        5,133
    Mean nonfarm self-employment income (dollars)    .....................      13,585
  With farm self-employment income   ....................................           409
    mean farm self-employment income (dollars)    ........................       5,606
  With Social Security income  .........................................        17,801
    Mean Social Security income (dollars)    .............................       8,213
  With public assistance income   .......................................        6,800
    Mean public assistance income (dollars)    ...........................       4,396
 @With retirement income   ..............................................       11,294
    Mean retirement income (dollars)   ..................................        5,984

  POVERTY STATUS IN 1989
    All persons for whom poverty status is determined    .................     154,086
       Below poverty level .............................................        23,506

  Persons 18 years and over   ...........................................      109,860
       Below poverty level .............................................        13,333
    Persons 65 years and'over  .........................................        19,719
       Below poverty level .............................................         2,072
 ORelated children under 18 years   .....................................       44,016
       Below poverty level .............................................         9,979
    Related  children under 5 years  ....................................       12,672
       Below poverty level .............................................         3,469
    Related  children 5 to 17 years  ....................................       31,344
       Below poverty level .............................................         6,510

  Unrelated  individuals  ...............................................       20,048
       Below poverty level .............................................         5,523
    All families  .......................................................       42,602
       Below poverty level ..............................................        5,293
 PWith related children under 18 years    ................................      22,655
       Below poverty level .............................................         4,571
    With related children under 5 years    ...............................       9,950
       Below poverty level .............................................         2,527

    Female householder families   .......................................        7,865
       Below poverty level .............................................         3,524
  With related children under 18 years    ................................       5,779
       Below poverty level .............................................         3,308
    With related children under 5 years    ...............................       2,645
       Below poverty level .............................................         1,863








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Muskegon County


          Percent below poverty level:
          ----------------------------


  All persons   .........................................................            15.3
    Persons 18 years and over    .........................................           12.1
       Persons 65 years and over   .......................................           10.5
    Related children under 18 years     ...................................          22.7
       Related children under 5 years    ..................................          27.4
       Related children 5 to 17 years    ..................................          20.8
    Unrelated individuals    .............................................           27.5

 IAll families   ........................................................            12.4
    With related children under 18 years     ..............................          20.2
       With related children under 5 years    .............................          25.4

  Female householder families    .........................................           44.8
    With related children under 18 years     ..............................          57.2
       With related children under 5 years    .............................          70.4







   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050     Ottawa County

          Total population   ..............................................           187,768
   SEX
      Male  .............................................................             92,572
      Female ...........................................................              95,196
   AGE
      Under 5 years   ....................................................            16,013
      5 to 17 years   ....................................................            39,065
      18  to 20 years ...................................................             10,692
      21  to 24 years ......................................     I .............      11,451
      25  to 44 years ...................................................             60,456
      45  to 54 years ...................................................             18,308
      55  to 59 years ...................................................               6,764
      60  to 64 years ...................................................               6,545
      65  to 74 years ...................................................             10,517
      75  to 84 years ...................................................               5,982
      85  years and over   ................................................             1,975
      Median age   .......................................................               30.3
   Under 18 years   ......................................................            55,078
      Percent of total population     ......................................             29.3
   65 years and over  ...................................................             18,474
      Percent of total population     ......................................              9.8
   HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
   Total households   ....................................................            62,664
      Family households (families)     .....................................          49,476
          Married-couple families    .......................................          43,785
             Percent of total households    ................................             69.9
          other family, male householder    ................................            1,379
          other family, female householder     ..............................           4,312
      Nonfamily households    .............................................           13,188
             Percent of total households    ................................             21.0
          Householder living alone    ......................................          10,485
             Householder 65 years and over     ..............................           4,432
      Persons living in households     .....................................          181,843
      Persons per household    ............................................              2.90
   GROUP QUARTERS
      Persons living in group quarters      .................................           5,925
          Institutionalized persons    .....................................            1,939
          Other persons in group quarters     ...............................           3,986
   RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
      White  ............................................................             179,675
      Black ......                                                                        997
                                                                                          0.5
          Percent of total population    ...................................
      American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut     ................................              638
          Percent of total population    ...................................              0.3
      Asian or Pacific Islander     ........................................            2,451
          Percent of total population    ...................................              1.3
      Other race   .......................................................              4,007
      Hispanic origin (of any race)     .......................     ............        7,947
          Percent of total population    ...................................              4.2







   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050     Ottawa County

          Total housing units   ...........................................            66,624
   OCCUPANCY AND TENURE
      occupied housing units    ...........................................            62,664
          owner occupied   ................................................            50r576
             Percent owner occupied    .....................................              80.7
          Renter occupied   ...............................................            12,088
      Vacant housing units    .............................................             3,960
          For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use        .................        1,728
     Homeowner vacancy rate (percent)      ..................................              0.9
     Rental vacancy rate (percent)     .....................................               6.5
      Persons per owner-occupied unit      ..................................             3.00
      Persons per renter-occupied unit      .................................             2.50
      Units with over 1 person per room      ................................           1,430
   UNITS IN STRUCTURE
      1-unit, detached    .................................................            48,855
      1-unit, attached    .................................................             2,495
      2 to 4 units   .....................................................              5,510
      5 to 9 units   .....................................................              2,068
      10 or more units    .................................................             2,636
      Mobile home, trailer, other     ......................................            5,060
   VALUE
      Specified owner-occupied units      ...................................          38,852
          Less than $50,000   .............................................             5,354
          $50,000 to $99,000  ....................    o......... o .............       25,881
          $100,000 to $149,000   .....................   o...o  ................        5,314
          $150,000 to $199,999    ..........................................            1,271
          $200,000 to $299,999    ..........................................               752
          $300,000 or more   ..............................................                280
          Median (dollars)   ..............................................            74,600
   CONTRACT RENT
      Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent         .................       11,099
          Less than $250   ................................................             11214
          $250 to $499   ..................................................             8,263
          $500 to $749   ..................................................             1,435
          $750 to $999  ..................                                                 134
          $1,000 or more  ...............                                                    53
          Median (dollars)   ..............................................                402
   RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER
      occupied housing units     ...........................................           62,664
          White  .........................................................             60,809
          Black ....................                                                       257
             Percent of occupied units     ..................................              0.4
          American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut      .............................             195
             Percent of occupied units     ..................................              0.3
          Asian or Pacific Islander     .....................................              448
             Percent of occupied units     ..................................              0.7
          Other race  ....................................................                 955
          Hispanic origin (of any race)     .................................           1,834
             Percent of occupied units     ..................................              2.9







  1990 Census Of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 1A

     040 Michigan
     050    Ottawa County

  MEDIAN VALUE
  Universe: Specified owner-occupied housing units
  Median value ........................................................     74,600








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
       050   Ottawa County
  @LABOR FORCE STATUS
         Persons 16 years and over...4   .................................       138,064
  In labor force  ......................................................         100,486
         Percent in labor force  ........................................           72.8
     Civilian labor force ..............................................         100,316
  1    Employed ........................................................          96,179
       Unemployed ......................................................           4,137
         Percent unemployed  ............................................            4.1
     Armed Forces ......................................................             170
  Not in labor force   ..................................................         37,578
  1      Males 16 years and over   .......................................        67,172
  In labor force  ......................................................          55,422
         Percent in labor force  ........................................           82.5
     Civilian labor force ..............................................          55,259
       Employed ........................................................          53,018
       Unemployed ......................................................           2,241
         Percent unemployed  ............................................            4.1
     Armed Forces ......................................................             163
  Not in labor force   ..................................................         11,750

         Females 16 years and over  .....................................         70,892
  In labor force  ......................................................          45,064
         Percent in labor force  .........................................          63.6
  0 civilian labor force  ..............................................          45,057
       Employed ........................................................          43,161
       Unemployed ......................................................            1,896
         Percent unemployed  ............................................            4.2
     Armed Forces ......................................................                7
  0Not in labor force  ..................................................         25,828
         Females 16 years and over  .....................................         70,892
  With own children under 6 years   .....................................         13,152
     Percent in labor force  ............................................           67.6
  With own children 6 to 17 years only     ................................       13,053
  0  Percent in labor force  ............................................           80.0
              own children under 6 years in families and subfamilies      ...     19,151
  All parents present in household in labor force      .....................      12,205

       own children 6 to 17 years in families and subfamilies     ..........      34,687
  0All parents present in household in labor force     .....................      25,780
       Persons 16 to 19 years   ..........................................        12,334
  Not enrolled in school and not high school graduate      .................         824
     Employed or in Armed Forces   .......................................           452
     Unemployed ........................................................             105
  0  Not in labor force  ................................................            267



  0








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Ottawa County

 'COMMUTING  TO WORK
    Workers  16 years and over   .........................................         94,436
  Percent drove alone    .................................................             83.6
  Percent in carpools   .................................................              8.9
  Percent using public transportation     .................................            0.5
  Percent using other means    ...........................................             0.5
  Percent walked or worked at home     ....................................            6.3
  Mean travel time to work (minutes)     ..................................            17.5

           OCCUPATION
    Employed persons 16 years and over     ................................        96,179
  Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations       ...............      11,012
  Professional specialty occupations     ..................................        11,562
  Technicians and related support occupations      .........................         3,073
  Sales occupations   ...................................................          10,497
  Administrative support occupations, including clerical       ..............      13,824
  Private household occupations     .......................................            264
  Protective service occupations     ......................................            915
 IService occupations, except protective and household       ................      10,716
  Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations      ..........................         2,631
  Precision production, craft, and repair occupations       .................      12,101
  Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors     ........................       11,128
  Transportation and material moving occupations       ......................        4,051
  Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers       .................        4,405

  INDUSTRY
    Employed person 16 years and over     .................................        96,179
  Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries     ................................          3,024
  Mining  ..............................................................                 62
  Construction  ................                                                     5,706
  Manufacturing, nondurable goods     .....................................          7,957
  Manufacturing, durable goods    ........................................         21,075
  Transportation   ......................................................            2,632
  Communications and other public utilities      ...........................         1,622
  Wholesale trade  .....................................................             5,471
  Retail trade   ........................................................          16,741
 lFinance, insurance, and real estate     .................................          3,989
  Business and repair services     ........................................          3,278
  Personal services  .................                                               1,982
  Entertainment, and recreation services     .... .....    ..................          897
  Health services  .....................................................             6,591
  Educational services   ...............                                             8,134
 00ther professional and related services      .............................         5,236
  Public administration    ...............................................           1,782








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050    Ottawa County

  CLASS OF WORKER
    Employed persons 16 years and over   ................................       96,179
  Private wage and salary workers   .....................................       82,023
  Government workers  ..................................................        7,970
    Local government workers   ..........................................       5,454
    State government workers   ...........................................      1,832
    Federal government workers   ........................................           684
  Self-employed workers  ...............................................        5,808
  Unpaid family workers  ...............................................            378







   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Ottawa County

 @INCOME  IN 1989
     Households  ........................................................        62,912
   Less than $5,000 ....................................................          1,509
   $5,000 to $9,999 ....................................................          3,610
   $10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................          4,046
   $15,000 to $24,999 ..................................................          9,257
   $25,000 to $34,999 ..................................................         11,147
   $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................         15,860
   $50,000 to $74,999 ..................................................         12,128
   $75,000 to $99,999 ..................................................          2,996
   $100,000 to $149,999  ................................................         1,518
   $150,000 or more ....................................................            841
 PMedian household income (dollars)    ...................................       36,507

      Families ..........................................................        49,998
   Less than $5,000 ....................................................            667
   $5,000 to $9,999 ....................................................          1,237
   $10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................          2,221
 0$15,000  to $24,999 ..................................................          6,106
   $25,000 to $34,999 ..................................................          9,104
   $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................         14,313
   $50,000 to $74,999 ..................................................         11,254
   $75,000 to $99,999 ..................................................          2,862
   $100,000 to $149,999  ................................................         1,439
 0$150,000 or more  ....................................................            795
   Median family income (dollars)   ......................................       40,377

     Nonfamily households  ..............................................        12,914
   Less than $5,000 ....................................................            945
   $5,000 to $9,999 ....................................................          2,484
   $10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................          1,947
   $15,000 to $24,999 ..................................................          3,163
   $25,000 to $34,999 ..................................................          1,977
   $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................          1,449
   $50,000 to $74,999 ..................................................            752
   $75,000 to $99,999 ..................................................            101
 k$100,000 to $149,999   ................................................             61
   $150,000 or more ....................................................              35
   Median nonfamily household income (dollars)    .........................      17,994

   Per capita income (dollars)   .........................................       14,347








   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Ottawa County
  IINCOME TYPE IN 1989
         Households  ....................................................        62,912
   with wage and salary income  .........................................        52,806
     Mean wage and salary income (dollars)   .............................       39,864
   With nonfarm self-employment income   .................................        8,390
  0  Mean nonfarm self-employment income (dollars)    .....................      16,811
   with farm self-employment income  ....................................         1,375
     Mean farm self-employment income (dollars)    ........................      12-,014
   With Social Security income  .........................................        13,454
     Mean Social Security income (dollars)   .............................        8,658
   With public assistance income   .......................................        2,464
  0  Mean public assistance income (dollars)   ...........................        4,252
   with retirement income  ..............................................         7,912
     Mean retirement income (dollars)   ..................................        6,863

   POVERTY STATUS IN 1989
     All persons for whom poverty status is determined    .................     181,937
  1    Below poverty level .............................................         10,892
   Persons 18 years and over  ...........................................       127,506
       Below poverty level .............................................          7,464
     Persons 65 years and over  .........................................        16,637
       Below poverty level .............................................          1,077
  kRelated children under 18 years   .....................................       54,199
       Below poverty level .............................................          3,262
     Related children under 5 years  ....................................        15,714
       Below poverty level .............................................          1,183
     Related children 5 to 17 years  ....................................        38,485
       Below poverty level .............................................          2,079

   Unrelated individuals  ...............................................        18,947
       Below poverty level .............................................          4,589

     All families                                              .............     49,998
       Below poverty level .............................................          1,893
  IlWith related children under 18 years  ................................       27,406
       Below poverty level .............................................          1,530
     With related children under 5 years   ...............................       12,206
       Below poverty level .............................................            889

     Female householder families   .......................................        4,180
       Below poverty level .............................................            843
   With related children under 18 years   ................................        2,669
       Below poverty level .............................................            802
     With related children under 5 years   ...............................          909
       Below poverty level .............................................            412








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Ottawa County


         Percent below poverty level:
          ----------------------------


  All persons  .........................................................            6.0
    Persons 18 years and over   .........................................           5.9
      Persons 65 years and over   .......................................           6.5
    Related children under 18 years    ...................................          6.0
      Related children under 5 years    ..................................          7.5
      Related children 5 to 17 years    ..................................          5.4
    Unrelated individuals   .............................................          24.2

 OAll families  ........................................................            3.8
    With related children under 18 years    ..............................          5.6
      With related children under 5 years    .............................          7.3

  Female householder families   .........................................          20.2
    With related children under 18 years    ..............................         30.0
      with related children under 5 years    .............................         45.3








   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050      Oceana County

          Total population     ..............................................              22,454
   SEX
      Male  .............................................................                  11,027
      Female  ...........................................................                  11,427
   AGE
      Under 5 years   ....................................................                   1,769
      5 to 17 years   ....................................................                   4,873
      18  to  20 years  ...................................................                    830
      21  to  24 years  ...................................................                    908
      25  to  44 years  ...................................................                  6,457
      45  to  54 years  ...................................................                  2,409
      55  to  59 years  ...................................................                  1,043
      60  to  64 years  ........ o ............................      o........  o....        1,090
      65  to  74 years  ....... o ........................................        -          1,839
      75  to  84 years  ................   o ..................................                955
      85  years  and over  ..........   o...o ..........................     o ......          281
      Median age...   ................    o.......  oo .....o ................   o...         33.5
   Under 18 years    ...................   o ........ oo.-o-o    ................    o       6,642
      Percent of total population       ........  o.........  oo .............  o....         29.6
   65 years and over    .....................     o...............   o.............          3,075
      Percent of total population       ..............................      o .......         13.7
   HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
   Total households   ..............................       o.................    o...        8,071
      Family households (families)       ......................     oo .............         6,223
          married-couple families..      ........  o...............   o ............         5,243
              Percent of total households       ...............  o ................           65.0
          other family, male householder        ...............  o ................            279
          other family, female householder        ..... o...................    o....          701
      Nonfamily households      .....................    o... o...................           1,848
              Percent of total households...       .............................              22.9
          Householder living alone...      ........  o.... o.....................            1,598
              Householder 65 years and over       .............  o ................            836
      Persons living in households       ...  .... oo-o ...........  o.............        22,170
      Persons per household      .......        .......        ...................            2.75
   GROUP QUARTERS
      Persons living in group quarters        ..............   o..................             284
          Institutionalized persons      ....................   o.... oo  ...........          220
          other persons in group quarters..        ...........  _oo_     ...........             64
   RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
      White   ............................     o...............    0...............        21,211
      Black  ..............   o .............................................                    58
          Percent of total population..       ..................    o...........  oo.          0.3
      American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut         ....o.....................     o.....          242
          Percent of total population      ...................................                 1.1
      Asian or Pacific Islander       ........................................                   so
          Percent of total population      ......  o..........  o.................             0.2
      Other race    ...................................       oo ..................            893
      Hispanic origin (of any race)       ........... o ................   o........         1,390
          Percent of total population      ............   o......................              6.2








   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050    Oceana County

         Total housing units   ...........................................        12,857
   OCCUPANCY AND TENURE
      occupied housing units   ...........................................         8,071
         owner occupied ................................................           6,480
            Percent owner occupied   .....................................           80.3
         Renter occupied  ...............................................          1,591
      Vacant housing units  .............................................          4,786
         For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use     .................       3,504
     Homeowner vacancy rate (percent)   ..................................           1.6
     Rental vacancy rate (percent)   .....................................           6.8
      Persons per owner-occupied unit   ..................................           2.75
      Persons per renter-occupied unit   .................................           2.74
      Units with over 1 person per room   ................................           282
   UNITS IN STRUCTURE
      1-unit, detached  .................................................          9,291
      1-unit, attached  .................................................            100
      2 to 4 units  .....................................................            447
      5 to 9 units  .....................................................            160
      10 or more units  .................................................             56
      Mobile home, trailer, other   ......................................         2,803
   VALUE
      Specified owner-occupied unit's   ...................................        3,550
         Less than $50,000  .............................................          2,168
         $50,000 to $99,000   ............................................         1,171
         $100,000 to $149,000   ..........................................           145
         $150,000 to $199,999   ..........................................            48
         $200,000 to $299,999   ..........................................            15
         $300,000 or more  ..............................................              3
         Median (dollars)  ..............................................         43,300
   CONTRACT RENT
      Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent     .................       1,191
         Less than $250 ................................................             662
         $250 to $499  ..................................................            525
         $500 to $749  ..................................................              3
         $750 to $999  ..................................................              1
         $1,000 or more ................................................               0
         Median (dollars)  ...............................................           240
   RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER
      occupied housing units   ...........................................         8,071
         White  .........................................................          7,775
         Black  .........................................................             10
            Percent of occupied units   ..................................           0.1
         American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut    .............................           68
            Percent of occupied units   ..................................           0.8
         Asian or Pacific Islander   .....................................             7
            Percent of occupied units   ..................................           0.1
         Other race  ....................................................            211
         Hispanic origin (of any race)    ..................................         307
            Percent of occupied units   ..................................           3.8








  1990 Census of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 1A

     040 Michigan
     050    Oceana County

  MEDIAN VALUE
  Universe: Specified owner-occupied housing units
  Median value ........................................................     431300







   1990 Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
       050    Oceana County

   LABOR FORCE STATUS
          Persons 16 years and over    .....................................             16,545
   In labor force  ......................................................                9,904
          Percent in labor force     ........................................             59.9
     Civilian labor force     ..............................................             9,902
        Employed ........................................................                8,889
        Unemployed ......................................................                1,013
          Percent unemployed   ............................................               10.2
     Armed Forces  ......................................................                      2
   Not in labor force    ..................................................              6,641

          Males 16 years and over     .......................................            8,065
   In labor force  ......................................................                5,643
          Percent in labor force     ........................................             70.0
     Civilian labor force     ..............................................             5,641
        Employed ........................................................                5,095
        Unemployed .......................................................                  546
          Percent unemployed   ............................................                 9.7
     Armed Forces  ......................................................                      2
   Not in labor force    ..................................................              2,422

          Females 16 years and over    .....................................             8,480
   In labor force  ......................................................                4,261
          Percent in labor force     ........................................             50.2
     civilian labor force     ..............................................             4,261
        Employed ........................................................                3,794
        Unemployed ......................................................                   467
          Percent unemployed   ............................................               11.0
     Armed Forces  ......................................................                      0
   Not in labor force    ..................................................              4,219

          Females 16 years and over    .....................................             8,480
   with own children under 6 years     .....                                             1,396
     Percent in labor force    ................ ....... ...................               55.6
   With own children 6 to 17 years only       ................................           1,637
     Percent in labor force    ............................................               76.0

                own children under 6 years in families and subfamilies          ...      2,166
   All parents present in household in labor force         .....................         1,149

        own children 6 to 17 years in families and subfamilies          ..........       4,273
   All parents present in household in labor force         .....................         2,873

        Persons 16 to 19 years     ..........................................            1,310
   Not enrolled in school and not high school graduate          .................           127
     Employed or in Armed Forces      .......................................                 54
     Unemployed  ........................................................                     26
     Not in labor force     ................................................                  47








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Oceana County

  COMMUTING TO WORK
    Workers  16 years and over  .........................................         8,617
  Percent drove alone   .................................................           75.1
  Percent in carpools   .................................................           13.4
  Percent using public transportation   .................................           0.3
  Percent using other means   ...........................................           1.1
  Percent walked or worked at home    ....................................          9.9
  mean travel time to work (minutes)    ..................................          20.6

           OCCUPATION
    Employed persons 16 years and over    .................................       8,889
  Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations      ...............        623
  Professional specialty occupations    ..................................          777
  Technicians and related support occupations     .........................         222
  Sales occupations   ...................................................           803
  Administrative support occupations, including clerical      ..............      1,074
  Private household occupations    .......................................            40
  Protective service occupations    ......................................            91
  Service occupations, except protective and household      ................      1,109
  Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations     ..........................         733
  Precision production, craft, and repair occupations     .................       1,379
  Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors     .......................         976
  Transportation and material moving occupations     ......................         458
  Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers     .................         604

  INDUSTRY
    Employed person 16 years and over   .................................         8,889
  Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries    ................................          839
  Mining  ..............................................................              41
  Construction  ........................................................            677
 PManufacturing, nondurable goods    .....................................          692
  Manufacturing, durable goods    ........................................        1,689
  Transportation  ......................................................            226
  Communications and other public utilities     ...........................         165
  Wholesale trade   .....................................................           207
  Retail trade ..............                                                     1,466
  Finance, insurance, and re 1        t ................ .......... .....           243
  Business and repair services    ........................................          279
  Personal services  ................. :.................................           275
  Entertainment, and recreation services     ..............................           74
  Health services   .....................................................           604
  Educational services  ...............                                             656
 00ther professional and related services     .............................         368
  Public administration   ...............................................           388







  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Oceana County

  CLASS OF WORKER
    Employed persons 16 years and over    ................................        8,889
  Private wage and salary workers   .....................................         6,716
  Government workers  ..................................................          1,247
    Local government workers   ..........................................          777
    State government workers   ..........................................          330
    Federal government workers   ........................................          140
  Self-employed workers   ...............................................          850
  Unpaid family workers   ...............................................            76








   1990 ,Census of Population and Housing
      040 Michigan
      050      Oceana County

 'INCOME   IN 1989
     Households   ........................................................                 8,097
   Less than $5,000   ....................................................                   582
   $5,000 to $9,999   ....................................................                 1,130
   $10,000  to  $14,999 ..................................................                 1,032
   $15,000  to  $24,999 ..........   o....................   o..o  ...............         1,723
 @$25,000   to  $34,999 ..................    o ...............................            1,481
   $35,000  to  $49,999 .........................................        o......  0.       1,248
   $50,000  to  $74,999 .....................     o.......... o..........  o ......          687
   $75,000  to  $99,999..@ ...... o.........................................                 129
   $100,000 to $149,999    ................................................                   65
   $150,000 or more   ....................................................                    20
 OMedian household income (dollars)        ...................................            22,383

      Families ....................    o........................    o...... o  .....       6,279
   Less than $5,000   ....................................................                   269
   $5,000 to $9,999   ....................................................                   549
   $10,000  to  $14,999 ..................................................                   810
 1 $15,000  to  $24,999 .......................     o ..........................           1,409
   $25,000  to  $34,999 .....................     o............................            1,244
   $35,000  to  $49,999 ...........................     o  ......................          1,148
   $50,000  to  $74,999 ...........   oo  .................. o ..................            649
   $75,000  to  $99,999 ..................................................                   123
   $100,000 to $149,999    ..........  o .....................................                58
 0$150,000 or more    ....................................................                    20
   Median family income (dollars)      ......................................              25,786

     Nonfamily households    ....  oo ................ o .......................           1,818
   Less than $5,000   ....................................................                   358
   $5,000 to $9,999   ....................................................                   595
 0$10,000   to  $14,999 ..................................................                   228
   $15,000  to  $24,999 .....................     o............................              312
   $25,000  to  $34,999 ..................................................                   195
   $35,000  to  $49,999 ..............................................         o ...          86
   $50,000  to  $74,999 ..................    o ............ oo  .................            35
   $75,000  to  $99,999 .........  o ........ o ...............................                  2
 b$100,000 to $149,999     .........  o..........  o....... o...... o  ...o ........             7
   $150,000 or more   ........  o..................................     0......  0..             0
   Median nonfamily household income (dollars)         .........................           9,364

   Per capita income (dollars)     .........................................               9,582








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Oceana County

  INCOME  TYPE IN 1989
        Households  ....................................................         8,097
  With wage and salary income  .........................................         5,842
    Mean wage and salary income (dollars)    .............................      25,670
  With nonfarm self-employment income    .................................          907
  1 Mean nonfarm self-employment income (dollars)    .....................      11,394
  with farm self-employment income   ....................................           435
    Mean farm self-employment income (dollars)    ........................       8,347
  With Social Security income  .........................................         2,633
    Mean Social Security income (dollars)    .............................       7,635
  With public assistance income   ........................................          878
  0 Mean public assistance income (dollars)    ...........................       3,864
  with retirement income   ..............................................        1,589
    Mean retirement income (dollars)    ..................................       7,012


  POVERTY STATUS IN 1989
    All persons for whom poverty status is determined     .................     22,156
  1    Below poverty level .............................................         3,963
  Persons 18 years and over   ...........................................       15,597
       Below poverty level .............................................         2,348
    Persons 65 years and over  .........................................         2,932
       Below poverty level .............................................            460
  @Related children under 18 years  .....................................        6,522
       Below poverty level .............................................         1,578
    Related  children under 5 years  ....................................        1,735
       Below poverty level .............................................            519
    Related  children 5 to 17 years  ....................................        4,787
       Below poverty level .............................................         1,059

  unrelated  individuals  ...............................................        2,403
       Below poverty level .............................................            863

    All families  ......................................................         6,279
       Below poverty level .............................................            856
  With related children under 18 years    ................................       3,261
       Below poverty level .............................................            659
    With related children under 5 years    ...............................       1,232
       Below poverty level .............................................            346

    Female householder families   .......................................           629
       Below poverty level .............................................            291
  With related children under 18 years    ................................          464
       Below poverty level .............................................            268
    With related children under 5 years    ...............................          181
       Below poverty level .............................................            137








  1990 Census of Population and Housing
     040 Michigan
     050     Oceana County


         Percent below poverty level:
         ----------------------------


  All persons  .........................................................            17.9
    Persons 18 years and over   .........................................           15.1
      Persons 65 years and over    .......................................          15.7
    Related children under 18 years    ...................................          24.2
      Related children under 5 years    ..................................          29.9
      Related children 5 to 17 years    ..................................          22.1
    Unrelated individuals   .............................................           35.9

  All families  ........................................................            13.6
    with related children under 18 years    ..............................          20.2
      With related children under 5 years,    .............................         28.1

  Female householder families   .........................................           46.3
    With related children under 18 years    ..............................          57.8
      with related children under 5 years     .............................         75.7







              11.   Coastal Zone Description

                    A.     Definition of Coastal Zone

                    There is no precise definition of those areas which are in the "coastal zone" that can be
              delineated according to a particular factor. However, according to the federal Coastal Zone
              Management Act of 1972, the act covers "public beaches and other public coastal areas of
              environmental, recreational, historical, aesthetic, ecological or cultural value". The only addi-
              tion we make for the purposes of this document is the inclusion of all lands, public and private,
              which may also have an effect on the development of the actual Lake Michigan shoreland.
              Therefore, we are also including a substantial amount of inland lake shore, riverine lands, and
              certain complete watersheds. For a more accurate depiction of all lands included in this text,
              see Map 2, Coastal Zone Boundaries. This map outlines the general geographic area used for
              administering the DNR Coastal Management Program, as it pertains to Muskegon, Oceana,
              and Ottawa Counties, however cultural features such as section lines and roadways are still
              used for simplification purposes.

                    B.     Location of Project Area

                    For the purposes of this project, the area included in the coastal zone includes all or
              part of the following local units of government:

              Oceana Cpgnty
              Benona Township
              Claybanks, Township
              Golden Township
              Pentwater Township
              Village of Pentwater

              Muskegon Coun1y
              Fruitland Township
              Village of Fruitport
              Fruitport Township
              Laketon Township
              Montague Township
              City of Montague
              Muskegon Township
              City of Muskegon
              City of Muskegon Heights
              City of North Muskegon
              City of Norton Shores
              City of Roosevelt Park
              White River Township
              Whitehall Township
              City of Whitehall

              Ottawa Cggnty
              City of Ferrysburg                                    City of Zeeland
              Village of Spring Lake                                Zeeland Township
              City of Grand Haven                                   Holland Township
              City of Holland
              Park Township
              Port Sheldon Township
              Spring Lake Township
              Grand Haven Township


                                                          31








                      C.     Infrastructure

                      For the purposes of this project, and of development plans in general, "infrastructure"
               can be construed to include; roads, from residential to Federal Interstate Highways, scenic
               tourism routes, rail lines and commercial ports, and water and\or sanitary sewer lines. All
               these elements are in some way essential to modem life. The distribution of many of these
               infrastructure elements can be seen in the series of Maps 3a through 3c, which depicts the
               major roadways in the three counties, those roads which have a significant impact on the
               coastal zone, and the areas which are most likely to have development pressures based on
               infrastructure availability.













































                                                               32







                                         Map 2 - Coastal Zone Boundaries














                    4L
                                        J-



                                        4 f







                                                                  Al










                                           W..r
                                           .mr-



                                              01

                       REGION U                    ..r,
                     Coastal    Zone

                                                  i@- Ij



                          COASTAL ZONE

















                      2 4 6 0  0







                                                           Map 3a - Water and Sewer








                                                         JHart
                                    -7            L;
                                         Golden Township




                                               0
                                                         Shelby



                                                                                        a-X
                                                         Now Era                Hesperia.':-


                                                     M
                                                     Lj  Rothbury




                                                         0
                                                         Muskegon Co.
                                                         White Lake
                                               L.-
                                                   J



                                                               7




                                                             X.                           0
                                                                                     Muskegon Co.
                                                                                     Metropolitan
                                                                                                            Casnovia


                                                                                                         r - - - - - --
                                                                                             Ravenna








                                                                            Grand Haven
                                                                            Spring Lake
                                 REGION -14                                                       L            --------
                                                                                                      0
                      MUNICIPAL SEWER SERVICE AREAS                                                            Wright
                              TREATMENT FACILITIES                                                             Towntilp
                                                                                                            0
                                                                                 Grand V  a, ley
                                                                                 State, College          in  r-
                         0 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT                                                 L-J
                                FACILITY

                            PRESENT SERVICE AREA                                               Georgetown -
                            Named Future Service h-ea                                         Hudsonville                !0
                        L--j POSSible. Ful:L@ Bpansion Area


                                                                                              71 Zootiond

                           0                         "'1",
                           0 mAmhrxj@@                         Tilts                       Holland
                              Z Is 6 5 a                 2l0 KVCW







                                         Map 3b - Major Transportation Routes























                              ----------

















                                                                      ------------------------ -










                       REGION 1A                              ----- ---------------

                   Major Transportation
                         Facilities



                      FEDERAL OR STATE HIGHWAY

                      RAILROAD

                      COAM*ItCIAL AWIATION

                      GENERAL AVIATION

                      COMMERCIAL HARDOR







                                                                                                                                                                                         Map 3c - Estimated Growth Potential





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  :7:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       . . . . . . . . . . ..





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .. ....... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ......   4.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      :q'   .4





















                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ...........






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Muskegon Co.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -777












                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .. .........




                                                                                                                                REGION 14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                       Estimated Growth Potential




                                                                                 CLASSES

                                                                                                           MULH GkEATER THAN 4,4RAOIE GROWIH POTINI;A!
                                                                                                  11 GAEATER IHAN AVERAGE 3;UwrH @()TENT AL
                                                                                                  III AVERAGE GROWrH j-07:@IIIAI
                                                                                                  IV POORER THAN AVI`RA@@' (@ROWI@$ 1")'ENI Al
                                                                                                  v ZERO GROWIH VOIFNI At









                                                                                                  0                                               6                a              10 mIlES

                                                                                                  0        2 A                 6         a          10                                                  20 KILOMFERS







                     D.     Topographic Features and Soils

                     Obviously, the topographic feature of greatest prominence in the coastal zone is the
              dune formations along much of the Lake Michigan shore. The major elements of these dune
              formations are the beach, the bluffs, and the glacial plain, as shown in Figure 1, Coastal Pro-
              file. It is these dune formations, and the desirability of the views they afford the land owner
              and user, which are of significant concern.

                     Further, these dune formations, and their three major elements, form an interconnected
              ecosystem with the soil associations and vegetative types found in the coastal zone. Therefore,
              any disruption of this system, if not managed and mitigated, will hasten the tendency of the
              dune formation to collapse and erode away.

                     The soils in the project area are most often those of the Rubicon-Croswell-Dear Park
              Association, being nearly level to steep, well drained and moderately well drained sandy soils
              on outwash plains, beach ridges, and dune formations. It encompasses all of the steep sand
              dunes at the lake, the rolling hills which extend inward from the dune formation itself, and the
              nearly level plains which extend inland from there.

                      A composite soils map can be found in Map 4.
































                                                              37














                                                            Figure 1
                                                       Coastal Profile










                                                                  CREST
                                       RUNOFF                                        SEEPAGE

                               BLUFF FACE


                                                       PIG H. BL

       LAKE MICHIG


                              BEACH.'
                                                   TOE







                                                                   Map 4 - Composite Generalized Soils





                                                                                                                                                       ............


                                                                                                                                    ..........


                                                                                                                                  .............
                                          .......                                                                                .. .....



                                          ..........
                                          ...........

                                          . ......... .
                                          ...........
                                          ..........
                                          ...................
                                                                                                 .......                               ......



                                          ..............
                                          .......... .-
                                                                                                                                    ...............
                                          ............. .. .                                                                        .. . .. .. ...
                                          .............
                                                                                                                                    .................

                                          ..........
                                          X..........                                                                            ..... .. .........

                                                                                                                                    ....................
                                                                                                                                    ................

                                                                                 ...................                             .......................
                                                                                 ............I.......
                                                                                                                                       ..........
                                                                                 .. . ..........
                                                                               *1 . ..................                            ...............
                                                                                                                               ..................



                                          . . . . . ..........
                                          ..........


                                          ..........

                                                                 ......... ....
                                          ............ .......... .    ..
                                          ..... ....... ...........
                                          x- ..... . .. ...
                                          ...........                     .... ...                     . ....


                                                                                        .... ......


                                                                                 .. ..........
                                                                               0:: wt
                                                                                                                                                       . ........



                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                                                       . ........


                                          .. .. . ........
                                                                                                                                                       ..........
                                                                                        .... .. ....
                                                                                                                                                       .. .... ....
                                          ..............................
                                          .......... .............
                                          ....                                      ..... ....
                                          .. ............ ................

                                                                                                . ... . .....
                                                        ...........  ......
                                                  ...........  ..........
                                                         ..........
                                                  ...........
                                                                                                       .............
                                                                                                       .............
                                                  .........                                      v.            ........
                                                  .........
                                                                                                                      ...........
                                                                                    ..........





                                          ..........                                                           ...                                          ..
                                          .. ..............

                                          ..........
                                                         . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
                                                                     ...............                   ...
                                                             .... ...... X.-
                                                                                                                   . . . . . .. . . . . .
                                          .................. ........... ...... . .
                                                  ...........
                                          ...... . . ..
                                                                                        .... ........
                                          .... .............
                                             ..........              .......
                                          .XXX"
                                          Ox-



                                                        ...........
                                          ......................

                                                                            ....... ...   ...



                                          .................. Z:  ........
                                                                                 ....   .......
                                          .........


                                                              ............          ......

                                                                 ............
                                          ...........
                                                        ........... . ...
                                                                   .......... ......             ...... ....

                                          ..................... ..........

                                                                    ......... ......
                                          ............                                             ..                                         ...
                                                        .........     ........

                                                                 ................

                                                        ..........
                                                  ............



                                                                                    ....... .....
                                                  ............                      ........ .....
                                                                                        .. . ........
                                                              .......                 ....... . .

                                                                                    ....... ..
                                                  . . . . . . . . . . .

                                                          ... ........
                                                        ...........



                                                              . . ............
                                                                                                       ......... .
                                                  jx, ......


                                                  -----------    ..... ...







                                 E.        Land Use/Cover Summary

                                The chart and graph below illustrate the distribution of land use and land cover types in
                      those local units of government which have land located in the Coastal Zone. Note that the
                      illustrations relate the distribution of types for the entire municipality, not just that area con-
                      tained within the coastal zone. Therefore, the representation is to be considered approximate,
                      not exact.

                                The data used to produce this illustration was obtained from the MIRIS data set, after
                      modification from Regional Commission field surveys. The square area of individual land use
   0                  polygons was then combined into totals for each land use type for the entire region. These
                      totals were then assimilated into the 12 overall land cover types seen below.



                                               A
                                                       xp
                                                        '.  goo.,
   0                                           Residential                         55,171
                                               Commercial                            8,254
                                               Industrial                            5,431
                                               Transportation                        7,794
                                               Extractive                            1,144
   1                                           Recreation                          15,422
                                               Agriculture                         74,567
                                               Open                                35,416
                                               Forest                             165,532
                                               Water                               17,412
   0                                           Wetlands                              7,437
                                               Barren Dune                           3,147

                                             Land Use/Cover Summary
   0                                             Coastal Zone Governmental Units

                                 Barren Dune
                                     Wetlands
                                         Water
                                         Forest
                           0            0 en
                                   Agriculture
                          D        Recreation
                           C         Extractive
                              Transportatio
                                     Industrial
                                  Commercial
                                   Residential                              1                1     1
                                               0 20 40 60            80 160 120 140 160 1 k
                                                             Area  in Square Acres        I                        I
                                                                  (Thousands)








                                                                                           40







                      F.     Significant Natural Features

                             1.     Flood Hazard Areas

                      Map 5, Composite Flood Hazard Areas, was developed through digitization of the
               Flood Insurance Rate Maps and Flood Hazard Base Maps for those communities participating
               in the National Flood Insurance Program, which is administered by the Federal Emergency
               Management Agency or FEMA. According to FEMA, flood hazard areas are determined
               using statistical analyses of records of river flow, storm tides and rainfall, information obtained
               in consultation with the community, floodplain topographical surveys, and hydrologic studies.
               This information is then presented on a published map, which covers all or part of a communi-
               ty. This Flood Insurance Rate Map shows areas within the 100 year flood boundary. As
               stated by FEMA, a "100 year flood" is not a flood level obtained once every 100 years, but
               rather a water level which has a greater then 1 percent chance of being equaled in any given
               year.





















































                                                              41







                                     Map 5 - Flood Hazard Areas








                                                               FLOOD POTENTIAL



                                                           
















                                                                      
 






                              2.     Special Habitats

                      Data on special habitats were provided by the Michigan Resource Information System
               (MIRIS), interviews with MDNR staff at state parks and other areas, and in some cases,
               supplemented by site visits and other ground reference procedures. The main purpose of
               assembling such data for this model plan was to take into account the approximate locations of
               significant natural features or habitats when projecting future growth, or designating future
               land use zones. For example, even if an area seems right for significant housing development
               when judged by all traditional criterion, the presence of meaningful natural features data can
               provide a contradictory benchmark by which to direct such development to other areas.

                      The greatest concentration of these features seems to be in areas which are already
               limited in their development potential, i.e. state parks and game areas. However, this could
               also be a reflection of both the data gathering methodology, and the data sources themselves.
               Additionally, some potential for conflict was noted in the areas near Port Sheldon in central
               Ottawa County (an area of burgeoning residential development), and the environs of the Grand
               River as it passes through the City of Grand Haven and enters Lake Michigan via Spring Lake.

                      These data and the generalized locations of the habitats and environments listed in the
               Natural Features Inventory are included in the analysis done to project future land use areas
               and types. Where possible, the land use or uses in the area have been designated so as to be
               compatible with the special habitat (as in the case of open space preservation, or certain recrea-
               tional areas), or limited so as to negate most impacts.






























                                                               43








                             3.     Wetlands/Dunes of Concern

                      This section of the data update concerns itself primarily with the mapping of current
               locations of wetland areas, critical dunes, and Areas of Particular Concern (APC's), both as
               identified in earlier publications, and as verified by more recent surveys.

                      Of the original 54 "Areas of Particular Concern" cited in the Regional Commission's
               1978 document "Coastal Areas of Particular Concern", many were cited at the time for reasons
               which are beyond the scope of this document. For the purposes of this data update, only those
               areas which are focused on critical dune areas, and are still in existence, were added to the
               database.

                      In gathering data regarding wetlands, sources included recent field surveys, USGS quad
               sheets, information provided by local communities, and recent community development plans.









































                                                              44







                                             Map 6 - Wetlands and Dunes,





















                                                  APO






                                                         NS -






                                                          i P 44
















                                                            45








                III.   Model Land Use Plan for Coastal Zone Areas

                        A.     Composite Issues, Goals, and Objectives

                INTRODUCTION

                The identification of key issues in the community is a critical part of any planning
                process. It is through the identification of the needs and problem areas in a
                community that goals and objectives are developed, thereby clarifying and organiz-
                ing the tasks to be accomplished.

                Goals are broad, long-range statements reflecting a general attitude or policy intent
                of the area officials. Objectives are specific courses of action that should be taken to
                accomplish the goals. Objectives are short-term, implementable, and measurable.

                Key issues, goals, objectives, and implementation strategies were formulated in coastal zone
                through the use of analysis of current and proposed land use and master plans for the study
                area. These, taken together with the policies proposed below, provide local leaders with a
                sound foundation for future decision making.

                Therefore, based on the resources and character of coastal zone discussed in the previous
                chapters, the following goals and objectives have been developed as a policy framework for the
                issues identified. These goals will serve as a guide for the day-to-day decision making for both
                the local units of government involved, and the Regional Commission.


                COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

                The majority of the needs of coastal zone residents will be met by establishments outside the
                immediate area. Much of the coastal zone proper, however, constitutes a "rural" service area
                that could be expanded upon to draw upon those living in the area, even though they may be
                commuting daily to Muskegon, Holland or Fremont to work.

                Issues
                Limitation of commercial development on sensitive lands, while promoting commercial devel-
                opment appropriate to the area on those lands not directly affected by the coastal zone.

                Goal #1 To encourage development of a comprehensive local services economy such as a
                restaurant, barber, full-service gasoline station, etc., near the zone, but not in it.

                Objectives:

                        1.     Establish a citizen's task force to explore alternatives for commercial develop-
                               ment.
                        2.     Create a 10-15 year marketing and implementation plan for commer-
                               cial development.
                        3.     Secure financing programs for new businesses.
                        4.     Devise a tax abatement policy.
                        5.     Establish funding mechanisms such as Tax Increment Financing
                               Authorities were needed.
                        6.     Identify properties available.
                        7.     Determine suitability of lands.
                        8.     Provide commercial zoning in the zoning ordinance.




                                                                46









              Policies:
                     1.     Secondary processing of natural resource products harvested from the area
                            should, where feasible, be undertaken nearby.

                     2.     Economic Development involving non-renewable resources should be carefully
                            planned and staged in order to prevent premature depletion of those resources.

                     3.     The tourist and recreational industry should be promoted on a year-round basis.












































                                                             47








                                                      COMMUNITY IMAGE

                Several events in recent years in the coastal zone community have illustrated a growing con-
                cem by the citizens, planning commissioners, and elected officials about the lakeshore's
                image, both in terms of physical appearance and cooperative spirit.

                While there are few opportunities for civic involvement in coastal zone, there are a number of
                positive actions that can be implemented fairly easily in working to these long-range goals.
                These goals and strategies reflect the tremendous changes in operating a modem environmental
                policy due to an increasingly mobile, sophisticated, and demanding public.


                Issues

                *1. There are too many opportunities in the coastal zone for properties to become repositories
                for inoperable cars, discarded appliances, and other non-degradable refuse. This not only
                causes health and environmental problems, but projects an uncaring image to passersby, poten-
                tial residents, and fellow citizens.

                *2. Often citizens do not know the appropriate procedure to either complain, instigate devel-
                opment, or protect their rights. An attitude has developed that all areas near Lake Michigan
                are being "taken over" by the State, and are sacrosanct.

                Goal #1 To improve the visual impact of the community.

                Objectives:
                         1.     Strengthen zoning code and building code enforcement.
                         2.     Encourage quality residential development    .
                         3.     Encourage flexible housing developments for rental units and commer-
                                cial establishments that incorporate clustering features, minimal
                                impacts to the natural environment, and high-density developments
                                with appropriate usage of open space.
                         4.     Institute programs for housing rehabilitation and neighborhood mainte-
                                nance.
                         5.     Support actions that will facilitate property cleanups and individual
                                citizen initiatives.
                         6.     Investigate and institute programs and projects for community beauti-
                                fication.
                         7.     Require adherence to policy of issuing certificates of occupancy for all
                                dwelling units and commercial structures upon successful completion
                                of all code requirements.
                         8.     Expand the number of hours in which inspection officers and corre-
                                sponding documents are available to both the public and area officials.
                         9.     Require plot plans for new single-family dwellings. Plans should be approved
                                by both the building inspector and zoning administrator prior to issuance of
                                building and zoning permits. Plans should include, at a minimum, a drawing
                                showing the dimensions of the property, the structure setbacks, locations of utili-
                                ties, general drainage of the lot, and any surficial alterations intended.
                         10.    Utilize the Michigan Youth Conservation Corps and other similar programs to
                                perform cleanup activities.
                         11.    Organize a tree-planting program with students to beautify the community, in-
                                still pride among youth in their area, and to enhance community awareness.





                                                                   48







             Goal #2      To improve the communication and information flow among the citizenry and
             between citizens and elected officials.

             Objectives:
                    1.    Devise a mechanism by which new residents or potential residents may be
                          informed of environmental regulations, services, and permitting processes.

             Policies:

                    1.    Local units of government should adopt uniform and minimum standards for
                          such factors as access, spacing, visual clearance intersections and
                          development set-backs along roadways.











































                                                         49








                                                          HOUSING

               It is the belief of both coastal zone officials and residents that the community possesses the
               characteristics of a highly desirable living environment. All communities can reasonably
               expect residential, non-farm growth from natural population expansion internally and also from
               the nearby urban areas of Muskegon, Holland, Grand Rapids and Fremont.


               Issues:

               *1. Very few rental units exist, which is a deterrent to younger people desiring to remain in
               the area near family and to professionals employed in the area, for example, in the school
               system.

               *2. There is very little designated, subsidized, and operated senior citizen housing in the area.

               *5.      Stronger controls are needed on growth patterns and land use suitability. Growth
               should be dictated by a long-range development plan.


               Goal #1 To provide a variety of residential life styles that meet the needs and desires of exist-
               ing and future residents.

               Objectives:
                        1.    Provide a supply of quality rental units.
                        2.    Provide a supply of multi-family housing.
                        3.    Create opportunities for mobile home parks on the edges of the zone.
                        4.    Create opportunities for senior citizen housing.
                        5.    Institute better zoning and building code enforcement to protect surrounding
                              properties' values.
                        6.    Institute stringent standards for construction of mobile home parks and multi-
                              family units, again, on the edges of the zone.
                        7.    Foster a sense of responsibility in area landlords.
                        8.    Initiate a rental inspection program.
  0                     10.   Require open space areas in multi-family housing developments.
                        11.   Encourage variety and innovation in housing design.



               Goal #3 To create an organized plan of residential growth.

               Objectives:
                        1.    Devise growth control strategies.
                        2.    Encourage quality control of housing.
                        3.    Create housing opportunities on lands most suited for development.
                        4.    Reduce costs to taxpayers by encouraging development in areas most able to be
                              serviced by municipal utilities.
                        5.    Develop separate land use categories to minimize land use conflicts and to
                              provide a balanced and diversified community.
                        6.    Enforce strict zoning.
                        7.    Encourage residential tree planting and landscaping.






                                                                50







               Goal #4 To provide residential development opportunities that do not negatively impact the
               environment and to protect the public health, safety, and welfare.

               Objectives:
                       1.     Encourage residential development that conforms to the existing topography,
                              thereby minimizing grading, limiting erosion, and minimizing tree removal.
                       2.     Prohibit residential development in areas of excessive slopes and in floodplains.
                       3.     Encourage an orderly development pattern, avoiding "leap frog" or "strip"
                              development.
                       4.     As land is divided, encourage the dedication of lands for public use by residents
                              or require the developer to provide funds in lieu of dedication for the area to
                              acquire such lands.

               Policies:

                       1.     Priority should be given to development of those housing projects which address
                              the most urgent unmet needs of specific target population groups requiring
                              public assistance, including elderly, low and moderate income families, handi-
                              capped and developmentally disabled persons.
                       2.     All new housing development should be consistsnt with local and County-
                              wide plans, provide adequate public services and amenities, and compatible
                              with the neighboring land use.
                       3.     New residential development should occur only in areas where soils are suitabls
                              for on-site sewage disposal systems or where public utilities are available
                              and economically feasible.
                       4.     All Townships and Cities should be encouraged to adopt or revise and update
                              building codes, which will permit utilization of new housing construction
                              technology and new concepts of housing site and subdivision development.








                                   PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND LAND USE

              Preventing environmental pollution and degradation is of prime importance to the health, safe-
              ty, and well-being of our families and to the future of our communities. Environmental protec-
              tion is accomplished through a three-step process: remediating existing problems, planning
              and enacting regulations to prevent instances of degradation, and raising citizens' awareness of
              potential sources and actions causing pollution.


              Issues

              *1. Abandoned vehicles, farm machinery, household appliances, and trash on properties not
              only detract from our community's appearance, but threaten groundwater resources.

              *2. Many local streams and drains experience degradation from excessive sedimentation, and
              agricultural runoff.

              *3. Development is often permitted on lands not able to sustain septic systems.

              *4. Continued allowance of gravel/sand mining is seen by residents as a violation of their
              standards of living, and an intrusion into the pristine nature of the community.


              Goal #1 To improve the cleanliness of the area by eliminating debris and abandoned
              vehicles/machinery.

              Objectives:
                      1.    Enforce the zoning ordinance fairly on an on-going basis.
                      2.    Increase community awareness of ordinances.
                      3.    Appoint an ordinance enforcement officer and give him/her the necessary au-
                            thority.
                      4.    Encourage area governments to support enforcing officer, to allocate the neces-
                            sary resources, and to supply proper legal remedies.
                      5.    Inform citizens of proper disposal methods.
                      6.    Educate people about existing rules.
                      7.    Initiate education program in schools about ordinances and local legislation.
                      8.    Encourage Area authorities to work with state/federal authorities on problems.

              Goal #2   To develop lands according to their ability to sustain development.

              Objectives:
                      1.    Implement appropriate districting in zoning ordinance within one year.
                      2.    Implement strict, evenly enforced septic system standards.
                      3.    Identify problem soils and erosion problem areas.
                      4.    Identify allowable densities for each soil type.
                      5.    Follow ordinance and comprehensive plan.
                      6.    Apply enforcement remedies to correct problem.
                      7.    Communicate desires to County Public Health department.
                      8.    Become involved in septic permitting process.
                      9.    Institute erosion control mechanisms.
                      10.   Work with agencies to correct land use practices and install cover where need-
                            ed.

              Goal #3 To protect soil, surface water, and ground water resources for present and future
              generations.


                                                          52








                       Objectives:
                       1.      Enact ordinances and/or regulations in existing ordinances to prevent activities
                               that have polluting potential.
                       2.      Provide citizens with information on preventive actions that may be taken by
                               homeowners and businesses to assure environmental protection.
                       3.      Investigate local government options available for groundwater protection legis-
                               lation.
                       4.      Work with regional Groundwater Education in Michigan staff to incorporate
                               environmental education in local school curriculums and to develop tools for
                               local officials.
                       5.      Minimize impacts of intensive development on ground and surface waters.
                       6.      Implement stormwater management policies for all developments.
                       7.      Implement lot size requirements suitable for septic field development.
                       8.      Investigate the feasibility of municipal water/sewer, where none currently ex-
                               ists.


               Policies:
                       1.      Areas where critical natural processes would be endangered by development
                               should be conserved. The areas most directly impacted include the following:
                               drainage ways, floodplains, marshes, bogs, steep slopes and key habitat
                               areas.
                       2.      @n adequate minimum flow and water quality should be maintained in all
                               rivers, streams and inland lakes to insure a productive fish habitat and
                               protection of aquatic life and scenic quality.
                       3.      Development should not grossly impair the functioning of vital natural systems.
                               Land uses should be primarily determined by natural characteristics, suitability
                               of the land, and the availability of urban services.
                       4.      New development should be located in vacant and redevelopable areas that
                               are already serviced by utilities.
                       5.      Local implementation devices should allow cluster subdivisions for residential,
                               commercial, industrial and public activities.
                       6.      Lands shall be deemed unsuitable for any proposed development by the local
                               units of government because of:

                                      a. flooding
                                      b. inadequate drainage
                                      c. adverse soil formation
                                      d. sewer erosion potential
                                      e. unfavorable topography
                                      f. inadequate water supply and sewage disposal capabilities,

                               or any other feature likely to be harmful to the health, safety or welfare of the
                               community or the future residents of the proposed subdivision.

                       7.      Significant natural and wilderness areas be identified, protected, and
                               preserved.

                       8.      Areas containing unique and/or endangered species should be identified,
                               inventoried and managed as special protection units.Poliq 1.3 Service area
                               boundaries for water and sewer should be determined primarily
                               on the basis of watersheds.

                       9.      On-site sewage disposal absorption systems should only be allowed on sites
                               on which hydrologic and soil porosity tests substantiate the reliability of septic


                                                                  53







                              tank systems for the density and cumulative effects of development that will
                              occur.


                       10.    Land management practices that minimize pollution should be utilized, such
                              as:

                             use of biodegradable, non-polluting chemical fertilizers, pesticides,
                             detergents, etc.
                             management of liquid and solid waste disposal systems so as to
                             preclude contamination of nearby surface water resources and
                             underlying ground water supplies.

                       11.    Any alteration to the shoreline, channel, or bottom profile of water bodies and
                              water courses by filling or dredging must be demonstrated by the proponent
                               to the unit of government having jurisdiction to be non-detrimental to the
                               resource and public health.






































                                                                54








                                                        RECREATION

               The high degree of availability of recreation lands in the coastal zone is a valuable asset that
               must be maintained and enhanced. The area possesses a large amount of State and National
               Forest lands that provide recreational opportunities for hiking, hunting, fishing, motorized
               biking, and other recreational opportunities linked to limited vehicular access.

               Issues

                        *1. The area has a large amount of state and federal lands to provide recreational
                              opportunities.

                        *2. Some communities lack a playground with a good variety of equipment.

                        *3. There are few established trails for riding and hiking, on private land.

                        *4. There is a need for campgrounds for recreational vehicles.

               Goal #1 To establish a hierarchy of parks and recreation facilities from regional to neighbor-
               hood to enrich the recreational opportunities of area residents of all age groups.

               Objectives:
                        1 .   Plan for park development in population centers through land acquisition and
                              dedication.
                        2.    Develop a range of facilities from passive to intensive uses.
                        3.    Utilize a range of sites, from natural areas to highly developed facilities.
                        4.    Coordinate recreation program with area adult education programs.
                        5.    Encourage the development of national/state facilities by their respective and
                              appropriate agencies.
                        6.    Encourage County involvernimt in parks siting for both county and area resi-
                              dents' use.
                        7.    Establish regular communication with County parks officials.
                        8.    Establish contact with national/state officials to investigate possibilities of facili-
                              ty development.


               Goal #2 To develop a long-range plan for recreation development in the coastal zone.

               Objectives:
                        1.    Establish a parks and recreation commission.
  0                     2.    Survey residents to ascertain citizens' desires.
                        3.    Create a long-range, written plan to guide park and recreational development.
                        4.    Investigate and secure funding sources for improvements and developments.
                        5.    Institute capital improvements programming to accomplish goals.
                        6.    Identify land and other resource needs.
                        7.    Support and recognize the parks and recreation commission as a viable
  0                           body of the area government.
                        8.    Appropriate financial and staff resources as needed to accomplish
                              those goals established by the commission, as reflected by the citi-
                              zens' desires.
                        9.    Research joint ventures with the school district.
                        10.   Solicit volunteers and donations of time, money, equipment, and lands
  I                           for park development and plan creation.
                        11.   Encourage development and reservation of lands in densely developing
                              neighborhoods into recreation areas.


                                                                55









               Goal #3 To implement a quality park system at the least cost to residents.

               Objectives:
                      1.      Recognize and acquire lands available for purchase and in accordance
                              with the long-range recreation plan.
                      2.      Work with adjacent municipalities on joint projects.
                      3.      Develop intensive recreational facilities in conjunction with schools.
                      4.      Work with the County Parks and Recreation Commission to develop a sound
                              county-wide system of facilities for use by all county residents.









































                                                               56









                      B.     Land Use Plan Element


               INTRODUCTION

               The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize the demographic data, the physical
               inventory, and the wants and needs of the community into a plan for land use in
               the future. The product of this synthesis is a map depicting, in a generalized way,
               the various types of land use needed and their locations throughout the communi-
               ty. The map is accompanied by text that describes the character of these land use
               "districts" and the rationalization and processes followed in arriving at their desig-
               nations.



               PROJECTED COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS

               Although population projections have been discussed elsewhere in this plan, this
               element of the planning process focuses heavily on this and a forecast of the
               economic, cultural, and environmental conditions that will be evident over the next
               10-20 years. While no plan can accurately envision the future for a community, it
               is important to set goals to be accomplished, using the best information available,
               and revise plans for the community as conditions change.
               At the projected rate of growth, there will be a need to accommodate additional housing units
               for these new persons. The purpose of a plan for coastal zone protection is to properly place
               these additional units in an area where they can be supported and minimize the impact to the
               natural environment.

               The final land use plan, then, must include provisions for accommodating some numbers of
               additional dwelling units, plus the attendant infrastructure and services to meet the needs of the
               total population. Questions to be addressed include: will there be adequate amounts of land
               zoned for residential development? What kind of. development will that be? Are additional
               roads needed, or do existing ones need to be improved? Is municipal water and sewer needed?
               Should dwelling units be concentrated, and if so, where? Will the population increase require
               additional commercial establishments? Will the natural landscape be stressed? Will additional
               open space, vistas, and park lands need to be created?

               The coastal zone area is likely to become a major growth center in the next twenty years due to
               its relative lack of geographic isolation. It will, additionally, continue to experience residential
               growth resulting from migration from the Muskegon metropolitan area, Grand Rapids, and
               Holland. Additional residential migration will also occur from the Fremont area as that city
               continues to expand outward. Both of these residential migration patterns mirror the national
               trend towards suburbanization.

               The types of housing required would most likely be that for low-density, single-family, middle-
               income families, although the recent trend in rural parts of the area has been toward low-densi-
               ty, low-income dwellings, primarily consisting of mobile homes. The zoning ordinances that
               may ultimately be produced from this plan will have a large impact on the type of dwelling
               units that will dominate in Coastal zone Area.

               Michigan's overall economic climate may play an important role in Coastal zone Area's future.
               If employment throughout the state does not appreciably improve in the next year or two,
               Michigan is likely to see an out-migration of both blue- and white-collar workers. This
               statewide trend will impact Coastal zone's future by slowing its projected growth.

               National farm trends and prices may also affect the physical development of the area. If farm


                                                               57







               prices fall to enough of a degree so as to make farming unprofitable, there will be added in-
               centive for large landowners to sell farm lands that will be converted to non-farm uses such as
               residential development.

               Tourism has been, and will likely continue to be, a factor in the development of Coastal zone
               Area. Although there is a tremendous amount of state and federal forest land in the area, the
               types of recreational activities are likely to support a large-scale tourism-based industry, and
               hence must be planned for.


               PROPOSED LAND USE DISTRICTS

               Medium-Density Clustered Residential.
               This district represents a new concept in Coastal zone Area residential land use. This medium-
               density district is intended to provide land for residential growth close to a "village center"
               without overtaxing current services while still providing a density of population close to
               highways, and current commercial businesses. In addition, it is projected that, by providing
               this balance of density and open space, the prospects for growth of new businesses which
               would serve these population centers will be enhanced. Last but not least, this type of district
               is designed to preserve open space, which is the leading characteristic of a rural, scenic area
               such as Coastal zone Area.

               As summarized by Melissa Armstrong in the May 1992 issue of "Planning and Zoning News",
               the "acceptance of ... clustered residential development in rural areas, depends in part on its
               ability to offer the proper incentives to developers and their customers. " In addition, Ms.
               Armstrong also stated that "It also results in meeting the community's open space protection
               goals. " This type of district can be implemented using a variety of key incentives for the
               developer:

                              Allowing greater density than the traditional non-subdivision lot split,
                              but still less than that for a standard subdivision.

                              Lot size still large enough for a proper septic system.

                              More lenient roadway construction standards.

                              Flexibility in the design of the development, while still preserving open
                              space.

               Municipal investment and expenditure will be required, however, to use this district to its
               fullest advantage. In order to access the land designated for this district in the most efficient
               and economical manner for example, extensions of paved roads may be required, or certain
               other services may need to be developed.

               This land use is intended to provide a lesser-intensity of development that will assist the
               community goals of preserving the natural beauty of vegetation and terrain and enhancing the
               rural setting now experienced by the residents. Other uses to be promoted in this district
               include open space, playgrounds, and other recreational facilities, especially those utilizing and
               protecting riverine features in the area.

               While preserving the community's natural and cultural heritage, this land use category also
               strives to make efficient use of land resources and public services. Clusters of population
               enhance the business community, which helps ensure its survival and growth. Some degree of
               population density also promotes public safety in reduced travel distances and better access for
               children and senior citizens.



                                                                 58








                Rural Livin2A2ricultural.

                A consideration that was important in the formulation of this district was a recognition of the
                need for a buffer district between agricultural and residential, and forest-recreational and
                residential. Providing such a buffer would protect agricultural lands from neighboring incom-
                patible land uses, and enhance residential districts by preserving the natural beauty and physi-
                cal attributes of the area.

                This land use district provides a rural setting for single-family dwellings that will preserve the
                natural land, water, and vegetative attributes of the area. Permitted uses should accommodate
                natural forest production, and small-scale truck-crop and specialty farming. Other land uses
                could be accommodated through the use of special use permits that would ensure development
                in accordance with these goals, including parks and recreational facilities, quasi-public build-
                ings, and quarrying/mining operations. Single-family dwellings should be developed at an
                overall density of one unit per 7.5 acres.

                A2ricultural
                In Coastal zone Area, as in many areas of Michigan, general farming and agricultural- related
                activities replaced lumbering as the prime economic venture. These products include dairy
                products, grains, fruits, and vegetable row crops. It is very much desired that this aspect of
                the community be retained.

                For most farm families in Coastal zone Area, the farm operation is a secondary or supporting
                income for the primary wage-earner. This circumstance promotes the stability of the farming
                population as a sector of the community, which is a very desirable feature in terms of provid-
                ing a constant tax base and population. Some farms in the area are enrolled in Michigan's
                Farmland and Open Space Preservation Act (Act 116 of 1974), which provides financial in-
                centives to designate lands for long-term farming use. This also promotes land use stability.

                Forest- Recreational.
                The large quantity of federal and state land primarily in the western half of the area provides a
                unique opportunity for woodland preservation and recreational development. This land com-
                prises a portion of several National Forests, and encompasses a number of privately-owned
                parcels within its boundaries.

                These private parcels are either undeveloped or have minimal development consisting of an
                unimproved sand roadway or no formal road access at all. Most parcels are the property of
                absentee owners, and have no dwellings on them, being held for investment purposes. Other
                parcels are used seasonally for camping, hunting, or fishing.

                On the other hand, there is a definite need for additional recreational facilities to be developed.
                A Forest-Recreation District provides a good use of these undeveloped lands in the outlying
                areas. Preservation of the natural and rural attributes in the area for future citizens is an
                important goal. This district will maintain these existing large tracts of forest land as a renew-
                able resource for the future.

                Critical Dune Overlay District
                This type of district, which several local units of government in the Coastal Zone already
                possess some form of, has as its main impetus the protection of these significant natural
                features. This district might envision several methods to do this, among them the allowance of
                varying design considerations to cope with sandy conditions found in the dune areas. This
                would be to target future development in those areas which already possess sufficient the in-
                frastructure capacity to handle the development, and away from those areas which have other,
                additional limiting factors. Other features of this proposed zone include elements such as:
                       Enticements to limit the creation of long, narrow lots


                                                                  59







                       Enticements for the utilization of native vegitation and the conservation of the original
                site topography.

                Water Body/Greenbelt Overlay District
                In general, it can be said that many of the local land use and/or zoning district designations
                currently present in the Coastal Zone to not accurately reflect the varied forms and character of
                land uses in the area. One such area is that of land uses near inland water bodies.

                This particular district might represent the relatively large and mostly contiguous environmen-
                tally sensitive areas within the Zone. The intention of this district is to preserve these areas
                and assist in preserving the function of the natural ecological systems related to riverine and
                riparian areas.

                This would be done through the encouragement of setbacks, site design, and vegatation
                use/protection in a way consistent with these riverine and riparian resources.

                Local Service Commercial
                It must be recognized that significant commercial developments currently exist within the
                Coastal Zone area. Some of these developments are located in areas far from sensitive lands,
                and are thus not of particular concern. Others, however, have focused development pressures
                in such a way as to be a distinct threat to the ecological system and natural features in the
                immediate area. Therefore, it is proposed that in those areas, commercial developments be
                limited to those which are necessary to service the local needs of the existing residential land
                uses. Through the creation of this type,of commercial land use district, it is envisioned that it
                will therefore be easier to create adjacent and related land uses, such as clustered residential,
                in the most appropriate location.





























                                                                 60






                                    Map 7 - Generalized Future Land Use Pattern




























   0







   I






   0






   0






   0



                                                           61


   0













                                                                        Coastal Zone







                                                                        General Future Use






                    N


                                                                        Legend




                                                                            SINGLE FAMILY




                                                                            MULTI-FAMILY
                  N



                                                                            COMMERCIAL




                                                                            INDUSTRIAL




                                                                            INSTITUTIONAL



                              % >

                                                                            RECREATION




                                                                            TRANSP./UTILITIES
                                         N'
                             FR.

                                                                            AGRICULTURAL




                                                                            VACANT/OPEN




                                                                            WATER






















                                                                        MSU C-MAP DISPLAY







                                                                                                                             NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY



                                                                                                                              3 6668 14112922 3












































        West Michigan Shoreline
        Regional Development Commission


        137 Muskegon Mail, P.O. Box 387
        Muskegon, Michigan 49443-0387
        (616)722-7878 Fax: (616)722-9362